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SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
591
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
THE GAMOPETAL^E,
MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY,
Received
Accession No.
P
Given by
Place,
.
***rlo book OP pamphlet is to be pemoved fpom the Iiab-
opQtopy tuithout the pepmission of the Tpustees.
LECTED.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
1888.
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS,
591
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA,
THE GAMOPETAL^
A SECOND EDITION OF
VOL. I, PART II, AND VOL. II, PART I, COLLECTED.
BY ASA GRAY, LL. D.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
1888.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The present volume comprises two separate installments of a compre-
hensive work designed by the author to embrace a systematic synoptical
review of the entire Flora of the North American Continent. Nearly
forty years ago such a work, undertaken by the joint labors of our
two eminent botanists, Professors Torrey and Gray, was arrested by
the pressure of other duties, with the execution of the Polypetalous
division of the DICOTYLEDONS, the first class of the great PH^ENOGA-
MOUS series, and five orders of the Gamopetalse, including the great
order of the Compositse. This comprises just the scope of the projected
first volume of the present series.
Assuming that the reconstruction of the first division the Polypetalse
would occupy some 500 pages, to constitute the 1st part of Vol. I, this
present 2d part of the volume is made to commence with the Gamo-
petalse, the full exposition of which second division extends through the
1st part of Vol. II. The 2d part of Vol. II will probably be occupied
with the third division of the DICOTYLEDONS the Apetalse ; and Vol.
Ill is designed to take up the MONOCOTYLEDONS.
The present publication, therefore, though made up of two consecutive
parts of different volumes of the work, may be said to be complete in
itself in giving a complete view of the entire division of the Gamopetalse.
The preparation of the work has been largely aided by the funds of
the Smithsonian Institution.
S. P. LANGLEY,
Secretary S. I.
WASHINGTON, December, 1887.
(iii)
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA,
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA
THE GAMOPETAL^E,
BEING
A SECOND EDITION OF VOL. I. PART II., AND VOL. II. PART I., COLLECTED.
BY ASA GRAY, LL.D.,
P.M. R S. & L.S. Lend., R.I. A. Dubl., Phil. Soc. Cambr., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Gottingen, Edinb. ;
Roy. Acad. Sci. Munich, &c. ; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg,
Roy. Acad. Berlin, and Acad. Sci. Instit. France.
FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
$ublisijrtJ bg the Smithsonian Institution, 32Sasfjtngton.
NEW YORK:
TVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY.
LONDON : WM. WESLEY, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND,
AND TRtJBNER & CO.
LEIPSIC: OSWALD W E I G E L.
JANUARY, 1886.
iHm'bcrsttg
JOHK WILSON AND SON, CAMBRHXJK.
NOTICE.
EXPERIENCE having shown that some years must elapse before this work
can be completed, and a new impression of the part first published (in
1878) being called for, it is expedient now to issue the two parts, which
together comprise all the Gamopetalous Dicotyledons, in the form of a
single volume, under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution.
Both parts have been corrected, as far as could well be done upon
the electrotype plates ; a supplement of eleven pages is added to the very
recently published Volume I. Part II., and its full index has been made
anew. The tabular enumeration of the contained genera and species has
been transferred to the end of the Gamopetala3. To Volume II. Part L, a
supplement of seventy pages is added, and a few pages have been recast ; a
tabular enumeration of all the gamopetalous genera and species is appended,
and a complete index of genera, species, synonyms, &c., making an
extension from 402 to about 500 pages.
HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY,
January 1, 1886.
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
PERIANTH consisting of both calyx and corolla, the latter more or
less gamopetalous. (Exceptions : A part of Jflricacece, Plumbaginacece,
Styracaeece, and Oleacece have unconnected petals ; some Oleacece, &c.,
are apetalous.)
GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.
* Ovary inferior or mainly so : stamens borne by the corolla, alternate with
its lobes, and
-i Unconnected : leaves opposite or whorled.
69. CAPRIFOLIACEJ5. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes (one fewer in Linncea,
doubled by division in Adoxa). Seeds albuminous. Leaves opposite : stipules none,
or rare as appendages to base of petiole.
70. RUBIACE^. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, mostly four or five. Ovary with
two or more cells or placentae. Seeds albuminous. Leaves all simple and entire,
with stipules between or within the petioles or bases, or whorled without stipules,
the additional leaves probably representing them.
71. VALERIANACE^E. Stamens fewer than corolla-lobes, one to four. Ovary with
one cell containing a suspended ovule which becomes an exalbuminous seed, and
commonly two empty cells or vestiges of them. No stipules.
72. DIPSACACEJ2. Stamens as many as or fewer than corolla-lobes, two or four.
Ovary simple and one-celled, with a single suspended ovule, becoming an albuminous
seed. Flowers capitate. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
t -H- Stamens with anthers connate into a tube.
73. COMPOSITE. Syngenesious stamens as many as their corolla-lobes, five, some-
times four. Ovary one-celled, with a solitary erect ovule, becoming an exalbuminous
seed in an akene. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud. Flowers in involucrate
heads. No stipules.
1
2 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS.
* # Ovary either inferior or superior, two several-celled : stamens free from
the corolla or nearly so, inserted with it, as many or twice as many as its
lobes or petals, when of same number alternate with them : no stipules.
(Orders from these onward are in Vol. II. Part I.)
) Juice milky except in the first order : corolla-lobes valvate or induplicate
in the bud.
74. GOODENIACEaE. Corolla irregular, epigynous. Stamens or at least filaments
distinct. Stigma indusiate. Juice not milky.
75. LOBEL1ACE/E. Corolla irregular, epigynous or perigynous. Stamens five, mona-
delphoua or syngenesious, or both. Stigma not inclusiate. Cells of ovary or placentae
two. Seeds numerous. Juice usually more or less milky and acrid. Inflorescence
centripetal.
76. CAMPANULACEJL Corolla regular, epigynous. Stamens five, mostly distinct.
Stigmas two to five, introrse, at the summit of the style, which below bears pollen-
collecting hairs. Cells of ovary and capsule two to five, many-seeded. Juice milky
and bland. (Exception : Sphcnocha.')
i -i Juice not milky nor acrid : corolla-lobes or petals imbricate or some-
times convolute in the bud.
77. ERICACEAE. Flowers mostly regular, symmetrical, and tetra-pentamerous through-
out : corolla sometimes moderately irregular, epigynous or hypogynous. Stamens
distinct, as many and oftener twice as many as petals or corolla-lobes. Cells of the
ovary (with few exceptions) as many or even twice as many as the divisions of the
calyx or corolla. Style and mostly stigma undivided.
* * * Ovary superior, many-celled : stamens five to eight, as many as the lobes
of the hypogyuous corolla, and borne in the throat of its long tube.
78. LENNOACE^E. Root-parasites.
* * * * Ovary superior : stamens (or antheriferous stamens) of the same
number as the proper corolla-lobes or petals and opposite them : flowers
regular.
-i- Ovary one-celled, with solitary ovule or free placenta rising from its base :
seeds small.
80. PLUMBAGINACE/E. Stamens and styles or lobes of the style five, except in
Plumbago, the former hypogynous or borne on the very base of the almost or com-
pletely distinct unguiculate petals. Ovary uniovulate, in fruit becoming an akene or
utricle. Herbs or somewhat shrubby.
81. PRIMULACE^E. Stamens four or five, rarely six to eight, borne on the corolla
(or in Glaux, which is apetalous, on the calyx alternate with its petaloid lobes) : stam-
inodia only in Samolus. Ovules several or numerous, sessile on the central placenta.
Fruit capsular. Herbs.
82. MYRSINACEJS. Shrubs or trees, with dry or drupaceous fruit and solitary or
very few seeds, usually immersed in the placenta : otherwise as Primulacecc.
GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS.
.)__ .!_ Ovary few-several-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, usually ouly
one maturing into a large bony-coated seed in a fleshy pericarp.
83. SAPOTACE^E. Shrubs or trees, mustly with milky juice and alternate simple
leaves. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, tetra-heptamerous. Calyx and corolla much
imbricated in the bud; the latter often bearing accessory lobes or appendages within,
sometimes petaloid staminodia also.
***** Ovary inferior or superior, few-several-celled : cells of the fruit
one-seeded : stamens at least twice as many as the petals or lobes of the
corolla, sometimes indefinitely numerous and borne on or united with their
base or tube : flowers regular : shrubs or trees, with simple alternate leaves,
sometimes a resinous but no milky juice.
84. EBENACE^E. Flowers dioecious or polygamous; the male ones polyandrous.
Ovary superior and corolla hypogynous. Styles as many or hall' as many as the
cells of the ovary, distinct or partly united. Fruit fleshy, containing solitary or few
large seeds with bony testa and cartilaginous albumen.
85. STYRACACE^E. Flowers hermaphrodite, nearly pentapetalous and a numerous
cluster of stamens adnate to base of each petal, or more gamopetalous and the fewer
stamens monadelphous in a single series. Style and stigma entire. Corolla epigy-
nous, in Sty rax perigynous. Fruit dry or nearly so, one-four-seeded, when dehiscent
the seed bony : albumen fleshy.
****** Ovary or gyncecium superior, dicarpellary, or in some monocar-
pellary, very rarely tri-pentacarpellary, sometimes appearing to be tetra-
carpellary by the division of the two ovaries : stamens borne on the corolla
(in apetalous Oleacece, &c., on the receptacle), alternate with its divisions
or lobes, of the same number or fewer.
-i Corolla not scarious and veinless,
H- Regular with stamens fewer than its lobes or petals, or no corolla : style
one : seeds solitary or very few.
86. OLEACE/E. Trees or shrubs, with opposite (rarely alternate) leaves : no stipules,
no milky juice. Stamens usually two, alternate with the carpels ; these two-ovuled,
or sometimes four-ovuled : seed mostly solitary, albuminous. Forestiera and part of
Fraxinus apetalous and even acblamydeous.
H- -H- Corolla regular and stamens as many as its divisions, five or four.
= Ovaries two (follicular in fruit) ; their stigmas and sometimes styles perma-
nently united into one : plants with milky juice : flowers hermaphrodite :
leaves simple, entire.
87. APOCYNACEJ5. Stamens distinct, or the anthers merely connivent or lightly co-
hering : pollen ordinary. Style single.
88. ASCLEPIADACE/E. Stamens monadelphous and anthers permanently attached
to a large stigmatic body : pollen combined into waxy pollinia or sometimes granu-
lose masses. Carpels united only by the common stigmatic mass.
4 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS.
= = Ovaries two, with styles slightly united below or distinct. Vide 94.
== = == Ovary one, compound, with two or three (very rarely four or five)
cells or placentae : stamens distinct (or anthers at most lightly connate).
a. Leaves opposite, simple, and mostly entire, with stipules or stipular line
connecting their bases : no milky juice.
89. LOGANIACEJS. Ovary dicarpellary, two-celled : style single, but stigmas occa-
sionally four, usually only one. Seeds numerous : embryo rather small, in copious
albumen.
b. Leaves with no trace of stipules : milky juice only in Convolvulacece.
90. GENTIANACEJ5. Leaves opposite, sessile, simple and entire, except in Menyan-
thece. Ovary dicarpellary, one-celled, many-ovuled : placentae or ovules parietal.
Stigmas mostly two, introrse. Fruit capsular, septicidal, i. e. dehiscent through the
placentas or alternate with the stigmas. Seeds with minute embryo in fleshy albu-
men. Herbage smooth.
79. DIAPENSIACEJS. Leaves alternate and simple, smooth. Ovary tricarpellary,
three-celled, as also the loctilicidal many-seeded capsule, which has a persistent colu-
mella. Stamens five, either borne in sinuses of the corolla or monadelphous : in
some a series of petaloid staminodia alternate with the true stamens. Anthers in-
flexed on apex of the filament, or transversely dehiscent. Calyx and corolla imbri-
cated in the bud. Style one : stigma three-lobed. Embryo small in fleshy albumen.
Depressed or scapose and acaulescent perennials.
91. POLEMONIACEJL Leaves opposite or alternate, from entire to compound. Ovary
tri-(very rarely di-)carpellary, with as many cells, becoming a loculicidal capsule,
with solitary to numerous seeds borne on a thick placental axis. Stamens five,
distinct, borne on the tube or throat of the corolla ; the latter convolute in the bud,
the calyx imbricated. Style three-cleft or three-lobed at the summit : stigmas in-
trorse. Seeds with comparatively large straight embryo in rather sparing albumen.
92. HYDROPHYLLACEJ2. Leaves mostly alternate, disposed to be lobed or divided.
Inflorescence disposed to be scorpioid in the manner of the next order. Corolla
five-lobed, imbricated or sometimes convolute in the bud. Stamens five, distinct.
Ovary undivided, dicarpellary, and style (with one exception) two-parted or two-
lobed : stigmas terminal. Capsule one-celled with two parietal or introflexed pla-
centae, each hearing two or more pendulous (or when very numerous horizontal)
seeds, or sometimes two-celled by the junction of the placentas in the axis. Seeds
with reticulated or pitted or roughened testa : a small or slender straight embryo in
solid albumen.
93. BORRAGINACEJS. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, and with whole herbage apt
to be rough, hirsute, or hispid. Inflorescence cymose, commonly in the scorpioid
mode, the mostly uniparous or biparous cymes evolute into unilateral and often ebrac-
teate false spikes or racemes. Corolla five-lobed, sometimes four-lobed, imbricate or
convolute or sometimes plicate in the bud. Ovary dicarpellary, but usually seeming
tetramerous, being of four (i.e. two biparted) lobes around the base of the style,
maturing into as many separate or separable nutlets ; or ovary not lobed, two-four-
celled, in fruit drupaceous or dry, containing or splitting into as many nutlets. Soli-
tary seed with a mostly straight embryo and little or no albumen : radicle superior
or centripetal.
GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS. 5
94. CONVOLVULACEzE. Leaves alternate and petioled. Stems usually twining or
trailing, but some erect, many with milky juice. Flowers borne by axillary pedun-
cles or cymose-glomerate. Calyx of imbricated sepals. Corolla with four-five-lobed
or commonly entire margin, plicate and the plaits convolute in the bud, sometimes
induplicate-valvate or imbricated. Ovary two-celled or sometimes three-celled, with
a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, becoming comparatively large seeds
(these sometimes separatea by spurious septa of the capsular fruit), with smooth or
hairy testa. Embryo incurved, with ample foliaceous plaited and crumpled cotyle-
dons (in Cuscuta embryo long and spiral without cotyledons) surrounded by little
or no albumen : radicle inferior. Dichondra has two distinct ovaries.
95. SOLANACEyE. Leaves alternate, sometimes u.iequally geminate. Inflorescence
various, but no truly axillary flowers. Corolla in some a little irregular, its lobes or
border induplicate-plicate or rarely imbricate in the bud. Ovary normally two-celled
(occasionally three-five-celled) and undivided, with many-ovuled placentae in the
axis : style undivided : stigma entire or bilamellar. Seeds numerous, with incurved
or coiled or rarely almost straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons sel-
dom much broader than the radicle.
++ -H. .H. Corolla irregular, more or less bilabiately so (f ) ; its lobes variously
imbricate or convolute, or sometimes almost regular : stamens fewer than
corolla-lobes, four and didynamous, or only two : style undivided : stigma
entire or two-lobed or bilamellar ; the lobes anterior and posterior : ovary
in all dicarpellary ; the cells or carpels anterior and posterior.
= Pluriovulate or multiovulate.
96. SCROPHULARIACE JL Ovary and capsule completely two-celled : placentae occu-
pying the middle of the partition. Seeds comparatively small or minute, mostly in-
definitely numerous, sometimes few. Embryo small, straight or slightly curved, in
copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons hardly broader than the radicle.
97. OROBANCHACEyE. Ovary one-celled with two or four (doubled) parietal many-
ovuled placenta?. Seeds very many in fleshy albumen, with minute embryo, having
no obvious distinction of parts. Root-parasites, destitute of green herbage.
98. LENTIBULARIACE^E. Ovary one-celled, with a free central multiovulate pla-
centa : globular capsule mostly bursting irregularly. Seeds destitute of albumen,
filled by a solid oblong embryo. Bilabiate corolla personate and calcarate. Stamens
two : anthers confidently one-celled. Aquatic or paludose plants, with scapes or
scapiform peduncles, sometimes almost leafless.
99. BIGNONIACEyE. Ovary and capsule two-celled by the extension of a partition
beyond the two parietal placentae, or in some genera simply one-celled. Seeds
numerous, large, commonly winged, transverse, filled by the horizontal embryo :
cotyledons broad ai.i foliaceous, plane, emarginate at base and summit, the basal
notch including the short radicle : no albumen. Trees or shrubs, many climbing,
large-flowered : leases commonly opposite.
100. PEDALIACE^E. Ovary one-celled, with two parietal intruded placentae, which
are broadly bilamellar or united in centre, or two-four-celled by spurious septa from
the walls. Fruit capsular or drupaceous, few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, with
thick and close testa, filled by the large straight embryo : cotyledons thickish. Herbs,
with mainly opposite simple leaves : juice mucilaginous.
6 GENERAL KEY TO THE GAMOPETALOUS ORDERS.
101. ACANTHACE^E. Ovary two-celled, with placentae in the axis, bearing a definite
number of ovules (two to eight or ten in each cell), becoming a loculicidal capsule.
Seeds wingless, destitute of albumen (or a thin layer in Elytmria), either globular
on a papilliform funicle, or flat on a retinaculum. Embryo with broad and flat
cotyledons.
= = Cells of the ovary uuiovulate or biovulate.
102. SELAGINACEJE. Ovary two-celled : ovule suspended. Embryo in fleshy albu-
men : radicle inferior. Leaves alternate.
103. VERBENACE^E. Ovary two-four-celled, in fruit di-tetrapyrenous, not lobed, in
Phryma one-celled and becoming an akene. Ovule erect from the base of each cell or
half-cell. Seed with little or no albumen : radicle inferior.
104. LABIAT/E. Ovary deeply four-lobed around the style, the lobes becoming dry
seed-like nutlets in the bottom of a gamosepalous calyx. Ovule erect. Seed with
little or no albumen : radicle inferior. Commonly aromatic herbs or undershruhs.
-i -i Corolla scarious and nerveless : flowers tetramerous, regular.
105. PLANTAGINACE^E. Calyx imbricated. Corolla-lobes imbricated in the bud.
Stamens four or fewer. Style entire. Ovary and capsule one-two-celled : cells
sometimes again divided by a false septum. Seeds mostly amphitropous and peltate,
with straight embryo in firm fleshy albumen. Chiefly acaulescent herbs, with one-
many-flowered commonly spike-bearing scapes, arising from axils of the leaves.
CAPRIFOLIACE^E.
ORDER LXIX. CAPRIFOLIACE^E.
Shrubby, or a few perennial herbaceous plants, with opposite leaves normally
destitute of stipules, and regular or (in the corolla) irregular hermaphrodite flow-
ers ; calyx-tube adnate to the 2-5-celled or by suppression 1-celled ovary ; sta-
mens as many as lobes of the corolla (in Linncea one fewer, in Adoxa doubled)
and alternate with them, inserted on its tube or base ; embryo small in the axis
of fleshy albumen. Corolla-lobes generally imbricated in the bud. Ovules ariatro-
pous, when solitary suspended and resupinate ; the rhaphe dorsal. Seed-coat
adherent to the albumen. Flowers commonly 5-merous.
TRIBE I. SAMBUCE^E. Corolla regular, short, rotate or open-campanulate, 5-lobed.
Style short or hardly any : stigmas 3 to 5. Ovules solitary in the (1 to 5) cells. Fruit
baccate-drupaceous ; the seed-like nutlets 1 to 5. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.
* Herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cluster. Anomalous in the order.
1. ADOXA. Calyx with hemispherical tube adnate to above the middle of the ovary; limb
about 3-toothed. Corolla rotate, 4-6-cleft. Stamens a pair below each sinus of the corolla,
each with a peltate one-celled anther, and the short subulate filaments approximate or united
at base (one stamen divided into two). Ovary 3-5-celled : style short, 3-5-parted. Ovule
suspended from the summit of each cell. Fruit greenish, maturing 2 to 5 cartilaginous nut-
lets. Cauline leaves a single pair; radical ones and scales of the rootstock alternate !
* * Frutescent to arborescent : inflorescence compound-cymose : flowers articulated with
their pedicels : stamens as many as corolla-lobes : anthers 2-celled : calyx 5-toothed.
2. SAMBUCUS. Leaves pinnately compound. Corolla rotate or nearly so. Ovary 3-5-
celled, forming small baccate drupes with as many cartilaginous nutlets. Embryo nearly
the length of the albumen.
3. VIBURNUM. Leaves simple, sometimes lobed. Corolla rotate or open-campanulate.
Ovary 1-celled and 1-ovuled, becoming a drupe with a single more or less flattened nutlet or
stone. Embryo minute. Cymes in some species radiate.
TRIBE II. LONICERE^E. Corolla elongated or at least campanulate, commonly more
or less irregular. Style elongated : stigma mostly capitate. Fruit various. Stipules
or stipular appendages seldom seen.
* Herbs, with axillary sessile flowers and drupaceous fruit.
4. TRIOSTEUM. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla tubular-campaimlate, somewhat unequally 5-
lobed ; tube gibbous at base. Stamens 5. Ovary 3- (sometimes 4-5-) celled, with a single
suspended oviile in each cell : style slender : stigma 3-lobed. Fruit a fleshy drupe, crowned
with the persistent calyx-lobes : putamen bony, costate, at length separable into 3 (rarely 4
or 5, or by abortion 2) thick one-seeded nutlets.
* * Fruticulose creeping herb, with long-pedunculate geminate flowers and dry one-seeded
fruit, but a 3-celled ovary.
5. LINN-3EA. Calyx with limb 5-parted into subulate-lanceolate lobes, constricted above the
globular tube, deciduous from the fruit. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, not gibbous, al-
most equally 5-lobed. Stamens 4, two long and two shorter, included. Ovary 3-celled; two
of the cells containing several abortive ovules ; one with a solitary suspended ovule, forming
the single seed in the dry and indehiscent coriaceous 3-celled small fruit. Style exserted :
stigma capitate.
* * * Shrubs, with scaly winter-buds, erect or climbing : fruit 2-many-seeded : style slen-.
der : stigma capitate, often 2-lobed.
6. SYMPHORICARPOS. Calyx with a globular tube and 4-5-toothed persistent limb.
Corolla regular, not gibbous, from short-campanulate to salverform, 4-5-lobed. Stamens as
8 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. Adoxa.
many as the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its throat. Ovary 4-celled ; two cells contain-
ing a few sterile ovules : alternate cells containing a single suspended ovule. Fruit a glo-
bose berry-like drupe, containing 2 small and seed-like bony smooth nutlets, each filled by a
seed ; sterile cells soon obliterated.
7. LONICERA. Calyx with ovoid or globular tube and a short 5-toothed or truncate limb.
Corolla from campanulate to tubular, more or less gibbous at base ; the limb irregular and
commonly bilabiate (|), sometimes almost regular. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the
corolla. Ovary 2-3-celled, with several pendulous ovules in each cell, becoming a few-
several-seeded berry.
8. DIERVILLA. Calyx with slender elongated tube, and 5 narrow persistent or tardily
deciduous lobes. Corolla fuunelform (or in large-flowered Japanese species more campanu-
late), inconspicuously gibbous at base; a globular epigyuous gland within occupying the
gibbosity ; limb somewhat unequally or regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted on the tube
or throat of the corolla : anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a narrow capsule, with at-
tenuate or rostrate summit, septicidally 2-valved, many-seeded.
1. ADC)XA, L. (From aSoos, obscure or insignificant.) Single species,
an insignificant small herb, of obscure affinity, now referred to the present order.
A. Moschatellina, L. (MOSCHATEL.) Glabrous and smooth : stem and once to thrice
teruately compound radical leaves a span high from a small fleshy-scaly rootstock : cauliue
pair of leaves 3-parted or of 3 obovate and 3-cleft or parted leaflets : flowers small, greenish-
white or yellowish, 4 or 5 in a slender-pedunculate glomerule : corolla of the terminal one
4-5-cleft, of the others 5-6-cleft : drupe merely succulent : odor of plant musky. Lam.
111. t. 320 ; Gsertu. Fruct. t. 112 ; Schk. Handb. t. 109 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 649. Subalpine,
under rocks, Arctic America to N. Iowa, Wisconsin, and the Rocky Mountains to Colo-
rado. (Eu., N. Asia, &c. )
2. SAMBTJTCUS, Tourn. ELDER. (Classical Latin name, said by some
to come from 0-a/j.fivK-r], a stringed musical instrument.) Suffrutescent to arbo-
rescent (in both Old and New World) ; with large pith to the vigorous shoots,
imparipnmate leaves, serrate leaflets, small flowers (usually white and odorous)
in broad cymes, and red or black berry-like fruits. Stems with warty bark.
Stipule-like appendages hardly any in our species ; but stipels not rare. Flowers
occasionally polygamous, produced in summer.
# Compound cymes thyrsoid-paniculate ; the axis continued and sending off 3 or 4 pairs of lateral
primary branches, these mostly trind and again bind or trifid: pith of year-old shoots deep
yellow-brown: no obvious stipule-like nor stipel-like appendages to the leaves : early flowering
and fruiting.
S. racemosa, L. Stems 2 to 12 feet high, sometimes forming arborescent trunks : branches
spreading : leaves from pubescent to nearly glabrous : leaflets 5 to 7, ovate-oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, thickly and sharply serrate : thyrsiform cyme ovate or oblong :
flowers dull white, drying brownish: fruit scarlet (has been seen white), oily : nutlets mi-
nutely punctate-rugulose. Spec. i. 270; Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 59; Hook. Fl. i. 279; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 278. S. pubens, Michx. Fl. i. 181 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 323 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13 ;
Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 21, flowers wrongly colored. S. pubcscens, Pers. Syn.
i. 328; Pursh, Fl. i. 204. Rocky banks and open woods, Nova Scotia to the mountains of
Georgia, in cool districts, west to Brit. Columbia and Alaska, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. arborescens, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A form with leaflets closely serrate with
strong lanceolate teeth. Washington Terr, to Sitka.
Var. laciniata, KOCH, with leaflets divided into 3 to 5 linear-lanceolate 2-3-cleft or
laciniate segments, occurs on south shore of L. Superior, Austin.
S. melanocarpa, GRAY. Glabrous, or young leaves slightly pubescent : leaflets 5 to 7,
rarely 9 : cyme convex, as broad as high : flowers white : fruit black, without bloom :
otherwise much like preceding. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 76. Ravines of the Rocky Moun-
tains of Montana ( Watson) to those of E. Oregon ( Cusick), south to the Wahsatch ( Watson),
Viburnum. CAPEIFOLIACE^. 9
New Mexico (Fendler), and the Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, Bolander) : a plant with
foliage not unlike that of S. Canadensis.
* * Compound cymes depressed, 5-rayed; four external rays once to thrice 5-rayed, but the ravs
unequal, the two outer ones stronger, or in ultimate divisions reduced to these; central rays
smaller and at length reduced to 3-nowered cymelets or to single flowers: pith of year-old shoots
bright white: "berries" sweet, never red: nutlets punctate-rugulose.
S. Canadensis, L. Suffrutescent or woody stems rarely persisting to third or fourth year,
5 to 10 feet high, glabrous, except some fine pubescence on midrib and veins of leaves
beneath: leaflets (5 to 11) mostly 7, ovate-oval to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the lower
not rarely bifid or with a lateral lobe : stipels not uncommon, narrowly linear, and tipped
with a callous gland: fruit dark-purple, becoming black, with very little bloom. Spec.
i. 269 ; Michx. Fl. i. 281 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13. S. nigra, Marsh. Arbust. 141. S. hu-
milis, Raf. Ann. Nat. 13. S. glauca, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 66 (not Nutt.), narrow-leaved
form; Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. Moist grounds, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, south
to Florida, Texas, west to the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Arizona ; fl. near mid-
summer. Nearly related to S. nigra of Eu.
Var. laciniata. Leaflets or most of them once or twice ternately parted into lanceo^
late divisions. Indian River, Florida, Palmer. A still more dissected form, in waste
places, Egg Harbor, Mrs. Treat, may be S. nigra, var. laciniata, of the Old World.
S. glauca, NUTT. Arborescent, 6 to 18 feet high ; the larger forming trunks of 6 to 12
inches in diameter, glabrous throughout : leaflets 5 to 9, thickish, ovate to narrowly oblong ;
lower ones rarely 3-parted : stipels rare and small, subulate or oblong : fruit blackish, but
strongly whitened with a glaucous mealy bloom, larger than in <S. Canadensis. Nutt. in
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 13; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 134; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 278, in part.
Oregon and throughout California, common near the coast, eastward to Idaho and Nevada.
S. Mexicana, PRESL. Arborescent, with trunks sometimes 6 inches in diameter : leaves
and young shoots pubescent (sometimes slightly so, sometimes cinereous or tomentulose-
canesceut) : leaflets, &c., nearly as preceding: fruit (as far as seen) destitute of bloom.
Presl. in DC. Prodr. iv. 323; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 66, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 71. S. glauca,
Benth. PI. Hartw. 313 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. in part. S. velutina, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep.
v. 8. California, from Plumas Co. southward to mountains of Arizona, and New Mexico
on the Mexican border. Glabrate forms too near S. Canadensis. (Mex.)
3. VIBtJBNUM, L. (Classical Latin name of the WAYFARING-TREE,
V. Lantana, of Europe.) Shrubs or small trees (of various parts of the world) ;
with tough and flexible branches, simple and not rarely stipulate or pseudo-stipu-
late leaves, and terminal depressed cymes of mostly white flowers, produced in
spring or early summer. Viburnum and Opulus, Tourn.
V. TINDS, L. (Tinus, Tourn., CErst.), the LAURESTINUS, cultivated from Europe, with puta-
men not flattened and ruminated albumen, is left out of view in our character of the genus, as
also the outlying forms with campanulate or more tubular corolla, upon which CErsted (in
Vidensk. Meddel. 1860) has founded genera, with more or less reason. The albumen in the
N. American species is even, or obscurely ruminated in the first species.
1. Cyme radiant ; marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas
as in Hydrangea : drupes coral-red turning dark crimson or purple, not acid : puta-
men sulcate : leaves pinnately straight-veined, scurfy : winter-buds nuked.
V. lantanoid.es, MICHX. (HOBBLEBUSH.) Low and straggling, with thickish branches,
sometimes 10 feet high, scurfy-pubescent on the shoots and inflorescence : leaves ample
(when full grown 6 inches long), conspicuously petioled, rounded-ovate, abruptly acumi-
nate, finely doubly serrate, membranaceous, minutely stellular-pubescent and glabrate
above, rusty-scurfy beneath on the 10 or 12 pairs of prominent veins, and when young also
on the very numerous transverse connecting veinlets : stipules small and subulate, or obso-
lete : fruit ovoid, flattish ; the stone moderately flattened, 3-sulcate on one face, broadly and
deeply sulcate on the other, and the groove divided by a strong median ridge, the edges also
10 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. Viburnum.
slightly sulcate : seed reniform in cross section and somewhat lobed ; the albumen not rumi-
nated. Fl. i. 179 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 18 ; Audubon, Birds Amer. i. t. 148. V. aim folium,
Marsh. Arbust. 162. V. Lantuna, var. grandiflorum, Ait. Kew. i. 372. V. grandifolium,
Smith in Rees Cycl. Moist woods, New Brunswick and Canada to N. Carolina in the
higher mountains; fl. spring. (Japan?)
2. Cyme radiant, or not so : drupes light red, acid, edible, globose : putamen
very flat, orbicular, even (not sulcate nor intruded or costate) : leaves paluiately
veined : winter-buds scaly. Optilus, Tourn.
V. Opulus, L. (HIGH CRANBERRY, CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly glabrous, occasionally
pubescent, 4 to 10 feet high: leaves dilated, three-lobed, roundish <>r broadly cuiieate at
3-riIibed or pedately 5-ribbed base; the lobes acuminate, incisely dentate or in upper leaves
entire : slender petioles bearing 2 or more glands at or near summit, and usually setaceous
stipules near base: cymes rather ample, terminating several-leaved branches, radiant.
Spec. i. 268; Ait. Kew. i. 373 (var. Ain<-ri<-<iiiiun) ; Michx. Fl. i. 180 (vars.) ; Torr. & Gray,
1. c. V. triloluim, Marsh. Arbust. 162. T'. opuloides, Muhl. Cat. I*". Oxycoccus & V. edule,
Purs; ..Fl. i. 203. Swamps and along streams, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Brit.
Columbia and Oregon, and in Atlantic States south to Pennsylvania. Variable in foliage ;
no constant difference from the European, which is cultivated, in a form with most flowers
neutral, as SNOWBALL and GUELDER ROSE. (Eu., N. Asia.)
V. pauciflorum, PYLAIE. Glabrous or with pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high, straggling:
leaves of roundish or broadly oval outline, unequally dentate, many of them either obso-
lete! y <>r distinctly 3-lobed (the lobes not longer than broad), about 5-nerved at base, loosely
veiny : cymes small, terminating short and merely 2-leaved lateral branches, involucrate
with slender subulate caducous bracts, destitute of neutral radiant flowers : stamens very
short: fruit nearly of preceding. Pylaie, Herb.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 17; Herder, PL
Radd. iii. t. 1, f. 3. V. u<-< rifalinm, Bong. Veg. Sitka, 144. Cold moist woods, Newfound-
land and Labrador, mountains of New England to Saskatchewan, west to Alaska and
Washington Terr., southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado.
3. Cyme never radiant : drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity.
* Leaves palmately 3-5-ribbed or nerved from the base, slender-petiola'e: stipules subulate-seta-
ceous: pubescence simple, no scurf: primary rays of pedunculate cyme 5 to 7: filaments equal-
ling the corolla.
-t Pacific species: drupe oblong-oval, nearly half-inch long, bluish-black.
V. ellipticum, HOOK. Stems 2 to 5 feet high : winter-buds scaly : leaves from orbicular-
oval to elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, dentate above the middle, not lobed, at
length rather coriaceous, 3-5-uerved from the base, the nerves ascending or parallel : corol-
las 4 or 5 lines in diameter : stone of fruit deeply and broadly sulcate on both faces ; the
furrow of one face divided by a median ridge. Hook. Fl. i. 280 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 278.
Woods of W. Washington Terr, and Oregon (first coll. by Douglas), to Mendocino and
to Placer Co., California, Kdlogq, Mrs. Ames.
4 -t Atlantic species: drupe globular, quarter-inch long, bluish-purple or black when ripe:
cyme mostly with a caducous involucre of 5 or 6 small and subulate or linear thin bracts.
V. acerifolium, L. (ARROW-WOOD, DOCKMACKIE.) Soft-pubescent, or glabrate with
age, 3 to 6 feet high, with slender branches : winter-buds imperfectly scalv : leaves mem-
branaceous, rounded-ovate, 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, and with 3 short
and acute or acuminate divergent lobes (or some uppermost undivided), usually dentate to
near the base (larger 4 or 5 inches long) : cymes rather small and open : corolla 2 or 3 lines
in diameter : stone of drape lenticular, hardly sulcate on either side. Spec. i. 268 ; Vent.
Hort. Cels. t. 72; Michx. Fl. i. 180; Wats. Deuclr. Brit. ii. t. 118 (poor) ; Hook. Fl. i. 280
(partly) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 17 ; Emerson, Trees of Mass. ii. t. 19. Rocky and cool woods,
New Brunswick to Michigan, Indiana, and N. Carolina.
V. densiflorum, CHAPM. Lower, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves smaller (inch or two long),
with mostly shorter lobes or sometimes none : cyme denser : involucrate bracts more con-
spicuous and less caducous : stone of the drupe undulately somewhat 2-sulcate on one face
and 3-sulcate on the other. Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 624. Wooded hills, W. Florida, Chapman.
Also, Taylor Co., Georgia, Neisler, a glabrate form. Too near V. acerifolium.
Viburnum. CAPKIFOLIACEJE. 11
* * Leaves pinnately and conspicuously veiny with straight veins (impressed-plicate above, promi-
nent beneath and the lowest pair basal), thinnish, coarsely dentate: stipules subulate-setaceous:
cymes pedunculate, about 7-raycd: stone of the drupe more or less sulcate. ARROW-WOOD.
H Stone and seed flat, slightly plano-convex: leaves all short-petioled or subsessile.
"V. pubescens, PURSH. Slender, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves oblong- or more broadly ovate,
acute or acuminate, acutely dentate-serrate (1^ to 3 inches long, on petioles 2 to 4 lines long,
or upper hardly any), soft-tomeutulose with simple downy hairs beneath, but varying to
slightly pubescent (and in one form almost glabrous with upper face lucidulous) : peduncle
generally shorter than the cyme : drupe oval, 4 lines long, blackish-purple, flattened when
young ; stone lightly 2-sulcate on the faces, margins narrowly incurved, no intrusion on
ventral face. Fl. i. 202 (excl. habitat, and syu. Michx.) ; Torr. Fl. i. 320; DC. Prodr.
iv. 326 ; Hook. Fl. i. 280 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.' 1C ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 206 ; (Erst. 1. c. t. 7,
fig. 21, 22. T'. dentatum, var. jm/iesccns, Ait. Kew. i. 372 f V. dentatnm, var. semitomentosum,
Michx. Fl. i. 179, in small part (spec, from L. Champlain). V. villosum, Eaf. in Med. Rep.
1808, Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 228, not Swartz. T". Rafinesquianum, Ecem. & S<-' Syst. v.
630. Rocky ground, Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, west to Illinois, south to Stone
Mountain, Georgia. (Not, as Pursh would have it, in the lower parts of Carolina.)
-i -i Stone deeply sulcate-intruded ventrally : transverse section of seed about three-fourths
annular, with flatfish back : leaves rather slender-petioled.
V. dentatum, L. Shrub 5 to 15 feet high, with ascending branches, glabrous or nearly
so, no stellular pubescence : leaves from orbicular- to oblong-ovate, with rounded or sub-
cordate base, acutely many-dentate (2 or 3 inches long) ; primary veins 8 to 10 pairs (some
of them once or twice forked), often a tuft of hairs in their axil : peduncle generally longer
than the cyme : drupe ovoid, three lines long, terete, bright blue, darker at maturity.
Spec. i. 268 ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. i. t. 36 ; Torr. 1. c. ; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 25 ; Torr. & Gray,
1. c., excl. var.; Gray, Man. 1. c. V. dentatum, var. lucidum, Ait. Kew. 1. c. Wet ground,
chiefly in swamps, Xevv Brunswick to Michigan, and south to the mountains of Georgia.
Seems to pass into following, but the extremes widely different.
V. molle, MICHX. Young shoots, petioles, cymes, &c. beset with stellular pubescence :
leaves orbicular or broadly oval to ovate, more crenatelv dentate, soft-pubescent at least
beneath (larger 4 inches long); veins of the preceding or fewer: petioles shorter: drupe
4 lines long, more pointed by the style: calyx- teeth more conspicuous. Fl. i. 180, but
foliage only seen; Gray, Man. ed. 3 & ed. 5, 206. T*. clcntutum, var. semitomcntosinn, Michx.
1. c. in large part; Ell. Sk. i. 365. V. dentatum, var. 1 scalnrllum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 16.
V. scalrcllum, Chapm. Fl. i. 72. Coast of New England (Martha's Vineyard, Besscy) to
Texas : flowers at the north in summer, later than V. dentatum.
* * * Leaves lightly or loosely pinnately veined, of firmer or somewhat coriaceous texture,
petioled, mostly glabrous: stipules or stipule-like appendages none: mature drupes black or
with a blue bloom, mealv and saccharine; the stone and seed flat or lenticular, plane: winter-
buds of few and firm scales: petioles and rays of the cyme mostly lepidote with some minute
rusty scales or scurf.
J Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed: drupes globose-ovoid, 3 lines long: stone orbicular, flattened-
lenticular: shrubs 5 to 8 or 12 feet high, in swamps.
V. cassinoides, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Shoots scurfy-punctate: leaves thickish and opaque
or dull, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse acumiuation, obscurely veiny (1 to 3 inches
long), with margins irregularly crenulate-clenticulate or sometimes entire: peduncle shorter
than the cyme. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 384 (pi. Kalm), excl. syn., at least of Mill. & Pluk. ; Torr.
Fl. i. 318; DC. 1. c. V. squamatum, Willd. Enum. i.*327; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 24. V.
pyrifolium, Pursh, Fl. i. 201, not Poir. V. rmdum, Hook. Fl. i. 279; Emerson, Trees of
Mass. ed. 2, 411, t. 18. V. nudum, var. cassinoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 14; Gray, Man. 1. c.
Swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, New England to New Jersey and Pennsylvania :
flowers earlier than the next.
V. nudum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate : leaves more veiny, oblong or oval, sometimes
narrower, entire or obsoletely denticulate, lucid above (commonly 2 to 4 inches long) :
peduncle usually equalling the cyme. Spec. i. 268 (pi. Clayt.) ; Mill. Ic. t. 274; Willd.
Spec. i. 1487 ; Michx. Fl. i. 178 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2281 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., var. Claytoni.
Swamps, New Jersey or S. New York to Florida and Louisiana : fl. summer, or southward
in spring.
12 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. Viburnum.
Var. angustifolium, TORE. & GRAY, 1. c. Leaves linear-oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late. V. nitidiim, Ait. Kew. i. 371, ex. char. N. Carolina to Louisiana.
Var. grandifolium. Larger leaves 8 inches long, 4 wide. E. Florida, Mrs. Treat.
Var. serotinum, KAVEXEL, in C'liapm. Fl. Suppl. 624. A strict or more simple-
stemmed form, with foliage of the type, and smaller blossoms, produced in November !
On the Altamaha River, near Darien, Georgia, liaccnel.
-f ) Compound cymes sessile, of 3 to 5 cymiferous rays, subtended by the upper leaves,
++ Many-flowered: trees or arborescent, 10 to 30 feet high: winter-buds minutely rusty-scurfy or
downy, ovoid and acuminate: leaves ovate or oval, lucid, closely and acutely serrate, abruptly
rather long-petioled : drupes comparatively large, oval, 5 to 7 lines long, when ripe sweetish
and black or bluish from the bloom, with very flat stone. BLACK HAW, SHEEP-BERRY,
SWEET VIBURNUM.
V. LentagO, L. Often arboreous: leaves ovate, acuminate (larger 3 or 4 inches long),
thickly beset with very sharp serratures : petioles mostly undulate-margined : larger winter-
buds long-pointed, grayish. Spec. i. 268; Michx. I.e.; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 21; Hook.
1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 15. Woods and banks of streams, Canada to Saskatchewan,
Missouri, and mountains of Georgia; fl. spring.
V. prunif olium, L. Seldom arboreous : leaves from roundish to ovate or oval with little
or no acumiuation and finer serratures (larger ones 2 or 3 inches long) : petioles naked, or
on strong shoots narrowly margined, these and the less pointed winter-buds often rufous-
pubescent. Spec. i. 268 (Mespihis prunifolia, c., Pluk. Aim. t. 4, f. 2); Michx. 1. c. ;
Duham. Arb. ii. t. 38 (Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 23?) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. V. pyrtfolium, Poir.
Diet. viii. 653; Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 22. Dry or moist ground, New York (and Upper
Canada?) to Michigan, Illinois, and south to Florida, Texas, and Kansas: flowering early.
H- -H- Cymes (3-4-rayed) and the lucid coriaceous commonly entire leaves small.
V. obovatum, WALT. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high : leaves from obovate to cuneate-spatulate
or oblauceolate, obtuse or retuse, with some obsolete teeth or none (half-inch to thrice that
length), narrowed at base into very short petiole: flowering cymes little surpassing the
leaves : drupes oval, 5 lines long, black ; stone thickish-leuticular, the faces obscurely sul-
cate. Walt. Car. 116; Pursh, Fl. i. 201; Ell. Sk. i. 366; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1476; DC..
Prodr. iv. 326. V. cassi.noidcs (Mill. Ic. t. 83?); Willd. Spec. i. 1491 ; Michx. Fl. i. 179,
not L. V. hrrtijntinn, Ait. Kew. i. 371 ; Pursh, 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. Wooded banks of streams
and swamps, Virginia to Florida in the low country.
4. TRI6STEUM, L. FEVERWORT, HORSE-GENTIAN. (Name shortened
by Linnreus from Triosteospermum, Dill., meaning three bony seeds or stones
to the fruit.) Coarse perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America, one Japanese
and one Himalayan) ; with simple stems, ample entire or sinuate leaves more
or less connate at base, and pinnately veiny ; the dull-colored sessile flowers in
their axils, either single or 2 to 4 in a cluster, produced in early summer, fol-
lowed by orange-colored and reddish drupes. In our species the foliaceous
linear calyx-lobes are as long as the corolla (about half-inch), and longer than
the fruit. --Lam. 111. t. 150 ; Ga^rtn. Fruct. t. 26. Triosteospermum, Dill. Elth.
394, t. 293.
T. perfoliatum, L. Minutely soft-pubescent, or stem sometimes hirsute, stout, 2 to 4 feet
high : leaves ovate to oblong, acuminate, narrowed below either to merely connate or more
broadened and connate-perfoliate base : corolla dull brownish-purple : nutlets of the drupe
3-ribbed on the back. Spec. i. 176 ; Schk. Handb. t. 41 ; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 90, t. 19 ; Bart.
Veg. Mat. Med. t. 4 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 45 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 12. T. majus,
Michx. Fl. i. 107. Alluvial or rich soil, Canada and New England to Illinois and Alabama.
Also called TINKER'S-WEED, WILD COFFEE, &c.
T. angustif olium, L. 1. c. Smaller: stem hirsute or hispid: leaves oblong-lanceolate or
narrower, tapering above the more or less connate bases : corolla yellowish. Torr. & Gray,
1. c. T. mums, Michx. 1. c. Periclymenum herbaceum, &c., Pluk. Aim. t. 104, f. 2. Shady
grounds, Virginia to Alabama, Missouri, and Illinois.
Symphoricarpos. CAPRIFOLIACE/E. 13
5. LJNNJEA, Gronov. TWIN-FLOWER. (Dedicated to Linnceus.} Gro-
nov. in L. Gen. ed. i. 188. Single species ; fl. early summer.
L. borealis, GKONOV. Trailing and creeping evergreen, with filiform branches, somewhat
pubescent : leaves obovate and rotund, half-inch to inch long, crenately few-toothed, some-
what rugose-veiny, tapering into a short petiole : peduncles filiform, terminating ascending
short leafy branches, bearing at summit a pair of small bracts, and from axil of each a fili-
form one-flowered pedicel, occasionally the axis prolonged and bearing another pair of
flowers ; pedicels similarly 2-bracteolate at summit, and a pair of larger ovate glandular-
hairy inner bracelets subtending the ovary, soon counivent over it or enclosing and even
adiiate to the akeue-like fruit : flowers nodding : corolla purplish rose-color, rarely almost
white, sweet-scented, half-inch or less long. L. Fl. Lapp. t. 12, f. 4, & Spec. ii. 631;
Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 171, t. 9, f. 3 ; Fl. Dan. t. 3 ; Schk. Handb. t. 176 ; Lam. 111. t. 536 ; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 3. Cool woods and bogs, New England to New Jersey and mountains of
Maryland, north to Newfoundland and the Arctic Circle, westward in the Rocky Mountains
to Colorado and Utah, the Sierra Nevada in Plumas Co., California, and northwest to
Alaskan Islands ; in Oregon, &c. Var. LONGIFLOKA, Torr. in Wilkes S. Facif. E. Ex. xvii.
327, with longer and more fimuelform corolla. (N. Eu., N. Asia, &c. )
6. SYMPHORICARPOS, Dill. SNOWBERRY, INDIAN CURRANT.
(Suju^opeoo, to bear together, Kapnos, fruit, the berry-like fruits mostly clustered
or crowded.) Low and branching shrubs (N. American and Mexican), erect
or diffuse, not climbing ; with small and entire (occasionally undulate or lobed,
very rarely serrate) and short-petioled leaves, scaly leaf-buds, and 2-bracteolate
small flowers, usually crowded in axillary or terminal spikes or clusters, rarely
solitary, produced in summer; the corolla white or pinkish. Dill., Elth. 371,
t. 278; Juss. Gen. 211 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 338; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 4; Gray,
Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 9. Symphoria, Pers. Syn. i. 214.
1. Short-flowered : corolla urceolate- or open-campanulate, only 2 or 3 lines
long.
* Style boarded: fruit red: flowers all in dense and short axillary clusters: corolla 2 lines long,
glandular within at base.
S. Vulgaris, MICHX. (CORAL-BERRY, INDIAN CURRANT.) Soft-pubescent or glabrate .
branches slender, often virgate, flowering from most of the axils : leaves oval, seldom over
inch long, exceeding the (1 to 4) glomerate or at length spiciform dense flower-clusters in
their axils : corolla sparingly bearded inside : fruits very small, dark red. Fl. i. 106 ; DC .
Prodr iv. 339 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 4 ; Grav in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. 10. Symphoricarpos,
Dill, 1 c. S. parviflora, Desf . Cat., &c. Lonicera Symphoricarpos, L. Spec. i. 175. Si/mphoria
conrjlomcrala, Pers. 1. c. S. glomerata, Pursh, Fl. i. 162. Banks of streams and among
rocks, W. New York and Perm, to Illinois, Nebraska, and Texas.
Var. spicatus (S. spicatus, Engelm. in PL Lindh. ii. 215) is a form with fructiferous
spikes more elongated, sometimes equalling the leaves. Texas, Lindhcimcr.
* * Style glabrous : fruit white, in terminal and upper axillary clusters, or solitary in some axils.
S. occidentalis, HOOK. (WOLF-BERRY.) Kobust, glabrous, or slightly pubescent : leaves
oval or oblong, thickish (larger 2 inches long) : axillary flower-clusters not rarely peduncu-
late, sometimes becoming spicate and inch long : corolla 3 lines high, 5-cleft to beyond the
middle, within densely villous-hirsute with long beard-like hairs : stamens and style more
or less exserted. Fl. i. 285 ; Torr. & Gray in Fl. ii. 4 ; Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. Sijm-
phoria occidentalis, R. Br. in Richards. App. Frankl. Jour. Rocky ground, Michigan to
the mountains of Colorado, Montana (and Oregon 1), north to lat. 64.
S. raceniOSUS, MICHX. (SNOW-BERRY.) More slender and glabrous: leaves round-oval
to oblong (smaller than in the preceding) : axillary clusters mostly few-flowered, or lowest
one-flowered : corolla 2 lines high, 5-lobed above the middle, moderately villous-bearded
within, narrowed at base : stamens and style not exserted. Fl. i. 107; Hook. 1. c. ; Torr.
& Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. Symphoria racemosa, Pers. 1. c. ; Pursh, Fl. i. 169 ; R. Br. Bot.
14 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. Symphoncarpos.
Mag. t. 2211; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 230; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 19. S. clonyata and S.
heterophylla, Presl, ex DC. Rocky banks, Canada and N. New England to Penn., Sas-
katchewan, and west to Brit. Columbia and W. California, even to San Diego Co.
Var. pauciflorus, ROBBINS. Low, more spreading: leaves commonly only inch
long : flowers solitary in the axils of upper ones, few and loosely spicate in the terminal
cluster. Gray, Man. & in Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. Mountains of Vermont and Penn., Niagara
Falls to "Wisconsin and northward, in Rocky Mountains south to Colorado, west to Oregon.
S. mollis, NUTT. Low, diffuse or decumbent, soft-pubescent, even velvety-tomentose, some-
times glabrate : leaves orbicular or broadly oval (half to full inch long) : flowers solitary or
in short clusters: corolla open-campauulate and with broad base (little over line high),
5-lobed above the middle, barely pubescent within: stamens and style included. Torr. &
Gray, Fl. 1. c.; Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 279. S. cltuitus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c., a
glabrate form, from the char. Wooded hills, California, both in the Coast Ranges and the
Sierra Nevada, first coll by Coulter and NuttaH.
Var. acutus. Not improbably a distinct species, but materials incomplete : leaves very
soft-tomentulose, oblong-lanceolate to oblong, acute at both ends or acuminate, sometimes
irregularly and acutely dentate. .S'. inollts? Torr. in Wilkes Pacif. E. Ex. xvii. 328.
Washington Terr, east of the Cascade Mountains, Pickcriiir/ $ Brackenridge, with the
narrower and entire leaves. Lassen's Peak, N. E. California, J\frs. Austin, with broader
leaves, commonly having 3 or 4 unequal serratures on each margin.
2. Longer-flowered : corolla from oblong-campanulate to salverform, 5-lobed
only at summit : fruit (in the Mexican S. microphyllus flesh color, ex Bot. Mag.
t. 4975) in ours white : flowers mostly axillary : leaves small.
* Style glabrous: corolla with broad and short lobes slightly or merely spreading.
S. rotund.if61i.US, GRAY. Tomentulose to glabrate : leaves from orbicular to oblong-
elliptical, thickish (half to three-fourths inch long) : corolla elongated-campauulate, .3 or 4
linos long ; its tube pubescent within below the stamens, twice or thrice the length of the
lobes: nutlets of the drupe oval, equally broad and obtuse at both ends. PI. Wright,
ii. 06, . r our. Linn. Soc. 1. c., & Bot. Calif, i. 279. S. montanus, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 132,
partly. Mountains of New Mexico and adjacent Texas to those of Utah, N. W. Nevada,
adjacent California, and north to Mt. Pacldo, Washington Terr., Suksdorf: first coll. by
Wrlfjht and Bigelow.
S. oreophilllS, GUAT. Glabrous or sometimes with soft pubescence : leaves oblong to
broadly oval, thinner: corolla more tubular or funnelform, 5 or G (rarely only 4) lines
long ; its tube almost glabrous within, 4 or 5 times the length of the lobes: nutlets of the
drupe oblong, flattened, attenuate and pointed at base. Jour. Linn. Soc. 1. c. 12, & Bot.
Calif. 1. c. S. montanus, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 249, not HBK. Mountains of
Colorado, Utah, and Arizona, to the Sierra Nevada, California, and E. Oregon ; first coll.
by Parry.
* * Style bearded: corolla with oblong widely spreading lobes.
S. longiflorus, GRAY, 1. c. Glabrous or rarely minutely pubescent, glaucescent : leaves
spatulate-oblong varying to oval, tliickish, small (quarter to half inch long) : corolla white,
salverform, slender; the tube 4 to 6 and lobes one and a half lines long, very glabrous
within: anthers linear, subsessile, half included in the throat : nutlets of the fruit oblong.
Mountains of S. Nevada and Utah, Miss Searls, Parry, Ward, Palmer, &c. Apparently
also S. W. Texas, Havard.
7. LONlCERA, L. HONEYSUCKLE, WOODBINE. (Adam Lonitzer, Lat-
inized Lonicerus, a German herbalist.) Shrubs of the northern hemisphere,
some erect, others twining ; with normally entire leaves, occasionally on some
shoots sinuate-pinnatifid ; the flowers variously disposed, produced in spring or
early summer.
1. XYLOSTEON, DC. Flowers in pairs (rarely threes) from the axils of the
leaves, the common peduncle bibracteate at summit, the ovaries of the two either
Lonicera. CAPRIFOLIACE^. 15
distinct or connate: ours (the genuine species of the section) all erect and
branching shrubs, with rather short corollas ; the calyx-limb minute or obsolete.
Xylosteon, Tourn., Juss. Xylosteum, Adans., Michx., &c.
* Bracts at the summit of the peduncle small or narrow, often minute, sometimes obsolete or
caducous: bractlets to the two flowers minute or none.
H Leaves glaucescent or pale both sides, oblong-elliptical, very short-petiolecl, rcticulate-venulose
beneath: corolla ochroleucous, sometimes purplish-tinged, 4 to 6 lines long.
L. CEerulea, L. A foot or two high, from villous-pubescent to glabrous or nearly so :
leaves little over inch long, very obtuse : peduncles shorter than the flowers, usually very
short : corolla moderately gibbous at base, not strongly bilabiate (sometimes glabrous,
sometimes hairy): bracts subulate or linear, commonly larger than the ovaries; these
completely united, forming a globular 2-cyecl (black and with the bloom blue) sweet-tasted
berry. Spec. i. 174; Pall. Fl. Ross. t. 37; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1965; Jacq. Fl. Austr. v.
Suppl. t. 17; Hook. Fl. i. 283;.Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 9; Herder, PI. Radd. iii. 15, t. 3.
L. villosa (Mulil. Cat.) & L, velutina, DC. Prodr. iv. 337, excl. syn. in part. Xylosteum
villosum, Miclix. Fl. i. 106 (the very villous or hirsute form, L. ccerulea, var. rillosa, Torr. &
Gray, 1. c.) ; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 88; Richards. App. Fraukl. Jour. X. Snlonis, Eaton,
Maa. Bot. 518. Moist ground, Newfoundland and Labrador, south to the cooler parts of
New England, Wisconsin, &c., north to the Arctic Circle, west to Alaska, and south in the
higher mountains to the Sierra Nevada, California. The American and E. Asian forms
somewhat different from the European. (Eu., N. Asia.)
L. oblongifolia, HOOK. A yard or more high, minutely puberuleut to glabrous, glau-
cescent : leaves 1 to 3 inches long : peduncles filiform, commonly inch long : corolla with
conspicuous gibbosity at base, deeply bilabiate, the narrow lower lip separate far below the
middle : bracts minute or caducous : ovaries either distinct, or united at base, or com-
pletely connate (even on the same plant) : berries red or changing to crimson, mawkish.
-Fl. i. 284, t. 100; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. villosa, DC. 1. c. in part. X///xt<'tim oblongi-
folinm, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 323. Bogs, Canada and N. New England and New
York to Michigan.
H -I Leaves bright green, thinnish, ovate or oblong: peduncles slender: berries red: shrubs
with slender spreading or straggling branches.
H- Corolldark dull purple, strongly bilabiate: calyx-teeth subulate: bracts subulate, caducous.
L. conjuglalis, KELLOGG. Leaves pubescent when young, ovate or oval, often acuminate,
short-petioled (1 to 2i inches long): peduncles at least thrice the length of the flowers:
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, gibbous-campanulate, with upper lip crenately 4-lobed; throat
with lower part of filaments and style very hirsute : ovaries two-thirds or wholly connate.
Proc. Calif. A cad. ii. 67, fig. 15; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 133. L. Brcu-rri, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 537, vii. 349. Woods of the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada,
at 6,000-10,000 feet, first coll. by Veatch. Also mountains of Washington Terr., Howell,
SuTcsdorf.
-H- -H- Corolla honey-yellow or ochrolencous, rarely a slight tinge of purple, oblong-funnelform,
two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, with 5 short almost equal lobes; the tube with a small but
prominent saccate gibbosity at base, merely pilose-pubescent within: calyx-limb barely
crenate-lobed or truncate: divergent ovaries and mostly the berries quite distinct, subtended
by very small subulate bracts, and each with minute rounded bractlets.
L. Utaheiisis, WATS. Leaves oval or elliptical-oblong, rounded at both ends, very short-
petioled, glabrous or nearly so from the first, or soon glabrate, not ciliate, reticulate-venulose
at maturity (inch or two long): peduncle seldom over half -inch long. Bot. King Exp.
133. Mountains of Utah, Watson, Parry, Siler. Montana, and Cascades from Oregon to
Brit. Columbia.
L. ciliata, MUIIL. (ELY-HONEYSUCKLE.) Leaves ovate to oval-oblong, acutish or some-
what acuminate, loosely pilose-pubescent when young, especially the margins, 2 inches long
at maturity, more distinctly petioled : full-grown peduncles two-thirds to nearly inch long:
berries distinct, light red, watery. Cat. 22 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 235 ; Hook. Fl. 1. c. ; Torr. &
Gray, 1 c. L. Canadensis, Roam. & Schult. Syst. v. 260. Xylosteum Tartaricum, Michx.
16 CAPBIFOLIACE.E. Lonicera.
Fl. i. 10G. X. ciliatum, Pursh, Fl. i. 161, excl. var., which is Symphoricarpos racemosits
according to Nutt. Vaccinium album, L. Spec. i. 350, specimen of Ivalm. Rocky moist
woods, New Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, and New England to Peim. and Michigan.
Flowering in spring, when the leaves are developing.
L. TARTARICA, L., of the Old World, with rose-colored flowers, is commonly planted as an
ornamental shrub, and is becoming spontaneous in Canada.
* * Bracts at the summit of the peduncle oblong to ovate or cordate and foliaceous: bractlets
conspicuous and accrescent.
L. involucrata, BANKS. Pubescent, sometimes glabrate, 2 to 10 feet high : leaves from
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, from acutish to acuminate, 2 to 5 inches long, petioled : peduncles
an inch or two long, sometimes 3-flowered : corolla yellowish, viscid-pubescent, half-inch
or more long, tubular-fuunelform, with 5 short hardly unequal lobes : bractlets 4 or united
into 2, viscid-pubescent, at first short, obovate or obcordate, in fruit enlarging and enclosing
or surrounding the two globose dark-purple or black berries. Spreug. Syst. i. 759 ; DC.
Prodr. 1. c. 336; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1179; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. 'Calif, i. 280.
L. Ledebourii, Esch. Mem. Acad. Petrop. (1826) x. 284; DC. 1. c. L. Mociniuna, DC.
1. c., probably from California, not Mexico. L. intermedia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii.
154, fig. 47. Xylosteiun involucratum, Richards. App. Fraukl. Jourii. 6. Wooded grounds,
from Gaspe' Co., Lower Canada (Allen], and S. shore of Lake Superior northward, west to
Alaska, southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado aud Utah, and nearly throughout
California.
2. CAPRIFOLIUM, DC. Flowers sessile in variously disposed terminal or
axillary clusters, commonly quasi-verticillate-capitate : corolla more or less elon-
gated : berries orange or red at maturity : steins climbing (twining) : upper leaves
usually combined into a connate-perfoliate disk. Caprifolium, Juss.
* Limb of corolla almost regular or slightly bilabiate, very much shorter than the elongated
tube: stamens and style little exserted:' flowers nearly scentless. Pencil/ menum, Tourn.
TKtJMPKT-HONEYSUCKLES.
L. sempervirens, L. Evergreen only southward, glabrous : leaves oblong, glaucous or
glaucescent beneath, uppermost one or two pairs broadly connate : flowers in 2 to 5 more
or less separated whorls of 6 : the spike pedunculate : corolla scarlet-red varying to
crimson and yellow inside, or sometimes wholly yellow; the narrow tube inch or more long;
lobes sometimes almost equal, sometimes short-bilabiate, merely spreading, seldom over
2 lines lung. Spec. i. 173 (Ilerm. Hort. Lugd. 484, t. 483) ; Ait. Kew, i. 230; Walt. Car.
131 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1781, & 1753 ; Bot. Reg. t. 556 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 5 ; Meehrui,
Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 45. L. Virginiana & L. Caroliniana, Marsh. Arbust. 80. Capri-
foliitin ai in/" rrirr-ns, Michx. Fl. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 160; Ell. Sk. i. 271. Low grounds, Con-
necticut and Indiana to Florida and Texas. Commonly cultivated. (There are indications
of a nearly related species in Lower California.)
L. ci.li.6sa, Pom. Leaves ovate or oval, glaucous beneath, usually ciliate, otherwise glabrous;
uppermost one or two pairs connate into an oval or orbicular disk : whorls of flowers single
and terminal, or rarely 2 or 3, and occasionally from the axils of the penultimate pair of
leaves, either sessile or short-peduncled : corolla glabrous or sparingly pilose-pubescent,
yellow r to crimson-scarlet, with thicker tube than the preceding, more ventricose-gibbous
below; limb slightly bilabiate; lower lobe 3 or 4 lines long. Diet. v. 612; DC. Prodr.
iv. 333 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Caprifolium ciliosiun, Pursh, Fl. i. 160. C. occidentale, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1457. Lonicera occidentalis, Hook. Fl. i. 282. Rocky Mountains in Montana
to the coast of Brit. Columbia, the mountains of California and of Arizona. From moun-
tains near Chico, California, comes a form which, by nearly naked margin of leaves and
three-whorled pedunculate spike, makes transition to L. sempervirens.
* * Limb of corolla ringent; the spreading or recurved lips comparatively large, and stamens
and style conspicuously exserted. Caprifolium, Tourn. TRUE HONEYSUCKLES.
i Tube of corolla elongated (fully inch long), wholly glabrous inside, as are stamens and style:
flowers very fragrant: Atlantic species resembling the cultivated Italian or Sweet Honeysuckle
of Middle and S. Europe, L. Cupr-ifulium, L.
Lonicera. CAPRIFOLIACKffl. 17
L. grata, AIT. Glabrous : leaves obovate or oblong and the upper one or two pairs con-
nate, paler or somewhat glaucous beneath : flowers in terminal capitate cluster and from
the axils of the conuate-perfoliate leaves : corolla reddish or purple outside ; the limb white
within, fading to tawny yellow ; lips over half-inch long ; tube not gibbous : berries orange-
red. Kevv. i. 231 ; Willd. Spec. i. 984 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 332 ; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 159 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 5. Caprifoliujn gratum, Pursh, Fl. i. 161. Moist and rocky wood-
lauds, N. New Jersey to Pennsylvania and mountains of Carolina according to Pursh, to-
" VV. Louisiana, Hale," in Torr. & Gray, Fl. But it may be doubted if really different
from L. Caprifolium of Europe, and if truly indigenous to this country.
f -I Tube of corolla less than inch long, but larger than the limb; the throat or tube below
hairy within : Atlantic species.
-H- Corolla bright orange-yellow; tube not gibbous, fully half-inch or more long: filaments and
style glabrous: ''flowers fragrant," produced early.
L. fiava, SIMS. Somewhat glaucous, wholly glabrous : leaves broadly oval, 2 or 3 upper
pairs connate into a disk : flowers in a terminal capitate cluster : corolla glabrous ; the slen-
der tube at upper part within or prolonged adnate base of filaments hirsute-pubescent. *
Bot. Mag. t. 1318 ; Lodd. Bot. Cat. t. 338; DC. Prodr. iv. 332. Caprifolium Frast ri, Pursh,
Fl. i. 160, excl. N. Y. habitat. C. flavum, Ell. Sk. i. 271. "Exposed rocky summit of
Paris Mountain in S. Carolina," in Laureus Co., Eraser. This very ornamental plant was
first noticed in Draytou's View of South Carolina, published in 1802, p. 64, as growing on
Paris Mountain, Greenville ; afterwards it was collected by Fruscr. Ell. 1. c. Upper
Georgia, Boykin, &c. It has not been found elsewhere; but it is still sparingly in
cultivation.
-H- -H- Corolla shorter, more or less hirsute within the throat ; tube usually somewhat gibbous.
= Rather freely twining and high-climbing, little or not at all glaucous, pubescent: leaves deep
green above.
L. hirsuta, EATON. Leaves oval, conspicuously veiny and venulose both sides (3 or 4
inches long), soft-pubescent (as also usually the branchlets) and pale beneath; upper one
or two pairs connate, lower short-petioled : corolla orange-yellow fading to dull purplish
or brownish, more or less viscid-pubescent outside ; tube half-inch long, little exceeding the
limb; throat and lower part of filaments hirsute. Eaton, Man. Bot. ed. 2, 307 (1818);
Torr. Fl. i. 342 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3103, & Fl. i. 282 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 6. L. villosa
Muhl. Cat. 22, not DC. L. Dotiylasii, Hook. 1. c., being Caprifolium Doiujlasii, Lindl.
Trans. Hort. Soc. vii. 244 ; DC. 1. c. ; London, Etiel. Trees & Shrubs, 530, fig. 972. L.
parviflora, var. '? Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7, mainly. L. pubescens, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 194; DC.
Prodr. iv. 332; London, End. Trees & Shrubs, 529 (under L. flara). L. Gohlii, Spreng.
Syst. i. 758. Caprifolium pubescens, Goldie in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 323 ; Hook. Exot. Fl.
t. 27. Rocky banks, &c., Northern New England and Canada to Penn., Michigan, and
north shore of Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan.
= = Feebly twining or merely sarmentose or bushy, 2 to 6 feet high, conspicuously glaucous.
JL. Sullivantii, GRAY. At length much whitened with the glaucous bloom, 3 to 6 feet
high, glabrous : leaves oval and obovate-oblong, thickish, 2 to 4 inches long, all those of
flowering stems sessile, and most of them connate, the uppermost into an orbicular disk:
corolla pale yellow, glabrous outside ; tube half-inch or less long, little longer than the
limb: filaments nearly glabrous. Proc. Am Acad. xix. 76. L. u. sp.T Sulliv. Cat. PI.
Columb. 57. L. flai-a, var. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 6 ; Gray, Man., mainly. Central Ohio to
Illinois. Wisconsin, and Lake Winnipeg . also Tennessee and apparently in mountains of
N. Carolina.
L. glauca, HILL. Glabrous, or sometimes lower face of leaves tomentulose-puberulent,
3 to 5 feet high, generally bushy: leaves oblong, often undulate (glaucous, but less whitened
than in the preceding, 2 or at most 3 inches long), 2 to 4 upper pairs connate : corolla quite
glabrous outside, greenish yellow or tinged or varying to purple, short ; the tube only 3 or
4 lines long, rather broad, nearly equalled by the limb, within and also style and base of
filaments hirsute. Hort. Kew. (1769) 446, t. 18 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77. L. dioica,
L. Syst. Veg. 215 ; Ait. Kew. i. 230; Bot. Reg. t. 138, but not dioecious. L. media, Murr.
in Comm. Gcett. 1776, 28, t. 3. L. parviflora, Lam. Diet. i. 728 (1783) ; Torr. Fl. i. 243 ; DC.
2
18 CAPKIFOLIACE^E. Lonicera.
1. c. ; Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. excl. var.; Gray, Man., and a part of var. Dotiglasii.
Caprifolium glaucum, Mcench, Meth. 502. C. iracteosum, Michx. Fl. i. 105. C. parmftorum,
Pursh, Fl. i. 161. C. dioicum, Rocm. & Sclmlt. Syst. v. 260. Rocky grounds, Hudson's
Bay '? and to Saskatchewan, Canada, New England, Penu., and mountains of Carolina 1
L. albiflora, TORR. & GRAY. Wholly glabrous, or with minute soft pubescence, bushy, also
disposed to twine, 4 to 8 feet high : leaves oval, inch long, or little longer, glaucesceut both
sides, usually only uppermost pair connate into a disk and subtending the simple sessile
glomerule : corolla white or yellowish-white, glabrous ; the tube 3 to 5 lines long, hardly
at all gibbous: style and filaments nearly naked. Fl. ii. 6; Gray, PI. Lindli. ii. 213.
L. dumosa, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 66, Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, the minutely pubescent form.
Rocky prairies and banks, W. Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Arizona, first
coll. by Berlundier, Lcavenworth, Lindheimer, &c. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
-) -i -i Tube of corolla only quarter-inch long, equalled by the limb, gibbous, more or less
hairy within : Pacitic species.
L. hispidula, DOUGL. Bushy and sarmeutose, often feebly twining: leaves small (inch or
so in length, or the largest 2 inches), oval, or from orbicular to oblong, rounded at both
ends, or lower'and short-petioled ones sometimes subcordate, uppermost connate or occa-
sionally distinct : spikes slender, commonly paniculate, of few or several whorls of flowers :
corolla from pink to yellowish, barely half-inch long : filaments and especially style more
or less pubescent at base. Dougl. in Lintll. Bot. Reg. t. 1761 (the latter figured and pub-
lished the species as Caprifolium hispidultun) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 627, & Bot. Calif.
i. 280. L. micropliylla, Hook. Fl. i. 283. Polymorphous species, of which the typical form
(var. Donqlasii, Gray, 1. c.) is hirsute or pubescent with spreading hairs, disposed to climb :
lower leaves mostly short-petioled and inclined to subcordate, not rarely a foliaceous stipule-
like appendage between the petioles on each side : inflorescence and pink corollas glabrous.
Wooded region of Brit. Columbia to Oregon, first coll. by Dotiylax.
Var. Vacillans, GRAY, 1. c. Stem and leaves either glabrous or pubescent, with or
without hirsute hairs : inflorescence and corollas pubescent or glandular, varying to glabrous :
otherwise like the Oregon type. L. Californica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 7 ; Beirth. PI.
Hartw. L. ciliosa, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 143, 349, not Poir. L. pilosa, Kellogg, Proc.
Calif. Acad. i. 62. From Oregon to Monterey, California.
Var. Sllbspicata, GRAY, 1. c. Bushy, more or less pubescent or glandular-pubescent
above, at least the pale pink or yellowish flowers : leaves small (half-inch to- inch long), even
uppermost commonly distinct: stipule-like appendages rare. L. subspicata, Hook. & Aru.
Bot. Beech. 349; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 71, t. 29. Common in
California, from Monterey to San Diego.
Var. interrupta, GRAY, 1. c. Like the preceding, or sometimes larger-leaved and
more sarmentose, but glabrous or minutely puberuleut, more glaucous : spikes commonly
elongated, of numerous capitellate whorls: corolla perfectly glabrous, pinkish or yellow-
ish, less hairy inside. L. iiifn-ritpfu, Bcuth. PI. Hartw. 313. Common in California: also
Santa Cataliua Mountains, Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon.
8. DIERVlLLA, Tourn. Busn HONEYSUCKLE. (Dr. Dicrville took
the original species from Canada to Tournefort in the year 1708.) --Low shrubs
(of Atlantic N. America, Japan, and China) ; with scaly luids, simply serrate
membranaceous leaves, and flowers in terminal or upper axillary naked cymes,
produced in early summer. - - The E. Asian species, Weiffela, Thunb. (of which
D. Japonica is common in cultivation), have ampliate and mostly rose-colored
corollas, herbaceous calyx-lobes deciduous from the beak of the fruit, and reticu-
late-winged seeds. Ours have small and narrow-funnelform corollas, of honey-
yellow color, thin-walled capsule, and close coat to the seed, the surface minutely
reticulated; herbage nearly glabrous. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 10.
D. trifida, M<KNCH. Branchlets nearly terete ; leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, distinctly
petioled : axillary peduncles more commonly 3-flowered : limb of the corolla nearly equal-
ling the tube, sometimes irregular, three of the lobes more united, the middle one deeper
Diervilla. RUBIACE^E. 19
yellow and villous on the face : capsule oblong, with a slender neck or beak, crowned with
slender-subulate calyx-lobes. Meth. 492; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. excl. var. D. Acadiensis
fruticosa, c., Tourn. Act. Acad. Par. 1706, t. 7, f. 1 ; L. Hort. Cliff. G3, t. 7 ; Duham. Arb.
'ed. 1. D. Tournefortii, Michx. Fl. i. 107. D. Immilis, Pers. Syn. i. 214. D. Canadensis,
Willd. Eimm. 222 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 330 ; Hook. Fl. i. 281. D. /tea,Pursh, Fl. i. 1C2. Lonicera
J)i< rrilln, L. Mat. Mecl. 62, & Spec. i. 175. llocky and shady ground, Newfoundland and
Hudson's Bay to Saskatchewan, south to Kentucky and Maryland, and in the mountains to
N. Carolina.
D. sessilifolia, BUCKLEY. Branchlets quadrangular : leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually
acuminate, closely sessile, of firmer texture, more acutely serrulate : cymes several-flowered ;
corolla-lobes nearly equal, shorter than the tube, one of them obscurely pilose : capsule short-
oblong, short-necked, and crowned with short lanceolate-subulate calyx- Lilies. Am. Jour.
Sci. xlv. 174 ; Chapm. Fl. 170 ; Fl. Serrcs, viii. 292. Rocky woods and banks, mountains of
Carolina and Tennessee, first coll. by Curtis.
ORDER LXX. RUBIACE^.
Herbaceous or woody plants ; with opposite entire and stipulate leaves, vary-
ing to verticillate, or in the Stellatce the leaves in whorls without stipules (unless
accessory leaves be counted as such) ; mostly hermaphrodite regular flowers,
either o-nierous or 4-merous ; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; and stamens as
many as and alternate with the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its tube or
throat. Style single, sometimes with 2 or more lobes or stigmas. Fruit various :
seeds in our genera albuminous.
Of this vast and largely tropical order 2G of the 140 recognized genera come
within our limits, but more than half of them only in subtropical Florida. They
rank under 14 of the 25 recognized tribes, too large a scaffolding for a frag-
mentary structure. So they are here disposed under three series ; of which the
third is only a special modification in foliage of the second.
Series I. CINCHONACE^E. Ovules numerous in each cell.
* Fruit capsular : seeds numerous, flat, winged all round.
1. EXOSTEMA. Calyx with clavate tube, 5-toothed. Corolla salverf orm, with long and
narrow tube and 5-parted limb ; lobes long-linear, imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted
near the base of the corolla-tube : filaments and style filiform, exserted : anthers slender-
linear, fixed by the base. Capsule 2-cclled, septicidal. Seeds downwardly imbricated on the
placentae.
2- PINCKNE YA. Calyx with clavate tube ; limb of 5 subulate-lanceolate lobes, or in the
outer flowers of the cyme one (or rarely two) of them an ample petaloid and petiolate leaf,
all deciduous. Corolla salverform with somewhat enlarging throat, and 5 oblong recurved-
spreading lobes, valvate or nearly so in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the corolla :
filaments filiform : anthers oblong, fixed by the middle, slightly exserted. Style exserted :
stigma barely 2-lobed. Capsule didymous-glolmlar, 2-celled, loculicidal, and valves at length
2-parted. Seeds horizontal, with small nucleus, broad and thin lunate-orbicular wing, and
comparatively large embryo : cotyledons broad.
3. BOUVARDIA. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous. Calyx with turbinate or campanulate
tube, and 4 subulate persistent lobes. Corolla tubular or salverform, the 4 short lobes
valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat or on the tube below it: anthers sub-
sessile, oblong or linear. Style filiform and more or less exserted in long-styled flowers, much
shorter in the other sort : stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule didymous-globose,
coriaceous, loculicidal. Seeds peltate, somewhat meniscoidal, imbricated on the globular
placenta;.
20 RUBIACE.E.
* * Fruit capsular or at least dry, 2-celled : seeds several or numerous in each cell, wing-
less : calyx-tube short ; lobes persistent : corolla valvate in the bud : almost all herbs, with
leaves no more than opposite : stipules not setose, or in one species setulose.
i Summit or sometimes even three fourths of the capsule free from the calyx at maturity :
flowers in most and probably in all heterogoue-dimorphous : seeds peltate : albumen cor-
neous.
4. HOUSTONIA. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes mostly distant. Corolla salverform to
funnelform, with 4-parted limb. Stamens (according to the form) inserted either in the
throat or lower down on the tube : antliers oblong or linear, fixed by near the middle. Style
reciprocally long or shorter : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Capsule usually somewhat didy-
mous-globular, or emargiuate at the free summit, there loculicidal, occasionally afterwards
partially septicidal. Seeds few or moderately numerous in each cell, on usually ascending
placenta?, acetabuliform, meuiscoidal, or sometimes barely concave on the hilar face, not
angnlate ; testa scrobiculate or reticulate.
) 4 Summit of capsule not extended beyond the adnate calyx-tube : flowers not hetero-
gone-dimorphous, small : seeds numerous, angulate or globular, smooth or nearly so :
albumen fleshy.
5. OLDENLANDIA. Flowers 4-merous. Corolla from rotate to short-salverform, 4-lobed.
Stamens short : anthers oval. Capsule hemispherical, oval, or turbiuate, loculicidal across
the summit.
6. PENTODON. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube turbinate or obpyramidal : limb of 5 del-
toid-subulate teeth, in fruit distant. Corolla short-funnelform, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, short :
anthers short-oblong. Capsule obconical, obscurely didyinous, loculicidal across the trun-
cate summit. Seeds very numerous, minute, reticulated. Stipules or some of them 2-4-
subulate.
* * * Fruit baccate or at least fleshy and indehiscent, many-seeded (rarely few-seeded),
i Five-celled : shrubby.
7. HAMEL.IA. Calyx 5-toothed, persistent. Corolla tubular, 5-lobed, imbricated in the
bud. Stamens inserted low on the tube: filaments short: anthers linear. Style filiform:
stigma fusiform, sulcate. Berry ovoid. Seeds very numerous in the cells, minute, angulate
or flattened. Inflorescence scorpioid-cymose.
i -i Ovary and fruit 2-celled, sometimes imperfectly so by the placenta not meeting in
the axis : shrubs.
8. CATESBJEA. Flowers 4-merous. Calyx-lobes subulate, persistent. Corolla funnel-
form; lobes short, ovate or deltoid, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted low down on the
tube : anthers linear. Ovary 2-celled : style filiform : stigma undivided. Berry coriaceous,
globular. Seeds flattened.
9. RANDIA. Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-7-merous. Corolla salverform or somewhat fun-
nelform; the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla:
filaments short or none : anthers linear, acute or acuminate. Ovary completely 2-celled :
style stout : stigma clavate or fusiform, entire or 2-lobed. Berry globose or ovoid. Seeds
mostly imbedded in the pulpy placentae, sometimes very few: testa thin, adherent to the
corneous albumen.
10. GENIPA. Flowers 5-merous. Calyx-tube more or less produced beyond the summit
of the ovary, the border truncate or sometimes bearing small teeth. Corolla salverform :
the lobes convolute in the bud. Anthers linear, nearly sessile. Ovary one-celled, with t\vo
projecting parietal placenta? which almost meet in the centre. Berry large, becoming 2-
celled by the junction or coalescence of the ample pulpy many-seeded placentas in the centre.
Seeds large, flat : albumen cartilaginous.
Series II. COFFEACE^E. Ovules solitary in the cells of the ovary : leaves
with obvious stipules, opposite or only casually in threes or fours.
* Shrubs : flowers compacted in pedunculate heads with a globose receptacle.
11. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers 4-merous, crowded in along-pedunculate head, but
distinct, dry in fruit. Calyx oblong, soon obpyramidal : limb obtusely 4-lobed. Corolla
RUBIACE.E. 21
tubular-funnelform, with 4 short lobes imbricated in the bud, one lobe outside. Stamens
included : filaments short, inserted in the throat : anthers 2-mucronate at base. Style long-
exserted : stigma clavate-capitate. Ovary 2-celled, a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous
from near the summit of each cell. Fruits akene-like, obpyramidal by mutual pressure, 1-2-
seeded.
12. MORINDA. Flowers usually 5-merous, compacted and the ovaries or fruits confluent
in a short-peduncled fleshy head. Calyx urceolate or hemispherical, with truncate or ob-
scurely dentate limb. Corolla salverform or somewhat fuunelform, mostly short; lobes val-
vate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted iii the throat. Style bearing 2 slender stigmas.
Ovary 4-celled, or rather 2-celled and the cells 2-locellate ; an ascending ovule in each cell.
Fruits drupaceous, maturing 2 to 4 bony seed-like nutlets, all confluent into a succulent
syucarp.
* * Shrubs : flowers distinct, in cymes or panicles : fruit drupaceous,
4 With 4 to 10 cells, at least in the ovary.
13. GUETTARDA. Flowers 4-9-merous (sometimes polygamo-dicecious). Calyx with
ovoid or globular tube, continued above the ovary into a cupulate or campanulate limb ; the
border truncate, commonly irregularly denticulate or dentate. Corolla salverform, with
elongated tube, and rounded or oblong lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on
the tube or throat of the corolla, included : filaments short or none : anthers linear. Style
filiform : stigma subcapitate or minutely 2-lobed. Ovary 4-9-celled : an auatropous ovule
suspended from the summit of each cell on a thickened fuiiiculus. Drupe globular, with
thin flesh, and a bony or ligneous 4-9-cclled .and lobed putameu; the cells and contained
seed narrow. Embryo cylindrical : albumen little or none.
14. ERITHALIS. Flowers 5-merous, varying to G-10-merous. Calyx with obovate or glob-
ular tube and a truncate or denticulate short limb or border. Corolla rotate, parted into 5
or more oblong-linear divisions, valvate, or atotips slightly imbricated in the bud. Stamens
inserted on the base of the corolla : filaments hairy at base : anthers linear-oblong. Style
thickish : stigma of 5 or more minute lobes. Ovary 5-10-celled, with solitary pendulous
ovules. Drupe small, globose, 5-10-sulcate, containing as many bony seed-like nutlets. Em-
bryo small in copious albumen.
-f -i With 2 (rarely by variation 3) cells to the ovary: ovules auatropous.
15. CHIOCOCCA. Flowers 5-merous, in axillary panicles or racemes. Calyx with ovoid
or turbinate tube and 5-toothed limb. Corolla funuelform, 5-cleft ; the lobes valvate or at
apex obscurely imbricated in the bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla :
filaments monadelphous at base, somewhat hairy : anthers linear. Style filiform : stigma
clavate. Ovules suspended. Drupe globular, small, containing two coriaceous seed-like
nutlets.
16. PSYCHOTRIA. Flowers (small) 5-merous, sometimes 4-merous, in terminal naked
cymes. Calyx short. Corolla from campauulate to short-tubular or funuelform, not gib-
bous ; lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens short, inserted in the throat of the corolla, distinct.
Stigma 2-cleft. Ovule erect from the base of each cell. Drupe globular, small, containing
2 flattened and commonly costate or cristate nutlets. Leaves mostly dilated and mem-
branaceous. Flowers in some heterogone-dimorphous.
17. STRUMPFIA. Flowers (very small) 5-merous, in axillary thyrsiform cymes. Calyx
short, 5-toothed. Corolla short, 5-parted ; lobes oblong-lanceolate, lightly imbricated in the
bud. Stamens inserted on the very base of the corolla : filaments very short, monadelphous :
anthers oblong, with adnate introrse cells, connate by their broad coriaceous connectives into
an ovoid tube. Style hirsute: stigmas 2, obtuse. Ovule erect from the base of each cell.
Drupe small, with a 2-celled 2-seeded (or by abortion single-seeded) putameu. Leaves linear,
rigid, Rosemary-like.
* * * Suffruticose and procumbent plants : flowers axillary and sessile : fruit drupaceous,
2-celled : seeds peltate.
18. ERNODEA. Flowers 4-6-merous. Calyx-tube ovoid ; lobes elongated, subulate-lanceo-
late, persistent. Corolla salverform ; lobes valvate in the bud, linear, at length revolute.
Stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla, much exserted : filaments filiform : anthers
linear-oblong. Ovary 2-celled, with a peltate amphitropous ovule borne at the middle of the
22 RUBIACE.E.
cells. Style filiform, exserted : stigmas 2, obtuse. Drupe obovate, thin-fleshy, containing
2 cartilaginous plano-convex nutlets. Seed plano-convex. Embryo straight in fleshy albu-
men : cotyledons cordate, foliaceous : radicle inferior. Leaves fleshy-coriaceous, sessile.
* * * * Low herbs, with entire and naked interpetiolar stipules : ovules erect, anatropous :
style filiform : stigmas filiform or linear.
19. MITCHELLA. Flowers (3-6-) generally 4-merous, heterogone-dimorphous, geminate
at the summit of a peduncle and the ovaries of the two connate. Calyx-teeth persistent.
Corolla between saTverform and funnelform ; lobes valvate in the bud, upper face densely
villous-bearded within. Stamens inserted in the throat of corolla, with oblong anthers, on
short filaments when the filiform style is exsertecl, on long exsertcd filaments when the style
and stigmas are included. Style-branches 4, hirsute-stigmatose down the inner side. Fruit
a globular baccate syncarp, containing 8 compressed roundish cartilaginous nutlets (4 to each
flower). Albumen cartilaginous : embryo minute. Prostrate and creeping evergreen.
20. KELLOGGrlA. Flowers (3-5-) generally 4-merous, singly slender-pedunculate. Calyx
with obovate tube and minute persistent teeth. Corolla between funnelform and salver-
form ; lobes naked, valvate in the bud. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla, more
or less exserted : filaments flattened : anthers oblong-linear, fixed above the base. Style fili-
form, exserted : stigmas 2, liuear-clavate, papillose-pubescent. Ovary 2-celled : ovules erect
from the base, anatropous. Fruit small, dry and coriaceous, beset with uuciuate bristles,
separating at maturity into 2 closed carpels, which are conformed and adherent to the seed,
somewhat reniform in cross section. Embryo comparatively large, in fleshy albumen : coty-
ledons elliptical, as long as the radicle.
***** Low herbs, with short-vaginate stipules setiferous or sometimes only 4-6-cus-
pidate : ovary 2-4-celled : solitary ovules borne on the septum and amphitropous : fruit
dry : seed sulcate or excavated on the ventral face : embryo in corneous or firm-fleshy
albumen; the radicle inferior: flowers small, sessile in terminal and axillary glomerules :
corolla funnel-form or salverform ; lobes valvate in the bud.
i Fruit circumscissile, upper part with persistent calyx-limb falling off, exposing the seeds.
21. MITRACARPUS. Flowers commonly 4-merous, capitate-glomerate. Calyx-lobes per-
sistent, unequal, the alternate pair mostly shorter or minute and stipule-like. Stamens in-
serted on the throat of the corolla. Short style-branches or stigmas 2. Fruit didymous,
membranaceous, 2-celled, a pyxidium, the upper half separating from the lo\ver by transverse
circular dehisceuce. Seed cruciately 4-lobed on the ventral side.
f J t Fruit septicidal into its 2 to 4 component carpels : calyx-limb gamophyllous at base
and circumscissile-deciduous as a whole at or before dehisceuce : stamens borne on the
throat of the corolla.
22. RICHARDIA. Flowers (4-S-) commonly 5-G-merous and 2-4-carpellary. Calyx-lobes
ovate-lanceolate or narrower. Corolla funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear or spatulate.
Carpels separating from apex to base, coriaceoiis, roughish, closed or nearly so; no per-
sistent axis.
23. CRUSEA. Flowers (3-5-) usually 4-merous and 2- (sometimes 3-4-) carpellary. Calyx-
lobes subulate to triangular-lanceolate, sometimes very unequal or intermediate ones reduced
to small teeth. Corolla salverform to narrow funnelform. Stigmas 2 to 4, linear to spatu-
late-oval. Fruit 2-4-lobed, separating from a persistent axis into obovoid or globular charta-
ceous carpels, which either open at the commissure or sometimes remain closed.
+-!< Fruit septicidal at summit or throughout, its 2 or rarely 3 carpels or valves bear-
ing persistent and quite or nearly distinct calyx-teeth.
24. SPERMACOCE. Calyx-teeth, lobes of the short corolla, and stamens 4, or two of the
former sometimes abortive. Fruit small, from membranaceous to thiu-crustaceous, one or
both the carpels opening ventrally to discharge the seed : no persistent carpophore, or some-
times a thin dissepiment remaining.
25. DIODIA. Calyx-lobes (1 to G) usually 2 or 4, distinct, distant. Corolla funnelform or
nearly salverform, with mostly 4-lobed limb, and stamens as many, inserted in its throat.
Style filiform, entire or 2-clcft : stigmas 2. Fruit somewhat fleshy-drupaceous or crustaceo-
coriaceous, tardily separating through the dissepiment into 2 closed carpels : no car-
pophore.
Bouvardia. RUBIAC/ELE. 23
Series III. STELLATE. Ovules (peltate and) solitary in the cells of the
ovary : embryo incurved, in corneous albumen : leaves verticillate without stip-
ules, unless the supernumerary leaves be foliaceous stipules, which may in some
cases be nearly demonstrated.
26. GALIUM/ Flowers 4-merous (rarely 3-merous), 2-carpellary, sometimes dioecious.
Calyx-tube globular ; limb obsolete, a mere ring or obscure border. Corolla rotate ; lobes
valvate, and commonly acuminate or mucronate apex iuflexed in the bud. Stamens with
short filaments and anthers. Style 2-cleft or styles 2 : stigmas capitellate. Ovary 2-celled,
2-lobed ; a single amphitropous ovule borne on the middle of the dissepiment in each cell.
Fruit didymous, dry, fleshy-coriaceous, or occasionally baccate, articulated on the pedicel,
tardily separating into two closed carpels, or only one maturing. Seed deeply hollowed on
the face : seed-coat adnate to the albumen within, and often also to the pericarp.
1. EXOSTEMA, Rich. (Not Exostemma, to which later authors have
changed the name, which is from 4'tw, on the outside, and o-r?}w.a, stamen, i. e.
stamens exserted.) - -Tropical American shrubs or trees, one reaching Florida.
Rich, in Ilumb. & Bonpl. PL vEquin. i. 131, t. 38. Exostemma, DC, Prodr.
iv. 358 ; A. Rich. Rub. 200 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 42. Cinchona Exostema,
Pers. Syn. i. 195 (1805), where the name first appears.
B. Carib^um, RCEM. & SCHULT. Shrub 6 to 12 feet high, glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate
to lanceolate, coriaceous : stipules subulate, small : flowers on short and simple axillary pe-
duncles, fragrant : calyx-teeth very short : corolla white or tinged with rose ; tube inch long
and lobes hardly shorter: seeds narrowly winged. Syst. v. 18; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 36.
Cinchona Caribcea, Jacq. Amer. t. 179; Lamb. Cinch, t. 4. C. Jamaicensis, Wright, in Phil.
Trans. Ixvii. t. 10; Audr. Bot. Rep. t. 481. Keys of Florida. (W. Iiid., Mex.j
2. PINCKNEYA, Michx. GEORGIA BARK. (Charles Cotcsworth Pinck-
ney.} Singl^bpecies.
P. pubens, MTCIIX. Tall shrub or small tree, pubescent: leaves ample, oblong-oval to
ovate, acute at both ends, petioled : stipules subulate, caducous : cymes terminal and from
upper axils, pedunculate : petaloid calyx-lobe resembling the leaves in form, pink-colored,
2 inches or more long : corolla inch long, cinereous-pubescent, purplish : capsule half-inch in
diameter. Fl. i. 103, t. 13; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 49; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 7; Auclubon,
Birds, t. 165 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 37. P. pnbescens, Gaertn. Fruct. iii. 80, t. 194. PMnca
pubcsccns, Pers. Syn. i. 197. Cinchona Cwoliniana, Poir. Diet. vi. 40. Marshy banks of
streams in pine barrens of the low country, S. Carolina to Florida; fl. early summer.
3. BOUVARDIA, Salisb. (Dr. Charles Bouvard.} -- Low shrubs or per-
ennial herbs (from Texas to Central America, some cultivated for ornament) ;
with mostly sessile and not rarely verticillate leaves, subulate interposed stipules,
and handsome tubular flowers in terminal cymes. --Parad. Lond. t. 88; HBK.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. t. 288; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 36. --Leaves in our
species mostly verticillate and corolla not glabrous, its short lobes ascending or
barely spreading. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous in the manner of Houstonia.
B. ovata, GRAY. Herbaceous, glabrous, obscurely scabrous : leaves mostly in fours, short-
petioled, ovate, one or two inches long, costately 5-veined on each side of the midrib : corolla
probably purple or reddish, inch long, minutely puberulent. PI. Wright, ii. 67. S. Ari-
zona, between San Pedro and Santa Cruz, Wright.
B. triph^lla, SALISB. Suffruticose or more shrubby, scabro-puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high:
leaves in threes or fours (or on branchlets in pairs), from oblong-ovate to broadly lanceolate,
usually hispidulous-scabrous, at least the margins, 3-4-veined each side of the midrib : corolla
scarlet, about inch long, outside furfuraceous-pubescent. Parad. Loncl. I.e. (broad-leaved
var., but not with villous-closed throat in any form); Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 107; Sims, Bot.
24 RUBIACE.E. Bouvardia.
Mag. t. 1854; Lindl. Bot. Keg. xxvi. t. 37. B. Jacquint, H"BK. 1. c. 385; DC. Prodr. iv.
365 ; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 67. B. quatemifolia, DC. 1. c. "\ B. coccinea, Link, Enum. i. 139.
B. ternifolia, Schlecht. in Liuu. xxvi. 98. B. splcnilens, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 3781. Ixora
ternifolia, Cav. Ic. iv. t. 305. /. Ann ricana, Jacq. Hort. Schocub. iii. t. 257. Houstonia coc-
ci 'in a, Audr. Bot. Kep. t. 106. Rocky ground, S. Arizona, &c., Wriyltt, Thurler, liotlirock,
Prinijle, Lemmon. (Mex.)
"Var. angustifolia. Cinereous-pnberolent or hirtellous : leaves smaller (8 to 18 lines
long), subsessile, less veiny, from oblong-lanceolate to almost linear. B. hirttlla & B. anyus-
tifolia, HBK. 1. c. 384. B. hirtella, Gray, PL Wright, i. 80, ii. 67. S. W. Texas to Arizona,
Wright, &.*. (Mex.)
4. HOUSTONIA, Gronov. (Named by Gronovius, as says Linnaeus, in
memory of Dr. Win. Houston, who died in Jamaica in 1733.) --Low herbs,
or one or two suffruticulose (Atlantic-American and Mexican), with heterogone-
dimorphous flowers ; the corolla blue or purple to white, upper 'face of lobes
sometimes puberulous. L. Hort. Cliff. 35, & Gen. ed. 1 (1737) ; Juss. Gen. 107 ;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 313, & Man. ed. 5.-212; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. GO.
Hedijotis in part (Wight & Arn.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 30. (Macrohoustonia,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314, is a peculiar group of Mexican species, between
this genus and Bouvardia.^)
1. EUHOUSTONIA. Low herbs, comparatively small-flowered : leaves not
rigid : capsule more or less didymous or emarginate, sometimes septicidal as well
as loculicidal across the broad summit.
* Delicate species, inch to span high: corolla salverfovm : anthers or stigmas included or only par-
tially emerging from the throat: peduncles single, elongated and erect in fruit: seeds rather few
acetabuliform with a deep hilar cavity: stipules a transverse membrane uniting the petioles,
mostly entire or truncate and naked.
H Perennial by delicate filiform creeping rootstocks or creeping stems: peduncles filiform, inch or
two long: seeds subglobuse with orifice of the deep hilar cavity circular.
H. CSerulea, L. (BLUETS of the Canadians, IXXOCENCE.) Perennial by slender rootstocks,
forming small tufts, erect, a span or more high, glabrous, and with lower leaves hispidulous :
these spatulate to obovate and short-petioled ; upper small and nearly sessile : corolla violet-
blue to lilac, varying to white, with yellowish eye; tube (2 or 3 lines long) much exceeding
calyx-lobes, longer than or equalled by those of corolla : capsule obcordate-depressed, half
free. Spec. i. 105 (Moris. Hist. sect. 15, t. 4, f. 1 ; Pink. Aim. & Mant. t. 97, f. 9) ; Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 370; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. t. 34, f. 1. H. pusilla, Gmel. Syst. i. 236 ? //. Lin-
ncci, var. elntior, Michx. Fl. i. 85. //. serpyllifolia, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 2822, from habitat
and figure, but corolla-tube too short. Hedyotis ocnt/ra, Hook. Fl. i. 286 ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 38. //. gentianoides, Endl. Iconogr. t. 89. OWm/am/ia ccrrulea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 174.
Low and grassy grounds, Canada to Michigan and the upper country of Georgia and
Alabama ; fl. early spring.
H. serpyllifolia, MICHX. Perennial by prostrate extensively creeping and rooting fili-
form stems, and some subterranean ones, glabrous or slightly and minutely hispidulous
below : leaves orbicular to ovate or ovate-spatulate (2 to 4 lines long) and abruptly petioled,
or upper ones on flowering stems oblong and nearly sessile : corolla deep violet-blue, rather
larger than in //. cccrulea. Fl. i. 85; Pursh, Fl. i. 106. //. tcnella, Pursh, 1. c. Iledyotis
serpijllifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 39. Oldenlandia srr/)i///it'o'in, Gray, Man. ed. 2; Chapm.
Fl. 180: Along streamlets and on mountain-tops in the Alleghanies, from Virginia to
Tenu. and S. Carolina; flowering through early summer.
"l "*~~ Winter-annuals, branching from the simple root, glabrous or obscurely scabrous: pedun-
cles a quarter-inch to at length sometimes an inch long: capsule somewhat didymous, less than
half free: mature ?ecds generally as of the preceding.
H. patens, ELL. An inch to at length a span high, with ascending branches and erect pe-
duncles : leaves spatulate to ovate: corolla much smaller than that of H. ccerulea ; the tube
twice the length of the calyx-lobes and more or less longer than its lobes, violet-blue or pur-
Houstonia. RUBIACE^. 25
plish without yellowish eye. Sk. i. 191 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acacl. iv. 314. IT. Linncci, var.
minor, Michx. Fl. i. 85. fledyotis minima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. in part, & //. ever idea, var.
minor. Dry or saiidy soil, S. Virginia to Texas in the low country, also Illinois ? and Ten-
nessee ; ll. early spring.
Var. pusilla. An inch or so high, more diffuse in age : leaves narrowly spatulate
(half a lino or a line wide) ; upper ones nearly linear: seeds smoother, with more open and
oval hilar cavity, and sometimes an elevated line within, as described in Proc. Am. Acad.
1. c., a character not found in the larger and broader leaved form. Perhaps from the char,
this is the true //. jiatens, Ell. But we have it only from Louisiana (Hale, Drummond) and
Texas, Drummond and others ; there passing into the other form.
H. minima, BECK. More diffuse, commonly scabrous : leaves spatulate to ovate: flowers
usually larger : calyx-lobes more foliaceous, oblong-lanceolate, sometimes 2 lines long, very
much longer than the ovary, equalling the tube of the purple or violet corolla ; lobes of the
latter 2 or 3 lines long: primary peduncles sometimes declined in fruit ? Amer. Jour. Sri.
x. 262; Gray, 1. c. Hedyotis minima, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., in part only. Dry hills, Mis-
souri and Arkansas to Texas, first coll. by L. C. Beck about St. Louis; fl. early spring.
* * Sk-mler leafy-stemmed annual, with lateral horizontal peduncles, and very small flowers:
corolla short-sal verform: seeds crateriform, with a medial liilar ridge.
H. Subviscosa, GRAY. A span or two high, minutely viscidulous-pubescent, with rather
simple spreading branches : leaves narrowly linear, half-inch lung : peduncle in first fork
and from all following nodes, rather shorter than leaves, horizontally refracted in fruit :
calyx and capsule a line high : corolla about same length, white : capsule didymous, only the
summit free: seeds 10 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314. Oldenlandia subviscosa,
Wright iu Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 68. S. Texas, Bcrlandicr, Wriijlt.
=fc % * Depressed or low-tufted species: corolla salvcrform or in one species funnelform: fila-
ments as well as anthers or summit of stylo reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat:
fructiferous peduncles all short and recurved.
H Annual, with small funnelform corolla : seeds open-crateriform : scarious stipules setulose-
ciliatc!
H. liumifusa, GRAY. Much branched from the root, repeatedly dichotomous, forming a de-
pressed tuft, puberulent and viscid : leaves linear-lanceolate, thickish (half-inch or more long),
mucrouate : ilowers in all the forks, crowded with the leaves at the ends of branchlets : calyx
4-partcd into long setaceous-subulate spreading lobes : corolla pale purple or nearly white,
opeu-fuuuelform, 3 lines long, hardly twice the length of the calyx ; the oblong lobes puberu-
lous inside : capsule a line in diameter, globose-didymous, three-fourths free, only the base
girt by the short accrete calyx-tube. Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 314 (not of Hemsl. Biol. Bot.
which is //. \}'rii/Jitii). ILidyutis (Houstonia) humifusa, Gray, PI. Liudh. ii. 216. Sandy
or gravelly plains and hills, Texas, Wriyht, Lindheimer, Reverchon, c. : fl. spring.
I -1 Perennials, prostrate, with naked stipules and elongated salverf'onn corolla, flowering con-
spicuously in early spring; later growth producing through the summer inconspicuous cleistoga-
mons (lowers, with short (yet mostly well-formed but unopening) corollas.
H. rotundifolia, MICHX. Perennial by slender rootstocks or shoots, more or less creep-
ing, glabrous or with some hispidulous pubescence : leaves somewhat orbicular, slightly
petioled, not longer than the iuternodes : peduncles 2 to 4 lines long or in ' cleistogamous
flowers very short : developed corollas bright white, with filiform tube (3 or 4 lines long)
longer than the oblong lobes : capsule more than half free, somewhat didymous : seeds
comparatively large (half-line in diameter), rough-scrobiculate, acetabuliform. Fl. i. 85 ;
Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. Hedyotis rotund ifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 38. Oldenlandia rotundi-
fo/ia, Chapm. Fl. 180, the later "apetalous fruiting" flowers noted. Low sandy ground,
S. Car. to Florida and Louisiana.
H. rubra, CAV. Suffrutescent and multicipital from a deep root, forming a depressed tuft
of 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous or minutely puberuleut, densely leafy: leaves narrowly
linear, an inch or more long, or earlier ones rather lanceolate and shorter : corolla " red "
or rather purple, sometimes lilac or varying to white ; tube half-inch to nearly inch long,
slender ; oblong acute lobes 2 or 3 lines long : capsule 2 lines wide, less high, didymous, fully
three-fourths free: seeds open-crateriform. Ic. v. t. 474; Benth. PI. Hartw. 15. Hedi/o-
tis (Houstonia) rubra, Gray, PI. Fendl. 61. Oldenlandia (Houstonia) rubra, Gray, PI. Wright,
ii. 68. Stony or gravelly hills, New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex.)
26 KUBIACE^E. Houstonia.
+ H 4 Lignescent-rooted perennial, with small and short corolla and naked stipules.
H. "V^rightii, GRAY. Many-stemmed from a deep root, a span or less high, erect or
spreading, glabrous or very obscurely pruinose : branches quadrangular : leaves thickish,
linear or lowest rather lanceolate (half-inch to inch long) : flowers in terminal glomerate
leafy cymes : corolla purplish or nearly white, between salverform and funuelform, 2 to
hardly 4 lines long, with narrow oblong lobes : capsules on very short recurved peduncles,
globose-didymous, about three-fourths free : cells 5-8-seeded : seeds crateriform, with a
small hilar ridge. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 202. //. lutinijiisa, Gray, PI. Vv" right, i. 82, &
Ohl-//!<iwl'>i ///,-/,///"/.s, PI. Wright, ii. 68, chiefly, not PL Lindh. Hills, S. W. Texas and
New Mexico to S. W. Arizona, first coll. by Wr'ujltt. (Adj. Mex., Parry <j- Palmer.)
* * * * Erect perennials : corolla funnelform or in one species almost salverform, small: stamens
and summit of style reciprocally exserted quite out of the throat : fructiferous peduncles erect:
capsule from a third to nearly half free: seeds oval or roundish, barely concave on ventral face
and with more or less of a medial hilar ridge: stipules entire, scarious, between and connecting
the bases of the sessile cauline leaves : fl. mostly in summer.
H. purpurea, L. Forming small tufts or offsets by filiform rootstocks, a span to a foot high,
hirsutulous-pubescent to glabrous : radical leaves ovate or oblong, short-petioled : flowers
corymbosely cymose : corolla fuunelform, light purple or lilac, varying to nearly white :
capsule globular and obscurely didymous, upper half free. Spec. i. 105; Pursh, Fl. i. 107 ;
Gray, Man. ed. 5,212. //. rarians, Michx. Fl. i. 86. //. pitbcscens, Eaf. Med. Eep. & Desv.
Jour. Bot. i. 230, if of the genus. Oldenlandia purpurea, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 173. llcdyotis
lanccolatti, Poir. Suppl. iii. 14. H. umbeHata, Walt. Car. 85 1 Anotis lanceolata, DC. Prodr. iv.
433. Canada to Texas. Truly polymorphous, of which the typical form " leaves ovate-
lanceolate," L., or latifofia, is comparatively large, often a foot high and pubescent: leaves
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, inch or two long, the larger with rounded closely sessile base:
calyx-lobes subulate, sometimes slightly sometimes conspicuously surpassing the emargiuate
summit of the capsule. //. purjiiirra, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 40. This form from Maryland to
Arkansas, and southward to Alabama, especially in and near the mountains.
Var. ciliolata, Gray, Man. 1. c. A span high : leaves only half-inch long, thickish ;
cauline oblong-spatulate ; radical oval or oblong, in rosulate tufts, hirsute-ciliate : calyx-lobes
a little longer than the capsule. H. ciliolata, Torr. in Spreug. Syst. Cur. Post. 40, & Fl. i.
173. //. lony (folia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3099, not Gffirtn. llcdyotis ciliolntn, Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 40 (excl. syn. //. serpyllifoUn, Graham). Chiefly northward, on rocky banks along
the Great Lakes and their tributaries, Canada to Michigan and south to Kentucky, passing
into the next.
Var. longifolia, GRAY, 1. c. A span or two high, mostly glabrous, thinner-leaved :
leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear (6 to 20 lines long) ; radical oval or oblong, less rosulate,
not ciliate : calyx-lobes little surpassing the capsule. //. lonyifolia, Grcrtu. Fruct. i. 226,
t. 49, f. 8 ; Willd. Spec. i. 583. Hedyotis longifolia, Hook. Fl.' i. 28G ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
H. angustifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 106, partly. Rocky or gravelly ground, Canada to Saskatche-
wan, Missouri, and Georgia.
Var. tenuifolia. Slender, lax, diffuse, 6 to 12 inches high, with loose inflorescence,
almost filiform branches and peduncles: cauline leaves all linear, hardly over a line wide :
otherwise as' preceding. //. tennifo/ln, Nutt. Gen. i. 95. llcdyotis lonyi folia, var. tcnnifolia,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. E. Ohio, and through the mountains, Virginia to N. Carolina and
Tennessee.
Var. calycosa. Near a foot high : leaves broadly lanceolate, thickish : calyx-lobes
elongated (2 to 4 lines long), much surpassing the capsule. Hcdi/ntis cal//cosn, Shuttlew. in
distrib. PI. Rugel. Mountains of Alabama (Ruyel) to Arkansas (Nattall), and Illinois
(E. Hall) ; also coll. by Drummond.
H. angustifolia, MICHX. Rather rigid, becoming many-stemmed from a perpendicular
root, glabrous : leaves narrowly linear or lowest somewhat spatulate, on the stems commonly
fascicled in the axils : flowers corymbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled or sub-
sessile : corolla nearly salverform, 2 or 3 lines long, mostly white, upper face of the lobes
commonly villons-pubescent : capsule with turbinate or acutish base, only the summit free,
and barely equalled by the short calyx-teeth, first opening across the tip, at length septi-
cidal: seeds obscurely concave on the hilar face. (Transition to Oldcnlandia.) Fl. i. 85;
Gray, 1. c. H.fruticosa & H. rupestris, Eaf. Hedyotis stenophylla, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Olden-
Oldenlandla. EUBIACE^E. 27
landia angusttfolia, Gray, PL Wright, ii. 68, & Man. ed. 2. Barrens, Illinois to Kansas, and
Tennessee to Florida and Texas.
Var. filifolia. Diffuse, disposed to be lignescent at base : canline leaves mostly fili-
form : flowers and capsules smaller, more pedunculate. Oldenlandia ani/nsfifii/ia, Chapm.
Fl. 181. Rocky pine barrens near the coast, Florida. In Texas passing into the ordinary
form.
Var. rigidiuscula. A span to a foot high, stouter : leaves mostly rigid, from linear
to lanceolate : flowers disposed to be glomerate and sessile, but some pedunculate. S. and
W. Texas, Palmer, Ilavard, &c. Coast of E.Florida, Ilugel. (Mex.)
2. EREICOTIS. Fruticose or fruticulose : leaves setaceous or acerose-linear,
rigid, fascicled : flowers (purplish) and seeds nearly as in the last preceding sub-
division. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 203.
H. fasciculata, GRAY, 1. c. A span to a foot or more high, decidedly shrubby, with rigid
and tortuous spreading branches, glabrous or hirtello-puberulent : stipules very short :
leaves subulate-linear, thickish, 2 to 4 lines long, much fascicled : flowers cymulose, short-
pedicelled : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, between salverform and fmmelform, the tube some-
times hardly or sometimes twice longer than the lobes: capsule barely a line long, about
one-third free : seeds 4 or 5 iu each cell, elongated-oblong, barely concave on the ventral
face. Includes some of Hedijolis stenophylla or Oldcnl undid angustifolia, var. parvijlont i if
Gray, PI. Wright, i. & ii. S. W. borders of Texas and adjacent New Mexico, B/gilmc,
Wright, G. R. l^ascij. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
H. acerosa, GRAY, 1. c. A span or two high, fruticulose, tufted, with slender ascending
branches, minutely hispidulous-pubescent or glabratc, very leafy throughout : stipules short,
commonly with a median cusp : leaves acicular-setaceous, 3 to 5 lines long : calyx-lobes
similarly setaceous : flowers sessile : corolla purplish, salverform with slightly dilated throat ;
its slender tube 3 or 4 lines long, much exceeding the ovate lobes : capsule globular, over a
line long, about a quarter part free, much overtopped by the acicular calyx -lobes ; cells
12-20-seecled : seeds roundish, with small ventral excavation. fledi/otis (Ereieotis) accr <>.<.,
Gray, PI. Wright, i. 81. Oldenlandia acerosa, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 67. Mallostoma acrrosti,
Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 31. High plains and hills, S. W. Texas, and adjacent
New Mexico, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by Gregg.)
5. OLDENLANDIA, Plum. (Dr. H. B. Oldenland.} -- Mostly subtrop-
ical and humble herbs, with inconspicuous white or whitish flowers. - - Nov.
Gen. 42, t. 3G, & PL Am. ed. Burra. t. 212, f . 1 ; L. Gen. ed. 1, 3G2 ; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. <f>8.
* Corolla salverform, surpassing the calyx: flowers cymose: calyx-lobes distant in fruit.
O. Greenei, GKAY. Erect annual, pauiculately branched, a span or more high, glabrous :
leaves spatulate-linear or broadly linear with narrowed base (the larger ones inch long) :
flowers sessile in the forks and along the lax branches of the pedunculate cyme : calyx-teeth
triangular-subulate, about the length of the turbinate tube : corolla less than 2 lines long,
with tube longer than its own lobes and those of the calyx : capsule quadrangular-hemi-
spherical, or at first somewhat turbinate : seeds moderately angled. Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 77. Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona,
Lent moii.
* * Corolla rotate, shorter than the calyx-lobes, inconspicuous : capsule rounded at base : stipules
mostly bimucronate or bicuspidatc : calyx-teeth approximate at base: diffuse low herbs; fl.
summer.
O. Boscii, CIIAPM. A span or so high from a perennial root, diffusely spreading, slender,
glabrous : leaves linear with attenuate base, inch or less long, obscurely one-nerved : flowers
few or solitary and nearly sessile at the axils : calyx-teeth broadly subulate, rather shorter
than the capsule. Fl. 181. Hedyoiis Bosci DC. I.e. 420; Torr.'& Gray, Fl. ii. 41. Low
or wet ground, S. Carolina to Arkansas and Texas.
O, glomerata, MICHX. A span to a foot high from an annual root, erect or soon diffuse,
freely branching, somewhat hirsutulous-pubescent : leaves from ovate to oblong, thiunish.
28 RUBIACE.E. Pentodon.
half-inch long, contracted at base as if petioled : flowers in terminal or lateral sessile glome-
rules, rarely solitary : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, foliaceous, longer than the subglobose or
hemispherical hirsute capsule. Fl. i. 83 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 102. 0. uni flora, L. Spec. i. 119
name passed by as incorrect. Ilcdyolis auricularia, Walt. Car. 85, not L. H. glomerata, Ell.
Sk. i. 187 ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. //. gluMcrala & H. Vinjinica, Spreng. Syst. i. 412.
Low grounds near the coast, Long Island, New York, to Florida and Texas. (Cuba.)
6. PENTODON, Hochst. (Ilei/Tc, five, oSo-Js, tooth, differing from the pre-
ceding genus in 5-merous flowers, therefore five calyx-teeth.) - - Tender and weak
somewhat succulent annuals, glabrous ; with 4-angular branching and diffusely
spreading stems, ovate or oblong short-petiolate leaves, 2-3-flowered terminal
peduncles, occupying the forks of the stem or becoming lateral, or by suppression
of leaves bearing several quasi-racemose flowers: corolla white. -- Flora, 1844,
522; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 59. Hedyotis Pentotis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 42.
Consists of an African species (P. decumbens, Hochst. 1. c., Oldenlandia pcn-
tandra, DC.) and the following, which differs from the character of that plant in
the points mentioned below.
P. Halei. Leaves rather obtuse : peduncles shorter than the leaves, or hardly any : pedi-
cels onlv twice the leugth of the flowering or fruiting calyx, soon clavate-thickened :
corolla only a line long, not hirsute within. Hedi/otis Halei, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Olden-
landia Halei, Chapm. Fl. 181. Low swampy grounds, W. Louisiana, Hale. Florida, Rugel,
Garber, Curtiss. (Cuba.)
7. HAM3LLIA, Jacq. (H. L. DuHamel du Monceau.'} Tropical Ameri-
can shrubs : with petiolate sometimes verticillate leaves, interpetiolar lanceolate-
subulate stipules, and red or yellow flowers in naked and scorpioid terminal
(vines. Stirp. Amer. 71. t. 50. Diihamelia, Pers. Syn. i. 203.
H. patens, JACQ. 1. c. Shrub 8 or 10 feet high, cinereous-pubescent on all young parts:
leaves more commonly in threes, oval-oblong, acuminate : cyme 3-5-rayed, with flowers
almost sessile along its branches : corolla crimson, puberulent, almost cylindrical, over half-
inch long: fruits black, small. Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 107. H. coccinea. Swartz, Prodr. 46.
Keys and shores of E. Florida. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
8. CATESBJ&A, Gronov. (Mark Catesby, author of Nat. Hist, of Caro-
lina, Florida, etc., and of Hortus Brit. -Amer., etc.) W. Indian spinose shrubs ;
one has reached the shores of Florida. L. Gen. ed. 1, 356.
C. parviflora, SWARTZ. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, with rigid very leafy branches, glabrous,
spinose from the axils : leaves mostly fascicled at the nodes, coriaceous, shorter than the
spines (quarter to half inch long), roundish, lucid : flowers very small for the genus, solitary
and sessile : corolla only half -inch long, white : berry small, white. Proclr. 30, & Fl. i. 236 ;
Vahl, Eel. i. 12, t. 10; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 317; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 625. Bahia
Honda Key, S. Florida, Curtiss. (W. Ind.)
9. RANDIA, Houst. ex L. (Dedicated by Houston, in a letter to Lin-
naeus, to John Hand, an English apothecary.) As now received, an ample genus
of tropical shrubs or trees, largely Asiatic and African, but the original species
American, often spinose, and with sessile flowers in the axils or terminating
short branchlets. --L. Hort. Cliff. 485, & Gen. ed. 1, 376; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 88.
R. aculeata, L. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, glabrous, with rigid spreading branches : axillary
spines simple, sometimes few, not rarely wanting : leaves obovate to elliptical, at length
coriaceous, from 2 inches down to half-inch long, many fascicled in the axils or on short
spurs: calyx-teeth short and small: corolla white, 3 or 4 lines long: berries less than half
Guettarda. EUSTACES. 29
inch long, subglobose, blue or black, not many-seeded. P. Browne, Jam. t. 8, f. 1 ; Griceb,
Fl. W. Ind. 318; Chapm. Fl. 179. R. aculeafa & R. mills, L. Spec. ii. 1192, the latter
nearly a spineless form. R. lati folia, Lain. Diet. iii. 24, & 111. t. 156. Gardenia /!<nirl,',i,
Svvartz, Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 526; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1841. Coast and Keys of S.Florida.
(W. Ind., &c.)
R. XAI.APEXSIS, Mart. & Gal., occurs not very far beyond the Mexican border.
10. GrENIPA, Plum. (Altered from an aboriginal name.) -- Shrubs or
small trees of Tropical America ; with ample coriaceous and mostly lucid leaves,
deciduous interpetiolar stipules, no spines, but rather large white or whitish
flowers which are more or less pedunculate in a terminal cyme, and a large
firm-rinded berry. -- Plum. Cat. 20. & PI. Amer. ed. Burin. 127, t. 136 ; Tourn.
Inst. 658, t. 436, 437; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 316.
G. dusiaefolia, GRISEB. 1. c. Glabrous: plant blackening in drying: leaves obovate, very
obtuse or retuse. mucronulate, slightly petioled, 2 to 5 inches long, nearly straight-veined,
fleshy-coriaceous, lucid : truncate calyx-limb bearing 5 distant and slender subulate teeth :
corolla inch long, fleshy, glabrous within and without ; tube longer than the oblong-lanceolate
lobes: acute tips of anthers exserted : stigmas 2, subulate : fruit 2 or 3 inches long, ovoid.
Gardenia clusicpfolia, Jacq. Coll. App. 37, t. 4; DC. Prodr. iv. 381. Randia? dusicefolia,
Chapm. Fl. 179. Seven-years Apple, Catesb. Car. i. 59, t. 59. Keys and shores of S. Florida,
first coll. by Blodgett. (Bahamas, Cuba.)
GARDENIA FLORIDA, L., cult, as CAPE JESSAMIN*:, belonging to the genus most allied to
Gcnipa, is planted out freely in the Southern Atlantic States.
11. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BUTTOX-BUSII. (Ke<oXi/, head, and &'0o9,
flower, the blossoms densely aggregated in a round head.) - - Two or three
American and as many Asiatic or African species.
C. OCCidentalis, L. Shrub 3 to 15 feet high, glabrous or pubescent : stipules one on each
side between the petioles, triangular, sphacelate, at length deciduous : leaves ovate to lanceo-
late : flowers white : setiform bractlets between the flowers glandular-capitate : calyx not
glandular, a little hairy around the base. Spec. i. 95; Lam. 111. t. 59; Michx. Fl. i. 87;
Schk. Hanclb. t. 21 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 91 ; Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 31 ; Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 282. Swamps and along streams, Canada to Florida and Texas, Arizona, and Cali-
fornia; fl. summer. Var. brachypodus, DC., of Texas, and var. Californicus, Beuth. PI.
Hartw., are mere forms, with leaves short-petioled and often in threes. Var. salicifolius
(C. salicifolius, Huinb. & Bonpl. PI. ^Equin. t. 98) is an unusually narrow-leaved Mexican
form. (Mex., Cuba.)
12. MORiNDA, Vaill. (Name contracted from Morus Indicus, the syn-
carp resembling a mulberry.) Tropical shrubs or small trees, mostly glabrous ;
with oval to lanceolate leaves, their bases or petioles united by small scarious
stipules, terminal or axillary peduncles, and white flowers. Roioc, Plum. Nov.
Gen. 11, t. 26.
M. Roioc, L. Low shrub, or sometimes climbing by twining : leaves oblong-lanceolate :
stipules subulate-pointed : peduncles solitary, bearing single or sometimes geminate small
heads. Spec. i. 176; Jacq. Hort. Viud. t. 16; Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 129. Coast and Keys of
S. Florida. (W Ind.)
13. GUETTARDA, L. (Dr. J. E. Guettard.} Tropical and subtropi-
cal shrubs, chiefly American, and one widely diffused littoral species : leaves ovate
to oblong, petioled, with prominent primary veins beneath : flowers in axillary
pedunculate cymes; the corollas sericeous-canescent outside. --L. Gen. ed. 5,
428 ; Vent. Choix, t. 1 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 455, excl. 4. Mathiola, Plum. Gen.
16; L. Gen. ed. 1, 49.
30 EUBIACE.E. Guettarda.
G. SCabra, LA?T. Arborescent : leaves obovate to oblong (4 or 5 inches long), mucronate,
coriaceous, at length rugose, hispidulous-papillose and scabrous above, soft-pubescent be-
neath ; primary veins (9 to 11 pairs) very prominent beneath and veinlets between well reticu-
lated: peduncles elongated: corolla often inch long; tube retrorsely silky -villous ; lobes 5,
rarelv 6 or 7 : drupe quarter-inch in diameter, 4-6-celled. 111. t. 154, f. 3 ; Vent. Cboix,
t. 1 ; "DC. 1. c. 456 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 332. G. ambigua, Chapm. Fl. 1 78, not DC. Muthio'a
scubra, L. Spec. ii. 1192. S. Florida, Chapman, Garber. ( W. Ind.)
Gr. elliptica, SWARTZ. Arborescent : leaves from broadly oval to elliptical-oblong (inch or
two long), thinnish, pilose-pubescent, often glabrate, at least above; primary veins 4 to G
pairs; transverse veinlets not prominent: peduncles and small cymes shorter than the
leaves: flowers usually 4-merous . corolla quarter-inch long, externally cauesceut : drupe
size of a pea, 4-8-celled, 4-2-seeded. Prodr. 59, & Fl. Ind. (Jcc. i. G35 ; DC. 1. c.457 ; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 35; Griseb. 1. c. G. Blodrjettii, Shutt-lew. distrib. coll. llugel ; Chapm. Fl.
178. 8. Florida, first coll. by Blodgett. (W. Ind., Mex.)
14. EKfTHALIS, P. Browne. (Ancient Greek name of some plant, from
epi, very much, and #a/\Aos, green shoot. Pliny applied it to some green Sedum,
and P. Browne to this lucid green shrub.) West Indian littoral shrubs or low
trees, very smooth and resiniferous : tlje following is the principal species.
E. fruticosa, L. Leaves mostly obovate, about 2 inches long, coriaceous : cymes pedun-
culate, many-flowered: border of the calyx repand-truucate : corolla white, quarter-inch
long ; lobes widely spreading : drupes not over 2 lines in diameter, purple. Spec. ed. 2,
ii. 251; DC. Prodr. iv. 465; Dcsc. Fl. Ant. t. 242; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 35 ; Griseb. Fl.
W. Ind. 336. E. fruticulosn, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 165, t. 17, f. 3. E. odor if era, Jacq. Stirp.
Amer. 72, t. 173, f. 23. Shores and Keys of S. Florida. (All \V. 1ml.)
15. CHIOCOCCA, P. Browne. SNOWIJERUY. (Xtwi/, snow, KO/OCO?, berry.)
Tropical American shrubs, commonly sarmentose or twining, glabrous; with
coriaceous shining leaves on short petioles, and small yellowish-white flowers in
axillary racemes or panicles ; the small berry-like drupes at maturity white.
P. Browne, Jam. 164; Jacq. Stirp. Amer. 08; L. Gen. ed. 6, 92. Some species
are obviously heterogone-dimorphous !
C. racem6sa> L. Usually twining and climbing : leaves from ovate or oval to lanceolate-
oblong, shining, about equalled by the racemiform panicles : corolla short-fuunelform, at most
4 lines long : anthers included : mature drupe quarter-inch in diameter and globose; only the
immature flattened and when dried didymous. Spec. ed. 2, i. 246 ; Audr. Bot. Eep. t. 284 ;
Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 93 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 482 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 32. Lonicera alba, L. Spec,
ed. 1, 175. Var. parvifoJia (C. paroifolia, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 337) is a smaller-leaved and
low form, mostly with simple and shorter racemes. Coast and Keys of Florida. (W. Ind.
to S. Am.)
16. PSYCH6TRIA, L. (Name changed by Linnanis from the original
Psychotropkum of P. Browne, which was formed of ^X^ sou 'j an d ^poe^, nour-
ishment : seeds used as a substitute for coffee.) A large genus of shrubs, of most
tropical regions, commonly with membranaceous leaves, and small flowers in naked
terminal cymes; in some heterogone-dimorphous. Psychotrophum & Myrsti-
pJiyllnm, P. Browne.
P. undata, JACQ. Shrub 8 to 18 feet high, with woody spreading branches, glabrous or
with some ferruginous pubescence : stipules rather large, broad, blunt, united and sheathing,
sphacelatc-scarious, caducous (the sheath usually splitting down one side) : leaves from oval
to elliptical lanceolate, acuminate at both ends ; primary veins transverse or little ascending :
cyme sessile, of about 3 primary rays and secondary divisions : corolla white or whitish, vil-
lous in the throat, with lobes shorter than tube : drupes red, ellipsoidal when dry (subrotund,
Jacquin), the nutlets striate-costate on the back. Hort. Schocub. iii. 5, t. 260; DC. Prodr.
Kclloggia. RUBIACE.E. 31
iv. 513; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. .342. P. ncn-osa, Swartz, FI. Ind. Occ. i. 403. P. lanceolata,
Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 290, ferruginous-pubescent form, in fruit, and glabrous form also
mentioned ; DC. 1. c. 513. P. chiu/anitoid<s, & P. oligotrich/t, DC. 1. c. 514, glabrous or nearly
glabrous forms. P. ru/'escens, HBK. ''. Griseb. 1. c., the ferruginous-pubescent form. Woods
of E. and S. Florida along the coast, first coll. by Michuux and Ware. (W. Ind., Mex.?)
P. tenuifolia, S\VARTZ. Shrub 1 to 4 feet high, with more simple and erect partly herba-
ceous flowering branches, glabrous or commonly with a very minute pruiuose pubcrulence,
no ferruginous hairiness: stipules distinct, ovate, often acute, sometimes setaceously -acumi-
nate, caducous : leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader (3 to 6 inches long), acuminate at both
ends : cvme. either short-peduncled or sessile, compactly manv-flowered : flowers nearlv of tle
preceding : drupes not seen in the Florida plant, according to Swart/ " oblong," (ellipsoidal,
Grisebacii,) in Cuban specimens globose. Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 402 (ex char.) ; Griseb. 1. c. 341.
P. lanctoltitfi, in distrib. coll. Rugel, in part, & coll. Curtiss ; also Chapm. Fl. 1. c. in part;
Griseb. Cat. Cub. 135, not Nutt. (Near P. /wbcsctns. Swart/, but has different stipules.)
Rich woods, 8. Florida ; Tampa and Manatee River, Leavemcortk, lim/tl, Indian River,
Curtiss. (W. Ind.)
17. STPwtJMPFIA, Jucq. (C. C. Sirumpf, who edited the fourth edition
of Linn. Genera Plunhirum.) Stirp. Amer. 218; Lam. 111. t. 731; A. Ivich.
Mem. Rub. t. 9 ; Beuth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 117. Single species.
S. maritima, JACQ. Low shrub, much branched, erect, exceedingly leafy : branches where
the leaves have fallen annulate-roughened by the squarrose remains of the stipules, which
closely approximate : leaves more commonly in threes, firm-coriaceous and rigid, linear, with
strongly re volute margins, glabrous or puberuleut, at length shining, inch or less long,
mostlv exceeding the flower-clusters: corolla white: fruit white. Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 208 ;
DC. Prodr. iv. 470; Chapm. Fl. 178; Griseb. 1. c. 336. Touniffortia, &c., Plum. Arner. ed.
Burm. t. 251, f. 1. Rocks on the sea-shore, Keys of Florida. (W. Ind.)
18. ERNCJDEA, Swartz. ('Epvaxfys, sprouting or branching.) Prodr. 29,
& Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 223, t. 4. Knoxia, P. Browne, Jam. 140. Tltymelea, Sloane,
Hist. Jam. t. 169. Single species.
E. littoralis, SWARTZ, 1. c. Procumbent, sufrruticose, glabrous: leaves fleshy-coriaceous,
lanceolate, acute, inch or less long, crowded on the brauchlets, obscurely nervose-veined :
stipules short-vagiuate, produced between the leaf-bases into cuspidate points : corolla yel-
lowish, half-inch or less long : drupe yellow, pisiform, crowned by the conspicuous calyx-
lobes. A. Rich. Mem. Rub. t. 5, f. 2; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 30; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 347.'
Shores of S. Florida. (W. Ind.)
19. MITCHELLA, L. PAUTRIDGE-BERRY. (Dr. J<>hn Mitchell of Vir-
ginia, earliest N. American botanical author, founder of several new genera in
1741.) Gen. ed. 5, 49; Lam. 111. t. 63. C/tamcedap/tne, Mitch. Of a single
species, for that of Japan seems not different.
M. repens, L Small creeping evergreen, glabrous or nearly so : leaves deep green, ovate or
subcordate, half-inch to near an inch in length, sleudeii-petioled : stipules triangular-subulate,
minute : peduncle short, terminal : corollas white or tinged with rose outside ; tube half-
inch long, surpassing the oblong lobes; two-eyed "berry" rather dry and tasteless, bright
red, sometimes white. Spec. i. Ill (Lonicera, &c., Gronov. ; Syrinya baccifem, &c., Pluk.
Amalth. t, 444, Catesb. Car. t. 20) ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 979 ; Bart. FL Am. Sept, t, 95, f. 1 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 34 ; Grav, Struct. Bot. ed. 6, fig. 467-469. J/. inn/n/itta, Sieb. & Xucc.;
Miquel, Prolus. Jap. 275. Woods, especially under Coniferse, Nova Scotia and Canada to
Florida and Texas. (Mex., Japan.)
20. KELL.6GGIA, Torr. (Dr. Albert Kellorjg, of California.) -- Wilkes,
S. Pacif. Ex. Exped. xvii. 332 (1874), t. 6 (1862) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 137;
32 RUBIACE.E. Kelloggia.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 539, & Bot. Calif, i. 282. Single species : most allied
to Galopina of S. Africa.
K. galioides, TOER. 1. c. Slender and glabrous or piiberulent perennial, a span to a foot
high, with foliage of a Honstonia (leaves only opposite, lanceolate, sessile, with small and
entire or 2-dentate interposed stipules), fruit and paniculate inflorescence of a Galimn, and
corolla (of Asperula) white or pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long, the lobes equalling or shorter than
the tube. Mountain woods, mostly under coniferous trees, Sierra Nevada, California (first
coll. by Brewer and Torrey), south to mountains of Arizona, east to Utah, and north to Wash-
ington Terr, and N. W. Wyoming.
21. MITBACABPUS, Zuccarini. (MtVpa, a girdle or head-band, evi-
dently taken in the sense of mitre, and /cap-ros, fruit.) --Low annuals or per-
ennials (American and one or two African) ; with the habit of Spermacoce, and
with small white flowers. -- Zucc. in Rcem. & Sclmlt. Syst. Mant. iii. 210. name
given only in the accusative case, " Mitracarpum," in index rightly under the
nominative " Mitracarpus." Mistaken for a nominative, we have the ungram-
mntical Mitracarpum, by Cham. & Schlecht., followed by A. Rich., DC., Endl.,
Benth. & Hook., and wrongly corrected by Benth. Bot. Sulph. and Gray, PL
Wright., into Mitracarpnnii. (Vide Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 77.) Staurospermum,
Thonning in Schum. PL Guin. 73, is of same date (1827).
M. breviflorus, GRAY. Annual, a span or two high, nearly glabrous and smooth, bearing
2 or 3 axillary verticillastrate-capitate clusters and a terminal one: leaves lanceolate, about
inch long : stipules with few setiform appendages : two larger calyx-lobes lanceolate-subu-
late, longer than tube, equalling or surpassing the small (barely line long) glabrous white
corolla ; intermediate ones small and dentiform, hyaline. PI. Wright, ii. 68 ; Eothr. in
Wheeler Rep. vi. 137. Ravines and hillsides, S. Arizona, Wright, Tlmrber, liothrock, &c.
(Adj. Mex., Berlandicr, &c.)
M. LIXEARIS, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower California, also coll. by Xanius, has narrow leaves,
and tube of corolla at least twice the length of the calyx.
22. BICHABDIA, Houst., L. (Dr. H. Richardson of London, father of
Richard Richardson, the correspondent of Gronovius, &c. See Smith's Corr.
Linnaeus and other Naturalists, ii. 173.) Hispid or hirsute perennials or annu-
als, natives of Tropical America ; with broadish subsessile leaves, setiferous
stipules, and whitish flowers ; these mostly in a terminal capitate cluster", involu-
crate by the one or two uppermost pairs of leaves. Gen. PL ed. 1, 100 ; Grertn.
Fruct. t. 25 ; Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Per. & Chil. t. 279 ; Hiern in FL Trop. Afr. iii.
242. Richardsonia, Kunth in Mem. Mus. Par. iv. 430, & HBK. Nov. Gen. &
Spec. iii. 350, t. 279 : but it appears that this, which correctly indicates the
naturalist to whom the genus was dedicated, cannot be allowed to supersede the
original name, faulty as it is in this respect.
R. SCABRA, L. Loosely branching and spreading: leaves ovate to lanceolate-oblong (inch or
two in length), roughish : stipules with rather few setiform appendages: glomerules of
flowers and fruit depressed : corolla 2 or 3 lines long. Spec. i. 330. R. pilosa, Uuiz & Pav.
1. c. ; HBK. 1. c. liit-hnrdsonia scabra, St. Ilil. PI. Us. Bras. 8, t. 8 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 567 ;
Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, Suppl. 624. Low or sandy grounds, abundantly naturalized in the low
country, S. Carolina to Texas, called Mexican Clover in Alabama, and relished by cattle; the
root in S. America used as an emetic and as a substitute for Ipecac. Sparingly occurs as a
ballast-weed at Northern ports. (Xat. from Mex. & S. Am.)
23. CBTJSEA, Cham. (Prof. Wm. Cruse, of Kocnigsberg, who wrote on
Jtubiacece.) Perennials or annuals (of Mexico and adjacent districts), with habit
Spermacoce. RUBIACE.E. 33
of Dlodia, the rose-colored or white corollas elongated in the typical species : sta-
mens and style usually exserted. Linnasa, v. 165; DC. Prodr. iv. 566; Hook.
& Arn. Bot. Beech, t. 99 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 144 (calyx wrongly said to
persist on the fruit); Gray, Proc. Ana. Acad. xix. 77, where the genus is
extended.
* Corolla rose-purple, with slender almost filiform tube: erect annual.
C. "Wrightii, GRAY. Sparsely hirsute, about a foot high, with long internodes : leaves
oblong-lanceolate, nervose-veiny, upper attenuate-acute ; uppermost four or more involucrate
around the solitary capitate glomerule : calyx-lobes 4, attenuate-subulate and almost equal,
nearly equalling the corolla-tube, or two of them sometimes very short, hispid-ciliate toward
the base : corolla salverforrn, 2 lines long: stigmas 2, short-linear ovary and immature fruit
didymous. PI. Wright, ii. 68. Plains and mountains of S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon.
Habit of C. rubra, but far smaller-flowered.
* * Corolla white or whitish, small (about 2 lines long): stamens and style little exserted: stig-
mas short: low and diffuse annuals or perennials.
C. subulata, GRAY. Glabrous and smooth throughout: stems ascending from an annual
root, a span or two high, somewhat paniculately branched : branches flowering from most
of the. axils : leaves narrowly linear becoming subulate (inch or less long): clusters rather
few-flowered : corolla almost salverform : calyx-lobes 2 or 3 lanceolate and foliaceous, one or
two much smaller and partly scarious or reduced to stipule-like teeth : gyucecium 2-merous:
fruit cuneate-obovate, slightly didymous, obscurely puberulent : carpels coriaceous, at ma-
turity separating from a uarrow linear and bifid persistent carpophore (not unlike that of
some Uinbellifersc) and opening on the ventral f ace .-- Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 78, not that
of Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am., which is a slip of pen or type for C. subalata, Hook. & Arn.
Spermacoce subulata, Pav. ex DC. (Borreria SK/mlnta, DC. Prodr. iv. 543) ; Hemsl. 1. c. 60.
S. Arizona, Wright (from seeds which were raised iu Botanic Garden, Cambridge, in 1852),
Lemmon. (Mex.)
C. allococca, GRAY, 1. c. Hirsute or hispidulous to almost glabrous, diffusely branched
from a perennial root, low and much spreading or depressed, flowering from summit and
uppermost axils : leaves from linear to oblong-lauceolate (half -inch to barely inch long) :
corolla f'unnelform, 3-4-lobed : calyx-lobes 3 to 5, commonly 4 and equal, lanceolate, longer
than the ovary and fruit : gynoscium 3-4-merous : stigmas short and broad : fruit obovate-
globose, sometimes glabrous and smooth, sometimes partially or wholly hispidulous, 3-4-
coccous, more commonly 3-coccous ; the carpels flattened on the ventral face, separating from
a weak scarious carpophore, either closed or torn open ventrally. Dio/ltu tncoccu, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 30. D. tetracocca, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 56, t. 40, f. 10-15. Sperma-
coce? tetracocca, Martens & Gal. Bull. Acad. Brux. xi. 132, fide Hemsl. Prairies of Texas,
first coll. by Berlandier, Dnunmond, &c. (Mex.)
24. SPERMAC6CE, Dill. (2-ep/xa, seed, <k-to/o,', point; the carpels
pointed or crowned with one or more calyx-teeth.) --Low herbs, with small and
white sometimes bluish or purplish flowers, and small fruits in sessile glomerules
at the nodes ; chiefly tropical, the greater number American. - - Dill. Elth. ii.
370, t. 227 ; L. Gen. ed. 1, 25 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 145. Spermacoce
& Borreria, Meyer, Prim. Fl. Esseq. 79 ; Cham. & Schlecht, in Linn. Hi. 310,
355 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 540, 552. Fl. summer : corolla in our species short and
white.
S. INVOLUCRATA, Pursh, Fl. i. 105, appears to have been founded on Crusm rubra, Cham.
& Schlecht. (notwithstanding the "flowers white"), and without much doubt was wrongly
attributed to this country.
* Leaves from oval to oblong-lanceolate, contracted into a narrow base or short and margined
petiole, obliquely more or less pinnate-veined, in ours smooth and glabrous or a little scabrous:
fruit splitting into the two carpels, one broadly open on the ventral face and discharging its
seed, the other closed (at least at first) by the membranaceous or coriaceous dissepiment.
Spermacoce, G. F. W. Meyer, 1. c. ; DC.
3
34 RUBIACE^E. Spermacoce.
i Corolla very villous in the throat, very short: root apparently perennial.
S. glabra, MICHX. Spreading or decumbent, smooth aiid glabrous : stems a foot or so long :
leaves oblong-lanceolate and oblong (inch or two long), not prominently veined: corolla
mure campanulate than fuuueliorm, little surpassing the large calyx-teeth (only a line and a
half long) : subsessile anthers and style included : fruit somewhat turbinate, smooth (nearly
2 lines long), crowned by the 4 conspicuous at length triangular-lanceolate spreading calyx-
teeth, their bases slightly united. Fl. i. 82; Pursh, Fl. i. 105 (excl. the remark that corolla
is longer than in the next) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. "21. Diodia ylahra, Pers. Syu. i. 124. Prob-
ably Spermacoce rerticillis tenuioribus, Dill. Eltli. 1. c., therefore S. tenuior, L. Spec, except as
to syu. Pink. Eiver-bauks, S. Ohio to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas.
j -) Corolla glabrous or merely pubescent in the throat: root annual.
S. teiiuior, L. partly, LAM. Ascending or spreading: leaves oval-oblong to oblong-lance-
olate, more or less scabrous, with 4 or 5 pairs of more prominent veins: corolla funuelform,
twice or thrice the length of the calyx, and with more or less exserted stamens and style,
yet in some plants nearly as short as in the preceding species, and with stamens and style
included (probably dimorphous) : fruit didymous-obovate, commoulv pubescent or puberu-
lent (only a line or so long), coriaceo-crustaceous, crowned with the four short deltoid
or triangular-lanceolate distinct calyx-teeth. L. Spec. i. 1(12, as to Pluk. Aim. t. 136, f. 4,
perhaps also of Dill. Elth. 1. c. ; Pursh., Fl. 1. c. ; Lam. 111. i. 273, t. 62, f. 1 ; Schk. Handb.
t, 32; A. P,ich. Mem. Hub. t. 4, no. 2, excl. fig. c 7 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 340. S. C/ifi/nn.inii,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 27, form with the more conspicuous corolla, &c. Eiver-bauks, Florida
and Louisiana ; rare. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
S. Portoricensis, BALBIS. Annual or perhaps perennial, diffusely spreading, wholly
smooth and glabrous: leaves smaller than in the preceding (half-inch to inch long), drying
blackish, with inconspicuous venation: glomerules mostly small and few-flowered: corolla
only half-line long, short-campauulate, glabrous inside : subsessile anthers and style included :
fruit globular (a line or less long), very smooth or rarely obscurely puberuleut, thinnish,
crowned with small narrowly subulate calyx-teeth, their bases distant: seed strongly scro-
biculate-puuctate. DC. Prodr. iv. 552; Polak in Linn. xli. 373. S. tenuior, Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 27, ^ of distrib. Rugel, Curtiss, &c. S. tenuior, var. Portoricensis, Griseb. Keys and
near shores of Southern Florida, Blod.jctt, Ruyrl, Garber, Curtiss. (W. Ind., ice.)
* * Leaves in our species narrow and sessile : fruit septicidal through the thin dk-epimcnt and
both carpels ventrally dehiscent. Species of Borrtria, Meyer, 1. c.; DC. 1. c. B'uj(.l<"-:-i.
Spreny. Syst.
S. parviflora. Annual, glabrous or a little hirtellous-pubescent : stems slender, spreading
or erect, a span to a foot high : leaves from narrowly lanceolate to spatulate-oblong (inch or
less long), obscurely veined : glomerules in many of the axils, globose : corolla salveiiorm,
about a line long: stamens and style included: fruit half a line long, didymous-globular,
thiunish, surmounted by the four attenuate-subulate and longer nearly equal calyx-teeth, two
on each carpel: seed scrobiculate. Borreria parvijjnra, Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 83, t. l,f. 1-3;
DC. 1. c. B. ini<Tiiii//ni,Tnii-. & Gray, Fl. ii. 23. B. Doiiiinr/pnsis, Griseb. Cat. Cub. 141.
Hardly Spermacoce lilrtu, Swartz, referred here by Griseb. Waste grounds, S. Florida,
Leavenworth, Garber, Citrliss. (W. Ind., Mex., S. Am.)
S. pod.OCeph.ala. Suffrutescent perennial, a span to a foot high in tufts, glabrous and
smooth or sometimes obscurely hirtello-puberulent : stipular lurries few: leaves numerous,
about the length of the internodes and usually axillary-fascicled, narrowly linear (inch or
less long), seldom over a line wide, veinless, not rarely with revolute margins, 2 to 6 upper-
most raised on a longer peduncle-like iuteriiode and iuvolucrating the solitary terminal glo-
bose glomerule : corolla short-funnelform, a line or little more in length: fruit obovate and
didymous, each carpel surmounted by a rather shorter subulate or obtuse calyx-tooth ; inter-
mediate teeth rudimentary or wanting : seed minutely scrobiculate. Borreria /'//<><-i/>//<i/<i,
DC. Prodr. iv. 542; Chapni. Fl. 175 (var. pumi/n) ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 350, the W. Indian
specimens attenuate and with less fascicled leaves. Sptrmacoce pi/ymcea, Wright in Sauv. Fl.
Cnbana, 72. S. Florida, B/oclyett, &c. S. Texas, Berlandier, Palme.r. (Mex., W. Ind.)
25. DIODIA, Gronov. (AtoSos, a thoroughfare, wayside plants.) -- Low
herbs (nearly all American), usually decumbent ; with white or bluish flowers
Galmm. RUBIACE.E. 35
either solitary or few and sessile in the axils of the leaves, produced all summer ;
stipules long-setiferous. - - L. Hort. Cliff. App. 4'J'J. & Gen. ed. '2. 291 (bad char-
acter, genus there attributed to Gronovius) ; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 2'J ; Lam. 111. i. 27 C>,
t. 63 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 28, excl. spec. 3. Dlodia Eudiodia, DC.
1. Style 2-cleft and stigmas filiform, and anthers nearly linear; both ex-
serted : fruit somewhat drupaceous-fleshy before maturitv.
D. Virginian a, L. Diffusely spreading or procumbent from a perennial root, from nearlv
glabrous to hirsute: leaves from oblong to lanceolate, inch or two long, bright green, with
4 or 5 pairs of oblique veins : stipular bristles strong and flat, not very many, commonly
sparingly hirsute : corolla about half-inch long, with slender tube: fruit 3 or 4. lines lon<^,
from glabrous to hirsute, crowned with 2 (or sometimes 3 or 4) lanceolate conspicuous calyx-
teeth : carpels suberoae-crustaceons, with a thin epicarp, 3-costate on the back. Spec. i. 104,
& Mant. ii. 330; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 29, with vars. I). Viryinicn, Jacq. Ic. Rar. 1. c. ; Lain.
1. c. ; Miclix. Fl. i. 81 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 105; DC. Prodr. iv. 502. D. ttlmt/ona, Walt. C'ar. 87.
IJ. hirsufa, Pursh, Fl. i. 106. Spermacoce Virr/iinuna, \. Rich. Mem. Rub. t. 4, no. 3, fruit
only. Low grounds, along streams, S. New Jersey to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas.
2. Style entire : stigma capitate-2-lobed, and with the short anthers shorter
than the purplish corolla-lobes: fruit wholly dry and thin-crustaceous.
D. teres, WALT. Diffusely spreading or ascending from an annual but sometimes lignesceut
root, rigid, from puberuleut to hirsute : branches terete, rather quadrangular above : leaves
from linear to lanceolate, commonly inch long, rather rigid, scabrous: bristles of the trun-
cate stipules numerous, long and slender, usually equalling the flowers and surpassing the
fruit : corolla only 3 lines long : fruit obovate-turbiiiate, commonly hispidulous, only 2 lines
high, crowned with the mostly 4 shorter and equal or unequal deltoid-lanceolate or at length
ovate calyx-lobes, often 3 on one carpel and one on the other. Car. 87 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 562 ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Diodia, Gronov. in Clayt. Fl. Virg. ed. 1, 71, ed. 2, 17, at least in part,
Me herb. Spermacoce tliodii/u, Midix. Fl. i. 82; Pursh, Fl. i. 105. Sandy soil, New Jersey
and Penn., toward the coast, to Florida, Texas, and in Mississippi Valley to W. Illinois.
(Adj. Mex., W. Ind., for it probably includes D. prostrata, Swartz.)
Var. angustata. Slender : stem often simple, all the upper part quadrangular :
loaves narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear: fruit hispidulous to puberuleut, varying to quite
smooth, and to smooth and glabrous herbage. D. teres, var.? Gray, PL Wright, ii. 69.
S. Arizona, Tluirix r, II '//<//</, L< mmon, the latter specimens a remarkably smooth form.
26. G-ALIUM, L. BEDSTRAW, CLEAVERS. (Gallium, as written by the
old herbalists, and even by Tournefort ; supposed to come from yaAa, milk, which
some species were used to curdle, in place of rennet.) - - Very large genus, in-
digenous to all temperate regions: leaves sessile: flowers small, in summer. -
Gen. ed. 5, 4<J. Gullntn & Aparine. L. Gen. ed. 1-3. Gallium, Apart ne, &
Crci<ita, Tourn. Galium & Selbunium, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 14'J.
RUBIA (II. tinctoria, L., of the Old World, is the cultivated MADDER) has 5-nierous flowers
and baccate fruit, the latter a character of several species of Galium.
Asi-ERULA ODORATA, L., the WooDRCFF of Europe, sweet-scented in drying, has been occa-
sionally found around German settlements.
1. Species locally naturalised in the Atlantic States : fruit dry at maturity.
Gr. VERUM, L. Perennial: stems smooth, erect: leaves 8 or sometimes 6 in the whorls, linear,
roughish, soon dcflexed : flowers very numerous, paniculate, yellow, rarely cream-color:
fruit usually smooth. Dry fields, E. Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.)
G. MOLLUGO, L. Perennial, smooth throughout : stems erect or diffuse, 2 or 3 feet long : leaves
8 or on branchlets G in the whorls, oblanceolate to nearly linear : flowers very numerous in
ample almost leafless panicles: fruit smooth. Roadsides and fields, New York and Penn.
(Nat. from Eu.)
36 RUBIACRffl. Galium.
G. AXGLICUM, HUBS. Annual, slender, diffuse, seldom a foot high, glahrous : leaves 5 to 7
in the whorls, oblauceolate to nearly linear (quarter-inch long), minutely spinulose-scabrous
011 margins and angles of stem : flowers rather few, cymulose on leafy branches, greenish-
white, very small : fruit glabrous, but more or less tuberculate-graiiulate. G. Parisiense, L.
var. Auijlicum, Hook. & Arn. Brit. Fl. &c. Roadsides in dry soil, Bedford Co., Virginia,
A. II. Cnrtiss. (Nat. from Eu.)
G. TRiconxE, WITH. Annual, resembling G. Aparine, rather stout, with simple branches,
spreading or procumbent : leaves 6 or 8 in the whorls, oblauceolate, cuspidate-mncronate
(inch or less long), retrorsely prickly-hispid on margins, as also on angles of stem: flowers
usually only 3 in the umbelliform cymules, dull white : fruits comparatively large, tubercu-
late-granulate, not hairy, hanging on recurved stout pedicels (likened to the three balls of a
pawnbroker's shop). Rare in waste or cult, fields eastward. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. Indigenous species : fruit dry.
* Annuals: fruit more or less uncinately hispidulous or hirsute, in. one species sometimes naked:
flowers hermaphrodite: corolla white or whitish.
H- Coarse, reclining: leaves 6 to 8 in the whorls.
G. Aparine, !>. (CLEAVERS, GOOSE-GRASS.) Stems 1 to 4 feet long, retrorsely aculeolate-
hispid on the angles, as also on the margins and midrib of the oblanceolate or almost linear
cuspidate-acuminate leaves : peduncles rather long, 1 to 3 in upper axils or terminal, bearing
either solitary or 2 or 3 pedicellate flowers : fruit not pendulous, rather large, grauulate-
tuberculute and the tubercles tipped with bristles. Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1597. Shaded
grounds, Canada to Texas, and Aleutian Islands to California; eastward mainly as an intro-
duced plant, or appearing so. (Eu., Asia.)
Var. Vaillantii, KOCH. Smaller, more slender : leaves seldom inch long : flowers
usually more numerous: fruit smaller (carpels when dry only a line or so in diameter), hir-
sute or hispidulous. Fl. Germ. ed. 1, 330. G. Aparine, var. minor, Hook. Fl. i. 290. G.
Vaillantii, DC. Fl. Fr. iv. 20'5. Texas to California, Montana, and Brit. Columbia ; certainly
indigenous: perhaps so in Canada, &c. (Eu.)
-I J r- Small and low, more erect : leaves mostly 4 in the whorls.
H- Flowers on solitary naked peduncles.
G. bifolium, WATSON. Smooth and glabrous, a span or two high, sparingly branched
slender: leaves oblanceolate to nearly linear, four in the whorls (larger half-inch long), the
alternate ones smaller, or uppermost nearly reduced to a single pair: fructiferous peduncles
about the length of the leaves, horizontal, and the minutely hispidnlous fruit decurved on
the naked tip. Bot. King Exp. 134, t. 14. Mountains of Utah, Nevada, and S. Montana,
Watson. W. Colorado, Brandegee, and Sierra Nevada, California.
G. Texense, GRAY. Hispidulous-hirsute or upper part of stem glahrous, weak and slender,
a foot or less high : leaves broadly oval, equal, in fours, thin, one-nerved (only 3 or 4 lines
long), the sides and margins equally beset with straight bristly hairs: peduncles terminal
and 1 -flowered ; the primordial ones naked and filiform, 4 to 10 lines long; single axils
proliferous into a similar shoot which bears an unequally 4-leaved small whorl and a short
pr-duncle or pedicel: bristles of the fruit much shorter than the carpels, barely imciuulate.
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 80. G. Californicum, var. Texanum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 20. G. un-
cinulatum, Gray, PI. Liudh. ii. 215 "? probably not DC., nor G. obstipum, Schlecht., which are
perhaps perennial and have a different inflorescence, but are nearly allied. Hills and river-
banks, Texas, Drummond (immature), Lindheimer, Wriijht, Hall, Keren-lion.
-H- -H- Flowers and fruit solitary and sessile between a pair of bracteal leaves which resemble the
cauline ones: stem and leaves hispidulous, or sometimes nearly glabrous.
G. virgatum, NUTT. A span or two high, simple or with simple and strict branches from
the base : leaves oblong-linear or oblong, thickish, 2 or 3 lines long; most of the axils flo-
riferous : peduncles exceedingly short, reflexed in fruit, not proliferous: carpels copiously
unciuate-hispid, shorter than the arrect bracteal leaves, which often appear as if belonging
to the whorl itself. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 20 ; Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 215. G. Texanum, Scheele
in Linn. xxi. 597, badly described. Naked prairies of Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas,
first coll. by Nuttall.
Var. leiocarpum, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Fruit quite smooth and glabrous : herbage
commonly almost so. With the ordinary form.
Galium. RUBIACEvE. 37
G. proliferum, GRAY. More branching, less hispidulons or glabrate, weaker : leaves thin-
ner, oval or oblong, alternate ones rather smaller: flowers solitary terminating a pedunculi-
form axillary branch of twice or thrice the length of the whorled leaves, and the fruit barely
surpassed by its pair of bracts, or one or even two more by prolilication from the bracts :
fruit of the preceding. PI. Wright, ii. 67. G. vir/jntum, var. dijfusum, Gray, Fl. Wright.
i. 80. Stony hills, along the Rio Grande between Texas and New Mexico, Wright, &c.
Hills near Tucson, Arizona, Print/le. Perhaps S. Utah, M. E. Jones, specimen insufficient.
(Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
* * Perennials, wholly herbaceous: slender roots of several species containing red coloring-matter
(madder): flowers hermaphrodite (at least not dioecious): bristles on the fruit short and uncinate
or none.
+- Leaves in fours throughout or rarely even fewer, comparatively large, either broad or inch or
more long, none cuspidate-pointed,
H- Broad, one-nerved, with usually an obscure pair of lateral veins at base: flowers yellowish
white to brown-purplish: fruit hispid.
G. pilosum, AIT. Commonly hirsutulous-pubescent : stems ascending, two feet long, panic-
ulately branched above : leaves oval, callous-mucronulate, puucticulate (the largest hardly
inch long): cymules few-flowered: flowers all short-pedicelled. Ait. Kew. i. 145; Pursh,
Fl. i. 104; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 24. G. Bermudense, L. Spec. i. 105, as to syn. Pluk., from
which also the specific name, but with the incongruous char. " foliis linearibus " ; and the
plant seems unknown from Bermuda. G. j>tir/nireinn, Walt. Car. 87, not L. G. puncticulosum,
var. pilosuin, UC. Prodr. iv. 601. Open woods in dry soil, S. New England to Indiana,
Arkansas, Texas, and Florida. ( G. oboratiim, HBK., of S. America, is near to this.)
Var. puncticulosum, TORE. & GRAY, 1. c. Almost glabrous : leaves varying to
elliptical-oblong, hispidulous-ciliate. G. Bermudcnse, L. 1. c. as to syn. Gronov. G. puncticu-
losum, Michx. Fl. i. 80 ; DC. 1. c. G. Bermudianum, Pursh, Fl. i. 104. G. punctatum, Pers.
Syn. i. 128. Virginia to Texas.
-H- -K- Leaves broad, distinctly 3-nerved, pointless or merely callous-mucrouate : flowers never
bright white.
= Fruit hispid: cymes rather few-flowered, with divisions or peduncles in fruit divaricate or di-
verging: corolla from dull cream-color or greenish to brown-purplish: stems comparatively
simple arid low.
G. Kamtschaticum, STELLEE. A span to a foot high : stems weak, mainly glabrous :
leaves orbicular to oblong-ovate, thin (half-inch to inch or so long), slightly pilose or hirsutu-
lous, at least the nerves and margins : flowers few or several in the pedunculate cymules,
all distinctly and father slenderly pedicellate : corolla glabrous, yellowish white, not turning
dark, its lobes merely acute. Steller in Rcem. & Schult. Syst. iii. Mant. 186; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 80. G. obovatum, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 412 ; Schmidt, Fl. Sachal. 263 ; Maxim.
Mel. Biol. ix. c., not of HBK., which is S. Amer. and has pinnately veiny leaves. G. Lit-
tcllii, Cakes in Hovey Mag. vii. 177 (1841) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388. G. circcuzans,
var. montuimm, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 24. Mountains of Gaspe, Lower Canada (Dr. Allen],
higher mountains of New England (Littcll, Tucl-crman, Oakes, c.) ; also those of Oregon
and Washington Terr. ( Hall, Howell, Henderson, Suksdorf, chiefly forms with oblong-ovate
aud acutish leaves), to Unalaska, Eschscholtz. (Adj. E. Asia, the Sachaliu plant exactly that
of N. New England and Canada.)
G. circeezans, MICIIX. About a foot high, hirsutulous-pubescent or glabrate : leaves oval
or oblong-ovate, obtuse (largest inch and a half long) : flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile
in the fork and along the simple branches of the cyme : fruit at length deflexed : corolla
greenish, hirsutulous outside, the lobes acute or acuminate. Fl. i. 80: DC. 1. c. ; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. excl. vars. G. brachiatui/t, Muhl. Cat., not Pursh. G. borenlc '. Walt. Car. 257.
G. circicoidm, Rcem. & Schult. Syst. iii. 256. Dry woods, Canada to Florida, N. W. Arkan-
sas, and Texas. Leaves sweet-tasted, wherefore called Wild Liquorice.
G. laiiceolatum, TORR. A foot or two high, simple-stemmed, nearly glabrous : leaves
(except lowest) broadly lanceolate, verging to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish (2 inches
long) : corolla glabrous, larger and the lobes more acuminate than in preceding, yellowish
turning dull purple: inflorescence similar: fruit less hispid. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 168;
Hook. Fl. i. 280 ; Gray, Man. G. Torreyi, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 56. G. circcezans, var.
38 EUBIACEJS. Galium.
lanceolutinn, Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. 23; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 24. Dry woods, New England
to Upper Michigan and Canada.
= = Fruit very smooth and glabrous, rather fleshy: corolla dark brown-purple ; lobes acuminate.
G. latifolium, MICIIX. A foot or more high, somewhat glabrous : leaves oblong- to ovate-
lanceolate (mostly 2 inches long), hispidulous-ciliate, lineate-pnucticulate, almost petiolatc:
r\mes effuselv paniculate, many-flowered; flowers on filiform pedicels, which are erect even
in fruit. Fl. i. 79; DC. Prodr. iv. 599; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 25, excl. var. Open woods
in the Allegliany Mountains, Peun. (Porter) to Carolina and Tennessee, first coll. by Michaux.
H- -H- -H- Leaves narrow, with lateral nerves obscure or none: otherwise like G. latifnlii/ni.
G. Arkansanum, GRAY. Less than foot high : stern and branches glabrous, slender r
leaves from lanceolate to linear (at most inch long, 1 to 3 lines wide), hispidulous-ciliate on
the margins and midrib beneath: effuse cymes, flowers, &c. of the last preceding: fruiting
pedicels minutel v upwardlv scabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 80. G. latifolium, var., Torr.
& Gray, 1. c. Arkansas, near the Hot Springs, Engdmann, Dr. Foreman.
++ -H. -H. -H- Leaves narrow, distinctly 3-nerved, blunt : flowers bright white, copious.
G. boreale, L. Erect, a foot or two high, mostly smooth and glabrous, very leafy: leaves
from linear to broadly lanceolate, often with fascicles of smaller ones in the axils: flowers
in numerous close cymules collected in a terminal and ample thyrsiform panicle ; the upper-
most leaves being reduced to pairs of small oblong or oval bracts : fruit small, hispidulous,
or at first canesceut and soon glabrous and smooth. Spec.!. 108; Fl. Dan. t. 1024; Pursh,
Fl. i. 104; Hook. Fl. i. 289; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. G. sr/it'-ntri<i(il<-, Rcem. & Schult. Syst. iii.
253 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 601. G. sfn'rtn/n, Torr. Cat. PI. X. Y. 23. G. rnlnthl, A of Am. authors,
form with smooth fruit and hroadisli leaves. (True G. rnlinnl, .<, L., X. Asia to Kamtschatka,
has evident reticulate venation between the ribs of the broader leaves, and enlarged vesicu-
lar as well as smooth fruit.) Rocky banks of streams, Canada to I Vim., Xew Mexico, Cali-
fornia, and north to Arctic regions, in various forms. (Fu., X. Asia.)
-t-- H Leaves in fours, lives, or sixes, small, one-nerved, pointless: plants low, slender and weak,
and slender-rooted: flowers very small, white: fruit smooth and glabrous.
G. Brandegei, GRAY. Loosely cespitose-depressed, with the aspect of Callitriche or F.lntiin ,
smooth and nearly glabrous : branches or steins a span or less long : leaves in fours, ubovate
to spatulate-obloug, slightly succulent, 1 to 3 lines long, one or two of the whorl usuallv
smaller than the others; midrib indistinct: peduncles solitary in upper axils or geminate
and terminal, one-flowered, little longer than the leaves. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 5S. Xew
Mexico, in valley of the upper part of the Rio Grande at Los Piiios, 9,000 feet, spreading on
moist ground, Ltr<iini.
G. trifidum, L. Weakly erect, branching, 5 to 20 inches high, smooth and glabrous, except
the retrorsely scabrous angles of the stem and usually more hispidulous and sparse rough-
ness of the midrib beneath and margins of the leaves : these in sixes, fives, or not rarely
fours, linear or oblanceolate, or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines long : the midrib evi-
dent : peduncles slender, scattered, 1 -several-flowered ; flowers often 3-merous (whence the
specific, name), as commonly 4-rnerous. Spec. i. 105 ; Fl. Dan. t. 48 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 597 ;
Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 22. G. tinctorium, L. 1. c. 106 ; DC. 1. c., larger form with leaves in
sixes and flowers 4-merous. G. L'/ni/tniti, Mirhx. Fl. i. 78; Hook. FL i. 288. Sphagnous
bogs and wet ground, Newfoundland and Labrador to Aleutian Islands, and south to Texas,
Arizona, and California. (Fu., X. Asia, Japan.)
Var. pusillum, GRAY, Man., among the many forms of the species, is the smallest,
span or two high: leaves only in fours, 3 or 4 lines long, narrow, in age often reh'exed :
peduncles 1 -dowered. In cold IMIV.S. a Northern form, and in the Rocky Mountains and
Sierra \e\ada to Colorado and California,
Var. latifolium, TORR. The larger and broadest-leaved form: leaves 6 or 7 lines
long, often 2 lines wide: cymules few-several-flowered.- Fl. X. & Midd. States, 165;
Gray, Man. G. o/itusn/i), Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 65. Canada to Texas and mountains of
California.
G. COncinnum, TORR. & GRAY. Diffuse and erect, freely branching, about a foot high,
smooth and glabrous, except the roughened angles of the stem and margins of the leaves:
these all in sixes, oblauceolate-linear, mucronulate, veinless, rather lucid and firm (drying
bright green), the midrib prominent beneath : flowers numerous in loose and open cymes on
Gal-ium. RUBIACE.E. 39
filiform peduncles or hranchlets, and on filiform but rather short pedicels: corollas bright
white. Fl. ii. 23 ; Gray, Man. 1. c. Perhaps G. parviflonim, Raf. in Med. Rep. v. 3GO, &
Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 227 '? Dry hills, Pennsylvania and Virginia to Michigan, Illinois, Ken-
tucky, and Arkansas, first coll. by Short.
* H H Leaves in sixes, sometimes fives or on the branchlets fours, cuspidatcly mucronate or
acuminate.
** Fruit smooth and glabrous: plant rough and adhesive by retrorse prickles: flowers bii^ht
white.
G. asprelllim, Micnx. Glabrous, pauiculately branched, erect and 2 feet high, or when sup-
ported by bushes 3 to 5 feet high, very floriferous: leaves lanceolate, about half-inch long, in
sixes or on the branchlets fives or fours ; their margins, midrib beneath, and prominent angles
of the stem armed with strong retrorse prickles rather than bristles : cymes many-flowered :
fruits small, like those of G. Irifidum. Fl. i. 78; DC. Prodr. iv. 598; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 23. G. Penns <//r<-i H ifinn, Muhl. Cat. ; Willd. ex Rcem. & Schult. Syst. Maut. iii. 183.
G. spinidosmn, Raf. Free. Decouv. 1814, 40. G. mii-nin/finni, Pursh, Fl. i. 103 ? by the char.,
except as to fruit. Alluvial ground, especially low and shaded banks of streams, Canada,
New England to Michigan and mountains of Carolina. (E. Asia '!)
H- -H- Fruit from scabrous or papillose to uncinately hispid: angles of the stem and midrib beneath
minutely retrorse-hispidulous or scabrous or nearly naked in the same species: margins of leaves
either antrorsely or retrorscly hispidulous-ciliolate, or naked in the same species, or even on
different parts of same leaf.
G. asperrimum, GRAY. Stems erect or diffusely ascending, but weak, a foot or two high,
probably from a perennial root : leaves lanceolate (about half-inch to inch long) : cymes
twice or thrice dichotomous, with filiform peduncles and pedicels : corolla white or turning
purplish : ovary merely puberulent or scabrous : fruit granulate-scabrous, and sometimes
minutely hispidulous. PI. Fendl. 60, & Bot. Calif, i. 284; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 134;
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 138. Shady places in mountains, New Mexico (first coll. by
Fendler) and Arizona to Nevada, California, and E. Oregon; mostly var. asperu/um, Gray,
Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; but the hispid or hispidulous roughness very variable.
G. triflorum, MICHX. Diffusely procumbent, smoothish : herbage sweet-scented (as of
Asperula odorata) in drying: stems a foot to a yard long: leaves elliptical -lanceolate to
narrowly oblong (inch or two long) : cymes once or twice 3-rayed : pedicels soon divari-
cate : corolla yellowish white to greenish, its lobes hardly surpassing the bristles of the
ovary: fruit uncinate-hispid. Fl. i. 80; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 6G ; Pursh, Fl. i. 104; Hook.
I.e.; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. G. cuspidatum, Muhl. Cat.; Ell. Sk. i. 197; DC. 1. c. G. bra-
chiatum, Pursh, 1. c. 103. G. suaveolens, Wahl. Fl. Lapp. 48. G. Peniisi/lraiiir.-nn, Barton,
Comp. Fl. Philad. 83. Open and dry or moist woods, Canada to Alabama, Colorado, Rocky
Mountains, W. California, and north to Alaskan Islands. (N. Eu., Japan.)
* * * Perennials with suffrutescent or suffruticose base: leaves 4 in the whorls ; their margins,
midrib, and angles of stem destitute of retrorse hispidness or roughness: fruit hirsute with long
and straight (not at all uncinate-tipped) bristles: Western species of arid districts. Tricho-
galium, Gray.
4 Flowers hermaphrodite or monoacious-polygamous, paniculate and short-pedicelled, small :
corolla only a line in diameter, brown-purple: stems numerous in tufts from the woody base,
a foot or less high, slender, much branched: leaves narrow, 2 to 4 lines long, one-nerved,
pointless.
G. Rothrockii, GRAY. Glabrous, erect : leaves narrowly linear, rigid : bristles not very
copious, not longer than, the body of the fruit. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 203. S. Arizona,
Wright (mixed with the following species), Rothrock, Lcmmon. (Lower Calif., Orcutt.)
G. W^rightii, GRAY. Hirsute-pubescent throughout, diffuse : leaves linear to narrowly
oblong, hardly at all rigid : bristles of fruit as long as its diameter. PI. Wright, i. 80, ii.
67. Crevices of rocks in ravines, W. Texas to S. Arizona, Wright, Lcmmon.
) ) Flowers dioecious: corolla greenish white or yellowish.
H- Leaves narrowly linear, with midrib little prominent and no lateral nerves or veins: steins
elongated.
G. angustif olium, NUTT. Becoming shrubby at base, 1 to 4 feet high, with rigid virgate
branches, smooth and glabrous or minutely pruiuose-puberulent : leaves barely mucronulate
40 RUBIACE.E. Galium.
(half-inch to inch long or on branches shorter, half-line to line wide) : cymes small, in
narrow panicles, the fertile more or less condensed : corolla a line or two in diameter,
dull white ; bristles of the fruit about the length of the body. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 285.
G. tric/io'-urjiinit, Nutt. (not DC.) & G. angustifolium, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 82.
California, common from Santa Barbara to San Diego, Tejon, and apparently to the
Mohave.
H- -H- Leaves narrowly-lanceolate to ovate, with midrib prominent beneath and continuous with
stem-angles, sometimes a pair of lateral nerves: stems low or diffuse.
G. Matthewsii, GRAY. Glabrous and smooth, paniculately much branched, woody at base :
leaves rigid, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, veinless, with stout midrib, 2 or 3 lines long, some
of the upper cuspidate-acute: flowers (of fertile plant) naked-paniculate: corolla barely a
line in diameter : bristles of immature fruit rigid, not longer than the body. Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 80. Arid district, Inyo Co., E. California, Dr. Maltlif.ws. Probably same from
borders of S. W. Colorado aud New Mexico, with rather longer and narrower leaves,
Brandeqee.
G. stellatum, KELLOGG. Diffuse and bushy from woody base, a foot or two high, much
branched, hispidulous-puberulent, sometimes nearly glabrous : leaves rigid, ovate-lanceolate
(and 4 or 5 lines long) to narrow-lanceolate and small on flowering branches, acuminate-
cuspidate, destitute of lateral nerves and veins ; margins either naked or hispidulous-ciliate :
flowers paniculate and crowded : corolla white, little over a line in diameter : bristles of the
fruit soft and flaccid at maturity, longer than the body. Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 97, fig. 26.
G. acutissimum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350, male plant. Uocky canons and dry hills,
S. Utah and Arizona, first coll. by Ncicljcrry. (Islands off Lower California.)
G. multifl.6rum, KELLOGG. A span to a foot high from a barely suffrutesccnt base, in
tufts, glabrous, pruinose-puberuleut or sometimes pubescent : leaves from broadly ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, mucrouate-apiculate, or minutely and abruptly acuminate, thickish, 4 to 7
lines long, a pair and sometimes two pairs of indistinct or obvious lateral nerves from the base ;
uppermost leaves on flowering shoots usually only opposite : flowers short-pediceUed, tbyr-
soid-crowded in upper axils, or the fertile often solitary and sparse : corolla yellowish, a line
or two in diameter : fruit when well formed densely clothed with hirsute bristles considera-
bly longer than the body. Proc. Calif. Acad. 1. c., fig. 27. (Very poor name, the flowers not
abundant for the genus and scattered.) G. Bloomeri & G. hypotrichium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
vi. 538, the latter founded on imperfect specimens with polygamous flowers and undeveloped
fruit. G. Bloomeri & G. multiflorum, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 135 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 285.
E. California to Utah, on the mountains of the drier districts, first coll. by Bloomer, Veatch,
&c. Specimens east of the Sierra Nevada and vicinity mostly of the subjoined var.
Var. "Watsoni. Mostly glabrous and smooth : leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate
(commonly about half-inch long and 2 lines wide), with lateral nerves either distinct or
obsolete. G. multiJJorum, Watson, 1. c. in great part Caiious and gulches, N. Arizona
to E. Oregon and adjacent Idaho.
Var. hirsutum, G. Bloomeri, var. hirsittum, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., is an ambiguous
form, with broad but thiunish leaves and whole herbage hirsute-pubescent. Sierra Valley',
California, Lemmon.
3. Indigenous species, perennials : fruit baccate (leaves 4 in the whorls, one-
nerved). Rdbunium, Endl.
* Pacific species, with ovate to oblong-linear (not rigid acerose) leaves: flowers of most and per-
haps of all suhdicccious or polygamous, yellowish, purplish, or white; sterile flowers in small
loose cymes; fertile somewhat solitary and scattered.
-I Berry so far as known purple or black, small.
G. pubens, GRAY. Wholly herbaceous, somewhat cinereous with a fine and partly soft
partly scabrous pubescence : stems much branched, diffuse, a foot or two long : leaves from
roundish-oval to oblong, thickish, mostly pointless (largest half-inch long); margins at most
hispidulous-scabrous : forming fruit glabrous and smooth; mature fruit not seen, probably
fleshy. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350 ; Bot. Calif, i. 284, with var. scabridum, growing in more
exposed situations. California, in and near Yosemite Valley, first coll. by Torrey and
Bolander.
Galium. RUBIACE.i:.
41
G. Califomicum, HOOK. & ARX. Wholly herbaceous, fm,n slender creeping rootstocks
often in low tufts, a span or two high, or diffuse, with slender stems a fool long In-
hirsute, rarely glabrate in age: leaves thinnish, ovate or oval, apiculate-acuminate (quarter-
inch to half-inch long), margins and midrib hispid-ciliate ; fruit glabrous, on ,
-Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 349 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 20 (excl. var. / ; Gray ,
Calif, i. 283. Shady ground, common in tin.- western part of California, especially in th,-
const r<ing"6s. *
G. Nuttallii, GRAY. Tall and much branched from suffrutes e often supported bv
and as if climbing over bushes, or procuinb.-n:. mostly glabrous, except min
hispidulous angles of stem and margins of leaves, these sometimes nub ,, ,11
oval to linear-oblong, mucronate, mucronulate, or obtuse : fruit smooth and glabrous PL
Wright, i. 80, & Bot. Calif, i. 283. G. suffrutic.,,,,,, Xutt. i,, Torr. & Gray, 1 1. ii. 21, not
Hook. & Arn. California toward the coast, from San Diego to Ilumholdt ( ...
i- 4 Berry while (blackening in drying), very smooth, juiey.
G. Bolanderi, GRAY. Herbaceous from a woody root, diffuse, a fool or two high, -la!irm,<
sometimes pubescent: angles of the stem not at all or hardly scabrous : leaves obl'oj
or lanceolate, rather acute, about half-inch long, thickish, with margins and midrib either
smooth and naked or sparsely hispidulous ; those of branchlets nol rarely ; r,, r ,,lla
dull purplish. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 350, xix. 80, & Bot. Calif, i. 284, male plant. (,'. .
garicoccnm, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 371, in fruit, Dry ground, western side of Sierra
Nevada, California, from the Yosemite northward, and apparently in llumbol.lt Co.; first
coll. by Bolander, and the fruit by Gray and 7/W,vy.
* * New Mexican, with linear leaves, dioecious : fruit unknown.
G. Fendleri, GRAY. A span or two high from a tufted frutescent base, cinereous-puberulent
and barely scabrous, sleuder: leaves hardly if at all rigid except the very small and aqua-
maceous ones which are imbricated on the bases of the annual shoots ; those above linear,
about 4 lines long, less than line wide, rather acute, with midrib somevi hat conspicuous be-
neath : flowers somewhat paniculate, short-pedicelled : corolla yellowish. I'l. 1-Ymll. Co.
Exposed mountain sides, near Santa Fe', New Mexico, Fend/er, male plant : anil a female
which is glabrous (also the ovary), or below barely pruinose-puberulent, perhaps not of il"-
species. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Print/In, male only.
* *= * Texano-Californian, herbaceous, with very narrow and rigid small leaves, and verv small
white corollas.
*
G. Andrews!!, GRAY. Depressed-cespitose and with slender ; rootstocks, glabrous
or nearly so; the matted tufts a span or less high: leaves ver;. crowded, acerose-subulate,
usually shining, either naked or sparsely spinulosc-ciliate, 2 to 4 lines long : flowers diu:ciu:s ;
male slender-pedicelled in few-flowered terminal cymes; female solitary. Mibtcnded by a
whorl of leaves which are longer than the fructiferous at length dcllcxed podiei 1 : 1 ITI-V
dark-colored, smooth. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 538, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. 286. Dry hills, on tl e
coast of California from Lake Co. to San Diego, and in the interior to Tejon, first coll. b\
Dr. Andreivs. Also Oregon, Howell.
G. micropll^llum, GRA.Y. Diffusely spreading or ascending, smooth and glabrous, but
not shining ; branches a span to afoot long: lc;;\ < s -hoiter than the iniernoe, , arrowly
linear (or small, broader, and crowded at the base of stems), usually mucronate, with narrow
midrib prominent beneath and callous naked margins, mostly 2 to 4 (rarely 5 or G) lines I >HL'
flowers apparently all hermaphrodite, solitary on a very short or on a longer and pedun
like axillary branchlet and sessile in its whorl of involucriform leaves, or this proliferous and
bearing a second whorl and flower: ovary and young fruit -scabro-puberulous or at length
granulose, at maturity fleshy-baccate. PL Wright, i. 80, ii. 66. Ji<lbiuiinm niti-n>/>/ii/!t>iin,
Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. G3. Rocky ravines, &c., S. W. Texas to S. Ari/ona. tii t
coll. by Wright . (Adj. Mex., where there is a pubescent variety, Edbunium nm,
Hemsl. 1. c.)
* * * * Atlantic North American, herbaceous, with oval to linear leaves, and usually solitary
hermaphrodite flowers: corolla white: berry purple, in our species naked-pedicellate '"' x "iirl luo
ultimate involucriform whorl, mostly pendulous at maturity. Relbunium, Benth. \ Hook.
G. uniflorum, MICHX. Smooth and glabrous : stems assurgnit from filiform rootst>
slender, rather simple : leaves linear (about inch long and u line wide), with somewhat
42 KUBIACE.E. Galivm,
scabrous margins : flowers solitary or in pairs from the pedunculiform axillary branchlot :
the pedicels in fruit longer than or equalling the iuvolucrate whorl, when in pairs one of
the two commonly involucellate or unibracteate ; ovary and berry glabrous. Fl. i. 79;
Ell. Sk. i. 95; Ton-. & Gray, PI. ii. 21. Woods in rich soil, S. Carolina to Florida and
Texas.
G. hispidulum, Mi< HX. 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent, hispidulons, scabrous, or sometimes almost
smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branched and spreading : leaves oblong or
oval, mucronate, a quarter to half an inch long : branchlets only floriferous : pedicels solitary
or commonly 2 or 3 from the small involucral whorl, all naked, or one of them minutely
bracteolate : ovary scabrous-puberulent : berry glabrate. Ell. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
G. /itx/'/'Jiiin, Pursh, Fl. i. 104. Eubia pereyriiut, Walt., not L. It. Broirnei, Michx. 1. c 1 .,
excl. syn. Browne. R. Walteri, DC. Prodr. iv. 590. Dry or sandy soil, S. New Jersey to
Florida, along the coast.
ORDER LXXI. VALERIANACE^E.
Herbs (rarely suffruticose) ; with opposite leaves, no stipules, hermaphrodite
or sometimes polygamo-dicecious flowers in cymose inflorescence, a 5-merous
somewhat irregular epigynous corolla, bearing fewer (1 to 3, rarely 4) stamens
on its tube, an ovary invested by the calyx-tube, and of one to three cells, but
only one ovuliferous, a solitary suspended seed with a straight embryo and no
albumen. Limb of calyx none, or of lobes or teeth, or evolved on the fruit into a
kind of pappus. Corolla either obscurely or manifestly irregular (bilabiately, f ) ;
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments and style filiform : stigma undivided and
truncate, or minutely 3-cleft. Ovule anatropous. Fruit dry and indehiscent, a
kind of akene.
1. VALERIANA. Calyx-limb of 5 to 15 setiform lobes, which are inrolled and inconspicu-
ous until fruiting, when they are evolute and form a kind of plumose pappus. Corolla from
campanulate-funuelfurm to salverform, the tube or body often gibbous or slightly saccate
anteriorly. Stamens 3. Ovary 1 -celled, and with mere vestiges of two lateral cells, ripen-
ing into a flattened akelie, which is mostly 1 -nerved on one face, 3-nerved on the other,
and with a more or less evident nerve at each margin, which marks the position of a sup-
pressed empty cell. Perennials (with hardly an exception), the roots with a peculiar scent.
2. VALERIANELLA. Calyx-limb not pappose, in all ours more or less obsolete. Corolla
from short-fuunelform to salverform, with or without gibbosity, or sometimes a sac or spur
at base; limb 5-parted, from nearly regular to obscurely or plainly bilabiate, or 4-parted with
the posterior lobe notched or 2-cleft. Stamens 3, very rarely 2. Fruit various, the two
abortive cells sometimes obsolete and uerviform at the lateral angles, commonly enlarged,
sometimes converted into wings. Annuals, with entire or sparingly dentate or incised leaves ;
cauline sessile.
1 . VALERIANA, Tourn. (Old herbalist's name, from valeo, to be strong,
from use in medicine.) Herbs (chiefly of northern temperate zone) ; with roots
of peculiar scent, various leaves, and white or rose-colored flowers, in terminal
cymes, produced in early summer. L. Gen. 8, in part ; DC. Prodr. iv. 632 ;
Hoeck in Engler, Bot. Jahrb. iii. 2.
OROvAtA. Xutt. Gen. i. 21, is omitted, having been described from a plant of
the Upper Missouri, not yet in flower, perhaps an undeveloped V. edulis.
* Erect from a large fusiform perpendicular stock branching below into deep and thickened roots:
leaves thickish, nervoscly veined, not serrate.
V. 6dulis, NCTT. Glabrous or glabrate ; the nascent herbage often tomentulose-puberulent,
sometimes remaining so on the leaf-margins, a foot or at length 3 feet or more high : radical
leaves oblauceolate to spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole, entire or some sparingly
Vakriana. VALERIANACE/E. 43
laciuiate-pinnatifid ; cauline rarely none, commonly 1 to 3 pairs, sessile- , ami pinnately parted
into 3 to 7 linear or lanceolate divisions, or terminal one spatulatc ; flowers polygamo-dioe-
cious, yellowish white, sessile in the cymules, which form an elongated fchyrsiform m. !.!
panicle: fruit ovate, puberulent or glabrous. Nutt. iii Ton-. ^ Gray, II. ii. 4S ; (irav, I'l.
Fendl. 61, & Man. Bot. V. ciliata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Patriniu ceratophylla, Hook. Fl. i.
290. P. lomjifolni, Macnab in Edinb. Phil. Jour. xix. Wet plains and ]irairies, Ohio and
W. Canada to Brit. Columbia, and south in the mountains o[ Colorado and Nevada to New
Mexico and Arizona. Hoot a staple food of the Root-diggers and other Indians.
* * Erect from creeping or ascending (but not vortical) rootstocks, which emit slender roots, gla-
brous or with a little sparse pubescence: leaves tliinnish, loosely veiny, often wiih.s.mie simple
and some divided and margins either entire or dentate on same plant : the rndieal c.nes on Ren-
der naked petioles: bracts of the cyme slenderly linear-subulate, mostly longer than (lie (usually
quite glabrous) fruit: flowers hermaphrodite, but in the first species more or less dimorphous:
corolla white to light rose-color.
) Tube of corolla from shorter than the throat and limb to less than twice their length: no sar-
mentose radical branches.
V. sylvatica, BAXKS. Stems from 8 to 30 inches high: radical leaves mostly simple and
ovate to oblong, occasionally some 3-5-foliolate ; cauline more or less petioled, 3-11-foliolate
or parted, the divisions entire or rarely few-toothed : fruiting cymes open, at length thyrsoid-
paniculate : corolla 3 lines or in more fertile form only 2 lines long; the tube short: stigma
nearly entire. Richards. App. Frankl. Jouru. ed. 2, 2; Hook. Fl. i. 291 ; Beck, Bot. 1(14 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 47 (with var. uliginosa, a somewhat pubescent form); Gray, Man. &
Bot. Calif, i. 287. V. dioica, Pursh, Fl. ii. 727. V. dioica, var. si/li-iitim, Gra\ -in Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1863, 63; Watson, Bot. King Exp. 136. Wet ground, Newfoundland and
Hudson's Bay country, south to S. New York, west to Brit. Columbia, and southward in the
mountains to New Mexico and Arizona. lu S. Utah it occurs with puberulent fruit, as
collected by Palmer.
V. Sitcliensis, BOXG. More robust, from thicker and branching ascending rootstocks :
leaves larger; cauline short-petioled, only 3-5-foliolate ; the divisions orbicular to oblong-
ovate, or in the upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, not rarely dentate or repand (larger 2 or c\eii
3 inches long) : cymes contracted : corolla funnelform, 4 lines long (but also a shorter form ) :
stigma entire. Veg. Sitch. 145; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 438. V. panri/lnrn. Hook. Fl. i. 292,
t. 101, not Michx. V. capitata, var. Hookcri, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 48. Moist woods, Siteh;'.,
British Columbia, and through Washington Territory to S. Idaho and the northern Rocky
Mountains.
V. capitata, PALL. Stem rather slender from a creeping rootstock, G to 20 inches high,
with long internodes ; cauline all sessile (or lowest very short-petioled), only 2 or 3 pairs, all
undivided and entire or few-toothed or some of them 3-partcd, mainly ovate or oblong, an
inch or two long : cyme capituliform or in fruit open-glomerate: corolla, <c. as of i he pre-
ceding, 3 or 4 lines long : stigma 3-1 obed. "Link Jahrb. i. 3, 66," ex Ha-m. ^ Sclmlt. S\st.
Mant. i. 257; DC. Prodr. iv. 637; Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. (excl. var.) ; Ledeb. Ic.
PI. Ross. t. 346, & Fl. Ross. ii. 435; Trautv. Imag. t. 39. Alaskan coast and Islands, north
to Arctic region, first coll. by Pallas. (Adj. Asia to N. En.)
Tube of corolla slender, much longer than the throat and limb.
V.
sarmentos
and simple, some with pne or two pairs of minute lobes on upper part, of the rather long and
margined petiole; cauline 2 pairs, subsessile, 3-5-parted, lobes oblong to lanceolate: cymo
glomerate: corolla half-inch long, tubular, with gradually expanding throat: stigma mi-
nutely 3-cleft. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 81. Arizona, in the mountains near Pivscott, J'nfmn:
Santa Catalina Mountains, Lemmon. Fruit not seen.
V. pauciflora, MICHX. Stem 1 to 3 feet high from a slender creeping rootstock, erect, and
with basal sarmentose branches or runners: leaves thin; radical and lowest cauline cordate
and long-petioled, crenate or entire, not rarely with one and sometimes two pairs of small
.roundish lateral leaflets; upper cauline pinnate, with 3 larger leaflets ovate, one or two
lower pairs smaller and more remote, lowest near base of petiole: cyme corymbilonn and
somewhat glomerate, commonly many-flowered (notwithstanding specific name) : tube of
Arizonica, GRAY. A span or two high from tufted creeping rootstocks, glabrous, no
sarmentose branches: leaves somewhat succulent; radical ovate (inch long), mostly entire
44 VALERIANACEyE. Valcriana.
corolla almost filiform, half-inch and more long, several times longer than the throat and
limb. Fl. i. 18; Nutt. Gen. i. 20; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Alluvial river-banks, Pennsylvania
to Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee ; first coll. by Michaux.
* * * Sarmentose-climbing or diffuse, with fibrous roots, glabrous: flowers very numerous in
diffuse aud compound paniculate cymes: bracts very small: corolla minute, seldom over a line
long.
V. SOrbifolia, IIBK. A diffuse form of the Mexican species: stem weak, 2 or 3 feet long,
springing from an annually produced small oblong tuber: leaves pinnate (except sometimes
the radical), 5-13-foliolate; leaflets from rounded-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, coarsely ser-
rate, or even laciniate : cymes loosely flowered in an elongated and naked (often foot long)
terminal panicle. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 332. C'aiiou in the Huachuca Mountains, S. Ari-
zona, Li niinoii, in a form with only 5 to 7 unusually large and broad leaflets, some almost
2 inches long, from rounded-ovate to oblong. (Mex.)
V. SCandens, L. Root unknown : stem sarmentose and feebly twining, branching: leaves
long-petioled ; cauline 3-foliolate, with leaflets from deltoid- to oblong-ovate, acuminate,
entire or repand, rarely with a few teeth, or lowest leaves simple and cordate : panicles
effuse, axillary and terminal, elongated, the ultimate branches with the sessile flowers spi-
cately disposed. Spec. ed. 2, i. 47 ; Willd. Spec. i. 180; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 47.
Thickets in S. Florida, climbing several feet high. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
2. VALERIANELLA, Tourn. CORN SALAD. (Diminutive of Valeri-
ana.) Annuals, commonly winter-annuals (of the northern temperate zone),
mostly low or slender and erect, ours glabrous or nearly so, except the fruit :
leaves similar in all the species, from obovate to oblong and spatulate, entire or
upper ones occasionally incised or toothed, radical rosulnte, cauline sessile or even
somewhat connate at base : flowers variously glomerate-cymose, the corolla from
white to rose-color or rarely bluish. As in some species of Valcriana, so in some
of these, the hermaphrodite flowers in different individuals are dimorphous as to
size of corolla and exsertion of stamens and style, yet not as in heterogone dimor-
phism. -- Vaill., Haller, &c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 81. Valerianella &
Fedia, Moench, Meth. 486, 493. Fedia, Gasrtn. Fruct. ii. 36, t. 86; Woods in
Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 23, t. 21 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 50. Vcth'ricmetta, Du-
fresnia, Betckea, & Fedia, DC. Prodr. Valerianella, Plectritis, & Fedia, Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 155, 156.
1. VALERIANELLA proper. Corolla with nearly regular 5-partod limb, fun-
nelform or more open throat with or without a small saccate gibbosity at its base
anteriorly, and a short proper tube : stamens 3 : fruit with the two empty cells
manifest, or often enlarged and closed, sometimes at length confluent into one
and rarely bursting : calyx-limb in American species none, or a mere tooth or
oblique border : stem dichotomous above ; the branches or pedunculiform branch-
lets terminated by corymbosely disposed glomerate cymes or cymules of small
flowers. Valerianella, Moench ; Dufresne, Hist. Valer. 56 ; Krok, Monogr. Yaler.
in Svenska Vetensk. Acad. Handl. v. no. 1, 1864; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 156,
excl. Siphondla.
* Introduced species: corolla bluish: a gibbous corky mass at the back of the fertile cell of the fruit.
V. OLIT6RIA, POLL. Fruit flattish and obliquely rounclish-rhomboidal : empty cells as largo
as fertile one and its corky back, contiguous, the thin partition between them at length
breaking up. Hist. PI. Palat. i. 30; Moench, 1. c. ; Dufresne, Valer. 56, t. 3, f. 8 ; Krok,
1. c. 88, t. 4, f. 40. V. ca'rulca (& rhombicarpa), Aikin in Eat. Man. Bot. Valcriana locusta,
olitoria, L. Spec. i. 33. Fedia n!i/o>ia, Vahl, Enum. i. 19 ; Woods, 1. c. 430, t. 24, f. 1 ; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 51 ; Porter in Am. Nat. vi. 386, fig. 102. Old fields near dwellings, New
York to Penn. and Louisiana; not common. (Nat. from Eu.)
Valerianclla. VALERIANACEJL 45
* * Indigenous species: corolla white : no corky mass behind fertile cell of the fruit.
f- Fertile cell decidedly larger and broader than the two empty ones, and cross section of the fruit
more or less triangular, the empty cells occupying- the obtuser angle: tube of the corolla slender
commonly as long as the throat and limb.
V- Chenopodif 61ia, DC. Stem a foot or two high, with long internodes and few forks :
leaves comparatively large (1 to 3 inches long): glomerate small cymes few ;n,<] slender-
peduncled: bracts broadly lanceolate, narrowly scarious margined \\ln-n drv : fruit glabrous
or minutely pubescent, 2 lines long, ovate-triangular, the cms.* section triquetrous or moi
less rounded at the sterile angle, two empty cells about as deep but not as I. mud as ihe (< rtile,
sometimes confluent into one when old. Prodr. iv. 629 ; Grav, Pmc. Am Acad. six. 82^
founded on Fxlni rliDiopmUf'iHa., Pursh, Fl. ii. 727, from specimen in berk Sin mrd. I". /;/-
likeness of fruit to buckwheat. Valiriam-Ha Fayo)\t/nim, Wulp. IJepert. ii. 527. Moist
grounds, W. New York to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Virginia.
V. amarella, KROK. A span or two high, amply corymbosely branched ubmo, bearing
numerous and more open cymes: bracts lanceolate-linear, small: fruits very small (about
half a line long), trigonous-ovate, densely white-hirsute, with rather obtuse lateral angles
and that of the empty cells rounded, these decidedly shorter as well as much smaller tinm
the fertile, almost filiform or sometimes almost obliterated. Monogr. 1. c. -So, t. 2, f. 14;
Gray, 1. c. F<-di<i amarella, Liudheimer, ex Eugelm. in PI. Lindh. ii. 217. Spec, name from
a peculiar bitterness of the herbage. Low grounds, Texas, Lindheimcr, Writ/lit, //./''. /'
chon, &c. Gibbosity at base of corolla-throat sometimes very prominent and saccate, almost
spur-like.
) -i Fertile cell fully as broad as the two introrse and parallel contiguous and more or less
inflated empty ones, occupying the whole back of the fruit, apex projecting in a short obtuse
tooth of a line long', the cross section quadrate, a conspicuous groove down the anterior face:
stem a foot or two high, twice or thrice forked and spreading, the pedunculiforrn branch!. -N
bearing one to three glomerate cymes: fruit in same species either pubescent or glabrous.
V. radiata, DUFR. Fruit ovate-tetragonal, downy-pubescent or sometimes glabrous on one
or all sides; fertile cell oblong-ovate, flatfish ; sterile cells as thick as or thicker than the fer-
tile, a broad shallow groove betw r een them. Hist. Valer. 57; Krok, 1. c. C4, t. 2, f. 22, not
DC., who seems to have had V. olitoria. Valcriana locnsta, radiata, L. 1. c. (the plant of ( lay-
ton) ; Walt. Car. 166. V. radiata, Willd. Spec. i. 184. Fedia radiata, Miclix. Fl. i. 118;
Ell. Sk. i. 42; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 52; Porter, 1. c. fig. 164. Low grounds, Penu. to Michi-
gan, Florida, and Texas. Var. leiocarpa is a smooth-fruited form of it.
V. stenocarpa, KROK. Fruit tetragonal-oblong, commonly glabrous, sometimes pubes-
cent; fertile cell oblong, obscurely narrowed upward, flatfish and straight, thicker than
the linear-oblong approximate sterile cells, and the groove between the latter narrow.
Monogr. Valer. 1. c. t. 2, f. 1. Fedia stfnocurjxi, Eugelm. PI. Liiidh. ii. 1'lii. Texas, Ber-
landte.r (part of no. 334), Lindheimer, Hall.
I 4 -f Fertile cell much narrower or smaller than the nmpliate empty ones, one-nrrvcd on
the back, the fruit of orbicular or round-ovate circumscription, glabrous or with slight sparse
pubescence.
V. Woodsiana, WALP. Habit of V. radiattt and T". clnrnpfxHfolia. Fruit a line or more
long; fertile cell oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, tipped by a small soft and blunt tooth;
empty cells introrse, either contiguous or somewhat diverging, inllaied. \\itli an oblong de-
pression in the middle, sometimes an open concavity. -- Walp. li'e;>eri. ii. 527; Krok, 1. c.
66, t. 3, f..23 ; Gray, 1. c. 82. Fedia Woodsiana, Torr. &. Gray, 1. c. 52. /'. radial, i, var..
Porter, 1. c. fig. 105." Moist grounds, New York and Pcnn. to Texas.
Var. umbilicata, GRAY, I.e. Empty cells ampliate and in age confluent, vesicular by
incurvation of circular margin, forming. a deep ami rounded or obscuivh cruciform umbili-
ca,t\on.V.uml>il!cata, Krok, 1. c. 67, t. 3, f. 25. F><li,i umbilicata, Sulliv. in Am. -lour.
Sci. xlii., & Gray, Man. ed. 1, 183. F. rn>f/'>it,i, var. nmbilic.aln, Porter, 1. c. 387, fig. 108.
New York & Penn. to Ohio and southward, first coll. by Snllirant.
Var. patellaria, GRAY, 1. c. Empty cells divergent and ohrompressed-dilated, so
that the sterile face becomes open-concave, emargiuate at top and bottom, and the whole
46 VALERIAN ACEJE. Valcrianella.
fruit meniscoidal or sancer-shaped, the expanded and flattened sterile cells forming a kind
of wing, or at length this incurved at base, or also at summit, and so nearly passing into
var. umbilicata. V. patdlaria, Krok, 1. c. 67, t. 3, f. 24. Ftdia pu/< /!uri/i, Sulliv. 1. c.
V. radiata, Shuttlew. in Flora, 1837, 209, t. 3. Ftdia radiata, var. patJ/uriu, Porter, 1. c.
387, fig. 106. Ohio (Sullivant), Pennsylvania, c.
2. SIPIIONELLA, Krok. Corolla salverform ; the slender tube double or
quadruple the length of the obscurely bilabiate-irregular limb, commonly bear-
ing a minute boss or incipient spur near middle or base, sometimes with none ;
lobes oblong, the two posterior slightly more united and averse from the three
anterior : stamens 3 : fruit with divergent empty cells much larger than the fer-
tile : habit and inflorescence of the preceding : bracts ciliate with gland-tipped
denticulations. Gray, 1. c. 82. Fedia Stp/tonella, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 50.
(Species referred to Plectritis by Nutt. in herb.)
V. longiflora, TV ALP. Leaves ligulate-oblong and lower ones spatulate : cymes glomerate,
many-flowered, corymbosely disposed : tube of corolla nearly filiform, 4 or 5 lines long, not
rarely with a small boss at base, purplish or pink, 3 or 4 times the length of the lobes : fruit
nearly orbicular in outline, somewhat meniscoidal ; the semioval empty cells coriaceous with
membranous face, parallel-contiguous and separated by a narrow partition, but widely diver-
ging, each larger than the oblong obtusely short-tipped fertile one. Kepert. ii. 527; Krok,
Monogr. 1. c. 97, t. 4, f. 46. Fedia loivjiflora, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Low rocky grounds, N. W.
Arkansas, Nnftulf, Engelmann, Hurreij.
V. Nuttallii, WALP. 1. c. Tube of the white or cream-colored corolla only about twice the
. length of the limb, bearing a little boss near the middle : fertile cell with a narrow soft
projecting tip. Krok, 1. c. Fedia Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Plains of Arkansas,
Nuttall, Engelmann. Handsome in cultivation, a span or two high, very floriferous.
3. PLECTRI'TIS, Lindl. Corolla with either manifestly or very obscurely
bilabiate limb ; proper tube shorter than the broadly or narrowly funnelform
throat, which bears a descending spur at its base, this in one species obsolete or
wanting : fruit one-celled, its body triangular or nearly so, one angle dorsal, the
lateral angles bearing wings (these in place of the two empty cells, and appar-
ently formed by their early separation and evolution from the middle of the ven-
tral face), or in one species wingless : calyx-limb none : plants all nearly alike
in herbage and thyrsoid-glomerate inflorescence ; the cymules condensed into a
capituliform or interrupted spiciform glomerule terminating stem or branches,
and commonly one to three others verticillastrate at the nodes or axils below :
flowers rose-color or white: all Pacific-American. Bot. Reg. t. 1094; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 83. Plectritis & Betckea, DC. 1. c. Plectritis, Benth. &
Hook.
* Fruit somewhat meniscoidal, only obtusely angled dorsally: cotyledons incumbent, i. e. parallel
to the ventral face and expanded win^s.
V. macrocera, GRAY. Flowers small, commonly in 2 to 4 somewhat distant and spicately
disposed verticillastrate clusters: corolla narrow, white or pinkish, only a line or two long,
with spur sometimes as long as the throat or body, sometimes only half its length ; limb
somewhat equally spreading and hardly at all bilabiate, or equally 4-lobed and posterior
lobe emarginate-bifid : fruit commonly glabrous or puberulent, obtuse or even lightly liu-
eate-sulcate on the dorsal angle, the broad wing of orbicular circumscription, sometimes
spreading or very open, so that the ventral face is saucer-shaped, sometimes incurved so
that it is aeetabuliform. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 83. Plectritis congesta, var. minor, Hook.
Fl. i. 291. P. macrocera, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 50 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 287, excl. syn. Fisch.
& Meyer. Dry ground, Washington Terr, to S. California, Nevada, and Arizona. Varies
much in length and thickness of the spur, also in that of the tubular part of the corolla
below the spur, which is sometimes slender and stipe-like, sometimes short.
Dipsacus. DIPSACACE^E. 47
* * Fruit strongly carinate-angled dorsally : cotyledons accumbent (transvors. ) f<. tlic ventral fate.
-t Wings conspicuous, more or less introrse, in (lie last species small.
V. COngesta, LINDL. Commonly rather stout : flowers in a capituliform or oblong simple
or interrupted thyrsus, or sparingly verticillastrate below: corolla rose or flcsh-colm-ed. :; .,r
4 lines long or in some individuals smaller, with obviously bilabiate limb, and spur half or
less the length of the very gibbous throat: fruit broadly winged, and \\iih prominent, hut
rather obtuse keel, from glabrous to puberuleut or sometimes thicklv short-\ illous cither on
fertile cell or on wings also. But. Keg. t. 1094 ; Gray, 1. c. J'/-tri/ix congesta, 1)( '. Pn.dr.
iv. 631 ; Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray.Bot. Calif, i. 287. /'. brachystemon, I-'isch. X
Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, Suppl. 47 (22), a form with smaller Mowers (the state with
included stamens and style) and villous-pubescent fruit, according to specimen from St.
Petersb. garden; but the char, of flowers, four times smaller than in 1\ congesta and uliiic,
would he that of V. macrocera. Low and moist ground, Brit. Columbia to \V. California.
V. anomala, GRAY. Either slender or rather stout, freely branching : corolla only a line
long, white or flesh-colored, wholly destitute /' x/u; at most a small mammiform gibbosity
near the base of the short and broadly funnelform throat; limb small, obscurely bilabiate
(usually 4-lobed and posterior lobe emarginate or 2-cleft) : fruit comparatively largo (mostly
a line and a half long), acutely angled with sharp edge on the back, with broad wings usually
iuflexed at base and expanding above, but some fruits wingless. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 83.
Wet grounds on and near the Columbia River; Multuomah Co., Oregon, Ilowdl, and
Klickitat Co., Washington Terr., Suksdorf.
V. aphaiioptera, GKAY, 1. c. Slender, with aspect and inflorescence of the next : corolla
onlv a line long, white, with obviously bilabiate limb and short basal spur: fruit pubcrulent
or glabrate, trigonous ; dorsal angle salient but rather obtuse ; lateral angles with distinct but
narrow incurved wings. Springy ground on hillsides, along the Columbia River. Washing-
ton Terr., Suksdorf. Columbia Plains, Nuttall, under unpublished name of Plcctriiis capi-
tata, appears to be the same ; specimen insufficient.
-1 H Wings wholly wanting to the triquetrous fruit, the lateral angles of which resemble the
dorsal. Eetckea, DC.
V. samolif 61ia, GRAY, 1. c. A span to a foot high : verticillastrate clusters 2 to 4, small :
bracts slender-subulate (not pinnately parted as Hoeck states, but uppermost sometimes pal-
matelv 3-parted) : corolla a line or so in length, obscurely bilabiate, with short conical-saccate
spur:"akeue-like fruit of the shape of buckwheat, glabrous or a little pubescent, in Chilian
plants hardly, in ours rather over, a line long. L'< tch mtmolifoHu, I)( '. 1. c. 042. ft. major,
Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. (5) 30. Pltctritis samo/ifolia & P. major, Hack in Engler, Jahrb. iii. :
Low grounds on the Columbia River, Washington Terr., Oregon (Suksdorf), and coast of
California, coll. by the Russian botanists. (Chili, smaller form.)
ORDER LXXII. DIPSACACE.E.
Herbs (all of the Old World) ; with opposite or verticillate leaves, no stipules,
capitate and involucrate inflorescence ; the flowers subtended by bracts, and ra.-li
with a more or less obvious involucel, hermaphrodite ; calyx-tube adnate to the
one-celled simple ovary ; corolla epigynous ; stamens inserted on its tub.- alter-
nate with its lobes, of equal number or fewer, wholly unconnected; style fili-
form and stigma simple; ovule solitary and suspended, anatropous ; seed \\ith
a straight embryo in fleshy albumen. Corolla invgulur or nearly regular; llu-
lobes imbricated in the bud. Fruit an akene, more or less adnatc to the involucel
which embraces it.
SCABIOSA ATROPTTRFUREA, L, SWEET SCABIOUS of the gardens, is familiar : and one
or two of the following genus have become spontaneous.
1. DfPSACUS, Tourn. TEASEL. (Greek and Latin name of Ten-el.
to come from S/r<fe, thirsty.) Flowers in a terminal head or short spike, in u hid.,
48 DIPSACACE^E. Dipsacus.
however, the anthesis is not simply centripetal ; the subtending bracts and those
of the conspicuous polyphyllous and unequal involucre spiuescent. Involucel
calyx-like, prismatic, truncate and crenulate at the border, enclosing the whole
ovary and fruit, at length adnate to its thin walls. Calyx-limb cup-like, 4-toothed
or lolied. Corolla tubular-funnelform, 4-lobed, nearly regular. Stamens 4.
Stigma lateral. Coarse and rough or prickly biennials, with cauline leaves
mostly connate and cup-like at base.
D. SYLVESTRIS, MILL. Prickly, 3 to 5 feet high : leaves lanceolate-oblong : involucre longer
thau-the head : flowers flesh-colored : bracts of the receptacle tipped with a long and straight
flexilile awn. Roadsides of the Eastern States: fl. summer. (Nat. from Eu.)
D. FULLONUM, L. (FULLER'S TEASEL.) Probably an ancient derivative of the preceding:
involucre usually shorter than the cylindraceous head, at length reflexed : bracts of the re-
ceptacle rigid-spipescent, the tips recurved or hooked ; whence useful for raising a nap on
woollen cloth. Escaped from cult, in some places, apparently established in S. California.
(Nat. from Eu.)
ORDER LXXIII. COMPOSITE.
Flowers in an involucrate head on a simple receptacle, o-merous or sometimes
4-merous ; with lobes of the epigynous corolla valvate in the bud ; stamens as
many as corolla-lobes and alternate with them, inserted on the tube ; anthers con-
nate into a tube (syngenesious) ; style in all fertile flowers 2-cleft or lobed at sum-
mit and bearing introrse-marginal stigmas ; ovary one-celled, a single anatropous
ovule erect from the base, becoming an exalbuminous seed with a .straight embryo,
the inferior radicle shorter and narrower than the cotyledons ; the fruit an akene.
Tube of calyx wholly adnate to the ovary ; its limb none, or obsolete, or devel-
oped into a cup or teeth, scales, awns, or capillary bristles. Corolla with nerves
running to the sinuses, then forking and bordering the lobes, raivly as many
intermediate nerves. Anthers commonly with sterile tip or appendage ; the cells
introrse, discharging the pollen within the tube ; this forced out by the lengthen-
ing of the style, which in hermaphrodite and male flowers is commonly hairy-
tipped or appendaged. Pollen-grains globose, echinulate, sometimes smooth, in
Oichoriacece 12-sided. Leaves various: no trite stipules. Development of the
flowers in the head centripetal ; of the heads, when clustered or associated, more
or less centrifugal, i. e. heads disposed to be cymose. Juice watery, in some
resinous, in the last tribe milky.
Heads homoyamous when all its "lowers are alike in sex ; hetcrogamous when
unlike (generally marginal flowers female or neutral, and central hermaphrodite
or by abortion male) ; androgynous when of male and female flowers ; monoecious
or dioecious when the flowers of separate sexes are in different heads either on
same or different plants ; radiate when there are enlarged ligulate flowers in the
margin ; wholly ligulate when all the flowers have ligulate corollas ; discoid
when there are no enlarged marginal corollas. When these exist they are some-
times collectively called the ray : the other flowers collectively occupy the disk.
The head (compound flower of the early botanists), in Latin capitulum, is also
named anthodium. Its involucre (periclinium of authors) is formed of separate
or sometimes connate reduced leaves, i. e. bracts (squamce or scales of De Can-
dolle, &c.) : the innermost of these bracts subtend the outermost or lowest flowers.
The axis within or above these is the receptacle (clinanthium of some), which
COMPOSITE.
49
varies from plane to conical, or oblong, or even cylindrical or subulate. When the
receptacle bears flowers only, it is naked, although the surface may IK, alveolate
foveolate, or merely areolate, according as the insertion of the ovaries or akcnes
is surrounded or circumscribed by honeycomb-like or lesser elevations; or, when
these project into bristles, slender teeth, or shreds, it isjimbrillaf,-: it is paleaceous
when the disk-flowers are subtended by bracts; these usually cbaft-lik, . liim-fore
called palea, chaff, or simply bracts of the receptacle. In place of calyx-limb
there is more commonly a circle of epigyuous bristles, hairs, or uwns, the ^ >pu s,
a name extended to the calyx-limb of whatever form or texture : its parts are
bristles, awns, paleaj, teeth, &c., according to shape and texture. Corollas either
all tubular (usually enlarging above the insertion of the stamens into the tluwt,
and 4-5-lobed at summit, mostly regular) ; or the marginal ones strap-shaped,
i. e. lignJah\ the elongated limb (ligule) being explanate, and 3-fj-toothrd at the
apex. Such are always female or neutral, or, when all the flowers of the head
have ligulate corollas, then hermaphrodite. Anthers with basal auricles either
rounded or acute, or sometimes produced into tails (caudate}. Branches of the
style in female flowers and in some hermaphrodite ones margined with stigma,
i. e. stigmatic lines, quite to the tip ; in most hermaphrodite flowers these lines
shorter, occupying the lower portion, or ending at the appendage or hairy tip.
An immense order, comprising a tenth part of known phamogamous plants, an
eighth of those of North America.
KEY TO THE TRIBES.
Ser. I. TUBULIFLOR^E. Corollas tubular and regular in all the hermaphrodite
flowers.
Heads homogamous and discoid : flowers all hermaphrodite and never yellow : anthers
not caudate at base.
Style-branches elongated filiform-subulate, hispidulous throughout ; stigmatic lines
only near the base: leaves alternate I. V 111; \( )\LU 'EvE.
Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate-thickeued upward and ol.iu-e, minutely
papillose-puberulent, stigmatic only below the middle. II. EUPATOKI Al'E-E.
Heads homogamous or heterogamous, discoid or radiate : flowers not rarely yellow :
style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with stigmatic lines mostly prominulous
and extending either to the naked summit or to a more or less distinct pubescent
or hispidulous tip or appendage.
Anthers not caudate at base: style-branches in hermaphrodite flowers flattened and
with a distinct (but sometimes very short) terminal appendage : disk-corolla^ gener-
ally yellow : rays of same or different color III. ASTE1K >II>E.E.
Anthers caudate: style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers slender, destitute of any
terminal appendage, the stigmatic lines extending quite to (or vanishing near) the
naked obtuse or truncate summit: leaves alternate: heads in cur genera discoid
except in Liula IV. ENULOIDE^E.
Anthers not caudate : style-branches with truncate or variously appendiculate pul.es-
cent or hispid tips : involucre not scarious : receptacle paleaceous, i. e. with chaffy
bracts subtending at least the outer disk-flowers : pappus various or none, never of
fine capillary bristles V. I i KM A NT IK >1DKE.
Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked : pappus from paleaceous to setiform or none :
herbage often punctate with resinous or pellucid dots or glands : otherwise nearly
as preceding VI. HELENIOIDE.E.
4
50 COMPOSITE.
Anthers riot caudate : receptacle naked or sometimes paleaceous : involucre of dry
and scarious bracts : style-branches mostly truncate : pappus coronifonn, or of short
palese or squamellae, or none VII. ANTHEMIDEJL
Anthers not caudate : receptacle naked : involucre little or not at all imbricated, not
scarious. Pappus of numerous soft-capillary bristles. VIII. SENECIONIDE^E.
Anthers conspicuously caudate, and with elongated mostly connate cartilaginous ap-
pendages at tip : style-branches short or united, destitute of appendage, stigmatic
quite to the obtuse summit, smooth and naked, but sometimes a pubescent or his-
pidulous ring or node below : involucre much imbricated : receptacle densely setose
or nmbrillate, or favose : akenes thick and hard : pappus usually plurisetose. lieada
never truly radiate IX. CYNAEOIDE.E.
Also GOCHNATIE, of X. MUTISIACE^E.
Ser. II. LABIATIFLORJE. Corollas of all or only of the hermaphrodite flowers
bilabiate.
Receptacle naked : anthers conspicuously caudate : style- branches short, smooth, not
appendaged X. MUTISIACE^E.
Ser. III. LIGULIFLOS^E. Corollas all ligulate and flowers hermaphrodite.
Receptacle naked or paleaceous : anthers not caudate : style-branches filiform, naked,
stigmatic only toward the base. Herbage with milky juice. XI. CICHORIACE/E.
TRIBE I. VERNONIACE/E. Heads homogamoiis, discoid, with flowers all hermaphro-
dite and corollas tubular, regular or nearly so, except Stokesia. Involucre imbricated.
Anthers without tails at base. Style-branches slender, filiform or attenuate-subulate,
acute, hispidulous or hispid ; stigmatic lines only near the base. Leaves usually
alternate. Flowers never yellow.
* Anomalous genus, with enlarged ami palmately quasi-ligulate outer corollas.
1. STOKESIA. Heads many-flowered. Involucre broad ; its bracts in several series ; outer-
most wholly foliaceous and spreading ; inner with foliaceous pectiuately spinulose-ciliate
spreading appendage to an appressed coriaceous base. Receptacle fleshy, flat, naked. Cen-
tral corollas tubular and deeply 5-lobed, slightly more cleft posteriorly, otherwise regular ;
outer successively more and more palmately ligulate and radiant, the marginal ones larger
and wholly so, the narrowly cuneate-oblong ligule longer than the tube and (regularly or
irregularly) 5-cleft. Akenes short, thick, 3 i-angled, slightly contracted at the callous base
and apex. Pappus of 4 or 5 aristiform smooth and white palece, caducous. Flowers blue.
* * Normal genera, with tubular 5-lobed corollas.
2. ELEPHANTOPUS. Heads 2-5-flowered, condensed into glomerules. Involucre nar-
row, compressed ; the imbricated bracts dry and somewhat chaffy, alternately plane and
conduplicate ; the four outermost shorter. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla commonly a
little irregular, being slightly deeper cleft on the inner side; the deeply 5-lobed limb there-
fore somewhat palmate. Akenes 10-striate, the apex truncate. Pappus of rigid bristles or
awns, mostly with paleaceous base, persistent.
3. VERNONIA. Heads not glomerate, several-mrmy-flowered, rarely one-flowered. In-
volucre of dry or partly herbaceous much imbricated bracts. Receptacle plane, naked.
Corolla regularly 5-cleft into narrow lobes. Akenos mostly 10-costate, with truncate apex
and a cartilaginous callous base. Pappus double, at least in all our species; the inner of
rigid capillary hirtello-scabrons bristles, outer a series of small squamellEe or short and stout
bristles, both more or less persistent.
TRIBE II. EUPATORIACE^E. Heads homogamoiis, discoid, with flowers hermaphro-
dite and corolla tubular and regular. Receptacle in a few genera paleaceous, in most
naked. Anthers without tails at base. Style-branches elongated, more or less clavate
COMPOSITE. 51
or thickened upward, minutely papillose or puberulous, or glabrous; the stum-ilk-
lines only near the base and inconspicuous. Leaves either opposite or alternate
Flowers never yellow, at most ochroleucous.
* Akeues 5-angled, destitute of intervening ribs: corolla-lobes or teeth usually short.
-f- Pappus various, but never wholly capillary, sometimes obsolete or wanting.
++ Involucre 5-flowered (sometimes 3-4-flowered), cylindrical, of 5 or 6 mostly equal rather
rigid bracts : receptacle small, naked : corolla narrow.
4. STEVIA. Akenes linear, slender, sometimes compressed. Pappus coroniform-palcaceous
or aristiform, or composed both of awns (one or more) and short scales.
H. ++ Involucre many-flowered, lax, of 12 to 18 herbaceous or submembranaceous equal and
nerveless bracts : receptacle naked : corolla abruptly much dilated above th- narrow tube,
rose-purple or flesh-color.
5. SCLEROLEPIS. Receptacle conical. Style-branches elongated, filifonn-clavate.
Akeues with an inane stipitiform base. Pappus conspicuous, of 5 broad and u n obtuse or
truncate cartilaginous nerveless scales. Leaves verticillate.
6. TRICHOCORONIS. Receptacle convex. Style-branches comparatively short, linear,
flat or ilattish-filiform, not enlarged upward. Akeues not contraeied above the basal callus.'
Pappus minute or small, multisetulose-corouiform. Leaves opposite or altei, .
H- -H- -H- Involucre many-flowered, campanulate or hemispberical, of 2 or more series of
striate-nerved bracts, more or less imbricated: receptacle flat or convex: corolla rather
narrow : akeues not stipitate-atteuuate, but with a strong basilar callus.
7. AGERATUM. Involucre of mostly narrow bracts in 2 or 3 series, not conspicuously
unequal. Receptacle either naked or paleaceous. Pappus simple, paleaceous, and the palea?
either muticous or aristate, or corouiform ; the crown sometimes almost obsolete.
8. HOFMEISTERIA. Involucre more imbricated ; outer bracts successively shorter. Re-
ceptacle naked. Pappus of 2 to 12 slender or capillary bristles equalling the narrow corolla,
and as many or fewer alternating or exterior short and thin palere.
f -i Pappus wholly of capillary aud mostly uniscrial bristles;
H- These merely scabrous, indefinitely numerous: receptacle naked.
9. MIKANIA. Involucre 4-flowered, composed of 4 or sometimes 8 similar and equal thin
bracts, with or without a loose and somewhat herbaceous subtending one. Recepi .-.
small. Stems (at least in ours) twining.
10. EUPATORIUM. Involucre few-many-flowered, of more than 4 bracts. Neither
twining nor climbing.
H- -H- These long-plumose, rather few : receptacle naked.
1 1. CARMINATIA. Involucre several-flowered, cylindraceous, of seyeral lanceolate linear
3-5-striate thin imbricated bracts, the exterior shorter. Receptacle small, flat, naked. Co-
rollas slender, 5-toothed. Style-branches filiform, acutish. Akeues slender, narrowisli at
the apex. Pappus of 10 to 18 bristles, which are slightly coherent at base in a single scries,
plumose with loug arachnoid hairs, deciduous together.
* * Akenes 10-costate or striate.
-i Bracts of the involucre not herbaceous, striate-nerved, conspicuously so when dry, regu-
larly imbricated; the outer ones successively shorter: receptacle naked : corollas slender,
5-toothed at summit; the teeth mostly glandular externally: pappus a single series of
plumose or scabrous capillary bristles : heads few-many-flowered.
12. KUHNIA. Pappus conspicuously plumose. Bracts of the involucre narrow, in few
series. Leaves nearly all alternate.
13. BRICKELLIA. Pappus from barbellate or subphunose to merely scabrous. Lca\cs
opposite or alternate.
K. H__ Bracts of the involucre somewhat herbaceous or partly colored, inconspicuously when
at all striate or nerved, even when dry,
-H- Well imbricated, the outer successively shorter: leaves punctate, entire: flowers rose-
color, or abnormally aud rarely white.
52 COMPOSITE.
= Pappus paleaceous-aristiform : leaves opposite.
14. CARPHOCH.STE. Heads 4-6-flowered. Involucre cylindrical ; the bracts acumi-
nate, rather few. Receptacle small, naked. Corolla narrow and long, hypocrateriform ; limb
5-parted into slender linear-lanceolate lobes. Akenes slender, barely puberuleiit. Pappus
of long linear-subulate erose-deuticulate scarious palete, the thickened costa continued into a
barbellnlate scabrous awn; and with 1 to 5 small nearly nerveless muticous paleas.
= = Pappus of numerous capillary or stouter bristles, from plumose to barbellulate-sca-
brous : anther-tips emarginate or retuse : leaves alternate.
15. LIATRIS. Heads 4-many-flowered. Involucre spirally imbricate. Receptacle naked.
Corolla narrow, with gradually dilated throat and elongated-lanceolate or linear spreading
lobes. Akenes slender or tapering from apex to base, pubescent. Pappus about a single
series of firm and mostly equal bristles, from plumose to barbellate. Herbs, with heads in a.
terminal reversed spike or raceme, sometimes becoming paniculate.
16. GARBERIA. Heads about 5-nowered. Involucre imbricate in 5 nearly vertical ranks
(3 ur 4 in each rank) of somewhat herbaceous acute bracts. Receptacle small, naked.
Corollas with slender tube, abruptly cyathiform-ampliate throat, and lanceolate spreading
lobes. Akciies, &c. of Liutr'ts. Pappus copious, in two or more series of slender barbellate-
scabrous bristles, the outer smaller and shorter. Broad-leaved shrub, with heads corymbosely
cymose.
1 7. CARPHEPHORUS. Heads many-flowered. Involucre campanulate ; the imbricated
bracts all appressed. Receptacle chaffy ; the chaff subtending the outer flowers, and mostly
shorter than they, thin, deciduous with the fruit. Corolla-lobes ovate or short-lanceolate.
Akenes of Licit ris. Pappus of one or more series of barbellate or plumose bristles. Herbs,
with heads corymbosely cymose.
H- -H- Little-imbricated involucre of bracts nearly all equal in length : receptacle plane,
naked: corolla narrow, with short-ovate or oblong lobes: leaves broad, obscurely or not
at all punctate: perennial herbs, librous-rooted from a small caudex.
18. TRILISA. Heads 5-10-flowered. Pappus of rather rigid minutely barbellate bristles,
nearly in a single series. Leaves entire ; cauliue sessile. Cymules paniculate or somewhat
cymose.
TRIBE III. ASTEROIDE^E. Heads either heterogamous and radiate, the ligulate ray-
flowers feminine or rarely neutral, or homogamous with the flowers all hermaphrodite
and tubular, or rarely the female flowers with filiform corolla and no ligule, or in Bac-
charis dioecious and the female corollas all filiform. Receptacle seldom paleaceous.
Corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers regularly 5-lobed, rarely 4-lobed (obscurely pal-
mate in Lessingia). Anthers obtuse and entire or barely emarginate at base. Style-
branches of hermaphrodite flowers flattened, conspicuously margined by the stigmatic
lines, and extended into a hispid or papillose (sometimes very short) appendage.
Pappus various, or sometimes none. Leaves mostly alternate. Disk-flowers usually
yellow. Tribe of nearly 100 genera, the largest being Aster and Solidayo. The
characters of the subtribes fail in a few instances, either through absence of the rays,
or as to their color.
Subtribe I. HOMOCHROME.E. Disk wholly of hermaphrodite flowers, of the same color
as the ray when that is present, mostly yellow : these corollas tubular with more or
less ampliate throat and 4-5-lobed limb. Receptacle not chaffy, flat or merely con-
vex. Involucre closely imbricated, mostly in several series. (Flowers white in most
species of Lessingia : rays often white in Pentachceta and in one tfulidKf/o.)
* Pappus none, or coroniform or paleaceous, or squamellate, or somewhat setose only in
infertile disk-flowers : heads radiate : involucral bracts coriaceous or chartaceous, some-
times with herbaceous or greenish tips, the outer successively shorter. (See also Penta-
cJmla. The four following genera are very close.)
19. GYMNOSPERMA. Heads several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong; its bracts
obtuse, concave. Receptacle small. Ligules very small, not surpassing the disk-corollas.
Akenes oblong, slightly compressed, 4-5-costate, glabrous, destitute of pappus. Heads very
small and numerous, in glomerate terminal cymes.
COMPOSITE. 53
20. XANTHOCEPHALUM. Heads many-flowered, pluriradiate. Involucre broadly
campanulate or hemispherical. Receptacle Hat or convex. Ligules usuaUy elongated,
numerous. Akenes truncate and naked at summit, or edged with a ring bearing a minute
coroniform or squamellate pappus, or none. Heads larger, solitary at t i I The 1 .ranch-
lets or in. open cymes.
21. GUTIERREZIA. Heads few-many-flowered. Imoluere oblong-davate , turbi-
nate to campanulate. Receptacle from plane to conical, commonly ;il or fimbnllatc.
Style-appendages mostly slender. Ligules 1 to 8. Akenes short, obovate or oblouj
or Singled. Pappus pluripaleaceous, but the pale* often reduced to a crown or minute, in
the ray commonly smaller and sometimes wanting. Heads small, paniculate nr cym
clustered. Disk-flowers, or some of the central ones, occasional Iv infertile.
22. AMPHIACHYRIS. Heads few-many-flowered ; the ray-llowers only fertile; those
of the disk hermaphrodite or subhermaphrodite but infertile. Involucre, <K.e'. of Gutu n
Style-appendages lanceolate ; the stigmatic lines below them indisiii.ei or obsolete. rYrtilo
akeiies pubescent. Pappus of the ray-flowers obsolete or coroniform, or of a few setil'orm
squamelhe ; of the disk setiform-paleaceous, \h. of 5 to 20 aristii'orm palea; or weak bristles
more or less dilated and united at base, nearly equalling the corolla.
33. BRACHYCH^ETA. Heads, &c. as iu Solidayo. Pappus both in the ray and disk of
bristles abbreviated to squamellas.
* * Pappus paueiaristate, i. e. of few (less than 10) elongated awns or rigid bristles, some-
times caducous or wanting: heads radiate or iu same genus rayiess, solitary at the end
of the branches.
23. GRINDELIA. Involucre many-flowered, hemispherical or at first globose; its 1 i
numerous and narrow, imbricated in many series, firm and rigid, with more or l> s h. rbaceous
tips. Style-appendages lanceolate or linear. Akenes short and thick, compressed or turgid,
or the outer triangular, truncate, glabrous. Pappus of 2 to 8 caducous nearly smooth a\\ us
or corneous bristles.
24. PENTACH.<5CTA. Involucre many-several-flowered, hemispherical or campanulate, of
thin and scarious-margined appresscd bracts, destitute of herbaceous tips, commonly tipped
with a delicate mucro. Style-appendages filiform-subulate, hispid. Akenes oblong to fusi-
form-obovate, somewhat compressed and villous. Pappus of mostly 5 (rarely 3 to <; or
even 12) slender and persistent seal irons bristles with somewhat cnlaiged base, sometimes
reduced to this base, or even this obsolete. Receptacle short-alveolate. Rays either yellow,
or white or pink !
* * * Pappus multisetose in either the disk or ray, but not in both, and akeiies of disk
and ray unlike.
25. BRADBURIA. Involucre campanulate, of rather broad and thin scariously margined and
mucronatc-acuminate appressed bracts. Hay-flowers about 12, fertile; the style \ery short.
Disk-flowers about the same number, infertile; their style-branches destitute of stigmatic.
Hues, filiform, barbellate-hispid. Akenes of the ray sparsely villous, trigonal-turbinate with
a strong rib at each angle; the pappus of numerous unequal rigid capillary bristles, little
longer than the akene : those of the disk abortive, with pappus of very few (usually 2) bristles
which are somewhat chaffy-dilated at base.
26. HETEROTHECA. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, of narrow rather
rigid bracts. Receptacle alveolate. Ray- and disk-flowers numerous, both fertile,
branches of the hermaphrodite flowers tipped with a lanceolate or sometimes (in the same
species ''. } ovate-triangular appendage. Akenes of the ray thickisli, often t riangular, with no
pappus or an obsolete crown, rarely a bristle or two; of the disk compressed, sericeous-
hirsute, and with a double pappus; the inner of copious and long capillary scabrous bristles,
outer of numerous short and stout bristles or setiform squamellse.
* * * * Pappus multisetose and double, both in disk and (when present) in the ray ; the
inner capillary; outer very short and setulose or squamellate.
27. CHRYSOPSIS. Heads many-flowered, with rays-numerous, or rarely wanting. In-
volucre campanulate or hemispherical, of narrow regularly imbrieaied bracts.
appendages from linear-filiform to slender-subulate. Akenes compressed, but often turi;
from obovate to linear-fusiform. Principal pappus of numerous capillary scabrous bristles ;
54 COMPOSITE.
this surrounded at base by a series of minute short bristles or squamellce ; these sometimes
inconspicuous or obsolete. (One or two species of Er'njeron with ochroleucous aud even
yellow rays may be sought here.)
* * * * * Pappus multipaleolate or aristate rather than capillary-setose : involucre sub-
globose or hemispherical, of very broad bracts, all or inner ones scarious-margined ; re-
ceptacle alveolate-fimbrillate ; tlie fimbrillce little shorter than the akeues.
23. ACAMPTOPAPPUS. Heads 12-3G-flowered, discoid or radiate : flowers all fertile.
Bracts of the involucre chartaceo-coriaceous, round-oval or broadly oblong and concave,
bordered by an erose-fimbriate thiu-scariuus margin, closely imbricated in about 3 series.
Disk-corollas funnelform. Style-branches tipped with a thickish subulate appendage.
Akenes globnlar-turbinate. very densely long-villous and at length tomeutose, 5-uerved
under the wool. Pappus hardly longer than the akene, equalling the corolla, of 15 to 18
flattened and rigid paleaceous awns, the tips of which are mostly a little dilated, and of as
manv shorter unequal setiform awns or bristles, persistent.
29. XANTHISMA. Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the flowers all fertile. Bracts of the
involucre closely imbricated and appressed, mainly ovate or obovate, with short coriaceous
base and herbaceous upper portion, more or less scarious-margined; some smaller inner
ones. Disk-corollas narrowly funnelform. Style-branches tipped with a filiform-subulate
appendage. Akeues turbiuate, 4-5-costate-angled, and with intermediate less conspicuous
ribs, sericeous-pubescent. Pappus paleaceous-ari state, persistent, composed of 10 or 12 rigid
bristles which are minutely scabrous above, gradually paleaceous-dilated towards the' base,
and longer than the disk-corolla, as many more one-half shorter, and usually 5 still smaller
and shorter external ones.
****** Pappus capillary-multisetose aud mostly alike in all the flowers, simple,
consisting of numerous capillary scabrous bristles in one or more series : receptacle more
or less alveolate and the alveoli often dentate.
-) Disk-corollas 5-toothed or 5-lobed, the lobes from ovate to oblong or narrower : flowers
yellow, with rare exceptions : style-appendages from ovate-lanceolate to filiform.
27. CHRYSOPSIS. Species with outer pappus obscure or wanting would be sought here.
30. APLOPAPPUS. Heads usuallv many-flowered, radiate, rarely discoid, or with infer-
tile rays. Disk-corollas narrow, 5-toothed. Involucre usually (but not always) broad; the
bracts with or without herbaceous tips. Akeues from turbiuate to linear.
31. BIGELOVIA. Heads 3-30-flowered, destitute of rays, small. Involucre narrow; the
bracts chartaceous or coriaceous, mostly destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips. Akeues
narrow, terete or angled, hardly compressed, mostly at least 5-uerved. Pappus of somewhat
equal bristles. Inflorescence not racemiform.
32. SOLIDAGO. Heads few- or several-, rarely many-flowered, mostly radiate, small, com-
monly in racemiform or spiciform clusters, sometimes fastigiate-cymose or in a thyrsus.
Involucre narrow; its bracts mostly not herbaceous-tipped. Akenes terete or angulate, 5-12-
nervecl or costate. Pappus of equal elongated bristles. Leaves not cordate.
33. BRACHYCHJETA. Heads (very small) and flowers of Solidayo. Pappus of mere
rudimentary bristles, shorter than the akene. Lower and radical leaves cordate.
H i Disk-corollas with limb 5-parted into long and narrow lobes, in the same genus either
yellow, white, or violet-purple : no true rays : style-tips comose-bearded.
34. LESSINGIA. Heads homogamous, 5-25-flowered : flowers all perfect. Corollas with
slender tube divided into long and narrow lobes ; the marginal ones sometimes larger and with
a deeper cleft on the inner side, somewhat imitating a palmate ligule. Involucre campanulate
or turbiuate : its bracts well imbricated and appressed, mostly with herbaceous tips. Recep-
tacle flat, alveolate. Anthers included, tipped with a slender-subulate appendage. Style-
branches tipped with a very short and obtuse or truncate densely hispid appendage, which
usually bears either a setiform cusp among the tufted bristles, or a more conspicuous subu-
late prolongation. Akenes turliinate or cuneiform, silky-villous, 2-5-nerved. Pappus of
numerous or fewer unequal rigid and scabrous and sometimes awn-like bristles.
Subtribe II. HETEROCHROME.E. Disk of hermaphrodite and mostly fertile flowers ;
their corolla yellow, or rarely cream-color, sometimes changing to purple ; the ray not
COMPOSITE. 55
yellow, wanting only in certain species (much reduced and inconspicuous in a Bection
of Erigeron and one of Aster). Receptacle- naked (not paleaceous), \\ ith an occasional
exception.
* Pappus of both disk and ray none or coronifonn.
-(- Involucre broad, many-flowered: rays numerous, fertile, conspicuous.
35. BELLIS. Bracts of the involucre nearly equal in length, In T\W> mis or somewhat
membranaceous. Receptacle conical or hemispherical. Style-branches tipped with a short
triangular appendage. Akenes obovate and compressed, nerveless excepl at the matins.
Pappus none.
36. APHANOSTEPHUS. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in few series, broadly
lanceolate, somewhat herbaceous with scnrious apex and margins, the- outer shorter. IJecep-
tacle conical or hemispherical. Style-branches with a very short, and obtuse append;
Akenes prismatic or terete, truncate: the broad apex bordered with a short coronil'orin and
either dentate or entire and minutely setulose-ciliate pappus. Base of corolla-tube often
skirrous-thickened in age.
37. GREENELLA. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in a few series, the outer shorter,
all oblong, coriaceo-chartaceous, with scarions margins and an herbaceous dorsal tip. Re-
ceptacle flat, barely convex. Style-branches with a linear rather <>btn>e appendage, which
is four times the length of the quadrate stiginatiferous portion and much exserted. Akenes
short, somewhat turbinate, obscurely 8-nerved, hispidulons. Pappus a liyaliiie-seurious
crown cleft into numerous setuke or denticulations.
-i -i Involucre narrower and flowers less numerous.
38. KEERLIA. Involucre narrowly campauulate or turbinnte ; its bracts imbricated in
few series, of unequal length, oblong, smooth, thin-membranaceous wilh scarious margins,
mostly setaceously mucrouate. Receptacle small and Hat. Rays 5 to 15, with oblong ligule
on a slender tube. Style-appendages either short and obtuse or long and slender. Akenes
obovate and compressed or subclavate, 2-3-nerved, and with very small epir\nous disk;
those of the disk-flowers mostly sterile. Pappus minute and coroniform or evancM-cut from
the mature akcues.
* * Pappus of solitary or few setiform awns or bristles and of a few palc.-i- or a crown:
rays conspicuous, fertile: akenes without wings or callous margins: receptacle flat or
nearly so.
39. CH^ETOPAPPA. Involucre several-many-flowered, canipanulate or narrower; its
bracts oblong or lanceolate, thin-herbaceous, with scarious margins and lip, imbricated in
two or more ranks, the outer shorter. Rays 5 to 20; the ligule oblong, raised on a slender
tube. Disk-flowers often sterile : their style-appendages short. Akenes either fusiform or
compressed, 2-5-nerved. Pappus of five or fewer thin and nerveless short p >!e;e, alter-
nating with as many or fewer mostly long and setiform scabrous awns, or the latter some-
times wanting.
40. MONOPTILON. Involucre many-flowered, broad; its numerous bracts equal and
almost in a single series, narrowly linear, somewhat herbaceous. Rays numerous : i he ligido
obovate or oblong and with a rather long tube : this and the tube of I he disk-corolla spai
villous. Style-appendages triangular and obtuse. Akeues oblong-obovate, compressed, one-
nerved at each margin, or the outermost also on one face. Pappus both in disk aid ra
short and cupuliform barely denticulate crown, and a single setiform awn which is l.;:r! elhite
or plumose toward the apex.
* * * Pappus short-setulose or squamellate and mostly biaristate, i. e. a ring of vi rj ^liort
bristles or setiform squamclloj and a pair of naked upward-tapering :i\\ns, one over each
edge of the broad and flat winged or callous-margined akene : involucre many-tloueivd,
hemispherical or broader; the bracts somewhat, herbaceous and thin-margined: recep-
tacle strongly convex or low conical : rays conspicuous, fertile: their ukcm-s occasionally
3-winged.
41. DICH^ETOPHORA. Involucre somewhat uniserial; the lanceolate bracts of equal
length. Style-appendages of the disk-flowers triangular-lanceolate. Akenes surrounded by
an almost orbicular firm wing, its edge and the body of the akcne glochidiate-hispil
Pappus of two divergent awns f bout half the length of the akene, and of several minute
56 COMPOSITE.
squamello?, which are shorter than anil concealed by the bristly hairs of the akene. Low
animal.
42. BOLTOISTIA. Involucre imbricated, appressed ; the outer bracts shorter. Style-append-
ages short-lanceolate. Akenes obovate, very flat, with callous or winged margin, glabrous
or minutely and sparsely hispidulous. Pappus of several short-setulose squamelhe, and usu-
ally of 2 (rarely 3 or 4) elongated rigid awns. Leafy -stemmed perennials.
* * * * Pappus a single series of long awns (or only 2 or 3) or of coarse and rigid bristles,
or in the (fertile and conspicuous) ray reduced to sqnamcllai or palete : receptacle Hat.
43. TOWNSENDIA. Involucre broad, many-flowered, imbricated ; the bracts lanceolate,
with scarious margins and tips, outer usually shorter and inner more membranaceous. Re-
ceptacle broad, merely areolate. Style-appendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate or oblong,
much compressed, and with thickish or mostly callous margins, those of the ray sometimes
triangular. Awns or bristles of the pappus from hispidulo-scabrous to barbellulate.
***** Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, at least in the disk, with or without a
short setulose or squamellate outer series : receptacle flat or barely convex : akenes mostly
Cliilljil-i
H Style-appendages of disk-flowers comose-bearded : anthers tipped with slender-subulate
appendages, as in Lessingia : rays neutral.
44. CORETHROG-YNE. Involucre broad, imbricated; its bracts with herbaceous or
green tips. Receptacle foveolate, rarely with a few chaffy bracts toward the margin. Style-
appendages short-lanceolate, dorsally beset with long hispid hairs forming a bearded tuft.
Akenes of the ray abortive and with reduced scanty pappus or none; those of the disk
narrow, silky-villous or pubescent, few-nerved; their pappus of rather rigid and unequal
capillary bristles.
-r- 4 Style-appendages merely hispidulous or puberulous, not comose.
H- Pappus none or a mere vestige in the ray-flowers : these often sterile but styliferous.
45. P8IL ACTIS. Involucre hemispherical ; its bracts imbricated in 2 or 3 series, and with
herbaceous tips, or the outer herbaceous. Rays in a single series, sometimes short. Akenes
pubescent, narrow ; those of the ray sometimes with an obscure ring in place of pappus ;
those of the disk bearing a single series of soft capillary bristles. Leafy-stemmed annuals.
-H- -H- Pappus present and mostly similar in ray and disk: flowers (with rare exceptions)
all fertile. Genera of difficult limitation.
46. EREMIASTRUM. Involucre broad, many-flowered, of numerous lax and linear
bracts, all as long as the disk and nearly in a single series, herbaceous, with hyaline-scarious
and erose-fimbriate margins, their back setose-hispid. Receptacle broad and flat. Rays
numerous in a single series; ligules broad, their base and tube villous-barbate. Style-ap-
pendages lanceolate. Akenes obovate-oblong, compressed, 2-nerved. Pappus of rather few
very unequal and somewhat rigid bristles ; the stronger ones considerably shorter than the
disk-corolla and only 8 to 12 ; the smallest and outermost setulose and scarcely longer than
the hirsute pubescence of the akene, sometimes coalescent irregularly at base; intermediate
ones of various length and more numerous. Depressed winter-annual.
47. SERICOCARPUS. Involucre several-flowered, narrow, of closely imbricated and
appressed whitish and coriaceous or cartilaginous bracts, with green-herbaceous abrupt and
looser or spreading tips. Receptacle small, foveolate. Corollas both of ray and disk white
or creain-color ; the rays seldom over 5 or 6, rather broad ; disk-corollas (8 to 20) with 5-cleft
limb. Style-appendages lanceolate-subulate. Akenes narrow, little compressed, 2-nerved,
sericeous-pubescent. Pappus of numerous unequal scabrous bristles. Leafy-stemmed
perennials.
48. ASTER. Involucre from hemispherical to campannlate, sometimes oblong or turbinate,
imbricated in several or few series of unequal bracts, mostly in part herbaceous. Rays
numerous, not very narrow. Style-appendages from slender-subulate to ovate-acute, com-
monly lanceolate. Akenes mostly compressed, 10-4-2 -nerved, and the pappus mostly simple
and copious, rarely distinctly double. Leafy-stemmed herbs, the greater part perennials.
49. ERIGERON. Differs from Aster in the more naked-pedunculate heads, simpler in-
volucre of narrow and erect equal bracts, which are never coriaceous, nor foliaceous or with
distinct herbaceous tips, narrower and usually very numerous rays often occupying more
COMPOSITE.
than one series, very short and roundish or obtuse style-appen.la-r's. small akenes fur the
greater part 2-nervecl 3 ami more scanty or fragile pappus, in manj with a . oni , ,, nous .hurt
outer series.
Subtribe III. CONYZE/E. Characters of the preceding subtribe ; but corolla of the
numerous female flowers reduced to a filiform or short and narrow tube wholly des-
titute of ligule.
50. CONYZA. Heads small, many-flowered. Bracts of the campanulate involucre narrow
inappendiculate, in 1 to 3 series, Female flowers much more numerous than th- hermaphro^
dite; tlieir filiform or slender tubular corolla shorter than the disk an. I style, truncal
2-4-toothcd at the apex. Akenes small, compressed. Pappus a single scries of suit capillary
bristles, sometimes an added outer series of short bristles or
Subtribe IV. BACCHARIDE.E. Heads discoid and unisexual. Corolla of the fertile flow-
ers filiform. Pappus of capillary bristles.
51. BACCHARIS. Pleads completely dioecious, many-flowered. Involucre regular! v im-
bricated, of squamaceous bracts. Receptacle mostly flat and naked, rare! By; Flowers
of the male heads with tubular-funnelform 5-cleft corolla, and stylo-!, r.ui.-b, - as <>f Aster <>r
Solidayo, but the stigmatic portion obsolete and ovary aborthe"; bhe female ii!i corolla
reduced to a slender truncate or minutely toothed tube, shorter than the filiform -
Akenes 5-10-costate. Pappus of the male flowers of a series of s-ahmiis and often torn
and more or less clavellate bristles; of the fertile flowers of usually more numerous and line
bristles, and often elongated in fruit. Shrubby or some herbaceous.
TRIBE IV. INULOIDE^E. Heads heterogamous and either radiate or discoid ; the
female flowers being either ligulate or filiform (rarely open-tubular), or sometimes
hornogamous and tubuliflorous. Anthers sagittate, and the bas ( > of the lobe* produced
into more or less of a tail (caudate) or other appendage. Style-branch.-- of the her-
maphrodite flowers filiform or flatfish, not appendaged ; the stigmatic lines running to
or vanishing near the loundisb or truncate tip, which is at raosl j'lpillo.-e or somewhat
penicillate: style of staminate-sterile flowers commonly entire. Pappus usually capil-
lary or none. Leaves mostly alternate and heads homochromons ; the involucre com-
monly dry or scarious. rarely foliaceous. See also Senecionitl' <i : . suid ril.e 7 .-' !'jinccB<
(No North American species has conspicuous rays, except a naturalized
Subtribe I. PLUCHEINE.E. Heads discoid, heterogamous and mostly androgynous. In-
volucre more or less dry, but hardly scarious. Receptacle not paleaceous. I', male
flowers with filiform corolla. Adjacent anther-tails or acuminate bases connate, at
least in our genera.
52. PLUCHEA. Heads many-flowered, largely of female flowers, a few hermaphrodite but
usually sterile ones in the centre. Involucre imbricated, of coriaceous to submembranaceous
bracts ; the outer broad, all but the innermost persistent. Receptacle flat, naked and ijabrous.
Corolla of the female flowers reduced to a slender truncate or 2-3-toothed tube, shorter than
the style ; of the hermaphrodite-sterile ones regularly 5-clcft, the style either < ntire or 2-cleft
at apex. Akenes small, 4-5-angled or sulcate. Pappus a series of capillary and soft .or
rigid bristles. Heads cymosely clustered or scattered.
53. PTEROCAULON. Heads and flowers as in Pluchea, but involucre of fe\ur and
linear or subulate bracts: these deciduous with the matured flowers, leaving a lew short
basal ones which are more persistent, mainly by their implexed wool. Receptacle HuaM,
naked, sometimes pilose. Heads glomerate aud the glomerules spicate. Perennial herbs.
Subtribe II. FILAGIXE^E. Heads heterogamous, mo.-ily androgynous discoid. In-
volucre of few scarious or firmer bracts. Receptacle chaffy ; a chaff (palea) or
involucral bract enclosing or subtending each female flower or akene. Corolla of the
female flowers a filiform tube, shorter than the style ; of the few hermaphrodite com-
monly sterile flowers regularly 4-5-toothed ; their anthers sometimes only acutely
sagittate or auriculate at base, and the short style-branches or undivided style not
58 COMPOSITE.
truncate. Akenes (with one or two exceptions) smooth and even, small and seed-
like, the very thin pericarp destitute of nerves or other markings, conformed to the
seed and sometimes connate with the simple seed-coat, or evanescent. Low and floc-
cose-woolly annuals. (Characterized to the exclusion of three outlying Indo-African
genera.)
* Akenes gibbous, so that the corolla- and style-bearing true apex is introrsely lateral,
enclosed in the compressed and cucullate mostly indurating bracts or chaff.
54. MICROPUS. Heads several- but hardly many-flowered ; female flowers in one or two
series on a small and rarely somewhat elevated receptacle, each enclosed (all but the style) in
a conduplicate cucullate herbaceous lauatc bract or chaff, only the tip of which is scarious-
appendiculate ; the few hermaphrodite-sterile ones in the centre mostly naked. Involucre
outside of the flower-bearing bracts scanty and scarious. Ovary and akeue obovate, later-
ally compressed, destitute of pappus, remaining enclosed in the usually indurating laterally
compressed fructiferous bracts, which sooner or later fall awav. Pappus of the sterile
flowers none, or rarely a few caducous bristles.
* * Akenes (straight or slightly curved) with the minute epigynons disk at the summit.
-f Female flowers all bracteate and all destitute of pappus ;
H- The fructiferous bracts enclosing the akenes and deciduous with them, tipped ^with a
hyaline appendage.
55. STYLOCLIISTE. Heads ovoid; the boat-shaped fructiferous bracts borne on a slender
column or receptacle, their erect hyaline tips usually conspicuous, the involute or saccate-
conduplicate body or base embracing the obovate or oblong more or less compressed akene :
those subtending the 4 or 5 central hermaphrodite-sterile flowers barely concave or plane.
Pappus of the latter flowers a very few caducous bristles or none.
56. PSILOCARPHUS. Heads globose ; the numerous fructiferous bracts heaped on the
globular or oval receptacle, cucullate-saccate and utricular, half-obovate or hali'-obcordate in
outline, very rounded at top, herbaceo-membranaceous, the apex introrso, and the ovate or
oblong hyaline appendage inflexed or porrect, or sometimes erect. Akene loose in the com-
paratively ample utricular bract, oblong or narrower, straight, slightly compressed. No
bracts and no pappus to the few hermaphrodite-sterile flowers. Leaves mainly opposite !
-H- -H- Fructiferous bracts open and merely subtending the (usually numerous) akenes.
57. EVAX. Akenes from obcompressed to terete, sometimes minutely papillose or puberu-
lent. Bracts of the female flowers from scarious to firm-chartaceous, not hyaline-appendaged.
Hermaphrodite flowers sometimes fertile, destitute of pappus. Receptacle from barely con-
vex to subulate.
i -i Female flowers more or less of two kinds : the upper ones surrounding the her-
maphrodites and like them with a capillary pappus ; the others destitute of pappus.
58. FIL AGO. Receptacle from subulate to obconical or hemispherical ; its naked summit or
centre bearing several or somewhat numerous commonly fertile flowers, which are all pro-
vided with a pappus of rather copious capillary bristles ; the few central ones hermaphrodite,
the others female; the cluster subtended by open scarious bracts ; the sides or base of the
receptacle bearing several or numerous female flowers, each subtended or its calvous akene
loosely enclosed by a concave or boat-shaped bract. Akenes terete or obscurely compressed,
sometimes ronghish-papillose.
Subtribe III. GNAPHALIE^E (Verse). Heads discoid, heterogamous and androgynous or
dioeciously hornogamous ; the hermaphrodite or staminate flowers when in the same
head much fewer than the female ; the latter with filiform-tubular corolla shorter
than the style ; the former with style or style-branches mostly truncate ; all usually
with capillary pappus. No bracts or chaff on the receptacle : bracts of the involucre
numerous, more or less scarious, or with scarious and often colored or petaloid sum-
mits. Anther-tails slender. Ours floccose-woolly herbs, with alternate leaves.
59. ANTENNARIA. Heads dioecious, many-flowered. Involucre pluriserially imbricated.
Receptacle convex or flattish. Male flowers with mostly undivided style and a rather scanty
pappus of clavellate or apically barbellulate or crisped bristles. Female flowers with oblong
COMPOSITE.
or narrower and terete or flattish akenes, and a copious fine-capillary pnppns. the soft
and naked bristles of which are commonly united at base, so as to fall in ;i ring. j,, )W
perennials.
60. ANAPHALIS. Heads dioecious, but usually with a few hermaphrodite-sterile flowers in
the centre of the female heads. Pappus of male flowers of bristles little if at all thicker at
the apex; of the female flowers not united at base but falling separately. ( Mherwise as h,
the preceding; the female plant differing from the following only in the'sterilii v of ihr few
central flowers.
61. GNAPHALIUM. Heads heterogamous, fertile throughout, of few or many scries of
female surrounding a smaller number of hermaphrodite flowers. Involucre pluriserially
imbricated; the scarious and commonly partly woolly bracts \vii.b or \viihon.t colored paperj
tips or appendages. Style of hermaphrodite flowers 2-cleft. Pappus of numerous merely
scabrous capillary bristles, in a single series.
Subtribe IV. EUINULE^E. Heads heterogamous, with the female ligulate an-1 radial,',
and the disk-flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile (or the former sometimes want in
Receptacle naked. Style-branches of the latter linear, rounded at the apex. Ak.
mostly coriaceous. Old-world genera, one naturalized.
62. INULA. Heads many-flowered ; the rays numerous. Involucre imbricated, hemispher-
ical or campanulate ; outer bracts herbaceous. Receptacle flat or nearly so. Akeues more
or less 4-5-costate. Pappus of capillary scabrous bristles. Flowers yellow.
Subtribe V. ADE:NOCATJLE./E. Heads heterogamous, discoid ; both female and her-
maphrodite (sterile or fertile) flowers with tubular more or less ampliate 4-5-toothcd
or lobed corollas. Involucre not scarious. Receptacle naked. Akene- elongat* >1,
striate or nerved: pappus none. Leaves alternate, partly floccose-woolly. (Here
also Carpesium, L.)
63. ADENOCAULON. Heads several-many-flowered ; the marginal flowers female ;
the more numerous central ones hermaphrodite-sterile. Involucre of few thin-herbaceoua
bracts. Receptacle flat, naked. Corollas all somewhat alike ; of the sterile (lowers broadly
funuclform and deeply 4-5-cleft; of the fertile ones less ampliate, either regularly 4-lobed or
(in the Chilian species) bilabiate, the outer lip 3-lobed; the style of the former undivided,
somewhat clavate ; of the latter with short and broad stiginatic branches. Anther.- sagittate,
and the auricles minutely but evidently caudate, connate. Akenes olnnoid-oblong or
clavate, very obtuse, lightly 4-5-nerved, much exceeding the involucre, the upper part beset
with stout stipitate (nail-shaped) glands : ovary of the sterile flowers inane. Leaves tloc-
cose-woolly underneath.
TRIBE V. HELIANTHOIDE^:. Heads heterogamous and the female flowers ligulate and
radiate, or rarely with corolla wanting, and in the latter case some are monuueious ; or
sometimes homogamous by the absence of the ligulate ray-flowers ; those of the disk
all with regularly 4-5-toothed tubular corolla. Receptacle paleaceous, i. e. with
bracts (palece, chaff) subtending either all the disk-flowers or the marginal ones only,
except in the first subtribe and the peculiar uniflorous or 2-4-locular heads of tin-
third. Anthers at most sagittate, not caudate at base. Style-branches of hermaphro-
dite or sterile flowers (or the undivided style in some of the latter) truncate or con-
tinued into a hairy (from conical to subulate) appendage. Pappus various or none,
never of truly capillary bristles. Leaves more commonly opposite, at least the lower
ones. A varied tribe of more than 100 genera.
Subtribe I. MILLERIE.E. Ray-flowers solitary or few and fertile: disk-flowers her-
maphrodite-sterile. Receptacle naked. Pappus none. (Artificial group.)
64. PLUMMERA. Heads of 2 to 5 ray and 6 or 7 disk-flowers. Involucre obpyramidal,
double; the outer composed of mostly" 4 ovate-oblong obtuse cariuate bracts, which are
united to or above the middle into a coriaceous or cartilaginous cupule ; the inner of as
many barely equal cuneate-obovate plane alternating bracts, their rounded summit tirm-
scarious. Receptacle flat, naked. Female flowers with a dilated-cuneate 3-lobed ligule on a
60 COMPOSITE.
short tube. Hermaphrodite-sterile, with usually a stipitiform abortive ovary, tubular-funnel-
form 5-toothed corolla, its short proper tube thickened, and a truncate-bicapitellate style.
Akene of the fertile flowers obovate, turgid, free, thinuish, nearly nerveless, the upper part
villous with long soft hairs, wholly destitute of pappus ; the epigyuous areola small and
slightly depressed. Flowers yellow.
156. BLENNOSPERMA. Heads many-flowered. Involucre simple, broad. Akenes
pyriform. Perhaps belongs here rather than to the Helen ioidca;, where it has no near rela-
tives: perhaps it should stand next to Crocidium, no. 186.
Subtribe II. MELAMPODIEJE. Ray-flowers ligulate (sometimes obscurely so) and
fertile, the ligule mostly deciduous: disk-flowers hermaphrodite-sterile. Akenes usually
with coriaceous or thicker pericarp, the style mostly entire. Eeceptacle paleaceous
throughout, Parthenice excepted. (Artificial group.)
* Involucre of the several-flowered heads cylindrical or fusiform, of membranaceous or tliin-
nish and striate-uerved oblong bracts, not enclosing or embracing the few narrow and
somewhat obcompressed akeues; those of the small and flat receptacle scarious. (Allied
to the CoreopsideoB.)
65. DICRANOCARPUS. Involucre of .3 or 4 narrow bracts (and rarely 1 or 2 short and
subtending herbaceous ones), at length loose, deciduous in age. Ray-flowers 3 or 4; the
ligule very small, shorter than the style, 2-3-lobed, and with hardly any tube. Disk-flowers
3 or 4 : corolla with rotatory-spreading limb parted into 5 ovate lobes, rather longer than
the narrow tube : style tipped with an entire conical appendage: ovary inane. Akenes di-
morphous, one or two elongated to fully twice or thrice the length of the involucre, from
subulate to oblong-linear, nearly smooth, puberulent, long persistent on the receptacle,
tipped with two diverging or divaricate and stout persistent naked rigid awns or horns; the
others shorter, comparatively thicker, often tuberculate-rugose, the truncate apex bearing a
pair of very short divaricate horns or hardly any.
66. GUARDIOLA. Involucre of 3 concave and herbaceo-metnbranaceous bracts com-
pletely enclosing 3 or 4 narrower white-scarious ones ; and there are narrower similar paleae
subtending the sterile flowers. Tube of the corolla both of ray and disk long and filiform;
in the 1 to 5 fertile flowers equalling the oblong ligule ; in the 5 to 20 sterile flowers com-
monly several times longer than the abruptly dilated deeply 5-cleft limb (its lobes linear).
Filaments very villous ! Style of the disk-flowers mostly 2-cleft at apex, its branches linear
or subulate, hispid to the base : ovary inane. Akeues oblong, slightly obcompressed, smooth,
the rounded apex wholly destitute of pappus ; the base suberose-fleshy, sometimes as a boss
iipon one side.
* * Involucre of the many-flowered heads broad ; the inner bracts concave, embracing
and half enclosing the thick and turgid obovoid akenes : pappus none.
67. POLYMNIA. Heads hemispherical or broader. Involucre of about 5 loose exterior
bracts, and as many or more numerous smaller and thinner interior ones, subtending as
many fertile flowers : sterile flowers subtended by mostly scarious chaffy bracts of the flat
receptacle. Kay-flowers with a short hairy tube bearing either a short or a long ligule, or
none at all. Corolla of the disk-flowers thin, ampliate above, and with ovate lobes. Sterile
style commonly 2-cleft or 2-poiuted at the hairy apex. Akenes very thick, short, smooth,
marginless.
* * * Involucre double, strongly dimorphous: exterior of 4 or 5 herbaceous or folia-
ceous plane bracts ; interior of a single series of small bracts, which completely and
permanently enclose the obovate or oblong more or less compressed smooth and glabrous
akeues with a pericarp-like accessory covering, at length deciduous together : pappus none.
68. MELAMPODIUM. Fructiferous and transformed involucral bracts commonly in-
durated, naked or unarmed. Receptacle convex or conical. Akenes more or less obovate
and incurved.
69. ACANTHOSPERMUM. Fructiferous involucral bracts armed with hooked prickles
. or spines, forming a kind of bur. Otherwise as Melampodium. Ligules minute, concave or
cucullate.
* * * * Involucre broad, of plane or barely concave bracts ; innermost subtending ob-
compressed (mostly much flattened) akenes, but not enclosing nor embracing them.
COMPOSITE. 1
- Ray-flowers, or rather their ovaries and akenes, in more than one peril's, and with ,
gated exserted deciduous ligules ; the akencs falling five, or with n,,K the subteE
bract. (Schizomeria of Mexico is of this section, l,ut with fewer ray-flowi rs.)
70. SILPHIUM. Heads large, many-flowered. Involucre of thickish more or less Mia-
ceous imbricated bracts; the innermost (next to the akenes) small and chaffy. I;
comparatively small, the central part hearing the sterile flowers somewhal inrl.inate in
its chaffy bracts linear, flat, or involute around the pedicilliforin abort ive (.varies. ( !on
of the ray with a long and spreading ligule on a very short tube ; of the dish cylindrical-
tubular, the teeth very short and thickish. Sterile style entire, mn-h elongated in' anthesis,
hispidulous. Akenes very flat and broad, imbricated in 2 or :; series; complefa
from the sulitcnding bract and from those of adjacent male flowers, surrounded l.v a wii
margin which is produced more or less beyond the summit on each side into a callous ;
or auricle ; pappus none or sometimes a pair of short rigid awns or teeth, with which the
wing is couflueutly united.
-1 * Ray-flowers and akenes in a single series; the latter with 2 or 3 bracts of sterile
flowers (palete of the receptacle) attached to their base on the inner side, which thev
take with them, and commonly also the subtending involucral bract, when thev fall.
H- Heads conspicuously radiate ; the ligules plane and exserted, snlisessil.-, \vllo\y . oblong
or oval: receptacle flat : its bracts or chaff, or at least the outer, of railier firm tc.Mnn- ;;nd
more or less involving their sterile flowers or inane ovaries.
71. BERLANDIERA. Heads broad, with 5 to 12 radiate fertile and many hermaphrodite-
sterile flowers. Involucre hemispherical or broader; its bracts in about three series : outer-
most smaller and more foliaceous ; the succeeding larger and usuallv dilared-..ho\ .
innermost thinner, becoming membranaceous or chartaceous and reticulated in aie. Disk-
corollas, style, &c. as in Silphium, Akeue very flat or slightly nieni,-coid:d. obovate, \\inir-
less, not toothed or notched at summit, carinately nnicostate down the inner face, with
evanescent or obsolete pappus (sometimes two minute and caducous hrisilv teeth or awns),
at the back more or less coherent with the base of the subtending plane involucral bract, at
length falling away with it, the ventral face partly covered by the spatulaie bracts of the
2 or 3 attached sterile flowers. Alternate-leaved perennials.
72. CHRYSOGONUM. Heads of mostly 5 radiate fertile and rather numerous sterile
flowers. Involucre campanulate, double; outer of 5 loose and obovate or spatulai*- folia-
ceous bracts which surpass the disk; inner of as many small oval firm-membranaceous civet
bracts, each subtending a fertile flower. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle thin, linear, the
outer broader and partly enclosing as many sterile flowers. Ligules oblong: disk-corollas
cylindraceous, with 5 small spreading teeth. Akene obovate or oval, flat or slightly in^nis-
coidal, with acute but wingless margins, one-nerved on the convex back, carinately 1-2-
costate on inner face, crowned with a truncate or crenately emargiuate semi-cupulate
pappus, i. e. the crown wanting on the inner side ; the involucral bract with which ii Falls
little larger than its back, and closely applied to but not cohering with it : adjacent sterile
bracts less persistent with the akeue than in the following genus. Low and opposite -!. .-.> . d
perennial.
73. LINDHEIMERA. Heads of 4 or 5 radiate fertile and rather numerous sterile
flowers. Involucre double ; outer of 4 or 5 loose and foliaceous narrow lanceolate bracts;
inner of as manv larger ovate-oblong herbaceous bracts, becoming chartaceo-membranaceous,
subtending the fertile flowers. Receptacle small; its inner bracts chaffy, narrowly linear
and nearly plane ; the outer more herbaceous, spatulate, and enclosing the iiliform abortive
ovary, which forms a long pedicel to the subtended sterile flower. l,iu'iilcs oval or obi
almost entire: disk-corollas funnelform. Akene obovate, Hat, slightly meniscoidal, unicos-
tate on the middle of each face (dorsally not ad n ate to the much larger sul.nn.linu bract),
surrounded by a cartilaginous entire wing, which is confluent, at apex, with two triangular-
subulate rigid teeth or horns; a similar but smaller and naked tooth projecting from the
summit of the ventral costa. Erect annual, with sessile leaves, the upper opposite.
74. ENGELMANNIA. Heads of 8 to 10 conspicuously radiate and of many sterile flowers.
Involucre hemispherical, somewhat double; the outer of about 10 rather linear mainly
foliaceous bracts in two series, i. e. the outermost smaller and wholly loose and Eoliaci
the succeeding similar but with ovate-dilated and appressed coriaceous base ; inner of i
62 COMPOSITE.
coriaceous oval or obovate concave bracts with short and abrupt foliaceous tips, subtending
the fertile flowers. Bracts of the receptacle all firm-coriaceous and persistent, linear or
lanceolate, partly enclosing the sterile flowers or their pedicel-like inane ovary. Ligules
oblong, almost entire : disk-corollas narrowly funuelform, 5-lobed. Sterile style somewhat
clavate, very hispid. Akenes filliug*nearly the whole deeply concave face of the subtending
bract (not adnatc to it), and covered by the 2 or 3 rigid internally attached chaffy bracts of
sterile flowers, obovate, wingless, botli faces carinately unicostate : indurated bases of the
bract, the chaff, and the akene firmly and inseparably united, tardily falling away from the
receptacle. Pappus a conspicuous and persistent firm-scarious and hispid crown, more or
less cleft into 3 or 4 irregular lobes or into a pair of lanceolate scales; that of the abor-
tive ovaries somewhat similar but rudimentary, nearly as in Silpltinm. Alternate-leaved
perennial.
w- -H- Heads small, mostly hemispherical, nearly or quite discoid ; the corolla of the 5 to 8
female flowers with the ligule very short, often broader than long, or obsolete : receptacle
conical or convex : flowers whitish : corollas of the sterile ones tnbulur-fuunelform, and the
style glabrous except the more or less dilated and truncate pubescent summit, their ovary
obsolete : akeues more turgid dorsally : involucre of rather few ovate or orbicular appressed
bracts, in about two series : leaves alternate.
75. PARTHENIUM. Fertile flowers 5, with obcordate or 2-lobed almost sessile concave
ligule barely surpassing the disk, or a truncate emargiuate cup. Bracts of the involucre
chartaceous or partly herbaceous, and the inner more scarious : those of the usually conical
receptacle cuneate, tomentose at summit, partly enclosing the sterile flowers. Akenes oval
or obovate, commonly pubescent, surrounded by a filiform callous margin, which is firmly
coherent at base with the bases of the bracts of the contiguous pair of sterile flowers and of
the subtending bract, at length tearing away from the akene ; the summit bearing the mar-
cesceut corolla, and a pappus of two chaffy awns or scales, or sometimes hardly any.
76. PARTHENICE. Fertile flowers G to 8, with corolla hardly equalling the disk, not
longer than the style, an obliquely cleft tube, with ligule obsolete or reduced to 2 or 3 small
teeth; sterile flowers 40 or 50, with funuelform corolla. Involucre of 5 somewhat herba-
ceous oval exterior bracts, and of G or 8 somewhat larger orbicular-obovate and more
scarious interior ones, these subtending the fertile flowers. Receptacle convex, with linear-
oblong or spatulate chaffy bracts subtending the outer series of sterile flowers, but mostly
minute or wanting to the inner flowers. Akenes oblong-obovate, glabrous, wingless, but
acute-margined, with an incurved apiculation terminated by a small sphacelate obtuse tip,
inserted by a very small base, falling away at maturity with the involucral and two recep-
tacular bracts, but these readily separating. Pappus none ; aud corolla deciduous.
Subtribe III. AMBROSIE.E. Fertile flowers apetalous, or with corolla reduced to a tube
or ring around the base of the 2-parted style, : disk-flowers staminate, with funnel-
form or obconical 4-5-lobed corolla, anthers slightly united and their short terminal
appendage inflexed, the abortive style hairy only at the somewhat enlarged and
depressed summit, the ovary a mere rudiment. Pappus none (or a vestige in Oxy-
tenin and Dicoria). Heads small; the flowers whitish or greenish.
* Head androgynous (rarely all male in Dicoria), having few (or rarely solitary) female
flowers at the margin ; the more numerous male flowers all or most of them subtended
by slender and commonly spatulate chaffy bracts : anther-tips short and obtuse, rarely
pointed : involucre open : akeues usually large for the size of the head, free. Ii-cw, DC.
1 Akenes turgid, mostly obovate or pyriform, marginless : dilated summit of the sterile
style hispidulous or radiately penicillate.
77. IV A. Female flowers 1 to 5, with or without the tube or cup representing a corolla.
Akenes more or less obcompressed, glabrous, puberuleut, or glandular ; the terminal areola
small.
78. OXYTENIA. Female flowers about 5, wholly destitute of corolla; their style with
2 oval or oblong and very obtuse stigmatic lobes. Involucre of about 5 coriaceo-herbaceous
dilated-ovate aud rather rigidly acuminate bracts.. Receptacle convex, small; the 10 to 20
sterile flowers subtended by slender chaffy bracts with cuneate-dilated tips, or these wanting
to the central ones. Akenes (immature) obovate and turgid, very villous, nearly pyriform
COMPOSITE. 03
(sometimes with a single diaphanous and minute squamella to represent pappus!), with
large terminal areola bearing around the base of the style a fleshj annular disk. Low, r
part of the disk-flowers and their chaff beset with some villoua hairs, lik,- the very long and
soft ones which thickly clothe the akeues.
-H- -i Akeues .flattened, obcompressed, wing-margined.
79. DICORIA. Female flowers one or two, wholly destitute of corolla ; male flowers 6 to 12
with mere rudiments of ovary and style. Involucre of 5 oval or oblong herbaceous bra
and within one or two larger and broad thin-scarious bracts, subtending the fertile Il.,wcra
or these wanting m male heads. Receptacle small, flat, with a few narrow and hvaline
chaffy bracts among the flowers. Filaments almost free from (he obcouical corolla, i.i..i,a-
delphoua up to the lightly connected anthers! the tube dilate-.! and .Vtoothed at sum. nit.
Akeues much surpassing the outer involucre, oblong, anteriorly flat, convex or somewhat
angled dorsally, abruptly bordered by a thin-scarums pectinate-dentate wing or edge. Tap-
pus rudimentary, of several small and setiform squamelhc.
* * Heads unisexual, monoecious ; the fertile with solitary or 2 to 4 completely or nearly
apetalous female flowers in a closed nutlet-like or bur-like involucre, only the st \ le-
branches ever exserted ; the sterile of numerous male flowers in an open involucre,
the heads in a raceme or spike of centripetal evolution: akeues turgid-obovoid or M\..id,
wholly destitute of pappus : flowers greenish or yellowish : male corollas obconical.
Ambrosiece, DC.
-i Involucre of the sterile heads gamophyllous ; the receptacle low, and abortive style with
dilated apex radiately penicillate or fimbriate.
80. HYMENOCLEA. Involucre of the male flowers saucer-shaped and 4-0-1.. bed, rarely
more cleft : bracts of the receptacle subtending the outer flowers obovate or spatulate ; inner
filiform or none: filaments distinct: anther-tips blunt. Involucre to the solitary fertile
flower ovoid or fusiform, beaked at apex, the lower part furnished with 9 to 12 dilated and
silvery-scarious persistent transverse wings.
81. AMBROSIA. Involucre of the male flowers from depressed-hemispherical to turl.iuato,
5-12-lobed or truncate, herbaceous. Receptacle flat or flattish, usually \\ilh some filiform
chaff among the outer flowers. Anther-tips (at first inflexed, at lengih erect) setiferous-
acuminate. Involucre to the solitary fertile flower uucumentaceous, apiculate or beaked at
the apex, and usually armed with 4 to 8 tubercles or short spines in a single series below
the beak. Sterile heads spicate or racemose above the fewer fertile ones.
82. FRANSERIA. Heads of male flowers as Ambrosia, or sometimes intermixed with
the female. Fertile involucre 1-4-flowered, 1-4-celled, a single pistil lo each cell, 1-4-
rostrate, more or less bur-like, being armed over the surface with several or numerous prickles .
or spines (the spiny free tips of component bracts) in more than one series. Leaves mostly
alternate.
-i -i Involucre of the sterile heads polyphyllous, and the receptacle cylindraceous.
83. XANTHIUM. Involucre of the globular sterile heads oue or two scries of small nar-
row bracts : receptacle distinctly paleaceous, a cuneato or linear-spat ulate chal'h bract partly
enclosing each male flower: filaments monadelphous : anthers distinct but comment; the
inflexed apical appendage mucrouate : sterile style uunppendaged. 1-Vriile heads a do>ed
and ovoid bur-like 2-celled and 2-flowered involucre, 1-2-beaked at. the apex, the surface
clothed with uucinate-tipped prickles: each flower n single pistil, maturing a thick ovoid
akene, the two permanently enclosed in the indurated prickly involucre. Lea\cs alieruate.
Subtribe IV. ZINNIE.-E. Ray-flowers ligulatc and fertile; the, ligule with very short
tube or none, persistent on the akene and becoming p.-ipery in texture ! (but at Im-lli
falling or decaying away in Heliopsis Icevis) : disk-flowers lirrniaplirodile- and in our
genera fertile, numerous, subtended or embraced by diuflY bracts; the corolla cylin-
draceous. Leaves opposite and heads singly terminating the stein or branches.
* Leaves all or mostly entire: akenes of the disk compressed, all or some of them (either
of disk or ray) toothed or awned from the summit of the angles or edges.
84. ZINNIA. Involucre campauulate or cylindraceous; its closely appressed-imbricated
bracts dry and firm, broad, with rounded summit often margined. Receptacle becoming
6 -A COMPOSITE.
conical or cylindraceous ; the chaffy bracts conduplicate around the disk-flowers. Lobes of
the disk-corolla mostly velvety-villous. Style-branches of disk-flowers with either truncate
or subulate tips. Akenes wingless or nearly so ; of the ray obcompressed-triquetrous, of
the disk much compressed. Pappus when present of erect awns or chaffy teeth. Leaves
mostly sessile and rays showy.
85. SANVITALIA. Involucre short and broad, of dry or partly herbaceous bracts, lle-
ceptacle from flat to subulate-conical, at least in fruit; its chaffy bracts concave or partly
conduplicate. Ligules (entire or 2-toothed at apex) often short and small. Disk-corollas
with glabrous lobes. Style-branches of disk-flowers truncate or capitellate at tip. Akeues
either all or the exterior thick-walled ; of the ray commonly 3-sided, and the angles produced
into as many thick and rigid divergent awns or horns ; those of the disk often heterogeneous,
from compressed-quadrangular to flat, some usually wing-margined, the pappus of one or
two slender awns or teeth or none. Leaves commonly petioled.
* * Leaves commonly serrate, slender-petioled : akeues not compressed.
86. HELIOPSIS. Involucre short, of nearly equal oblong or lanceolate bracts, the outer
herbaceous. Receptacle from high-convex to conical ; the pointless chaffy bracts partly
embracing the disk-flowers. Ligules large, oblong or narrower: disk-corollas glabrous.
Style-branches tipped with a very short conical hirsute appendage. Akeues short and thick,
obtusely 4-angular, or in the ray somewhat triangular, with broad truncate summit, wholly
destitute of pappus, or sometimes with the annular border l-4-deutate.
99. BALSAMORRHIZA KALLIACTIS also has persistent ligules !
Subtribe V. VERBESIXE.E. Ray-flowers ligulate and either fertile or neutral, or not
rarely wanting, the ligule not becoming papery and persistent on the fruit (with one
exception), but sometimes marcescent : disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile (or
some of the inner often failing to produce fruit), subtended and sometimes enwrapped
by the bracts of the receptacle. Anthers often blackish. Akenes various but those
of the disk never obcom pressed : pappus cupulate or coroniform, or of teeth or awns
from the 2 to 4 principal angles, or of some squamellse, or of a few stout (but not
capillary) bristles, or none. Leaves either opposite or alternate.
* Involucre 4- rarely 5-lobed and foliaceous, valvate and saliently 4-5-angled in the bud :
akenes short and thick : pappus when preseut pluripaleaceous in the manner of
SelenioidecB.
87. TETRAGONOTHECA. Heads many-flowered; ray-flowers few or several, fertile.
Principal involucre membranaceo-foliaceous, spreading in authesis; the 4 or 5 broadly ovate
bracts connate at base; within are 6 to 15 small chaffy bracts subtending ray -flowers, and
similar to the thiu-membrauaceons and nervose lanceolate chaffy bracts of the at length coni-
cal receptacle. Ligules with short tube or almost nearly sessile, 5-8-nerved : disk-corollas
with elongated cyliudraceous throat, 5-lobed. Style-branches of the disk-flowers hispid
above, and tipped with a rather long acute or acuminate appendage. Akeues more or less
4-sided, with a broad flat summit, destitute of pappus, or with a crown of numerous chaffy
squamellaj. Leaves opposite.
* * Involucre of several or numerous distinct bracts.
4 Bracts of the receptacle permanently investing the akenes as an indurated accessory
covering.
88. SCLEROCARPUS. IIeads many-flowered; the ray-flowers several, neutral. In-
volucre of rather few more or less herbaceous bracts, the outer loose and spreading.
Receptacle convex or conical; its at length coriaceous or cartilaginous bracts closely invest-
ing the akenes and falling away with them by an articulation. Disk-corollas 4-5-cleft :
style-branches mostly with subulate appendages. Akenes smooth, oblong or obovoid : pappus
a short crown or ring, or none. Branching herbs.
H * Bracts of the receptacle mostly reduced to awn-shaped chaff or bristles subtending
the naked akenes.
89. ECLIPTA. Heads many-flowered : ray-flowers numerous, small and short, fertile. In-
volucre broad, of one or two series of herbaceous bracts. Receptacle nearly flat. Disk-
corollas 4-toothed, rarely 5-toothed ; their style-branches with short obtuse or triangular tips.
COMPOSITE. 05
Akenes thick, in the ray mostly 3-sided aud in the disk compressed, more or loss niar'j.iii> d,
without pappus, or sometimes with 2 to 4 teeth or short awns. Leaves oppo.-itr and heads
small.
-f -i -t Bracts of the many-flowered receptacle concave or complicate, I.I;M Iv < 'min-
or subtending the disk-akenes, mostly persistent.
H- Rays uniformly none, the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile : involucre drv or pariiv
so : akeues not flat nor margined : pappus of slender awns or none,
90. MELANTHERA. Involucre hemispherical; the disk in fruii globular, ami s(|i\-i,
with the mostly pointed rather rigid striate concave bracts of the cou\r\ or low-conical
receptacle; bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, tliickish, nerveless, in -2 or :; seri.-.-:.
somewhat eijual in length. Corolla 5-lobed, with campanulate-oblong ampliatc throai.
Style-branches tipped with a subulate hispid appendage. Akem>> thick and short, com-
pressed-quadrangular, somewhat obpyramidal, with broad truncate summit, : pappus of -2 or
more slender caducous awns. Leaves opposite, petioled.
91. VARILLA. Involucre short, of rather few and small linear-lanceolate appivssed-inibri-
cate and mostly few-striate bracts, similar to those of the at length high-conical or oblong
receptacle. Corolla with narrow cylindraccous throat, 5-toothed. St \le-hranclies with short
and obtuse or minutely apiculate conical tips. Akeues narrow, linear-oblong, terete, rather
thin-walled, smooth, evenly 8-15-nerved : pappus setulose or none. Shnibhy or sun"nitico>e.
92. ISOCARPHA. Involucre, receptacle, and dry bracts nearly of the preceding genus.
Corolla similar but small. Style-branches with subulate tips. Akeues 4-.Vanglcd, Mnall,
little compressed, destitute of pappus. Herbaceous.
93. SPILANTHES. Some (exotic) species have no ray-flowers, and akenes not flat, with
pappus also wanting : these resemble Isocarpha.
-H- -H- Hays present, but in several genera occasionally wanting: involucre commonly her-
baceous or foliaceous, or partly so.
=r Receptacle high, from conical to columnar or subulate, at least iu fruit. (Here Gi/m-
nolomia, as to two species, would be sought.)
a. Rays fertile, or not rarely wanting : style branches of the disk-flowers truncate and some-
times peuicillate at tip: akenes small : leaves opposite.
93. SPILANTHES. Involucre of a few somewhat herbaceous loosely appressed brans.
Bracts of the receptacle soft and chaffy, shorter than the flowers, more or less coiiduplicatc
and embracing the akeues, at length falling with them. Disk-corollas 4-5-toothed. Akeues
of the ray triquetrous or obcompressed ; those of the disk either moderately or much com-
pressed and with acute or nerve-like margins, sometimes ciliate-limbriate. 1'appus a
setiform awn from one or more of the angles, or none.
b. Rays sterile (imperfectly styliferous in Echinacea, otherwise completely neutral), soon
drooping, sometimes marcescent, the ligule with very short tube or none : M\lc-l,ranches
tipped with an acute or obtuse hispid appendage: leaves mostly alternate.
94. ECHINACEA. Involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 or more series and squarrose : its bracts
lanceolate. Disk at first only convex, becoming ovoid and the receptacle a.-nieh conical
Chaffv bracts of the latter firm and completely persistent, linear-lanceolate, carinate-concave,
acuminate into a rigid and spiuescent cusp, surpassing the disk-flowers.
and pendent in age, rose-colored or rose-purple, marcescent, usually imperfe
Disk-corollas cylindraceous, with 5 erect teeth and almost no proper tube (a ring upon
which the stamens are inserted). Akenes suberose-cartilaginous, acutely quadrangular,
somewhat obpyramidal, with a thick eoronilorm pappus more or less ex
teeth at the angles ; the basal areola central.
95 RUDBECKIA. Involucre looser, spreading, more foliaceous. Disk from hemispheri-
cal or globose to columnar, and receptacle from acutely conical to cylindrical and subulate;
its chaffv bracts not spinescent, but sometimes soft-pointed. Ligules y,.|l,.w or partlj (rarely
wholly) 'brown-purple. Disk-corollas with a short but usually a manifest proper i
Akenes 4-angled, prismatic, in some species quadrangular-compressed, or n. one nearl;
terete. Pappus a coriaceous or firm-scarious and often 4-toothed crown, sometimes eep
and cupuliforni, sometimes obsolete, or none.
5
66 COMPOSITE.
96. LEPACHYS. Akenes short and broad, compressed, acutely margined or sometimes
winged at one or both edges, somewhat laterally or obliquely inserted on the slender-
subulate receptacle : pappus a chaffy or aristiform tooth over one or both edges, or none,
the crown minutely squamellate and evanescent or none. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle
couduplicate or deeply navicular, with thickened and truncate or somewhat hooded sum-
mit, embracing and hardly surpassing the akenes, at length deciduous with them. Corollas
of the di.sk with hardly any proper tube. Ligules, involucre, &c., of liudbeckia.
= = Receptacle from flat to convex, or in certain species conical : akenes not winged nor
very flat, when flattened not margined or sharp-edged.
a. Kays fertile : style-branches of tbe disk-flowers hispid for all or much of their length :
receptacle flat or merely convex : ray akenes commonly triquetrous or obcompressed :
pappus persistent or none.
97. WEDELIA. Akenes thick and turgid, cuneate-oblong or pyriform, with roundish sum-
mit ; those of the disk obtusely if at all quadrangular, or flattened only at the inane base :
pappus a paleaceous commonly lobed and at length indurated cup. Involucre rather simple
and foliaceous. Leaves opposite : stem herbaceous.
98. BORRICHIA. Akenes equably and acutely quadrangular, or in the ray triangular :
pappus a somewhat toothed cup or crown. Involucre imbricated ; outer bracts sometimes
foliaceous. Bracts of the receptacle concave, rigid. Leaves opposite : stem woody.
99. BALSAMORRHIZA. Akenes destitute of pappus, oblong ; of the disk quadrangular
and often with intermediate nerves (these and the angles usually salient). Ligules with a
distinct tube. Involucre broad ; the outer bracts foliaceous, sometimes enlarged. Bracts of
the receptacle linear-lanceolate. Style-appendages filiform or slender-subulate. Tuberous-
rooted low herbs.
100. WYETHIA. Akenes prismatic, large, 4-angled, or in the ray 3-augled and in the disk
often flattened, also with intermediate salient nerves : pappus a lacerate chaffy or coriaceous
crown, or cut into nearly distinct squamelhr, commonly produced at one or more of the
angles into chaffy rigid awns or teeth. Involucre campauulate or broader, more or less
imbricated; outer bracts often foliaceous. Bracts of the receptacle lanceolate or linear,
partly embracing the akenes. Style-appendages slender-subulate or filiform, very hispid.
Thick-rooted and large-headed herbs, with alternate leaves.
b. Rays sterile, rarely wanting : akenes quadrangular-compressed or more turgid, or flatter,
but none margined or winged ; those of the ray inane or sterile : chaffy bracts of the
convex or conical receptacle either strongly concave or conduplicate and embracing the
akenes : leaves either opposite or alternate.
101. GYMNOLOMIA. Pappus none or a minute denticulate ring; the truncate apex of
the short akenes commonly at length covered by the base of the corolla, the tube of which
is usually pubescent.
102. VIGrUIERA. Pappus of two chaffy awns or palese, one to each principal angle of the
akene, or occasionally one or two more, and of two or more intermediate shorter commonly
truncate palere or squamella? on each side, either persistent or deciduous. Akenes commonly
pubescent. Peduncles slender.
103. TITHONIA. Pappus of Viyuiera or more persistent : habit of the annual species of
Hdianthus: involucre somewhat peculiar, of about two series of bracts, with oppressed
and rigid usually striate base and loose foliaceous tip. Peduncles clavate and fistular under
the head.
1 04. HELIANTHUS. Pappus promptly deciduous, of two scarious and pointed or some-
what awued palea?, mostly no intermediate sqnamelhu or palea?, except sometimes as de-
tached or partly united portions of the principal pales. Ak.eues usually glabrous or
gLibrate. Proper tube of disk-corollas short, and the throat cylindrical and elongated.
.= = = Receptacle flat, convex, or sometimes becoming conical : akeues (of the ray or
margin often triquetrous) of the disk either flat-compressed and margined or thin-edged,
or if turgid some of them winged : pappus not caducous.
a. Truly shrubby, rayless, alternate-leaved : akenes wingless.
105. FLOURENSIA. Rays none in the Mexican (several and neutral in the Chilian)
species. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of oblong or lanceolate bracts, at least the outer herba-
COMPOSITES. 67
ceous or foliaceous. Eeceptacle flat; its chaffy bracts scarious-membranaoeous eondm.lioatc
around the akenes and tardily deciduous with them. Proper tube of . ),'.,]
the length of the oblong-campanulate throat. Appendages of the st : - f rom ob
long to dilatcd-spatulate, obtuse. Akeues compressed, narrowly oblong-coneate caUous
margined, very villous, bearing a nearly persistent p : ,ppu s of a subulate somewhat ch
awn from each angle of the truncate summit, and commonly son,,, intermediate sm
ones or squamellse.
b. Herbaceous, or sometimes shrubby : leaves never decurrent on the stem: rays n.-iitraL
rarely wanting : mature akenes all wingless or nearly so, emar-inate or truncate at sum-
mit, the margins either villous-ciliate or naked.
1 08. ENCELIA. Pappus none, or an awn or its rudiment answering to cadi margin of the
wingless akcne : no intermediate squamelhe.
107. HELIANTHELLA. Pappus of delicate squamellw between the iw., chaff v teeth or
awns which surmount the two acute margins of the akene (and sometimes tl'u- lateral
angles when there are any), or these obsolete in age, Lut not caducous. Ovarv often wing-
margiiied, but mature akeue not so.
c. Herbaceous, or rarely suff ruticose : rays fertile or sometimes neutral in Verbesina, ><r
occasionally wanting: akeues or some of them developing winged margins, .>r sometimes
all wingless, none villous-ciliate : style-appendages acute.
108. ZEXMENIA. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, imbricated ; the bracts com-
monly broad, erect, and dry, or the outermost sometimes loose and i'oliaceous or with
spreading herbaceous tips. Rays fertile. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes of ilic rav or
outermost of the disk triquetrous; of the disk more or less compressed, sometimes flat,
truncate at summit, variably and narrowly winged or acutely margined, awned from one r
more of the margins or angles, the awns either connected by dilated bases <>r with inter-
mediate and separate or confluent persistent sqtiamelhv.. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate.
109. VERBESINA. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical and more or less imbrii-a;. d.
rarely more spreading, from somewhat herbaceous to foliaceous. Pays IV rt lie, or st \ li Eeri >ns
but infertile, or sometimes neutral, sometimes none. Receptacle from convex to .i.nical:
disk from convex to ovoid, not squarrose in fruit. Akeues usually winged and flat or much
compressed, 2-awned, or in the ray triquetrous and 1-3-awned, with no intermedia!. > sq mi-
ni ellae, and even the awus sometimes obsolete or wanting. Leaves opposite or alternate, apt
to be decurrent as wings on the stem.
110. ACTINOMERIS. Involucre simple, of few and small herbaceous and ICM.M- bracts,
deHexed under the globular fruiting disk, which is globose even in antlies!.-.. and echinate-
squarrose in fruit by the spreading of the akenes in all directions on the small and .-o.,n
globular receptacle. Rays neutral, few and irregular or none. Akenes flai, <>!m\;itr,
winged or wingless in the same head. Pappus of 2 slender-subulate naked awn>, at length
divergent, sometimes with 2 or 3 intermediate awns or awn-like squamellse.
Subtribe VI. COREOPSIDE^E. Akenes obcompressed or sometimes terete, and the >ul>-
tending chaffy bracts flat or hardly concave: otherwise as in Verbesvnees. Heads
many-flowered. Leaves mostly opposite. Style-tips of the disk-iloweis produced into
a cusp or cone, or sometimes capitellate-truncate.
-* Involucre single : habit of the preceding group.
111. SYNEDRELLA. Heads with few or several fertile ray-flowers and more mimerous
disk-flowers ; the latter with slender tube to the corolla. Involucre o\ oid or oblong, of rather
few bracts ; the outer larger than the inner, erect, mostly foliaceous. Mracts of the recep-
tacle scarious-membranaceous. Style-appendages of the disk-llowers slender. Akenes or
some of them wing-margined, and the wings commonly lacerate or undulate, in the ray
often triquetrous, the angles or wings surmounted each by a rigid naked awn. Annuals.
* * Involucre double, rarely indistinctly so: receptacle Hat or mnvN convex; the thin
chaffy la-acts of the receptacle mostly deciduous with the akenes. 15ase of M\le not
rarely bulbous-dilated.
+- Rays alwavs neutral (rarely wanting) : akenes never rostrate-attenuate nor with re-
trorsely barbed awns: no ring at the junction of tube and throat of disk-corolla.
68 COMPOSITE.
112. COREOPSIS. Involucre of two distinct series of bracts, all commonly united at the
very base ; outer foliaceous, narrower, and usually .spreading ; inner erect or incurved after
autliesis, more membranaceous, each series commonly 8 in number. Rays about 8, wanting
in one or two species. Disk-corollas with slender tube and fuuuelform or campauulate
5-lobed or 5-toothed limb. Akenes flat, or becoming meuiscoidal, orbicular to linear-oblong,
winged or wingless, truncate or emarginate at summit, bearing 2, rarely 3 or 4 naked (or
upwardly hispid) awns, or naked scales, or teeth, or sometimes wholly destitute of pappus.
^ -- 1__ Rays fertile or neutral, or wanting : awns of the pappus when present retrorsely
barbed or hispid.
H- Bracts of the involucre distinct, or united only at the common base.
113. BIDENS. Akeues neither winged nor beaked, 2-5-awned ; the awns retrorsely hispid
or aculeolate, mostly persistent. Rays neutral (in one Mexican species styliferous), yellow
or white, sometimes wanting : no ring to the disk-corollas.
114. COSMOS. Akenes slender and beaked: rays purple or rose color, in one species
orange-yellow: otherwise as Bidens ; the awns apt to be deciduous.
115. HETEROSPERMUM. Akenes dimorphous; the outer with winged or callous
margin, mostly cymbiform : inner narrower, attenuate upward, margiuless ; these and some-
times the outer with 2 retrorsely barbed awns. Rays fertile : no ring to the disk-corollas.
Heads rather few-flowered.
116. LEPTOSYNE. Akenes oval or oblong, truncate or emarginate, some of them
usually wing-margined or bordered. Rays pistillate and often fertile, occasionally neutral.
Disk-corollas with slender tube girt at summit or near it by a bearded or naked ring, a
dilated throat, and 5-lobed limb.
-H- -H- Bracts of the inner involucre united into a cup.
117. THELESPERMA. Involucre of Coreopsis; but the bracts of the inner connate to
or above the middle, fleshy below, their free summits more membranaceous and scarious-
margiued ; outer of shorter and narrow somewhat foliaceous spreading bracts, connate at
base with the inner. Chaffy bracts of the flat receptacle wholly white-scarious, with a
2-nerved midrib, otherwise nerveless, deciduous with the akenes. Rays about 8, neutral,
cuneate-obovate, or in some species wanting. Disk-corollas with long and slender tube,
abrupt campanulate or cylindrical throat, and linear to ovate spreading lobes. Anthers
wholly exserted. Style-appendages tipped with a cusp or cone. Akeues slightly obcom-
pressed or terete, narrowly oblong to linear, margiuless, beakless, attached by a broad
callus, at least the outer ones tuberculate, papillose, or rugose ; the abrupt summit crowned
with a pair of persistent and stout awns or rather scales, the margins of which are retrorsely
hispid-ciliate, or sometimes pappus obsolete or wanting. Leaves opposite.
Subtribe VII. GALiNSOGtE^. Pappus pluripaleaceous, and akenes commonly turbinate
and 5-angled : otherwise nearly as Verlesinece. Receptacle chaft'y throughout : other-
wise as HelenioidecK. Ours all herbs, and leaves except in Galinsoga alternate and
entire.
* Bracts (chaff) of the receptacle concreted, coriaceous or cartilaginous, persistent, forming
deep alveoli, resembling honeycomb, in which the akenes are enclosed : rays neutral.
118. BALDWINIA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate. Involucre imbricated,
shorter than the convex disk; its bracts small, coriaceous and partly herbaceous. Disk-
corollas with a short soon indurated tube, above cylindraceous, 5-toothed; the teeth glandu-
lar-puberuleut. Style-appendages truncate and penicillate, with a subulate tip. Akeues
turbinate, silky -villous : pappus of 7 to 12 nerveless thin-scarious palere.
* * Bracts of receptacle distinct, linear or filiform, rigid : rays none : palere of the pappus
thin-scarious, nerveless.
119. MARSHALLIA. Heads many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre one or two series
of narrow and equal herbaceous bracts. Receptacle at length conical. Corollas with
a filiform tube and the limb 5-parted into linear lobes. Style-branches truncate at apex.
Akenes turbinate, 5-costate : palerc of the pappus 5 or 6, ovate or lanceolate-deltoid, acute or
acuminate, nearly entire and naked.
COMPOSITE. 00
* * * Bracts of the receptacle distinct, chaffy-membranaceous or scarious mostly dec idu-
ouswith the fruit: rays fertile, 2-3-lobed : paleu: of the pu,,,>us tinner, with a thieki,!,
axis aud fimbriate or barbellate margins, or sometimes wanting
120. GALINSOGA. Heads small, with 4 or 5 short rays and rat hi r numerous disk-
flowers. Involucre broadly campanulate or hemispherical, of ovate and bhin nearlj <
bracts iu two series. Receptacle coiiical. Disk-corollas short, 5-toothed: style-tips a
Akenes turbinate, 4-5-angled. Pappus of several tlm-kish oblong ,,r obovate palese, \\iih
fimbriate-barbellate or almost plumose margins or summit, or wanting. Leaves opposite,
serrate.
121. BLEPHABIPAPPUS. Heads with 3 to G exserted fertile rays, and 7 to \2 disk-
flowers; the central of these commonly infertile. Bracts of the involucre linear-hiireuhite,
erect, nearly equal, in one or two series. Leceptade convex; the chuff thin or scarious and
narrow. Rays 3-cleft : disk-corollas 5-cleft. Style of fertile disk-flowers filiform, 2-cleft at
apex only, and the short branches merely truncate; of the central and infertile ones entire.
Akenes turbinate, silky-villous. Pappus of rather numerous narrow linear or aristil'c.nn
paletE, with thickish axis, and hyaline margins which are rnosth laci late-rimbriaie so as to
appear pectinate-plumose, sometimes abortive or wanting.
Subtribe VIII. MADIE/E. Eay-flowers lignlate and fertile (rarely wantm- ., each sub-
tended by a bract of the mostly uniserial involucre which partly or c.ninph
encloses its akene : disk-flowers hermaphrodite, but some or all of them sterile (-ome-
times all fertile) ; their style-branches subulate and hispid. Bracts of the receptacle
always present between ray- and disk-flowers, generally none to the central ones.
Pappus none (or a mere rudiment or crown) to the ray-akenes, paleaceous or aristi-
form or else none to the disk-flowers. Pacific-American herbs, commonly glandular-
viscid and heavy-scented : such in California called Tai wt eds.
% Akenes laterally compressed, those of the ray particularly so, and enclosed in condnpli-
cate-infolded laterally-compressed iuvolucral bracts.
122. MADIA. Heads many-several-flowered. Involucre ovoid or oblong, few-many-angled
by the salient narrow or cariuate backs of the involucral bracts, Receptacle Hat or coin ex,
bearing a single series of bracts enclosing the disk-flowers as a kind of inner involucre,
either separate or connate into a cup. Ray-flowers 1 to -20, with cuneate or oblong ;Mohed
ligules; their akenes more or less oblique and with flat sides: disk-flowers with or without a
pappus, either sterile or fertile.
* * Akenes of the rav from obovate or triangular with broad rounded back to davate-
oblong, more commonly obcompressed, never laterally compressed with narrow la. k,
-i Arcuate-incurved and obcompressed, completely invested by the whole of the con Conned
at length coriaceous iuvolucral bracts.
123. HEMIZONELLA. Heads few-flowered; the ray-flowers only 4 or 5; disk-flowers
solitary or rarely 2 to 4 ; both fertile aud destitute of pappus. Involucre as in M,,,/,., Hn,
paicarpus, but the 4 or 5 arcuate infolded bracts broad on the back and rather olic 'in-
pressed ; those of the receptacle 3 to 5 and connate into a cup. Ligules minute.
glabrous or sparsely pilose, obovate or somewhat fusiform; of the disk straight but oblique.
Leaves mostly opposite.
+- -f- Ray akenes thick and short, turgid, partly enclosed by the. lower part of the involu-
cral bract.
124. HEMIZONIA. Heads many- or sometimes few-flowered: brans of the involucre
rounded ou the back. Ray-akenes more or less oblique; those of the dis
fertile, or in the later sections some or even most of them fertile, with or withot
Leaves mainly alternate.
H__ H__ .,__ Ray akenes mostly obcompressed, never laterally compressed, wholly enclosed in
an obcompressed basal portion of the subtending involucral bracts, the dilated mar
which are abruptly infolded.
125 ACHYRACHJENA. Heads many-flowered : ray-flowers 6 to 10, with .".-deft lignlc
much shorter than its filiform tube, little surpassing the disk: disk-corollas slender, 5
70 COMPOSITE.
toothed. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of lanceolate thin-herbaceous bracts, deciduous at
maturity : bracts of the nearly flat receptacle similar but thinner, only between the disk and
ray, distinct. Akenes all clavate, with attenuate base, symmetrical, 10-costate, the ribs or
the alternate ones tuberculate-scabrous at maturity ; those of the ray slightly obcompressed,
rounded at apex and with slightly protuberant areola, not rarely an abortive pappus in the
form of a minute denticulate crown ; those of the disk chiefly fertile, the truncate apex
bearing a large pappus of 10 elongated-oblong obtuse silvery -scarious palete, the 5 inner as
long as the corolla and akene, the alternate outer ones shorter.
126. LAGOPHYLLA. Heads several-flowered: ray-flowers about 5, with 3-parted or
deeply 3-cleft ligules : disk-flowers sterile, with 5-lobed corollas. Bracts of the involucre
thin-herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed akeue : bracts of the small receptacle 5 to 12
between the ray and disk. Akenes of the disk slender, abortive, destitute of pappus or
with some caducous bristles; of the ray obcompressed, oblong-obovate, smooth ami glulirous,
nearly straight, the areola not protuberant, rarely a saucer-shaped cup in place of pappus.
127. LAYIA. Heads many-flowered, broad: ray-flowers 8 to 20, with 3-lobed or toothed
ligules : disk-flowers fertile, or the central sometimes infertile ; their corollas cylindraceous-
funuelform and 5-lobed. Bracts of the involucre flattened on the back below, with abruptly
dilated thin margins infolded so as to enclose the ray-akene. Receptacle broad and flat,
bearing a series of thin chaffy bracts between the ray- and disk-flowers, sometimes additional
more scarious ones among the flowers. Akenes of the ray obcompressed, obovate-oblong or
narrower, almost always smooth and glabrous, destitute of pappus (or rarely a crown or
vestige), the terminal areola somewhat protuberant and disciform ; those of the disk similar
or more liuear-cuueate, mostly pubescent, bearing a pappus of 5 to 20 bristles, 3wus, or
paleae, or rarely none.
TRIBE VI. HELENIOIDE.E. Heads heterogainous and the ligulate ray-flowers mostly
fertile, or homogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and fertile, rarely some infer-
tile, with regular 4-5-toothed tubular corolla. Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of
bracts (palecc), but rarely firnbrillate. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or inembra-
naceous, not scarious. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers with either truncate
or appendiculate tips. Pappus paleaceous or aristiform, or sometimes plurisetose, but
the bristles when capillary always more or less rigid. A peculiarly American tribe,
diiiering from the preceding in the total absence of receptacular bracts ; some genera
with setose pappus making transition to the Senecionidece ; others, with short pappus
or none, to the Anthemidece.
Subtribe I. JAUMIE.E. Involucre of broad bracts imbricated in two or more series.
Ligules not persistent. Akenes 5-angled or terete and several-nerved. Many-flow-
ered heads in ours radiate, and the ray-flowers fertile. No oil-glands.
* Receptacle setose-fimbrillate, convex : pappus plurisetose.
128. CLAPPIA. Involucre hemispherical, of rather few oval and very obtuse somewhat
striate coriaceous bracts, imbricated in 2 or 3 series. Hays 12 to 15, linear, 3-denticulate
at apex. Disk-corollas with slender tube and campanulate 5-cleft limb. Style-branches
conical-tipped. Akeues equalled by the very slender fmihrillae of the receptacle, oblong-,
turbinate, terete, 8-10 nerved, hirtellous on the nerves. Pappus of 20 to 25 rigid and
somewhat paleolate hispidulous-scabrous distinct bristles, broader toward the base, longer
than the akeue. Fruticulose, with alternate fleshy leaves.
* * Receptacle naked : pappus in ours none.
129. JAUMEA. Involucre campanulate, its bracts fleshy or membranaceous, the outer
shorter. Corollas glabrous. Receptacle in ours conical. Style-branches papillose or hairy,
truncate or short-conical at tip. Akenes 10-nerved: pappus iu exotic species of narrow and
pointed or awncd strongly 1 -nerved paleaj, in ours none.
130. VENEGASIA. Involucre very broad, of 2 or 3 series of roundish membranaceous
erect bracts, some innermost narrower and scarious, and a series of outer and loose narrower
herbaceous ones. Receptacle flat. Rays numerous, elongated, entire or 3-toothed at the
narrow apex : tube of corollas glandular-bearded, especially at base. Style-branches very
obtuse. Akenes many-nerved, destitute of pappus.
COMPOSITE. 71
Subtribe II. RIDDELLIEJE. Involucre of narrow equal erect bracts. Ligules persistent
and becoming papery on the usually striate-nerved akenes. Herbage moie, or less
white- woolly : no oil-glands.
* Pappus paleaceous : rays very broad, few.
131. RIDDELLIA. Heads with 3 or 4 ray- and 5 to 12 disk-flowers, all fertile. Involucre
cylindraceous-campanulate, of 4 to 10 linear-oblong coriaceous \voollv bracts, and a few
smaller scarious ones within, sometimes au additional narrow outer one. Receptacle small,
flat. Ligules as broad as long, abruptly contracted at base into a short tube, truncate and
2-3-lobed, 5-7-nerved, the nerves uniting in pairs within the lobes. Disk-corollas elongated-
cylindraceous, with very short proper tube, and short externally glandular-bearded teeth.
Style-branches truncate-capitate. Akenes narrow, terete, obscurely striatc or angled. Pap-
pus of 4 to 6 hyaline nerveless and pointless paleje.
-* * Pappus none : rays several or numerous : disk-flowers numerous.
132. BAILEYA. Involucre hemispherical, of numerous thin-herbaceous linear bracts in
2 or 3 series, very woolly on the back. Receptacle flat or barely convex. Kay-flowers
5 to 50 ; the ligules from round-oval to oblong-cuueate, 3-toothed at apex, 7-nerved, taper-
ing into a narrow but not tubular base, becoming scarious-papery but thin, persistent on the
truncate summit of the akene. Disk-flowers fertile; their corollas tubular-funnelform above
the short proper tube, 5-toothed ; the teeth glandular-bearded. Style-branches short, with
truncate-capitate tips. Akeues oblong-linear or clavate, somewhat angled, pluricostate or
striat^; the truncate apex obscurely toothed by extension of the ribs, or in the ray callous-
thickened.
133. WHITNEYA. Involucre campanulate, of 9 or 12 oblong or broadly lanceolate
equal thin-herbaceous bracts, nearly in a single series, in fruit somewhat cyiubit'orm-eari-
nate near the base, not villous. Receptacle narrow-conical, villuus. Hay-flowers 7 to 9 ;
ligule elongated-oblong, minutely 3-toothed at apex, 10-lG-nerved (the nerves also prominent
on the short tube), becoming thin-papery, persistent. Disk-flowers numerous, infertile, the
tubular-funnelform obtusely 5-toothed corollas persistent on the sterile akcues : style-branches
linear, pubescent externally, with rather obtuse tips. Eay-akenes only maturing, oblong,
slightly obcompressed, obtuse at both euds, lightly nerved.
Subtribe III. PERITYLE^. Involucre of equal and narrow erect bracts, in only one or
two series. Ray-flowers female or none ; the ligule deciduous : disk-cornllas narrow,
4-toothed. Akenes flat, with only marginal callous nerves, usually much ciliate.
Style-branches and their appendages slender. Receptacle Hat or convex Plants not
floccose-tomentose, and with no oil-glands, (ttuhca, 154, might be sought li
Eatondla, 137, and Crockeria, 137 a , also have flat and ciliate akciius willi strong mar-
ginal nerves.)
134. LAPHAMIA. Head several- to many-flowered. Bracts of the hemispherical invo-
lucre distinct, more or less overlapping. Style-tips setaceous subulate, hirsute.
akenes naked or not much ciliate. Pappus none, or of one or two, or sometimes
bristles. Suffruticulose perennials, or herbaceous from a thick woody I
flowered.
1 35 PERIT YLE Head many-flowered. Involucre of preceding, or the bracts more can.
' nate-concave and partly embracing outer akenes. Style-branches with either B
or obtuse) or slender hirsute tips. Akenes at maturity cartilaginous-margined usually
strongly ciliate. Pappus a squamellate or cupulate crown, and commonly .
from one or both angles. Mostly annuals, white- or yellow-flowered
136 PERICOME Head many-flowered, homogamous. Involucre a strictly si i
of numerous narrow bracts, which are lightly connate by their edges mto a ,
cup. Disk-corollas sleuder, with viscous-glandular tube nearly the lengl h of 1 he cj
throat, from which the anthers are much exserted. Style-tips filiform, rather ,
Akeues strongly villous-ciliate. Pappus a squamellate lacerate-ciliate crown, and
a pair of short awns, one from each angle of the akene. Perennial, yellow-f)
long-acuminate leaves.
72 COMPOSITE.
Subtribe IV. HELENIE.E. (Bacriece & Euhelsniece, Bentli. & Hook., excl. gen.) In-
volucre hardly at all imbricated ; its bracts when broad nearly equal or in a single
series. Ligules not persistent. Disk-flowers numerous except in Schkuhria, with 5
or rarely 4 teeth or lobes. Akenes few-nerved or angled, or more numerously striate-
angled only when turbinate or pyriforni. No oil-glands. (Raillarddla, 190, might
be sought here.)
* Anomalous : akenes (as iu Perityler?) flat-compressed, ivith no lateral nerves, the callous
or nerved margins densely ciliate-friuged : rays fertile or none : disk-corolla with dilated
limb : style-tips truncate-capitate, with or without a slight cusp.
1 37. EATONELLA. Involucre of 5 to 8 oval or oblong obtuse and distinct bracts. Recep-
tacle hardly convex. Disk-corollas short. Akenes callous-margined,, ciliate with dense very
long villosity, outermost obcompressed. Aspect of EriopJnjllinn.
137J.. CROCKERIA. Involucre and other characters of Lcmtlir.nia HoJorjymne. Akenes
obovate-oval, very densely fringed with clavate glandular hairs. See Supplement.
* * Baeria type : receptacle conical, mostly hi^h-conical and acute, beset after the akeues
have fallen by projecting points (as if pedicels, on which they were inserted) : bracts of
the involucre herbaceous, iu one or rarely two series and commonly broad, sometimes
cupulate-connate : female flowers ligulate, or sometimes wanting: akenes narrow and
from oblong (or in one l\fii<f!i>]>in somewhat obovate) to linear, usually tapering to the
base, few-nerved and angled or nerveless, not callous-margined : herbage not impressed-
punctate nor resinous-atomiferous.
i Involucre (almost always) gamophyllons and simple, hemispherical or campanulate :
disk-corollas with rather slender tube and dilated throat or limb: anther-tips ovate or
oblong : style-tips capitate-truncate or obtuse.
143. ERIOPHYLLUM. Akenes slender, and usually with a paleaceous pappus.
138. MONOLOPIA. Head conspicuously radiate, with broad ligules: inner disk-flowers
often infertile. Receptacle high-conical. Involucre broad, of one or rarely two series of
bracts, which are normally connate by their edges into a several-loo! lied or lobed hemispheri-
cal cup, but sometimes distinct even to the base. Lobes of disk-corollas somewhat bearded.
Akeues obovate or obovate-oblong, quadrangular-compressed or the outer obcompressed-
triaugular, sometimes acute-margined, with small terminal areola, and no pappus. Floccose-
tomeutose and alternate-leaved annuals.
139. L, ASTHENIA. Head radiate, or discoid by diminution of the ligules: disk-flowers
all fertile. Involucre a single series of bracts connate by their edges into a 5-15-toothed
glabrous green cup. Disk-corollas 4-5-lobed. Akenes linear or narrowly oblong, coin-
pressed, slightly 2-3-nerved or nerveless, nearly marginless, scabro-puberuleat or glabrous.
Pappus of 5 to 10 firm and subulate-tipped piilcaj, or none. Glabrous and smooth annuals,
with opposite entire sessile leaves
) H Involucre of few or several distinct and thinnish herbaceous bracts in a single series,
loose, open at maturity of fruit, not rarely deciduous: disk-corollas with slender tube
which equals or exceeds iu length the campanulate or cyat Inform 5-lobed (rarely 4-lobed)
limb : leaves all opposite, sometimes connate at their sessile bases.
140. BURRIELIA. Head few-flowered, discoid, the 1 to 3 female flowers with li-ule
wanting or shorter than the style. Involucre cylindraceous, of 3 or 4 narrowly oblong plane
bracts. Receptacle slender-subulate. Style-tips short-ovate, rather obtuse. Akenes slen-
der, fusiform-linear, flattish. Pappus of 2 to 4 long attenuate-subulate paleae.
141. BAERIA. Head mostly many-flowered, radiate: rays 5 to 15, conspicuous. Bracts
of the campanulate or hemispherical involucre as many, ovate or oblong, plane or becoming
somewhat carinate at middle, at least below. Receptacle subulate to high-conical. Style-
tips from truncate-capitate, with or without a central apiculation, to ovate and sometimes
with a cuspidate appendage. Akeues clavate-liuear to linear-cuneate. Pappus a few palea;
or paleaceous awns, or both, often wanting.
* * * Bahia type: receptacle flat or convex (rarely obtusely conical) : akenes from linear
to obpyramidal, rarely 5-augled, occasionally with intermediate nerves : flowers (with few
exceptions) all fertile.
COMPOSITE. 73
H Involucre many-flowered, from hemispherical to cylindraceous ; the bracts strictly erect,
not membranaceons, persistent, from oblong to oval, more <>r less c:iriii:itt.-coi]c;ive "in fruit
and partly receiving the subtended akeue : herbage mostly floccose woolly, not impri
punctate nor resinous-atom if erous : leaves alternate or opposite.
142. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS. Involucre narrow, of about 5 equal and oblong carinate-
concave thinnish-herbaceous bracts, which are partly wrapped around the rav-akenes. Re-
ceptacle flat. Kay-flowers about 5, with oval ligules 3-lobed or toothed at summit.
Disk-corollas with very short proper tube, and elongated funnelform or cvlindraceous tin
the stamens therefore inserted near the base; lobes 5, ovate-oblong. Anther-lips slnder,
long-lanceolate or linear. Style-tips elongated-lanceolate, acute, flattened, of the Asteroid
type. Akenes linear-turbinate, 5-costate or angled, hairy. Pappus of numerous barbellu-
late white bristles in a single series, rather shorter than the disk-corollas, pak-aceouslv and
somewhat unequally imited into a ring at base, deciduous, or in the second .-pecies wanting.
Low and branching annuals, short-peduucled.
143. ERIOPHYLLUM. Involucre from hemispherical-campanulate to oblong, commonly
equalling the disk, of one or sometimes two series of oblong or narrower finn-herliaceons or
coriaceous permanently erect bracts, either distinct or sometimes partiallv united into a cup,
at least in fruit concave or concave-carinate at centre, into which concavity the MiKtended
akenes are partially received. Receptacle from convex or rarely conical to plane. Ilav-
flowers usually with broad ligules, very rarely none. Disk-corollas with distinct and some-
times slender proper tube. Style-tips truncate, obtuse, or obscurely capitellate-conical.
Akenes narrow, from clavate-linear to ctincate-oblong, mostly 4-angled. Pappus of ner\
and mostly pointless (rarely awucd or setiform) pale*. Floccose-tomentose or rarely glabrate
herbs, rarely suffruticose.
f H Involucre many- (at least 12-20-) flowered ; the bracts wholly herbaceous, not colored
nor scarions-tipped, broad or broadish, plane or merely concave, equal and in a nngle or
hardly double series, not embracing akenes: receptacle small: corolla-lobes or teeth
short: herbage destitute of impressed punctures and resinous atoms, not tlocco.-e-lanate.
144. BAHIA. Involucre hemispherical or obovatc and lax or open in fruit; the piano,
bracts distinct to and commonly narrower at the base. Receptacle small, mostly flat.
Female flowers with exserted ligules, or rarely none. Style-tips truncate or ol.tuse. Akenes
narrow, quadrangular. Pappus (rarely wanting) of several scarkms pal-a.-, with callous-
thickened opaque base, which is sometimes extended into a strong midnerve (costaj.
145. AMBLYOPAPPUS. Characters of Dahia : but involucre of only ."> to 6 broadly
obovate bracts, their centre in age more or less carinate-concave ; small receptacle conical;
head discoid; corollas all short-tubular, and in the few female flowers minutely 2-3-toothed,
shorter than the style, in the hermaphrodite flowers 5-toothed, the teeth soon comment.
Akenes elongated-obpyramidal, pubescent. Pappus of 8 to 12 oblong obtuse rather firm
pale*, with merely thickened base and no costa, nearly equaUing the corollas.
^ 4_ 4_ Involucre 3- 9-flowered; its bracts few, equal, broad and with roundish more or
less scarious-petaloid summit, concave-carinate : corollas only 5-toothed : herbage minutely
impressed-punctate and resiuous-atomiferous.
146. SCHKUHRIA. Heads effusely paniculate. Involucre clavate-turbinate or obpyrami-
dal of 4 or 5 erect bracts and sometimes an accessory bractlet at base. Receptacle verj
small Female flowers only one or two, with a short or sometimes obsolete ligule not ex
ceeding the hermaphrodite flowers, or altogether wanting. Akenes obpyramidnl-tetragonal,
the faces not rarely 2-3-striate. Pappus of 8 scarious pale*, the larger often equalling
short corolla, either nerveless with callous-thickened base, or with a prominent .
or their divisions filiform.
+. +_ n_ H_ Involucre many- (rarely 12-15-) flowered; its bracts mostly appressed, with
scarious-membranaceous and usually colored tips and sometimes margins : clis
deeply 5-cleft anthers partly or wholly exserted : leaves alternate, not impressed-punc-
tate except in Hymenopappus : receptacle small and flat: heads except in two
homogamous : flowers seldom yellow, but sometimes so.
1-4-7 HYMENOTHRIX Involucre turbinate-campanulate, or in age more open, about
"so-flowered, shorter than the disk; its principal bracts 7 to 10, obovate or lanceolate-ob
74 COMPOSITE.
thin, half or more scarious-petaloid, plane ; commonly one or more accessory outer bracts.
Ray-flowers 6 to 10 and with oblong exserted ligule 3-cleft at the apex, or none. Disk-
corollas with narrow tube and lobes, one or two of the sinuses a little deeper than the others.
Style-branches flattish, with subcapitate tips, with or without a central cusp. Akenes 4-5-
angled, tapering from broad summit to attenuate base. Pappus about the length of the
akene, of 12 to 20 narrow lanceolate hyaline paleze, traversed by a strong costa which is
exeurrent into a seal irons awn.
148. HYMENOPAPPUS. Involucre broadly campanulate; its bracts 6 to 12, equal, obo-
vate to broadly oblong, thin, the rounded summit and usually the margins scarious-colored
or petaloid. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers numerous, all alike. Corolla with narrow
tube, abruptly dilated throat, and ovate reflexed or widely spreading lobes. Style-branches
with short and thick conical appendages. Akenes obpyramidal, 4-5-augled, with attenuate
base, the faces 1-3-nerved ; the nerves at maturity sometimes as prominent as the angles,
except in one species. Pappus of 10 to 20 thiii-scarious and mostly hyaline obtuse palea?, with
or without a costa or central opacity, sometimes very short and small or quite obsolete.
149. FLORESTINA. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, 15-25-flowered; its bracts 6 to 8
in a single series, equal, obovate-spatnlate, thin-herbaceous, with scarious-colored (whitish or
purplish) rounded tips. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers with corolla widely dilated above
the short narrow tube, deeply 5-cleft into oblong spreading lobes. Style-branches terminated
by a rather long attenuate-subulate hispid appendage. Akenes narrowly obpyramidal, 4-5-
angled, pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 8 obovate pointless paleaj, hyaline-scarious from a callous
thickened narrow base or axis.
150. POLYPTERIS. Involucre from broadly campanulate to tnrbinate; its bracts from
spatulate to linear-lanceolate, commonly in two series and equal, rarely with some accessory
shorter ones, the tips or (in the original species) a larger portion membrauaceous and col-
ored or petaloid. Rays iii one species distinctly evolute into a palmate ligule and fertile;
in the others wanting. Corolla of the disk-flowers with filiform tube abruptly dilated into
a 5-parted limb, the long lobes lorate-linear. Stamens wholly exserted. Style-branches fili-
form, wholly hispidulous, acutish or barely obtuse. Akenes from linear and downwardly
attenuate to elavate-obpyramidal, 4-sided, only minutely pubescent. Pappus of 6 to 12 equal
pak>:v, with a strong percurrent costa, otherwise hyaline-scarious, rarely abortive or wanting;
in the outermost flowers usually shorter.
H 1 1 4 -i Involucre many- (or 12-30-) flowered; its bracts linear (rarely broader),
erect, equal and similar in a single or hardly in two series, herbaceous to the tip, inclined
to embrace subtended akenes : receptacle flat, mostly small : akeues slender, linear-te-
tragonal or more compressed, merely pubescent : head discoid (rarely an inconspicuous
ligule) : corollas with short lobes or teeth and long throat : leaves alternate.
H- Leaves simple, entire : flowers never yellow.
151. PALAFOXIA. Heads homogamous and flowers all alike, except in the pappus. In-
volucre oblong or campauulate. Corolla with tube and narrow lobes shorter than the cylin-
draceous throat. Style-branches elongated, filiform and obtuse or obscurely thickened
toward the summit, puberulent for the whole length (altogether of the Eupatoriaceous type,
but the stigmatic lines traceable nearly to the apex). Pappus of 4 to 8 usually unequal
palere, with strong costa.
152. RIGIOPAPPUS. Heads heterogamous, inconspicuously radiate. Involucre turbi-
nate-campanulate, of numerous narrowly linear rather rigid herbaceous bracts, which are
somewhat involute at maturity. Ray-flowers 5 to 15; the corolla with slender tube, and
oblong entire or 2-toothed ligule, not surpassing the disk. Disk-flowers more numerous ;
corolla small, with short proper tube, elongated narrow throat, and 3 to 5 short erect teeth.
Anthers included. Style-branches with short and linear glabrous stigmatic portion, and a
larger slender-subulate hispidulous appendage. Pappus nearly similar in disk and ray, of
3 to 5 rigid and wholly opaque paleaceous naked awns (smooth, flat, gradually tapering from
base to apex), rarely obsolete.
H- -H. Leaves mostly cleft or compound : flowers in some species yellow.
153. CH.3NACTIS. Heads homogamous and tubuliflorous ; but the marginal flowers
commonly with ampliate limb to the corolla. Involucre campauulate or hemispherical
COMPOSITE. 7.",
Receptacle flat, naked, in one species bearing a few sotiforni bracts or fimbrilb' amoi,"- the
flowers. Corollas with short tube, long and narrow throat, and short teeth, ot in the i
ginal flowers of some species with larger lobes or even in, perfect palm;,!,- ligules, forming a
kind of ray. Anthers usually partly exserted. Style-branches pubescent nearlj : bronghoul
slender, filiform or with attenuate-subulate tips. J'appus <>f hyaline nerveless palea; (or
rarely with the vestige of a costa), in one species wanting.
H- -t- -i- -i- -i- H- Involucre many-flowered, hemispherical; its bracts in 2 or 3 series.
thin-herbaceous, rather loose, sometimes unequal, from linear t.. ..hh.ng. j.hme : receptacle
flat, corneous-scrobiculate : disk-corollas with long and narrow throat and :> >h,,r; i
or teeth: style-branches with short and thickened obtuse tips: al-enes linear da-, ate or
cuneate-oblong, villous : pappus of 4 or 5 wholly hyaline palerc ; those erase r lacerate at
summit, or dissected into capillary bristles : leaves mostly alternate, woolly or glain-.-u.-.
154. HULSEA. Bracts of the involucre linear or lanceolate. Ray-flowers numerous (10
to GO) and ligulate, but sometimes short and inconspicuous. Disk-con .lias with pn.per tube
slender or narrow, but shorter than the cylindraceous throat. Akenes linear-cuneate, com-
pressed or somewhat tetragonal, soft-villous, especially the margins. Pappus of mostlv 4
truncate palea;, from erose or lacerate at summit to nearly entire.
155. TRICHOPTILIUM. Bracts of the involucre about 20, equal; those of the outer
series ovate-lanceolate ; those of the inner narrowly spatulate or lanceolate and membra,, a
ceous. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers 30 to 40; tire corollas with very short tube, cvlin-
draceous-funnelform throat, and 5 short ovate lobes, those of the marginal flowers slightly
enlarged after the manner of Ch<rn<trtis, but regular, the nerves deeply intramarginal.
Anther-tips oblong-lanceolate. Style-branches linear, glabrous and with stigma) ,'< lines
continued up to the obtuse tip. Akenes oblong-turbinate, 5-nervecl or angled, hirsutc-vil-
lous. Pappus of 5 ovate or oblong hyaline nerveless paleas, which are resolved above into
numerous slender bristles, the middle ones rather shorter than the corolla.
* * * * Receptacle flatfish. or convex, many-flowered: rny-fhnvers female and fertile;
those of the disk sterile : involticral bracts few in a single series, broad and plane, mem-
branaceous : akenes pyriform.
156. BLENNOSPERMA. Involucre hemispherical or depressed ; its bracts 5 to 12, equal,
oblong, plane, herbaceous or partly membranaceous, the tips sometimes colored, the bases
somewhat united. Ray-flowers' 5 to 12: some of them in our species not rarely apetalous,
the others with ligule oblong or elliptical, entire, sessile on the ovary, being destitute of tube :
style-branches flat, linear or oblong. Disk-flowers numerous (20 or more) : corollas witli
narrow tube, abruptly expanded into a broadly campanulatc 4-5-lobed limb : anthers oval :
style undivided, with capitate or disk-shaped apex : ovary abortive, a mere rudiment.
Akenes (of the ray) obscurely 8-10-ribbed, with small areola, wholly destitute of pap[.
the surface powdered with papillae which develop mucilage when wet.
***** Receptacle from convex to oblong : involucre many-flowered, various, of more
than one series of bracts, or irregular : akenes short, obpyramidal or turbinate, sometimes
more oblong, 5-10-costate or angled, mostly silky-villous or hirsute: disk-flowers all fer-
tile ; the corolla 4-5-toothed : leaves alternate, in many minutely impressed-punctate or
resinous-atomiferous.
-f- Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of awn-like fimbrilbv among the flowers: style-branches
of the disk-flowers dilated-truncate and somewhat penicillatc at tip.
-H- Involucre erect, at least not spreading or rcflcxcd.
148. HYMENOPAPPUS, with turbinate or obpyramidal costate akenes, might be sought
here.
64. PLUMMERA is like Actinclla Hymcnoxys, without pappus, and disk-flowers strriV.
157. ACTINELLA. Heads radiate (except in S. American species). Involucre campan-
ulate or hemispherical, or sometimes broader ; its bracts in two or more series, somewhat
herbaceous or coriaceous, often rigid ; outer sometimes united. Receptacle from conical to
convex. Rays fertile. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin and mostly hyaline paloa-, with more or less
manifest costa or none; these sometimes truncate, more commonly acuminate or aristatc at
tip. Mostly low herbs, and bitter-aromatic.
76 COMPOSITE.
w- -H- Involucre spreading or soon reflexed, herbaceous, usually with some inconspicuous
short scarious interior bracts : akeues turbinate, 8-10-costate : heads mostly radiate : re-
ceptacle more or less elevated.
158. HELENIUM. Bracts of the involucre subulate or linear. Rays fertile or sterile,
rarelv none. Disk-corollas commonly with short or almost obsolete proper tube (the stamens
inserted close to the base), and 4-5-toothed limb; the teeth obtuse, glandular-pubescent.
Pappus of usually 5 or 6 thin scarious palese. Leaves commonly impressed-puuctate, mostly
decurrent.
159. AMBLYOLEPIS. Principal bracts of the involucre foliaceous, lanceolate; an
inner hyaline-scarious series resembling the conspicuous blunt nerveless paleae of the pap-
pus. Rays fertile, ample. Disk-corollas glabrous throughout, and with a distinct tube as
long as the ampliate throat, 5-cleft; the lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acute. Akenes broadly
turbiuate and with 10 thick ribs. Leaves neither punctate nor decurrent.
-i -i Receptacle (from convex to globular) beset with setiform or subulate or rarely small
dentiform fimbrillse among the flowers.
160. GAILLARDIA. Involucre broad ; the bracts in 2 or 3 series, all but the short inner
series largely foliaceous or herbaceous and lax. Ray-flowers neutral, rarely styliferous and
fertile, sometimes none : ligules 3-toothed or 3-cleft. Disk-corollas with short narrow tube,
enlarged cylindraceous throat, and 5 ovate-triangular to subulate teeth or short lobes, which
are beset with jointed hairs. Style-branches with penicillate tuft at summit of the stig-
matic portion, thence produced into a filiform or shorter appendage. Akenes turbinate,
5-costate, covered with long villous hairs which sometimes rise only from the base of the
akene. Pappus conspicuous, longer than the akene, of 5 to 10 hyaline-scarious palese, with
a costa mostly excurrent into an awn, which about equals disk-corollas.
Snbtribe V. FLAVERIE.E. Involucre of the small heads composed of a few equal con-
nivent bracts in a single series, sometimes one or two small additional ones at base.
Ligules small (little or not at all surpassing disk-flowers), not persistent. Akenes
terete, oblong or linear, 8-10-striate-costate. Style-branches truncate. Leaves oppo-
site. No oil-glands, nor resinous atoms.
161. SARTWELLIA. Heads with about 5 ligulate female and rather numerous her-
maphrodite tubular flowers. Bracts of the involucre 5, oval or oblong, somewhat fleshy, in
fruit somewhat carinate-concave and subtending ray-akenes. Receptacle convex. Ligules
mostly entire, obovate or roundish. Disk-corollas narrow, 4-5-toothed. Pappus a deep
paleaceous cupule with minutely finibriolate edge (doubtless composed of 4 or 5 truncate
palere which are completely connate), or of 4 or 5 narrowly oblong fimbriolate-truucate
nerveless palea? alternating with as many setiform awns, all united only at the base.
162. FLAVERIA. Heads one-several-flowered; the flowers all fertile, homogamous and
tubular, or one female and short-ligulate. Disk-corollas 5-toothed. Involucre of 2 to 5
mostly carinate-concave bracts. Pappus none.
Subtribe VI. TAGETINE.E. Involucre a series of equal bracts, either distinct or united
into a cup or tube, dotted or striped with, oil-glands, not rarely subtended or calycu-
late by some loose accessory bracts, several-many-flowered. Rays when present
fertile ; ligules not persistent. Akenes mostly narrow and striate. Pappus various.
- Mostly glabrous and smooth herbs or undershrubs, strong-scented, the herbage like
the involucre commonly dotted with some oil-glands.
# TRUE TAGETINE^E. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers more or less elongated,
appendiculate or truncate.
) Pappus simple, of copious capillary scabrous bristles : akenes linear : receptacle small,
naked and smooth : bracts of the involucre distinct.
163. POROPHYLLUM. Ray-flowers none. Disk-flowers numerous or several. Involucre
of 5 to 10 bracts. Style-branches tipped with long filiform-subulate hispid appendages.
Akenes slender.
COMPOSITE. 77
164. CHRYSACTINIA. Ray-flowers conspicuous, with linear ligules. Disk-flowers nu-
merous; their corolla narrow and 5-toothed, and style-branches tipped witli short obiu>e ,, r
conical appendages. Involucre of 10 or more short bracts. Akenes short linear, not atten
uate upward. 1'lowers all yellow.
H -f- Pappus of distinct bristles and distinct palete : bracts of the many-flowered involucre
distinct.
165. NICOLLETIA. Involucre oblong or cylindraceous, of 8 to 12 tliinnish bracts, ne.-n-lv
naked at base. Eeceptacle quite naked. Disk-corollas narrow-tubular, 5-toothed. St\le-
branches tipped with long filiform-subulate appendages. Akenes filiform-linear, \, iih taper-
ing base. Pappus double; outer of indefinitely numerous capillarv bristles like those of
Pvrophyllum ; inner of 5 lanceolate long hyaline palenc, with costa exenrrent, inlo a x-abrous
awn.
H -i -i Pappus either wholly paleaceous, or some or all of the paleic bearing or lar
resolved into awns or capillary bristles: bracts of the involucre n'amophvllons or some-
times distinct: receptacle variously fimbrillate, alveolate-dentate, or more sirictly naked.
166. DYSODIA. Pappus multisetose-polyadelphous, i. e. all or most of the 10 or more
paleoe resolved, except a basal portion, into several (9 or more) or indefinitely numerous
capillarv but rather stiff bristles. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, usuallv calvcu-
late with a series of loose accessory bracts, the proper bracts generally gamnphyllous at ha-e.
rarely quite separate, rarely united to near the summit. Style-appendages somctimo >len
sometimes an abrupt apiculation or short obtuse cone.
167. HYMENATHERUM. Pappus of several or numerous pale.-e, either 1-5 aristate or
pointed, or partly resolved into as many bristles, or some or all of them entire :,nd evi n
truncate (rarely even concreted). Involucre campanulate, cupulately gamophyllous high up,
with or without some loose accessory bracts. Style-branches truncate or very obtuse, some-
times tipped with a minute apiculation. Akenes mostly terete, and striate.
168. TAGETES. Paleo? of the pappus 3 to 6, firm, commonly unequal, entire, not seiiferoiis,
but one or more of them frequently subulate-pointed or aristiform. Involucre naked al base,
gamophyllous nearly throughout into an oblong or more elongated cup or tube. Akenes
compressed or angulate, hardly striate. Herbs.
* * PECTIDE;E. Stvle of hermaphrodite flowers slender, hispidulous, terminated by two
very short obtuse and inappendiculate stigmatic branches.
169. PECTIS. Heads radiate, several-many-flowered. Involucre naked at base, or nearly
so, cylindrical or campanulate, of few or several equal carinate brans in a sin-l>- series.
Receptacle small, naked. Disk-corollas 5-lobed, one or two sinuses ol'ten deeper, thus becom-
ing bilabiate. Akenes linear, terete or angled. Pappus of few or numerous bristles or a\\ us,
sometimes paleaceous-dilated at base, or of paleae, or reduced to paleaceous-coroniform,
rarely obsolete. Opposite-leaved herbs.
TRIBE VII. ANTHEMIDE^E. Heads homogamous with flowers all tubular and her-
maphrodite, or more commonly heterogamous, with the female (lowers H-ulate and
radiate, or sometimes with corolla reduced to a tube or obsolete. Receptacle either
naked or with some chaffy bracts. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, wholly or
partly dry and scarious or scale-like, not foliaceous, seldom herbaceous.
without tails at base. Style-branches of the hermaphrodite flowers truncate, and some-
times with obscure conical tips. Akenes usually small and short, with no pappus or a
paleaceouscrown, or a circle of squameUse. Strong-scented or bitter-aromatic herbs or
undershrubs, the greater part of the Old World ; with alternate leaves : distinguishe<
from the preceding tribe by the scarious imbricated involucre: from the .
by the truncate style-tips, &c. The first genus would go with //, / nioidece, except for
the paleoe of the receptacle.
* Receptacle paleaceous, i.e. with chaffy braets subtending some or all the disk-flowers:
heads radiate, or the rays wanting in certain species.
+- Anomalous, with involucre (of comparatively few and broad thin bracts) and aspect of
Hymenopappus.
78 COMPOSITE.
170. LEUCAMPYX. Involucre broadly hemispherical ; its bracts broadly oval, equal,' in
2 or 3 series of 4 or 5 each, membrauaceous, their margins white-scarious. Receptacle
somewhat convex, with oblong-lanceolate wholly scarious bracts subtending disk-flowers and
partly folded round the akenes. Ray-flowers 8 or 1 0, fertile ; ligule cuueate-obovate, ample,
on a slender glandular tube, somewhat persistent on the akene. Disk-flowers numerous:
corolla with narrow tube, ampliate-campanulate throat, and 5 spreading lobes : style-branches
linear, with an obscure obtuse tip slightly produced beyond the stigmatic portion. Akenes
large for the tribe, obovate-trigonous, with narrowed base and rounded summit, lightly
:"> nerved, glabrous, slightly incurved. Pappus an obscure squamellate crown, soon obsolete.
-i -t Involucre of comparatively small imbricated bracts, the outer successively shorter :
receptacle convex to oblong : style-branches truucate-pemcillate.
171. ANTHEMIS. Involucre hemispherical, many-flowered. Chaffy bracts of receptacle
sometimes hyaline, sometimes aristiform. Akenes terete or 4-10-augled or ribbed, not flat-
tened, glabrous ; the truncate summit naked, or with a very short coroniform or auriculate
pappus. Heads comparatively large.
172. ACHILLEA. Involucre campanulate or obovate. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle
membranaceous, like the innermost bracts of the involucre. Kays few or several, short and
broad. Akenes oblong or obovate, obcompressed, callous-margined, glabrous, destitute of
pappus.
* * Receptacle naked, i. e. destitute of bracts or chaff among the flowers.
K- Heads comparatively large, radiate, or rarely discoid and homogamous by the absence
of ligulate female flowers, pedunculate, solitary at the summit of the branches, or some-
times corymbosely cymose, never racemosely paniculate : akeues glabrous : tube of disk-
corolla either terete or aucipital.
1 73. MATRICARIA. Receptacle conical or ovoid, or rarely lower when young. Akenes
3-5-ribbed or nerved on the face or sides, rounded on the back.
174. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Receptacle from flat to hemispherical. Akenes (at least
of the disk) 5-10-ribbed or nerved all round; of the ray in certain species triquetrous.
) -) Heads sessile, discoid, heterogamous : female flowers most numerous, apetalous ;
their akenes pointed or armed with indurated persistent style.
1 75. SOLIVA. Heads many-flowered, largely of female flowers : a few hermaphrodite but
mostly sterile ones in the centre ; these with a short and thick 2-G-toothed corolla and usually
undivided style. Involucre of 5 to 12 nearly equal bracts in not more than 2 series. Re-
ceptacle flat. Akenes obcompressed, with rigid wings or callous margins, which are com-
monly spinnlose-poiuted at summit, and the apex armed by the spiniform persistent style.
Pappus none.
4 H -i Heads slender-peduncled, discoid, heterogamous : female flowers apetalous : style
deciduous.
176. COTULA. Heads many-flowered: female flowers in one or two rows: disk-flowers
with 4-toothed corolla, fertile or infertile. Bracts of the involucre greenish, in about 2 ranks.
Akenes raised on pedicels at maturity (these remaining on the flat or convex receptacle),
obcompressed, commonly thick-margined or narrowly winged, in our species destitute of
pappus or nearly so.
f -i H -I Heads discoid, heterogamous, and the few or uniserial female flowers with a
tubular 2-3-toothed or lobed corolla (in one species imperfectly radiate), or sometimes
homogamous, the female flowers wanting and the hermaphrodite rather few : style de-
ciduous : akenes truncate or obtuse : receptacle quite naked or sometimes hirsute :
involucre imbricated in few or several ranks.
177. TANACETUM. Heads corymbosely cymose or glomerate, rarely solitary, many-
flowered : female flowers with tubular 3-5-toothed corolla, either equal or oblique or im-
perfectly ligulate. Akenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-angular, with broad truncate summit, bearing
a coroniform pappus or none. Anther-tips broad and mostly obtuse.
178. ARTEMISIA. Heads paniculately disposed, few-many-flowered, small, wholly dis-
coid, heterogamous, the female flowers with small and slender tubular corolla, and the her-
COMPOSITE. 79
maphrodite either sterile or fertile; or homogamous, with the flowers all hermaphrodi.e
aud fertile. _ Anther-tips slender and pointed. Akenes obovate or oblong, mostly with K
epigynous disk or summit, and no pappus.
TRIBE VIII. SENECIONIDKE. Heads heterogamous or homo*.,,,,,,,,. Involuc
mostly one or two series of equal (and not scarious) bracts, sometimes unequal or
even imbricated, with or without loose and short accessory ones at base Recepl
naked. Anthers without tails at base, but not rarely sagittate. Style-branches of her-
maphrodite flowers most commonly truncate or obtuse, tipped with short appendages or
none. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles, sometimes caducous. Leaves usually
alternate. (Copious capillary pappus, comparatively simple involucre, short or conical
if any style-tips, tailless anthers, and naked receptacle, are the marks of this tribe no
account being here taken of the tropical American subtribe Lin/,, a.)
* Style-branches of hermaphrodite fertile flowers roundish-obtuse, or at least not truncate
aud wholly without appendage or hispidity at summit, simulating Inuloidea or Eupntorl-
acece: pappus-bristles merely denticulate : receptacle naked, flat. Subtribe Tussilaqiwa
Beuth. & Hook.
j- Heads submouoccious or subdioecious ; the hermaphrodite flowers (with rather deeply
5-cleft corolla) essentially sterile: akeues narrow, 5-10-costate. \\ ith cluii^uii,^ sofl
white pappus : involucre a series of soft herbaceous bracts, with few ..r mi loose ai c<
ones at base. True Tussilaginece.
1 79. TUSSILAGO. Head solitary, yellow-flowered, moucecious : female flowers i-n several
series in the ray, slenderly ligulate : numerous subhermaphrodite flowers in the centre, with
undivided style and sterile ovary.
180. PETASITES. Heads racemosely or corymbosely disposed, white- or purplish-flow-
ered, subdicecious : heads in the truly fertile plant wholly or chiefly of female flutters, with
slender-tubular and irregularly 2-5-toothed or distinctly ligulate corolla ; in the substerile
with few of these in the margin, and numerous hermaphrodite-infertile (lowers, like those of
Tussilayo, but their style commonly with 2-cleft or 2-toothed apex.
-i H Heads homogainous, discoid, of wholly hermaphrodite and fertile flowers: stvle-
brauches very minutely granular-puberulent.
-H- Corollas yellow, rather deeply 5-cleft, the lobes lanceolate: authors much inserted and
with lanceolate tips: akenes linear, glabrous: involucre hardly herbaceous, simple, of
carinately one-nerved narrow bracts, and with few and small or no accesson bracts.
181. CACALIOPSIS. Heads very many-flowered. Involucre broadh campanulas-, i.f 14
to 30 lanceolate-linear mostly acuminate bracts. Corolla with the eyh'ndraceons throat rather
longer than the slender tube. Anthers entire at base. Style puberuleut for some distance
below the slightly flattish branches. Akenes 10-striate. 1'appus very copious, soft and
white, equalling the corolla. Leaves palmately lobed, petioled.
182. LUINA. Heads about 10-flowered. Involucre oblong-campanulate, of 8 to 10 linear
bracts. Corolla of the preceding, or the throat more ampliate. Anthers sagittate at liase.
Style glabrous, its flattened and linear branches obscurely papillose <>n I lie hack, truiicately
obtuse. Akeues (immature) obscurely 10-striate. Pappus of the preceding, but less
copious. Leaves entire, veiny, sessile.
H- -H- Corollas yellowish, obtusely 5-toothed- anthers little exserted, with oval obtuse tips :
involucre mostly foliaceous !
183. PEUCEPHYLLUM. Heads 12-25-flowered. Involucre campanulate, of nninrroiis
subulate-linear or almost filiform nerveless bracts which resemble the leaves, in about :>
series, some of the outer looser and similar to the uppermost leaves. Corolla with very
short proper tube and long cylindrical throat; the 5 teeth short, ovate, obtuse, erect, ob-
scurely puberulent. Anthers minutely sagittate at ba>e. Style-branches linear, ilattisli or
semiterete, obscurely papillose-puberulent, the very obtuse tip wholly destitute of appendage.
Akenes turbiuate-oblong, obscurely 10-striate, very hirsute. 1'appus short,. r than the co-
rolla, of very numerous and unequal rather sordid and roughish capillary brinks. Leaves
short-filiform, crowded.
80 COMPOSITE.
* * Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers either truncate or capitellate at tip, which is
either naked or penicillate or hirsute, and not rarely bearing a short conical or flattened
appendage. Subtribe Eusenecionece, Beuth. & Hook.
-t Involucre lax (not erect-conniveut), commonly of much overlapping or unequal bracts,
10-many-flowered.
-H- Herbs, with alternate well-developed leaves and many-flowered heads.
184. PSATHYROTES. Heads homogamous ; the flowers all hermaphrodite and fertile.
Involucre of somewhat numerous bracts in two series, at least the outer more or less her-
baceous. Receptacle flat. Corollas with extremely short proper tube (the filaments there-
fore inserted near the base), elongated cylindrical throat, and 5 very short obtuse teeth.
Style-branches flattish, very obtuse or truncate, and with obscure appendage if any. Akenes
terete, more or less turbinate, obscurely striate, villous or hirsute. Pappus copious,
shorter than the corolla, of very unequal rather rigid obscurely denticulate bristles, at least
in age fuscous or ferrugineous.
185. BARTLETTIA. Heads heterogamous, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre
broadly campaimlate, of 12 to 14 oblong-lanceolate bracts in 2 or 3 series, rather lax ;
the inner and larger membrauaceous, 2 or 3 outermost short and more herbaceous. Recep-
tacle convex, tuberculate. Corollas with long and slender pubescent tube ; of the ray with
narrowlv oblong exserted ligule ; of the disk with dilated-fuuuelform throat longer than the
5 ovate lobes. Anthers with ovate obtuse tips. Style-branches rather short, linear, flat,
truncate, minutely hairy at the broad summit, and usually with a central setula. Akenes
(at maturity) compressed, cuneate-oblong, with a strong salient nerve to each margin and
usually on the middle of one face, these densely long-hirsute, the faces glabrate. Pappus
equalling the disk-corolla ; its numerous somewhat unequal bristles in a single series, rather
rigid, barbellulate, fuscous.
186. CROCIDIUM. Heads heterogamous, radiate: flowers all fertile. Involucre hemi-
spherical or more open, of 9 to 12 nearly equal and similar oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate
thin-herbaceous bracts ; no external calyculate ones. Receptacle conical. Ray-flowers about
12, with oval or oblong rather ample ligules : disk-corollas with slender tube rather longer
than the campanulate throat ; lobes 5, spreading. Anthers with deltoid-ovate acute tips.
Style-branches short and broad, terminated by large deltoid appendages. Akeues fusiform-
oblong, obscurely 3-5-costate, beset with hyaline oblong papilla, which, detaching when
wetted, throw out a pair of spiral threads, in the manner of Senecio, &c. Pappus a single
series of equal white barbellate bristles, which are very deciduous, in the ray commonly
wanting.
H- -H- Herb, with opposite leaves and many-flowered heads.
187. HAPLOESTHES. Heads heterogamous, many- (at least 20-) flowered, radiate:
flowers all fertile. Involucre short-cam pan ulate, of 4 or 5 nearly equal and similar rather
fleshy orbicular or broadly oval bracts, the outer strongly overlapping the inner. Receptacle
flat. Corollas with somewhat slender tube : ligules of the rather few and short ray-flowers
oval : disk-corollas narrowish, deeply 5-toothed. Anther-tips lanceolate. Style-branches of
Senecio. Akeues linear, terete, striate-costate, glabrous. Pappus a single series of rather
rigid and scabrous whitish bristles, about equalling the disk-corolla.
H- -H- -H- Shrub, with alternate leaves reduced to scales, and 10-18-flowered heads witli
imbricated involucre.
188. LEPIDOSPARTUM. Heads homogamous. Involucre oblong-campannlate ; its
bracts scarious-chartaceous, regularly imbricated in 3 or 4 series, oblong, obtuse; the outer
successively shorter ; outermost ovate, passing into similar scaly bracts on the pedicel. Re-
ceptacle naked. Corolla with elongated tube, and lanceolate-linear spreading lobes, which
much exceed the open campanulate throat. Anthers wholly exserted, slenderly and almost
caudately sagittate at base, the tips lanceolate. Style-branches flattish, ending in short
acutish pubescent tips. Akenes oblong, terete, obscurely 8-10-nerved, with large epigynous
disk. Pappus very copious, of soft and whitish minutely scabrous capillary bristles.
-i -i Involucre of 4 to 6 firm and concave close and strongly overlapping bracts, 4-9-
flowered : shrubs, with alternate leaves.
189. TETRAD YMIA. Heads homogamous. Involucre cylindrical to oblong, naked, i. .
no accessary bracts. Receptacle flat, small. Corollas with elongated tube, and lanceolate
COMPOSITE.
or linear spreading lobes longer than the short-campanulate throat. Anther wholly
exserted, acutely and even caudately sagittate at base; the tips triangular-lanceolate
Style-branches flattish, the truncate and minutely penicillate tips terminated l,\ :i veT y
e. Akenes terete, short, obscurely 5-nerved, IV<.m extremeh lonff-
villous to glabrate or even glabrous. Pappus of fine and soft minutelj scahrous capillary loier
bristles, white or whitish.
1 H -H- Involucre of numerous or several connivent-erect herbaceous equal bracts (with
or without short accessory ones at base), many-flowered, or iu some species of < 'acalia of
few bracts and few-flowered : ours herbs, the flowers all fertile ; h,. :l d s idth.-r homo-amou.>
or heterogamous with ligulate rays.
H- Pappus of comparatively few and unusually stout plumose bristles. (Transition to
HelcmoidecE.)
190. RAILLARDELLA. Heads 15-many-flowered (fewer-flowered only in dcpaup<
plants), homogamous or heterogamous. Involucre cyliudraceous or camjiamilafr, a sii
series of linear equal bracts, their edges lightly connate below the middle, or not manifestly
overlapping. Receptacle flat. Bay-flowers (when present) with irregular and cuneat'.-
deeply 3-4-cleft fertile ligules. Disk-corollas with rather short proper tube. > longat d
narrow-funnelform throat, and 5 ovate obtuse naked teeth. Style-appendages Hattisli, his-
pidulous, tapering into lanceolate or cuspidate tips. Akenes linear, somewliai
obscurely several-nerved, pubescent. Pappus of 12 to 25 equal aristitorm but soi'i and
plumose bristles, nearly equalling the disk corollas
H- -H- Pappus a single series of numerous rather rigid capillary bristles, from scabrous to
barbellate : leaves chiefly opposite.
191. ARNICA. Heads many-flowered, conspicuously radiate, or the ravs rarelv wanting.
Involucre campanulate, not calyculate-bracteolate at base, of several thin-herbaceous oMonir-
lanceolate to linear equal bracts in a single or somewhat double series. Receptacle tlm.
sometimes fimbrillate or villous. Corollas of the disk-flowers with a commonly elonir.-it.-d
hirsute tube, a funnelform or cylindraceous throat, 5-lobed at summit. Style-bran
flattish, at least above, there hirsute, with obtuse or acute tips. Akenes linear, more or less
5-10-costate or angled.
H- -M- -H- Pappus of soft-capillary and merely scabrous very numerous bristles- st-. le-
branches narrow, truncate or capitellate and often bearing a bearded ring at tip, which
sometimes is produced into a short central cusp or obscure cone : leaves in our genera
all alternate.
192. SENECIO. Heads heterogamous and radiate, or by the absence of ray homogamous
and discoid, usually many-flowered. Corollas yellow, those of the disk 5-toothed. uccaMmi-
ally 5-lobed.
193. CACALIA. Heads homogamous, the flowers all hermaphrodite, few or imnier.ni>,.
Corollas white, rarely flesh-colored, with 5-cleft or 5-parted limb, the lobes usually vith a
midnerve.
194. ERECHTITES. Heads heterogamous and discoid, many-flowered : numerous outer
flowers female; central ones hermaphrodite. Corollas all slender-tubular; those of the
female flowers filiform and with usually slightly dilated and 2-4-t.oojh.-d summit ; of the
hermaphrodite flowers with long filiform tube and short cyatbiform 4-5-lohed limb Kecep-
tacle flat, naked. Bristles of the pappus very soft and fine, elongated. Flowers whitish m-
yellowish.
TRIBE IX. CYNAROIDE.E, Heads homogamous and tubiflorous, the flowers all her-
maphrodite and with equally or sometimes rather unequally 5-i left corollas, ihe I, lies
long and narrow; or sometimes radiatifonn (falsely radiate) and heterogamous i.y
enlargement of limb of corollas of marginal flowers, winch are commonly neutral.
Involucre much imbricated. Receptacle mostly Hal, or convex, often liinbrillatc or
densely setose. Anthers with tails at base, and commonly with elongated and con-
nate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style-branches destitute of
appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly so, more commonly united up to the
simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or hispid, but sometimes an. hispidulous or pube-cent
6
82 COMPOSITE.
ring or node below. Akenes thickish and bard. Pappus setose or rai'ely paleaceous.
Leaves alternate, the teetb or margins often prickly. (Nearly all the indigenous
American representatives are Thistles.)
CRYPTOSTEMMA CALENDULACEA, of S. Africa, of the tribe Arctotidece (lying between this
tribe and Anthemideae, and to which belongs Gazuma cf the gardens), is a ballast-weed at some
ports in California, which it has reached via Australia.
Subtribe I. CARDUINE..E. Akenes attached by their very base, mostly very glabrous :
flowers all perfect (one Thistle dioecious), in ours numerous or in the first genus
rather few in the head.
* Filaments distinct.
-I Leaves never prickly : style-branches partly distinct, slender . akenes oblong ; filaments
glabrous.
195. SAUSSUREA. Involucre obovoid to oblong; bracts appressed, muticous. Receptacle
with setiform chaff among the flowers, or rarely naked. Pappus of numerous plumose
bristles, more or less connate in an indurated ring at base, so falling from the akeue in
connection; with commonly some outer and smaller bristles, either less plumose or naked,
which are separately deciduous.
196. ARCTIUM. Involucre globular; bracts sljader-subulate or aristiform and spreading
above the broader appressed base, hooked at tip. Receptacle densely setose. Pappus of
numerous short and rigid or chaffy bristles, separately deciduous.
-t -) Leaves more or less prickly: style-branches concreted to or near the tip into a fili-
form or rarely short-cylindrical body ; a pubescent ring below this either manifest or quite
obsolete akenes obovate or oblong, compressed or somewhat turgid . pappus simple ; its
numerous bristles connate into a ring at base and falling from the akene in connection :
filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent, rarely glabrous : involucre of numerous much
imbricated and often prickly-tipped bracts, many-flowered.
197. CARDUUS. Bristles of the pappus naked, or at most barbellulate, not plumose:
otherwise like Cnicus.
198. CNICUS. Bristles of the pappus long- and soft-plumose, or only their tips naked, or
those of some marginal flowers occasionally almost naked to the base. Receptacle densely
villous-setose.
199. ONOPORDON. Receptacle fleshy, alveolate, not setose : pappus not plumose : other-
wise like Cnicus.
CYNARA, Artichoke, Cardoon, is sparingly cultivated, but nut naturalized.
* * Filaments monadelphous below, glabrous ; otherwise as preceding subdivision.
200. SILYBUM. Involucre depressed-globose, of rather large and rigid bracts in a few
series; their upper portion herbaceous, spinose along the margins, and tapering into a
rigid prickle, widely spreading. Receptacle aud flowers nearly as in common Thistles.
Bristles of the pappus numerous in more than one series, flattish, barbellulate-ciliolate or
scabrous.
Subtribe II. CENTAURINE.E. Akenes obliquely attached by one side of tbe base or
more laterally.
201. CENTAUREA. Involucre ovoid or globose, many-flowered, mostly firm or rigid;
bracts appressed and variously appendaged. Receptacle densely setose. Flowers sometimes
all hermaphrodite arid with corollas equally or obliquely 5-cleft into narrow lobes ; more
commonlv the marginal ones neutral or sterile, and their corollas sometimes enlarged and
widely spreading, forming a kind of false ray. Style-branches either concreted or partly
separate. Akeues obovoid or oblong, turgid or compressed, usually smooth and glabrous,
with a large epigyuous disk, commonly surrounded by an elevated entire or denticulate
margin. Pappus various, setose or partly paleaceous, occasionally obsolete or wanting.
TRIBE X. MUTISIACE^E. (Ser. LABIATIFLOR^;, DC.) Heads in one subtribe ho-
mogamous, the hermaphrodite flowers all with regularly 5-cleft corollas ; otherwise
either homogamous or heteroganious and corollas bilabiate in the hermaphrodite
COMPOSITE. 83
flowers, sometimes simply ligulate in female ray-flowers. Anthers with long tails at
base. Eeceptacle miked. Style-branches of hermaphrodite flowers not appendaged,
usually short or very short, and like those of Cynaroideas (but no node below) or of
Inuloidece. Leaves alternate. (Mostly South American, a few in other parts of the
world : our five genera belong to three subtribes.)
Subtribe I. GOCHNATIE.E. Heads homogamous ; the corollas almost or quite regularly
and deeply 5-eleft into linear lobes : style-branches usually rounded at tip. Ours
shrubs. (Transition to Cynaroideoe and Inuloidece.)
202. HECASTOCLEIS. Heads cue-flowered, iu a fascicle, surrounded by an iuvolucri-
forra cluster of leaves. Involucre cyliudraceous, of several narrowly lanceolate rather riirid
and cuspidate-acuminate bracts, appressed-imbricated. Flower hermaphrodite. Corolla
rather chartaceous, narrow, equally cleft to the middle; the linear lobes widely spreading,
not revolute. Anthers wholly exserted, subcoriaceous, bearing naked tails; tbe linear
terminal appendages lightly connate, as long as the polliniferous portion. Style glabrous
and even, not cleft, but terminated by an e-margiuate-2-lobed stigma. Akene (immature)
cyliudraceous, glabrous. Pappus corouiform, laciniate-dentate, corneous.
203. GOCHNATIA. Heads few-many-flowered, fasciculately paniculate or cymose. In-
volucre campauulate or oblong, of dry or coriaceous regularly imbricated bracts. Ifi-ccp-
tacle flat, naked. Corolla-lobes mostly revolute. Style-branches sometimes very short,
sometimes fully twice longer than broad, flat, roundish-obtuse or nearly truncate at summit.
Akenes oblong, silky-villous. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary scabrous or barbel-
lulate bristles, nearly equalling the corolla.
Subtribe II. GERBERE^E, & III. NASSAUVIE.-E. Heads heterogamous or homogamous :
corollas either all bilabiate (f), or marginal ones simply ligulate.
* Heads heterogamous and radiate : ray-flowers female and simply ligulate.
204. CHAPTALIA. Heads many-flowered: female flowers in two or more series and
fertile ; hermaphrodite flowers in tbe disk, all or some of them sterile. Involucre cauipauu-
late or turbinate, of narrow appressed-imbricated bracts, outer successively shorter. Corolla
of the marginal flowers simply ligulate and 3-toothed at the end, or entire; those of an inner
series more filiform, tbe ligule reduced to less than the length of the style; those of the her-
maphrodite floAvers more or less bilabiate, outer lip 3-toothed, inner 2-lobed or parted. Style
in hermaphrodite flowers obtusely 2-lobed at apex, or when sterile entire. Akenes oblong
or fusiform, 5-uerved, attenuate or rostrate at apex, bearing a copious pappus of very soft
and fine capillary bristles. Scapigerous and uiouocephalous herbs.
* * Heads homogamous, of hermaphrodite and fertile flowers, all of them with bilabiate
(I) corollas, the lower lip larger in marginal flowers, not rarely more elongated and
radiatiform : style-branches comparatively long, mostly dilated or flattened above and
truncate, rarely somewhat peuicillate.
205. PEREZIA. Involucre few-many-flowered, imbricated in few to several series ; bracts
dry, chartaceous or coriaceous. Receptacle flat, naked, rarely pilose or liml.rillate. Akenes
commonly papillose-pubei-ulent, elongated-oblong, terete or obscurely anu'led, s.-metimrs
narrowed at apex, not rostrate. Pappus of copious capillary scabrous bristles, either rather
rigid or soft. Flowers never yellow.
206. TRIXIS. Involucre several-many-flowered ; proper bracts 8 to 12, equal in a simrlr
series, or in two unequal series, little if at all imbricated, usually subtendrd l,y a few
foliaceous loose accessory ones or by bracteifonn leaves. Receptacle in genuine species
pilose. Akenes more slender, with a tapering or rostrate summit. Pappus soft. Flowers
yellow.
TRIBE XI. CICHOEIACEJE. (Ser. LIOULIFLOIUS, DC.) Heads homogamous and
ligulate ; the flowers all hermaphrodite and with ligulate, corolla ; ligul.- 5-toothed at
the truncate apex. Anthers sagittate-auriculate at base, not caudate : pollen-grains
dodecahedral. Style-branches filiform, minutely papillose, not appendagcd, but. stig-
nuitic lines evident only toward base. Receptacle almost always plane. 1 leibs (except
a few insular genera), mostly with milky and bitlur juice : leaves alternate. (Natural
84 COMPOSITE.
and well-definable snbtribes being still a desideratum, artificial sections based pri-
marily on the pappus are here employed.)
Series I. Pappus none : receptacle naked.
* Akenes truncate at base and apex, short, smooth : leaves all radical : involucre of nearly
nerveless bracts, nearly unchanged in fruit, rather many-flowered.
207. PHALACROSERIS. Involucre of 12 to 16 equal and nearly herbaceous lanceolate
bracts, naked or loosely unibracteate at base. Akeues short-oblong, slightly incurved,
obscurely quadrangular : pericarp thin-coriaceous. Scape naked, mouocephalous : flowers
yellow.
208. ATRICHOSERIS. Involucre of 12 or more equal lanceolate bracts, and calyculate
with a few minute ones. Akenes oblong, with corky pericarp, more or less 8-10-costate, the
alternate ribs thicker. Scape bracteate and polycephalous : flowers white and purplish.
211. KRIGIA, & 219. MICROSERIS, very rarely want the pappus, or nearly so.
* * Akenes with rounded or somewhat contracted apex and small areola, narrow at base :
involucre of several one-nerved equal bracts, unchanged or concave-convex in fruit, 8-20-
flowered : corollas yellow.
209. LAMPSANA. Involucre narrow, minutely calyculate-bracteate at base ; the true
bracts carinate, at least in fruit, then erect. Akenes narrowly obovate-oblong and some-
what obcompressed, minutely uervose-striate, smooth. Leafy-stemmed and branching Old
World annuals.
210. APOGON. Involucre not calyculate, of usually 8 oblong-lanceolate herbaceous bracts,
in fruit becoming rather ovate by broadening of the base, concave and the tips conniving.
Akenes terete, obovoid, merely rounded at summit, 10-costate, obscurely scabrous-liueolate
transversely, rarely an obsolete vestige of pappus. Low annuals, becoming caulescent.
Series II. Pappus paleaceous or partly so, or aristiforin, or plumose.
* Involucre simple and naked, i. e. of equal bracts and no short calyculate ones .at base :
akenes truncate : pappus of paleai and (usually) of bristles: receptacle naked.
211. KRIGIA. Heads several-many-flowered. Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous.
Akenes short-columnar or turbinate, pluricostate, terete or somewhat angular, with broad
truncate summit. Pappus double ; outer of pointless thin paleas ; inner of delicate naked
bristles, these rarely wanting in one species. Flowers yellow.
* * Involucre either calyculate or imbricated, i. e. principal bracts equal and some short
ones at base, or of less unequal bracts in two or more series, simple only in Truijopotjon.
-i Akenes usually short, with truncate summit (sometimes a little narrowed beneath it, not
rostrate) : receptacle not chaffy : flowers never yellow: caulescent, with small or reduced
leaves on the rigid stems or branches : flowers matutinal.
212. CICHORIUM. Heads several-many-flowered. Involucre double ; its bracts herba-
ceous with coriaceous and indurating base, those of the inner series partly enclosing the
subtended akenes, the 4 or 5 outer more spreading and herbaceous. Akenes somewhat
angled ; the broad summit bordered with a crown-like pappus of numerous short and blunt
paleas, in 2 or more series. Flowers normally blue.
213. STEPHANOMERIA. Heads 5-12-flowered, rarely 3-20-flowered. Involucre cylin-
draceous or oblong, of several appressed and equal plane membranaceous bracts and some
short calyculate ones, not rarely with 2 or 3 of intermediate length, thus becoming imbri-
cate. Akenes 5-anglcd or ribbed, sometimes with intermediate ribs. Pappus a series of
plumose bristles, or rarely chaffy awns, not rarely naked toward the bases, which sometimes
are lightly connate in phalanges. Flowers pink or rose color.
214. CH^ETADELPHA. Heads about 5-flowered. Involucre of StepJiannmcrla, cylin-
draceous, the accessory calyculate bracts very small, the membranaceous proper ones 5.
Akenes short-linear, 5-angled, very smooth. Pappus of 5 rigid upwardly tapering awns,
which bear on each side toward the base 3 to 5 rather shorter and slender rigid bristles.
Flowers rose-color.
t * Akenes long-rostrate, base more or less excavated at insertion : receptacle naked :
heads rather many-flowered : pappus a series of long-plumose bristles or awns.
COMPOSITE. 85
215. RAFINESQUIA. Involucre conical or cylindraeeous, of 7 to 15 linear acuminate
equal bracts, somewhat fleshy-thickened at base, ami some loose cakcnlate ones. Akeni -
terete, somewhat fusiform, obscurely few-ribbed, attenuate into a slender heak, ,,,,t, callous
thickened at the insertion. Pappus (white) of 10 to 15 slender bristles, soi'th long-plun
from base to near the tip. Leafy-stemmed and branching annuals : (lowers \\ bit./ or tiugi ,|
with rose-color.
216. TRAGOPOGON. Involucre campanulate or oblong, of several lanceolate and up-
wardly attenuate equal herbaceous bracts ; no calculate ones. Akenes somewhal fusiform,
5-10-costate, more or less excavated at insertion, tapering into a long bc;ik, except |..-rli:ips
the outermost. Pappus a series of numerous stout bristles, somewhat connate ai base into
a ring, long-plumose to near the apex, the plumes arachnoid and more or less interlacing.
Simple-stemmed or branching biennials or perennials, with gramineous leaves, and large
solitary heads of yellow or purple flowers.
-H- -K- -K- Akenes either truncate or inner ones rostrate : receptacle paleaceous: soft slender
chaff among the flowers: head rather many-flowered: involucre sparingly imbricated:
flowers yellow.
217. ANISOCOMA. Involucre cyliudraceous, of thin and very obtuse appro:.',] bracts,
somewhat herbaceous in centre and with broad whitc-scarious margins; innermost linear-
oblong, 2 or 3 intermediate ones oblong; outer ones short-oval and orbicular. ( lu.ll \ bracts
of receptacle long, linear-filiform or setiform. Akenes terete, linear-turbinate, lo-nerved,
pubescent, short-attenuate at base, the truncate summit crowned with a narrow entire cup-
like border or ring, within which is inserted the bright white pappus, of 10 or 12 rather
rigid long bristles, in two series ; the 5 longer ones (equalling the involucre) long-plumose
above the middle ; the others much shorter, less plumose, sometimes naked. Scapes mono-
cephalous.
218. HYPOCHCERIS. Involucre campanulate, of somewhat herbaceous margiuless
bracts. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle narrow and scarious. Akenes glabrous or scabrous,
10-ribbed, oblong or fusiform, tapering upward, at least the inner ones, into a beak. Pappus
a series of fine plumose bristles, with or without some naked and shorter outer ones. Leaves
chiefly radical and scapes bracteolate, often branching.
H -i -f -( Akenes either truncate at summit or upwardly attenuate, yet with no distinct
or prolonged beak: receptacle not chaffy: pappus of awned or pointed scarious palcu- or
of awns or bristles with paleaceous base, or plumose: flowers yellow, open in morning
and dull weather.
219. MICROSERIS. Heads several-many-flowered, on naked simple scapes or peduncles.
Corollas mostly with a hairy tube. Akeiies 8-10-costate, with a basal callosity which is
hollowed at the insertion. Pappus simple ; its bristles or awns naked, in one or two species
plumose (and then white) or barbellate.
220. LEONTODON. Reads many-flowered, on simple or branching scaly-bracteolate
scapes. Involucral bracts narrow. Akenes minutely striate or rugulose, fusiform and
tapering to the narrow summit, sometimes by more or less of a beak. Pappus one or
two series of plumose (sordid) bristles, which are more or less lanceolate-widened at base,
persistent.
220 a . PICRIS. Heads many-flowered, terminating leafy stems. Outer bracts of involucre
loose or spreading. Akenes'terete, 5-10-costate ; the ribs rugose. Pappus one or two s.
of slender plumose bristles, not paleaceous at base.
Series III. Pappus of capillary bristles, scabrous, rarely barbellulate, never plumose nor
paleaceous-dilated.
* Receptacle paleaceous, i. e. bearing narrow chaffy bracts among the flowers : corollas
rose-color or rose-tinged.
221. PINAROPAPPUS. Involucre many-flowered, campanulate ; its bracts imbricated and
outer successively shorter, thinnish, the tips sphacelate. Chaff of the receptacle attenuate-
linear, deciduous with the akenes. Akeues glabrous, slender, terete, 10-15-costate, tapering
from the callous base into a short slender beak. Pappus sordid, of copious soft-capillary
bristles, one or two outer series shorter, rather persistent.
86 COMPOSITE.
* * Receptacle bearing some capillary bristles among the flowers : pappus all or the
greater part deciduous iu connection : akeues not flattened.
222. CALYCOSERIS. Involucre many-flowered, obloug-campanulate, of numerous erect
linear-lanceolate scarious-margiued bracts in a single series, and of a short and loose calycu-
late outer series. Delicate capillary bristles of the receptacle, one to each flower, as long as
the akenes and deciduous with them. Akenes fusiform or oblong, 5-costate, attenuate into
a short beak, which terminates in a shallow and denticulate scarious pappus-like crown, sur-
rounding the base of a copious and white soft-capillary pappus ; its bristles equal, deciduous
all together.
223. MALACOTHRIX. The species with bristle-bearing receptacle belong here. Akenes
short-columnar, truncate at both ends.
230. TROXIMON. One species sometimes bears chaffy bracts among the flowers : akenes
short-rostrate.
* * * Receptacle naked.
) Akeues not flattened : pappus promptly deciduous, mainly altogether, soft and white.
223. MALACOTHRIX. Involucre many -flowered, either imbricated or only calyculate.
Receptacle sometimes with or sometimes without delicate capillary bristles interposed among
the flowers. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, glabrous, terete and striately 5-1 5-costate,
or 4-5-augled by the prominence of stronger ribs, slightly or not at all narrowed either way,
with broad truncate apex having an entire or denticulate border or sharp edge. Pappus a
series of soft and scabrous or near the base barbellulate bristles, which are deciduous more
or less in connection, and commonly 1 to 8 outer and stronger ones which are more persist-
ent and smoother.
228. CREPIS. One or two species incline to have most of the pappus-bristles fall in
connection, also a few less deciduous.
224. GLYPTOPLEURA. Involucre 8-18-flowered, cylindraceous, of 7 to 12 nearly
membranaceous linear-lanceolate equal hardly scarious-rnargined bracts, which are partly
connate below, and some loose foliaceous ones or subtending leaves at base. Akenes 'nar-
rowly oblong, often somewhat incurved, slightly tapering downward, with 5 thick obtuse
ribs or angles, and the intervals conspicuously caucellate-sculptured, so as to form single
rows of pits, at summit a short thick and 5-ribbed hollow beak exserted from a cupulate
shoulder, and slightly dilated to bear the pappus: this bright white, of very numerous and
fine hardly scabrous capillary bristles, in more than one series, caducous, outermost falling
separately, inner mostly in connection at base.
-t -i Akeues not flattened : pappus persistent, or bristles tardily falling quite scparatelv,
never in connection (except, perhaps, by the breaking of the summit of an attenuate
beak).
H- Beak to the akenes none or a mere attenuation.
= Heads solitary, terminating simple bractless scapes : flowers yellow.
225. APARGIDIUM. Involucre rather many-flowered, cyliudraceous-campanulate ; bracts
somewhat herbaceous, lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerved, rather few in 2 or 3 series, or outer
and broader ones more calyculate. Akeues linear-oblong, columnar, glabrous and smooth,
truncate, not tapering at either end. Pappus sordid or brownish, of rather copious minutely
barbellulate and rather fragile capillary bristles, with some outer and smaller ones mei-ely
scabrous. Perennial.
230. TROXIMON. Involucre many-flowered. Akenes tapering, 10-costate, beakless in
original species.
= = Heads seldom solitary, borne by leafy stems or more or less bracteate scapes.
a. Flowers yellow (in an adventive species ( red-orange), or in one species white.
226. HIERACIUM. Involucre several-many-flowered, of narrow equal bracts and some
short calyculate ones, or sometimes imbricate, having those of intermediate length, not thick-
ened at base nor with thickened midribs. Akenes oblong or columnar, smooth and glabrous,
mostly 10-ribbed or striate, either terete or 4-5-angular, slightly contracted at very base,
commonly of same thickness to the truncate top, but in several species tapering to a nar-
rower summit. Pappus of rather rigid scabrous fragile bristles, sordesceut or fuscous, rarely
COMPOSITE. 87
white and soft, then passing into Crepis. Perennials, commonly with hispid or hirsute, or
often glandular pubescence.
227. CREPIS. Involucre few-many-flowered, somewhat imbricated, or more commonly a
series of equal bracts and some short calyculate ones, sometimes thi.-kci.cd ui l,a- after
aiithesis. Akenes from columnar to fusiform, 10-20-costate. Pappus of copious white and
usually soft capillary bristles. Annuals or perennials.
6. Flowers from whitish or cream-color to violet or rose-red: involucre narrow, unchairjv.I
in age, a series of equal erect bracts, and a few short calyculate ones at base : stvlcs
usually long and slender: akenes columnar or linear, or even fusiform, mostly truii'-atc
at summit.
228. PRENANTHES. Heads 5-30-flowered, mostly nodding before or during anthesis.
Akenes terete or 4-5-augled, commonly striate, sometimes striately plurimsute, with trun-
* cate summit. Pappus of copious rather rigid capillary bristles, in the sect i< HI AVWi/x from
whitish to ferruginous. Leafy-stemmed perennials, with paniculate or racemiform-thyrsoidly
disposed heads : leaves dilated.
229. LYGODESMIA. Heads 3-12-flowered, erect. Akenes terete, obscurely fcw-striate
or angled, commonly linear or slender-fusiform, in the larger species concave at insertion.
Pappus of copious and usually unequal capillary bristles, either soft or rigidulous, from
sordid-whitish to white. Steins mostly rush-like and striate, in one species spinescent, and
leaves narrow-linear or reduced to scales. Flowers rose-colored.
-H- -H- Beak to the akenes distinct and slender, except in one or two species of Tro.rimon :
heads erect before and during anthesis : involucre unchanged in age : akenes oblong or
obovate to linear.
230. TROXIMON. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple naked scapes.
Involucre campanulate or oblong, more or less imbricated. Akenes 10-costate or 10-nerved,
smooth, not muricate nor sculptured, with or without a small callus at insertion; the beak
various, or in two species wanting. Pappus white or whitish. Flowers yellow, orange, or
rarely purple.
231. TARAXACUM. Heads many-flowered, solitary, terminating simple and fistulous
naked scapes. Involucre campanulate or oblong, a single series of nearly equal narrow
bracts, a little connate at base, and several or numerous calyculate bracts at the base.
Style-branches slender and nearly filiform, as in most genera. Akenes oblong-obovate to
fusiform, 4-5-costate or angled, and usually with some intervening nerves, muricate or
spinulose, at least near the summit, which is abruptly contracted into a filiform beak.
Pappus soft and capillary, dull white, no woolly ring at its base. Flowers yellow.
232. PYRRHOPAPPUS. Heads and involucre nearly of Taraxacum, terminating scapose
or leafy stems or branches. Style-branches short, oblong, very obtuse. Akeiics oblong or
linear-fusiform, about 5-costate or snlcate, muriculate-rngulose or hirsutulous-scabrous,
tapering abruptly into a long filiform beak. Pappus copious, soft and capillary, fulvous or
rufous, its base usually surrounded by a soft-villous ring. Flowers yellow.
233. CHONDRILLA. Heads several-flowered, sessile or short-pednncled on slender
branches. Involucre cylindrical, of several linear equal bracts, and some short calyculate
ones. Akenes 4-5-angled and with intervening nerves or ribs, muricate toward the
summit, which is abruptly produced into a filiform beak. Pappus fine and soft, I
white. Flowers yellow.
H- -j- H- Akenes flattened: pappus of copious fine and soft capillary bristles: leafy-
stemmed plants, with more or less paniculate heads.
234. LACTUCA. Involucre cylindraceous, or in fruit somewhat conoidal, several-many-
flowered, either calyculately or more regularly imbricated. Akenes obcompressed, and with
a beak or narrowed summit, which is more or less expanded at apex into a pappiferous
Pappus of bright white or rarely sordid bristles, falling separately.
235. SONCHUS. Involucre campanulate or broader, in age usually broadened and fleshy-
thickened at base, and becoming conical. Akenes obcompressed, destitute of beak or neck or
dilated pappiferous disk. Pappus of very soft nnd fine flaccid bristles, winch i
or less in connection, and commonly one or more stronger ones, which fall separately.
88 COMPOSITE. Stokesia,
TRIBE I. VERNONIACE^E, p. 50.
1. STOKESIA, L'Her. (Jonathan Stokes, a British botanist, coadjutor of
Withering: some say Dr. Wm. Stokes of Dublin.) A most peculiar genus, of a
single species, of local habitat ; a perennial, flowering in early summer ; the
hirge and showy head of flowers having considerable resemblance to that of a
China Aster. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 234.
S. cyanea, L'HEn. A foot high : stem stout, at first floccose-lanate ; the few branches
terminated by solitary heads: leaves glabrous, bright green, puncticulate, thickish; radical
and lower cauline entire, oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a margined petiole ; upper be-
coming ovate -lanceolate, partly clasping, and bearing toward their base some spinulose-
aristiform teeth ; some subtending the head and passing into the bracts of the involucre :
head, with the radiant marginal corollas (of an inch Ling), 3 inches in diameter: flowers
bright purplish-blue. L'Her. Sert. Angl. 27; Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 491 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 60; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 496G ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ii. t. 13. Carthamus Icccis, Hill,
Hort. Kew. 57, t. 5. Cartesia centauroides, Cass. Bull. Philoin. 1816. Centaurea Americana,
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 48, by mistake. Moist ground, in the low country, from south-
western part of S. Carolina to E. Louisiana : rare.
2. ELEPHANTOPUS, Vaill., L. (Greek for Elephant's foot, which is
a translation of a Malabarian name of the original species.) -- Perennial herbs, of
warm regions, extending northward almost through the Atlantic U. S. ; with un-
divided pinnately-veined leaves and usually bluish-purple flowers. Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 237. Elephantopus, Elephantosis, & Distreptus (Cass.), Less., DC.
Our species all belong to the typical section of the genus ; with stem dichoto-
mously branching ; heads capitately glomerate at the summit of pedunculiform
branches, the compound glomerule involucrate by two or three cordate and
closely sessile bracteiform leaves ; and simple pappus of about 5 awns or rigid
bristles, with chaffy-dilated base : fl. late summer. Of the nearly related species
(with glabrous corolla) E. scaber belongs to the extra- American and E. mollis to
the American tropics. Schultz Bip., in Lmuaea, xx. 514, too hastily combined all
the American species.
* Stem leafy: upper cauline leaves very similar to the basal.
E. Carolinianus, WILLD. Rather softly hirsute or pubescent, sometimes 3 feet high :
leaves thin, oval-obovate or ovate, crenate or repand-dentate, not rugose, nor prominently
veined (the larger 4 to 8 inches long and 2 to 4 wide) ; uppermost oblong: chaffy base of
awns of the pappus decidedly longer thau the diameter of the akene, lanceolate-subulate and
very gradually attenuate into the awn. Spec. iii. 2390 (excl. syn.); Xutt. Gen. ii. 187;
Ell. Sk. ii. 480; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. GO. E. scaixr, Walt. Car. 217, &c , not L. -Dry soil
in open woods, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Kansas, Texas, and Florida.
* * Stem usually naked and scapiform: its few leaves small and bract-like; principal leaves
radical and flat on the ground.
E. tomentosus, L. Somewhat cauescently hirsute and villous ; leaves silky-villous beneath
(rather than tomentose), varying from obovate or rarely oval to narrowly-spatulate ; veins of
the lower surface prominent : scapiform stem a foot or two high : involucre of the large
glomerules rigid : pappus-scales about the length of the breadth of the akene, triangular-
subulate, attenuate into the bristle. Spec. ii. 814, & ed. 2, excl. syn. Browne ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. 1. c. E. Carolinianus, var. simplex, Nutt. Gen. ii. 187. E.nudicaulis, Ell. Sk. ii. 481.
E. elatus, Bertol. Misc. xi. 21, t. 5. Virginia and Kentucky to Florida and Louisiana.
E. nudatus, GRAY. Minutely strigose-pubescent : leaves membrauaceous, green, at most
somewhat hirsute beneath, from spatnlate-obovate to oblanceolate, not prominently veined :
glomerules smaller : pappus-scales very short, broadly deltoid, abruptly terminated by the
Vernonia. COMPOSITE. <j
bristle. Proc, Am. Acad. xv. 47. (Ecfiinophorce affinis Mariana, etc., Pluk. Mant 66 t 388
fig. 6 ?) E. scabcr, Michx. Fl. in part; Torr. & Gray, FL 1. c., not L. E. nudicaulis, Ell!
in herb. Hook., not of Sk. 1. c. Low and sandy woodlands, Delaware (Cunlij) to Georgia
W. Louisiana, and Arkansas (Harvey).
3. VERN6NIA, Schreb. IROX-WEED. ( Win. Vernon, an early collector
in Virginia, &c.) Perennial herbs (or some in the tropics sliruhs) ; \\ith alter-
nate and pinnately-veined leaves, and usually purple or rose-colored flowers,
occasionally varying to white. Gen. 541; DC. Prodr. v. l.'i; Tm-r. & Oav,
Fl. ii. 57 ; Benth. & Hook., Gen. ii. 227. -- A huge genus, of nearly 400 specie's,
the greater part S. American, some S. African and S. Asian; the X. American
species all of the section Lepidaploa, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Lepidj>l,,, &c., ( ass. ).
having somewhat spherical heads in terminal cymes or terminating corvnibii'unn
branches. Ours all many-flowered; the (fuscous or even ferruginous) pappus
persistent or nearly so, and double ; akenes commonly sprinkled or beset with
resinous atoms between the salient ribs; foliage often punctimlate. Fl late
summer and autumn. The species are extremely difficult : there are spontaneous
hybrids between such very different species as V. Arkansana and V. Baldwinii,
V. fasciculata and V. Baldwinii, and even between V. Baldivinii and V. Lind-
heimeri !
* Stems leafy throughout: short outer pappus conspicuous, and squamellate rather than setose.
-i Heads large, sometimes an inch high, 50-70-flowered.
V.- Arkansana, DC. Tall (8 or 10 feet), rather glabrous: leaves all linear-lanceolate
(4 to 12 inches long and lines wide), attenuate-acuminate, runcinately denticulate: heads all
on simple and somewhat clavate peduncles, nearly hemispherical : involucre green, verv
squarrose ; its bracts all equalling the disk, and with long filiform tips (those of the uppi-r
reddish), the outer and loose ones filiform nearly or quite to the base: akciu-s minutdv
hispid on the ribs. Prodr. vii. 264 ; Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 283 ; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 59 ; Torr. in Sitgreaves Exped. t. 2. Plains and alluvial banks of streams,
Missouri and Kansas to E. Texas.
H -I Pleads smaller, half-inch high or less, 15-40-flowered, rarely only 10-flowered.
H- Leaves slightly or not at all scabrous, and without revolute margins, most of them acutely den-
ticulate or serrate with rigid or somewhat spinulose teeth, varying from linear-lanceolate to
oblong-ovate, acuminate or very acute, pinnately veined: stems leafy up to the inflorescence;
cymes mostly compound. (Species not clearly limited.)
= Akenes under a lens more or less hispidulous on the ribs.
V. Noveboracensis, WILLD. Somewhat glabrous or pubescent, 3 to 6 feet high : leaves
from elongated- to oblong-lanceolate (3 to 9 inches long) : heads in an open cyme, 20-40-
flowered : involucre commonly brownish or dark purplish ; the ovate and ovate-lanceolate
bracts (or at least the upper ones) abruptly acuminate into a slender cusp or slender tortuous
awn, usually some of the lower wholly aristiform and loose. Spec. iii. 1632; DC. Prodr.
v. 63 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 57. Serralula Noreboracensis (founded on Ilerm. Parad. Bot.,
& Dill. Elth. 355, t. 263) and S. pnmlta (in herb, and of Dill. Elth. t. 204, bracts more
aristate than the figure shows), L. Spec. ii. 818. V. prcealta, Less, in Linn. iv. 264 ; Hook.
Fl. i. 304. V.tomentosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 288 (Chrysocoma tomcntosa, Walt. Car. 196), a form
with tomentulose pubescence. Varies with pale or sometimes white instead of piuk-pnrph-
corollas, the involucre then greenish. Low grounds, coast of New England to Georgia,
west to Wisconsin and Missouri, but mostly an eastern species.
Var. latif 61ia. Lower, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves oblong-ovate or broadly lanceolate,
pale or glaucescent beneath, the larger more coarsely serrate : heads fewer : involucre vary-
ing from hemispherical (of fewer bracts) to somewhat turhinate, and its bracts merely acute,
acuminate, mucronate, or some with a short filiform cusp. Serratula glauca, L. 1. c., founded
on Dill. Elth. 354, t. 262; the specimen has many aristate-tipped bracts. \'i nionia glaum
(and nearly V. prcealta), Willd. Spec. iii. 1633. V. ovalifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Chapm.
90 COMPOSITE. Vernonia.
Fl. 187, extreme form, mostly with muticous involucral bracts. In shady places, Penn. and
Ohio to Florida.
V. Baldwin!!, TORR. Tomentulose, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate :
involucre (a quarter-inch high) when young globose, hoary-tomeutose, greenish, squarrose
by the spreading or recurved acute or acuminate tips of its bracts. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211 ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. V. spharoidca, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Prairies and barren
hills, E. Missouri to Texas ; flowering early, in July and August. Passes into the next.
V. altissima, NUTT. Nearly glabrous, or sometimes cinereous-pubescent, 5 to 10 feet high :
leaves thinnish, veiny, obscurely if at all puncticulate, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong: cyme
usually loose or open : involucre of wholly appressed obtuse or merely mucronate-acute
bracts : ribs of the akenes minutely or sparsely hispidulous. Geu. ii. 1.34 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 289 ;
Less, in Linn. vi. 639, partly. V. prcealta, Michx. 1. c., partly; DC. 1. c., partly. V. fasciru-
lata, var., Torr. & Grav, Fl. ii. 59 ; Chapm. Fl. 188. Ckrysocoma <ii<jant<a, Walt. 1. c. Varies
much, especially in the size of the heads : the form purrijlom, with involucre only 2 or 3
lines high and rather pauciseriate, being Nutt all's original. Low or wet grounds, \\ .
Penn. to Illinois, Louisiana and Florida.
Var. graild.ifl.6ra. Less tall : heads larger : involucre mostly 4 lines high ; the bracts
35 to 40 and in more numerous ranks. Nutt. in Herb. Acad. Philad. Low prairies and
along streams, Illinois and Kentucky to Texas.
= = Akenes smooth and glabrous on the ribs, or nearly so: bracts of the involucre all closely
appressed and inappendiculate, coriaeeo-chartaceous.
V. fasciculata, MICHX. Glabrous, or the cyme puberulent, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves thick-
ish, when dry puncticulate, from linear (and with obscure veins or veinlets) to oblong-
lanceolate (and more evidently veined), conspicuously spinulose-denticulate : heads numerous
and crowded on the branches of the compound cyme : involucre (3 or 4 lines high) 20-30-
flowered ; its bracts all obtuse, or some of the uppermost abruptly mucrouate-acute.
Fl. ii. 94 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. vars. V. corymbosa, Schweiiiitz, in Keating, Narr. Long
Exped. Mississ., the form with broad and short leaves. }'. altissinift, DC. 1. c. partly, & excl.
syn. Dill., &c. Low grounds, prairies and river-bottoms, Ohio and Kentucky to Dakota
and south to Texas.
H- -H- Leaves perfectly glabrous and smooth, veinless, commonly entire, narrowly linear, plane:
heads narrow, few-flowered.
V. Lettermani, ENGEI.M. Habit of the preceding, 2 to 4 feet high, fastigiately and
cymosely much branched at summit : leaves 3 or 4 inches long, only a line wide, the margins
not revolute : heads numerous, pedunculate, clavate-cylindraceous, 10-14-flowered, half -inch
long : bracts of the involucre all appressed and inappendiculate, but acute or acuminate ;
outermost ovate-subulate, innermost narrowly lanceolate and purple : ribs of the glandular
akenes obscurely scabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 78. Arkansas, on Cooper's Creek,
B/r/c/ow. Gravelly banks and sand-bars of the Washita, Lettermvi}.
V. James!!, TORE. & GRAY. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high : leaves linear-
lanceolate or linear, like those of narrowest forms of V. fasciculata, but smaller and less or
obsoletely denticulate ; veins and veiulets obscure : heads few or numerous in a loose and
open corymbiform cyme, all pedunculate : involucre (4 or 5 lines high) 15-25-flowered, from
hemispherical-campanulate to turbinate-oblong ; its bracts all or mostly obtuse, or (in the
larger form of involucre) acute or acuminate. Fl. 1. c. ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 82. V. alti*-
sima, var. marginata, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210. Plains of Nebraska and Arkansas to
W. Texas and E. New Mexico, first coll. by Dr. James.
-H- -H- -H- Leaves with upper face scabrous and margin? often revolute, then entire, not canescent.
V. angustifolia, MICHX. Stem a foot to a yard high, slender, from roughish-hirsute to
nearly glabrous : leaves from narrowly linear or approaching filiform to lanceolate, the
broader ones sparsely denticulate and also veiny : cyme loose, simple or compound, sometimes
paniculate, sometimes umbelliform, mostly naked: heads 15-25-flowered: involucre about
3 lines high, commonly somewhat turbinate; its bracts or most of them mucronate, some-
times cuspidate-acuminate : akenes minutely hirsute, at least on the ribs. Fl. ii. 94 ; Ell.
Sk. ii. 87 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. V. fasciculata, DC. 1. c., not Michx. Chrysocoma nramini-
folia, Walt. Car. 196. Liatn's nmbc-Hata, Bertol. Misc. v. t. 4. Dry pine barrens, N. Caro-
lina to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas.
Stevia. COMPOSITE. 91
Var. SCaberrima. Leaves mostly short and sparsely denticulate or toothed, from
linear to oblong-lanceolate, scabrous to rongh-hispidulous above : bracts of tin.- imolucre or
some of them produced into long and loose or spreading subulate or filiform tips. Torr. &
tiray, 1. c. V. scahi.n-inin, Nutt. Gen. ii. 134; Ell. 1. c. South Carolina to Florida.
Var. Texaiia. Stem virgate, rather tall : lower leaves large, lanceolate (3 to 6 inches
long); upper ones small, linear or subulate: cyme naked: bracts of the involucre all point-
less or merely mucronate. -- Torr. & Gray, 1. c., character, without name. I'ine woods,
Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.
Var. pu.rn.ila, CIIAPM. Glabrous and hardly at all scabrous, even the leaves; these
small, mostly linear and entire : stem slender, a span to 18 inches high : c\ me of feu heads :
bracts of the involucre pointless. Bot. Gazette, iii. 5. Wet pine barrens, S. E. Florida,
Blodyett, Gurbcr.
H- -H- -H- -H- Loaves with revolute entire margins, not scabrous, reinless, lanose beneath.
V. Lindheimeri, GRAY & ENGJBLM. About a foot high, excessively leafy up to the corym-
biform cyme, lanose-cauescent, even to the obtuse and pointless bracts of the involucre:
leaves narrowly linear (l^ to 3 inches long, a line or two wide), glabrate and green ab'>-, < ;
heads all pedunculate: akenes glabrous: pappus purple. Proc. Am. A cad. i. 40, & H.
Lindh. ii. 217. Rocky hills and plains, W.Texas, Luulht !i>nr, Writ/lit, &c. U< rlandier
collected an apparent hybrid between this most distinct species and V. Buhlwitiii.
* * Outer pappus inconspicuous and rather setose than squamellate: cauline leaves few and small.
V. oligophylla, Micux. Minutely scabrous-pubescent : stem about 2 feet high, slender,
hearing a few heads in a very loose naked cyme : radical leaves ample (4 to 8 inches long)
in a rosulate tuft, oblong; cauline lanceolate, few and small, the uppermost reduced to
subulate bracts ; all veiny and denticulate: heads 15-30-flowered : bracts of the involucre
subulate (mostly from a broad base), loose : bristles of the pappus slender: akenes hirtellous
on the ribs. Fl. ii. 94 ; DC. Prodr. v. 02 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 57. Sardinia < 'arolinensis,
Dill. Elth. t. 261. Chrysocoma acaulis, Walt. Car. 190. Low pine barrens, X. Carolina to
Florida, near the coast. Varies with foliage soft cinereous-pubescent : S. Carolina, J.
Donnell Smith.
TRIBE II. EUPATORIACE^, p. 50.
4. STfiVIA, Cav. (Dr. Pedro Esteve.) Herbs, rarely suffruteseent plants ;
with mostly opposite and triplinerved leaves, small and narrow heads usually
corymbosely crowded in terminal naked cymes or fascicles, and flowers white or
rose-purple : pappus variable ; the awns Avhen present barbellate-scabrous. -
A large Mexican genus (a few species reaching our borders), also well developed
on the eastern side of South America in corresponding latitudes. Cav. Ic. iv.
32, t. 354-35 G ; Schultz Bip. in Linn. xxv. 268.
* Branches and heads paniculate, loose: root annual.
S- micrantha, LAG. Puberulent and somewhat viscid : stem slender, a foot or two high,
bearing short flowering branches almost from the base : leaves thin, ovate wiili snbcnneatc or
rarely subcordate base, serrate (inch long), petioled : heads pedicellate in the loose dusters,
3 and 4 lines long : pappus of 3 awns with short paleaceous-dilated base, or in one or two
flowers occasionally awnless. Elench. Hort. Madrid, 1815, & Nov. Gen. & Spec. 27.
5. macclla, Gray, PL Wright, ii. 70. Shady cliffs, New Mexico, IIV///A/. Southern Arizona,
Lemmon, by which is generally meant Mr. J. G. and Mrs. Sam Plummcr Lcmmon, associates
in exploration. (Mex.)
* * Heads loosely cymose-paniculate and pedunculate: root perennial.
S. amabilis, LEMMON. Stem slender and virgate, or with long virgate brandies, about 2
feet high: leaves all alternate, linear with narrowed base, or the lowest oblanceolate, eniire,
thinnish: involucre slender, glandular-viscid : flowers purple: pappus of 5 long awns and
with extremely short (broader than long) intermediate paleaj. Gray, Proe. Am. Acad.
xix. 1. Plains near Cave Canon, S. Arizona, Lemmon.
92 COMPOSITE. Stevia.
* * * Heads subsessile and fasciculate; the fascicles coiymboscly cymose: root perennial,
i Herbaceous, leafy up to the dense fastigiate clusters of heads: leaves subsessile, serrate.
S. serrata, CAT. Pubescent or somewhat hirsute : leaves often alternate, crowded, from
spat ulate-lirj ear to oblong-spatulate, irregularly and sometimes coarsely serrate or some
entire, loosely veiny, strongly punctate : flowers white or pale rose : pappus 1-5-aristate or
in some flowers reduced to a crown of short obtuse palea;. Ic. iv. t. 355 ; DC. Prodr. v.
118. S. ii'trfo/in, Wilkl. Mag. Naturf. Berl. 1807, 137, & Euuin. 855. S. canescens, IIBK.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 143; Beuth. PL Ilartw. 19; Gray, PL Wright, ii. 71. S. vinjata,
HBK. 1. c. S.punctata, Sclmltz Bip. in Linn. xxv. 286. Ai/eraftnn pnnctutnin, Jacq. Hort.
Schoenbr. iii. t. 300. (Variable species.) New Mexico and Arizona, Writ/fit aud later
collectors. (Mex., Venezuela.)
S. PlutnrnerSB, GRAY. Pubemlent and almost glabrous: leaves nearly all opposite, less
crowded, oblong-lanceolate or broader, acute, incisely serrate, bright green, very conspicu-
ously nervose-veiny and reticulated, hardly punctate (2 inches long) : flowers rose-color:
pappus of 4 broad aud truncate fimbriate-denticulate palea>. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 204.
S. Arizona, Rucker Valley of the Chiricahua Mountains, Mrs. Lciinnon, boru Plummer.
Var. alba. Flowers white : leaves less serrate and not so strongly veiny. S. Arizona,
in Ramsey's CaTiou, Lcmmon.
-i -f Shrubby: leaves subsessile, mostly entire and opposite.
S. Lemmoni, GRAY. Fruticose, puberulent throughout, leafy up to the dense clusters of
very numerous heads : leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, thinnish, obscurely triplinerved :
involucre somewhat viscid-pubescent: flowers apparently white: pappus a cupulate aud
nearly entire or merely lacerate crown. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. S. Arizona, canons in the
Santa C'atalina Mountains, Lemmon, Primjlc.
S. salicifolia, CAV. Frutescent, low, nearly glabrous : leaves coriaceous, linear or linear-
lanceolate, occasionally serrate, commonly glutinous-lucid : heads in small and more open
fascicles: flowers white: pappus 1-3-aristate, or sometimes of obtuse palea;. Ic. 1. c.
t. 354 ; Schnltz Bip. 1. c. 290 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 73. <$. anytistifolia, HBK. 1. c. (awn-
less pappus). S. border of Texas, Parry, a low aud very narrow-leaved form. (Mex.)
5. SCLEB6LEPIS, Cass. (2 K X7/po?, hard, and AeTrts, scale, from the
cartilaginous palese of the pappus.) Genus of a single species, peculiar to the
Atlantic coast. Fl. summer.
S. Verticillata, CASS. Subaquatic perennial, nearly glabrous, stoloniferous from the base :
stems slender, usually simple, above the water bearing many whorls of narrowly linear one-
nerved entire sessile leaves (half-inch to an inch long), and terminated by a solitary pedun-
culate small head (rarely branching at top and 3-4-cephalous) : flowers rose-purple.
Diet. xxv. 365 ; DC. Prodr. v. 114; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 65. ^Etlntlia uuijiora, Walt. Car.
195. Spargonophorus vcrtici/latns, Michx. Fl. ii. 95, t. 42. Low pine-barren ponds and
streams, in shallow water, New Jersey to Florida. Leaves 4 to 6 in the whorls.
6. TRICHOCOR6NIS, Gray. ( p , T P i X <>s, hair, and KopcmV, top or
apex.) Texano-Mexican herbs, fibrous-rooted, aquatic or paludo.se ; with stems
creeping at base or spreading, branching, leafy, pubescent with somewhat viscid
and weak multicellular hairs: leaves of soft texture, opposite or the upper alter-
nate, sessile and partly clasping, glabrnte : heads slender-peduncled, terminating
the branches : flowers flesh-color or rose-purple. PI. Fendl. 65 ; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 240.
T. "Wrightii, GRAY, 1. c. Stems assnrgent from an annual root, paniculately-branched
above: leaves undivided, sparingly serrate, half-inch or more long; the lower opposite and
oblong ; upper alternate and cordate-lanceolate : heads diffusely panicled, only two lines
high and wide: involucral bracts about 18, oblong-lanceolate : receptacle convex: tube of
the corolla shorter than the expanded throat and limb : style-branches narrow : pappus a
minute but evident crown of more or less concreted setuliform squamellae, or some of them
aristellate. Ageratum? (Micrageratum) Wrighlii, Torr. & Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46.
Hofmeisteria. COMPOSITE.
Margacola parvula, Bnckl. in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 1862. Wet wound in pni
Texas, Wright, Buckl, ,/, &c. (Mex., Palmr.r.)
T. rivularis, GRAY, 1. c. Stems floating, in sliallow water rooting, and flowrriii" branches
ciiKTscd and ascending: leaves succulent, mostly opposite, an inch' or two in length cum
obovate, sparingly incised or palmately 3-lobed, contracted into a narrow connate-clasi
auriculate base: heads fewer or solitary on simple peduncles, .3 or 4 lines in diameter:
involucral bracts about 12, oval, obtuse : receptacle highly convex: tube of corolla slender
equalling the hemispherical throat and limb : style-branches flat and linear, a.-mish : prippus
a minute and evanescent or obscure setulose crown. In springs and streamlets, S. \V.
Texas, Wriijld, &c. (Adjacent Mex., Gregg, &c.)
7. AG-ERATUM, L. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some arom
plant of this order, probably an Ac/tillea, from a privative and y,^ s . yr^aros,
not waxing old, transferred by Linnaeus to an American genus.) Chiefly
tropical, herbaceous, and with opposite petiolate leaves ; heads small in terminal
corymbiform cymes or rarely paniculate; flowers blue, purple, or \vliitc. in
summer. --Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 241, excl. syn. O.ri/lnltis. Agerahnu &
Ccdestina, Cass., DC!. ; to which should be added Alomia, IIBK., differing only
in the want of pappus.
1. EUAGERATUM. Pappus of distinct aristate or sometimes muticous palese :
receptacle naked.
A. COXYZOIDKS, L. Annual, pubescent: leaves ovate or deltoid-subcordate, crenately serrate.-
pappus of 5 to 7 lanceolate rigid scales, mostly tapering into a scabrous awn which nearlv
equals the blue or white corolla, Sehk. ilandb. t. 238 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 15. J . .!/, .,-,', ;i t />i,/i,
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2524, &c., a more pubescent form, common in ornamental cultivation.
Sparingly naturalized near towns in the S. Atlantic States. (Nat. from Trop. Amcr., &,.-.)
2. CCELESTINA. Puppus coroniform or cupulate (by the union of the paleas
into an entire or toothed cup or border), sometimes obsolete.-- Ccelestina, Cass.,
DC., &c. (In our species the receptacle is naked, duration of root uncertain,
and flowers usually blue or violet.)
A. COrymbosum, ZUCCAGNI. Scabrous-puberulent, erect : leaves short-petioled, ovate
to oblong-lanceolate, irregularly few-several-toothed : floriferous branches naked above:
corolla-tube glauduliferous : pappus prominently cupulate, more or less dentate. Zurcagni
ex Balb. in Hort. Taur. 1806; Pers. Syn. ii. 402. A. coelestinum, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1730;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 623. Calestina ageratoidcs, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 151 ; Gray, I'l.
Wright, ii. 70. C. ccerulea, Cass. Diet. vi. suppl. 8, t. 93. C. corymbosa, DC. 1'rn.ir. v. 108.
New Mexico, Wright, &c. (Mex.)
A. littorale, GRAY. Glabrous, decumbent or assurgent : leaves rather succulent, long-pcti-
olcd, ovate with cuneate base, serrate: corolla glabrous: pappus an extremely short crown.
with or without several minute narrow teeth, or reduced to a mere ring. Proc. Am. A cud.
xvi. 78. C&lestina maritima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 64; not A<j< minm ninritiiiiitin. II15K..
which is a true Ageratum with diminutive pappus. Key West, S. Florida, BcnnM, I'And-
gett, Palmer, Garber.
8. HOFMEISTEBIA, Walp. (W. ffofmeister, SL vegetable histologist.)
Low suffrutcscent plants; with heads terminating slender peduncles, small
incised leaves either opposite or alternate on long petioles, and whitish flowers ;
the style-branches clavate. Two species, the original one (H. fasciculata,
Walp. Rep. vi. 106 ; Helogyne, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 20, t. 14), of Lower California,
with 2-3-awned pappus.
H. pluriseta, GRAY. Slightly puberulent and viscidulous, much branched : leaves with small
(2 to 5 lines long) deltoid to oblong blade very much shorter than the petiole : heads about
94 COMPOSITES. Miknnia.
20-flowered, 4 or 5 lines long : bracts of involucre with pointed somewhat spreading tips :
akenes rather short: pappus of 10 or 12 bristles and about as many small and narrow acute
squamellae. Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 96, t. 9, & But. Calif, i. 299. Canons, San Bernardino
desert, Southeast California to Arizona and S. Utah, Bigelow, Parry, Nctcbtrry, &c.
9. MIKANIA, Willtl. (Prof. J. G. Mikan, of Prague, or his son and suc-
cessor, J. C. Mikan, who collected in Brazil.) Twining perennials, or many
erect and shrubby in tropical America, where most of the numerous species
occur ; with opposite leaves and small variously clustered heads. Our species,
confined to the Atlantic States, have slender-petioled angulate-cordate leaves,
corymbosely cymose heads of pale flesh-colored and more or less fragrant flowers,
produced in summer and autumn ; the throat of the corolla abruptly dilated from
the narrow tube, and broadly campanulate. Willd. Spec. iii. 1472; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 246.
]VE. scandons, WILLD. Glabrous or puberulent : herbaceous stems high-twining: leaves
somewhat hastately or deltoidly cordate, acuminate, irregularly and obtusely angulate-
dentate or repand, rarely almost entire : heads crowded, about 3 lines long : involucral bracts
lanceolate, acuminate or slender-apiculate : corolla-lobes ovate, much shorter than the very
wide throat: akenes a line long, resiuous-atomiferous. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 91 ; Baker
in Fl. Bras. vi. 248, in part. Enjiatortum scanclcns,~L.; Jacq. Ic. Ear. t. 1G9; Michx. Fl.
ii. 97. Moist ground along streams, New England and W. Canada to Florida and Texas.
(Mex. and W. Iiid. to S. Brazil, mostly in peculiar forms, if not species.)
Var. pubescens, TOKK & GBAT, 1. c. From slightly to densely puberulent. M. pn-
besceus, Mnhl. Cat. 71 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 13G. M. menispermea, DC. Prodr. v. 200. Southern
Atlantic States to Texas.
M. COl'difolia, WILLD. Puberulent or pubescent, frutescent at base : branchlets often
striatc-angulate : leaves broadly cordate and angulate : inflorescence more compound : heads
4 or 5 lines long : involucral bracts oblong-linear, obtuse or muticous : corolla-lobes oblong-
lanceolate, fully as long as the campanulate throat: akenes 1 1 to 2 lines long, glabrous.
Cacalia cord/folia, L. f. Suppl. 351, & herb. Mntis, fide Baker, 1. c. 253. M. cord/folia (and
according to Baker also M. rubiginosa), Smith. M. suareolens, IIBK. Nov. Gen. Spec.
iv. 135. M. yonoclada, DC. 1. c. 199. M. concolvulacea, DC. 1. c. W. Louisiana, Hale.
(Mex., W. Ind., Brazil.)
10. EUPAT6RIUM, Tourn. TIIOROUGHTVOKT, &c. (MMiridates Eu-
pator, king of Pontus.) Perennial herbs, a few annuals, and some shrubby in
the warmer regions ; with commonly opposite leaves, mostly resinous-atomifei'ous
and bitter ; the small heads corymbosely cymose, or sometimes paniculate, rarely
solitary. Fl. late summer and autumn. A vast genus as received in DC. Prodr.
v. 141, and more extended by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 245 ; chiefly American.
The sections are too confluent for good subgenera.
1. 6suiA, Benth. Involucre cylindrical or cylindraceous ; the bracts squa-
maceous, coriaceous or firm-chartaceous, sti'iate, pluriseriate, closely imbricated, the
exterior successively shorter, obtuse : receptacle of the flowers flat or rarely
convex : heads mostly clustered in corymbiform cymes : branching shrubs, or
rarely herbs with suffrutescent base, tropical or subtropical : leaves all opposite.
Osmia, Schultz Bip. Cylindrocephala, DC.
* Involucral bracts abruptly appendiculate with short fnlinceous or partly colored squarrose tips:
heads pedunculate. Phyllacrocephala, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 88.
E. sagittatum, GRAY,!, c. Probably snffrnticose, puberulent : leaves (inch long) slender-
petioled, sagittate or hastate, otherwise entire, acute or acuminate: heads nearly half-inch
long, in threes terminating divergent branchlets : involucre 30-40-flowered, its bracts firm-
Eupatorium. COMPOSITE. 95
coriaceous, hardly striate, prominently appendaged by deltoid spreading foliaccous tips
flowers probably purplish. " California," Coulter, no. 294. But the sain.- as 253 of Upper
SoDora in the Mexican collection, doubtless the real habitat. Yet may reach into Arizona.
(Adj. Mex., Coulter, Gregg, Palmer.)
E. ivaefolium, L. Herbaceous or merely suffrutescent, somewhat hirsute or pubescent,
strictly erect, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves lanceolate or the upper ones linear, hanlh petioled]
3-uerved, sparsely and often coarsely serrate at the middle, mostly obtuse, roiighis'h, an inch
or two long: heads small (3 or 4 lines long), 10-20-flowered, in small and loose cymes:
bracts of the cylindraceous involucre oblong, striate, with the very short somewhat, truncate
tips purple or greenish and slightly squarrose-spreading : flowers light purplish-blue or
reddish.- -Amoen. Acacl. v. 405, & Spec. ed. 2, 1174; Torr. & Gray, Kl. ii. 81 ; Griseb. Fl.
W. Ind. 359 ; Baker in Fl. Bras. 1. c. 290. (E. obsennim, DC., & E. concinnum, Hook. & Am.,
ex Baker.) E. caloccphalam, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 286. Linin'x
oppositifolia, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 299. Old fields, &c., Lower Mississippi, Louisiana,
and Texas; the var. Ludoricianum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., a form with less serrate leaves and
less squarrose involucre, the tips of the upper scales mostly petaloid and purple. ( W. Ind.
& Mex. to S. Brazil.)
* * luvolucral bracts wholly inappendiciilate and appressed.
E. heteroclinium, GRISEB. Herbaceous, with somewhat ligneous base, 2 or 3 feet high,
rather strong-scented, pubescent : branches ascending : leaves rather short-petioled, ovate-
lanceolate with cuneate or truncate base to deltoid, obtusely serrate, 3-nervcd, about an inch
long: heads scattered, 5 or 6 lines long, 20-25-flowered, short-peduncled : involucre cylin-
draceous, glabrous, smooth and somewhat shining, pale; the bracts very obtuse, about
7-striate, more than usually deciduous: receptacle of the purple or bluish flowers convex. -
Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 358. Conoclininm rii/iihun, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 6, not DC. Keys
of S. Florida, Blodyctt, Chapman, Curtiss. (Jamaica.)
E. COHyzoid.es, VAIIL. Shrubby, with herbaceous divergent flowering branches, 4 to 10
feet high, from villous-pubescent to glabrate: leaves slender-petioled, ovate-lance. .laic, vary-
ing to ovate, acuminate, mostly cuneate at base, sparsely and acutely serrate or sometimes
entire, 3-nervcd or triplinerved (larger 3 to 5 and smaller 1 or 2 inches long) : heads numer-
ous in the corymbiform open cymes, a third to half-inch long, 12-30-flowcrcd : involucre
cylindraceous or cylindrical, glabrous; the bracts 3-5-striate, rounded and somewhat green-
ish at the tip: receptacle of the pale blue or white flowers flat. Symb. iii. 9(i ; Schrank,
Hort. Monac. t. 85; Baker, 1. c. E. odomtnm, L., in part. Along the Eio Grande on the
Mexican border of Texas, BerJandiir, Srliott, Bigclotc, &c. Mouths of the Mississippi,
Trccul. E. Sabeanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861,456. The form wilh stouter
heads and firmer greenish-tipped iuvolucral bracts, common in Mexico, &c. (E. jhinhiunhtm,
HBK., E. diveryens, Less., E. Maximiliani, Schrader, E. coriyzoidcs folio i/iol/i <t im-utm, etc.,
Pluk. t. 177, fig. 3), not the "W. Indian form with more slender and pallid (V \\er (lowered
involucre, ami innermost bracts often acute, which approaches E. odoratum. (Trop.
Amer.)
2. EUPATOUIUIM proper. Involucre various ; the bracts from thin-membra-
naceous or scarious to herbaceous, nerveless or few-nerved, mostly lax, either
imbricated or equal and nearly uuiseriate : receptacle flat, not hairy.
* Involucre cylindrical and imbricate in the manner of 1, but thin-membranaccous and some-
what scarious when dry, faintly 3-striate: heads very numerous, corymbiform-cymose, mostly
5-10-flowered: leaves verticillate: stem herbaceous: herbage nearly destitute of n-iiious glob-
ules. Verticitlata, DC,
E. purpureum, L. (JOE-PYE WEED, TRUMPET WEED.) From pubescent, to nearly
glabrous : stems simple, 3 to 9 feet high, usually lineolate-punctate, often list ular : leaves com-
monly 3-6-nate, from oval-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, reticulate-
veiny, the base narrowed into a short petiole : cymes polycephalous, compound-corymbose and
numerous: involucre (3 or 4 lines long) whitish and ilesli-colored : flowers dull flesh-color or
purple, rarely almost white. Spec. ii. 838 (Corn. Canad. t, 72; Ilerm. Parad. t. 158;
Moris. Hist. Vii. t. IS) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 81. E. trifoliatum, L. 1. c., pi. Gronov. Virg.
E. maculatum, L. Amosn. iv. 288, & Spec. ed. 2, 1174 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 102. E. rerti-
96 COMPOSITE. Eupatorium.
cillatum, Mulil. in Willd. Spec, iii. 760. E. ternifolium, Ell. Sk. ii. 306 ; DC. Prodr. v. 151.
Low or wet ground, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, Florida, and westward in wooded
districts to New Mexico, Utah, and Brit. Columbia. Varies greatly, yet manifestly one
species. The typical form, very tall, growing in shady places, with smooth stem (usually
purple above the nodes), large and thin leaves and loose inflorescence, its branches sleuder-
peduncled. A narrow-leaved and attenuated form (var. angustifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) is
E.falcatum, Michx. Fl. ii. 99, and E. lievitjatum, Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. The best marked of
the variations are the following.
Var. maculatum, DARL. Common in open ground, 3 or 4 feet high, often roughish-
pubescent : stem commonly purple, striate or sulcate ; leaves somewhat rugose, 3-5-uate : in-
florescence more compact and depressed. Fl. Cest. 453 ; Torr. & Gray, I.e. E. maculatum,
L. l..c. E. fusco-rulr/tm, Walt. Car. 199 ? E. punctatum, Willd. Enum. ii. 853. E. dubiuin,
Poir. Suppl. ii. 606. The most widely distributed form.
Var. amtienum. Leaves opposite or at most 3-4-nate, ovate or oblong, smoothish :
stem slender, 2 feet high : heads fewer and only 3-5-flowered. E. amvnum, Pursh, Fl. ii.
514. An attenuate or depauperate form, growing in rather dry woods, mountains of Vir-
ginia to New York.
* * Involucre imbricated, rather lax; the bracts of at least three or seldom only two lengths, the
outer successively shorter. Subimbricata, DC.
-) Heads as many as 20-flowered, large (about half-inch long): bracts of the involucre of 4 or 5
lengths, striate-nervose in the way of rick t Ilia: perennial herbs, of a Mexican type.
H- Leaves entire, tomentose beneath.
E. Bigelovii, GRAY. Cinereous-pubescent, paniculately branched: leaves all opposite,
ovate-lanceolate with a rounded or obscurely cordate base, acute, entire, short -petioled,
puberulent above, soft-tomentose beneath, 3-5-ribbed at base : inflorescence somewhat pa-
niculate: peduncles 3-5-cephalous : involucre turbiuate, tomentulose, regularly imbricated ;
outer bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, the innermost linear : flowers purplish :
akenes nearly glabrous. Bot. Mex. Bound. 75. Arizona, on the Gila, Bigelow.
H- -H- Leaves acutely serrate, narrowed at the pinnately veined base, very short-petioled.
E. Bruneri. Minutely puberulent, apparently only a foot or two high : leaves opposite,
ovate-oblong, acute, loosely veiny (2 or 3 inches long) : paniculate rather slender peduncles
bearing 3 or more sessile or short-peduncled heads : involucre campauulate, of comparatively
few obscurely striate obtuse bracts ; the outer oval, puberulent ; inner ones scarious and
glabrous, flesh-color (as probably are the flowers) : akenes glabrous. Damp ground, in the
Rocky Mountains at Fort Collins, N. Colorado, Dr. Brunei- .
-H- -H- -H- Leaves coarsely and often obtusely dentate, 3-5-ribbed at the cordate or sometimes trun-
cate dilated base, slender-pstioled, thin, bright greeen, acute or acuminate: flowers white or
whitish: bracts of the campanulate involucre conspicuously striate-nerved: akenes minutely
pubescent, not rarely 6-uerved, or with one or two of the nerves double !
E. Fendleri, GRAY. A foot or two high, leafy, obscurely puberulent : leaves opposite or
the upper alternate, deltoid-subcordate, tapering gradually to an acute or acuminate point :
heads comparatively small and numerous, paniculate, all peduucled : bracts of the involucre
all obtuse, the outer oblong. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 205. BricJceHia Fend/eri, Gray, PI.
Fendl. 63, & PI. Wright, ii. 73. (Some secondary or double ribs on many of the akenes
connect this with Brickellia.) Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, Wrlyht,
Greene, Lemmon, Ruxby.
E. Parryi, GRAY. Hirsutely pubescent (the spreading hairs of the stem somewhat glandular
and viscid), loosely branched : leaves (so far as known) alternate, broadly ovate and rather
deeply cordate, crenately dentate : heads rather few and large in an open naked panicle,
slender-pedunculate : bracts of the involucre thin, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the inner-
most produced into a setiform tip. Bot. Mex. Bound. 75. Sierra de Carmel, S. border of
Texas, on the Mexican side of the Rio Grande, Parry. (Mex.)
) -1 Heads 3-9-flowered, small (only 2 or 3 lines long), paniculate: leaves (at least the lower)
pinnately dissected, many of them alternate : involucral bracts 6 to 10, narrow, acute or abruptly
pointed, narrowly scarious-margined, nerveless: flowers white or whitish: herbs very leafy,
much branched, with habit of Cumjza and Artemisia.
Eupatorium. COMPOSITE. 97
-H- Very numerous heads in corymbosely paniculate cymules, 5-9-fiowered.
B. pinnatifidum, ELL. Pubescent, 3 or 4 feet high, cauliuc leaves mainly opposite,
sometimes 4-nate; lower 2-3-piunately parted and incised into oblong or lanceolate divisions
and lobes; upper once or twice parted into linear lobes: involucral brads obtuse willi a
mucronate cusp. Sk. ii. 29,5; DC. Prodr. v. 17G (not of 149, which is the earlier /,'. Irunii-
folium, Hook. & Am., & E. pinnatifissum, Buck.); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 83. Low grounds,
near the coast, N. Carolina to Florida.
-H- -H- Very numerous heads racemosely and thyrsoidly paniculate, 3-G-flowcred: autumnal.
E. COronopifolium, WILLD. Puberulcnt and sometimes pubescent, somewhal glutinous
and balsamic-aromatic, 3 or 4 feet high : lower leaves more commonly opposite) twice 3-7-
parted into linear entire or sparingly incised lobes; upper less compound, uppermost often
entire, from broadly to narrowly linear : heads from over 2 to 3 lines long, in close spiciform
panicles which are usually collected in an oblong thyrsus. Spec. iii. 17.">0; DC. 1. c. 170;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 83. E. compositifoUum, Walt. Car. 199. E. racemosum, Bcrtol. Misc.
v. 26, t. 1, from specimen with upper cauliue and rameal leaves all entire. < '/;r/;scoma
coronopifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 102. Sandy or dry soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Narrow-leaved forms too nearly approach the next.
E. fceniculaceum, WILLD. 1. c. (DOG-FENNEL.) Herbage fennel-scented when bruised, and
slightly acrid : stein villous below with many-jointed slightly viscid hairs, 4 to 10 feet high,
extremely leafy : leaves mostly glabrous, nearly all alternate, more compound than of the
preceding and the lobes very narrowly linear or filiform: heads 2 lines long, looselv race-
mose-paniculate at the ends of the upper branches. E. fceniculoides, Walt. 1. c. E. lepto-
. jilt i/i'/iuit, DC. 1. c. Artemisia procerior, etc., Dill. Elth. i. 38, t. 37. A. capillifolia, Lam.
Diet. i. 267. Mil'dtiia artemisi aides, Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. liv. 130. Truqtmiln *, V\ allr. Sched.
Crit. i. 456, ex Cass. 1. c. Moist pine barrens and low fields, common from N. Carolina to
Florida. The varieties, ylulrum and laterljlorum, Torr. & Gray, FL, have no permanence.
E. Icptophyllum, DC., is only the more slender form. (W. Lid.)
H_ -i ^ Heads 3-15-flowered, 3 to 5 lines long: leaves undivided: flowers white (rarely pur-
plish): involucre of rather few (8 to 12 or rarely 15) bracts.
-H- Thyrsoid-paniculate, suffruticosc: involucral bracts 3-nerved.
E. solidagillifolium, GRAY. A foot 'or two high, with simple brandies, glabrate or
minutely pubescent: leaves opposite, very short-petioled, oblong- or narrowly o\ at (-lance-
olate from a rounded base, acute, entire or obscurely dentate, 3-nerved at or near the base,
10 to 18 lines long: thyrsus small (2 or 3 inches long), leafy at base, oblong or interrupted:
heads few and crowded in each short-pedunculate cymule, 3-5-flowered : iinolueral bracts
about 8, almost in two ranks, linear-lanceolate, acute : akenes pubescent. -- PL Wright, i. 87,
ii. 74. Dry hills between the Limpio and the Rio Grande in W. Texas, and near Santa
Cruz, Arizona, Wriyltt, Pringle, &c.
+* +4. Corvmboselv cymose or fastigiate inflorescence: herbaceous perennials mostly copiously
resiuous-atomiferous, some species becoming balsamic-glutinous: involucral brads nerveless or
nearly so.
= Leaves conspicuously petioled from a mostly truncate or abrupt base, strongly serrate : cymes
broad: involucre cinereous-pubescent.
E. mikanioides, CIIAPM. Tomentose-puhesceut when young, soon glabrate : stems simple,
a foot or two hi-li from a creeping base: leaves opposite, deltoid-oval.- or the uppermost
oblong, obtuse, thickish and rather fleshy, glandular-punctate, obtusely dentate (an^inch or
two long): heads 5-flowered : involucral' bracts linear, rather obtuse. -
folium, Shuttleworth in clistrib. coll. Rugel. Low and sandy ground, coast of Florida,
Chapman, Ituijel, &C.
E. serotinum, MICHX. Puberulent : stems 5 to 7 feet high, corymbosely branched above :
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thinnish, acutely serrate (3 to C, inches
long), many of the upper alternate, some of these cuneate at base : heads 7-15-flowered, very
numerous :" involucral bracts (10 or 12) linear-oblong, very obtuse. Fl. ii. 100; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 89. E. amUguum, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 90, as to Covington ' plant, is either
this species or a (hybrid?) form between it and E. semisernihi,,,, DC., the /.'. parvfflorum,
EU. Low grounds," Maryland to Iowa, Florida, and Texas ; Sept. to Nov. (Adj. Mex.)
7
98 COMP(5SITJE. Eupatorium.
Leaves from linear to oblong, sessile or some short-petioled from a narrowed base, chiefly
opposite: heads mostly 5-flowered, occasionally C-7 -flowered.
a. Involucral bracts with conspicuous white-scarious acute tips; the inner equalling the flowers.
E. album, L. Pubescent with jointed spreading hairs : stem 2 feet high : leaves oblong-
lanceolate or narrowly obloug, commonly obtuse, coarsely serrate, veiny, sessile (2 to 4 inches
Ion" 1 ) : cymes fastigiate : involucre (4 or 5 lines long) mostly bright white and glabrous
throughout, well imbricated; its bracts sleuder-mucronate, the outer sometimes pubescent
and dark-dotted with resinous globules. Mant. Ill; Walt. Car. 199. E. glandulosum,
Michx. Fl. ii. 98. E. st/gmatosum, Bertol. Misc. v. 15, t. 5. Sandy fields and pine barrens,
Long Island, N. Y., and Peiin. to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. subvenosum. More minutely roughish-pubescent : leaves smaller, only an inch
or two long, mostly acute, with smaller and more appressed serratur.es, less veiny and more
manifestly 3-nerved at base, where the upper cauliue are not narrower : iuvolucral bracts not
so white. Long Island (E. S. Miller) and New Jersey. Burke Co., N. Carolina ?
E. leucolepis, TORE. & GRAY. Puberuleut : stem slender, about 2 feet high : leaves lance-
olate or linear, minutely and sparingly appressed-serrate, thickish, obscurely 3-nerved at
base, closely sessile (1 to 3 inches long) : involucre (3 lines long) canescently pubescent; the
narrowed tips of the bracts white-scarious. Fl. ii. 84. E. linear i folium, Michx., Pursh, &c.,
partly. E. liyssopi folium, Ell. Sk. ii. 296 ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 96. E. i/lauccscens,
var. leucolepis, DC. 1. c. 177. Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, in
the low country.
b. Involucral bracts obscurely if at all scarious, mostly obtuse, at length shorter than the flowers.
E. hyssopifolium, L. Merely puberuleut : steins about 2 feet high, very leafy, commonly
with fascicles in the axils, simple, corymbosely branched at summit : leaves occasionally ver-
ticillate, linear, obtuse, entire or sparingly dentate, narrowed at base, f to 2 inches long, the
broader forms with lateral nerves: cymes crowded: involucre (3 lines long) canescently
pubescent and glandular ; bracts rather few, the inner with somewhat scarious margins and
tips, obtuse, sometimes apiculate. Spec. ii. 836 (Dill. fig. & Pluk.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
84. E. linearlfolinm, Walt. Car. 199; Michx. 1. c. (partly) ; Willcl. 1. c. E. linearifolium &
hyssop if <>li inn (chiefly), DC. 1. c. Dry and sterile soil, Mass, to Florida and Texas, along
and toward the coast. Varies greatly in the foliage, the extreme forms being, on one hand,
that with very narrowly linear and much fascicled leaves ; on the other, the
Var. lacilliatum. Leaves lanceolate and linear-lanceolate, irregularly and coarsely
dentate, even hn-iiiiate. Penu. and Kentucky to Carolina and Louisiana.
Var. tortifolium. Leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-linear, mostly short, all entire,
inclined to be vertical by a twist at base, many of them alternate. E. tortifolium, Chapm.
in Bot. Gazette, iii. 5. E. ciineifolium, A. H. Curtiss, distrib. 1194. Sandy pine barrens,
S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. The lower leaves resemble the uppermost of E. cuneifo-
lium, but are all entire, often reflexed as well as vertical.
E. cuneifolium, WILLD. Habit, involucre, and pubescence of the preceding: leaves short
(half to a full inch long), oblauceolate to cuueate-spatulate, obtuse, glaucescent, few-toothed
toward the extremity, or the upper entire, uppermost very small and oblong-linear. Spec,
iii. 1753, excl. syn. (not DC.) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 85 ; Chapm. 1. c. E. linearifolium, Michx.
1. c., in part. E. glaucescens, Ell. 1. c. 297 ; DC. 1. c., excl. var. E. hyssopifolium, DC. 1. c.,
in part. E. cassinifolium, Bertol. Misc. v. 17, t. 6. Dry ground, South Carolina, Georgia,
Alabama, and Florida.
E. semiserratum, DC. Tomentulose-pubescent : stems 2 or 3 feet high, much branched
above : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute or acuminate (commonly 2 or even 3 inches
long), serrate with numerous unequal teeth from above or below the middle to the apex,
triplinerved, rather veiny, narrowed at base, the lower into a short mostly distinct petiole :
cymes numerous : heads small : involucre (2 lines long) canescently piibesceut, of few bracts ;
the longer linear-oblong, very obtuse, the others much shorter. E. semiserratum & E. cunei-
folium, DC. Prodr. v. 177. E. parriflorum, Ell. Sk. ii. 299; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not Swartz.
E. amhii/niim, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 9G (1835), in part only, the Jacksonville plant, but
heads not " 8-10-flowered." Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. In dry and open
ground, plants with smaller and firmer leaves pass into
Var. lancif olium. Glabrate : leaves lanceolate and verging to linear, 5 to 2 lines
Eupatorium. COMPOSITE. 99
wide, rather rigid, 3-nerved from near the base. E. parvijlorum, var. lancifolium, Torr &
Gray, 1. c. W. Louisiana aud Texas, Drmniuund, L< an mnnili, Hale.
E. altissinium, L. Pubescent: stems 4 to 7 feet high, branched at smmiiii, very !
leaves lanceolate, tapering gradually to both ends, acuminate, acutely serrate above the
middle, -2 to 4 inches long, with 3 conspicuous parallel nerves (giving the aspect of a tripli-
nerved X :>//<lar/<> ); uppermost entire: cymes numerous and irregular: heads 1'nllv 3 lines
long: involucre eauescently pubescent; its bracts oblong and very obtuse. Jacq. llort.
Viud. t. 1G4; Michx. Fl. ii. 97; Torr. & Cray, 1. c. Kn/miti ijlitlinotm, DC. Prodr. v. 127,
not Ell. Dry ground, Peun. to Iowa, N. Carolina, aud Texas.
= ==== Leaves sessile or very short-petioled with a broad base, normally opposite, occasionally
3-uate: involucre pubescent.
a. Heads mostly 5-flowered, in one species 6-8-flowered: herbage roughish-pubescent : inner bracts
of involucre acutish or acute, or sometimes acuminate at the thin tip.
E. teucrifoliuHl, WILLD. Stem 2 or 3 and even 8 feet high, not very leafy : leaves ob-
long, coarsely and irregularly serrate, rarely somewhat incised, slighlly peti^led (2 to 4
inches long) ; the upper small and few-toothed, sometimes hastatcly 1-2-loothed near the
broad sessile base, or lanceolate and entire, usually alternate, as arc the branches of the
corymbiform general inflorescence: cymes rather small and dense. Spec. iii. 17.VJ, & llort.
Berol. t. 32; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. i>il*nm, Walt. Car. 199? E. verbencefolium, .Miehx.
Fl. ii. 98. E. faiir<_u/utnm, Muhl. in Wilkl. I.e. E. pubescens, Bigel. Fl.Bost.ed. 2, ^'.;ii,
not Muhl. Moist and shady ground, Mass, to Florida aud Louisiana.
E. rotundifolium, L. Stem a foot to a yard high, strict, corymbosely branched at sum-
mit : leaves in the typical form round-ovate, obtuse or abruptly acute, sessile or nearly so
from a truncate or obscurely cordate base, regularly and closely crenate-dentate, v< iny (larger
2 inches long) : cymes corymbosely fastigiate, dense. Spec. ii. 8.37 (Pluk. Aim. 141, t. 88,
fig. 4); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. Hamibimn, Walt. Car. 199? Dry aud sterile soil, espe-
cially in pine barrens, Canada ! and New Jersey to Florida and Texas.
Var. SCabriduHl. A form with smaller (an inch or two long) and more scahnm> ,, r
cinereous leaves, the upper and sometimes all with cuneate base; alTeciing drier ami i
sterile soil. E. sailridum, Ell. Sk. ii. 298; Chapm. Fl. 196. Lower part of S. Carolina
to Florida and Texas.
Var. OVatum, TORR. Commonly taller and larger: leaves ovate (often 2 or 3 inehes
long), acute, hardly truncate at base, more strongly serrate, sometimes lacii:iai< ly so, eiihe-r
roughish-pubescent or smoother and glabrate : heads sometimes but not generally 7 -S- flow-
ered. Torr. in DC. Prodr. v. 178. E. pubescens, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 11."); YYiild.
Enum. ii. 852 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. obovatum, Haf. in Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 359 1 E. ova-
turn, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 296. Massachusetts to S. Carolina, near the coast.
b. Heads 5-flowered: herbage glabrous : narrow involucre more imbricated ; its l.ra.-ls obtuse.
E. sessilifolium, L. Corymbosely branched above, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves oblong- or
'ovate-lanceolate, tapering from near 'the rounded or truncate closely sessile base into a, nar-
row acumination, finely serrate, pinnately veiny (3 to 6 inches long): cymulei small and
crowded, few-headed, numerous in effuselv compound cymes.- Spec', ii. 837 :
1. c. E. tnux-utnm, Ell. Sk. ii. 298, not Willd. Dry and wooded ground, i
Virginia, and along the mountains to Alabama.
c. Heads 10-lMWpred (or by confluence sometimes many-flowered), much crowded: leaves perfo-
liate or connate-clasping, divaricate, narrow and elongated, one-ribbed:
E perfoliatum L. (TIIOBOCGHWOUT, BONESET.) Stem villpus-pubescent, Eastigiately
branched above, stout: leaves lanceolate, connate-perfoliate, tapering gradually to an acun
nate apex finely and closely crenate-serratc, rugose, soft-pubescent, or almps
beneath, 4 to 8 inches long:" heads small (3 lines long) but very numerous, H. dense com-
pound-corymbose cymes, mostly 10-flowered: bracts of the involucre linearJanceolate, *
slightly scarious acutish tips. - Spec. ii. 838 (Pluk. Abu. 140, t. 87, fig. 6J ; Bart. \ eg.
Mat. ^ 37 ; Bio-el. Med. Bot. i. 38, t. 2 ; Raf. Med. Bot. t. 3C, , Tprr. & Graj . 1. c.
ground, New Brunswick to Dakota, south to Florida and Louisiana. ^^ aries with purple
flowers (Peun. P^rl-r), and with leaves in threes (Virginia, Curtiss, &C )
Var truncatum with the upper or even all of the leaves disjoined and truncate
100 COMPOSITE. Eupatorium.
base; some of them alternate. E. truncatum, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1751. E. salvice-
folinin, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2110. With the normal form.
Var. CUneatum, EXGELM. (E. cuneatum, Engelm. iia Torr. & Gray, 1. c.), with
smaller leaves narrowed as well as disjoined at base, and fewer-flowered heads, has the
appearance of being a hybrid between E. semiserratum and E. perfoliatum. Eastern Ar-
kansas and Missouri, Engelmann. Also Louisiana, Hale, a form between this state and the
preceding.
E. resinosum, TORR. Puberulent, glutinous with resinous atoms : stem slender, 2 or 3
feet high, fastigiate-corymbose at summit : leaves linear-lanceolate (4 to G inches long, 4 to 6
lines wide), half-clasping or slightly connate, finely serrate, glabrate above, canesceut beneath ;
cymules numerous in compound cymes: bracts of the 10-15-flowered involucre narrowly
oblong, obtuse. DC. Prodr. v. 176; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 88. Wet pine barrens, New
Jersey, where it was first collected by Bartrurn.
-1 -j. i- 1 Heads 24-30-flowered, hartllv over 2 lines long: bracts of the involucre of three
lengths, obtuse, thin, conspicuously few-nerved: babit of the following section.
E. pycnocephalum, LLSS. Pubescent or nearly glabrous : stems slender, erect or spread-
ing from a perennial root, a foot or two high : leaves membrauaceous, deltoid-ovate or sub-
cordate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate or dentate, sleuder-petioled : cymes small and
compact, solitary or corvmbosely clustered at the end of naked branches : heads very short-
pedicelled : involucre campanulate ; the bracts mostly glabrous, oblong and oblong-linear,
very obtuse ; innermost equalling the white flowers. Less, in Linn. vi. 4G4. E. Schiede-
uniii/t, Sclirad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett. 1832, 3; DC. Prodr. v. 159. E. innltlncrve, Beuth.
PI. Hartw. 76. E. Sonora, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 76. Rocky ravines, S. Arizona and along
the Mexican borders of Texas; a form with small and deeply dentate leaves, and compara-
tively few and small heads. E. Schiedeanum, var. grosse-dentatum, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound.
76. '(Mex., &c.)
* * * Involucre (campanulate or oblong) of bracts all of the same length or nearly so, in one or
two series, or with only a few accessory and shorter ones at base: leaves mainly opposite,
petioled. Eximbricata, DC.
i Shrubby, freely branched: flowers white, sometimes purplish-tinged.
E. "Wrightii, GRAY. Afoot or two high, puberulent : branches very leafy: leaves small
(half-inch long), ovate, obtuse, entire or obscurely few-toothed, thickish, scabrous, abrupt ly
contracted into a short margined petiole : heads (3 or 4 lines long), about 12-flowered, rather
few in a somewhat leafy terminal cyme : involucre half the length of the flowers, of about
10 oblong-lanceolate acute or obtusish greenish obscurely 3-uerved and equal bracts in a
double series, sometimes one or two small accessory ones. PI. Wright, i. 87, ii. 73.
Guadalupe Mountains, western borders of Texas, Wright.
E. villosum, SWARTZ. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, rusty-pubescent: leaves ovate or somewhat
deltoid, rather obtuse, sparingly serrate or some entire, tomeutulose beneath (1 to 3 inches
long), on short slender petioles : heads small (2 or 3 lines long), 8-15-flowered, numerous and
crowded in corymbiform cymes : involucre half the length of the fully developed flowers, of
8 to 10 oblong-lanceolate obtuse and nerveless equal bracts. DC. Prodr. v. 172; Chapm.
Fl. 196. E. Cubcnse, DC. 1. c. ? S. Florida, Blodtjctt, Garber, Curtiss, &c. ( W. Ind.)
E. ageratifolium, DC. Shrub 3 to 7 feet high, with slender and spreading mostly herba-
ceous branches, green and nearly glabrous : leaves deltoid-ovate, obtusish or obtusely acumi-
nate, coarsely and rather obtusely dentate (2 or 3 inches long), slender-petioled : heads
(5 lines long), pedicelled, numerous in corymbiform cymes, 10-30-flowered : involucral bracts
8 to 12, narrowly lanceolate or linear, acutish, greenish, nerveless above, somewhat 2-ribbed
at base. Prodr. v. 173; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 90 (var. Te.rci/se, which does not differ);
Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 219; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 360. E, Bf-r/tmdn-ri, DC. 1. c. 167. E. Lind-
heimeriannm, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 599. Bulbostyf.is deltoides, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad.
1861, 456. Kocky shaded hills and ravines, Texas, Lindhf.lint-r, Wright, &c. ; fl. Nov. to
May. (W. Ind., Mex.)
-1 H Herbaceous perennials, or the first species barely lignesccnt at base.
-H- Corolla wholly glabrous even in the bud.
E. OCCidentale, HOOK. Minutely puberulent, glabrate : stems 8 to 20 inches high, strict,
simple or with few ascending branches : leaves ovate with truncate base, rarely subcordate
Eupatorium. COMPOSITE. 101
or roundish, obtuse or acute, sparingly dentate, sometimes merely repand or entire, an inch
or two long, rather short -petioled : cymes small and rather compart, sum<-\\ hat paniculate:
heads (4 or 5 lines long) 15-25-flowered : involucre hardly longer than the maiim- aki
its bracts about 15 in two series, nearly equal, lanceolate, rather linn, nearly i
corolla white or flesh-color. Fl. i. 305 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 91. E. Oreganum, NUM. Ti
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 286. Crevices of rocks, Washington Territory and (lie-on east of the
Cascade Mountains, N. Nevada, and through the Sierra Nevada oi' California.
Var. Arizonicum. Larger (2 feet high), more branching and ilorilmnd: leaves
sometimes 2^ inches long. E. ageratifolinm, var. ? herbaceum, Grav, PI. Wriuht. Ii. 74.
E. Berlandieri, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76, not DC. Mountains of Ari/ona and Now
Mexico : also California, Bridges. The opposite extreme from the plant of < >regon, which
has small and tliinuish leaves, but not unlike plants from the Sierra Nevada.
B. incamatum, WALT. More or less pubescent : stems 2 or 3 feel Ion--, slender and weak,
loosely or diffusely branched : leaves thin, deltoid, or ovate-lanceolate with broad trnncat;- or
cordate base, tapering to a mostly acuminate apex, coarsely eremite or senate (an inch or
two long), veiny, slender-petioled : cymes small and lax: heads (2 or 3 lines lonir) about
20-flowered: involucre nearly equalling the pale purple or sometimes \\hi.e corolla; its
bracts unequal, narrow, thin and 2-nerved when dry, the inner linear, a 1'ew e.\teni;;l ones
much shorter. Car. 200 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 306 ; DC. Prodr. v. 1 75 ; Torr. ,v ( ; ray, 1. c. N. Caro-
lina to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. (Adj. Mex.)
H- -H- Lobes of the pure white corolla more or less bearded outside in the bud. sometimes very
sparsely and minutely so, or the beard fugacious: heads 10-30- or sometimes 8-14-nWuvd,
cymose.
= Involucre 2 or 3 lines long, rather narrow; the linear bracts nearly equal, green externally and
nerveless when fresh, but more or Lss 2-iiurved when dried: cymes corymbil'onii and naked,
usually ample.
E. ageratoid.es, L. f. Nearly glabrous, sometimes pubescent : stems 1 to 3 feet high,
branching above : leaves bright green, membranaceous, long-petioled, ovate, with truncate
or subcordate or broadly cuneate base, acuminate, coarsely and rather sharply dentate-
serrate, conspicuously veiny, 3 to 5 inches long: cymes ample, corymbose-cymose. Suppl.
355; DC. Prodr. v. 175; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 89. E. urtica folium, Kvidi. Syst. iii. 71'.);
Michx. Fl. ii. 100, not L. f. E. ahissimnm, L. Syst. Veg. 614. E. odoratum? Walt. Car.
200 '? E. Fraseri, Poir. Suppl. ii. 600 (Lain. 111. t. 672, fig. 4). Aijeratmn (il/ix.</iitini>, L. Spec,
ii. 839 (Corn. Canad. t. 21 ; Moris. Syst. sect. 7, t. 18, f. 11). Moist woodlands and rich
soil, Canada to Minnesota, Arkansas, Georgia, and Louisiana. A state with vist id-\ illotis
stem and petioles, Bedford Co., Virginia, Cttrtiss.
Var. angustatum. Smaller, slender: leaves from ovate-lanceolate to broadly lan-
ceolate, much acuminate, coarsely serrate with only 3 to 6 teeth on each margin, commonly
cuneate at base: cymes looser: heads only 8-12-flowered. W. Louisiana, link-. Texas,
Wright, Lindlu-hner.
E. aromaticmn, L. Herbage not aromatic, minutely puberulent: stems more simple, a
foot or two high: leaves dull green, thicker, mostly short-petioled, ovate, often suhconlate,
acutish or obtuse, creuate-serrate, U to 3 inches long: cymes simpler. Spec. ii. s:i'.i, lido
herb. & syn. Pluk. & Gronov. ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. cordatum, Walt. Car. 199 1
E. ceanothifolium, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1755; Ell. Sk. ii. 303; DC. 1. c.-- Dry woods
and pine barrens, mostly in sterile soil, coast of Massachusetts to Florida. Passes on the
one hand almost into the preceding ; on the other, into
Var. melissoid.es. Slender, roughish-puberulent, strict, somewhat panieulately
cymose at summit: heads 5-12-flowered : leaves subcordate-ovate or oblong, a to 2 inches
long, obtuse, crenulate-clentate or with few coarser teeth, very short-pet ioled or even sub-
sessile, somewhat scabrous, most of them much shorter than the internodes. E. melissoides,
Willd. 1. c. E. cordiforme, Poir. Suppl. ii. 600. E. cordalnm, DC. 1. c., & var. Fraseri.-
Sterile soil, Perm. ? to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. inClSUm. An insufficiently known plant, with the straggling habit and glabrous
involucre of E. incamatum ; probably a form either of this or the preceding species: leaves
slender-petioled, thickish, coarsely or laciniately dentate, broadly cuneate at base, consid-
erably like those of E. codestinum, var. salinum, Griseh. : " tlo\\ers very fragrant."
veolens, Chapm. Bot. Gazette, iii. 5, not of HBK. Manatee, &c., S. Florida, r/,,/y. ,/;,///.
102 COMPOSITE. Eupatorivm.
= = Involucre less tban 2 lines long; the bracts broader, green externally, 2-3-nervcd when
drv: inflorescence somewhat paniculate and leafy.
E. pauperculum, GRAY. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous: leaves ovate-lanceolate
(mostly inch long), roundish at base, obtusely serrate, on rather short slender petioles :
heads 25-flowered, small (2 lines high), few in the numerous small cymes, which are pauicu-
latelv disposed, terminating short leafy branches: bracts of the involucre 10 or 12, oblong-
lanceolate, puberulous, little over half the length of the white flowers : corolla-lobes slightly
hirsute outside or becoming naked : pappus soft and white. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 205.
Santa Rita Mountains, S. Arizona, along brooks and on dripping rocks, Priwjle.
= = = Heads comparatively large and few in the cymes, 25-35-flowered: involucre 3 or 4
lines high, rather broad.
E. Rothrockii. Glabrous (or peduncles somewhat pubescent) : stems a foot or two high,
simple or brachiately branched above : leaves bright green, ovate or deltoid-ovate, usually
acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate, sometimes irregularly or doubly serrate, and the
teeth tipped with a callous gland (the larger 2 inches long, with petiole half-inch or less,
smaller in depauperate plants nearly sessile): bracts of the involucre 15 to 17, equal and
similar, linear-lanceolate, mostly acute, glabrous, when dry pale and somewhat scarious and
conspicuously 2-3-uerved, nearly equalling the white and soft barbellulate-scabrous pappus :
corolla-lobes rather strongly bearded externally. Mountains of S. Arizona : on Mount
Graham, Rot/irock (740, 741) ; Chiricahua Mountains, Leminon. Heads larger and fewer
than in the Mexican E. grandidentatum, DC.; the involucre not imbricated as in E.
Fendl< ii.
3. CONOCLINIUM, Benth. Receptacle of the flowers conical or hemispherical :
otherwise as in the Exinibricata subsection of the preceding : habit of Ageratum
Gcdestina: flowers blue or violet (sometimes white), sweet-scented: bristles of
the pappus rather scanty in a single series : leaves opposite : perennial herbs.
Conodinium, DC. Prodr. v. 135.
E. ccelestinum, L. (MIST-FLOWER.) Somewhat pubescent: stems erect, branched at
summit: leaves deltoid-ovate or subcordate, obtuse or acutish, obtusely serrate, rarely \viUi
some coarser salient teeth, sleuder-petioled : cymes rather compact: receptacle obtusrly
conical. Spec. ii. 838 (Dill. Elth. t. 114; Pluk. Maut. t. 394) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 100. Cakstina
cccrulca, Spreng. Syst. iii. 446, not Cass. Conodinium ccdestinum, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 92. Moist shady ground, New Jersey to Florida and Texas, and west to Arkansas and
Illinois. Conodinium dichotomum, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii- 5, appears to be a lax and
more branched form, of Florida and Texas, found only on the coast, approaching the var.
sutimnn, Griseb. Cat. Cub. 146. (Cuba.)
E. betonicum, HEMSL. From tomentose-villous to glabrate : stems lax, loosely branch-
ing : branches naked and pedimculiform at summit, bearing some small corymbose or panic-
ulate cymes : leaves oblong, mostly obtuse, in the original form with cordate base, crcnate,
petioled : receptacle low-conical. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 93. Conodinium bchwicuni, DC.
Prodr. v. 135 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76. Southern border of Texas on the Rio Grande,
Schoft, a glabrate form. (Adjacent Mex.)
Var. subintegrum. Leaves sometimes truncate, commonly obtuse or cuneate at
base, obscurely crenate, denticulate, repand or entire, from villous or cinereous-tomentulose
to nearly glabrous. Conodinium betonicum, var. hitri/rifo/hiin, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 88. Eiipa-
torium Hartweyi, Benth. PL Hartw. 19? Southern border of Texas, Wright, Bigelow, &c.
(Mex.)
E- Greggii. Minutely puberulent : stems erect, a foot or two high, bearing one or few
small and dense cymes at the naked pedunculiform summit : leaves nearly sessile, palmately
3-5-cleft or parted ; the divisions laciuiate-pinnatifid into narrow lobes : receptacle low-con-
ical. Conodinium dissectum, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 88; Bot. Mex. Bound. 70. Eupntorinm
dissectum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 100 (name only), not Benth. Bot. Sulph. 113,
with which Hemsley has confounded it. Low ground, S. Texas to Arizona near the Mexican
border, Wrir/ht, &c. (Adjacent Mex., first coll. by Grei/g.)
E. LtfxEUM, Raf. in Med. Rep. N. Y., is doubtless a false species. E. CRASSIFOLIUM and
E. viOLAcEUM, Raf. Fl. Ludov., are fictitious, as are all the species of that work.
Brickellia. COMPOSITE. JQ3
11. CABMINATIA, Mocino. (Prof. B. Carminati, of Pavia, wrote on
the materia medica.) Single species, an annual; with oppose or p :! rt|\ alter-
nate broad and long-petioled thin leaves, and racemiforni-paniculate heads of
whitish flowers. DC. Prodr. vii. 2G7 ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. 98.
C. tenuiflora, DC. 1. c. Sparsely pubescent or hirsute : stems a foot to a yard high, ter-
minating in a leafless virgate panicle : leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, as wide as Ion<.-. repand-
dentate, veiny, often shorter than the petiole: heads half-inch long: >ofi. pappus bright
white. Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 71. New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, &c. (Mex., h ? rst
coll. by Afogino.)
12. KtJHNIA, L. (Dr. Adam AWm, of Philadelphia, took the original
species to Linnaeus.) -- Perennials of Atlantic U. S. and Mexico; with chiefly
alternate leaves (more or less sprinkled with resinous atoms, as in allied genera),
usually with scattered or corymbosely cymose heads, these of 10 to 30 \\liirish
or at length purple flowers, produced in late summer or autumn : pappus mo.-tly
tawny. --Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1GG2 (excl. syn. Pluk.), & Gen. ed. G, 95 (the anthers
wrongly described, from imperfect or monstrous blossoms). Cn'l<nn,i, (Ja-rtn.,
not Brow r ne. Kuhnia Sirigia, DC. Prodr. v. 126.
K. ScuArFNERi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207, of Mexico, is a peculiar species, with
scapiform monocephalous peduncles and tuberous roots. The rest of the genus is the fol-
lowing.
K. eupatorioid.es, L. Stems wholly herbaceous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves from oblong-
(or even ovate-) lanceolate to linear, irregularly few-toothed or upper ones entire, the ]<>\\n-
narrowed at base and sometimes short-petioled : pubescence minute or soft and cinereous, or
hardly any : heads more or less cymose-clustered. L. f. Dec. ii. 21, t. 11 ; Torr. Gray,
Fl. ii. 78. K. riijivtorioidcs & K. Critonin, Willd. Spec. iii. 1773. A", dn.<i/j>in, ijlutinosa,
elliptica, tuber osa, fulva (m-d'n, gldbra), & pubcscens, Eaf. Ciitonia Kalinin, Gtvrtn. Fruct.
ii. 411, t. 174, f. 7; Michx. Fl. ii. 101. Dry ground, New Jersey and Pcun. to Montana,
and south to Texas. Very variable ; the extreme forms are
Var. corymbulosa, TOUR. & GRAY, 1. c. A foot or two high, stouter, somewhat
cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose : leaves rather rigid and sessile, from oblong to lanceo-
late, coarsely veiny: heads rather crowded. K. yftitiiioaa, Ell. Sk. ii. 292, not DC.
AT. siidi'fo'.-ns, Fresen. Incl. Sem. Francf. 1838. K. Maximiliani, Sinning in Neuwicd. Trav.
K. macrantha, "Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1801,456. Prairies and plains, Illinois to
Dakota and Nebraska, and south to Alabama and Texas.
Var. gracilis, Torai. & GRAY, 1. c. Leaves from lanceolate to very narrowly linear,
few-toothed or all but lower entire, minutely puberuleut or nearly glabrous: general inflo-
rescence more open and paniculate. A*, paniculata, Cass. Diet. xxiv. 516 ; DC. 1. c. K.< 'ri-
ton/a, Ell. 1. c. Carolina to Florida, Alabama, &c. Seems to pass into the following.
K. rosmarinifolia, VEXT. Perhaps more lignescent at base, a foot or two high : leaves
all entire, linear or linear-lanceolate, mostly with revolute margins, and the upper almost
filiform, from a quarter of a line to 2 lines wide, somewhat scabrous: heads more scattered
or paniculate: plume of the bristles of the pappus perhaps a little shorter. -
t. 91 (poor figure of a broadish-leaved form, with too much imbricated involucre) : DC. 1. c.
(excl. syn. Ort. ?), but surely from Mexico, not "Cuba," K.fnitr*;;,.*, llornem. Ilort. I Iain,
ii. 791. K. leptnplujlla, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 598. K. nipatnrt'ot'd**, var. gracillima, Gray,
PI. Lindh. ii. 218, a very slender-leaved form, which connects with the slenderest of the pre-
ceding. Rocky open ground, Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)
13. BRICKELLIA, Ell. (Dr. John BricMl of Georgia, correspondent
of Muhlenberg and Elliott.) Herbs or undershrubs ; with opposite or alternate
veiny leaves, and variously disposed heads of white, ochrolriirous, or raivh flfsh-
colored flowers, in late summer. A genus of about 40 species, of the warmer
parts of the U. S. and Mexico. A single annual species (B. diffusa, which may
104 COMPOSITE. BricMlia.
reach Florida) is widely tropical American, and there is an anomalous species in
Brazil. Sk. ii. 290; Benth. Bot. Sulph. 22; Gray, PL Wright, i. 84, & Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 20G ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 247. Coleosantkus, Cuss. Diet.
x. 36. Rosalesia, Llave & Lex.? Clavigera & Bulbostylis, DC. Prodr. v. 127,
138.
B. HASTATA, Benth., is a well-marked species of Lower California, described in Bot. Sulph.
21. In that work the genus was first extended to its proper limits, but made to rest on the
bulbous base of the style (which is of little account) instead of the 10-costate akene.
* Heads 35-50 flowered, large or middle-sized: pappus-bristles merely scabrous or densely serru-
late.
4 Herbage white-tomentose : leaves rounded, pointless.
B. incana, GRAY. A foot or two high, loosely branched from a suffrutescent base; dense
and fine tomentum somewhat deciduous : leaves alternate, sessile, subcordate-rotund of
ovate, entire (less than inch long) : heads solitary terminating the brauchlets, inch high,
pedunculate : involucre broadly campanulate, pluriserial ; its bracts firm-chartaceous ; short
outer ones ovate, inmost lanceolate-linear : akenes (5 lines long) cinereous-pubescent. Proc.
Am. Acad. vii. 350, & Bot. Calif, i. 300. S. E. California along the Mohave River, Cooper,
Parry, Parish.
i -i Puberulent to almost glabrous: leaves sessile or subsessile, all alternate, not cordate,
-H- Rigid-coriaceous, spinulose-pointed and toothed: fruticulose.
B. atractylold.es, GRAT. A foot or less high, woody except the new shoots, much
branched : leaves ovate, acuminate, bright green, minutely scabrous-atomiferous, o-nerved
and reticulate-veined (an inch or less long) : brauclilets terminating in a solitary (half-inch
long) and slender-pedunculate head: involucre campanulate; its bracts firm-chartaceous ;
outer ovate, acuminate, little shorter than the linear-lanceolate innermost. Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 290. Rocky ravines, S. Utah (Palmer, Parri/) to S. E. California.
H- -H- Leaves not coriaceous, pointless, seldom an inch long, sometimes viscidulous: stems her-
baceous fi-iim a liguescent base or stock, a span to a foot or so high, leafy to the top: heads
mostly singly terminating corymbose leafy branches.
= Heads three fourths of an inch long, involucrately surrounded or subtended by small upper-
most leaves.
B. Greenei, GRAY. Very viscid: leaves ovate, obtuse, minutely more or less serrate, and
the lower short-petioled ; upper oblong and often entire, uppermost forming accessory loose
bracts to the involucre : proper involucral bracts lanceolate and linear, acuminate, glabrous :
akeues not glandular, glabrous, or at the upper part hirtellous with a few scattered short
bristles on the ribs. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58. N. E. California, on Scott River, Greene.
= = Heads two-thirds or over half inch long, naked at base, commonly somewhat pcduuclcd:
leaves entire, rarely with a tooth or two, obscurely 3-nerved, pnberulent and minutely some-
what grandular-granulose or atomiferous, graveolent, becoming slightly viscidulous.
B. oblongifolia, NUTT. Leaves oblong or some upper ones lanceolate, obtuse or mucro-
nate : iuvolucral bracts all acute or mucronate-pointed ; outer and short ones oblong-lanceo-
late; inner narrowly linear: akeues sprinkled with minute sessile and stipitate glands,
toward summit often a few bristles. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 288; Torr. in Wilkes
Pacif. Exp. xvi. t. 9; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 137. In gravelly or dry soil, E. Oregon to
Brit. Columbia, first coll. by Nuttall.
Var. abbreviata, GRAY. Dwarf : leaves seldom half-inch long : involucral bracts
less acute: akenes minutely and sparsely glandular on the ribs, otherwise glabrous. Eaton,
1. c , t. 15, f. 7-10. W. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson.
B. linifolia, EATOX. Rather more pubescent: leaves oblong4anceolate to almost linear:
involucre of the preceding, or bracts more attenuate-acute : akenes minutely hispid on the
ribs, not glandular. Bot. King Exp. 137, t. 15, f. 1-6. Sandy banks of streams, &c.,
Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah and borders of Arizona; first coll. by Watson.
B. Mohavensis. Low, more cinereous-pubescent, brachintely branched: leaves narrowly
oblong: bracts of the involucre obtuse, rather broadly linear, outermost oblong: akenes
cinereous-hispidulous : pappus-bristles approaching barbellulate. Rocky washes in the
Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Parish.
BricJcellia. COMPOSITES.
-)- -I- -i Barely pubescent or glabrate perennial herbs, not viscid: loaves slender-petii led, at
least all the lower ones opposite, deltoid-ovate or cordate, serrate, mostly acuminate or a
acute, thinnish: heads half to two-thirds inch lung: involucre subtended by some IUOM; linuar-
subulate accessory bracts. Typical species.
B. COrdifolia, ELL. 1. c. Minutely soft-pubescent ; stem branching, 3 feet high : leaves
deltoid-cordate or the upper deltoidly ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrate : heads rather few,
loosely corymbosely cymose, 40-50-flowered : involucral bracts somewhat coriaceous, linear]
mostly obtuse: pappus rufous or tawny. Torr. & Gray, PI. ii. 80. Eupatorium Brickellia,
DC. Prodr.v. 182. Wooded hills, W. Georgia and adjacent parts of Alabama and Florida:
rare, first coll. by Dr. Bi-ickell.
B. grandiflora, NUTT. Puberulent or almost glabrous : stem 2 or 3 feet high, panicn-
lately branched; the numerous heads paniculate-cymose and drooping; leaves broadlv or
narrowly deltoid-cordate, or the upper deltoid-lanceolate, coarsely dentate-serrate and 'with
an entire gradually acuminate apex (the larger 4 inches long) : involucre about 40 flowered ;
its bracts papery and scarious-margined when dried; the short outer ones ovate; inner
oblong- linear, obtuse or acutish, or some exterior ones with loose snlmlaie a< animation :
pappus white, inclined to deciduous. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. i's7 ; Ton-. ^ Grav,
1. c. En/xiUir/inii? grnndijionun, Hook. PI. ii. 26. Hills along streams of the Roeky
Mountaius and the Sierra Nevada, from Montana to the borders of Oregon, and south to
New Mexico and Arizona. Name of the species not appropriate.
Var. petiolaris, GRAY. Heads and leaves commonly smaller; the latter inclined to
hastate-deltoid, and equalled or even surpassed by the slender petiole ! Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 207. Mountains of Arizona, Lr.mmon., and the borders of New Mexico, Ituxhy. Passes
into the following and into the typical form.
Var. minor, GRAY (Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67), is a smaller form, wich leaves
only an inch or two long, heads proportionally small, involucre 30-35-tlo\\-rn>d. Clear
Creek, Colorado, to California in the Sierra Nevada above Lake Taboo, and mountains of
Arizona.
B. simplex, GRAY. Resembles the preceding: stem a foot or two high, slender, simple,
bearing a single terminal or 3 or 4 racemose slender-pedunculate comparatively large heads,
or producing numerous simple floriferous branches : involucre about 30-flowered, of less
imbricated and acute bracts, most of them linear, the outer series very short, as are the few
loose subtending ones: leaves 10 to 20 lines long, from deltoid-cordate to deltoid-oblong,
mostly obtuse. PI. Wright, ii. 73. Shaded hills, Arizona, Wright, Tlntrbf.r, Lemn/n/i.
# * Heads 9-25-flowe.red (or in the penultimate species 3-5-flowercd), not over half an inch long:
pappus-bristles scabrous or not manifest!}- barbellate, except in the penultimate subdivision.
4 Leaves slender-petioled, all opposite, deltoid-cordate or triangular-hastate, small: heads pedun-
culate, in naked cymes terminating the stem or branches: bracts of the involucre thin, smooth
and glabrous: shrubby.
B. Coulteri, GRAY. A foot to a yard high, with numerous spreading slender branches,
only the flowering ones herbaceous, minutely puberulent to glabrous: leaves from sparingly
laciniate-dentate to nearly entire, acute or acuminate (larger ones an inch long, smaller less
than half-inch) : heads rather few in the naked and very open cymes, slender-pednneled,
half-inch high : involucre about 12-flowered ; its bracts linear-lanceolate, subulatcly acumi-
nate or acute: akenes pubescent. PI. Wright, i. 86. Common in Ari/ojin, in canons,
first coll. by Coulter. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, Palmer, &c.)
H_ + Leaves distinctly petioled, all or mostly alternate: stems shrubby at base: inflorescence
thyrsi form,
H- Naked when well developed; the heads distinctly peduncled or in pedunculate small corymbi-
form cymes, forming an ample nearly leafless open paniculate thyrsus.
B. floribunda, GRAY. Glabrate or barely puberulent below, hut the branches with the
inflorescence and outer involucral bracts glandular-pubescent and viscid : stem 4 feet high,
woody only at base, much branched : leaves slender-petioled, deltoid-ovate or the lower sub-
cordate, irregularly dentate (2 and 3 inches long) ; veins loosely reticulated : heads (5 lines
long) 15-22-flowered: bracts of the involucre broadly linear and obtuse, with some oblong-
ovate acutish short ones, and often 2 or 3 loose and herbaceous ones subtending the heacl.-
Pl. Wright, ii. 73. B. Wright!!, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 140, not Gray, I.e. --Ravines
and river banks, S. Arizona, Wright, Palmer, Rothrock, Lemmon, Prinyle.
106 COMPOSITE. BricMlia.
H- -H- Foliose, i. e. the heads sessile or short peduncled, terminating short leafy branchlets or in
axillary clusters, forming a spiciform, paniculate, or interrupted leafy thyrsus.
= Involucre naked at base, all the bracts dry and chartaceous, glabrous and smooth, the outer-
most very short and appressed, wholly definite of green tips.
a. Leaves mainly with truncate or subcordate base, crenate or dentate, but not laciniatc: involucral
bracts all obtuse, or innermost linear ones abruptly acute; short outermost oval and ovate:
heads 10-20-llowered, 4 or 5 lines high.
B. Rusbyi. Tall, copiously branched, largely herbaceous, amply floriferous, with the habit
of. B. floribunda, except that the inflorescence is thyrsoid-paniculate, minutely puberulent :
leaves (2 to 4 indies long) from deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with truncate or some
with more or less cuueate base, gradually tapering to an acute or acuminate apex, un-
equally dentate to or above the middle. Mountains of New Mexico, Gretnc, Iiusby, G- R.
\ 'nsr ;/, and of S. Arizona, Leminon.
B. WYightii, GI;AY. Usually much branched from a woody base, 2 to 4 feet high, puberu-
lent, sometimes a little scabrous : leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, or rounded-cordate and obtuse,
or at most acute (but not prolouged upward), more or less creuate-deutatc (larger cauliue an
inch and a half long, smaller only half-inch) : heads glomerate-paniculate, the clusters
shorter than or little surpassing the subtending leaves : involucre often purple. PL Wright,
ii. 72. B, California, var., Gray, PI. Feiidl. G4. W. borders of Texas to Colorado and
Arizona, where it is not clearly distinguishable from B. Californica.
Var. tenera. A form with thin dilated-ovate leaves, fewer heads, and pale involucre,
evidently growing in shade. B. ten era, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 72. Mountain ravines, S. Ari-
zona, \\'ri'/lit, L'linii'm.
Var. reiliformis. Leaves also thin, broader than long, some of them quite rcniform,
coarsely creuate, mostly surpassing the glomerules of heads. B. rriiiformis, Gray, PI.
Wright, i. 86 ; an older name than B. Wriylitii, but inappropriate for the species, of which
this is an extreme form. Mountain valley near the western border of Texas, Wrirjht.
B. Californica, GRAY. Moderately and virgatcly branched, 2 or 3 feet high, minutely pu-
berulent : leaves ovate,, obtuse, rarely subcordate, somewhat crenate-clentatc, commonly an inch
or less long, mostly surpassed by the small clusters of heads, these rather spicately glomerate,
forming an interrupted strict thyrsus. PI. Fendl. 64, PI. Wright, i. 85, & Dot. Calif, i. 300.
Bulbostylis C'liritnil/csti, DC. Prodr. v. 38, as to Calif, plant. B. Cn/ifornica, Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 79. California, from Meudociuo Co. southward to adjacent parts of Nevada and
Arizona, and Utah ?
b. Leaves ctmeate at base, tapering into the petiole, very numerous, incised or deeply toothed, sel-
dom an inch long, the upper about equalling the glomerate heads in their axils: involucre
narrow, 4 or 5 lines long; bracts mostly obtuse, the outer oblong, innermost linear: much
branched and shrubby, 2 to 5 feet high.
B. baccharidea, GRAY. Leaves coriaceous, resinous-atomiferous and very glutinous,
rhombic-ovate or oblong, and with 2 to 5 strong teeth to each margin, much reticulated :
heads 15-18-flowered. PI. Wright, i. 87. Mountains of S. W. Texas, east of El Paso,
Wriyht. San Francisco Mountains, N. E. Arizona, Greene.
B. laciniata, GRAY. Leaves thin, puberulent and somewhat scabrous, ovate-cuneate and
oblong, laciniate-toothed or lobed, obscurely veiny : heads 9-12-flowered. PI. Wright.
i. 87. B. dentata, Schultz Bip. Bot. Herald, 301, excl. syn. DC. S. W. Texas, east of El
Paso, Wriyht. S. Arizona, Thurber. (Mcx., first coll. by Berlandier.)
= = Involucre of firmer bracts, the outer with greenish and somewhat spreading tips, outermost
loose and herbaceous and passing into the small leaves of the branchlets.
B. micropliylla, GRAY. Glandular-puberulent or pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high
from a partly woody base, paniculately much branched; the short leafy branchlets termi-
nated by 1 to 3 heads : leaves subcordate or ovate to oblong, when old somewhat scabrous,
obtuse or apiculate, sparingly denticulate or nearly entire, the larger half-inch long, those of
flowering branchlets aline or two long; heads nearly half-inch long, about 15-flowered.
PL Wright, i. 85 ; Bot. Calif, i. 300. Bulbostylis microphylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
n. ser. vii. 287 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 79. Dry interior of Oregon and California in the east-
ern part of the Sierra Nevada to Idaho, the mountains of Utah, and S. W. Colorado. Var.
SCABRA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 74, is a small-leaved scabrous form.
BriJeellia. COMPOSITE. 10
1 -f -1 Leaves sessile, suhsessile, or the lower short -petioled: hends not pendulous.
-H- Leaves mainly opposite, veiny: heads mostly pedunculate: bristles of the pappus merely sca-
brous or barbellulate-serrulate under a lens: last two species with much imbricated involucre.
= Steins lignescent at base, slender.
B. oliganthes, GRAY. Cinereous-puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves coriaceous, from
oblong to linear, obtuse, obtusely and often obscurely serrate, an inch or two long, canesrcnt.
and the veins very prominently reticulated beneath : peduncles mostly elongated, axillary
and terminal, 1-3-cephalous, racemosely or somewhat corymbosely disposed : heads half-inch
long, 10-12-flowered : bracts of the involucre mostly acute or acuminate ; the short outermost
ovate, innermost linear. PI. Wright, i. 84, & ii. 71. Enputorhtm oliijanthes, Less, in Linn.
iv. 137. Bulbostylis oiiganthes, DC. Prod-r. v. 139. S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lennn.
mostly a narrow-leaved form. (Mex.)
B. parvula, GRAY. Minutely scabro-puberulent, low: leaves deltoid-ovate, coarsely few-
toothed, green both sides, barely half-inch long , the upper oblong, sparse and much smaller :
peduncles few and slender, monocephalous, corymbosely disposed at the summit of the stems :
head 5 lines long, about 12-flowerecl : bracts of the involucre few-ranked ; innermost linear,
rather obtuse ; outer broader and mucrouate-acute. PI. Wright, i. 87. Mountains of S. W.
Texas near the pass of the Eio Limpio, Wright.
= = Stems herbaceous to the base: leaves reticulate-veiny.
B. Wislizeni, GRAY. Glandular-hirsute, 2 or 3 feet high : cauliue leaves lanceolate-oblong
with a subcorclate closely sessile base, acute, acutely and numerously serrate, thin, loosely
veiuy, ! to 3 inches long ; those of the branches mainly obtuse at base : peduncles axillarv
and simple and as long as the leaves, or exceeding them on axillary branches, filiform :
heads 5 or 6 lines long, 12 20-flowered : bracts of the involucre all lanceolate and gradual! v
acuminate, or the innermost linear. PL Fendl. 64 ; PL Wright, i. 84, & ii. 71. 8. Arizona,
on mountain-sides, Wright. (Heads rather smaller and fewer-flowered than in the original
of adjacent Mex. )
Var. lanceolata. Loosely paniculate-branched and floribund, the numerous heads
smaller : leaves broadly lanceolate, the cauline half-inch wide, those of the branches small,
or the upper minute. San Francisco Mountains, S. E. Arizona, Greene.
B. betonicaefolia, GRAY. More minutely glandular-hirsute : stems 1 to 3 feet high, vir-
gate : leaves subcordate-oblong, obtuse, creuate or obtusely dentate, rugosely veiny ; the
lower mostly with short but distinct petioles: inflorescence virgate-racemil'onn : peduncles
mostly shorter and the 12-flowered heads rather smaller: otherwise nearly as the preceding.
PI Wright, ii. 72. Hills, New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, T/ntrbcr, Greene, &c.
B. Lemmoni, GRAY. Cinereous-puberulent, not glandular, slender, a foot or two high :
leaves lanceolate, all acute at base and as if with short margined petiole, remotely or obscurely
serrate, lightly triplinerved (inch or two long) : heads (5 or 6 lines long) numerous in a
rather loose narrow leafy thyrsus, on slender short peduncles, 10-12-flowered : bracts of the
involucre nearly all acute ; the rather few and short outer ones ovate- to oblong-lanceolate,
inner linear: akeues canescent. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 200. C'hiricahua Mountains,
S. Arizona, Lemmon.
B. Pringlei, GRAY, 1. c. Cinereous-puberulent and the foliage scabrous : stem strict, rather
stout, 2 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly obtuse at base, on very short but
distinct petioles, somewhat serrate, nearly coriaceous, 3-nerved from just above the bu-e.
conspicuously and beneath saliently reticulated : heads (half-inch long) in a loose and narrow
leafy thyrsus, 20-24-flowered : involucre glabrous, rather longer than the scaly-hracteate
peduncles; their rounded bracts passing above into the ovate and obtuse or barely mucronu-
late outer bracts of the involucre, the innermost of which are lanceolate and acute : akeues
canescent. Rocky canons, S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon.
B. cylindracea, GRAY & ENGELM. Cinereous-pubescent, somewhat scabrous : stem com-
monly stout and strict, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves oblong-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly
obtuse at both ends, obtusely serrate, thickish, 3-nerved or triplinerved from near the sub-
sessile base (about 2 inches long) : heads (6 to 8 lines long) numerous in a virgate racemiform
thyrsus, short-peduncled, sometimes almost sessile, 10-flowered : involucre cylindrical, closely
imbricated ; the broadly ovate outer bracts in several ranks, mncronate, multistriate, mosth
villous when young ; inner broadly linear, obtuse or mucronulate : akenes pubescent. -
108 COMPOSITE. BricMlia.
Proc. Am. Acad. i. 46, PI. Lindh. ii. 218, PI. Wright. 1. c. Hillsides and thickets, Texas,
Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Varies into
Var. laxa, GRAY. Pauiculately branched, and the branches bearing numerous smaller
(5 or 6 lines long) loosely disposed and sometimes slender-ped uncled heads, having fewer
bracts to the involucre: leaves of the branches either subsessile or abruptly petioled. Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 207. S. W. Texas, Palmer.
H- -w- Leaves alternate, veiny: stems herbaceous from a perennial root: pappus barbellate.
B. Riddellii, GRAY. Minutely cinereous or puberulent, glabrate : stem strict and stout, 2 to
4 feet high, simple or fastigiately branched above, exceedingly leafy to the summit : leaves
oblong-lanceolate, rather acute, sparingly denticulate, occasionally more dentate, often
entire, thickish, obscurely veiny, 8 to 18 lines long: heads subsessile, numerous, crowded
in a leafy spiciform thyrsus, 15-20-flovvered, 4 or 5 lines long: involucre campanulate, some-
what pubescent ; the bracts few-striate, obtuse or mucronate ; the outer ovate, inner oblong-
lanceolate : pappus barbellulate under a lens. PI. Wright, i. 83. Claviijcra dentata, DC.
Prodr. v. 128, but the character does not well agree, and the specific name is inappropriate.
C. Rlddellii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 77. River banks, middle and southern parts of Texas,
Berlandier, RiddM, Wright, Lindheimer, &c.
B. brachyph^lla, GRAY. Minutely puberulent : stems a foot or two high from a lignes-
cent caudex, slender, simple, and bearing a few racemosely paniculate slender-pedunculate
heads, or paniculately branched and polycephalous : leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or
sparingly serrate, half-inch or the larger an inch long : heads 5 lines long, 9-12-flowered :
involucral bracts few, acute, short outermost ovate or oblong, inner linear : pappus-bristles
almost plumose under a lens. PI. Wright, i. 84. Clavigera brachyphylla, Gray, PI. Fendl.
63. Rocks and ravines, western border of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, Fendier,
Biyelow, Greene, Lemmon, &c.
M- -H- -H- Leaves mostly nervose and narrow, entire, the lower opposite: stems paniculately much
branched: heads very numerous, thyrsoid-paniculate : akeues usually glabrous: pappus merely
scabrous : plants nearly glabrous. (B. spinulosa, Gray, of Mexico, is of this group.)
B. squamulosa, GRAY. Suffrutescent at base, 2 or 3 feet high: stems or shoots of the
first 3'ear bearing narrowly linear (2 or 3 inches long, less than 2 lines wide) obscurely
3-nerved deciduous leaves ; flowering shoots the next year bearing only minute squamiform
obtuse leaves of a line or less .in length, and closely imbricated on short branchlets and
thence passing into the bracts of the involucre : heads 10-12-flowered, turbinate, about 5 lines
long : involucral bracts pluriseriate, thickish, obscurely nerved, green with whitish margins,
externally somewhat cauescent ; the short outer ones ovate or oblong and obtuse, inner
narrow and acutish. Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 30. New Mexico near Santa Rita del Cobre,
Greene. S. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lcmmon. (San Luis Potosi, Mex.)
B. longifdlia, WATSON. Suffruticose : flowering branches leafy: leaves lanceolate-linear
(1 to 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide), 3-nerved; upper gradually diminished in the open-
paniculate leafy thyrsus : heads subsessile in small clusters, 3-5-flowered, only 3 lines long :
bracts of the involucre about 10, of 2 or 3 lengths, conspicuously striate, obtuse. Am.
Nat. vii. 301 ; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 139, t. 5. S. Utah and S. Nevada, Wheeler, Mrs.
Thompson, Palmer.
B. multiflora, KELLOGG. Suffruticose: cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and with divergent
lateral nerves, an inch or two long ; those in the crowded panicle from lanceolate to linear,
small, and with obscure lateral nerves : heads 3-5-flowered : akenes sparsely hairy : other-
wise much resembling B. lonyifolia. Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 49; Greene, Bull.
Calif. Acad. i. 8. On rocks, in a canon of King's River, southern part of the Sierra Nevada,
California, Kellogg.
H- -H- -H- -H- Leaves all alternate, spatulate, veinless: steins shrubby: heads sparse or solitary.
B. frutescens, GRAY. Rigid undershrub with divaricate branches, cinerous-pubescent :
leaves spatulate or obovate, entire, 3 to 5 lines long, including the attenuate petiole-like base :
heads (half-inch long) terminating the brnnchlets, about 20-flowered : iuvolucral bracts rather
obtuse; outer ones somewhat greenish-tipped: akenes hispidulous-scabrous : bristles of the
pappus very minutely but densely serrulate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207. Southern bor-
ders of California, button Hayes, Palmer, G. R. Vasey, Parish.
Liatris. COMPOSITE. JQ9
14. CARPHOCH^ETE, Gray. (K P </,09, scale or chaff, and X afrr,, bristle,
from the pappus.) Perenuial herbs or suffrutescerit plants (of New and North-
ern Mexico), glabrous or nearly so ; with opposite and entire sessile thickish 1-3-
nerved but nearly veinless leaves, and solitary or somewhat clustered heads,
terminating leafy or pedunculiform branches : the flowers (about an inch long)
much exceeding the involucre: this and the corolla rose-colored: nearly of
Liatris habit, and pappus somewhat of Stevia. PI. Fendl. 65 ; PL Wright, i. 89,
ii. 71.
C. Bigelovii, GRAY, 1. c. A span to a foot high, woody tit base, fasciculately branched:
lower leaves spatulate-oblong, inch long, and fascicles of smaller ones in the axils, upper
oblong or linear : heads sessile or very short-peduncled, mostly terminating very leafy some-
what paniculate short branchlets : aristiform paleic of the pappus 11 to 14, and a few very
small exterior squamellse. N. New Mexico, Bigelow, Wright, Greene. Arizona, Prinr/le.
8. W. Texas, Gimrd. The one or two other species are more herbaceous, slender, and with
loose pedunculate heads.
15. LIATRIS, Schreb. BLAZING STAR, BUTTON SNAKEROOT. (Name
of unknown derivation.) - - Perennial Atlantic N. American herbs ; with simple
virgate very leafy stems from a tuberous or mostly globose and corm-like stock.
bearing reversely racemose or spicate heads of handsome rose-purple flowers
(rarely also white), in late summer and autumn ; the leaves all alternate, narrow,
entire, rigid or with cartilaginous margins, mostly glabrous or glabrate. Gen.
542 (where Gcertner's name is mentioned ; but Gaertner takes up the genus, like
Schreber, from the Anonymos, Walt., under the name Suprago, confusing it with
Vernonia, and in a volume two years later than Schreber's) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. G7 (excl. 2 & 3) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 248.
* Pappus very plumose: heads 4-5-flowered: inner involucral bracts with prolonged petaloid tips.
Calostelma, Don.
L. elegans, WILLD. Partly pubescent, 2 to 3 feet high: linear upper leaves commonly
soon reflexed : spike or raceme virgate, dense, 3 to 20 inches long : heads either sessile or on
bracteolate pedicels, about half-inch long: bracts of the involucre few-ranked, the inner
dilated at tip into an oblong or lanceolate mucrouate-acuminate rose-red spreading append-
age, which surpasses the flowers and pappus. Spec. iii. 1065; Michx. Fl. ii. 91 ; Ker, Bot.
Keg. t. 267; DC. Prodr. v. 129; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. StvdieHna eleyaiis, Walt. Car. W2.
Serratula speciosa, Ait. Kew. iii. 138. Eupatorium speciosum, Veut. Cels. t. 79. Liutris
radians, Bertol. Misc. v. 9, t. 1. Dry pine barrens, Virginia? to Florida and Texas.
* * Pappus very plumose: heads lG-60-flowered. cylindraceous with turbinate base : bracts of
involucre much imbricated, with herbaceous tips if any: lobes of the corolla pilose hiMde:
leaves all linear and rigid, hardly punctate; the lower elongated and gramiuiform.
L. SQUarrosa, WILLD. Pubescent or partly glabrous: stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high :
heads few (even solitary), or sometimes numerous in a leafy spike or raceme, rarely some-
what paniculate, the larger an inch or more long: bracts of the involucre all herbaceous
and acuminate, or with foliaceous or herbaceous (or innermost slightly colored) lanceolate
rigid and somewhat pungent tips; these usually squarrose-spreading and prolonged.
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., incl. vais. florilmnda & conijiacta. Cirsium tuherosinn, etc.. Dill. Elth. t. 71,
fig. 82. Serratula squarrosa, L. Spec. ii. 818. Pter-onia Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 292. Dry
gravelly or sandy soil. Upper Canada to Florida, Nebraska, and Texas. Passes into
Var. intermedia, DC. Heads narrow: bracts of the involucre erect or little spn-.-id-
ing, less prolonged. Prodr. v. 129; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., with var. i-oni/itirtn. />. intcrnndla,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 948. Upper Canada to Nebraska, Louisiana, and Texas.
L. Cylindracea, MICIIX. Mostly glabrous, a foot high: heads few or several, 16-20-
flowered, an inch or less long : bracts of the involucre all appressed, barely herbaceous,
rounded and abruptly mucronate at tip, the outermost very short. Fl. ii. 93; Ell. Sk.
110 COMPOSITE. Liatris.
ii. 275; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not Pursh. L. graminifolia, Willd. Spec. iii. 1636, excl. syn.
Walt. & hab. ; Muhl. Cat. 73. L. stricta, Macnab in Ediub. Phil. Jour. xix. 60. L. JJexuosa,
D. Thomas, in Am. Jour. Sci. xxvii. 338 ? Dry prairies and Open woodlands, Upper Canada
and Michigan to Minnesota and Missouri.
* * * Pappus distinctly plumose to the naked eye : heads 3-6-flowered : bracts of the involucre
acuminate or mucronate, coriaceo-herbaceous, not appendaged: corolla-lobes naked : leaves all
narrowly linear or the upper acerose.
L. punctata, HOOK. Stems a span to 30 inches high from a thick and branching or some-
times globular stock, stout : leaves as well as bracts commonly punctate, rigid : head 4-6-
flowered, oblong or cylindraceous, thickish, from half to three-fourths inch long, mostly
numerous and crowded in a dense (below leafy) spike: bracts of the involucre oblong,
abruptly or sometimes more gradually cuspidate-acuminate, often lauugiuous-ciliate : pappus
almost as plumose as in the preceding. Fl. i. 306, t. 55; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. cylindrica,
Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210. L. resinosa, DC. Prodr. v. 129 (pi. Arkaus.), not Nutt.
Dry prairies and plains, Saskatchewan and Minnesota west to Montana and Colorado, south
to Texas and New Mexico. (Mex.)
L. acidota, ENGELM. & GRAY. Stem a foot or two high from a globose or at length elon-
gated tuber : leaves very slender : heads 3-5-flowered, three-fourths to half an inch long,
numerous in a slender and strict naked spike : bracts of the involucre rather few, thiunish,
mostly glabrous, ovate- and oblong-lanceolate, gradually or abruptly acuminate or cuspidate-
mucrouate: pappus short-plumose. PI. Lindh. i. 10; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 83. L. mvcronata,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 70, not DC. Prairies of Texas, Drummond, Writ/Id, Lindheimer, &c.
Var. vernalis, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c., is a depauperate vernal form.
Var. mucronata. Heads and flowers smaller; iuvolucral bracts abruptly mu-
cronate-pointed. L. mucronata, Engelm. & Gray, PL Liiidh. i. 10. Texas, Lindheimer.
L. Boykini, TOER. & GRAY. Glabrous: stem very slender, afoot or two high: leaves
punctate ; lower narrowly linear, upper acerose : heads rather numerous in a strict naked
spike, 3-4-flowered, hardly half-inch long : bracts of the involucre only about 8, thin,
lanceolate, acuminate, the inner somewhat scarious at margins and tip : pappus short-plu-
mose. Fl. ii. 70. Near Columbus, Georgia, Doijkin. Not since found.
# * * * Pappus from barbellulate to minutely short-plumose under a lens, not to the naked eye.
) Heads subglobose or hemispherical, 15-40-flowered : involucral bracts mostly spatulate, many-
rankc'd, somewhat spreading : corolla-lobes comparatively short.
L. scariosa, WILLD. Pubescent or glabrate : stem stout, 1 to 5 feet high : leaves spatulate-
or oblong-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole (4 to 6 inches long, half-inch to inch and a
half wide) ; upper narrowly lanceolate ; uppermost small, linear, sessile : heads racemose or
spicate, few or numerous (3 to 50), mostly 25-40-flowered and about an inch high and wide :
iuvolucral bracts broadest and rounded at summit, there either herbaceous or scarious edged
and tinged with purple (rarely white-scarious) : pappus-bristles minutely barbellate.
Willd. Spec. iii. 1G35; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1709; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 590; Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 1654; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii t. 29. L. aspera & sphceroidea, Michx. Fl. ii. 92.
L. scariosa & L. sphceroidea, DC. 1. c. L. sphceroidea, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 87. L. borealis,
Nutt. in Paxt. Mag. v. t. 27. L. sqnarrosa, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. t. 44 1 Serratula scariosa,
L. Spec. ii. 818. Dry and usually sandy ground, Upper Canada and New England to the
Saskatchewan, west to the Rocky Mountains, south to Florida and Texas. Varies greatly ;
in the involucre, which is either herbaceous or with the tips largely scarious and colored ; in
the size of the heads, &c., passing into the extreme microcephalous form (which except for
the transitions would be regarded as a distinct species), viz. :
Var. squarrulosa. Comparatively small and slender: heads merely half or two-
thirds inch long, 14-20-flowesed : involncral scales narrower, innermost sometimes linear or
lanceolate and acutish. L. squarrulosa, Michx. 1. c. L. heterophylln, R. Br. in Ait. Kew.
ed. 2, iv. 503; Pursh, Fl. ii. 508 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 131. Open woods, N. Carolina to Texas.
The heads of ordinary L. scariosa, when abnormally numerous and paniculate, are some-
times reduced to the smallest size.
-f H Heads oblong, 5-flowered: involucre squarrose by the spreading colored tips of the bracts.
L. pycnostachya, MICHX. Hirsute, or below glabrous: stem stout, 3 to 5 feet high:
leaves crowded throughout ; the lower lanceolate and the upper very narrowly linear : spike
Liatris. COMPOSITE.
dense, cylindrical (5 to 18 inches long) : heads (4 to 6 lines long) all sessile : bracts of the
involucre 14 to 16, oblong or the inner narrower; the more or less scarions smuirrose tips
T)ll 1*1")] f* *"*** V\M lT"l 1 lijll llC'lin11trn* r 11l4-4->> -.-,,-. ^ _-..,-, ,...__! . 1 i i .
Fl.
Acad.
Apparently this hybridizes with L. spicata : at least specimens occur7vi]icnTre"in7erinedi a ro
between the two species.
+- -)--)- Heads from short-oblong to cylindraceous: bracts of the involucre all appressed,
-H- Obtuse and mostly rounded at the pointless apex.
= Leaves narrowly linear, or the lowermost larger and broader; upper ones gradually reduced t.,
linear-subulate bracts.
L. spicata, WILLD. Glabrous, or with some sparse hirsute pubescence : stem stout or tall
usually 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy : heads 8-13- (sometimes 5-7-) flowered, half-inch long'
almost erect, closely sessile and numerous in a dense spike of a span to a foot or more in
length : involucre obtuse or rounded at base ; its bracts obscurely if at all glandular-punc-
tate, but not rarely glutinous; the tips of the inner usually with narrow colored srarious
margin. Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 141 1 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 73 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 35, t. 47. ( irsium
tuherositm, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 72, fig. 83. Serratula spicata, L. Spec. ii. 819 (excl. syn. Gronov.) ;
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 401. S. compta, Dryander in herb. Banks, cited by Pursh under the
next. Liatris macrostachya, Michx. Fl. ii. 91 ; Pursh, 1. c. L. resinosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 131, a
small form with 5-flowered heads. L. sessiliflora, Bertol. Misc. v. 10, t. 2 (but our specimen
from coll. Alabama, Gates, has hirsute foliage), a form with slender and looser spike. Muist.
or rich soil, Mass, and New York to Wisconsin and Arkansas, and south through the upper
country to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. montana. Low and stout, 10 to 20 inches high : leaves broader, lower ones
half to two-thirds inch wide, obtuse: spike proportionally short and heads large. L.
macrostachya, Michx. 1. c., in part. L. pumila, Loddiges. L. spicata, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card,
t. 49. L. pilosa, in part, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 74. Rocky mountain-tops in Virginia and
N. Carolina, where it abounds.
L. graminifolia, PURSH. More slender than the preceding, mostly only 2 or 3 feet high :
leaves usually ciliate toward the base with scattered hispid hairs, rigid, often spar.se : heads
more sparsely spicate or scattered, not rarely becoming racemose or paniculate, mostly half-
inch long : involucre acutish at base; its bracts firmer, oval and oblong, glandular-puiu fate
on the herbaceous back, the rounded (or sometimes slightly herbaceons-apiculate) tip hardly
at all scarious-edged. (Willd. Spec. iii. 1636, only as to name & syn. of Aiwnynws gratnin'i-
folia, Walt., which is also uncertain.) Pursh, Fl. ii. 308 (excl. portions of char, taken from
Willd.); Nutt. Gen. ii. 131 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 274; DC. Prodr. v. 130, chiefly; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 72. L. pilosa, var. gracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 131. L. virrjata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 72,
& Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 284, a form running into compound-paniculate inflores-
cence, with small heads. Serratula foliis linearibus, Gronov. Virg. ed. 1, 92 ; cited by Linnaeus
under S. spicata. Dry or moist ground, Virginia to Florida.
Var. dubia, GRAY. Spike strict and virgate, with many approximate rather large
heads, or occasionally racemiform, or abnormally paniculate : bracts of the involucre nar-
rower and thinner, sometimes obscurely scarious-margined. Man. 2'24 (Torr. & Gray, 1. c.).
L. pilosa, Willd. (Serratula pilosa, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, iii. 138 1, apparently a state with unusually
uari-ow iuvolucral scales, and like Lodd. Cab. t. 356, the only character being " *S. Joliis
linearibus pilosis, floribus axillanbns lonye pedunculatis ") ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. ; Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 595. L. pilosa, var. laevicaulis, & L. spicata, var. racemosa, DC. 1. c. L. ilnl'ia. Hart.
Mat. Med. ii. 222, t. 49. L. propinqua, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3829. Sandy pine barrens, New
Jersey to Florida and Alabama, near the coast, in wet or dry soil.
L. gracilis, PURSH. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate : stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves
rather short, mostly spreading ; lower usually oblong-linear or oblanccolate, upper small and
narrow: heads small (4 or 5 lines long), 3-5- or rarely 6-7-flowered, numerous in a virgate
raceme, on spreading or horizontal slender pedicels, or rarely spicate, often loosely com-
pound-paniculate : bracts of the involucre lax, rather few (7-10), thiunish, commonly gland-
ular-puberulent, not scarious at tip. Fl. ii. 508; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. pauciflosculosa,
Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. 71. L. lanceolata, Bertol. Misc. v. 11, t. 3. Dry pine
barrens, Georgia, Alabama and Florida.
112 COMPOSITE. Liatris.'
= = Leaves all very slender: heads 4 or 5 liues long.
L. tenuifolia, XUTT. Glabrous or with a few bristles below : stem strict and slender, 2 to
4 feet high : leaves rigid, attenuate-linear and when dry with revolute margins ; radical and
lower cauliue very numerous and crowded, a foot or less long, a line or two wide ; upper
cauliue short, becoming acerose or filiform and reduced to setaceous bracts : heads about
5-flowered and 4 lines long, very numerous in a strict virgate raceme (of a foot or two in
length), which occasionally develops into a panicle: involucre of about 10 oblong bracts,
not punctate, the inner more or less scarious and purplish : pappus strongly barbellate.
Gen. ii. 131 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 275 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. Icevigata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.
285, a large form with coarser radical leaves. Dry pine barrens, X. Carolina to Florida.
-H- -H- Involucral bracts or most of them acuminate or mucronate-tipped,
= Hirsute with short many-jointed hairs.
L. Garberi, GRAY. A foot or two high, hirsute with many-jointed spreading hairs, or the
linear and rigid strongly punctate leaves glabrate : upper leaves very short, linear-subulate,
erect : heads 6-7-flowered, 5 or 6 lines long, crowded in a dense spike : involucre campanu-
late ; its bracts (about 10) greenish and very glandular-punctate, villous-hirsute, in age
glabrate ; outer ones ovate, inner oblong, all obtuse and conspicuously mucronate-poiuted :
pappus minutely barbellate. Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48. Tampa, Florida, Garber.
= = Involucre glabrous or nearly so, narrow, indistinctly glandular-punctate, 3-5-flowered
(bracts variable): pappus more distinctly barbellate toward the base.
L. Chapman!!, TORR. & GRAY. Tomentulose-puberulent, glabrate : stem a foot or two
high, strict and rigid: leaves short, linear, or the lower oblong-linear and obtuse (1 to 3
inches long) and the upper small and narrow: heads numerous, mostly 3-flowered, erect in
a strict and dense virgate spike : involucre cylindrical ; its bracts thiuuish, lanceolate or the
short outer ones oblong, mostly acute and mucronate or short-acuminate, sometimes point-
less : flowers large for the size of the head, two thirds of an inch long pappus half-inch long.
Fl. ii. 502 ; Chapm. Fl. 191. Dry sandy ridges, Middle Florida, first coll. by Chapmuti.
L. pauciflora, PL-RSII. Glabrous or minutely puberulent : stem slender, often weak and
declining : leaves rigid, linear, mostly narrow : heads numerous in a virgate often secund
spiciform raceme (of 6 to 24 inches in length), when secund on short spreading or recurving
pedicels: involucre cyliudraceous ; its bracts thinnish, oblong, or the short outermost oval
and the inner lanceolate, mostly mucronate-acute or aciimiuate : flowers 5 or 6 and pappus
4 or 5 lines long. Fl. ii. 510 ; Chapm. 1. c. L. sccunda, Ell. Sk. ii. 278 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 71. Sandy pine woods, S. Carolina to Florida.
1 6. G-ARBERIA, Gray. (The late Dr. A. P. Garber, the re-discoverer.) -
Proc. Acad. Philad. Nov. 1879, 379, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. Liatris
Leptoclinium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 285 ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 76. Leptoclinium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48, not Benth. & Hook.
G. fruticosa, GRAY, 1. c. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high, branching, leafy: branchlets and involu-
cre puberulent : leaves with base of a short petiole articulated with the stem, vertical by a
twist, glabrous, pale and of the same hue both sides, nearly veiuless, obovate, retuse (barely
inch long) : heads (half-inch long) numerous in fastigiate naked terminal cymes: involucre
much shorter than the pappus. Liatris fruticosa, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 299. Lepto-
cluiium frut.icosum, Gray, 1. c. S. Florida, Ware, Garber. Found by the latter on -dry sand-
ridges of the western coast, at Tampa Bay. Lower leaves opposite according to Nuttall.
17. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. (Kapeo9, chaff, and <o P 6V, bearing.)
Perennials, with no bulbiform stock or tuber ; the rose-purple or white flowers in
cymosely disposed heads; all N. American, late-flowering. Bull. Philom. 1816,
& Diet. vii. 148; DC. Prodr. v. 132 (one species) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. Co.
1. Pappus of copious and unequal minutely barbellate bristles, occupying
more than one series : flowers purple : stem simple, leafy : even the lowest leaves
alternate, cauline ones sessile : Atlantic-States species, herbs.
Trilisa. COMPOSITE. 113
* Leaves all acerose, erect or appressed.
C. Pseudo-Liatris, CASS. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent, glabrate below, glaucescent : stems
a foot or two high, very strict : leaves with base half-clasping the stem, rigid, somewhat
carinate ; lowest 8 or 1 inches long, a line or less broad ; cauline gradually reduced to sub-
ulate appressed bracts: heads few or numerous in a small compact terminal cyme : involu-
cral bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, densely pubescent. : Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Bertol.
Misc. v. 14. Liatris squcimosa, Nutt. Jour. A cad. 1'hilad. vii. 73 ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag.
i. 95. Grassy pine barrens, Alabama, Middle Florida, and Mississippi to Louisiana.
* * Leaves plane, thickish; radical ones spatulatc, tapering into a margined petiole; cauline ob-
long, short, closely sessile: bracts of the involucre pluriserial.
C. tomentosus, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. About 2 feet high, tomentulose, or below hirsute
and glabrate : heads numerous in the cyme (over half-inch long) : bracts of the involucre
canesceutly hirsute and viscid, mostly acute. Liutris tomentosft, Michx. Fl. ii. 73. L. Walttri,
Ell. Sk. ii. 285, excl. syn. Walt. Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida.
C. COrymbosUS, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Stouter and taller, minutely hirsute or pubescent :
cauline leaves broadly oblong : heads numerous in the compound cyme : involucre glabrous ;
the bracts all very obtuse or truncate, inner ones scarious-margined and erose at apex.
Liatris cori/mbosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 132, excl. syu. L. tomentosa, Ell. 1. c., not Michx. Margin
of swamps in pine barrens, 1ST. Carolina to Florida.
C. bellidifolius, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. About a foot high, rather slender, often branched
below the middle, almost glabrous : cauline leaves narrowly oblong or oblauceolate : heads
fewer and scattered, more pedunculate : involucre of looser bracts ; the lower rather spread-
ing, innermost thin, and linear, all very obtuse. Liatris bettidifolia, Michx. 1. c. ; Nutt. 1. c.
Anonymos uniflorus, AValt. Car. 198 ? Sandy woods and pine barrens, from Wilmington,
N. Carolina, to Georgia.
2. KUHNIOIDES, Gray. Pappus a single series of about 15 plumose bristles :
flowers white or ochroleucous : bracts of the involucre fewer, in about 3 ranks :
stems much branched, shrubby at base, few-leaved : lower leaves opposite : Pacific
species. [See Supplement, Bebbia, p. 453.]
C. junceus, BENTH. Minutely hispid or glabrate, or above somewhat canescent, 2 or 3 feet
high : branches slender and rigid, junciform ; the brauchlets often leafless, terminated by
solitary or 2 or 3 hemispherical heads (of half-inch length) : leaves linear, sometimes sparingly
lobed, upper ones filiform or reduced to subulate bracts, or early deciduous : bracts of the
involucre obtuse or acutish ; outer ones cauescently hirsute and ovate or oblong; inner ones
thin and narrower. Bot. Sulph. 21 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 632, Bot. Calif. 301.
Sandy banks of streams, southern borders of California to Arizona, where the involucral
bracts are narrower. (S. Calif., first coll. by ///.-;.)
C. ATRIPLICIFOLIUS, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159, from Cape San Lucas, S. California,
Xantus, is possibly a form of the last, with oblong laciuiate-toothed or somewhat hastate leaves,
on distinct petioles, and rather oblong heads : specimens insufficient.
18. TRiLISA, Cass. (The name is most obviously an anagram of Liatris.)
Atlantic U. S. perennials ; with simple and erect rather tall leafy stems, t( r-
minating in a thyrsus or panicle of cymules of small heads : leaves entire, oval
to lanceolate ; cauline partly clasping, radical much larger and tapering at ba.M-
into a margined petiole. Flowers rose-purple, autumnal. Involucre of few oval
or oblong somewhat herbaceous equal bracts, usually with 2 or 3 small and loose
exterior ones. --Bull. Philom., 1818, & Diet. iv. 310; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 248. Liatris Trilisa, DC., excl. spec. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76.
T. odoratissima, CASS. 1. c. (VANILLA-PLANT, HOUXDSTONGUE.) Glabrous: stem 2 or 3
feet high: leaves thickish, pale, often glaucous, obscurely-veined, vanilla scented in drying;
radical and lower cauline 4 to 10 inches long, oval or oblong, upper ones becoming very
small : heads (3 or 4 lines long) rather numerous in open cymules, and these cymosely pa-
niculate: akenes glandular. Anonymos odoratissirmis, Walt. Car. 198. Liatris odoratissima,
8
114 COMPOSITE. Trilisia.
Willd. Spec. iii. 1637; Michx. Fl. ii. 93; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 633; Don in Brit. Fl. Gard.
ser. 2, t. 184; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76. Eupatarium glastifolium, Bertol. Misc. v. 16, t. 4.
Low pine barrens, near the coast, Virginia 1 to Florida and Louisiana.
T. paniculata, CASS. 1. c. Viscid-pubescent or the foliage glabrate, a foot or two high :
leaves smaller, green ; radical lanceolate-spatulate ; small cauline ones oblong-lanceolate :
cymules short-ped uncled, crowded in a narrow panicle or thyrsus: akeues minutely pubes-
cent. Anonymos paniculatus, Walt. 1. c. Liutris paniculata, Michx. Fl. ii. 93; Willd. Spec,
iii. 1637; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 76. Damp pine barrens, Virginia to Florida, near the
coast.
TRIBE III. ASTEROIDE^E, p. 52.
19. G-YMNOSPERMA, Less, (Fu/wos, naked, a-n-^a, seed, having no
pappus.) Perennial herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, erect, glabrous, mostly
glutinous ; with alternate entire narrow leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers
in fastigiately corymbose glomerate cymes. Involucre about 2 lines long: ligules
very small and short. Syn. 194 ; DC. Prodr. v. 312, excl. 2. Founded on
Selloa glutinosa, Spreng., said to come from S. Brazil, with infertile disk-flowers,
to which DeCandolle added three Mexican species ; but these are all reducible
to one, viz. :
G. COrymbosum, DC. Woody at base, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves from oblong-lanceolate
to linear; lower ones distinctly 3-nerved : flowers of the ray 5 to 9, of the disk mostly fewer,
all fertile. Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 192; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 94. G. canjmbosum, multiflorum,
& scoparium, DC. 1. c. Rocky soil, S. Texas; fl. autumn. (Mex.)
20. XANTHOCEPHALUM, Willd. (Eavflo'j, yellow, and K 0aAi
head.) Herbaceous or suffruticose plants (chiefly Mexican) ; with alternate
entire or lobed leaves, and yellow flowers in scattered or loosely cymose heads ;
the smaller-flowered species approaching the following genus. -- Willd. in Gesel.
Nat. Fr. Berl. 1807, 140; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 249. Xanthocoma, HBK.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 310, t. 412; DC. Prodr. v. 311.
X. SERicocARPUM, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 31, from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, has ca-
nescent akenes : in all other species they are glabrous or only sparsely pubescent. Our species
are annuals.
X. "Wrightii, GRAY. Very glabrous, not glutinous : stems slender, a foot or two high,
corymbosely paniculate at summit : leaves linear, entire : heads rather numerous, terminating
pedunculiform branchlets : involucre barely 3 lines high and wide ; the bracts broad, obtuse,
or apiculate with a short green tip : rays 12, oblong : style-appendages linear-lanceolate, acute :
akeues all surmounted by an entire or obscurely denticulate corouiform border, without
proper pappus. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 632. Gutierrezia Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 78.
S. Arizona and New Mexico, Wright, Thurber, Bit/slow, Greene.
X. gymnospermoides, BENTH. & HOOK. 1. c. Glutinous when young, occasionally with
some deciduous tomentum : stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate with a
tapering base, sometimes sparingly denticulate ; the lowest often broader, petioled, occa-
sionally incised and even pinnatifid : heads corymbosely cymose, crowded : involucre hemi-
spherical, 4 lines high, very many-flowered ; the bracts narrow and with acute green tip?-,
not very unequal : flowers deep golden-yellow : rays 30 to 50, only 2 lines long : style-append-
ages ovate : pappus in the ray none ; in outer disk-flowers setulose-corouiform ; in central
and less fertile flowers of several unequal awns and mostly coroniform-concreted at base.
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 140; Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 111. Gutierrezia '? qt/m-
nospennoides, Gray, PI. Wright. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5155. Banks of streams, Arizona,
first coll. by Wriyht. (Mex., Parry & Palmer, which has been wrongly referred to the larger-
flowered very serrate-leaved X. Bentkamianum, Hemsl.)
Gutierrezia. COMPOSITE. 115
21. G-UTIEBB^ZIA, Lag. (Named for some member of the noble
Spanish family, Gutierrez.} --Herbs or suffrutescent plants (N. & S. American),
glabrous, often glutinous ; with narrowly linear and entire alternate leaves, and
small heads of yellow flowers, either solitary terminating the branchlets, or in
dense cymes in the manner of Gymnosperma, from which it is distinguished
mainly by the pappus. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30 ; Hook. & Arn. Comp. Bot. Ma".
ii. 51 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 193. Brachyris, Nutt, Gen. ii. 103. Brachyachyris,
Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Brachyris (excl. spec, and 2), Hemiachyris, & Odonto-
carpha, DC. Prodr. v. 312, 71.
G. LINEARIFOLIA, Lag., the original species (of which no specimen named by Lagasca is
extant), on account of the oblong involucre with bracts loose at apex, enclosing only about 8 or
10 flowers, may with the highest probability be referred to a Chilian species, the Brachyris
paincu!ata,T)C. Prodr. v. 313; and this, although not traceable at Madrid, was collected by
Nee, and lias been communicated to herb. DC. and herb. Boissier, to the latter by Pavon.
1 . Pappus of ray and disk similar, or in the former shorter : ligules mostly
short: involucral bracts in N. American species all appressed. Brachyris, Nutt.
* Suffruticose, and the woody base much branched: heads fastigiately or paniculately cvmost-:
receptacle plane or small: paleaj of the pappus conspicuous, from narrowly oblong to linear-
subulate.
G. Euthamise, TORE. & GRAY. Bushy, from glabrous to hirtellous-puberulent, 6 to 18
inches high, with mostly strict and fastigiately polycephalous branches: leaves narrowly
linear, verging to filiform : heads mostly clavate-oblong, few-several-flowered, not over 2
lines long, some short-pedunculate, others 3 to 5 in a glomerule (in the manner of Solidayo
Eullaniia) : flowers of disk and ray not numerous (commonly 3 or 4 each, or the latter
5 or 6, sometimes only one or two each) : akenes sericeous-pubescent. Solidago Sarothrce,
Pursh, Fl. ii. 540. Brachi/ris Euthamia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 163; Hook. Fl. ii. 23. B. Euthamice
6 B. divaricata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 313, the latter an open form. Br achy achy i is
Euthamiie, Spreug. Syst. iii. 574. Gutierrezia Euthamice & G. divaricata, Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 193. Arid plains and rocky hills, Saskatchewan to Montana, south to New Mexico,
Arizona, and borders of California. (Adj. Mex., where there is also a form with rather
broadly linear leaves, coll. Berlandier, Thurber.)
Var. microcepliala. Heads smaller, narrower, few-flowered, commonly ohlong-
cylindraceous and the involucre of fewer and narrower bracts : flowers of disk and ray mostly
reduced to one or two each : leaves either narrowly linear or nearly filiform : pappus, as in
the species, varying from short-oblong and obtuse (as in Berlandier's Saltillo specimens) to
linear-lanceolate, and even attenuate-acute (as in Parry Palmer's) : certainly passes into
G. Euthamiie. G. microcepliala, Gray, PI. Fendl. 74, PL Wright., &c. G. microphylla,
Durand & Hilgard, PL Heerm. 40. Brachyris microcepliala, DC. Prodr. v. 313. S. Texas
and New Mexico to S. California. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by Berlandier.)
Gr. Californica, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. More loosely branched: heads seldom glomerate-
fascicled, obovate-turbinate, 2 or 3 lines long: involucral bracts (except small outermost)
broad, oblong to obovate: rays 8 to 10, short: disk-flowers 6 to 12 : akenes more villous.-
Brachyris Californica, DC. 1. c. Gutierrezia linear/folia (with some of G. Entlnuiiiit), Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 302, not Lag. Hills, California near the coast, from San Francisco Bay south-
ward (first coll. by Dour/las] : also San Bernardino Mountains (Parish), and Mesas of Ari-
zona, Palmer, Lemmon, Pringle.
* * Annual herbs, loosely much branched: heads singly terminating the branchlets and panicu-
late: involucre hemispherical or obscurely obovate, about -2 lines in diameter, many-flowered:
rays 9 to 15; disk-flowers 20 to 30: receptacle more or less elevated and hirsute-fimbrillate :
akenes very short, obovate or turbinate, 10-costate ; the ribs very silky-villous.
G. spheerocephala, GRAY. Low : receptacle of the flowers obtusely conical or hemi-
spherical : pappus of 5 or 6 ovate short coroniform-concreted palese, barely half the length
of the akene. PL Fendl. 73, PL Wright, ii. 79. S. W. Arkansas, E. New Mexico, aud
S. W. Texas, Fendkr, Wright, &c.
116 COMPOSITES. Gutierrezia.
G. eriocarpa, GRAY. Low or taller (a foot or two high) : receptacle obtusely high-conical :
pappus of 1 2 or more linear-lanceolate or subulate and mostly distinct palece, about half the
length of the akene. PI. Wright, i. 94. Plains and prairies, S. and W. Texas, Wright,
Ilavard. (Mex.)
G. BERLANDIERI, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 31, is an allied species of the northern part
of Mexico, with a pappus of numerous miuute paleas, which do not surpass the silky hairs of
the akene.
2. Pappus wanting in the ray-flowers : ligules comparatively long : habit of
the preceding subsection. ffemiachyris, DC.
G. Texana, TORR. & GRAY. Annual, effusely much branched, 2 or 3 feet high : branches
slender, bearing the very numerous pedunculate heads in open compound panicles : invo-
lucre turbiuate-campauulate, a line or two long : rays 8 to 10 (3 or 4 lines long) ; disk-flowers
as many : akenes minutely pubescent ; those of the disk with a minute pappus of ovate or
subulate paleas, of length less than the breadth of the akene. Fl. ii. 194. Hemiaclujris
Texana, DC. Prodr. v. 314. Brachyris microcephula, Hook. Ic. t. 147, not DC. Sterile
plains, W. Arkansas to Texas. (Adjacent Mex.)
22. AMPHIACHYRIS, Nutt. (Brachyris Ampldachyris, DC.)
('Aft, about, or on both sides, and a^ypov, chaff.) As here constituted, the
genus consists of two rather low and fastigiately or diffusely much-branched and
erect glabrous plants, with entire leaves ; the first with the habit of Gutierrezia,
the second sufficiently different to form a subgenus (AMPIIIPAPPUS, Torr. &
Gray) : fl. yellow in late summer and autumn.
A. dracunculoid.es, NUTT. Annual, rather low, effusely corymbiform, the slender
branches and branchlets terminating in single pedunculate heads : leaves narrowly linear or
the uppermost filiform: involucre hemispherical or short-campanulate ; the bracts 10 or 12,
firm-coriaceous and whitish with abrupt green tips, mostly ovate or oval: rays 5 to 10, oval
or oltlong, nearly as long as the involucre ; disk-flowers 10 to 20, wholly sterile, the ovarv
quite abortive ; their pappus of 5 to 8 scarious almost aristiform smooth paleas, cupulately
united at base and slightly dilated upward : akenes (of the ray) with a minute or obscure
coroniforrn pappus. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 313; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 192. Brachyris
dracitnctdoides, DC. PI. Rar. Genev. vii. 1, t. 1, & Prodr. v. 313. Brachijris ramosissima,
Hook. Ic. t. 142 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 278. Gutierrezia Lindheimeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxii.
351. Plains, Kansas to Texas.
A. Fremontii, GRAY. Shrubby, a foot or two high, with rigid tortuous branches : leaves
short (half or quarter-inch long), obovate or spatulate, commonly narrowed at base into a
margined petiole : heads mostly sessile and glomerate in small corymbosely disposed cymes :
involucre campanulate or oblong, 2 lines long ; the bracts 7 to 9, thin, mostly destitute of
green tips : rays 1 or 2, short : disk-flowers 3 to 6, witli infertile glabrous ovary, and a
pappus of about 20 flattish denticulate-hispid tortuous bristles, some of them branching
or irregularly paleaceous-concreted at base : ray-akenes with a pappus of fewer and short
bristles or squamelke, more united at base. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 633, & Bot. Calif, i.
302. Amphipappus Fremontii, Torr. & Gray in Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 4 ; Torr.
PI. Frem. 17, t. 9. Arid deserts on the Mohave, S. E. California, Fremont, to S. W. Utah,
Palmer.
23. GBIND^LIA, Willd. (Prof. Hicronymus Grindel, of Riga and
Dorpat.) Herbs, or some species shrubby, of coarse habit (American, mostly
of the U. S. west of the Mississippi) ; with sessile or partly clasping and usually
serrate rigid leaves, and rather large heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches ; the narrow rays usually numerous, occasionally wanting ; central disk-
flowers not rarely infertile. Herbage often balsamic-viscid, the heads especiallv
so before and during anthesis (whence called GUM-PLANT in California) : fl. all
Grindelia. COMPOSITE.
summer. Gesel. Nat. Fr. Berl. Mag. 1807, 259 ; Dumil, Mem. Mus. Par. v. 48;
DC. Proclr. v. 314 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 250. Demetria, Lag. Donia, R. Br.
Aurelia, Cass.
G. CORONOPIFOLIA, Lehm., of Mexico, is Xanthocepkahun centauroides, Willd., the original of
that genus.
G. ANGUSTIFOLIA, DC. in Dunal, founded on a drawing only, is not identified ; probably of
some other genus.
G. COSTATA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208, is a northern Mexican species, allied to
G. squurrosa and G. subdecurrens, with lunate-gibbous 10-ribbed akenes. It may reach the U. S.
borders.
* Stem or branches (at least above) and sometimes the leaves pubescent: rays very numerous:
awns of the pappus 2 or 3, sometimes solitary: plants a foot to a yard high.
-f- Atlantic and Mexican species: root in U. S. annual or biennial, perhaps more enduring in
Mexico: akenes with no terminal border or teeth.
G. inuloides, WILLD. 1. c. Pubescence minute or short : leaves from oblong to lanceolate
or almost ovate, serrate down to the partly clasping or broad base with close-set and often
gland-tipped salient teeth : involucre glabrous (half-inch or more in diameter), at length
squarrose: akeues short and turgid (the length barely double the breadth), with rounded-
truncate summit and small areola, smooth or becoming corky-rugose transversely. Dunal,
1. c. 50, t. 5 ; Bot. Reg. t. 248 ; DC. Prodr. v. 315 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3737 ; Torr. & Gray!
1. c., excl. var. 0. G. piibescens, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 74. Inula serrata, Pers. Syn.
ii. 451. Demetria spathulata, Lag. Elench. Madr. 1814, 20. Plains of Arkansas and Texas;
common. (Mex.)
Var. microcephala, GRAY. Smaller, more branching : heads only half as large :
akenes more commonly rugose-thickened but sometimes smooth : iuvolucral bracts usually
shorter and closer : the extreme forms seeming very distinct from the type, but connected
by intermediate states. Bot. Mex. Bound. 81. G. microcephala, DC. Prodr. v. 315.
S. Texas, first coll. by Berlandier. (Mex.)
-i -i Pacific species: root perennial but sometimes flowering the first year: akenes truncate and
with a prominulous irregularly undulate or obscurely 3-5-toothed border around the terminal
areola: pappus-awns stouter and more corneous, flattish: involucre in the same species either
naked or surrounded by spreading foliaceous bracts passing into leaves.
G. hirsutula, HOOK. & ARX. A foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched, villous-
hirsute, or glabrate, sometimes even tomentose when young : leaves rather rigid and com-
monly serrate with rigid salient teeth, in the typical plant oblong, or lower ones spatulate
and obtuse (cauline inch or two long and about half-inch wide), upper with partly clasping
but not widened base, varying however to lanceolate and acute : heads solitary or few : in-
volucre half-inch in diameter ; its proper bracts with or without subulate-attenuate squarrose
tips, and with or without the surrounding loose foliaceous bracts, which may surpass the
disk. Bot. Beech. 147, 351; DC. Prodr. vii. 278; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 103. G.rubncaulis, DC. Prodr. v. 316. Hills and open grounds, California from Mon-
terey northward, where it seems to pass into or is not well discriminated from the following ;
first coll. by Douglas.
G. integrif 61ia, DC. A foot to a yard high, the taller plants corymbosely branching at
summit and bearing several or numerous heads : pubescence soft-villous, sometimes sparse
or vanishing: leaves of soft texture, commonly entire, occasionally serrate ; caulino lanceo-
late, 3 or 4 inches long, mostly tapering from a broad base to an acute or acuminate apex ;
radical spatulate and obtuse : bracts of the involucre with mostly elongated setaceous-subulate
points to the bracts. Prodr. v. 315; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. G. slricta, DC. Prodr. vii. 278.
G. virgata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 314, slender form. Donia inuloides, var., Hook.
Fl. ii. 25. Moist or shady ground, Oregon to British Columbia, chiefly toward the coast.
Varies greatly in open ground having leaves of firmer texture, the lower sometimes coarsely
serrate, even the upper barely acute : on the shores of British Columbia occurs a low form,
glabrate and thickish-leaved, which perhaps too nearly approaches G. cuneifolia.
* * Whole herbage glabrous: stems equably leafy, a foot or two high: root mostly short-lived
perennial, but sometimes annual in the same species: leaves firm or rigid.
118 COMPOSITE. Grindelia.
) Akencs squarely truncate and even at the summit, not bordered nor toothed: pappus-awns
only 2 or 3.
G. Arizonica, GRAY. Rather low aiid slender: cauline leaves oblong-linear or narrowly
oblong, obtuse, mostly spinnlose-deuticulate or dentate: heads small (half-inch high):
bracts of the involucre short and rather broad, the acnte or subulate-acuminate tips not pro-
longed nor spreading. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 208. G. microcephala, Rothr. in Wheeler
Rep. vi. 141, not DC. Mesas of Arizona and New Mexico, Wright, Rothrock, Brandegee.
(Adj. Mex.)
G. squarrosa, DUN AL. Commonly only a foot or two high and branched from the base :
leaves rigid ; cauline from spatulate- to linear-oblong and with either broadish or narrowed
half-clasping base, acutely and often spiuulosely serrate or denticulate ; sometimes radical
and even cauline laciniate-pirmatifid : involucre strongly squarrose with the spreading and
recurving short-filiform tips of the bracts: outer akeues commonly (but not always) corky-
thickened and with broad truncate summit, those toward the centre narrower and thinner-
walled and with smaller areola. DC. Prodr. v. 315; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Donia sqnarrosa,
Pursh, Fl. ii. 559 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1706 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 163. Aureliu amplexicuulis, Cass.
Diet, xxxvii. 468. Grindelia subdecnrrens , DC. 1. c. G. urgutu, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 81, not
Schrader. Plains ami prairies, Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Montana and south to
Missouri and Texas, west to Nevada, Arizona, and borders of California. (Mex.) Heads
small or middle-sized : involucre half to two-thirds inch iu diameter, very glutinous. Varies
much : the following are the most marked forms.
Var. rnida, OKAY. Rays wanting. G. squarrosa, Gray, PI. Fendl. 77. G. micla, Wood
in Bot. Gazette, iii. 50. With the usual radiate form in New Mexico, Colorado, and re-
cently about St. Louis, Missouri.
Var. grand.ifl.6ra, GRAY. Heads larger and with very numerous rays (of an inch in
length) : stem 2 to 4 feet high, strict and simple below : upper leaves from ovate to
oblong, broader or not narrowed at base, more numerously and equally serrate either with
obtuse or spinulose teeth. PI. Wright, i. 98. G. grandiflora, Hook. Bot Mag. t. 4628. G.
Texana, Scheele iu Linn. xxi. 60. Texas, in two forms ; one by Berlandier, Wright, &c.,
with heads no larger than is common in G. squarrosa, and the leaves elliptical or oval and
obtuse, closely beset with obtuse callous teeth ; the other collected by Lindkeiuier, Reverchon,
&c., with spinulose or almost aristate teeth.
G. Oregana. Stem rather stout and tall, branched above : leaves thickish, not rigid,
sparselv denticulate or entire, mostly obtuse, oblong-spatulate or Ungulate, or the upper lan-
ceolate (the larger cauline 4 inches long and an inch wide) : heads large (rays an inch long) :
bracts of the involucre with erect or spreading slender linear-subulate tips : akenes minutely
striate. G. rin/ata, in part, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 314. G. integrifolia, in part,
Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not DC. Donia glutinosa, Hook. Fl. ii. 25, not R. Br.
Oregon to Idaho, in dry soil.
-t -i Akenes all or some outer ones 1-2-dentate or auriculate-bordered at the summit, except
perhaps iu G. ylutinosa.
-H- Atlantic species: pappus-awns mostly 2.
G. lanceolata, NUTT. Stem 2 feet high, slender : leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, spinu-
lose-deutate or denticulate (lower sometimes laciuiate) : heads as in G. squarrosa but the
subulate-attenuate elongated tips of the involucral bracts straight and erect or the lower
spreading : summit of the akene produced from each or the outer margin into a short tooth.
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 73; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 248. Prairies and barrens, Texas,
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee. (Barrens near Nashville, Gattiiigc-.r, where it is prob-
ably indigenous.)
H- -w- Pacific species.
G. CUneif 61ia, NUTT. Suffrutescent, stout, 3 or 4 feet high, mostly maritime, much branched :
leaves thick, from cuneate-spatulate to linear-oblong, almost all with narrowed base, dentic-
ulate-serrate or entire : involucre half-inch or more high, little glutinous, the tips of the
bracts either scarcely or decidedly squarrose : pappus-awns 5 to 8. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1. c. 315; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Greene in Bot. Gazette, viii. 256. G. robnsta, var. angusti-
fulia, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 304, chiefly. Salt marshes and shores, California, from Santa
Barbara Bay northward ; flowering in October. Woody base of stein becoming an inch or
two thick.
Pentachasta. COMPOSITE. 119
G. glutinosa, DUNAL. Herbaceous nearly or quite to the base ("frnticose," Cav.), afoot
or two high : leaves rather large, obovate or spatulate, mostly rounded at summit and with
partly clasping (broad or narrowish) base, more or less serrate : heads large: involucre half
to three-fourths inch high, its bracts close, acute or acuminate, with no prolonged squarrose
tips : akeues obscurely if at all bordered at summit : pappus-a\vus 5 to S, stout and flattened,
sparingly ciliolate-scabrous or nearly smooth. Mem. Mus. 1. c. 49 ; DC. Prodr. v. 314 ;
Gray, 1. c. 303. Aster rjlutinosus, Cav. Ic. ii. 53, t. 168. Doroninnn i/liitinosnm, Willd. Spec.
iii. 2115. Inula glutinosa, Pers. Syn. ii. 452. Doniu y/utinosa, R. Br. in Ait. Kew. ed. 2, v. 82.
Demetria g/utinosa, Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30. Aurelia dccurrens, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 468.
(The pappus-awns iu old-time cultivated specimens sparsely hirtello-ciliolate indeed, but not
as figured by Cavanilles ; in California!! specimens varying from obscurely so to smooth.)
Grinddia latifulia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 36. Shore of California, from Humboldt
Co. (Bolander) and San Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara Islands, whence a very large-leaved
and robust form was described by Kellofjrj. Fl. summer. (" Mexico," Cavanilles. "Peru,"
Bentham iu Gen. Original habitat seemingly quite unknown, but doubtless it came from
the Pacific shores.)
G. robusta, NUTT. Herbaceous to the base, rigid, branching, usually glutinous in the man-
ner of G. sqnarrosa, which it resembles in the attenuate-acuminate and squarrose spreading
or recurved tips to the involucral bracts : leaves more rigid and larger, oblong, varying to
lanceolate, rigidly spinulose-serrate or denticulate, or uppermost entire : heads usually half-
iucli high : akenes (at least outer ones) obliquely auriculate or broadly unidentate at summit :
pappus-awns 2 or 3, rarely more. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 314 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray,
Bot. Calif. 1. c., excl. vars. lalifolia & angustifolia in part, incl. var. rirjida. G. squarrosa,
Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 147, not Dunal. The common GUM-PLANT of California, common
throughout the western part of the State, on dry hills, &c. : fl. summer.
G. nana, NUTT. Rather low and slender, 6 to 30 inches high, the larger plants corymbosely
and freely branched above : leaves thinnish, lanceolate and linear, or the lower spatulate,
entire or spinulose serrate : heads small (a quarter to a third of an inch high) : bracts of
the involucre with slender and squarrose soon re volute tips, in the manner of G. squnrrosa
(which this species represents northwestward): rays 16 to 30: akenes narrow, excisely
truncate or bideutate at summit: pappus-awns mostly 2. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 314.
G. Intmilis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 248, not Hook. & Aru. G. Pacijica, Marcus E. Jones in
Bull. Torrey Club, ix. 31, in a habitat much out of range ; namely, at Santa Cruz, Califor-
nia. Washington Terr, and east to X. W. Wyoming, south to Shasta, California. Some
Oregon specimens have heads as large as those of G. squarrosa, but the akenes are different.
Var. discoidea, a rayless state of the species. G. discoidea, Nutt. 1. c. 315. not
Hook. & Am. Oregon and Washington Terr., Nut lull, &c.
* * * Anomalous and obscure species, wholly glabrous: cauline leaves all very small and
narrow, almost filiform..
G. humilis, HOOK. & ARN. Not glutinous, apparently perennial: stem simple, slender, 7
inches high, 2-cephalous at summit : radical leaves linear, 2 inches long, 2 lines wide at the
obtuse obscurely denticulate apex, thence gradually tapering to base; cauliue nearly all
small and bract-like, all but lowest half-inch long, not over one third of a line wide.
attenuate-acute : involucre half-inch high ; bracts lanceolate, acute, largely green, erect, the
outer successively shorter: rays rather long: bristles of the pappus apparently 3 or 4,
slender. Bot. Beech. 147. Single specimen known, "California, Becchoj," therefore
probably from Monterey. Very unlike any other.
24. PENTACHJfiTA, Nutt. (Ho/re, five, X a ^ bristle ; from the pap-
pus of the original species.) Californian annuals, low and slender, often depau-
perate, glabrous and smooth or with some pubescence ; with filiform-linear and
entire alternate leaves, heads terminating the pedunculiform summit of the stem
and loose branches, with either homochromous or heterochromous flowers, pro-
duced in spring. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 336; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 633, & Bot. Calif. 5. 305. Pentachceta & Aphantochata, Torr. &
Gray ; Benth. & Hook. Geu. ii. 251. (See p. 445.)
120 COMPOSITE. Pentachceta.
1. Flowers of both ray and disk golden yellow : involucre of comparatively
numerous and regularly imbricated bracts.
P. aiirea, NUTT. 1. c. At length diffusely branched, 3 to 12 inches high: heads mostly
large for the size of the plant and many-llowered, but greatly varying : rays 7 to 40 (2 to 5
lines long) : bracts of the involucre broadly lanceolate, mostly setaceous-acuminate, with
green centre and broad scarious margins: akenes villoiis-pubesceut: pappus-bristles 5, some-
times 6 to 8, as long as disk-corollas. Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 81, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Open
and dry ground, in the southernmost counties of California ; first coll. by Nvttall.
2. Flowers of the ray white or purple-tinged, sometimes wanting or else few
and wanting the ligule : disk-corollas yellow or yellowish, or changing to purple
in age : bracts of involucre somewhat equal and fewer, mostly obtuse and nar-
rowly scarious-margined.
P. exilis, GRAY, 1. c. A span or so high, with simple or from the base simply branched
mouoL-ephalous erect stems: heads in the larger form (here taken as the type) many-
flowered, with hemispherical or broadly campauulate involucre (3 lines high), and 8 to 14
oblong rays, these 2 lines long : akeues oblong-turbiuate, villous : pappus-bristles 5, shorter
than disk-corollas, in some plants abortive or obsolete. Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; Greene in Bot.
Gazette, viii. 256. Dry hills, middle part of California, from Santa Clara Co. northward.
Var. aphantocliasta, GRAY, 1. c. More or less depauperate, 2 to 4 inches high :
heads narrower, from rather few- to 25-flowered, discoid, mostly having 3 to 5 female flowers
with corolla destitute of ligule, sometimes these wanting : pappus reduced to 3 or 5 short
cusps or obsolete. P. apkantochce.ta, Greene in Bot. Gazette, I.e. Aphantockata exilis,
Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 99, t. 11, a delicate and few-flowered form. Dry ground, from the
Salinas Valley to El Dorado Co., first coll. by Biijdow. Var. discoidpa, Gray, 1- c., is partly a
small form of this without female flowers, and partly the following, into which it may pass.
P. alsinoides, GREENE. A span high, at length diffusely and several times branched from
the base, with peduiiculated discoid heads in the forks : involucre only 2 lines long, of only
5 to 7 bracts, " 3-5-" or 6-7-flowered : flowers apparently all hermaphrodite : pappus-bristles
3 or 4, fully equalling the corolla and as long as the obovate-clavate pubescent akenes, rarely
obsolete in some flowers. Bull. Torrey Club, ix. 109, & Bot. Gazette, 1. c. Hills or dry
ground around San Francisco Bay to El Dorado Co., first coll. by Kellogg and Bolander.
P. GRACILIS, Benth. in Hook. Ic. t. 1101, from Mexico, is Oxypappus, Benth.
25. BBADBtTBIA, Torr. & Gray. (In memory of John Bradbury, who
collected plants on the Missouri which were published in Pursh's Flora.) -- Fl.
ii. 250; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 251. Single species.
B. hirtella, TORE. & GRAY, 1. c. Annual, branched from the base, a foot or so high, hispid :
slender branches terminated by single rather small heads of yellow flowers : radical and
lower cauline leaves narrowly spatulate ; those of the flowering branches small, spatulate-
liuear to nearly filiform, mucrouate-poiiited : rays 3 or 4 lines long. Dry ground, Texas,
Drummond, Wright, Lind/ieiiner, &c.
26. HETEROTHECA, Cass. fEre/)09, different, 0^, case, from the
unlike akenes of ray and disk.) N. American and Mexican herbs (probably
only three species, two of them very variable), with the aspect of Chrysopsis,
hirsute or scabrous : flowers yellow : pappus reddish or ferruginous : lower leaves
at base of petiole commonly with a foliaceous stipuliform dilatation, upper partly
clasping. Peduncles and involucre more or less glandular. A bristle or two of
pappus rarely found on ray-akenes. Bull. Philom. 1817, & Diet. xxi. 130;
DC. Proclr. v. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 251.
H. Lamarckii, CASS. 1. c. Biennial or sometimes annual, 1 to 3 feet high, somewhat
heavy-scented, branching, usually bearing numerous corymbiform-pauiculate rather small
heads : radical leaves oval or oblong, sleuder-petioled ; cauliue oblong, the upper mostly
Chrysopsis. COMPOSITE. 121
fl
with subcordate-clasping base : involucre 3 to 5 lines high : rays abont 20 ; their akenes
mostly glabrous and obscurely crowned : outer pappus of the disk-flowers conspicuous. -
H. Lamarckii & 11. scabra (also apparently 11. Chrysopsidis & H. leptoglossa), DC. 1. c. 317.
H. scabra (var. Ca/ycium & var. nuda, which are confluent), Torr. & Gray, 11. ii. 251.
H. latifotia, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 18G1, 459. Inuia subaxillaris, Lam. Diet,
iii. 250, fide Cass. /. scabra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 531. Chrysopsis scubra, Nutt. Gen. ii. 151 ; Ell.
Sk. ii. 339 ; Bertol. Misc. vii. t. 4. Sandy or barren dry soil, coast of Carolina to Texas,
Arkansas, S. Arizona, and perhaps within the borders of California. (Mex. In original
specimens of //. Chrysopsidis, DC., and others from Saltillo, &c., a setose pappus to the ray-
flowers only abnormally occurs. II. lipiof/tosxa, DC., has the crown of the ray-akenes with
a sharp and sometimes undulate edge. In Parry & Palmer's no. 373 the crown is more
salient and setulose-denticulate !)
H. grandiflora, NUTT. Villous-hispid or hirsute : stem stout, from a foot to 6 feet high,
bearing rather large (sometimes rather small) heads : cauliue leaves not clasping, or hardly
so, and clasping base of petioles of the lowest occasionally wanting : involucre 4 or 5 lines
high : rays about 30 ; their akeues minutely pubescent or glabrate : outer pappus of the
disk-flowers less conspicuous : style-appendages shorter, mostly obtuse. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 315 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Diplopappus scaber, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Jldcrotheca flori-
bunda, Beuth. Bot. Sulph. 24. //. fluribunda (excl. pi. Coulter, which belongs to the pre-
ceding and is probably from Arizona) & //. grandiflora, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 308. California
from Santa Barbara southward and east to the borders of Nevada. Heads always smaller
than those of H. inuloides, sometimes no larger than of the preceding species.
27. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt. (Xpvo-os, o<//( 9 , of golden aspect, from the
color of the blossom.) Herbs (N. American, extending into Mexico), mostly
perennials ; with silky, lanate, hirsute or hispid pubescence, or rarely glabrous,
entire or sometimes few-toothed leaves, the cauline sessile, and middle-sized heads
of yellow flowers terminating the stem and branches ; in late summer and
autumn: pappus commonly fuscous or ferruginous. Gen. ii. 150, under Inuia ;
DC. Prodr. v. 326 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 2-32.
1. EuciiRYSOrsis. Heads radiate : outer short pappus mostly manifest.
* Leaves narrow, elongated and nervose, gramineous or rather Luzula-like: whole herbage seri-
ceous-lanate, or in age glabrate: root perennial: akenes compressed-fusiform: outer pappus
squamellate-setulose. Pityopsis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 317.
C. gramimfolia, NUTT. Stem a foot or two high, slender, generally leafy, stoloniferous
underground : leaves 3-5-nerved or striate, silvery-sericeous, at least when young, lanceolate
to linear; radical a span to a foot long; cauline successively shorter and becoming linear-
subulate, erect: heads few or several and paniculate: involucre (half-inch or less high)
somewhat turbinate ; its regularly imbricated bracts many-ranked, glabrate, sometimes
granulose-glandular on the back: peduncles when glabrate often hirtellous-glandular. -
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 252; Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii. t. 3. C. graminifo/ia & C. an/cntea, Nutt.
Gen. ii. 151 ;~E11. Sk. ii. 234; DC. Prodr. v. 326. C. oligaiitha, Chapm. Fl. 216, an early-
flowering form with few leaves and heads. Innla yraminifolin, Michx. Fl. ii. 122. /. argent, n,
Pers. Syn. ii. 452. Eriyeron nervosum, Willd. Spec. iii. 1953. E. glandulosmn, Poir. Diet,
viii. 487". Diplopappus graminifolius, Less, in Linn. v. 310. D. sericeus, Hook. Comp. Bot.
Mag i. 97. Pityopsis (Sericophyttum) yraminifolia & aryentea, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1. c ._Dry pine barrens or sandy ground, Maryland to Florida and Texas; fl. autumn. A
characteristic but variable species : leaves from 1 to 9 lines wide, and heads when numerous
smaller than when few. (Mex. Probably Ilcctorea vi/losissima, DC.)
Var. aspera (C. aspera, Shuttlew. in distrib. coll. Pvugel), a glabrate rigid and poly-
cephalous state, near St. Marks, Florida (probably on the very coast), the stem and leaves
sparsely glaudular-hispidnlous !
C. pinifolia, ELL. A foot high, slender (the flowering branches almost filiform) ; very
early glabrate, appearing glabrous, smooth throughout : lowest leaves narrowly linear and
2-3-nerved (at most a line and a half wide, 2 to 6 inches long); cauline filiform: heads
solitary terminating the branches, or corymbose pedunculate, nearly as large as the average iii
122 COMPOSITE. Chrysopns.
C. gramini folia : akenes the same. Sk. ii. 335. Pityopsis pinifoUa, Nutt. 1. c. Georgia, on
sand-hills between the Flint and Chattahoochee, Jackson (Ell.), Baldwin.
C. f alcata, ELL. Low, seldom a foot high, branched from the base, very leafy to the top,
loosely lauate, at length glabrate, not glandular : leaves from narrowly to oblong-linear,
obscurely few-nerved, rigid (1 to 3 inches long) ; the cauline spreading and sometimes
falcate-recurving : heads mostly numerous and cymose, small : involucre campanulate (3 or
4 lines long). Sk. ii. 33G (note) ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. t, 56. Jnula fakuta, Pursh,
Fl. ii. 532. Pityopsis falcatn, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Barren land along the coast,
Cape Cod to New Jersey.
* * Leaves not ncrvose or gramineous: involucre hemispherical: akenes turbiiiate-obovate and
turgid-flattish (or in the last species more oblong), 3-5-nerved: outer pappus squatr.ellate or
setulose.
-1 Pubescence arachnoid-lanate or cottony-villous and flocculent, deciduous, leaving a glabrous or
minutely scabrous and glandular surface, sometimes glubrate from the first except on rosi:late
tufts of radical leaves : Atlantic species.
H- Heads comparatively small, seldom half-inch high, commonly cymose: arachnoid hairs sparse
or wanting : stems very leafy : root no more than biennial.
C. SCabrella, TORE. & GRAY. Glandular-scabrous even to the rather obtuse bracts of the
involucre, destitute of cobwebby hairs : stem rather stout : leaves oblong-lanceolate or
spatulate : outer pappus setiform. Fl. ii. 255. Pine woods, Tampa, Florida, Leavenwort/i,
Garber. Too near the broad-leaved form of the next.
C. trichophylla, NUTT. Villous when young with very long and soft usually scattered
hairs which mostly have a stouter base : stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves oblong-spatu-
late or oblauceolate and obtuse, or upper linear : bracts of the involucre smooth, acute :
outer pappus squamellate-setulose. Gen. ii. 150; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Diplopappus tricho-
phi/llits, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97. Dry ground, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana,
in the low country, chiefly on and near the coast. Broad-leaved form approaches
C. Mariana : narrower comes too near the next.
C. hyssopifolia, NUTT. Glabrate and smooth, but the rosulate linear-spatulate or some-
times broadly spatulate (barely inch long) radical leaves floccose-woolly when young: stem
slender, virgate, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy with spatulate-liuear to almost filiform (inch or
so long) glabrous leaves : heads often numerous and cymose : otherwise as the preceding.
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 67. C. trichophylla, var. hyssopifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 254, excl.
syn. Hook. Sand-hills and dry pine barrens of Florida, on the coast.
H- -H- Heads larger: wool floccose: akenes often with 2 to 4 salient and glandular-thickened
nerves or ribs: outer pappus more squamellate : leaves occasionally witli a few serratures or
denticulations, oblong, or the lower spatulate or obovate and uppermost lanceolate.
C. Mariana, NUTT. A foot or two high from a perennial root, loosely silky-villous with
arachnoid hairs, glabrate in age : leaves thinnish, green : heads several in a corymbiform
cluster: involucre glabrous but granulate-glandular. Gen. 1. c. (under Imda) ; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. vii. t. 2. Jnula Mariana, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1240. Aster Caro-
linianus pilosus, etc., Mill. Ic. t. 57. Di/ilopappits Afarianus, Hook. 1. c. Pine barrens and
sandy soil, coast of New York to Florida and Louisiana.
C. gossypina, NUTT. 1. c. A foot or two high from a biennial root, densely lanate, the wool
becoming tomentose-floccose : leaves all obtuse, mostly short and spatulate or oblong : heads
terminating peduuculifonn branches or loosely corymbose: involucre very woolly, or be-
coming glabrate or even glandular. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. vii. t. 1. Tnula
yossypina, Michx. Fl. ii. 122. /. alandulosa, Lam. Diet. iii. 259? Erigei'on pilosum, Walt.
Car. 206. Chri/sopsis dentala, Ell. Sk. ii. 337, a form with lower leaves few-toothed. C. de-
cumbens, Chapm. Fl. 217, a coast form with glandular peduncles and involucre. Sandy pine
barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Alabama, in the low country.
t -t Pubescence from hispid to silky-villous, persistent: root perennial. Includes a multitude
of forms, seemingly not distinguishable into species.
C. Vill6sa, NUTT. 1. c. A foot or two high : leaves from oblong to lanceolate, rarely few-
toothed, usually cinereous or canescently strigose or hirsute and sparsely hispid along the
margins and midrib, an inch or two long : heads mostly terminating leafy branches some-
times rather clustered, naked at base or foliose-bracteate : involucre campauulate, 4 or .">
Chrysopsis. COMPOSITE. 123
lines high; its bracts commonly strigulose-canescent, sometimes almost smooth, acute:
akenes oblong-obovate, villous : outer pappus setulose-squamellate. Amelias vitlosus, Pursli,
Fl. ii. 564. Diplopappus vil/osus & D. hmpidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. C'///y/vy/.w.v ri//,m,i, hispiihi,
foliosa, mollis, & sessiliflora, Nutt. Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; also
C. canescens, Torr. & Gray, C. echioides, Benth. But. Sulph. 25 & PI. Hartw. 316. Prairies,
plains, and other open grounds, from Illinois and W. Alabama north to Saskatchewan, south
to Arizona, and west to British Columbia and the coast of California; in various forms.
The typical eastern and northern plant is rather large, with cinereous and roughisli but not
canesceut pubescence. Westward, extending to the southern part of California, it usually
becomes more canescent and villous as well as hirsute and hispid ; the size and fulness
of the heads greatly varying. The more marked but quite unlimited forms are the fol-
lowing :
Var. llispida, GRAY. Small and low, with hirsute and hispid pubescence, not canes-
cent : heads particularly small: involucre not canescent, sometimes glabrous. Proc. Acad.
Philad. 18G.3, 05. Diplopappus hispidiis. Hook. Fl. ii. 22. ' /trysoj>sis hispida, DC. Prodr.
vii. 279 ; Nutt. 1. c. Saskatchewan to Idaho, south to W. Texas, Nevada, and Arizona.
And forms between this and the next in California.
Var. viscida. Low : leaves small, oblong to spatulate, green, sparingly if at all
hispid, not rough, but viscid-hirtellous or with viscid points, and the involucre commonly
viscidulous. Utah and Arizona, in the mountains, Jones, Greene, Pringle, Lemmun.
Var. discoidea. Heads destitute of rays : involucre somewhat canescent : otherwise
nearly as var. hispida. Canons, W. Montana, M'afson.
Var. steiiophylla, GRAY. Low and rough-hispid, rigid : leaves spatulate-linear,
only aline or two wide: heads small. PL Liudh. ii. 223. Crevices of rocks, W. Texas,
Ltnd/ieimer, and S. W. Arkansas, nii/rl/r.
Var. canesceilS. Wholly canescent with short and appressed sericeous pubescence,
and with some spreading hispid bristles along the stem and margins of the narrow mostly
oblanceolate leaves : heads small : involucre also canescent : outer pappus less distinct.
Aplopiijipus? (Leucopsis) canescens, DC. Prodr. v. 349. Chrysopsis cam si-ens, Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 256. Texas, Berlandier, Dntnimoud, \\'rii//it, Lindkeimer, &c. Stems a foot, some-
times " 2 to 5 feet," high ; very leafy and branching.
Var. foliosa, EATON. Canesceut with appressed sericeous pubescence, mostly soft
and destitute of hispid bristles ; but stem often hirsute or villous : leaves short, oblong or
elliptical: heads small, rather numerous and clustered. Bot. King Exp. 104. C. foliosa &
C. mollis, Nutt. 1. c. C. foliosa, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 99, & ii. 81, a small-leaved and some-
what hispid form, between this and var. hispida. Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to I'tah
and Arizona.
Var. Rutteri, ROTHROCK. Most like the preceding, equally sericeous-canescent with
usually longer soft hairs : heads of double the size, fully half-inch high and wide, solitary or
few in a cluster, foliose-bracteate : rays 30 to 40, half-inch long. -- Wheeler Rep. vi. 142.
C. foliosa, var. scriceo-vi/losissima, &c., Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 81. S. Arizona, Wriyht, Rothrorh,
Lemmon. Seemingly the most distinct form of all; but connected with the eastern type by
one with slightly canesceut leaves, Colorado, Greene.
Var. sessiliflora. From hirsute and hispid or greenish to villous-canescent : leaves
oblong or spatulate : heads mostly large, solitary and foliose-bracteate at bast; : outer pappus
more conspicuous and squamellate. (J. (Phyllotheca) se sail (flora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
I.e. 317; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 309, partly, especially var. Bolnnderi. C. Bolanderi, Cray.
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 543, which is a well-developed form. California, near the coast, from
Mendocino Co. to San Diego and Arizona. Disk-corollas in the bud tipped with some
O
scattered very slender hairs.
Var. ecllioides. A branching form, with rather numerous and naked heads of small
size, and usually small leaves, commonly canescently hispid, sometimes greener: passes into
var. foliosa, var' ' hispidn, &C. C. echioides, Benth.' Bot. Sulph. 25 (from Bodegas, a form
nearer the foregoing) & PI. Hartw. 316, form with small and scattered heads. C. sessiii-
flora, var. echioides, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 309. California, common from the Sacramento
southward to Arizona.
* * * Leaves not nervose, somewhat veiny: involucre hemispherical: akenes turgid-obovate and
flattish, indistinctly 10-nerved, minutely pubescent: outer pappus paleolate and conspicuous;
inner not very copious: root annual.
124 COMPOSITE.
C. pilosa, NrTT. A foot or two high, branching: brauehlots terminated by solitary middle-
si/.ed brails: pubescence soft hirsute or villous, also a minute glanduloMty : leaves oblong-
lanceolate, occasionally denticulate or toothed ; tin- lower soim-tinies incised: bracts of tbe
involucre acuminate, glandular-viscid: rays almost half-inch long. .lour. Ac-ad. Phikul.
vii. ('.('., . Trans. Am. 1'liil. Soc. 1. c. ( I'lii/llofm/i/nis) : Torr. & Cray, 1. c., Aclii/rnn.
< ijicii pino and oak woods. N. \\". Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas, tirst coll. by A''/////.
>. AMMODIA, Gray. Ra\snone: outer pappus slender-setulose, inconspicu-
ous or oli-cure: somewhat viscid and pubescent perennials, with bracts of the
involucre thinner and more searions. - - Proe. Am. Aead. vi. '>[:>. Amnintlla,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. ',\~1\.
C. Oregana, (iu-vv. A foot or two high, pan iculately branched : loaves oblong or laneeo-
laic. sometimes hirsuu or almost hispid: miiirili conspicuous: involucre nearly equalling
tin- flowers; iis bracts pluriseriate : corollas slender: akones- oblong. Proc. Am. Acad.
1. c. \ Hot. Cali!'. i. :in:i. Ainnwili<i On,,,,,:,!, Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. I'.ot. \\ ilkes K\]>ed. t. n. A.
l-ii, /,-,// in Cttmingii, Klatt, in Abb. Nat. (Resells. Halle, xv. ">. Sandy or gravelly hanks of
streams, Oregon and WT. California.
Var. SCaberrima. Leaves (of In-ancbes) small, tbe'se and tbe brancbes very hispid
scabrous. 1 >ry creek, Tulare (_'o., California, <'i>.i</ilo>t.
C. Breweri, (!i:.\v, 1. c. A foot or m<>re biuli. more slender, less pnlioscout or almost gla-
brous: leaves sborter, ovate-lanccolalc or lanceolate, :>-ner\ed at base (an inch or I wo long):
bi-ads naked-pedunculate: involucre shorter; its bracts feuer ranked and somewhat broader:
corollas fn nin'l form : akencs ohovate. California, in the Sierra Nevada, from 4,500 to
ll.Oilo feet, in open woods, tirst coll. by lln n; r.
23. ACAMPTOPAPPUS, (Iray. ("A/ca/iTTTo?, unbrndinjr or stiff, and
TTUTT-O?, pappus.) -- Low shrnhs. of the Ari/ona-Nevadan desert region, a foot to
a yard liiidi. e-lahrons or olisenrely pnbendotis, not glandular nor resinous : leaves
small, entire, ses-ile, nearly veinless except midril). lower spatnlat(\ upper linear-
ohlono- to linear: heads terminating' ]'< Innculil'orin branchlets, yellow-flowered.
-Pror. Am. Acad. viii. C.:M, xvii. 208.
A. SpllEerOCephaluS, * ii: \v, 1. c. r.ranches striate, corymbos. ly jiolvccphalous : heads
discoid, homogamous, depressed-globular. 4 or 5 lini>s high : bracts of invobiv're whitish.
outer ones cominonly with a pale greenish spot. Aplopappus [Acamptopappus] sphcero-
cefthtiuis, (Jray. 1M. I-'endl. 7T. ; Torr. in I'acif. 1\. Hep. vii. t. 6. Ari/.ona and S. I'tah to
the Mohave desert in California, tirst coll. 1>\ Coulter.
A. Sliockleyi, (li:^. I'ranchlets simjiler, monocephalous : bead heinispherical, radiate:
rays 10 to L 2, elongated, linear-oblong, bright yellow : outer bracts of involucre more con-
spicuously green 011 the back. 1'roc. Am. Acad. xvii. '20S. Mountains of S. \V. Ne\ada,
at Candelaria, l-'-smeralda Co , II". >". >'/,. )-/.-/. t/.
29. XANTHfSMA, DC. (H,,'r^,r /t o, dyed yellow, alluding to the bright
yellow llouers of the showy head.) Prodr. v. ( ,>4 : P>enth. Jc Hook. (len.
ii. _'."."). <', itlnnridiiiin, Torr. i\c (iray. Fl. ii. 24(>. Single species, near to
Aplo])<t]>pns, showy in rnltivation. .
X. Texaiium, IK". 1. c. Nearly glabrous, biennial or annual. 1 to 4 feet high, with virn'ate
branches terminated mostly by solitary large heads: leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceo-
late : radical and lower cauline not rarely laciniate-pinnatirid and even bipinnately parted;
caubne sessile, sparsely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire, outer bracts of the
involucre commonly narrowed below the green body or appendage; this whitish-margined,
and sometimes with rounded barely nuicronate summit, oftener either gradually or abruptly
acuminate and cuspidate : rays about 20, an inch or less long, the ligule borne on a very
short tube, and the style short. (Jrav, PI. Wright, i. OS (var. Berlandien, with rounded
obtuse iuvolucral bracts, and var. Itrummondii, with pointed ones) ; Torr. Bot. Marey Kep.
. COMPOSITE.
t, 10. Centauridium Drummandii, Torr. ^ Cray, Fl. ii. i'4r, ; Cray, I'l. Lindh. ii. 2^,'i
Machceranthera grandiflora, Buckley in 1'roe. Acad. I'liilad. Istil, 4.JO. Open woods, Texas]
Berlandier, Dntnnnond, Liiidheimer, \c. ; tl. all summer.
30. APLOPAPPUS, ('ass. ('ATrXo'os, wan-n-os, simple pappus.) A lar-v
American genus (chiefly W. North American and Chilian) the analo-ne ,,f .[.v/~,-
in the heterochromous division and equally polymorphous ; ni<il\ herbaceous
perennials, sonic suffruticose or even shrubby, a few annual: the lio\\rrs all
yellow, prodncrd in sninmer and autumn.-- Diet. Ivi. 1 C,s. //,f/>ln/>,ij,j,its ^ /;,-;.
cameria, Bcnt.li. & Hook. (Jen. ii. :>,">;>, L>;>r>. Note that one or two species
occasionally and certain species uniformly want the ray-flowers, obliterating the
distinction between this genus and the following!
1. PRIONOPSIS, Gray. Heads very large and broad: imolueiv depressed-
hemispherical, of lanceolate acuminate bracts, the outer mostlv foliaceoiis and
spreading: rays very numerous: di.sk-corollas narrow, merely /Mouthed: stvle-
appendages .short and rather obtuse: akencs very glabrous; those of I lie raj
short. turgid-elliptical; of the disk oblong or narrower, and the central ones
inane: pappus of very rigid and unequal bristles and comparatively little nu-
'merous; the innermost and larger ones somewhal llaJtcned toward the base and
their margins scabrons-ciliolate ; the outermost very small and short: mot aiinnid
or biennial. --P1. Wright, i. '.IS. /V/o/^yW.s-, Xntt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
n. ser. vii. 329. -- (Connects with Xnntliixnut and has the i'olia^o of Grimlclia.}
A. ciliatus, DC. Very g-lalu-uiis: stem 2 to 5 !'(.( lii-h. l.cai-in-- few or several somewhat
cymose-clustered lu-ads (with tin- di.-k an inch in dianiorr). i-,|naMv Ical'v to (lie top : l,-i\ ea
oval or the lower oliovate (1 to :i inches long-), very olmi,-e, veiny, eM'iih and soineuha!
peCtinately dentate With liri^'le-pointed teeth: pa])pUS of the fertile akenes dis|io.sed (o I,,.
deciduous ill a rinsj,-. I'mdr. v.346; (ira\. 1M. Wri.ixlit. i. <)S. llonin cilinln. Null. .lour.
Aead. I'hilad. ii. 118; Hook. I'.\ot. Fl. i. t. 45. J^rimio/isia c!Hnl,i, Xntt. 1. c. ; Torr. X
Gray, Fl. ii. 245. Hillsides and river-banks, .Missouri and Kansas to Tex:;
2. APLOPAPPUS proper. Heads large or middle-si/ed, or sometimes ymall.
commonly broad and with involucre of firm well-imbricated or ri^id bracts: rays
numerous, several, or rarely wanting: disk-corollas narrow, inerelv ."Mouthed:
style-appendages from ovate to linear-subulate: pappus commonly fuscous or
rufous, and more or less rigid. (Habit and special characters various, but tin-
groups too confluent and indefinite for first-class sections.)
* Heads niylcvs: liraets of (he involucre ri^id, appressed-imbricate with the outer
shorter, all with abrupt and more or less j-pi-eadiu^ herbaceous tips: style-appeuda.ircs ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate: pappus rather rigid: leaves coriaceous, mostly oblong and spiimlose-dcutate.
Aplopappus A/i/i'i/iacit.i, Torr. & I ir:iy, Fl. ii. 24:2, excl. the, lir.-t species, which is A/i/<></!?-
cns, DC. Haplodiscus & /.'//'(" trpa i, licutli. & Hook. 1. c. (One of the transitions to /
Itiria Afiloi/ifi-ns.)
A. SquarrOSUS, HOOK. & Anx. Snt'lVntieo--c, 2 or ;) feet hii2;li, somc-wliat pulioscrnl, gland-
ular and ylntinons : lea.vos thickly dentate (about inch lout;) : he-ads numerous and sjiieatelv
thyrsoid at the end of the branches, half-inch long : involucre elongated-! urbinate ; its bracts
imbricated in many ranks, the lower usually imbricated on the peduncle, their tips mostly
squarrose and glandular: akencs fusiform, glabrous, or sparsely pubescent. Bot. IJcech.
146; Torr. & dray, Fl. ii. 242. Pi/rrocoma urinddionli-a, IX'. 1'rodr. y. 350. Homopappus
sqitarrosms, Nntt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 3.'>2. Dry hills on the coast of California, from
Monterey to San Diego; first coll. hy Douglas. Also on the foot-hills of the San Bernardino
Mountains, Parish, &c.
A. Nuttallii, TORH. & GRAY, 1. c. Herbaceous from a ligneous stock, a span to a foot
high: leaves from spatulate- oblong to almost lanceolate, rather sparsely pectiuately dentate:
126 COMPOSITE. Aplopappus.
heads few terminating the branches, one-third inch high : involucre hemispherical ; the
bracts fewer-ranked and with slightly spreading greenish tips : akenes short, sericeous-
canesceut. Eriocarpum grinde/iuides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sue. 1. c. 321. Rocky Moun-
tains and adjacent plains, north to Idaho and Saskatchewan, south to New Mexico and
Arizona; first coll. by Nuttall.
* * Heads radiate, with rays not rarely neutral or sterile, or in one species commonly discoidal
bv tlie diminution of the ligules: involucre well imbricated, of firm texture, the bracts either
coriaceous with herbaceous tips or coriaceo-foliaceous : akenes (with two exceptions) glabrous
and narrow: pappus capillary but rigid: style-appendages long and slender, acute or acutish :
perennials, rigid-leaved. Pyrrocoma, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 98. Pyrrocuma & Homopapptts,
in part, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 330, 333:
H Shrubby: rays conspicuous but sterile: appendage of the slender style-branches of the length
and breadth of the stigmatic portion: akenes very glabrous, narrow, compressed, 4-nerved.
A. Berberidis. Suffruticose, a foot or two high : flowering branches somewhat virgate,
when young tomentose-pubescent, equably leafy, bearing numerous and racemose or some-
times solitary heads : leaves oval, very obtuse, spiuulosely and evenly multidentate, half-
clasping by au abrupt somewhat adnate base (half to full inch long), coriaceous, with
conspicuous midrib but obscure veins : involucre broadly turbinate ; its bracts numerous, in
successively shorter ranks, broadly linear or outermost oblong, smooth, all with very obtuse
and short rather appressed green tips : rays numerous, a quarter to nearly half an inch long,
seldom styliferous : pappus merely sordid. All Saints Bay, Lower California, so near that
it may be expected within the U. S. border, Parry, Miss Fish.
4 -i Herbaceous: style-appendages from subulate-filiform to narrowly subulate, much longer
than the stigmatic portion.
H- Heads large and discoid, the sterile rays being hardly apparent or very small for the s-ize of
the head (when styliferous the style-branches sometimes tipped with a hispid appendage!):
akenes completely glabrous and smooth, slender but flatfish, 4-costate or nerved, often finely
striate: rigid leaves commonly spatulate or lanceolate, on the same plant either entire or sparsely
spinulose-toothed. Pyrrocoma, Hook.
A. carthamoid.es, GRAY. Commonly a foot high, rather stout and leafy, scabro-puberu-
leixt when young, becoming smooth, bearing a solitary terminal large head and sometimes
one or two in axils : leaves from spatulate to oblong or lanceolate : involucre hemispherical,
half to three-fourths inch high, often leafy-subtended at base; its proper bracts coriaceous-
rigid, from oblong to broadly lanceolate or innermost linear, more or less scarious-margined,
most of them tipped with an abrupt mucro or cusp, the outer commonly loose and becoming
leaf-like, either entire or spiuulose-deuticulate : rays almost always present and rather
numerous; but their ligules inconspicuous, being short, involute, and concealed in the at
length rufous or fulvous pappus. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, G5. Pyrrocoma cartkamoides,
Hook. Fl. i. 306, t. 107; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 243. Dry plains and hills, Oregon, Wash-
ington Terr., and Idaho ; first coll. by Douglas. Polymorphous species : the extremes are
Var. maximus. Robust, leafy, sometimes 2 feet high : radical leaves obovate or
oval, 3 to 7 inches long ; caiiline oblong, with partly clasping base : heads ample, in fruit an
inch high and broad : involucre of very numerous and broad or broadish bracts : rays some-
times more evolute, but small. Pi/rrocoma radinla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 333;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Of the same district, first coll. by Nnttft/1.
Var. Cusickii. Smaller : stems only a span or two high, ascending, few-leaved :
leaves mostly spatulate-lanceolate : head three-fourths to nearly inch high in fruit, but nar-
row and much fewer-flowered : bracts of the involucre correspondingly fewe,r, lanceolate,
mostly acute or acuminate. Union Co., Oregon, flowering earlier (in June), Cusick. Per-
haps a distinct species, but appears to pass into the smaller forms of the type.
H- -H- Heads middle-sized to small, evidently radiate ; the exserted rays often infertile but
styliferius: plants comparatively slender and more capituliferous.
= Pubescence either cottony-tomentose and deciduous or none: leaves firm-coriaceous or rigid;
cauline and mostly the radical lanceolate, the former disposed to be sparse or small at the
upper part of stem : akenes or ovaries not rarely with some villous pubescence. Homopappus,
Nutt., excl. //. unijlurus.
A. racemosus, TORR. Stems usually virgate and simple, rigid, a foot or two high, leafy:
leaves lanceolate or radical, sometimes obloug-spatulate (4 to 6 inches long, tapering into a
Aplopappus. COMPOSITE. 127
petiole), entire or denticulate or on same plant spinulose-serrate : heads several or rather
numerous, racemosely or spicately disposed along naked upper part of the stem or (either
singly or 2 or 3 together) in axils of upper leaves : involucre (half-inch or less high) from
hemispherical to turbiuate-campauulate ; its bracts rigid, well-imbricated, and with short ab-
rupt mostly mucronate-poiuted or apiculate green tips, these either erect or somewhat squar-
rose : rays (8 to 20) 2 or 3 lines long. Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. 162, as to syn., &c., proba-
bly not as to the specimen. Homopappus racenwsus, Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 332. Pyrrocoma
racemota, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 244. The type is a form with virgate stem, bearing 3 to 9
racemosely or spicately disposed and approximate or remote heads, of the larger size, with
involucre half or two-thirds inch broad as well as high, and akenes (or at least ovaries) more
or less beset with villons hairs. A. lanceolntus, var. stn'ctus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 389,
is a form with more villous akeiies. Plains of Oregon, Nuttall, Hull, &c. : also Northern
California, Greene, where it varies with many and correspondingly smaller heads, these glom-
erate in numerous axils, and the campamilate involucre disposed to be squarrose. Also it
evidently passes into
"Var. glomerellllS. Heads narrower and smaller, disposed to be fascicled in twos or
threes in the axils of small upper leaves, or at summit of stem or short peduncles : involucre
often turbinate : akeues glabrate or sometimes glabrous : herbage somewhat more disposed
to be balsamic-viscid. ffomo/tappus glomeratus, paniculatus, & argutus, Nutt. 1. c. 331. Pi/r-
rocoma g/omerata, /laniculata, & unjuta ( the latter a stouter and more leafy state), Torr. & Gray,
1. c. Aplopappus paniculatus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 311. Plains of the Columbia, E. Oregon,
Nuttall, Nei-iits, Cttsick, &c. N. W. Nevada, Anderson, Lemiiton.
Var. virgatus. Slender and smaller, with strict virgate stems and narrow leaves :
heads as in the type, but only half the size, few, or in depauperate plants solitary. A. panicu-
latus, var. riryatus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 312. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California,
Bolandcr, Lain/ton, &c. Passes into
Var. steilOCephalus. This is to var. f/lomerellus what var. virgutus is to the type :
it has scattered heads ; these narrow, comparatively few-flowered ; the bracts of the oblong-
turbinate involucre rigid and more pointed. A. paniculatus, var. stenocep/talus, Gray, Bot.
Calif. 1. c. With preceding var., Lemmon.
A. apargioides, GRAY. Low, with numerous ascending or diffuse few-leaved or some-
times scapiform stems from a thick caudex, a span to a foot high, bearing solitary or few
pedunculate heads : leaves lanceolate or the radical broader, from denticulate to laciniate-
dentate or even pinnatifid : involucre hemispherical (a third to half an inch high) ; its bracts
lanceolate to narrowly oblong, mostly obtuse, imbricated in few rather loose ranks, outer
sometimes equalling the inner : rays 20 or more, oblong, comparatively large, commonly fer-
tile : pappus softer. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 354, & Bot. Calif, i. 311.-- Eastern parts of the
Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, from Sierra Co. to San Bernardino Moun-
tains; first coll. by Bolander.
= = Pubescence not tomentose nor floccose, but rather villous and persistent : leaves thimiish,
oblong, more regularly and closely spinulose-serrate, numerous and approximate on the stem or
branches up to the heads or nearly: rays fertile.
A. hirtus. A foot or less high, hirsutely pubescent and villous, even to the involucre, or at
base lanugiuous: stems rather simple, ascending, bearing few or scattered pedunculate
heads: leaves membrauaceous, pectinately serrate with long and salient slender-subulate
teeth ; cauline an inch or two long, radical sometimes 4 inches long and with margined
petioles : involucre hemispherical, half-inch or more high ; its bracts rather loose, linear, acu-
minate or acute, all about equalling the disk, the outer mainly foliaceous : rays 20 or more,
conspicuous: akenes rather short, sericeous-pubescent: pappus soft, whitish. Baker Co.,
Oregon, Cusick. Washington Terr., Brundegee. Might be arranged in a following sub-
division, with A. uniflorus, but has the habit of the next.
A. Wllitneyi, GRAY. About a foot high, somewhat minutely villous-pubeseent, or foliage
glabrous, branching, bearing rather numerous fasciculate-panicled and mostly sessile heads :
leaves inch or less long, spinulose-dentate, those subtending the lower heads hardly smaller
than the main cauline ones: involucre narrow, oblon- lurlniiate (about half-inch long),
glabrous; its bracts lanceolate, acute, appressed, subcoriaceous, with short and sometimes
indistinct green tips, well imbricated, outer successively shorter : rays 5 to 8, with oblong
and small ligules, little surpassing the 10 to 20 disk-flowers: akenes oblong-linear, glabrous,
128 COMPOSITE. Aplopappus.
striate: pappus rigidulons, rufous. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 354, & Bot. Calif, i. 312. Sierra
Nevada, California, at 8,500 to 9,000 feet, in open woods, Sonora Pass, Bolander, and on
bleak summits in Siskiyou Co., Greene, Prmy/.e. Involucre rather of the Encameria section.
# * * Heads conspicuously radiate, large and showy: rays fertile, very numerous, half-inch to
inch long: involucre well imbricated, of numerous oblong to lanceolate firm bracts: akenes
(and ovaries) wholly gl.ibrous, flat and rather broad: pappus pale: style-appendages broadish,
oblong to lanceolate, shorter or not longer than the stigmatic portion: wholly herbaceous peren-
nials, smooth and glabrous, except some soft-villous pubescence or tomentuui when young:
leaves coriaceous, entire.
-1 Stems equably and very leafy up to the sessile or subsessile heads.
A. Fremonti, GRAY. A foot or less high, from slender lignescent rootstocks, simple or
i'astigiately branched above: leaves lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide), ob-
scurely 3-5-nerved ; lower narrowed and upper partly clasping at base: involucre (inch or
less high) broadly campanulate ; its bracts broadly lanceolate, conspicuously and often
cuspidately acuminate: rays half-inch long- style-appendages ovate-oblong, obtuse' akeues
obovate, striate-uerved, almost as long as the rigid pappus. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65 ;
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 67. Pyrrocoma foliosu, Gray in Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist,
v. 109. Plains and rocky hills, Colorado, common on the Arkansas from Pueblo upward;
first coll. by Fremont.
Var. ^vV^ardi. Dwarf : fascicled stems onlv a span high : leaves proportionally small,
linear-lanceolate, destitute of lateral nerves : heads one-half smaller, 2 or 3 in a terminal
glomerule: akenes double the length of the scanty pappus. Wyoming (probably in south-
western part), L. F. Ward.
* -1 Stems simple, solitary or several from a thick caudex, above with decreasing or sparse
leaves and solitary or few naked and usually pedunculate heads, at base a tuft of ample lanceo-
late- or spatulate-oblong radical leaves (in the manner of the preceding and succeeding sub-
divisions): involucre hemispherical or broader: rays 30 to 50.
A. croceus, GRAY. Stem stout and erect, commonly a foot or two high, and with radical
leaves a foot or less long (including the petiole) : cauline leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate,
partly clasping (upper an inch or two long) : head mostly solitary: involucre a full inch in
diameter ; its bracts ovate to spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, lax, inner with scarious erose-
denticulate margins : rays saffron-yellow, sometimes inch long : akenes narrowly oblong,
nearly the length of the pappus. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1. c. Rocky Mountains of Colorado,
especially in Middle Park, first coll. by Parry. A dwarf form in N. Arizona, Runlii/.
A. integrifolius, T. C. PORTER. Stems several from the caudex, ascending, a foot or less
high : radical leaves 3 to 8 inches (including short petiole or tapering base) ; cauline lanceo-
late, or small uppermost linear: heads solitary or 2 or 3 in axils, smaller than in foregoing :
involucral bracts narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, some loose outer ones usually equalling
the disk and more foliaceous: rays bright yellow, half-inch long: immature akeues oblong.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 79. Mountain meadows, Wyoming and Montana, Burke (in
herb. Hook.), /. M. Coulter, Watson, Canby. Verges to the larger-flowered form of the next
species.
^ ^ * * Heads conspicuously radiate, smaller: rays fertile, half to barely quarter inch long:
akenes turbinate or oblong, silky-pubescent or villous: style^appendages from ovate to subulate,
shorter or rarely longer than the stigmatic portion. (Here A. Whitneyi might be sought.)
-t~- Perennial herbs, with mostly simple stems and a 'uft of radical leaves from a thickened
somewhat fusiform caudex: leaves coriaceous and when dry rigid, entire or spinulose-serrate,
the cauline diminished upward: heads solitary or rather few, pedunculate: involucre hemi-
spherical or broader, of linn and herbaceous-tipped or foliaceous bracts: rays 20 to 50: pappus
pale or merely sordid, rather soft and line: herbage more or less flocculent-tomentose when
young, glabrate in age and smooth. Antii-cUn. To IT. & <iray, partly of Benth. & Hook.
A. uniflorus, TORR. & GRAY'. Stems a span to barely a foot high, ascending or erect,
sometimes 5-6-leaved, sometimes rather scapiform or upper leaves reduced and bract-like,
bearing a solitary head, rarely one or two from lower axils: leaves lanceolate or sometimes
broader ; radical 2 or 3 inches long and usually petioled : involucre commonly half-inch high
and the linear or oblong-linear bracts all of same length, rather loose, outer all foliaceous:
rays in larger heads 40 or 50. A. uuij/nnis & A. inuloides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 241. Donia
uniflora, Hook. Fl. ii. 25, t. 124. Homopappus inuloides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 333,
Aplopappus. COMPOSITE. 129
a woolly form. Plains of the Saskatchewan to Montana, and along the mountains to Utah
and Colorado ; first coll. by DrnmmomL Varies much in size, especially of the head ; in the
larger forms much broader than high, and very many-flowered.
A. lanceolatus, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Habit of the preceding: stems generally more leafy
and bearing 3 to 15 heads; those when few subcorymbose, when more numerous racemose] v
or pauiculately disposed : involucre in the type fully half-inch high; its bracts rather closely
imbricated in 3 or 4 unequal series, lanceolate, acutish, with short green tips and whitish
coriaceous base; outer successively shorter, occasionally some of them longer and more
herbaceous. Such forms, when heads are very few or solitary, effect a transition to the
foregoing species. Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 160. Don id lancen/aia, Hook. 1. c. llomopappus
(Actmaphorid) multiflorus, Nutt. I.e. Plains of Saskatchewan to the borders of Brit.
Columbia, Idaho, and N. Nevada; first coll. by Drummund. The more robust form, with
few and large heads, usually corymbosely disposed, and rays 30 or 40 in number and half-
inch long, passes freely into
Var. Vaseyi, PARRY in Eaton, 1. c., with heads a third or quite half smaller, disposed
to be racemose, and involucre closer. Saskatchewan to Wyoming, Utah, an.! ( 'olorado.
Var. tenuicaulis (A. temncaulis, Eaton, I. c.), is an extreme very slender and marked
variety, sometimes a foot high and bearing several racemose heads, sometimes more de-
pauperate and only a span high : heads only 3 or 4 lines high : rays correspondingly reduced :
involucre close, with short green tips. Alkaline meadows, Nevada and Utah, first coll. by
Watson. Apparently a form with laciniate leaves, in alkaline soil, E. Oregon, Cusick.
-* -I Perennial herbs from a lignescent muiticipital caudex or suffruticose base, with slender and
brandling stems, leafy up to the small heads: leaves all narrow and quite entire: involucre tur-
binate or obovate (4 or 5 lines high) ; its bracts well imbricated, apprcssrd, charlaceo-coriaceous,
with short and abrupt acute green tips, or these wanting in some: rays 7 to 10, with oblong
ligules: disk-flowers not numerous: style-appendages ovate to narrow-lanceolate (thus distin-
guished from the />/<///<" section, to which there is an approach).
A. multicaulis, QUAY. Very dwarf, tufted, tomentulose, but early glabrate and smooth :
stems 1 to 3 indies high from a ligneous caudex, simple or forked, bearing 3 or 4 leaves and
few heads : leaves narrowly linear, or the lowest obscnrelv spatnlate (ahout inch long) : bracts
of the involucre large and rather few (9 to 14), from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate-
acuminate, marked with a green spot below the slender cusp, or the outermost with a larger
foliaceous tip: rays few: style-appendages ovate-triangular, half the length of the stigmatic
portion : pappus scanty, somewhat fulvous. Am. Nat. viii. 213. Stciwt/ts um/in-ntilis, Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 335 ; Torr. & Gray, El. ii. 238. On rocks, Rocky Mountains of
N. W. Wyoming, Nnttal/, Geyer, Parry.
A. Hallii, GRAY. A foot or two high, paniculately branched from a snffrutesceut or even
more woody base, glabrous, very leafy: leaves lanceolate or linear, short (larger over inch
long, 3 lines wide and spatulate-lanceolate), rather rigid, mostly scabrous (at least the mar-
gins) ; midrib prominent beneath and commonly some lateral veins: heads paniculate,
terminating short brauchlets or sometimes rather congested: involncral bracts broadish-
linear, imbricated in several ranks, the outer successively shorter, the short tips merely
mucrouate-acute : rays about 10 : style-appendages lanceolate, rather <>l>tu>e, about the length
of stigmatic portion : pappus barely sordid. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 389, first described from
mere branchlets, and these not well developed. Base of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon
and Washington Terr., ////, Howell, Suksdorf, Prinyle.
-I H -| Annual or perennial herbs, branching, leafy: leaves not rigid, spinulosely dentate or
pinnatifid, the teeth and tips commonly bristle-tipped: heads middle-sized or small: involucre
hemispherical, of well-imbricated narrow bracts, the outer successively shorter : rays conspicu-
ous, mostly numerous: pappus rather rigid, its bristles very unequal m si/.e and strength.
(Analogue of Machce-ranthera in Aster.) Blepharodon, DC., exel. spec.
-H- Akenes short-tnrbinate, not compressed, obscurely 5-1 0-nerved under the cam-scent villosity:
style-appendages short and broad, ovate or deltoid: rays 18 to 25, deep golden yellow: leaves
not deeply cleft.
A. aureus, GRAY. Perennial? and branched from the base, at first lightly humginous,
minutely scabrous-glandular, a span or two high: leaves all narrowly linear, sparingly pin-
natifid-dentate, at least toward the base (an inch or less long) : heads 4 lines high : bracts of
the involucre linear-oblong, mostly obtuse and muticous ; the outer ones with short deltoid-
9
130 COMPOSITE. Aplopappus.
ovate green tips, the longer innermost nearly scarious : stronger bristles of the pappus only
10 or 12. I'l. Fendl. 76. Low prairies, near Houston, Texas, Wriyht. Not since
collected.
A. rubiginosus, TORE. & GRAY. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, viscid-glandular and pubescent
or puberuleiit : leaves lanceolate or narrowly oblong, incisely pinnatifid or dentate with salient
narrow teeth : heads somewhat cymosely paniculate, 5 or 6 lines high, usually uaked-
pedunculate : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate and with slender spreading green tips :
stronger bristles of the fulvous or at length .rufous pappus more numerous. Fl. ii. 240.
Low grounds from S. Texas to plains of Colorado up to the base of the Rocky Mountains;
first coll. bv Drummond.
Var. phyllocephalus. A lower form, spreading, leafy up to the heads, which singly
terminate the branches, and are accordingly larger or broader, leafy-involucrate and there-
fore sessile, or at least some of outermost bracts loose and foliaceous, inner less imbri-
cated. A. phyllocephdlus, DC. Prodr. v. 347 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bouud. 80. Without much
doubt a state of A. rubiginosus (in which case a misleading name for the species) ; but may
hold distinct. Sea-beaches, S. Texas, also S. Florida. (Adj. Mex. Berlandier.)
H- -H- Akenes compressed, obscurely striate at maturity: style-appendages lanceolate, rather long;:
rays 15 to 30: involucre of numerous small and narrow short-tipped and wholly appressed bracts :
leaves l-'J-phmatifid.
A. gracilis, GRAY. Annual or becoming liguescent at base and more enduring, cauescently
pubescent, occasionally glabrate and glandular-scabrous: stems a span to a foot high, much
branched : leaves linear or the lowest spatulate, pinnatifid, or the upper few-toothed or
entire, tipped or also sparsely fringed with long and slender bristles : heads 4 or 5 lines
high : bracts of the involucre mostly setaceous-tipped : pappus rigid ; its larger bristles
manifestly dilated below. PL Fendl. 7G, & Bot. Calif, i. 613. Dittiria (Sidei anthus) ijru-
citis, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 177. Plains, W. Texas to S. Utah, Arizona, and the southern border
of California ; first coll. by Gainbd.
A. spinulosus, DC. Perennial, canesceutly puberulent or tomentulose, or glabrate : stems
a span to a foot high, commonly spreading, cymosely branched at summit : leaves broader
in outline than the preceding, pinnately and the lower often biphmately parted into rather
numerous lobes ; lobes and teeth mucrouate-setigerous : heads and involucre of the pre-
ceding: pappus more capillary and soft. Prodr. v. 347 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 240. Annl-
lus? s/)iiiit/vxus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 564. Starkeu? /liiu/attt, Nutt. Gen." ii. 169. Diplopa/>/>us
pinnatijidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 22. Dieteriu spinulosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I.e. 301.
Plains from Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to Dakota, Colorado, and Arizona. Varies iu
Texas to nearly glabrous throughout, also sometimes with divisions of the leaves nearly fili-
form. (Mex.)
A. ARENAinrs, Benth. Bot. Sulph., from Cape Lucas, Lower California, may have hetero-
chromous heads, and be an Aster.
3. ISOPAPPUS, Benth. Heads small and narrow, loosely paniculate : in-
volucre of subulate-lanceolate bracts, destitute of distinct green tips, appressed
and imbricated in few ranks, the outer shorter: rays 5 to 15: disk-flowers 10 to
25 ; their corolla slightly ampliate upward, 5-toothed : style-appendages linear-
subulate, much longer than the stigmatic portion : akenes narrow, sericeous-
canescent : pappus ferruginous, of rather scanty line and soft bristles : annuals,
or sometimes more enduring, narrow-leaved. -- Isopappus, Torr. & Gray.
A. divaricatus, GRAY. A foot or two high, with somewhat the aspect of Chrysopsis
ffi-uminifo/iu, more slender and effusely paniculate, scabrous-pubescent or glandular, some-
times glabrate: leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate or lower spatulate-lanceolate, mucronate-acute
or cuspidate, entire or beset with a few spinulose teeth, more or less setose-ciliate toward
the base ; the upper small and subulate and in the diffuse naked usually polycephalous
panicle minute : heads 3 or 4 lines high : peduncles sometimes filiform, sometimes short: iu-
volucral bracts subulate-attenuate. Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 102. /.so/>r//>/ws dioaricatus,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 239. Chrysopsis (fnula) ilirttn'cuUi, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. (.'. Lamarchii,
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 315. Heterotheca Lamarckii, DC. Prodr. v. 317, as to
Aplopappus. COMPOSITE.
char. & syn. Nutt. & Ell., excl. syn. Cass., Lam., & Pluk. Aim. Dry and sandy ground,
Georgia and Florida to Arkansas and Texas ; flowering late. A rigid and rough-hispidulous
form with less open inflorescence (Lindheimer, 254, Drummond, 157) is Aplopuppus Hookeri-
untis, Gray, PL Lindh. i. 40.
A. Hookerianus. Low, loosely branched from the base, barely hirsute, not glandular:
leaves not rigid, entire; upper linear or attenuate-lanceolate, sparingly hispidly ciliate ;
lower spatulate, short, naked: involucral bracts subulate-lanceolate, with less 'attenuate
points. Isopappus Hookerianus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 239. Gouzales, Texas, Drummond
(184 of coll. 3) ; not since found : perhaps an unusual state of A. divarlaitus.
4. STENOTUS, Gray. Heads middle-sized, mostly broad : bracts of the in-
volucre from ovate to lanceolate or even linear, not rigid, all of equal or moder-
ately unequal length : rays several or numerous : disk-corollas somewhat ampliate
upward and deeply 5-toothed : style-appendages various : pappus soft and white
or whitish: perennials (herbaceous or fruticulose), of the llocky Mountains and
westward, with leaves all entire. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3,33. Stenotus, Xutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 334.
* Solidaginiform herb: heads corymbiform-cymose or glomerate at the summit of a leaf v stem:
involucre campanulate: rays 12 to 20, small and narrow: akencs .short and glabrous or
nearly so.
A. Parryi, GRAY. Green and almost glabrous, puberulent and somewhat viscid above:
stems 6 to 18 inches high from slender rootstocks : leaves obloug-obovate and spatulate, or
the upper oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, loosely veiny (2 to 4 inches long) : heads nearly half-
inch high, rather numerous (in a dwarf form reduced to a glomerule of 2 or 3) : involucral
bracts oblong, obtuse, pale and chartaceous or the outer partly herbaceous, in about three
moderately unequal ranks : flowers pale-yellow : style-appendages lanceolate, rather longer
than the stigmatic portion. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 10 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 162.
Rocky Mountains, from those of Colorado to the Wahsatch, in open woods, 6,000 to 10,000
feet; first coll. by Parry. Has somewhat the aspect and character of a large corymbciM-
Solidar/o. Var. minor is a reduced subalpine form (Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, at 12,000
feet, M. E. Jones), with leaves only an inch or two long, and 2 or 3 narrower heads.
* * Typical species, herbaceous or suffruticulose and dwarf: heads solitary, terminating simple
steins or branches: rays conspicuous.
1 Wholly herbaceous, chiefly alpine, disposed to be cespitose or multicipital, a span or less in
height: leaves soft, not persistent: involucre hemispherical: rays 15 to 20: style-appendages
oblong to subulate, shorter or not longer than the stigmatic portion.
-H- Green, not woolly, mostly equably leaf}' up to the (half-inch) head.
A. pygmeeus, GRAY. Less than a spau high, soft-pubescent or glabrate, uot viscid nor
glandular : leaves from linear-spatulate to spatulate-oblong : iuvolucral bracts oblong, outer
ones foliaceous and loose, very obtuse, equalling the thinner innermost : akenes pubescent.
Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 239. titmotus pyym&us, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 237. Rocky
Mountains, Colorado, strictly alpine ; first coll. by James.
A. Lyalli, GRAY. Rather taller, larger-leaved, viscid-puberulent : leaves obovate-spatulate to
oblanceolate : involucre glandular; its bracts lanceolate, acute, sometimes 2 or 3 outermost
oblong and more foliaceous : akenes and ovaries glabrous or nearly so. Proc. Acad. Philad.
18G3, 64. Alpine region of Colorado Rocky Mountains, first coll. by James. Also in
northern Rocky and Cascade Mountains, Montana to Oregon and Brit. Columbia; first coll.
by Lija/l.
H- -H- Woolly or tomentose, at least the involucre, above less leafy, or head pedunculate.
A. lanuginosus, GRAY. Fully a span high from creeping rootstocks, floccose-tomentose ;
leaves soft, narrowlv spatulate or upper linear (inch or two long) ; the sparse uppermost almost
filiform : involucre half-inch high ; its bracts lanceolate, acute or acuminate, thin, nearly equal,
in two series, outer barely greenish : style-appendages elongated-subulate : akenes sericeous-
cauescent. Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 347. Mountains of Washington Terr.; first coll. by
Pickering and Brackenridye, recently by Ncvius, Howeli, tirandeyee ; and Montana, Watson.
132 COMPOSITE. Aplopappus.
A. Brandegei. A span high from a tufted caudex, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, and
the involucre lanuginous-tomentose : radical leaves obovate or spatulate or roundish (half-
inch long), contracted into a slender petiole; cauline few and sparse, small (quarter-inch
long), oblong or lanceolate : head one-third inch high and broad : bracts of involucre loose,
lanceolate, nearly equal : young akeues hirsute-pubescent : pappus rather scanty : style-
appendages triangular-subulate. Mountains of Washington Terr., in the Yakima district,
Brandegee, Aspect of an alpine Erigeron ; but rays deep yellow and style-appendages
acute.
H H Depressed-cespitose from a multicipital lignescent caudex, glabrous or puberulent-sca-
brous: leaves rigid and persistent, crowded on the crowns of the caudex or on short shoots, and
a few on the lower part of the scapifonn flowering stems: rays 6 to 15, rather broad: style-
apjiendayes subulate: akenes canesceutly villous. Stenolus, Nutt.
A . acaulis, Gn.vv. Leaves from spatulate (and inch or less long) to oblanceolate or linear
(and 2 or 3 inches long), mucronate, more or less 3-nerved and the broader ones veiny, com-
monlv scabrous : scapiform flowering stems an inch to a span high, mostly monocephalous :
bracts of the involucre from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mucronately acute or acuminate, desti-
tute of greenish tips; the outer a little shorter than the inner. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353;
Eaton, Eot. King Exp. 161. Chrysojisis acaulis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 33, t. 3.
Stenotux acaulis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 334; Torr. ^ Gray, 1. c. Dry rocks
on the mountains (at 6,000 to 8,000 feet, and extending to the alpine region), from Sas-
katchewan and X. Wyoming to E. Oregon, and south to Utah and the Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia. 1'asscs into
Var. glabratus, EATON, I.e. Glabrous and smooth or almost so: flowering stems
disposed to be leafy al>o\o and to branch, so bearing 2 or 3 heads. C'hrysopsis ccsspitosa,
Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. Sta/otiis cnsjiitoans, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Wyoming to Nevada and N. Ari/.ona.
A. armerioid.es, GRAY. Smooth and glabrous : flowering stems naked above (for 1 to 3
inches), sometimes nearly scapiform : bracts of the campanulate involucre broadly oval,
ronnded-ol)tuse or refuse, mutieous, of about three lengths; the outermost much shorter,
most of them greenish at apex. Stenotus armerioides, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
Rocks on mountains, from Wyoming to New Mexico and S. Utah; first coll. by Nuttnll.
Too near the preceding.
A. stenophyllus, GIIAY. More snffruticulose, hirtellous-scabrous : leaves very narrow,
linear-spat nlate to filiform-linear (commonly inch or less long and half a line wide), one-
nerved: scapiform peduncles inch or two long: involucral bracts linear, glandular-puberu-
lent, equal, in one or two series. Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 347. Mountains and stony hills,
W. Idaho ami Washington Terr, to northeastern borders of California, Pickcrimj and Brack-
enridije, Burk<\ \< ri/is, limn II, /,, /union.
* * * Anomalous species, shrubby, a transition t<> tin- following section, of which it has the
foliage and habit, but with broad rather large heads and little-imbricated involucre.
A. linearifolius, DC. Under.shrub, a foot to a yard or more high, fastigiately much
branched, with herbage, oftm ruinous-dotted anil balsamic-viscid: brandies thickly leafy :
leaves all narrowly linear (an inch or less long, a line or less wide), sometimes almost filiform,
many in axillary fascicles: heads solitary terminating the corymhiform branehlets, on pedun-
cles bearing one or two setaceous-subulate bracts: involucre fully half-inch hie;h ; its bracts
thin, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, somewhat scarious-margined (at least when dry), in
about 2 series of nearly equal length : rays about li>, oblong or broadly lanceolate, in largest
heads nearly three-fourths inch long, in smaller only half that length: style-appendages
from o\ale- to lanceolate-subulate: akenes densely silvery-villons : pappus white, rather de-
ciduous. Prodr. v. :i47; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 311. St< i,,>tn* linearifolius, Torr. & Gray, El.
ii. li:;s. -Dry hills, coast ranges of California from San Francisco Uav southward; and
mountain,-* of San 15ernardino Co. to S. Utah and adjacent Ari/.ona. Southward it bears
more numerous and smaller heads than at the north.
5. ERICA MI'KIA, (Irny. Heads small or barely middle-sized, paniculately or
corymboM-ly disposed : involucre oblong or cainpanulato, of well-imbricated bracts ;
tin-si; all chartaceous or thinner, oppressed, and wholly destitute of herbaceous
Aplopappus. COMPOSITE. 133
tips, or some outer looser ones foliaceous or foliaceous-tipped : rays few, some-
times only one (which alone definitely separates the group from Bigelovia, and
even this fails in one or two species !) : disk-corollas commonly somewhat ampli-
ate upward and rather deeply 5-toothed : style-appendages (with some exceptions)
filiform or slender-subulate : akenes slender : pappus line and soft : all W. North
American shrubby or fruticulose plants, very leafy, mostly with Heath-like foliage,
glabrous or almost so, except in one species, disposed to be resinous-dotted and
balsamic-viscid. -- PI. Wright, ii. 80. Ericameria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1. c. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 2.3o.
* Anomalous for its broad although small leaves, also in the frequent absence of the scanty ravs:
iuvolucral bracts (as of the next following group) all close and unappendaged, the outer suc-
cessively shorter.
A. CUneatUS, GRAY. Shrub a foot or so high, intricately branched and spreading, bal-
samic-glutinous: leaves thick, cuneate or rarely obovate, refuse, sometimes apiculate, entire
but inclined to be undulate, usually resinous-punctate, 2 to 4 lines long, larger ones petioled :
heads corymbosely fasciculate, 5 or 6 lines long: involucre turbinate ; bracts lanceolate or
nearly linear, rather obtuse: rays 2 or .3, or solitary and small, or as commonly wanting:
style-appendages slender-subulate, not longer than the stigmatic portion : akenes pubescent.
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 635, & Bot. Calif, i. 312. Biijdurin s/i,it/m/<itn, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 74, & Bot. Calif, i. 613, also B. ruji<>stris, Greene in Bot. Gazette, vi. 184, the rayless
state ! Canons and cliffs in the Sierra Nevada, California, from Placer Co. and the Yosem-
ite to the Mexican border below San Diego, and in Arizona; first coll. by Bolander and
southward by Palmer, &c.
* * Typical species: leaves from filiform to very narrowly linear, thick: proper bracts of the in-
volucre obtuse or barely acute and close : shrubs a foot to a yard or more high.
-! Heads only 3 or 4 lines high, in close cymose clusters terminating fastiginte branchlets: bracts
of the involucre in only 2 or 3 series, no loose outer ones: leaves half-inch or less long: akenes
villous: style-appendages shorter than the linear stigmatic portion, not attenuate.
A. laricifolius, GRAY. About a foot high : leaves linear-acerose, rigid, mucronate, con-
spicuously resinous-punctate and becoming viscid, crowded but seldom axillary-fascicled ;
larger ones narrowed downward and flatter: involucral bracts subulate-linear, acute : rays
3 to 6, with rather conspicuous oblong ligules : disk-flowers 10 or 12 : style-appendages linear,
rather obtuse. PI. Wright, ii. 80, & Pacif. Ii. Rep. iv. 99 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 144.
Western borders of Texas to mountains of Arizona, first coll. by Wright, Biydow, &c.
A. monactis, GKAY. A foot to a yard or more high, hardly becoming viscid : leaves not
punctate, mostly obtuse or pointless, more disposed to have axillary fascicles, otherwise not
unlike those of the foregoing : iuvolucral bracts only 8 or 10, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse,
thiu-chartaceous : ray-flower solitary with an elongated-oblong ligule, wanting to some
heads : disk-flowers 5 or 6 : style-appendages oblong-ovate, acute. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2.
S. E. California, on the San Bernardino Mountains and Mohave Desert, Palmer, Parish,
Prinyle.
i -1 Heads 4 or 5 lines high, paniculate: involucral bracts imbricated in several ranks: style-
appendages filiform-subulate : leaves all filiform or nearly terete, excessively numerous and
axillary-fascicled.
H- Involucre narrow, 7-20-flowered ; its bracts all erect, more or less obtuse, somewhat tomentu-
lose-ciliolate when young; outer successively shorter, becoming greenish and passing into the
very short leaves of the ultimate branchlets : cauline leaves short: shrubs 2 to 5 feet high, bear-
ing verv numerous heads: young parts disposed to be cinereous-pruinose or puberulent.
A. ericoides, HOOK. & ARN. Fastigiately much branched : cauline leaves only half-inch
and those of the dense fascicles 2 or 3 lines long : rays 3 to 5, short : akenes glabrous.
Bot. Beech. 146 ; DC. Prodr. v. 346 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 313. />//</<>/(/i/w.v < rimides, Less, in
Linn. vi. 117. Ericameria microphi/lla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
California along the coast, especially on sand-hills near the sea; first coll. by Chamisso.
A. Palmeri, GRAY. Paniculately much branched: cauline leaves often inch long: lower
bracts of involucre more greenish-tipped : rays 3 or 4 and disk-flowers 5 to 15 : akenes pubes-
134 COMPOSITE. Aplopappusr
cent. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. "4, & Bot. Calif, i. 613. S. California, on hills, Los Angeles
to the Mexican border (Pulimr, Xn-in, LI/OH, and mountains of San Bernardino Co. to the
desert on the Colorado River, Parr;/, Lemmon, Parish, Primjle. Heads of the plant in the
interior districts very numerous in ample and rather naked panicles, at Los Angeles sparse
and ramnosely disposed along the elongated and intricate branches.
H. .H. Involucre larger, campanulate, 15-30-flowercd, subtended by several loose outer bracts
having elongated-subulate herbaceous tips: leaves longer.
A. pinifolius, GIIAY. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout, with rigid erect branches:
cauline leaves from very narrowly linear to filiform, an inch or more long, mucrouate ; those
of the fascicles and brauchlets much shorter: heads not very numerous in a contracted
panicle, or scattered : proper bracts of the involucre broadly lanceolate and with a greenish
keel or midrib; loose outer ones normally subulate, shorter than the innermost, and passing
into the small leaves of the flower-bearing branchlet, or in a vernal state (with solitary larger
heads) developed into an involucriform rosette of acerose-nliform leaves : rays commonly
6 to 10, short: akenes almost glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 636, & Bot. Calif, i. 312,
there described from the abnormal venial state, in which the large and many-flowered head,
terminating a very leafy branch, seems to consist of two or three confluent ones. In autumn
the normal paniculate and naked heads are developed. S.California, from Los Angeles
Co. to the foot-hills of the San Bernardino, Bulunder, Purnj, Nerin, Pariah, &c.
* * # Leaves from uarrowlv linear to lanceolate-spatulate, not rigid nor punctate, mostly plane,
seldom with :ixillury faseieles: low and suffruticose, not at all or very slightly balsamic or vis-
cidulous: at least the outer involueral bracts acute or acutely herbaceous-tipped: akeues pubes-
cent to glabrate.
H Glabrous throughout : leaves narrow.
A. Bloomeri, GRAY. A foot or two high, with erect and rigid usually virgate branches, some-
times lower, very leafy : leaves frum narrowly spatulate-linear to filiform-linear, an iuch or
two long: beads showv, half to three-fourths iuch high, in dwarf plants solitary terminating
fastigiate branches, commonly several and racemosely clustered, or more numerous and thyr-
snid-pauiculate : involucre oblong ; its inner bracts oblong-lanceolate or linear, chartaceous
with thin-scarious and erose-ciliate margins, some obtuse, some acute or tipped with a soft
cusp, most of the outer bearing a filiform foliaceous tip: rays 2 to 4, rarely solitary, oblong,
deep yellow, half-inch or less long: disk-flowers 8 to 20 : their style-appendages long and
much exserted, setaceous-subulate : akenes 3 or 4 Hues long, sparsely pubescent. Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 541, vii. 354, viii. 350, & Bot. Calif, i. 313, with var. uiiijtmtatus, the narrower-
]ea\cd form, passing freely into the broader, and to this belongs A. resinosus, Gray in
\Vilkes Kx. Kxp. xvii. 346, t. 10. Ericameria crecta, Klatt in Abh. Naturf. Gesel. Halle,
xv. (i, from the char. & habitat. California and adjacent Nevada, along the Sierra Nevada
from Keru CD. northward to Washington Terr.; first coll. by Pickering and Brackcnridge,
next by Bloomer and Anderson.
A. nanus, K\n\. A span to a foot high, in depressed tufts, fastigiately branched, disposed
to be balsamic-glutinous : leaves from narrowly linear. to narrowlv spatulate (the largest less
than inch long) : beads solitary or fastigiate-clustered at summit of branchlets, 3 or 4 lines
high, narrow : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pale, wholly destitute
of green tip or midrib, except one or two looser and subulate outermost: flowers all pale or
ochroleucous, or even " white" : rays small, 3 to 6 or in some heads wanting; disk-flowers
8 to 12, wilh <//>/!/ '>-</,// nini/lii : style setaceous-subulate and hispid : akenes either pubes-
cent or glabrous. Bot. King Exp. 159. A. rrsinosiis, Gray, Bot. Calif. 313. Erlcmnrriu
niinii & /:. resinosa, Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 319; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 236.-
IJocky hills and cliffs, eastern borders of Washington Terr and Oregon, adjacent Idaho,
and W. Nevada; first coll. by \,irtnt/. Flowers said by ''..,,</. and Hnniilr,/,;' to be white ;
by Nuttall, in his /;. raiiinsn, ochroleucous ; by Suksdorf, white to pale yellow.
Var. cervillUS. Leaves broader; lower ones from oblauceolate to obovate-spatulate :
beads more scattered.- -A. cervinus, Watson, Am. Nat. vii. 30; Hothrock in Wheeler Kep.
vi. 142, t. 6. Canons, S. W. Utah and adjacent Arizona,, Winder, Palmer.
H -i Minutely viscidulous-pubescent.
A. "Watsoni, Gu\v. A span or two high, like the broader-leaved variety of the foregoing,
but coarser and manifestly pubescent: leaves from lanceolate with narrowed base to obovate-
spatulate, thiimisli : heads half-inch or less high, loosely fastigiate-clustered: iuvolucral
Bigelovia. COMPOSITE. 135
bracts linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acute, usually one or two outer ones loose and foliaceous,
these sometimes equalling the head aud resembling uppermost leaves of the branchlets : rays
4 to 8, about 3 liues long : disk-flowers hardly more numerous : young akenes pubescent.
Proc. Am. Acacl. xvi. 79. Part of A. sujfrittivosus, Eaton, 1. c., which, indeed, it approaches,
but is nearer the preceding. Mountains of Nevada, W'atsoii, Palmar, aud of E. Utah, M.E.
Jones.
6. MACRONEMA, Gray. Heads middle-sized or rather large, solitary or few,
terminating leafy branches : involucre canipamilate, of lanceolate or linear bracts
in few ranks and of somewhat equal length ; innermost thin-chartaceous or partly
scarious ; outer with conspicuous foliaceous tips, or loose and foliaceous, passing
into leaves : rays few and conspicuous, or in the typical species wanting : style-
appendages long and attenuate-filiform, much exserted : akenes slender, com-
pressed, few-nerved, soft-pubescent : pappus soft and slender : low and many-
stemmed from a suffrutescent base, not resinous-punctate : steins or brunches leafy
to the summit, but no axillary fascicles : leaves soft, spatulate-oblong to broadly
linear, sessile, entire, but margins sometimes undulate. -- Proc. Am. Acad.
vi. 542, xvi. 79. Macronema, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 322.
* Connecting with preceding group; the involucre being somewhat imbricated.
A. Greenei, GRAY. About a foot high, branching from a decidedly shrubby base, not vis-
cidulous, or above very obscurely visci-d-puberuleut : the typical form otherwise quite gla-
brous : leaves spatulate-oblong or somewhat lanceolate (half-inch to barely inch long, 2 or 3
lines wide), obtuse or mucrouate: heads solitary or few and crowded, half-inch high: bracts
of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceolate to linear, all but the innermost with conspicuous
and spreading mostly elongated-subulate foliaceous tips : rays 2 to 7, 3 or 4 lines long :
disk-flowers 10 to 16. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80. Mountains of N. California, about the
heads of the Sacramento, Greene, Primjlc. Also mountains of Oregon and Washington Terr.,
Cusick. Passes freely into
Var. mollis, GRAY, 1. c. From ciuereous-puberulent to canesceut-tomeutose, even to
the more foliaceous involucre. A. mollis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80. N. California
(the intermediate form), Prinyle. Mountains of Oregon and Washington Territory, Cusick,
Brandegee, <:.
* * Low, a span or two high, viscidly glandular-puberulent : heads commonly solitary, termi-
nating the leafy simple stems or branches: involucre simpler and louse outer bracts more
foliaceous, often enlarged: species probably confluent.
A. SUffruticosus, GRAY. Destitute of tomentum : stems glandular-pubescent or puberu-
leut : heads two-thirds to three-fourths inch high : rays 2 to 5 and somewhat exserted, or
none: disk-flowers 10 to 30. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 542, & Bot. Calif, i. 313. Marronema
suff'niticosa, Nutt. I.e. Alpine or subalpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California, from
Mariposa Co. and Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, northward to Oregon and N. Wyoming ;
first coll. by Nuttall.
A. Macronema, GRAY, 1. c. Stems stouter, whitened by a dense and close tomentum :
head commonly larger (inch long) : rays always wanting. Macronema discoidea, Nutt. 1. c.
Rocky Mountains iu Colorado and Wyoming, and higher mountains in Nevada and eastern
border of California ; first coll. by Nuttall.
31. BIG-EL.6VIA, DC. (Dr. Jacob Bigelow, author of Florida Bostorii-
ensis, Medical Botany of U. S., &c.) - - The original a perennial herb, most
related to Solidago ; as now extended a large genus (N. American, mainly west-
ern, with an anomalous Andean representative), mostly of suffrutescent or more
shrubby plants, the genuine species with few-flowered heads of marked habit and
character, while others are only artificially and not definitely distinguished from
Aplopappus, especially from Ericameria, by the total want of ray-flowers. Yet
some genuine Aplopappi are rayless. DC. Mem. Comp. t. 5, & Prodr. v. 329
136 COMPOSITE. Bigelovia.
(excl. 3) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 638 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1232.
('hn/snthamnus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 323; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 255. Linosyris, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 232, not Cass., which Old- World
irenns differs in that its heads when perchance heterogamous are heterochromous.
The various types in the genus are connected by gradations, so that the sections
are not very distinct.
1. CIIRYSOTHAMNOPSIS, Gray, 1. ci Heads comparatively large but narrow,
at least half-inch long, ,5-20-flovvered : bracts of the involucre comparatively
large, chartaeeous and acuminate, and some outer ones prolonged into a slender
herbaceous tip or appendage ; when numerous the vertical ranks become more
or less apparent: corollas 5-toothed or barely 5-lobed at summit: low and suffru-
tescent, with linear entire leaves, not punctate nor viscid or resinous, except that
the first species is slightly so.
* Genuine: style-appendages setaceous-subulate or filiform, conspicuously exserted out of the
corolla: akenes slender, sericeous-pubescent: anther-tips oblong-lanceolate: involucre cylin-
draccoiis, shorter than the developed (5 to 15) (lowers and pappus: steins or branches whitened
(at least when young) by a close pannose tomcntum: heads thyrsoidly paniculate or glomerate.
Connects on one hand with Aj>li.>p(ijij>u.f Jf<n-r<tt/it, on the other with Chrysothamnus.
B. ceruitiiiH'x-i, of the latter, approaches this group.
i Bracts of the involucre comparatively few, not showing obvious vertical ranks.
B. Bolanderi, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves oblanceolate-liuear or narrower, green aud glabrate,
somewhat viscidulous (about inch long), very obscurely 3 -nerved : heads few and clustered,
sometimes three-fourths inch long, 5-1 1-flowrrfd : bracts of the involucre only about 10, thin-
chartaeeoiis, lanceolate, with a soft acuminate apex, or one or two outermost herbaceous-
tipped : alveoli of the receptacle paleaceous-dentate. B. Bolanderi & B. Howardii in part
(sp. 15. .land.), Gray, But. Calif, i. 315, 316. Linosyris B<il<nnleri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
vii. 354. Mono Pass in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 10,000 feet, Bolander.
B. Parryi, GH.YY, I.e. Not viscidulous: stems rather strict, leafy to the summit: leaves
linear (2 or 3 inches long, 2 lines or less wide), obscurely 3-nerved, glabrous; upper ones
hardly diminished in si/.e and overtopping all the heads of the strict and narrow thyrsiform-
virgate panicle: heads little over halt-inch long, 10-15-flowered : bracts of the involucre
about 12, lancei.la.to and gradually acuminate, rather prominently 1-nervecl, thin-chartaceous,
a few oxtorior I a poring into a prolonged subulate-linear herbaceous appendage: alveoli of
receptacle short and nearly entire. Linost/ris Purriji, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1803,66.
1'arks of the Colorado Rocky Mountains, Porri/, Hull & Harbour, &c.
-i -i Bracts of the involucre more numerous and disposed to fall into 4 or 5 vertical ranks, in
the manner of Chrysothamnus.
B. Nevadensis. Rigid, more branching, cinereous-puberulent or tomentulose when young :
leaves coriaceous, oblanccolate to linear, mucronate (the mucro generally recurving), ob-
scurely or not, at all 3-norved, at most inch long: heads few and glomerate at the naked
. summit of the branches, often three-fourths inch long, 5-flowered : bracts of cylindrical
involucre more imbricated and numerous (15 to 18), rigid-chartaceous, pubescent or some-
what, hirsute-ciliate, all with prolonged slender acumination, outer broadly lanceolate or
oblong and with prolonged slender-subulate tip or appendage recurving and rigid.
B. l/ninn-i/i, \ar. Xinulcnsis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 641, & Bot. Calif, i. 316. /.//"<-
si/rix Ilnii-itrili. var. X> riitlfiisis. Gray, 1. c. vi. 541. Eastern and arid portion of the Sierra
Nevada, <<., on the borders of California and Nevada, Bloomer, Anderson, Brewer, Watson,
&c. Is the analogue of Aplopappus Bloomeri,
B. Howard!, Gu.vv. Lower, more tufted, canescently tomentulose when young : leaves
narrowly linear, rigid (an inch or two long, barely aline wide), obscurely 1 -nerved ; upper
mostly overtopping the glomerate (about half-inch long) narrow heads: involucre 5-flow-
ercd, glabrous ; its brads tliinuish, lanceolate, apiculate-acuminate, or some loose outer ones
with prolonged subulate-filiform appendage. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 641, excl. var. Linosyris
Howurdi, Parry, in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, excl. var. Parks of the Rocky Moun-
Bigdovia. COMPOSITE. 137
tains in Colorado to the borders of New Mexico and Utah; first coll. by Parry. Forms
approach B. graceolens.
* * Style-appendages short-=ubulate, these and the deltoid-ovate obtuse anther-tips hardly ex-
serted:- akciies linear-oblong, glabrous: involucre campanulate-cylindraceous, equalling the
15 to 20 flowers: herbage glabrous throughout.
B. Engelmanni, GRAY. A span or two high, in tufts from a snffrutescent subterranean
branching caudex or rootstock : stems simple, very leafy up to the cymose-glomerate heads :
leaves all narrowly linear (inch or two long, only a line wide), rigid: heads (few or rather
numerous in the cluster) barely half-inch long : bracts of the involucre firm-chartaceous,
oblong or innermost lanceolate, regularly imbricated and appressed, outer similar but short,
all abruptly mncronate or short-cuspidate, slightly greenish below the tip. Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 75. Plains of Colorado at Hugo Station, Engelmann, Parry, Patterson.
2. CHRYSOTH^MNUS, Gray, 1. c. Heads narrow or small. 5-flowered (in
B. Douglasii sometimes 6-7-flowered), mostly numerous and crowded : involucre
(anomalous first species excepted) of dry and chartaceous more or less carinate
bracts imbricated so as to form 5 conspicuous vertical ranks (less manifestly so
when the bracts are less numerous): corollas narrow: style-appendages with
exserted subulate- or setaceous-filiform appendages : akenes slender : fruticose or
suffruticose and branching, with entire narrow leaves. Bigelovia, 2, DC. 1. c.
Chrysothamnus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.
* Transition to preceding section : involucral bracts comparatively large, not carinate nor obviously
5-stichous, some outer ones foliaceous-acuminate or appendaged : anther-tips very short and
obtuse: corollas said to be even "white."
B. albida, M. E. JONES. Shrubby, a foot or two high, more or less resinous-viscid, fasti-
giately branched, very leafy: leaves all filiform, rnucronate, not obviously punctate: heads
fastigiate-glomerate at the summit of the branchlets, 5 or 6 lines long : involucre oblong-
turbiuate or cylindraceous ; its bracts rather few and coriaceo-chartaceous, lanceolate ; outer
with rather rigid subulate-acuminate and recurved or spreading foliaceous tip or appendage :
inner wholly chartaceous and pointless: corollas probably ochroleucous ; lobes of the deeply
cleft limb linear-lanceolate: akeues pubescent. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. Arid
districts, east of the Sierra Nevada: Owens Valley, California, coll. 1875, Kellogg. Wells
Station, W. Nevada, Marcus E. Jones, who states that the flowers are white.
* * Genuine species, with thinner more chartaceous and carinate involucral bracts, none folia-
ceons-tipped : anther-tips lanceolate or narrowly oblong.
-t Akenes and ovaries glabrous, 4-6-a-ngled and with broad epigynous disk: pappus rigidulous:
corollas 5-toothed or short-lobed: bracts of the involucre acute or acuminate, numerous and
strictly 5-stichous, 5 or 6 in each vertical rank: herbage not punctate, slightly or not at all bal-
samic-resinous: heads half to three-fourths inch long, somewhat fastigiately glomerate.
B. depressa, GRAY, 1. c. Obscurely scabro-puberulent and pale, a span or two high from a
decumbent woody base : branches leafy up to the gloinerule or fasciculate cyme of few
heads : leaves short (about half-inch or less long), lanceolate or lowest rather spatulate, rigid,
mucronate-acute, with carinate midrib and no veins : heads half-inch long : involucral bracts
lanceolate, gradually acuminate into an almost setaceous tip. Ckrysotharrinus depresses,
Nutt. PI. Gamb. 171. Linosyris depressa, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep. 161.-- Plains of S. Colo-
rado to adjacent New Mexico and S. Utah ; first coll. by Gambel.
B. pulchella, GRAY, 1. c. Glabrous and green, shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, fastigiately much
branched, very leafy up to fastigiate-cymose heads : leaves narrowly linear, plane (inch or
less long), rather obtuse, with ciliolate-scabrous margins and midrib not prominent : heads
two-thirds to three-fourths inch long : involucral bracts rigid-chartaceous and lower ones ob-
scurely herbaceous on the back, much carinate, acute and cuspidate-mucronate. Linosyris
pulchella, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 96 ; Torr. in Sitgreaves, 1. c. t. 4. W. borders of Texas to
adjacent New Mexico and Colorado ; first coll. by Wright.
B. Bigelovii, GRAY, 1. c. Canescent with fine close tomentum when young, glabrate,
shrubby, a foot to a yard high, fastigiately much branched, rigid : branches less leafy, bear-
ing a few fastigiate-clustered heads (these half to two-thirds inch high) : leaves nearly fili-
138 COMPOSITE. Bigelovia.
form : involucral bracts lanceolate, acute, thinnish, all pale : receptacle sometimes bearing a
prominent dm fly cusp. Ltitos,/ri* Bi ; /flocii, Gray, Paeif. Ex. Exp. iv. 98, t. 12. N. New
Mexico and adjacent Colorado; first coll. by Biyelow.
H H- Akcnes (smaller) canescently pubescent or villous (B. leiosperma excepted!): herbage
cominonlv grave., 'cut, and in most species becoming- more or less resinous-pruinose or balsamic-
viscid.
-i-i- Leafless or sparsely leaved, shrubby, with rush-like or broom-like branches, 2 feet or more
hii,'h: leaves when present filiform, not punctate: beads fasciculate-clustered: involucre some-
what clavatc, 4 or 5 lines long, very glabrous; the bracts wholly thin-cbartaceous aid pale,
very strictly pentastichous and about 5 in each vertical rank, all muticous; the inner ones
linear, outer successively and regularly shorter, outermost minute: akenes slender, appressed-
villous.
B. juncea, GREEXE. Strict, fastigiately very much branched : branches slender and junci-
forni, mostly leafless, greenish and minutely canesceut, apparently not becoming viscid :
bracts of the involucre acutish, at least the innermost: corolla-lobes short-lanceolate, in the
bud externally beset with delicate long hairs. Bot. Gazette, vi. 184. E. Arizona, on cal-
careous Mull's of the Gila, near the Xe\v Mexican boundary, Greene.
B. Mohavensis, GRIENE. Stouter, with fewer and looser sometimes flexuous rigid
branches, canescent with a fine panuose tomentum, or in age glabrate and becoming viscid-
ulous : sparse leaves often present, an inch or less long : bracts of the involucre obtuse :
corolla-lobes narrowly lanceolate, wholly glabrous. Bull. Torr. Club, ined. B. juitcea, Gray
in distrib. Pi-ingle, not Greene. On the Mohave Desert, Greene, Parry, Princjle. Host-plant
of Pliii/isiitii, according to Priugle.
.,_,. ++ Leaves numerous, filiform or nearly so, not obviously punctate : beads shorter: involucral
bracts 3 or 4 in each vertical rank, some or most of them with small setaceous or subulate
spreading or recurving tips : lobes of 5-cleft limb of corolla linear or linear-lanceolate: stems
fastigiately branched.
B. ceruminosa, GRAY. Shrubby, a foot or two high, glabrate, balsam ic-viscidnlous or
pruinose-resinons : leaves rather scattered on the slender branches, spreading or recurving:
heads cvinoso-fascicled, about 5 lines long, narrow: bracts of the viscidly lucid involucre nar-
rowly lanceolate, abruptly producr-.l into a spreading setiform tip or short awn, or the much
shorter outermost muticous. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 64-8, & Bot. Calif, i. 316. Lhwsi/ris
ceruminosa, Durand & llilgard, PI. Ileerm., & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 9, t. 6. S. California in
Tejou Pass, I>r. Il<> r ii, a mi. Not since seen.
B. Greenei, Gi:.\v. Snffruticose, about a foot high, green and glabrous, more or less bal-
samic-viscid : leaves very numerous on the branches, filiform-acerose, but flat and margins
minutely ciliolate-scabrous : heads numerous and fastigiate-cymose, 3 or 4 lines high : bracts
of the subdavate in\u]ucre fewer and firmer-chartaceous, oblong, abruptly subulate-tipped or
short outermost nmcronate, only about 3 in each vertical rank, these ranks comparatively
indistinct: anthers and stigmas less exserted. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 75. Colorado; on the
IIiuTl'ano Plains, Greene. Near Twin Lakes in the Colorado Mountains, and Cottonwood
CaTion, Utah, M. E. Jones.
H- -H- -H- Leaves numerous, all involute-filiform, resinous-punctate and glabrous, as are the
branchlets, but at length balsamic-viscid or pruinose-waxy : no tomentum: heads open-panicu-
late, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts i.f the evlindraceous involucre less numerous, only '! or 4 in each
viTlical rank, from oblong to linear, obtuse and pointless, little carinate: corolla with short
oblong lubes or teeth: pappus soft: low-shrubby, fastigiately or paniculately much branched,
very leafy: leaves an inch or less long.
B. teretifolia, GKAV. Branches rigid, fastigiate : involucral bracts narrowly oblong to
broadly linear, rather firm-chartaeeous, in about 4 vertical ranks, all but innermost tipped
with a greenish and glandular subapical spot. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 644, & Bot. Calif,
i. .'ilfi. Linosyi is teretifolia, Duiand & llilgard, PI. Heerm., & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 9, t. 7. Arid
hills, S. E. California, bordering the Mohave Desert; first coll. by Dr. Heermt.mn. Perhaps
also in Arizona.
B. paniculata, GRAY, 1. c. Less woody, more paniculate : involucral bracts broader,
thinner, about 3 in each vertical rank, pale and wholly naked. Linosi/ris viscidifloru , var.
]i,i,,!rnlfit<t, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 80. Desert wastes, San Bernardino Co. to S. Utah?
1'irst coll. by Scfiutt, later by Parry, Parish, Palmer.
Bigelovia. COMPOSITE. 139
w- -H- -H- -H- Leaves numerous, from filiform-linear or involute-filiform (hut mostly plane or onlv
canaliculate) to broadly linear or lanceolate, not resinous-punctate but sometimes visciduloiis :
heads fastigiate-cymose or somewhat thyrsoid: bracts of the involucre obtuse or somewhat acute
and muticous (in one ambiguous form even pointed!): slender style-appendages well exserted,
especially in the first species.
= At least the branches when young, and commonly in age, whitened by a close pannose tomen-
tum : subulate-filiform style-appendages longer than the stigmatic portion: pappus soft.
B. graveolens, GRAY. A foot to a yard or more high, bearing numerous crowded heads :
these half or two-thirds inch high : leaves mostly flocculent-tomentose when young, often
glabrate in age, uot rigid ; the larger spatulate-linear, or linear-lanceolate (2 inches long and
fully 2 lines wide, obscurely if at all 3-nerved) ; the narrowest almost filiform, at least when
dry, and margins involute : iuvolucre thiu-cliartaceous wheu drv : corolla-lobes or teetli
short, from lanceolate to nearly ovate : akeues linear: pappus soft. Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 644. The typical form of this polymorphous species has the bracts of sometimes vis-
cidulous iuvolucre narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse to acutish or even
quite acute: short corolla-lobes commonly oblong-lanceolate, varying to nearly ovate and
shorter, the tube naked or nearly so. Ckrysocoma dracunculoid.es, Pursh, Fl. ii. 517, not Lam.
(J. graveolens, Nutt. Gen. ii. l.'SG. Bigelovia dracuncul aides, DC. Prodi-, v. 329. C'hrijsothammis
dracunculoidf.s & C. xpeciosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Linosyris graveo'ens, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 234. Sterile and especially alkaline soil, Dakota to British Columbia, and
south to S. California and New Mexico. Heads sometimes cymose, sometimes thyrsoid-
glomerate. Forms of the latter occur with firmer iuvolucral bracts, some of them even
acuminate, as if connected with B. Howard!.
Var. glabrata, GRAY, 1. c. Includes forms of the above with the usually narrow
leaves early glabrate or perhaps glabrous from the first, sometime* balsamic, sometimes not.
Includes Linosyris viscid! flora, Hook. Loud. Jour. Bot. vi. 243, in part, no. 102, Gfi/er,
from the northern Rocky Mountains, and Bitjeloria Douylasii, var. stenophylla, Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 614, from the southern borders of California, Palmer. Not rare in Colorado, where
even the branches sometimes early lose their light tomentum.
Var. albicaulis, GRAY, 1. c. Branches for the most part permanently and very
densely white-tomentose and leaves floccose-tomentose : involucre either tomentulose or gla-
brate ; its bracts commonly acutish : corolla-lobes more or less lanceolate and the tube vil-
lous- or arachnoid-pubescent. Clmjsocoma naustosa, Pursh, 1. c., Nutt. Gen. 1. c., therefore
Biijelovia Missonriensis, DC. 1. c., but chiefly found west of the Rocky Mountains. Chryso-
tltamnus speciosns, var. albicmi/is, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Linosyris allicaulis, Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 234. Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Brit. Columbia, and the eastern side
of the Sierra Nevada to San Bernardino Co., California.
Var. latisquamea, GRAY, I.e. Rather stout, white-tomentose or partly glabrate :
heads numerous in the corymbiform cymes : bracts of the glabrous involucre mostly ellip-
tical-oblong, very obtuse: lobes or teeth of the corolla short, somewhat lanceolate, the tube
glabrous. S. E. Colorado to adjacent New Mexico, and S. Utah, Fendler (no. 341 ), Bigelow,
Dr. Henry Ward.
Var. hololeuca, GRAY, 1. c. Slender, white-tomentose even to the heads ; these
rather small, numerous in corymbiform cymes terminating sparsely-leaved branches : leaves
very narrowly linear, inch long, and uppermost short and bract-like : involucral bracts small,
linear-oblong, very obtuse : corolla merely 5-toothed, its tube bearing cobwebby hairs :
akenes (as in the species) villous-pubescent. Owens Valley in the southeastern part of the
Sierra Nevada, California, Dr. Horn.
B. leiosperma. A foot or two high, with rigid slender branches, bearing small glomerate
cymes, white-tomentose, or in age somewhat glabrate: leaves sparse, and uppermost very
small, involute-filiform : involucre glabrous ; its bracts small, oblong, or innermost linear-
oblong, very obtuse : corolla glabrous and with 5 short ovate teeth : ovary and akenes com-
pletely glabrous ! St. George, Southern Utah, Palmer, coll. 1875. Candelaria, S. W. Nevada.
W. H. Shocl-lr,/.
= = Green, no tomentum, either smooth and glabrous or scabro-puberulous : style-branches less
exserted, thicker, shorter than the stigmatic portion: pappus rigidulous : akenes shorter.
B. Douglasii, GRAY, 1. c. From 6 inches to G feet high, fastigiately branched, sometimes
rcsiuous-viscid, often slightly or not at all so leaves from very narrowly linear or almost
140 COMPOSITE. Bigelovia.
filiform (hut plane or canaliculate) to lanceolate-oblong, mostly 3-nerved : heads few or
numerous and fastigiate-cymose, 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre comparatively
fe\v, onlv 2 to 4 in each vertical rank (these ranks therefore less conspicuous), from broadly
to linear-oblong or lanceolate, obtuse (rarely acute), firm-chartaceous, not rarely some of the
outer with firmer and indistinctly greenish apex : corollas rather deeply cleft into oblong-
lanceolate lobes. ( Criiiitaria r/.sr/,/,//,/;v(, Hook. Fl. ii. 24, apparently, in part : this founded
on two specimens, both with heads undeveloped, one puberulent, one glabrous, to be referred
either to this species or to Aplopappus, Ericamcria, nanus.) Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus &
C. pumilus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Biyelocia viscidijiora, DC. Proclr. vii. 279.
L/noxi/ri* riwidtfom, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. BrickeUla linearifolia, Klatt, Abh. Nat. Gesells.
llalle, xv. 5. Plains and mountains, in sterile soil, Dakota to Washington Terr, and border
of Brit. Columbia, dry eastern border of California, and south to Arizona and New Mexico ;
in various forms. Taking the forms with linear and lanceolate smooth leaves as the type,
the marked variations are
Var. puniila (Chrysothamnus pumilus, Xutt. 1. c., with his var. euthamioides), a dwarf
northern and mountain state, a span or two high, glabrous or minutely puberulent and dis-
posed to be viscidulous ; the simple branches bearing very few heads in a close cluster :
outer iuvolucral bracts either somewhat greenish-tipped or passing into bract-like leaves.
N. Montana to Washington Terr, and mountains of Utah.
Var. serrulata, GRAY, I.e. Taller: leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, serrulate-
ciliolate, sometimes scabrous and rigid. Linosyris serrulata, Torr. in Stausbury Rep. 389;
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 157. Common through the whole dry interior region.
Var. tortifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves twisted: otherwise like the preceding. Plains
of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada, California. Here Linosyris lanceolata, Hook. Loud. Jour.
Bot. vi. 243.
Var. stenophylla, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves slender, at most a line wide by an inch or
two loug, or narrower and varying to filiform, smooth : flowers sometimes only 4. N. W.
Nevada to S. E. California, Utah, and New Mexico.
Var. latifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Stouter and taller, smooth and glabrous, or puberulent :
leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong (the broadest even half-inch wide by thrice that length),
ol'icn obtuse, 3-5-nerved : flowers sometimes 6 or 7 in the head. Linosyris viscidijiora, var.
fiiii/'n 1 !,!, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 1. c. S. Idaho, Nevada, and Utah.
Var. lanceolata. Low, but bearing compact cymes of numerous (5-7 -flowered)
heads: leaves short, lanceolate or broadly linear, scabro-puberuleut. Chrysothamnus lanceo-
/utiis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Linosyris Imiciolnta, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 233.
Bigelonla lanceolata, & II. />i->u<//<isii, var. ptiberula, in part, Gray, 1. c. 639, 644. (Linosyris
riftciilitlnra, var. puberula, Eaton, 1. c., is mainly a scarcely puberulent narrow-leaved form of
the type.) Head-waters of the Platte, Wyoming and Montana, &c. Passes into var. serru-
lulu and var. tortifnUa.
-f H H Akencs glabrous, as also the ovaries, nearly terete: bracts of involucre rounded-obtuse,
not prominently pentastichous : anthers and style-tips little exserted: suffrutescent, green and
glabrous, not punctate.
B. Vaseyi, GKAY. A span or two high, somewhat balsamic-viscid but wholly glabrous,
leafy up to the fastigiate cymose cluster of heads: leaves linear or spatulate-liuear, obtuse,
plane (at most inch long), with obscure midrib: involucre cyliudraceous, 3 or 4 lines long;
its bracts narrowly oblong, firm-chartaceous, and all but innermost with a thickened greenish
s]'"t at the very obtuse apex: lobes of the corolla short-linear: style-appendages narrowly
subulate, rather obtuse, half the length of the stigmatic portion : pappus fine and soft, rather
short. 1'roe. Am. Aead. xii. 58. Colorado Rocky Mountains, in Middle Park and Gun-
nison Valley, l',/s< //, Parry. Utah, Ward. Transition to Solidayo and to Aplodiscus.
3. EuniGELoviA, Gray, 1. c. Heads as of preceding section, very narrow,
3-4-flowrrril : alveoli of the receptacle prolonged into subulate teeth or at the
o-iitiv into a -hail-like cusp: limb of corolla enlarging and 5-cleft : style-append-
ages ovate-subulate, shorter than the stigmatic portion : akenes short, somewhat
turbinute : pappus rigidulous : wholly herbaceous perennial, with entire narrow
leaves : habit of Solidayo Euthamia.
Bigelovia. COMPOSITE. 141
B. nudata, DC. Glabrous : steins slender, a foot or two high from a small caudex, strict
and simple up to the compound-fastigiate and corymbose cyme of numerous heads : leaves
not punctate nor obviously viscid, spatulate to uearly filiform, uppermost small and bract-
like : heads barely 3 lines high, subclavate : bracts of the involucre about 3 in each rather
indistinct vertical rank, oblong-linear, obtuse and firm-chartaceous, or at least outermost
with short greenish tips. Leaves in the original of the species spatulate-linear, or uppermost
narrower, lowest and radical commonly broader (sometimes half-inch wide) and rounded-
obtuse. Prodr. v. 329, & Mem. Comp. t. 5 B. nudula, var. si>nthnlJ\>Ha, Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 232. Chrysocoma nudata, Michx. Fl. ii. 101 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 137. Low pine barrens, New
Jersey to Florida and Louisiana ; fl. autumn.
Var. virgata, TURK. & GRAY, 1. c. Cauline leaves linear-filiform, or lowest and the
radical linear-spatulate. B. viryata, DC. 1. c. Chrysocoma n'n/ata, Nutt. 1. c. New Jersey
to Texas. Passes into the broader-leaved form.
4. EUTHAMIOPSIS. Heads (small) 7-25-flowered : bracts of the involucre
wholly chartaceous, or in some obscurely greenish at tip, hardly carinate, obtuse
or nearly so and muticous, appressed-imbricated in 3 or 4 series, but vertical ranks
inconspicuous : style-appendages hardly exserted out of the 5-lobed limb of the
corolla, subulate-oblong to short-filiform, shorter or not longer than the stijnnatic
portion : akenes mostly short and turbinate, sericeous-pubescent : shrubby, be-
coming more or less balsamic-viscid, and with entire punctate leaves : corollas of
outermost flowers sometimes deformed. Aplodiscus, Euthamioidece, mainly,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G39.
* Stems simple below and fastigiately branched above, 3 to 12 feet high, bearing numerous heads
in close and ample corj'mbiform cymes: leaves plane: involucral bracts small, lanceolate, wholly
chartaceous and pale, or miduerve obscurely greenish.
B. Parishii, GREENE. Leaves thickish, lanceolate or oblong-linear (inch or two long,
quarter to nearly half an inch wide), mucronate, strongly punctate : heads 10-12-flowcred,
fully 3 lines long). Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 62. Mountains near San Bernardino, S. E.
California, Parish, &c. Stems sometimes 2 or 3 inches in diameter.
B. arborescens, GRAY. Leaves narrowly linear, very numerous (1 to 3 inches long, a line
wide), moderately punctate: heads 20-25-flowered, barely 3 lines long: outer flowers often
deformed. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640. Linosyris arborescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 79.
Dry ground, common in the Coast Ranges of California, sparingly in the Sierra Nevada ;
first coll. by Fitch and Kelloyy.
* -* Branched from the base : heads paniculate or more scattered : leaves filiform, thickish : bracts
of involucre larger and rather few, oblong, obtuse.
B. Cooperi, GRAY. Apparently low, with leaves half-inch or less long, balsamic-viscid :
heads few in a cluster at the end of the branchlets, 6-8-flowered : bracts of involucre nar-
rowly oblong, chartaceous, pale to the apex : style-appendages ovate-subulate. Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 640, & Bot. Calif, i. 315. S. E. California, on eastern slope of Providence
Mountains', Cooper. Not again found : only branchlets known.
B. brachylepis, GRAY. Shrub 4 to 6 feet high : leaves inch or half-inch long, balsamic-
viscid, conspicuously resinous-punctate : heads loosely paniculate or solitary terminating
paniculate brauchlets, 8-12-flowered, 4 or 5 lines high: bracts of the campanulate involucre
oblong, more or less carinate by a glandular thickened midnerve ; innermost not surpassing
the linear-oblong akenes, outermost passing into small commonly imbricated scales on the
peduncle : style-appendages subulate-filiform. Bot. Calif, i. 614. S. California, along the
southern borders of San Diego Co., near the Mexican frontier, Palmer, Cleveland, ,Y rin.
(Adj. Lower Calif.)
B. DIFFUSA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 640 (Linosyris Sonoriensis, Gray, 1. c. 291, Eri-
cameria diffusa, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 23, Solidago diffusa, Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. v. 159), of
Lower California (Hinds, Xantus) and Sonora (Palmer), is a species of this group, with filiform
leaves obscurely punctate, and involucral bracts of firmer texture, the tips greenish, verging
therefore to the next section.
142 COMPOSITE. Bigelovia.
5. APLODI'SCUS, Gray, 1. c. Heads several-many-flowered : bracts of the
involucre either coriaceous or firm-chartaceous, and usually somewhat herbaceous
or thickened at the obtuse or barely acute apex, all strictly appressed and well
imbricated, but the vertical ranks inconspicuous : style-appendages subulate-
lanceolate or broader, shorter than the stigmatic portion : akenes short, sericeous-
pulicscent: herbaceous or suffruticose, commonly more or less balsamic- viscid :
leaves not punctate, sometimes dentate or pinnatirid. -- Aplopappus Aplodiscus,
DC. Prodr. v. 350, excl. A. ramulosus, which is a Baccharis.
* Herbaceous down to suffrutescent base: leaves linear: bracts of the involucre thin-coriaceous or
almost chartaceous, and with obscure if an}' greenish tips.
B. pluriflora, GRAY, I.e. Leaves narrowly linear, entire: heads 15-18-flowered, 4 lines
high: involucre somewhat turbinate, very smooth; its thinnish bracts lanceolate, acute:
otherwise like the next, of which it is perhaps a mere form, but is insufficiently known.
Chrysocoma graccolens, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211, not Xutt. Linosyris pluriflora, Torr.
& Grav. Fl. ii. 233. Colorado? probably on the Arkansas or South Fork of the Platte,
James in Long's expedition.
B. Wrightii, GRAY, 1. c. Commonly glabrous or nearly so : stems rather strict and slender,
a foot or two high from the lignesceut base : leaves thickish, narrowly linear, entire, some-
times lower ones sparingly laciuiate-dentate, margins either smooth or sparingly hirtello-
scabrous : heads (4 or 5 lines high) 7-15-flowered, usually numerous and crowded in a
corymbiform cyme : bracts of the involucre oval-oblong to broadly lanceolate, obtuse ; the
back at or near the apex usually greenish, but no definite tip. Linosyris Wriglitii & L.
heterophylla, Gray, PL Wright, i. 95, ii. 80. Banks of streams and in saline soil, W. Texas
to S. Colorado and Arizona ; first coll. by Wright.
Var. hirtella. Leaves emereous-hirtellous or hirsute-pubescent and roughish, but
often glabrate in age or only ciliolate : stems sometimes pubescent. Linosyris hirtella,
Grav, I'l. \Vright. i. 95. Same range; first coll. by Wright.
* * Suffrutescent: leaves linear-filiform and pinnately parted: involucre nearly of the preceding.
B. coronopifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Glabrous : stems freely branching, slender, a foot or two
high, leafy : divisions of the leaves 3 to 9, often half-inch long, not thicker than the filiform
rliachis, setulose-mucronate : heads somewhat thyrsoid-glomerate (4 or 5 lines long), 10-12-
flowered. (Excl. pi. Arizona, Palmer.) Linosyris coronopifolia, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 96.
S. Texas along the Kio Grande, Wright, Bigelow, Ilarard, Palmer.
# * * Suffruticose: bracts of involucre more coriaceous and more definitely greenish-tipped.
t Leaves all entire (or rarely a tooth or two), linear or spatulate-linear : branches partly lier-
batTous : glabrous.
B. Drummondii, GRAY, 1. c. About a foot high, with many slender erect or ascending
branches or stems from a woody base : leaves all narrowly linear, with tapering base (inch
or two long, seldom over a line wide) : heads 5 or 6 lines high, rather numerous in a corymbi-
form cyme, 18-30-flowered: involucre campanulate ; its bracts linear-oblong, with obtuse
or obtusish and short green or greenish tips: pappus rather soft. Linosyris Drummondii,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 233. Coast of Texas, and Lower Kio Grande ; first coll. by Berlandii r,
Drummond, Treat/. E. Arizona, Rushy. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
B. acradenia, GKEEXE. A foot or so high, very many slender stems or branches forming
broad tufts from a woody base: leaves spatulate-linear (half-inch to inch long), entire or
rarely some small teeth: heads glomerate-cymose, 4 lines high, 10-20-flowered: involucre
campanulate, of more rigid oblong bracts, the back at the obtuse apex bearing a protuber-
ant roundel rosinilVruus gland: pappus rigid, of very unequal bristles. Bull. Torr. Club,
. l26.~Mohave Dcsi-n, S. 1C. California, d-frnc, Parry, Jarecl, &c. S. Utah, Palmer.
Transitions apparently occur between this and the next.
K- -t Leaves serrate, dentate, or pinnatilid, occasionally entire: shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high.
B. veneta, GRAY. Glabrous, or the herbage when young loosely pubescent, or almost to-
mcntose : leaves short (half-inch or lower twice or thrice this length), spatulate or oblan-
ceolate, or sometimes cuneate-oblong, sparsely or irregularly spiuulose-deutate or serrate, or
Solidago. COMPOSITE. 143
denticulate with spinulose teeth, sometimes incised, some upper or fascicled ones varying
toward linear atid entire : heads more or less glomerate at the end of the brauchlets, 15-35-
flowered, 4 or 5 lines high : bracts of the turbiuate or campaimlate involucre with obtuse or
sometimes acutish or nmcronate-acute green tips (these occasionally bearing an indistinct
resinous gland) : pappus of rather rigid and very unequal bristles. B. vencta & B. Menziesii,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 638, & Eot. Calif, i. 315. Baccharis veneta, II BK. Nov. Gen. &
Spec. iv. 68. Linosyris Mexicana, Schlecht. Hort. Haleus. 7, t. 4. Aplo/mp/ms discoideus,
DC. Prodr. v. 350. A. Menziesii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 242. Pyrrocoma Menziesii, Hook. &
Arn. Bot. Beech. 351. Isocoma vernoitioides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 320. (B. tri-
dentata, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 1. c., Linosyris dentata, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 16, is
apparently a form of this, from Cedros Island off Lower California.) Southern part of
California (first coll. by Menzits) to borders of Arizona. (Alex.)
B. Hartwegi, GRAY. Cinereous-puberuleut or glabrate, a foot or two high : leaves from
linear to narrowly oblong, pinnatifid; the lobes 5 to 11, oblong-linear, short (only a line or
two long) : heads smaller than in the preceding, into which it may pass. Hemsl. Biol.
Ceutr.-Am. Bot. ii. 115. S. Arizona, Palmer (taken iorB. coronopifolia in Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 639), Lemmon. (Mex.)
32. SOLJDAG-O, L. GOLDEN-ROD. (Solidus and ago, to make solid or
draw together, in allusion to reputed vulnerary properties.) --Perennial herbs
(one species somewhat shrubby) ; with mostly strict stems, entire or serrate alter-
nate leaves, the cauline sessile or nearly so, the radical tapering into margined
petioles (never cordate) ; the small heads thyrsoid-glomerute, or sometimes
corymbosely cymose, or more commonly in racemiform secund clusters ; the
flowers yellow, or in one species whitish in the disk and white in the ray ; rarely
the rays wanting. Gen. ed. 1, 253 (name from Vaill.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 195.
A large genus, of nearly 100 species, mostly Atlantic N. American, but with
several Pacific species, a few Mexican or S. American, one or two European and
N. Asiatic: fl. late summer and autumn. For notes on the species in the older
herbaria, and a synopsis, see Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 177-199.
S. LATERIFLORA, L. Spec. ii. 879, is Aster dijfusus, Ait.
S. NOVEBORACEXSIS, L. 1. c., is probably Aster Tartaricus, and not North American.
Species founded on garden plants and not identified with, or obviously referable to, North
American originals, are the following :
S. AMsfouA, Ait. Kew. iii. 217, cult. 1759 by Miller, of unknown source, appears to have been
some European form of S. Virgaurea, although later plants cultivated under this name may be
derivatives of S. latifolia, L.
S. ELLJPTICA, Ait. Glabrous and smooth up to the flowering branches, 2 or 3 feet high,
equably leafy : leaves of rather firm texture, oval or oblong, acuminate at both ends, the larger
3 or 6 inches long, l or 2 wide, more or less serrate with fine acute teeth, somewhat veiny :
thyrsus somewhat leafy; the heads (3 lines long) racemose-paniculate on erect branches, little
or not at all secund : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse : rays 7 to 9 :
akeues villous-pubesceut. Kew. iii. 214 ; DC. Prodr. v. 334 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 181.
S. plantaginca, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 402. Cultivated from early times in European gardens, not
identified as indigenous. The typical form is here taken to be that of the Bauksian herbarium,
cult. hurt. Kew. 1778. A second original specimen, to which the syn. Mill. Diet, belongs, is
Var. AXILLIFLORA, Gray, 1. c. Leaves of somewhat firmer texture, from oval to broadly
lanceolate : heads rather larger, in short or somewhat elongated and racemiform erect or
spreading clusters, which are mostly axillary and shorter than the leaves. <S. latifolia, L.,
as to Pluk. Aim. 389, t. 235, f. 4. S. latissimifolia. Mill. Diet. ed. 7. 5. laterijlorn, Willd.
Spec. iii. 2057, c., not L. nor Ait. S.fragrans, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 331, a narrower-leaved
form. S. verrucosa, Schrad. Hort. Goett. 12, t. 6 ? S. Clelice, DC. Prodr. v. 331, & perhaps
S. (Julia, Scop. Del. Iiisub. ii. 19, t. 10. Cultivated from ante-LiuniEan times in European
collections, not identified in N. America, but doubtless of American origin.
144 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
S. RECURvArA, Willd., and S. LfviD.v, Willd. (Enum. 889 & 491), described from cultivated
plants, are referred to under S. ccesia, L., p. 145.
S. LITIIOSPERMIFOLIA, Willd. Euum. 891, referred to under S. sempervirens, L., was prob-
ably derived from that, under cultivation becoming pubescent and duller green. But without
the transitions as seen in S. inteyrifolia, Desf ., this would seem improbable.
S. COIIVMUOSA, Poir. Suppl. v. 461 (not Ell.), is only the European S. Virgaurea, L.
S. GRAXDIFLORA, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 403, of unknown source, is evidently a tall cultivated state
of the Italian S. Uttoralis, Savi.
S. j-rscATA, Desf. 1. c. 402. Glabrous and very smooth (the inflorescence barely puberulent) :
stem 3 or 4 feet high, with numerous ascending purplish branches, very leafy : leaves oblong-
lancoolate, acute at both ends or acuminate, entire, or the lower (3 or 4 inches long) with a few
minute and obscure teeth, of somewhat firm texture, and minutely reticulated inconspicuous
venation, a pair <>r two of primary veins more evident : heads hardly 3 lines long, numerous in
a narrow or virgate thyrsus, not second : bracts of the involucre rather broad (outer oblong)
and obtuse: rays to 8, short: young akenes puberuleut. Of unknown source; cult, in Paris
Garden from 1828. Habit somewhat of 5. pubertilu.
Of species founded on indigenous specimens there remains wholly obscure only the fol-
lowing :
S. PAUCIFLORA, Raf. in Med. Rep. (hex. 2), v. 359. "Stem simple, smooth: leaves oblong-
lanceolate, acute, entire : flowers 1 to 5, terminal. Gloucester Co., New Jersey, and Kent Co.,
Delaware," Rufinesque. Not to be identified.
1. VIUCAUUEA, DC. (Virga-aurea, Tourn.) Receptacle of the head alveo-
late : rays commonly fewer or not more numerous than disk-flowers : herbs.
* Involucre sr/uarrose, the bracts having herbaceous recurving or spreading tips (yet occasionally
erect in all the species) : general inflorescence thyrsiform or reversed racemiform-paniculate,
not unilateral: leaves pinnatelv veined, from ovate to lanceolate; the lower ones commonly peti-
ok-il, and acutely more or less serrate ; the upper often entire. ( Chrysastrum, Torr. & Gray.)
SQUARKOS.E.
-i Rays none: ovaries hirsute: bristles of the pappus unequal, all with clavellate tips.
S. discoidea, TORR. & GRAY. Pubescent or hirsute, somewhat cinereous : stem branching
above : lower leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, on slender and margined petioles, 3 inches long :
upper small, often entire, oval or oblong : heads (3 or 4 lines long) rather scattered in the
racemiform thyrsus, 10-20-flowered : disk-corollas deeply 5-cleft : pappus often tinged with
purple. Fl. ii. 195. Aster ? discoideus, Ell. Sk. ii. 358. Dry soil, Georgia to Florida and
Louisiana ; first coll. by Elliott.
) -t-~ Rays present and conspicuous, rather numerous: bristles of the pappus not evidently
clavellate-tliickened: akenes glabrous or nearly so.
S. SQUarrosa, MTIIL. Green, pubescent or glabrate : stem stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet
high : lower leaves ovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long : heads (5 or 6 lines long) numerous
and crowded at least on the lower branches of the (foot or two long) leafy thyrsus : green
squarrose tip- of tin- involocral bracts short and broad, obtuse or abruptly acute. Cat. 79;
\iitt. (Jen. ii. 161 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 6\ confer t/JJora, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 102;
Hook. Fl. ii. 4, not DC. -Rocky soil, New Brunswick and Canada to Ohio and upper part
of Virginia.
S. petiolaris, AIT. Puberulcnt or pubescent with fine short hairs, somewhat pale or
cinereous : stem slender, a foot to a yard high : leaves comparatively small, elliptical-oblong
to broadly lanceolate, s.-abrous-ciliate ; the lower 2 inches or so in length, serrate with a few
coarse teeth toward the apex, narrowed at base, obscurely or sometimes distinctly and abruptly
short-petioled, mostly glabrous or glabrate above, minutely hairy at least along the veins be-
neath : upper smaller, sessile, entire: heads (3 to 5 lines long) loosely or sometimes more com-
pactly disposed in a narrow or irregular thyrsus: involocral bracts narrow and acute; the
outer green or with green tips, and more or less squarrose; inner ones appressed. Ait. Kew.
iii. 216 ; Smith in Rees ( 'yd. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 203, not Muhl., Ell., or Less. S. erecta,
Nutt. Gen. ii. 161. S. data? Ell. Sk. ii. 389. S. squarrosa,~8utt. in Jour. Acad. Philad.
vii. 102, not Nutt. Gen., nor Muhl. S. p,/;,,!,, ,-,'.< , var. x,j,,,,rru[osa, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Dry
Solidacjo. COMPOSITE. 145
soil, especially in pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida, Kansas, and Texas. The specific
name quite inappropriate ; and the squarrose tips of the bracts are sometimes obsolete, thus
invalidating the rather marked character of this group.
Var. angusta, GRAY. Leaves greener, glabrate, narrower, nearly all entire ; the
lower sometimes 3 or 4 inches long and half-inch or less wide, tapering into a margined
petiole. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 189. S. angusta, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 204. W. Louisiana,
Hale, and Fredericksburg, Texas, Thurber.
* * Involucre of inappendiculate and wholly appressed bracts in this and all the following
divisions: heads small (at most 3 lines long), disposed more or less in axillary glomerate or
short-racemiform clusters along the leafy stem, or not rarely with some or most of the clusters
in an almost naked thyrsus: leaves unicostate, pinnately veiny. GLOMEKULIFLOR.E, Torr.
& Gray.
H Akenes canescently hirsute-pubescent: leaves normally thin and membranaceous, very sharply
serrate, acuminate, bright green, usually surpassing the short clusters in their axils, except
where these become continent into a thyrsus at the summit.
-H- Stem and branches terete, often glaucous.
S. CEesia, L. Slender, commonly branching and glabrous or nearly so up to the peduncles,
smooth, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate or the lower from ovate- to oblong-lanceolate,
sessile, serrate with erect or ascending teeth, the venation not prominent : heads small, few-
flowered: bracts of the involucre all obtuse. Spec. ii. 879 (founded on Dill. Elth. 414,
t. 307, & Virga-aurea Marilandica, etc., Bay) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 217; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 199,
S.flexicavlis, L. 1. c., as to herb., excl. char. & syu. Shaded banks, or in wooded grounds,
Canada to N. W. Arkansas, Georgia, and Texas.
Var. axillaris, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. (S. axillaris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 542), is a
common form in shade, with elongated-lanceolate thin leaves, all much exceeding the short
clusters of rather few heads. Chiefly northern, in woods.
Var. paniculata, GRAY, 1. c. Paniculately branched above, smaller-leaved, flori-
buud ; the clusters of heads becoming racemose-paniculate toward the end of the branches :
stems often purple and branchlets occasionally pubescent. 6'. i/racilis, Poir. Diet. viii. 470 ;
DC. Prodr. v. 336. S. Schraderi, DC. 1. c. ? (abnormal form), & of the Gardens. S. art/utii,
Spreng. Syst., not Ait. S. anjuitm, Horuem. ex Spreug. A form of drier and open
grounds, commoner in S. States, and of European cultivation, where it is much altered, and
appears to pass into
S. RECURVATA, Willd. Euum. 889 (not Mill. Diet,). Tall, more paniculate, and the heads
in racemosely crowded clusters on spreading (but hardly recurved) or ascending flowering
branches, few if any in the axils of cauline leaves ; usually some pubescence. European gar-
dens. May be a hybrid between S. ccesia and S. ulmifolia or S. rugosa.
S. LfviDA, Willd. I.e. 491. Stouter, purple-stemmed, with thyrsiform-paniculate inflores-
cence of more crowded heads ; apparently a cultivated modification of S. ccesia, var. pauirnhita,
with a large-flowered indigenous form of which (from Monticello, Georgia, Porter) it is congru-
ous. It is S.flabcllata, Schrader ex Spreng. (S. arguta, Spreug.), and S.flabeUiformis, Wendl.
in DC. Prodr. v. 336.
M- -H- Stem and branches angled, manifestly so in dried specimens, green, not glaucous.
S. latifolia, L. Stem much angled, often flexuous, glabrous, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves ample
and normally thin, broadly ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously acuminate,
abruptly and acuminately contracted at base into as it were a winged petiole of usually about
the length of the axillary clusters, mostly pilose-pubescent beneath, thickly and coarsely
serrate with salient subulate teeth : rays 3 or 4 : disk-flowers 6 or 7 : akenes very hirsute.
Spec. ii. 879 (ex herb. & habitat, excl. syn. Pluk.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 198. S. fl<xicoulis,
L. 1. c. ex syn. & char, (not of herb.) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 217 ; DC. Prodr. v. 335. S. Jii.nr.mllf,
var. latifolia, Willd. Spec. iii. 2064. S. macrophylla, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 305, not Pursh.
Moist woods and shaded banks, Xova Scotia to Minnesota, south to Missouri and along the
mountains to Tennessee and Georgia. In grounds exposed to the sun, the clusters of heads
are often extended and spiciform, or tne whole inflorescence becomes a terminal thyrsus.
S. lancifolia, TORR. & GRAY. Nearly glabrous: stem strict and stout, 3 or 4 feet high,
silicate-angled : leaves elongated-lanceolate or the lower broader, sessile by a gradually nar-
rowed entire base, above sharply serrate with the teeth ascending, 4 to 8 inches long: heads
10
146 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
larger than in the preceding (3 Hues long), usually more spicately clustered and with more
numerous flowers (rays about 8): involucre of more imbricated and broader very obtuse
narrowly oblong bracts, externally granular-puberulent when young : akenes canesceutly
hirsute. Chapm. Fl. 209. -S. ambujua, var. ? lunci folia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 200. Damp
woods of the higher Alleghauies in N. Carolina and Tennessee ; first coll. by Curtis.
S Curtisii TOUR. & GRAY. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent : stem commonly branching,
'slender moderately angled, 2 feet high : leaves from oblong to elongated-lanceolate, with
gradually attenuate entire base, subsessile, serrate with ascending subulate teeth, 3 to 5
inches Ion" : heads in looser clusters, smaller and fewer-flowered (rays 4 to 7) : bracts of the
involucre much fewer, linear, obtuse. Fl. ii. 200 (excl. var.); Chapm. 1. c. S. jiexi-
caulis, in part, in herb. Michx. Open woods, mountains of Virginia to Georgia, at low or
moderate elevations ; first coll. by Michaux, next by Curtis.
Var. pubens, GRAY, 1. c. From sparsely to somewhat densely pubescent : leaves
from ovate with tapering base to lanceolate. S. pulens, M. A. Curtis in Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 198; Chapm. 1. c. Common in the mountains of Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia;
first coll. by Curtis.
-1- H- Akenes glabrous: inflorescence less axillary-clustered, more virgately thyrsoid.
S. monticola, TORR. & GRAY. Nearly glabrous : stem slender, a foot or two high : leaves
'from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, acuminate or acute at both ends, 1 to 4
inches long 5 ; the lower rather sparingly serrate with acute teeth: heads small: involucral
bracts linear, acutish : rays 5 or 6, yellow. Chapm. Fl. 209. S. Curtisii, var. 'i monticola,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 200. Alleghany Mountains, from Maryland to Georgia and Alabama;
first coll. by Curtis.
S. bicolor, L. Fuberulent, commonly cinereous : stem often hirsute below, strict, a foot to
a yard (rarelv a span) high: leaves oblong or the lower obovate and ovate, short, mostly
obtuse ; lower slightly or obtusely serrate : clusters crowded in a simple or compound often
elongated thyrsus : involucral bracts linear-oblong, very obtuse : rays from 5 to 14, small,
white, and the disk-corollas also white or yellowish. Maut. 114; Ait. Kew. iii. 210; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 197. S. alba, Mill. Diet. Vin/a-aurea flore albo, etc., Pluk. Aim. t. 114, fig. 8.
S. viminea, Bosc in herb. Foiret, therefore S. erecta, DC. Prodr. v. 340. Ast-.r bicoior, Nees,
Ast. 283. Dry ground, Nova Scotia to Virginia and the upper part of Georgia.
Var. concolor, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Flowers both of ray and disk yellow (or some
ravs yellow, others white) : foliage sometimes greener, sometimes lauate-hirsute. S. his/nda,
Muli'l. in Willd. Spec. iii. 2063. S. hirsuta, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 103, & Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 327. New Brunswick and Maine to Lake Superior, Missouri, and
Tennessee.
Var. lanata, GRAY, 1. c. Low, villous-lanate : heads simply spicately crowded at the
summit of the stem or branches. S. lanata, Hook. Fl. ii. 4. Plains of the Saskatchewan
toward the Rocky Mountains, Drummond.
* * * Heads mostly large for the genus (in some and seldom less than 4 lines long, smaller
in forms of S. humilis, &c.), many-flowered, collected in thyrsoidal inflorescence which is not at
all secund nor strictly racemiform (but in two species approaches corymbiform) : rays 6 to 14:
leaves veiny from a simple midrib, in most species bright green: stems commonly low or not
tall. (From the inflorescence a few other species, such as S. speciosa, might be sought here.)
TlIYKSIFLOK^E.
-1 Southwestern species, fully 2 feet high: leaves very numerous up to or into the inflorescence,
uniform in size and shape, short (inch or two long), closely sessile, of rather firm texture, en-
tire, rough-margined, somewhat scabrous: pubescence minute and somewhat cinereous : heads
4 lines lung: bracts of the involucre narrow, obtusish, or in some acute.
S. Bigelovii, GRAY. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves oval and oblong, mostly obtuse at both
cmls and hispidulons on the margin: thyrsus simple or compound, rather dense or at
length open : involucre broadly campanulate, puberulent : akenes minutely pubescent or
glabrate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80, xvii. 190. S. petiolaris, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 79,
not Ait. Mountains of New Mexico and Arizona, Bigclow, Wright, Parry, Greene, Lcmmon.
(Adj. Mex.)
Var. Wrightii, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves sometimes narrower: thyrsus simple and short,
of comparatively few heads, or corymbiform almost in the manner of the Corymbosce.
Solidago. COMPOSITE. 147
S. petiolaris, var., Gray, PL Wright, i. 94. 5. Californica, var., Rothrock in Wheeler Rep.
vi. 145. S. W. Texas and New Mexico to Arizona ; same collectors.
S. Lindheimeriana, SCHEELE. Obscurely puberulent and glabrate, strict, more rigid,
especially the broadly lanceolate or oblong more acute and greener leaves : heads densely
glomerate in an oblong spiciform thyrsus : involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts more
unequal : akenes glabrous. Linn. xxi. 599. S. speciosa, var. rigidiuscula, Gray, PL Lindh.
ii. 222, not Torr. & Gray. Texas, on rocky bluffs and in exsiccated beds of streams, Lind-
heimer, Reuerchon.
-I- H- Southern Alleghanian species: leaves thinner, mostly ample, bright green, tapering to
both ends, some of them acutely serrate: pubescence loose and somewhat hirsute.
S. Buckleyi, TORE. & GRAY. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, glabrous below : leaves ovate-oblong
to oblong-lanceolate (the larger 3 to 6 inches long) : thyrsus loose and elongated, nearly
naked : heads 4 or 5 lines long, mostly pedunculate : bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong
with rounded-obtuse green tips: akenes glabrous. Fl. ii. 198. Lincoln Co., N. Carolina,
Curtis. Middle Alabama, Buckley. Jasper Co., Georgia, Porter.
S. glomerata, MICHX. Mostly glabrous up to the inflorescence: stem stout, 1 to 3 feet
high, leafy to the top : leaves ample, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate (the
lower 5 to 12 inches long) : heads 5 or G lines long, in a leafy interrupted thyrsus, or often
in remote axillary clusters, all or most of them much shorter than the subtending leaves :
iiivolucral bracts oblong, obtuse: akeues glabrate. Fl. ii. 117; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 209.
Moist wooded sides of the high mountains of Carolina and Tenn., especially Grandfather
and Roan. The well-developed inflorescence hardly ever glomerate, therefore the name of
this most marked species is misleading.
S. spitlmmasa, M. A. CURTIS. Stems a span to a foot high, roughish-pubescent, leafy to
the top: leaves glabrate; lower obovate-spatulate ; upper oblong (an inch or two in length),
acute : heads (barely 4 lines long) somewhat corymbosely glomerate at the summit, also (in
cult.) in low axillary clusters : iuvolucral bracts acute or acutish : rays short, hardly surpass-
ing the disk : akeues pubescent. Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 42 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 208.
- Rocky summits of the higher mountains in ]S T . Carolina, especially on Grandfather and
Roan ; first coll. by Cuitis.
+- -i -) Boreal and montane, of difficult and uncertain limitation : rays usuallv numerous.
H- Bracts of the involucre acute.
S. macroph^Tla, PCRSH. Glabrous or a little pubescent : stem stout, 8 inches to 3 or even
4 feet high, leafy to or near the summit : leaves thin, ovate or the upper ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, acutely serrate ; the lower (3 or 4 inches long) rounded at base or abruptly con-
tracted into a long winged petiole : heads (5 or 6 lines long) mostly pedunculate, few or loose
in the clusters, which in smaller specimens form a simple oblong or racemiform thyrsus,
and in the larger occupy the axils of many of the cauliue leaves : bracts of the involucre
narrowly lanceolate-linear, thin and when dry somewhat scarious : rays rather long and nar-
row : akenes glabrous or rarely a little pubescent at summit. Fl. ii. 542; Gray in Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 187, 191. S. tliyrsoidea, E. Meyer, PL Labrad. (1830), 63; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 207. S. leiocarpa, DC. Prodr. v. 339. S. Virgaurea, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 306, excl.
var. S. multiradiata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 328, not Ait. Mountain
woods of N. New England, extending upward to the limit of trees, north to L. Superior,
Hudson's Bay, and Labrador. (Approaches S. Virgaurea, var. leiocarpa, of E. Asia.)
S. multiradiata, AIT. Villous-pubesceut above or glabrate, a span to a foot or so high :
leaves of rather firm texture and fine venation, minutely and sparingly serrate above, some-
times entire ; cauline spatulate to lanceolate, all tapering gradually to sessile base, or the
radical into a slender margined petiole: heads (mostly 4 lines long) generally few and
glomerate iu a single terminal roundish or oblong compact often corymbiform cluster, occa-
sionally with one or two looser axillary clusters or branches : bracts of the involucre nar-
rowly lanceolate, thinnish or thin-edged: rays numerous and narrow: akenes pubescent. -
Ait. Kew. iii. 218; Pursh, Fl. ii. 542; Hook. Fl. ii. 5. 5. compacta, Turcz. in Bull. Mosq.
1840, 73, ex char. S. Vircjaurea, var. arrtica, DC. Prodr. v. 239. S. Virgaurea, var. multi-
radiata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 207. Labrador and Hudson's Bay to Behring Strait and
Unalaska. The original high northern form very near to forms of S. Viryaurea. Bracts of
the involucre attenuate. On the northern Rocky Mountains passes into
148 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
Var. SCOpulorum, GRAY, 1. c. More glabrous, 3 to 18 inches high, commonly strict:
heads when numerous in a more open or compound cluster, mostly smaller : bracts of the
involucre closer, shorter, and merely acute. S. corymlosa, Nutt. 1. c. (S. heterophylla in
j ier k ). Along the higher Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, Utah, &c., the Cascade Moun-
tains, and rare (in a dwarf state) along the Sierra Nevada.
Var Neo-Mexicana. Two feet high, with numerous heads more loosely disposed
in approximate axillary as well as terminal clusters, composing a narrow elongated thyrsus,
somewhat like that of 5. m<i<-ro/>/tt/lla. High summits of the Mogollon Mountains,
N. Mexico, Ritsby. A doubtful plant.
S Virgaurea, L. Of this Old World and polymorphous or confused species, the var. alpes-
tris (of which .S'. macrophylla is the American representative) reaches the Asiatic side of Beh-
ring Strait, and seems to pass into 5. multirudiata. The var. Cambrica is represented by
Var. alpina, BIGEL. Dwarf, 2 to 8 inches high, obscurely pubescent or glabrous :
leaves few, thickish, spatulate or obovate, mostly obtuse; canline sessile, the uppermost
lanceolate, lowest and radical narrowed into a margined petiole: heads (4 lines long) 3 to 7
in a terminal cluster, or also subsolitary in uppermost axils: involucre broad; its bracts
rather broadly lanceolate, barely acute: akeues pubescent. --F1. Bost. ed. 2, 307; Torr. &
(Jrav, 1. c. Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New York, New England, and Lower
Canada, on Anticosti, and Hudson's Bay? Seems nearly to pass into 6'. humilis, and like
that to be somewhat viscid.
H- -M- Bracts of the involucre obtuse.
S. humilis, PCESH. Glabrous, disposed to be glutinous, bright green : stems strict, a span
to a foot high, leafy: leaves of firm texture and fine venation, smooth; cauliue all sessile;
upper lanceolate to nearly linear, entire ; lower and radical becoming spatulate witli long
attenuate base, sparingly appressed-serrate above the middle : heads (3| or 4 lines long),
rather crowded in a narrow racemiform paniculate simple or sparingly branched thyrsus
(which is leafy below and naked above) : bracts of the involucre oblong-linear: akenes pu-
bescent. Fl.' ii. 543 (the Newfoundland plant, in herb. Banks, where Solander indicated
the species) ; Hook. Fl. ii. 5 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 206, not of Desf. & DC. 5. stricta, Hook.
1. c., partly. S. Virgaurea, var. humilis, Gray, Man. 241. Rocky ground, Newfoundland to
Saskatchewan and Rocky Mountains, Northern New England, and at two remarkable south-
ern stations in the Atlantic States (viz. on the Susquehanua, York Co., Peiin., Porter, and
Great Falls of the Potomac, Robbins, Vusey) : in the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico
and Utah, perhaps also Sierra Nevada in California, there too like S. multiradiata, var. scopit-
lontin. The typical plant is narrow-leaved, with slender but rigid stems and virgate inflo-
rescence : it often becomes larger, broad-leaved, and with ample compound thyrsus; and on
mountains occurs a dwarf er broad-leaved form, passing to
Var. nana. A western alpine form, analogous to 5. Virgaurea, var. alpina, 2 to 5
inches high, with spatulate to obovate leaves, and few heads in a close glomerate, or more
numerous in a spiciform thyrsus. S. Virgaurea, var. hnmilis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
389. S. Virguurea, var. alpina, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 145. High Rocky Moun-
tains, Colorado (first coll. by Parry), and the Cascades of Oregon and Washington Terr.,
Hall, Houxll, Suksdorf.
Var. Gillmani, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 191. Large, 2 feet high, rigid, in cul-
tivation with compound ample panicle, and laciuiate-dentate leaves. Sand-hills of the Lake
>l>orcs, N. Michigan, Gill man, W. Boott.
S. COnfertiflora, DC. A foot or two high, strict, rigid, sometimes strikingly glutinous or
ivsinilVnms : leaves nearly of the preceding: heads smaller and numerous, fewer-flowered,
crowded in a virgate or pyramidal compound thyrsus. Prodr. v. 339 ; Fisch. & Meyer,
1ml. Srm. IVtrop. (1840), vii. 57. S. ghitinosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 328. .Coast
of Brit. Columbia to Oregon, first collected by Hcenke, with inflorescence incompletely evo-
lute. Shearwater Bay, Cooper. Sauvie's Island, Howell. Near Portland, Pringle, in a form
too near <S'. kumilis.
i -i -i H California!! coast species: rays inconspicuous, shorter than the disk.
S. spathulata, DC. Glabrous, glutinous: stem a foot high, few-leaved, terminated by a
single spicil'iinii thyrsus, the upper clusters of which are monocephalous, the lower 2-5-ceph-
alous, and about equalled by the small subtending leaves : lower and radical leaves spatulate,
Solidago. COMPOSITE. 149
rounded at apex, these sharply serrate, below long-attenuate into a margined petiole : heads
4 lines long: iuvolueral bracts oblong and broadly linear : akenes silky-pubescent. Prodr.
v. 339 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 191. 6'. /n-tiolan's, Less, in Linn. vi. 502; Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. 145, in part. 6\ spiciformis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 202. Homopappus ? spathulatus,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 332. Monterey, California, first coll. by Hainke, Chamisso,
Coulter. Not " Mexico," where, however, is the somewhat related S. simplex, HBK., recently
rediscovered by Schaffuer.
* * * * Heads small or middle-sized (2, 3, or rarely 4 lines long), not in a terminal corymbi-
form cyme, but in paniculate or racemifonn clusters, which when well developed are collected
in a terminal and more or k'ss naked compound panicle or set of panicles (a few species tend to
have axillary clusters, or the panicle leafy below) ; when the clusters are racemiform and spread-
ing they are apt to be secund: stems generally simple or branching only at summit. (Ereclce
in part and Uhilaterales, DC.) PANICULAT.E.
H Confined to the sea-coast or the vicinity of brackish water, very smooth and glabrous, and
with firm and thickish or even somewhat fleshy bright-green foliage; but occasionally varying
with some minute pubescence in and toward the inflorescence, &c. (S. lithospermifolla is mani-
festly pubescent, but that species is not known as an indigenous plant) : leaves obscurely punc-
ticulate, entire, or some lower ones a little serrate, with a prominent midrib, but inconspicuous
veins and veinlets in a fine reticulation ; the lower leaves sometimes with one or two pairs of
low-lateral or basal ribs or veins: inflorescence thyrsoidal, but the clusters sometimes racemiform
and even secund. Maritlinee.
H- Flowering rather early, commonly stout and middle-sized or tall: general inflorescence panic-
ulate or hardly strict, leafy at the base: upper leaves not notably unlike the lower ones, and
not appressed.
S. COnfinis, GRAY. Apparently pale green: leaves lanceolate and rather short (cauline
2 to 3 inche.s long), or the radical obovate : heads small (2 lines long), crowded in a dense
oblong panicle, not secuiid, on glabrous pedicels : rays small, not surpassing the disk-flowers :
akenes cauescently pubescent. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 191. S. sempervirens, Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 319, as to pi. coll. Palmer. S.California; in San Diego Co., Palmer, Cleveland,
\asey. San Bernardino Co., at hot springs on the lower mountains, Parish.
S. sempervirens, L. Bright green, leafy to the top, 2 to 8 feet high: leaves lanceolate
or varying to linear and mostly acute or the lower obtuse, lowest often oblong and spatulate,
of firm or rather fleshy texture : heads commonly large (4 or 5 lines long, or in slender forms
only 3 lines long) and showy, numerous in short racemiform or corymbulose and somewhat
secund clusters collected in an open thyrsus, or when fewer loosely paniculate : flowers golden
yellow; rays 7 to 10, mostly large. Spec. ii. 878; Ait. Kew. iii. 214; DC. Prodr. v. 335;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 211. S. Mexicana, L. 1. c. 879, & authors. S. carnosa & Noveboracensis ,
Mill. Diet. S. Icevigata, Ait. Kew. 1. c. 215; Nutt. Gen. ii. 159. S. limonifo/ia, Pers. Syn. ii.
249. S. Azorica, Hochst. in Seubert, Fl. Azor. 31. Along and near the sea-coast and tidal
streams, New Brunswick and Canada to Florida, in wet or dry soil. Also San Francisco
Bay, &c., on the Pacific. Inflorescence occasionally pubescent, and when away from salt
water not rarely the upper part of the stem also, and leaves duller, so approaching the fol-
lowing cultivated variety. (Mex., Bermuda, Azores.)
Var. viminea, GRAY, Proc. 1. c. 192. Cultivated form, with duller-green leaves, which
have lost the somewhat fleshy-coriaceous' texture : upper part of stem and the inflorescence
appressed-puberulent : racemiform clusters hardly developed, but the heads more scattered
in a leafy panicle. S. integerriina, Mill. Diet. S. viminea, Ait. Kew. 1. c. 215 ; Willd. Spec.
iii. 2064. S. integrifolia, Desf. Cat. 1804, 103, & ed. 3, 402 ; DC. Prodr. 1. c., excl. syu. Nutt.
S. carinata, Schrad. in DC. 1. c. 337. Common in European Botanic Gardens; passes into
S. LITHOSPERMIFOLIA, Willd. Enum. 891, and S. ELATA, Pursh (Solauder, mss.), Fl. ii.
543). Taller, robust, larger-leaved, even the leaves somewhat puberulent. Unknown as in-
digenous, obviously S. sempervirens, var. viminea, more altered; but so unlike the species that it
demands separate mention.
H- -H- Late-flowering, wholly glabrous, virgate; the upper portion of the stem beset with small
appressed leaves: heads (commonly 3 lines long) in a strict and narrow naked panicle.
S. stricta, AIT. Stem simple, slender, very strict, 3 to 8 feet high : leaves all entire or the
lowest cauline and radical rarely a little serrate ; these oblong or spatulate and very obtuse ;
cauline very numerous, approximate, small and becoming bract-like, appressed, from oblong
150 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
or spatulate to linear-lanceolate, obtuse but mucronate-apiculate : heads commonly in a
simple and very narrow virgate panicle of a span or two in length, but not rarely fastigiate
compound: rays 5 to 7. Ait. Kew. iii. 216 (as to the true original, cult., with inflorescence
branched); Pursh, Fl. ii. 540; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 182, 192, not of subsequent
authors. 5. virgata, Michx. Fl. ii. 117 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 384; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 201. 5. linoi-
drs, Solander, in herb. Banks, not Boott & A. Gray. S. genistoides, Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii.
37. Low and sandy pine barrens. New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana. (Cuba.)
Var. angustifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves narrower and the lower longer, all entire;
radical mostly lanceolate or narrowly spatulate (4 to 7 inches long, 4 to 9 lines wide) ; can-
line lanceolate gradually reduced to subulate-linear : clusters of the strict panicle often more
racemiform and secund. S. aur/nstifu/ia, Ell. Sk. ii. 388; Torr. & Gray, ii. 212. Forms in
brackish soil not clearly distinguished from the most slender and narrow-leaved $. setiijn r-
rirens. Carolina to Florida and Texas, along the coast.
S. fl.av6vi.rens, CIIAPM. Stem 2 to 6 feet high : radical and lower cauliue leaves oblong-
ovate or oblong, obtusely serrate, ample (4 to 6 inches long besides the winged petiole) ;
upper oblong (gradually reduced to half or quarter inch), all obtuse and yellowish green:
inflorescence and heads of the preceding, but the short racemiform clusters at length more
spreading and secund: rays few, mostly 3. Fl. 211. Florida, in brackish marshes at
Apalachicola, Chapman. Eobust and largest-leaved specimens of 5. stricta seem to pass
into this.
H -i Not maritime, nor alpine, nor canescently pubescent, anil leaves not triple-ribbed. Yet in
some a pair of stronger primary veins in the larger lower leaves gives nearly the character of
the T/iplinervice, and the Pacific species, S. lepida and S. elonyata, referred to the latter, would
rather be sought here. U/iicustdtic.
H- Slender, wholly glabrous and smooth, with narrow obscurely veined leaves, rayless!
S. gracillima, TORR. & GRAY. Stem simple or with long and very slender branches, 2 or
3 feet high : leaves thickish ; radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate with long- taper-
ing base, 3 or 4 inches long, obscurely serrulate; upper mostly linear and becoming small,
entire : heads comparatively large, 3 lines long, more or less secuud in a long and slender
and virgate racemiform or sometimes paniculate inflorescence (its apex often recurving) :
involucre broad ; its bracts oblong, very obtuse, thickish, mostly greenish at the tip : flowers
9 to 12, one sometimes imperfectly ligulate : akeiies pubescent. Fl. ii. 215; Chapm. Fl.
212. Dry pine barrens, Middle Florida, Chapman, &c.
H- -H- Rather small-leaved, minuttly puberulent, but with no other pubescence: leaves not at all
triple-ribbed, the small upper ones only obscurely venulose : heads (small) in a narrow thyrsoid
panicle, never secund.
S. puberula, NUTT. Smooth, the soft puberulence nearly imperceptible to the naked eye :
stem rather slender, 2 feet or more high, very leafy, strict: leaves obovate and oblong, or
the lower (1 to 3 inches long) spatulate, these more or less serrate; upper entire, from
oblong to lanceolate: heads crowded on the short branches of the thyrsus ; involucral bracts
subulate-lanceolate : rays small, about 10 : akenes glabrous. Gen. 162 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
202. S. pnbescens, Ell. Sk. ii. 381. Sandy ground, New Brunswick (glabrate and ambiguous
form) and New England (chiefly along the coast, occasionally on the mountains) to Florida
and Mississippi. Southward the characteristic minute puberulence is more manifest in
Var. pulverulenta, CIIAP.M. Almost cinereous-puberulent ; the upper cauliue leaves
shorter and broader, gradually diminished to half or quarter inch in length. Fl. 210.
6\ pulverulenta, Nutt. 1. c. 161; Ell. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. S. obovata, Bertol. Misc.
Bot. vii. 36. Lower Georgia, Alabama, Florida.
w- -H- -H- Obscurely-veined and mainly entire-leaved species; the cauline leaves closely sessile or
partly clasping by a broad base, with midrib prominent beneath, but veins and veinlets usually
very inconspicuous: heads (about 2 lines long) crowded in slender spreading or recurving
racemifonn and secund clusters, which are all collected in a mostly short and broad naked
terminal panicle: involucre of narrow and rather obtuse few-ranked bracts: rays 3 to 5 or rarely
more: disk-flowers hardly more numerous.
= Leaves all entire and glabrous, smooth, except the margins, usually more or less pellucid-
punctate.
S. odora, AIT. Stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high, rather slender, often reclining, glabrous, or
above minutely pubescent in lines : leaves commonly auise-sceuted when bruised, narrowly
Solidago. COMPOSITE. 151
or linear-lanceolate, acute, spreading (l to 4 inches long, half-inch or much less in width) :
rays rather small. (A form, var. inodora, Gray, Man., growing with the ordinary plant, is
scentless ) Ait. Kew. iii. 214 (Pluk. Aim. t. 110, f. 6, & 236, C\ ) ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 539 ; Bigel.
Med. But. i. 188, t. 20; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 219. &. retrorsa, Michx. Fl. ii. 117. S. punc-
ticu/ata, DC. Prodr. v. 332. Dry or sandy soil, Canada to Florida and Texas, chiefly near
the coast, but as far interior as Kentucky. (Mex.)
S. Chapmani, GRAY. Bather stouter and more rigid : stem roughish-puberulent above :
leaves oblong or elliptical, obtuse or even rounded at. the apex, about an inch long; those
next the broad expanding thyrsus very small, often roundish. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 80,
xvii. 193. 6'. odom, Chapm. Fl. 213, in part. Pine barrens of Florida, C/tupman, Garber,
Cwtiss, distributed as S. tort/folia. Between S. odora and S. pi/osa.
= = Lower leaves more or less serrulate and ail scabrous or pubescent, not punctate, more
evidently veiny than the preceding, spreading: stem very leafy: rays small, hardly surpassing
the disk-flowers.
S. tortifolia, Er-L. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, scabrous-puberulent : leaves all linear
(an inch or two long, lj to 3 lines wide), acutish, commonly twisted, especially in age, hir-
tello-pubcrulent or glabrate, the lower with a few sharp denticulations : heads small, few-
flowered. Sk. ii. 377 ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. 6'. odora,
Michx. Fl. ii. 118, not Ait. S. retrvrsn, Pursh, Fl. ii. 539; Nutt. Gen. ii. 159, not Michx. -
Dry sandy soil, coast of Virginia to Florida and Texas.
S. pilosa, WALT. Stem stouter, 3 to 7 feet high, hirstite with short spreading hairs : leaves
lanceolate-oblong (2 or 3 inches long), or the upper elliptical or oblong (8 to 18 lines long),
these mostly obtuse, the midrib beneath and margins scabrous- or hirsute-ciliate ; the lower
with some acute small teeth: rays several or few and trifid, very small. Car. 207 (not
Mill. Diet.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 219. S.jistulosa, Mill. Diet. S. altissima, Michx. 1. c., ex
herb. S. i>i/r<tmid<itu, Pursh, Fl. ii. 537; Nutt. Gen. ii. 118. S. villosa, Ell. Sk. ii. 372;
DC. Prodr. v. 333. Moist ground, New Jersey (pine barrens) to Florida and Louisiana, in
the low country : flowering late.
H- -H- -w- -H- Leaves not small for the size of the plant, not prominently veiny, of firm texture,
entire or little serrate, glabrous and smooth, but sometimes with ciliolate-scabrous margins:
heads (middle-sized) crowded in thyrsoid inflorescence, not secund.
= Pacific species: rays rather numerous (8 to 15) and small: akenes pubescent.
S. Tolmieana. 'Low, a foot or less high, leafy up to the short and rather broad inflores-
cence of spiciform somewhat corymbosely disposed clusters : leaves thiekish and veins very
inconspicuous, linear or lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long), entire, rarely with some minute ser-
ratures, the margins usually scabrous-ciliolate : heads about 3 lines high : iuvolucral bracts
lanceolate, acutish, thin. (Has been taken for a form of 5. Missouriensis, var. montuua.)
Idaho, Washington Territory and Oregon ; first coll. by Tulmie, then by Scalding and later
collectors.
S. Guiradonis, GRAY. Slender, 2 feet high, hearing rather few heads in a simple virgate
thyrsus : leaves all quite entire, thiekish, bright green, attenuately cuspidate-acuminate ;
radical and lower cauline linear-lanceolate (2 to 4 lines wide, about 4 inches long) ; upper
more attenuate: bracts of the involucre small, lanceolate or linear, acutish. Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 543, & Bot. Calif., in part. California, along brooks, base of San Carlos Peak,
Fresno Co., Guirado, an assistant of Prof- Brewer.
S. Spectabilis, GRAY. A foot or two high : heads numerous and crowded in a narrow or
compound and broader thyrsus : leaves paler, sometimes thinner ; cauline lanceolate, or the
small uppermost becoming linear, acute ; lower and radical spatulate-lanceolate or oblong,
acutish or obtuse, often an inch wide and obscurely triple-ribbed ; radical rarely with a few
serratures ; involucral bracts lanceolate or broader, mostly obtuse. Proc. Am. A cad.
xvii. 193. S. Guirndonfs, var. spectabili's, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 154. S. Guiradonis, in
part, Gray, Bot. Calif i. 319; Botnrock in Wheeler Rep., c. From the western slopes of
the Sierra Nevada, California, to the interior mountains of Nevada, Bloomer, Watson, &c.
= = Atlantic species: akenes glabrous or sometimes slightly and sparsely pubescent : ray f con-
spicuous, 5 or 6.
S. uliginosa, NUTT. Stem 2 or 3 fro 1 high, strict : loives lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate,
mostly acute or acuminate, acutely and sparsely serrulate or else entire; radical and lower
152 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
cauline 4 to 8 inches long, tapering gradually into a margined petiole ; some ascending
primary veins obvious : thyrsus narrowly oblong or virgate, dense, the short clusters ap-
prised" heads 3 lines long : bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong or nearly linear.
Jour Acacl. Philad. vii. 101, mainly; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 193. S. stricta, Hook.
Fl. ii. 4, in part ; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 204, not Ait. Bogs and wet ground, Newfoundland
and Canada to L. Superior, south to New England and the mountains of Pennsylvania.
S speciosa XUTT. Commonly 3 to 6 feet high and robust : leaves thickish and generally
'ample, oval, 'ovate, or oblong, entire or little serrate, rather abruptly narrowed into a sessile
base or the larger into a winged petiole (these often 4 to 6 inches long and 2 or 3 wide) ;
uppermost small and lanceolate or oblong; primary veins spreading and obscure, seldom
more obvious than the finely reticulated veiulets : thyrsus narrow, composed of numerous
short or rarely elongated spiciform clusters, rigid, rather showy: heads 3 or 4 lines long:
bracts of the well-imbricated involucre of firm texture, narrowly oblong, very obtuse, and
with a greenish midnerve. Gen. ii. 160 (cxcl. syu. Pers.) ; Torr. & Gray, PL ii. 205.
S. sempervircns, Michx. Fl. ii. 119, in part. 6'. petidaris, Muhl. Cat. 79, nut Ait. - -Margin of
woodlands, in moist or rather fertile soil, Canada and E. New England to N. Carolina and
west to Arkansas.
Var. angUStata, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves smaller ;_ the
lower spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long, seldom an inch wide, sometimes
entire; upper an inch or two long: thyrsus commonly more simple and virgate, sometimes
racemosely compound. S. erecta? Ell. Sk. ii. 385; DC. Prodr. v. 340? Sandy open
ground or prairies, New Jersey to Minnesota and south to Florida and Texas.
Var. rigidiuscula, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A form of the var. anr/usinta, growing in
dry opcii places, with more rigid and rougher-edged small leaves. Minnesota to Nebraska
and Texas.
++ .H. -H- -H- -H- Leaves veiny, at least (he lower serrate (except sometimes in S.juncen): heads
racemosely paniculate; the racemiform clusters when well developed secund and commonly
scorpioid-recurving, sometimes not so in the earlier species. Atlantic species.
= Leaves (the lower ample, those of the branches small) shagreen-scabrous on the upper face: in-
volncral bracts broadish : heads many-flowered, rather large.
S. patula, MUIIL. Stem strongly angular and striate, rather stout, 2 to 4 feet high, with
rigid elongated branches : leaves pale green, loosely venose and venulose, sharply and rather
finely serrate, smooth and glabrous (as is the stem), except the upper face which is strikingly
scabrous when rubbed from point to base (being thickly set with minute sharp callosities
antrorselv directed); cauline oval or oblong, 4 to 8 inches long besides the abruptly nar-
rowed base or winged petiole of the lowest ; the uppermost and those of the flowering
branches sometimes equalling the at length spreading clusters of the narrow or virgate thyr-
sus : heads 3 or even 4 lines long : bracts of involucre linear-oblong, very obtuse : rays 6 or 7,
small, light yellow : disk-flowers 8 to 12 : akenes minutely pubescent. Willd, Spec. iii. 2059 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 213. S. asperata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 538, as to herb. Lamb. " S. angulata,
Muhl.," ex S'preng. in herb. Willd. ; Schrad. in DC. Prodr. v. 331. S. Frankii, Hochst. &
Steud. in distrib. Frank. Wet soil, Canada to Wisconsin, south to Georgia, Missouri, and
Texas. Flowering rather early.
Var. strictula, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Narrower leaved, and with simpler and strict
inflorescence. S. salicina, Ell. Sk. ii. 389, ex char. S. scabm, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i.
97. Commoner southward to Louisiana and Florida.
= = Leaves not scabrous, both faces minutely cinereous pubcrulent: heads small, many-flowered,
loosdv diopos-ed on the at length secund branch^ of an open panicle: vernal!
S. verna, M. A. CCKTIS. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, cinereous-pubescent, bearing a loose naked
panicle: leaves thinnisli ; radical and lower cauline oval or ovate, minutely serrate (2 to 4
inches long), abruptly contracted into a margined petiole, the primary veins (2 or 3 pairs)
rather conspicuous ; upper cauline small and sparse, oblong, entire : heads barely 3 lines long :
bracts of the involucre rather narrow and thin : rays 10 or 12: akenes pubescent. Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 205. Open and sandy pine woods, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Curtis,
'!'. /'". \Vood, &c. Flowering in May!
== = == Leaves commonly thin and membrnnaccous, loosely veiny (if firmer the veinletB of the
lower face conspicuously reticulated), small or not large: heads small (about 2 lines long):
bracts of the involucre rather few and narrow, obtuse: akenes pubescent.
Solidago. COMPOSITE. 153
a. Eays from none to 3: leaves clasping!
S. amplexicaulis, TORR. & GRAY. Minutely soft-pubescent or glabrate : stem slender,
1 to 3 feet high, with spreading branches : leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, acutely serrate,
rather scabrous above and soft-pubescent beneath; the upper slightly narrowed above tin-
dilated auriculate-clasping base; lower cauline with longer contracted portion; lowest and
radical \viug-petioled below the truncate or subcordate base of the lamina (this about 2 im-hc-s
long) : racemiform clusters of the thyrsus slender, secund, often simple : pappus shorter than
the disk-corolla. Fl. ii. 218 (not Martens, which is S. Riddellii) ; Chapm. Fl. 213. Opeii
dry woods, Florida to Louisiana, Leavenworth, Chapman, lim/rl, distributed by Shuttleworth
as S. auriculata. Makes the nearest approach to Bracfii/chceta.
b. Rays 4 to 6 or rarely more, small, and disk-flowers little more numerous: leaves sessile by a
narrow base, pinnately veiny : pubescence of spreading hairs, or hardly any.
S. rugosa, MILL. Stem hirsute or pubescent with spreading hairs, low or moderately tall
(1 to 6 feet high), mostly slender, very leafy to the top : leaves thin and soft, or in dry open
ground becoming thicker and firmer, from oval-ovate to oblong-lanceolate (1 to 4 inches
long), mostly acute or acuminate, sometimes obtuse, usually hirsute on the veins and veinlets
beneath ; these conspicuous and often rugose-reticulated, sometimes scabrous above : in-
florescence when well developed recurvcd-spreadiug, but sometimes erect : bracts of the
involucre linear. Diet. ed. 8; Willd. Spec. iii. 2058; Ait. Kew. ed. 2, v. 66; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 194. Vin/a-aurea sp., Dill. Elth. 406-41 1, t. 304, 305, 308, appended in L. Spec.
878 to S. altissima, but not referred to it. S. altissima & S. aspera, Ait Kew. iii. 212 ; Willd.
1. c. S. scabra, Muhl. in Willd. 1. c. &. vil/osn, Pursh, Fl. ii. 537. S. J<unn/is, Desf. Cat.
ed. 3, 402 ; DC. 1. c., a low form, commonly with the racemiform clusters erect, or hardly
spreading and secund. S. aspemla, Desf. Cat. I.e. 403 ? S. hirta, Willd. Euum. 891. 5. ri-
ijidula, Bosc, in hort. Paris "? S. asperata, Soland. mss., and so of Pursh as to herb. Banks.
>S*. altissima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 216 (incl. ahissima, pilosa, recurvata, Virginiana, Mill.
Diet.), not L. Moist or dry ground, Newfoundland and Labrador to Texas; very common
eastward in the Atlantic States. Polymorphous, not readily sorted into definable varieties ;
in shade thin-leaved ; in open and dry soil has small and brpader, firmer, more scabrous, and
rugose-reticulated leaves. S. riu/osa, Mill., is the best of the old names to take up.
S. ulmifolia, MUHL. Resembles the thinner-leaved and least pubescent forms of the pre-
ceding (into which it appears to pass), but with stem smooth and glabrous, except perhaps
the summit : leaves bright green, nearly smooth and glabrous, or pubescent, membranaceous,
acute or acuminate at both ends, usually coarsely serrate, the larger veins conspicuous but
veinlets inconspicuous : thyrsus more naked: bracts of the involucre of firmer texture and
more obtuse. Willd. Spec. iii. 2060; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 457; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 217.
S. latfriftora, Ait. Kew. iii. 211, not L. Moist woodlands and copses, Maine to Iowa, Arkan-
sas, and Texas. S. mulliflora, Desf. (in Poir. Suppl. v. 462) Cat. 1. c. 402, DC. Prodr. v. 336,
appears to be a state of this, altered by cultivation.
Var. micropliylla. A reduced and rather rigid form ; with lower leaves 2 inches
long; upper reduced to half au inch, obtuse, obscurely serrate. Texas, Lindhcimcr,
Wright.
= = === Leaves usually of firm texture and inconspicuous reticulation, occasionally thin and
membranaceous or more veiny, not scabrous above, commonly glabrous as also the stems:
bracts of the involucre from broadly linear to narrowly oblong, obtuse.
a. Stem equably and very leafy up to or into the pyramidal compound thyrsus: leaves compara-
tively short and broad, even the lower not much narrowed downward, the secondary veins
often manifest.
S. Elliottii, TORR. & GRAY. Smooth and glabrous throughout, or the thyrsus somewhat
pubescent : stem tall, rigid : leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, apiculate-acumi-
nate or acute, minutely and sparsely serrate with appressed teeth, scabrous on the margin,
mostly closely sessile by a broadish base (1 to 4 inches long) : heads (3 lines long) crowded
on the secund and spreading or sometimes ascending and straight racemiform or spiciform
branches of the pyramidal panicle : bracts of the involucre rather broadly linear : rays 8 to
12, short: akenes pubescent. Fl. ii. 218, and S.elliptica of the same, as to the plant of
New York. S. elliptica? Ell. Sic. ii. 376. S. elongata, Hort. Par. 1832. --Moist ground near
the coast, Massachusetts to New York and through the low country south to Georgia.
154 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
b. Less leafy, or leaves toward the naked panicle small compared with the lower, which are con-
tracted or tapering into a cot spicuous narrowed base or winged petiole: veins inconspicuous:
panicle commonlv narrow, or its branches short: plants wholly smooth and glabrous, except
the somewhat ciliolate-scab^ous margins to the leave', in drier ground sometimes obscurely
scabrous.
S. neglecta, TOUR. & GRAY. Stem strict and simple, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves bright green,
lanceolate or the larger oblong-lanceolate, acute, mostly serrate or serrulate ; radical ones
ample (often a foot or more long, including the elongated petiole) : panicle generally thyr-
soid and narrow, of short and crowded more or less secund clusters, or in larger plants more
compound with spreading racemiform branches : heads at most 3 lines long : involucral
bracts oblong-linear : rays 3 to 7 and disk-flowers 5 to 7 : akenes from sparsely puberulent
to glabrous. Fl. ii. 213; Gray, Man. ed. 2. 204. In swamps, especially in sphagnous
bogs, or on their borders, Lower Canada to Maryland, west to Illinois and Wisconsin. Forms
with almost entire leaves and strict panicle too nearly approach S. uliginosa, Xutt., while
some with large and serrate leaves are more like S. arrjnta. The most slender is
Var. linoides. Stem simple, commonly 2 feet high, slender : radical leaves 4 to 8
inches long, a third to half inch wide ; upper cauline very small and erect : panicle of rather
few and approximate racemiform secuud clusters : heads rather smaller : rays only 2 or 3.
S. iditjinosa, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 101, in part, but not of his own herb, nor
descr. S. linoides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 216, not of Solaud. in herb. Banks, which is
S. stricta, Ait. Biyelovia? uniligulata, DC. Prodr. v. 329. Chrysoma unitigulata, Xutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325. Sphagnous swamps, Massachusetts to New Jersey.
S. Terrae-Novae, TORR. & GRAY. Still obscure species, probably a form of S. ne(jl"-;,i,
somewhat dwarfed and with a corymbosely paniculate thyrsus : involucral bracts rather
thinner and narrower. Fl. ii. 206. Sphagnous bogs, Newfoundland, Pylaie, Miss Brenton.
c. Stems not strict, disposed to branch below the inflorescence: racemiform clusters of the in-
florescence often leafy-bracteate, rather rigid, sparse and ascending, or forming a loose elon-
gated thyrsus: leaves more veiny and serrate; cauline commonly abruptly contracted into a
petiole-like or narrow base: rays not numerous, sometimes wanting: bracts of the involucre
rather firm, obtuse, mostly greenish toward the tip.
S. Boottii, HOOK. Sometimes minutely scabrous-pubescent, or below hirrute with jointed
hairs, often quite glabrous : stem slender, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves rather finely serrate with
ascending teeth ; radical and lower cauline from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate (the
larger 3 to 5 inches long, besides the petiole-like base) ; upper small, oblong to narrowly
lanceolate, often entire: heads (2 and 3 lines long) rather loosely racemose: bracts of the
campanulate involucre oblong-linear : rays 2 to 4 or rarely 5, sometimes solitary or none :
akenes pubescent. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 215. S.juncea, DC. Prodr.
v. 334, not Ait. Dry wooded ground, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. The
larger forms northward nearly approach the next species. Southward the smaller ones
pass into
Var. brachyph^lla, GRAY. More slender ; the flowering branches even filiform :
larger leaves an inch or two long, all from ovate to oblong, seldom acuminate, commonly
obtuse, upper reduced to half or quarter inch, sessile by a broad base: heads sparse, 4-7-
flowered: rays none or an imperfect one. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 195. S. brachijphylla,
Chapm. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 215, & Fl. 213. Dry woodlands, Georgia and Florida,
Chapman, &c.
Var. Ludoviciana, GRAY, 1. c. Perhaps a distinct species, stouter, tall, rather large-
leaved : lower leaves and lower part of the stem sometimes roughish-hirsute or hispidulous
with many-jointed hairs, or glabrous: heads larger, even 4 lines long! S. Boottii, var. <-,
partly, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. W. Louisiana, Hale.
S. argiita, AIT. Glabrous, sometimes slightly pilose-pubescent : stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves
thinnirth (in shade membranaceous), usually ample; the lower and larger 5 to 9 inches long,
ovate or oval, acuminate, very strongly and sharply (or even doubly) serrate with wilicnt
teeth ; upper reduced to oblong-lanceolate, only the small ones of the branches entire : heads
somewhat crowded ou the branches of the irregular panicle, fully 3 lines long: involucral
bracts oblong-linear: rays 5 to 7, rather large: disk-flowers 10 to 12: akenes glabrous or
sometimes slightly pubescent. Ait. Kew. iii. 213; Pursh.Fl.ii. 538; Muhl. Cat.; Darlingt.
Fl. Cest. 458; DC. Prodr. v. 333; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 180, 195; not Torr. & Guv--,
,sw;,/ ( u/o. COMPOSITE. 155
who followed a wrong determination. S. verrucosa, Schrad. Hort. Gcett. 12, t. G ? S.
bergii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 214. Moist woodlands, New England and Canada to Ohio,
through Pennsylvania to the mountains of Virginia.
Var. Caroliniana. Leaves of firmer texture, simply serrate as in S. Boottii, but
larger: heads thicker, with 4 or 5 short rays and 10 to 14 disk-flowers; iuvolucral bracts
tinner, oblong : akeues pubescent. Mountains of N. Carolina and of adjacent S. Carolina
and Georgia, G. R. Vasey, J. Donneli Smith. Perhaps distinct both from this and the pre-
ceding species.
d. Stems not strict, simple or corymbosely branched at summit: inflorescence an open spreading
panicle, usually as broad as high, composed of recurving naked and minutely subulate-bracteate
secund-raeemiform clusters of crowded small heads, the rhachis and pedicels slender: rays
numerous and small.
S. juncea, AIT. Mostly smooth and nearly glabrous : stem 1 to 3 feet high, rigid, com-
monly simple up to the mostly crowded branches of the wide panicle : leaves of rather firm
texture ; radical oval to oblong-spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole, usually large and
sharply serrate; cauliue from narrowly oblong to lanceolate (larger 3 or 4 inches long), not
rarely almost entire or sparsely serrulate, the small upper not much narrowed at base : panic-
ulate racemes slender: heads seldom over 2 lines long : bracts of the involucre small and
pale: rays 7 to 12, hardly surpassing and little fewer than the disk-flowers: akenes gla-
brous or slightly pubescent. Kew. iii. 213 ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 3 ; Grav, 1'ror. 1. c.
S. ciliaris, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 205G ; Darlingt. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. 331 (excl. syn. S. glabra).
S. anjuta, Torr. & .Gray, Fl. ii. 214, not Ait., &c., as was wrongly supposed. Common in
dry or rocky ground, Hudson's Bay and Saskatchewan to Wisconsin, and through the
Northern States to the upper country of Carolina and Tennessee. The original type by
Solander is a small form from Hudson's Bay. The specific name alludes to the inflorescence,
remotely resembling that of some species of Juncits. S. ciliaris is a common broad leaved
form, the larger leaves a little ciliate. Var. SCABRELLA (S. arguta, var. smlrclla, Torr.
& Gray, 1. c.) is a form with rigid and roughish leaves, growing in arid soil. Wisconsin
and Illinois to Kentucky; in which district the leaves become more or less triple-ribbed
and rigid, and seemingly pass into S. Missouriensis.
* H -) Not maritime: leaves more or less triple-ribbed, or with a pair of lateral veins con-
tinued by inosculation parallel to the midrib, yet these sometimes obscure or evanescent.
Triplinervice.
H- Smooth and glabrous, at least as to the stem and bright green leaves (the latter sometimes a
little pilose-pubescent in S. serotina), not cinereous or canescent: inflorescence when well de-
veloped of naked and secund commonly recurving racemiform clusters, collected in a terminal
compound panicle: akenes more or less pubescent.
= Leaves of firm texture, rather rigid, lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the slender lateral ribs not
rarely evanescent in tlie upper leaves: bracts of the involucre rather linn; the short outennnM
ovate or oval and the inner oblong-linear, all obtuse. A form of the first species connects with
the last preceding.
a. Rays rather small: stems leafy to the summit: leaves commonly with scabrous margins, the
larger mostly with some scattered teeth or denticulations.
S. Missouriensis, NUTT. Low or middle-sized, smooth : leaves thickish, mostly tapering
to both ends, and the scrratures when present sharp and rigid, somewhat nervose ; lower
spatulate-lanceolate (larger 4 to 6 inches long) ; upper mostly linear and entire, acute ; some-
times all entire: racemiform clusters approximated in a short and broad panicle (like those
of S. juncea, but usually shorter), recurving in age: rays 6 to 13, small. Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 32, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 327 (excl. hab. N. Carol.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 322. S. serotinn, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97, not Ait. S. ylaberrima, Martens in Bull.
Acad. Brux. viii. (1841), 68. Dry prairies, Indiana and Tennessee to Texas, and westward
to the Rocky Mountains; in the more eastward stations passing into or else hybridizing
with 5. juncea.
Var. montana, GRAY. Dwarf, 6 to 15 inches high: leaves entire or with few small
serratures; cauline obscurely triplinervcd, an inch or two long : panicle small and compact
(at most 2 or 3 inches long) ; its clusters short, crowded, seldom recurved or much secund.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 195. S. Missouriensis, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c., as to the
original from "upper branches of the Missouri, Wyeth." Dakota to the Saskatchewan and
west to Idaho.
156 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
Var. extraria, CRAY, 1. c. A foot or two high, robust: leaves broader (the largest
sometimes an inch wide), sparingly serrate or entire : heads rather larger: rays more con-
spicuous. Dry ground, in the mountains, Colorado to S. Arizona, Parry, Hall & Harbour,
Greene, Prinyle, Lennnon, &c.
S. Gattingeri, CIIAPM. iued. Slender, mostly strict and barely 2 feet high: branches and
inflorescence perfectly smooth and glabrous : leaves ciliolate ; lowest cauliue and radical
lanceolate-spatulate, appressed-serrulate, obviously triplinerved ; upper cauline mainly entire
and without lateral ribs, oblong-lanceolate and an inch or so long, and the upper reduced to
half or quarter inch, but near the inflorescence very small and bract-like : racerniform clus-
ters of small heads open and spreading, not recurving, disposed to form a corymbiform very
naked panicle : involucral bracts oblong, very obtuse, yellowish in the dried plant : flowers
15 to 20 in the head: akenes appressed-pubernlent or the lower part glabrous. .$. Miwiri-
ensis, var. jniinilii, Cliapm. Fl. Suppl. 627. Rocky I Barrens and cedar glades, Rutherford Co.,
Tennessee, (,'/itt//i//er. Between the preceding and the following.
S. Sh.6rtii, TORR. & GRAY. Slender, 2 to 4 feet high : upper part of stem and flowering
branches scabrous with minute appressed puberulence : leaves bright green, oblong-lanceo-
late, rather short (longer only 2 or 3 inches long, toward the inflorescence moderately
reduced), acute, mostly with a few small serrattires: panicle oblong or pyramidal; its
racemiform clusters commonly slender and soon recurving: heads narrow, 10-14-flowered :
involucral bracts narrowly oblong: akeues pubescent. Fl. ii. 222. Rocks, at the Falls of
the Ohio, near Louisville, Rafinesque, S/tot-t. N. W. Arkansas, F. L. Harvey.
ft. Leaves with entire and smooth margins: rays larger.
S. Marshall!, ROTHR. Tall (only the upper part of stem known), slender: leaves linear-
lanceolate, acute ; the lateral ribs mostly obscure : panicle naked, of loose recurving racemes ;
the rhachis and slender pedicels setaceously bracteate : heads 3 lines long, rather broad:
bracts of the involucre broadish, of firm texture, mostly greenish on the back : rays about 8,
and disk-flowers more numerous: akenes pubescent. Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146.
Mountains of S. Arizona, near the Chiricahua Agency, Lieut. Mars/titll.
= = Leaves thinner, sometimes membranaceous : bracts of the involucre chiefly linear, obtuse:
branches and upper part of the stem not rarely scabi'ous-puberulent or minutely hairy.
S. Leavenwortllii, TORE. & GRAY. Stem strict, slender, rigid, 2 to 4 feet high, scabro-
puberulent even to below the middle: leaves mostly linear (3 or 4 inches long and as many
lines wide), very sharply and finely serrate, both ribs and veins inconspicuous: beads 3 lines
long, in an ample open panicle: involucral bracts thin, linear, obtuse: rays 10 or 12, small.
Fl. ii. 221; Cliapm. Fl. 214. Damp soil, Florida to S. Carolina, near the coast, Leareti-
u'or/fi, Chapman.
S. rupestris, RAF. Stem lax, 2 or 3 feet high, smooth nearly to the small panicle: leaves
membranaceous, linear-lanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrulate or denticulate, or the upper
entire (1 to .'! inches long) : heads very small (barely 2 lines long) : rays 4 to 6, small.
Ann. Nat. 14: Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 225. Rocky banks of streams, along the Ohio River,
Kentucky, Indiana, and Western Virginia. Probably only an extreme glabrous form of
S. ( 'iiinnl' nsis.
S. serotina, AIT. Stern stout, 2 to 7 feet high, very smooth and glabrous up to or near
the ample panicle, smnet hues glaucous : leaves commonly ample, lanceolate or broader (3 to 6
inches long), sharply and saliently serrate, in the typical plant glabrous both sides: heads
crowded, rather large and full (3 lines long) : rays 7 to 14, moderately large and conspicuous :
bracts of the involucre broadly linear or linear-oblong. Kew. iii. 211; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 170, 196. S. rjlyantca, Willd. Spec. iii. 2056, and subsequent authors. 5. (jlabra,
Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 402 ; DC. Prodr. v. 331. S. fm<jrans, Hort. Par., not Willd, S. Pilcheri,
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 101, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 326, forms with broad and
comparatively short leaves and rather smaller heads. 5. elongata, var., Torr. & Gray, 1. c., in
part.-- Mist or rich soil, Newfoundland to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, and south to Texas.
Passes insensibly into
Var. gigant6a, GRAY, 1. c. Commonly tall, 5 to 8 feet high : leaves with the lateral
ribs more prominent beneath, and these more or less pilose -pubescent or hispidulous,
sometimes the veins or even the whole under surface pubescent. S. girjantea, Ait. 1. c.
S. serotina, Willd.; Torr. & Gray, etc. Chiefly in the Atlantic States, from Canada to
Solidago. COMPOSITE. 157
Texas. From Willdenow to the latest authors this has passed as the true 5. serotlna, and
that for this.
-H- -H- Minutely pubescent or glabrate, not cinereous nor scabrous, thinnish-leaved. and the
lateral ribs commonly obscure: panicle mostly erect and thyrsiform, often compact, and the
heads little if at all secund: involucre of small and thin narrow bracts: rays 12 to 18, small.
(Related to the preceding and following, also to S. riiyosa.)
S. lepida, DC. A foot or two high: leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, acute, 3 or 4
inches Ion*;-, very sharply and mostly coarsely serrate, sometimes for most of their length,
sometimes only above the middle, in some the teeth almost none : thyrsus very short and
compact, an inch or two long, little surpassing the upper leaves, not at all secund : heads
fully 3 lines long : bracts of the involucre subulate-linear, attenuate-acute. Prodr. v. 339.
S. gigantea, Hook. Fl. ii. 2, in part. Alaska, coast and islands, Uanke, Kellogg, &c., and
Brit. Columbia.
S. elongata, NOTT. Like the preceding, or taller, sometimes a yard high: leaves com-
monly narrower : thyrsus more developed and compound, 3 to 8 inches long, its branches
occasionally spreading : bracts of the involucre linear, acutish or obtuse. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 223, mainly. S. stricta, Less, in Linn. vi. 502. S. data, Hook.
Fl. ii. 5, not Solander. Along streams, Brit. Columbia to California, and east to Montana,
Slave Lake, &c. Seemingly passes on the northwest coast into 6\ lepida, and eastward into
S. Canadensis.
-H- -H- -M- Pubescent (at least the stem), either hirsutely or canescently, or hispid ulous-scabrous:
branches of the panicle when well developed secund.
= Leaves tapering gradually to an acute or acuminate point, generally thin or thinnish: panicle
open, of naked and secund mostty recurving racemiform clusters: bracts of the involucre nar-
row and thin : rays small and short.
S. Canadensis, L. Stem 2 to 6 feet high, from scabrous- or cinereous-puberulent to hirsute :
leaves mostly lanceolate, puberulent, pubescent, or nearly glabrous, sharply serrate or the
upper entire, veiny, and with lateral ribs prolonged parallel to the midrib : heads small,
ordinarily only 2 lines long: bracts of the involucre small and pale, narrowly linear, acutish
or obtuse : rays 9 to 16, more numerous than the disk-flowers. Spec. ii. 878 (excl. syn.
Pluk.); Ait. Kcw. iii. 210; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 221. S. altlssima, L. 1. c., that is Virga-
aurea altlssima, etc., Martyn, "Cent." (Hist. PI.) 14, t. 14 ; not of most subsequent authors,
who have followed the conjectural references to Dill. Elth. S. reflexa, Ait. 1. c. 211 ; Willd.
Spec. iii. 2056. S. nutans, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 402. S. lonoifolia, Sdirader, in DC. Prodr. v. 330.
Moist or dry and shady ground, New Brunswick to Brit. Columbia (and north to Slave
Lake), south to Florida and mountains of Arizona: flowering rather early. The more
marked forms varying from the ordinary are the following.
Var. procera, TORE. & GRAY, 1. c. Leaves less serrate or the upper entire, at least
the lower face and upper portion of the stem cinereous-pubescent or tomentulose with very
short and fine pubescence : inflorescence less open or the branches ascending in less de-
veloped or cultivated plants: heads sometimes larger. 5. procera, Ait. 1. c. ; Willd. 1. c.
S. emlncns, Bischoff , hort. Heidelb. Open ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Idaho and
Texas, the northwestern forms commonly dwarf.
Var. SCabra, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Like the foregoing, but the short pubescence
rough or hispidulous : leaves shorter, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-ovate, more entire, more
veiny (approaching rough-leaved forms of S. rwjosa) : heads sometimes 3 lines long. -
S. scabra, Muhl. Fl. Lancast. ined., not Willd., which is S. rugx<i. Drier and sunnier
places, Penn. to Florida and Texas. (S. scabrida, DC. Prodr. v. 331, of Mexico, appears to
be a form of this.)
Var. canescens, GRAY. Stem and both faces of the narrow and commonly entire
leaves canescent with soft and fine pubescence: bracts of the involucre broader and more
obtuse. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 197. S. W. Texas, Berlandier, Lindkeimer, Bigdow, and
S. New Mexico, Thurber.
Var. Arizonica, GRAY, 1. c. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, hardly
scabrous: stems low: heads mostly 3 lines long: thin bracts of the involucre commonly
acutish. S. mollis, Eothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146. Mountains of S. Utah, Ward, and of
New Mexico & Arizona, Bigdow, Rol.krocl-. (Heads, &c., nearly of S. velutina, DC., a Mexi-
can species, which approaches this and the preceding ambiguous forms of S. Canadensis.)
158 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
= = Leaves obtuse or abruptly apiculate, or acutish, of firm or coriaceous texture, upper ones
entire: pubescence all close, cinereous or canescent, or scabro-lii-pidulnus : lateral ribs com-
monlv incomplete, often obscure or wanting': panicle mostly compact, nuked: bracts of the
involucre broadish and obtuse, of firm texture: rays fewer and larger, golden yellow. The
species are confluent.
a. Cinereous to canescent with fine and soft or at length minutely scabrous pubescence: leaves firm
but seldom very rigid.
S. Californica, NUTT. Stem rather stout, either low or tall, canesceutly puberulent or
pubescent : leaves oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate and the lower obovate, obtuse or
apiculate, entire or the lower with some small teeth, canescently puberulent or beneath more
pubescent: thyrsus virgate, 4 to 12 inches long, dense; the racemiform clusters erect or
barely spreading in age, when elongated mostly secuud, and even with the apex at length
recurved : heads 3 or 4 lines long : bracts of the involucre lanceolate-oblong or oblong-linear,
mostly obtuse, externally somewhat puberulent: rays 7 to 12, fewer than the disk-flowers:
akenes minutely pubescent. -- Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 203; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 319. S. pitbenila, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. vi. 502, not Nutt. S. pctiolaris,
Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 145, partly. S. veltitina, DC., var. " panicula coutracta," DC. Prodr.
v. 332, Hcenkc, whose " Real del Monte " is Monterey, California. Dry ground, California
to the borders of Nevada and Mexico.
Var. Nevadensis, GRAY. Thyrsus and its clusters more secuud : heads rather
smaller : involucre mostly glabrous. Bot. Calif. 1. c. Sierra Nevada, California, and
Nevada from Plumas Co. to Owens Valley, &c. Transition to S. nemoniU*.
S. nemoralis, AIT. Mostly low, with the fine and uniform close pubescence either soft or
(in age and in dried specimens) minutely scabrous: leaves from spatulate-obovate to ob-
lanceolate or somewhat linear; upper entire and small (half-inch or more long) ; radical and
lower cauline sparingly serrate : thyrsus and its compact racemiform clusters secund, com-
monly recurved-spreacling : heads 2 or 3 lines long : bracts of the involucre oblong-linear or
narrower, obtuse, smooth and glabrous: flowers (appearing rather early) deep yellow : ravs
5 to 9, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers : akenes closely pubescent. Kew. iii. 213;
Pursh, Fl. ii. 537 ; DC. Prodr. v. 333 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. S. hispida, Muhl. in
Willd. Spec. iii. 2063 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 541. S. conferta, Poir. Diet. viii. 459. S. cinerasc* /,.<,
Schwein. in Ell. Sk. ii. 375. S. cleceuiflora, DC. Prodr. v. 322. S. ]>t/!>< niln, DC. 1. c. 333,
not Nutt. Dry hills or sterile soil, throughout Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida and
Texas, and west to Arizona, Utah, and Nevada; in the eastern region soft-cinereous; be-
yond the Mississippi often greener and more scabrous ; or in Utah and New Mexico greenish
and hardly scabrous. In the Rocky Mountains and northward mostly occur low and more
canescent forms. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. incana, GRAY, Proc. 1. c. Dwarf, a span to a foot high : leaves oval or oblong,
rigid, more or less canescent, sometimes rather strongly serrate, sometimes mostly entire :
racemiform clusters erect or the lower somewhat spreading, collected in a dense oblong or
conical thyrsus. S. mo 1 .! Is, Bartl. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gffitt. 1836,5; DC. Prodr. v. 279; in
cult, specimens the involucral bracts are narrowish and somewhat acute, as also in one form
of S. incana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 221 (excl. var.), while in a similar one, collected with it by
Nicollet, they are linear-oblong and obtuse. Plains of Minnesota and Dakota (Nicollet, &.v.)
to the Rocky .Mountains of Montana and Colorado. (Adj. Mex.) *
S. nana, NUTT. A span to -a foot high, canescent with minute dense puberuleuce, not sca-
brous in age : leaves mostly obovate or spatulate and entire, small : heads (3 lines long)
broad, few or rather numerous in an oblong or corymbiform panicle, not at all secund:
bracts of the involucre oval or oblong, very obtuse : otherwise nearly as S. nemoralis. Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 327 (in herb. " S. pumila ") ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Rocky Moun-
tains and high plains, Wyoming to N. Arizona and N. E. Nevada; first coll. by Nuttall.
b. Hiapidulous-scabrous, rigid, green !
S. radula, NUTT. Stem a foot or two high, scabro-puberulent : leaves rigidly coriaceous,
short, loosely reticulate-veined, occasionally with well-developed lateral ribs, obtuse, sparsely
serrate or entire, from oval or obovate to oblong-spatulate (lowest 2 or 3 inches long, upper-
most an inch or less, or rounded ones on the branches reduced to half or quarter inch), very
hispidulous-scabrous at least on the veins, the midrib and margins often hispid : branches of
the thyrsus secund and when M'ell developed recurved-spreadiug : heads 2 and at most 3
Solidago. COMPOSITE. 159
lines long : bracts of the involucre rather rigid, glabrous, oval to linear-oblong : rays 3 to 6,
rather fewer than disk-flowers: akeues minutely pubescent. Jour. Acud. Philad. vii. 327;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 220. S. rutundifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 332, & 5. scubcrrima, Torr. & Gray,
1. c., broad-leaved form. S. decemflora, Gray, PI. Lindli. ii. 223, not DC. Dry hills and
prairies, S. W. Illinois to Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and Texas ; first coll. by Bcrlandier and
Nuttall.
c. Scabro-puberulent, somewhat cinereous, small-leaved: the lateral ribs obsolete.
S. sparsiflora, GRAY. Founded on incomplete specimens (branches), of doubtful affinity,
scabrous rather than puberulent, leafy into the narrow and strict branches of the panicle :
leaves all small (the larger hardly an inch long), lanceolate-linear, rather acute at both ends,
rigid, entire, with lateral ribs and veins almost obsolete : heads somewhat scattered or few
in the short imperfectly racemiform and somewhat secund clusters, 3 lines long : bracts of
the involucre rather small, oblong-linear, barely obtuse : rays 6 to 10, little surpassing the
disk. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 58; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 146. S. Arizona, near Camp
Lowell, Rothroclc. Llano Estacado, N. W. Texas on the borders of New Mexico, Bigelow.
To which must be added
Var. Sllbcinerea, GRAY. Quite cinereously puberulent, the leaves scabro-puberulent :
heads more crowded and secund in the virgate panicles : rays more conspicuous. Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 197. Rucker Valley, S. Arizona, Lemmon. Base of stem and lower leaves
unknown : the affinity decidedly with .S'. nemoralis. Also a form between this and /?. Cana-
densis, var. canescens, with larger heads, &c., coll. New Mexico in the Mogollon Mountains,
1881, litisby.
= = = Leaves thinnish, puberulent but green, broad, acute, divergently triplinerved and
veiny: brandies of the loose panicle racemiform, secund, leafy: bracts of the involucre nar-
rowlv oblong, obtuse, outer with greenish tips : rays few.
S. Druinmoildii, TORR. & GHAY. Soft-puberulent : stem 3 feet high, freely branched :
leaves ovate or broadly oval, nearly or quite glabrous above; cauliue copiously serrate, com-
monly acute at both ends, almost pctioled (lower 3 or 4 inches long and 2 or more broad) ;
those of the flowering branches numerous even through the inflorescence, from 2 inches
down to a quarter-inch long, obtuse, sparingly denticulate or entire : rays 4 or 5, often
3-lobed, rather large. Fl. ii. 217. S. ulmifolia, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97. S. W. Illi-
nois and Missouri to Louisiana, flowering late ; first coll. by Drummond. Allied in some
respects to S. rugosu and S. amplexicaulis.
% # ^ * * Heads in a compact and corymbiform thyrsus or cyme: radical leaves mostly
long-petioled and with prominent midrib: akenes except in the firtt species wholly glabrous. -
CoKYMBOS.E.
-i Leaves, even the radical, not triplinerved, flat; cauline sessile, very numerous: involucre uf
oblong-linear to oval faintly striate bracts: akenes very glabrous.
S. rigida, L. Somewhat cinereous with a short and dense, either soft or (in age) rather
scabrous pubescence : stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high (rarely more dwarf) leaves rigid, obscurely
serrate or entire ; radical and lowest cauline oval or oblong, rounded at both ends or acute
at base, 3 to 7 inches long ; upper cauliue ovate-oblong, gradually smaller upward, with
slightly clasping or decurrent base : clusters dense : heads about 5 lines long, campannlate,
many-' (over 30-) flowered: iuvolucral bracts broad: rays 7 to 10, rather large: akenes
turgid, 12-15-nerved. Spec. ii. 880; Ait. Kew. iii. 216 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 118; Ell. Sk. ii. 390;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 208. S. grandiflora, llaf. in Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 359, & Desv. Jour.
Bot. i. 226. Dry and gravelly or sandy soil, Canada to the Saskatchewan, south to the upper
part of Georgia, southwest to Texas and W. Colorado. Varies with smaller heads, looser
inflorescence, and greener more scabrous leaves, in Texas, &c.
S. COrymbosa, ELL. Stem and leaves (except their margins) quite smooth and glabrous,
green: heads (3 to 5 lines long) in looser inflorescence: akenes short, turgid, 10-nerved:
otherwise as in the preceding, of which it may be a glabrous variety. Sk. ii. 378 ; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. ; not of Poir. Suppl. v. 461, which is a form of S. Viiynurea. Upper and middle
Georgia and Alabama; first coll. by Mr, Jackson: apparently also in Texas.
S. Ohioensis, RIDDELL. Glabrous and smooth throughout : stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high :
radical and lower cauline leaves lanceolate or elongated-oblong, 5 to 9 inches long, half-inch
to an inch or more wide, attenuate at base, almost entire ; upper lanceolate, sessile by a
160 COMPOSITE. Solidago.
narrowed base: cyme fastigrate : heads pedicellate, small (3 lines long), narrow, 16-24-
floweretl : bracts of the involucre narrower: rays 6 to 9, small: akenes slightly 5-uerved.
Svnop. 57; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Low prairies or meadows, W. New York to Ohio and
Indiana; first coll. by Riddtll.
4 -1 Leaves somewhat conduplicate; lower slightly triplinerved.
S. Riddellii, FRANK. Glabrous and smooth, or the inflorescence puberuleut : stem a foot
or two high, very leafy: leaves elongated-lanceolate, entire; radical 8 to 12 inches long,
attenuate at both ends ; cauliue rather long, erect at the base which nearly sheathes the
stem, partly condnplicate above, and the upper part falcately arcuate : heads densely cymose,
3 or 4 lines long. 20-30-flowered : rays 7 to 9, small and narrow: akenes faintly 5-nerved.
lliddell, Synops. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 210. i'. amplexicaulis, Martens in Bull. Acad.
Brnx. viii. (1841) 08. Wet prairies, Ohio (first coll. by Riddell] to Iowa and Missouri.
(Also Fort Monroe, Virginia, Vasey and Clii<:l;crin<j, these adventive ?)
S. Houghtoni, TORK. & GRAY. Stem slender, 10 to 20 inches high : leaves indistinctly
nerved, rather rigid, scattered (3 or 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide) : heads rather few in a
corymbiform cyme, 20-30-flowered : rays 7 to 10, rather large: bracts of the involucre
oblong-linear: akeues 4-5-uerved. Gray, Man. ed. 1, 211, ed. 5, 242. Swamps, north
shore of L. Michigan, Houghton. Genessee Co., New York, Paine. Flowering early.
) -* -i Leaves flat, smooth, and glabrous, linear or linear-lanceolate, entire, more or less tripli-
nerved or JJ-nerved, or nervose: heads only 3 or 4 lines long.
S. nitida, TORR. & GRAY. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, very smooth except the summit and inflo-
rescence, which are minutely hirsute : leaves coriaceous and rigid, evidently uervose, punc-
tate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long, 3 t9 5 lines wide) : heads numerous in the corymbiform
cyme, about 14-flowered : rays 2 or 3, large : bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong : akeues
10-nerved. Fl. ii. 210. Dry pine woods and barrens, W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll.
by Drummond and Leavenworth.
S. pumila, TORR. & GRAY. Dwarf, a span or more high, many-stemmed from a woody
branching and cespitose caudex, glabrous throughout, punctate, somewhat resinous: leaves
rigid, 3-nerved, acute; radical 2 or 3 inches long: cyme glomerate-fast igiate : heads nar-
rowly oblong, 5-8-flowered : rays 1 to 3, short: involucral bracts rigid, somewhat carinate,
and with small green (sometimes mucronulate) tips: mature akenes flattish and uiiusuallv
broad, rather longer than the rigid pappus : akenes 5-uerved. Fl. ii. 210. Chrysoma pumila,
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 325. Rocky dry places, N. W. Texas to S. W. Utah,
Nevada, and Idaho, mostly in the mouutaius; first coll. by Nuttall.
2. EUTIIAMIA, Nutt. Receptacle of the flowers fimbrillate or the alveoli
pilose: rays very small, almost always more numerous than the disk-flowers and
never surpassing them in height : heads glomerately and fasciculately cymose,
small : leaves very numerous, all linear, entire, 1-5-nerved, somewhat punctate,
sessile: akenes vUlous-pubescent, short and turbinate: filiform rootstocks exten-
sively creeping. --Euthami a, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 471; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc., 1. c.
* Taller and panieidately branched Pacific species.
S. OCCidentalis, NI-TT. Stems 2 to 6 feet high; the branches terminated by small clus-
ters of mostly pedicellate heads: leaves usually 3-nerved, glabrous and smooth even on the
midrib, and margins obscurely scabrous : bracts of the involucre rather narrow : rays 16 to
20: disk-flowers 8 to 14. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 156. S. lan-
ceo/d/ii, Chain. & Schleclit. in Linn. vi. 502; Hook. Fl. ii. 6, partly. Euthamia occidentalis,
Nuit. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 326. Aplopappiis bacchnroides, Benth. Bot.
Su][ib. 24. Moist ground, British Columbia to S. California, extending eastward to New
Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. Long rootstocks tuberous-thickened at the extremity.
* * Comparatively low, a foot or ;it most a yard high, cymosely much branched above and flat-
topped: heads mostly glomerate-sessile: Atlantic species.
S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, distinctly 3-nerved and the larger with an
additional outer pair of more delicate nerves, minutely scabrous-pubescent on the nerves
Lessingia. COMPOSITE. 161
beneath : outer bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, and the iuuer linear: rays 15 to 20:
disk-flowers 8 to 12. Mant. 1 14 ; Ail. Kcw. iii. 21 : ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 226. S. tjranini!-
folia, Ell. Sk. ii. 391. Chrysocoma gra mini folia, L. Spec. ii. 841. Eiilltmnin (ji-iuniiii/'nlin, A'uU.
Gen. ii. 162 (subgen.), Trans. 'Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Low ground, Canada to Georgia, and
northwest to Montana.
S. tenuifolia, PUESH. Lower (a foot or two high), slender, more resinous-atomiferous
and glutinous, hut glabrous: leaves all narrowly linear, one-nerved or with a pair of indis-
tinct lateral nerves: heads smaller: rays G to 12 : disk-flowers 5 or 6. Fl. ii. 540; Ell. Sk.
ii. 392; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. lanceo/ata, var. minor, Michx. Fl. ii. 116. Eritjcron Carolini-
(iiium, L. Spec., being Viryuurea Carol,, c., Dill. Eltli. 412, t. 306, f. 394. Euthamia tenui-
folia, Nutt. 1. c. Sandy or gravelly and moist or dry ground, coast of New England to
Florida and Texas.
S. leptocephala, TORE. & GRAY. A foot or two high, with more simple branches, wholly
smooth and glabrous except the margin of the leaves ; these with prominent midrib, very
obscure lateral nerves, and no apparent veins : bracts of the involucre and the head narrower :
rays 8 or 10: disk-flowers 3 or 4. Fl. ii. 226. Low ground, \V. Louisiana and Texas ;
first coll. by Leavenworth and Drummond. Also, in a narrow-leaved form, N. W. Arkansas,
/*'. L. Harvey.
3. CHRYSOMA, Torr. & Gray. Suffruticose : leaves fleshy-coriaceous, peculi-
arly areolate-venulose in the dried state : otherwise as Virgaurea. Chrysoma,
Nutt., in part.
S. pauciflosculosa, MICHX. A foot or two high, much branched from the shrubby base,
glabrous, somewhat viscid : leaves from spatulate-oblauceolate to linear, very obtuse, entire,
an inch or two long and with a contracted petiole-like base, oue-uerved or obscurely 3-nerved,
not venose, but minutely and uniformly venulose, the impressed veinlets forming microscopic
quadrate or roundish meshes over both surfaces : thyrsus somewhat corymbosely paniculate ;
the clusters only obscurely seeuud : heads 3 or 4 lines long : rays 1 to 3, rather large : disk-
flowers 3 to 5, deep yellow: akenes pubescent: pappus brownish. Fl. ii. 116; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 224. Chrysomn solidaginoides, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 67, & Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 325. Dry hills and sand-banks on the sea-shore, S. Carolina to Florida and
Alabama; flowering late. (Bahamas.)
33. BRACHYCHJfiTA, Torr. & Gray. (Bpa X ik, short, X am/, bristle,
from the very abbreviated setose pappus, which, with the cordate leaves, some-
what artificially distinguishes the genus from Solidago.} Single species, flower-
ing in late summer and autumn. --F1. ii. 194.
B. cordata, TOER. & GRAY, 1. c. Soft-pubescent : stems 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial
root: leaves membrauaceous, veiny, mostly acutely serrate; radical rather large, round-
cordate, on long and nearly wingless petioles ; cauliue ovate, the lower on winged petioles :
heads 2 or 3 lines loug, narrow, solitary or fascicled in the racemiform and serund clusters
or narrow thyrsus : bracts of the involucre with greenish tips, inner ones linear-oblong :
flowers golden yellow, those of the disk and short ray each 4 or 5 : pappus shorter than the
akene and shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. Solidayo spliacelata, Raf. Aim. Nat.
(1820), 14. S. cordnta, Short, Cat. PI. Kentucky, Suppl. Brachyris ovatifoUa, DC. Prodr. v.
310. Open woods, c., W. North Carolina and E. Kentucky to the upper part of Georgia;
apparently first coll. by Rafinesque.
34. LESSfNG-IA, Cham. (Dedicated to the eminent German author,
G. E. Lessing, and to his grand-nephews, Karl Lessing the painter, and Christian
Fr. Lessing, author of Syn. Gen. Compositaruin. ) Californian annuals or bien-
nials, flocculent-woolly when young ; with alternate leaves and rather small heads
of flowers, either of the xanthic or cyanic series ; the pappus becoming fuscous
or rufous. Nerves of the corolla-lobes deeply intramargirial, the aestivation iridu-
11
162 COMPOSITE. Lessingia.
plicate up to the nerve. Linnsea, iv. 203; Gray in Benth. PI. Hartw. 315,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, viii. 364, & Bot. Calif, i. 30G. Flowering spring and
summer.
* Flowers yellow, sometimes purplish in'age; some of the marginal ones with conspicuously larger
and more or less irregular and nidiatifor.n corolla: bracts of the involucre with herbaceous tips:
akenes narrow, compressed, 2 'i-nerved : style-branches truncate-obtuse, bearing a brush-like
tuft of bristles, in which a minute or obscure sctifonu tip is partly or wholly hidden : heads
about 3 lines high, terminating spreading slender branchlets.
L. Germanorum, CHAM. 1. c. Low and diffusely spreading from the base, or procumbent,
araclmoid-lanate with appressed white tomentum, glabrate with age ; filiform flowering
branches sparse! v leafv or naked: lower leaves spatulate aud usually piunatifid or incised,
with long tapering entire base; those of the branches becoming linear and entire, all nar-
rowed at base : involucre hemispherical ; its bracts with loose and foliaceous tips or the outer
foliaceous, all glaudless. Torr. in Wilkes Expcd. xvii. 326, t. 7 (style bad); Gray iu PI.
Hartw. 1. c., & Bot. Calif. 307, only in part. Open dry ground, near San Francisco and in
adjacent parts of California; first coll. by Chamisso. Corollas said by Chamisso to be
" croceous."
L. glandulifera, GRA.T. Diffusely much branched from an erect stem, more rigid, above
glabrous or early glabrate: leaves more commonly entire, sometimes spinulose-dentate ;
those of the branches small and very numerous (3 to 1 lines long), or minute and almost
covering flowering brauchlets, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, thick and rigid, commonly beset
along the margins with yellowish tack-shaped glands : involucre campanulate to turbinate ;
its bracts more appressed, the outer successively shorter, and some or all of them glandulif-
erous. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 207. L. Germanorum in part, & L. ranuilosa, var. tennis,
Gray, Bot. Calif 1. c., in part. Arid grounds, from Monterey to San Diego, San Ber-
nardino, &C. ; common. The glands are like those of Calycadenia on a-smaller scale, some-
times copious and strongly marked, sometimes few aud inconspicuous.
* * Flowers purple or white; the corollas all alike and regular or nearly so: bracts of the involu-
cre with appre>sed or erect tips : akenes less or hardly at all compressed, 4-o-nerved.
4 Stems slender and loosely branching, erect, a span to a foot or two high : white wool deciduous
in age: leaves oblong ti lanceolate or the lower spatulate, entire or sparingly dentate, the small
upper with, partly clasping or actuate base: involucral bracts mostly herbaceous-tipped.
L. ramulosa, GRAY, 1. c. Somewhat granulose- or hirtollous-glandular on the glabrate
branches and upper leaves, occasionally with some minute tack-shaped glands: stern usuallv
stout at base: heads (3 or 4 lines long) terminating diffuse slender brauchlets : involucre
campanulate or somewhat tnrlmiate, 10-20-flowered : corollas short (purple) : style-append-
ages with minute setiform tip. On dry hills, not rare through the northwestern part of
California to Bay of San Francisco; first coll. by P'n-L-< rim/ and Brackenridyc.
Var. tenilis, GRAY. A slender and ambiguous form, not thickened at base of stem,
low and diffuse, analogous to the depauperate states of the next species. Bot. Calif, i. 307,
as to pi. of Hothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 364. Southeastern California, at head of Peru
Creek, notlu-nrk.
L. leptodada, GI;AY. Glabrous after denudation of the floccose wool: stem slender (the
taller forms 2 feet or more high, the most depauperate only 3 or 4 inches), and with long
virgate or filiform branches bearing solitary or few heads : upper leaves commonly with
sagittiform-adnate base: involucre turbinate. from 20-flowered down (in depauperate plants)
to 5-flowered ; its bracts iu numerous ranks: corolla conspicuously exserted : style-append-
ages with a conspicuous subulate tip. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif . 1. c. Dry
ground, common through the western and central parts of California, iu very diverse forms;
sometimes with numerous heads spicately crowded along the summit of the branches, and
too nearly approaching the next.
L. virgata, GKA.Y. More densely woolly: stem and virgate branches more rigid: upper
leaves apprised, concave, carinately one-nerved: beads spicately sessile, each in the axil of
a leaf of nearly the same length: involucre cylindrical, woolly, 5-7-flowered : style-branches
with a conspicuous subulate tip. PI. llartw. I.e.; Bot. Calif. I.e. On the Sacramento,
probably in Ibe northern part of the State, Pickeriny and Brackenridye, Neuubernj.
Aphanostephus. COMPOSITE.
J +- Depressed or dwarf, flowering from the ground: inner bracts of involucre cartila'dnous-
aristate!
L. nana, GRAY, 1. c. Usually stemless, a very woolly and pellet-like tuft from a slender root,
an inch or two high, a cluster of sessile (half-inch long) heads, each surrounded by a rosulate
duster of spatulate or lanceolate leaves: involucre 10-12-flowered ; its outer bracts linear-
lanceolate, mucronate-acute or cuspidate, little herbaceous; inner ones pearly white, scaricus-
chartaceous, tapering into a rigid subulate acumiuation or awn which equals the flowers and
very rufous pappus : akenes short and turgid : tip to the tufted style-appendages wanting.
Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. .338, t. 7, poor. Dry ground, foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada,
from Siskiyou Co. to Kern Co., PtcJ^rlmj, Fitch, Mnir, Canbi/, Ruthi-,-k.
Var. caulescens. Leaves larger; radical ones much surpassing the sessile heads in
their axils: also several developed stems, of an inch to 4 inches high, sparse! v leaved and
bearing either solitary or 3 or 4 spicately disposed heads. S. California, at Tehachipi Pass,
Parry.
35. BELLIS, Tourn. DAISY. (Latin name, from bettus, pretty.) Low
herbs, of the northern hemisphere ; the typical species perennial and stemless :
radical leaves obovate : rays white, rose-colored, or purple. The akenes in the
two perennial Mexican species, viz. B. xanthocomoides (Brachycome, Less.) and
B. Mexicana, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 93 (coll. Wright and Bourgeau), as also in our
annual species, are less flat, and marginal nerves slender or less thickened, than
in the Old World species. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 265.
B. PERENNIS, L., the common European DAISY, is escaping from cultivation and beginning
-to be spontaneous in a few places.
B. integrifolia, MICHX. Annual, sparsely pilose-pubescent, diffusely branched and leafy,
a span to a foot high : leaves spatulate-obovate and the upper narrower, entire : peduncles
terminating the branches : bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, scarious-mur-
giued: rays half-inch or less in length, usually pale violet. Fl. ii. 131; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3455 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 189. Eclipta iiite/jrifolia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 602. Astranthium
integrifoliuui, Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 312. Low grounds, Kentucky to
Arkansas and Texas ; fl. spring and summer.
36. APHAN0STEPHUS, DC. ('AcW^, vanishing or inconspicuous,
and o-Te(o9, crown ; from the pappus.) Texano-Mexican annuals or biennials,
sometimes perhaps of longer duration, pubescent, leafy-stemmed and branching;
with rather showy heads, resembling those of Daisy, on solitary peduncles termi-
nating the branches, and nodding before anthesis : leaves from entire to pinnately
lobed : rays from white to violet-purple : akenes almost or quite glabrous. Fl.
summer. Gray, PI. Wright, i. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 2G2 ; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xvi. 80. Aphanostephus, Keerlia (excl. one species, which is a Xantho-
cepkalum), & Leucopsidium, DC. Prodr. v. 309, 310, vi. 43.
* Pappus a very short crown with a ciliate-fringed edge, which commonly is obsolete in age: base
of the corolla-tube seldom thickened.
A. Arizonicus, GRAY. Erect, a foot high, minutely soft-pubescent, not cinereous : upper
leaves linear and entire ; lower linear-spatulate, 3-5-lobed or laciniate : heads small, on at
length clavate-thickeued peduncles: akeues narrow, terete, evenly striate with about 10 nar-
row ribs. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81. A. ramosissimus, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 147.
Arizona, on the Gila River, Rothrock.
A. ramosissimus, DC. Erect or at length diffuse, slender, a foot or less high, hispid u-
lous-pubescent : upper leaves linear or lanceolate, entire or few-toothed ; lower laciuiate-
pinnatifid or incised : heads on slender peduncles : rays 3 to 5 lines long : akeues almost
terete and even, the ribs or nerves few and mostly obscure, except on some outermost.
Prodr. v. 310 ; Gray, PI. Wright. 1. c. ; Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 9. A. Riddellii, Torr. & Gray.
Fl. ii. 189. A. pilosus, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad., a remarkably hispid form.
164 COMPOSITE. Aphanostephus.
ramosissima, Gray, PI. Fendl. 71, & PI. Liudh. ii. 220. Rocky and sandy prairies, Texas.
(Adjacent Mex.)
A. humilis, GRAY, 1. c. Low and diffuse, soft-pubescent and cinereous : leaves rarely entire,
often piunatifid : heads on slender peduncles : rays 3 or 4 lines long : akenes shorter and
more distinctly costate-augulate. Leucopsidium humile, Eeuth. PI. Hartw. 18. Egletes
hum!]!.*, Gray, PI. Fendl. 71. Southern and western borders of Texas, Wri'jht, Palmer (but
his plant, no. 494, doubtful), Rei'crcJiuu. (Mex.)
A. RAMOSUS, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90 (Keerlia ramosa, DC.), Mexico, Keerl, is im-
perfectly known.
# * Pappus more conspicuous and dentate or laciniate: base of the corolla-tube in age promi-
nently thickened and indurated, long persistent on the strongly angulate-costate akene.
A. Arkansanus, GRAY, 1. c. Diffuse, a foot high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves from
oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate ; lower often toothed or sinulate-lobed : heads larger :
rays coinmonlv half-inch long: outer akeues usually suherose-angled or ribbed: pappus
mostly obtusely 4-5-lobed or plurideutate. Leucopsidium Arkansanum, DC. Prodr. vi. 43.
Keerfffi sJci'rrobasis, DC. Prodr. v. 310 ; Deless. Ic. iv. t. 18; Hook. Ic. t. 240. Egletes Arkan-
xnnti, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 394; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 411. Plains of Arkansas,
Kansas, and Texas ; first coll. by Dcrlandicr.
Var. Hallii, GRAY, 1. c. Somewhat smaller: leaves varying from entire to piuuately
parted : crown of the pappus more conspicuous, deeply cleft into 4 or 5 unequal subulate-
acuminate lobes ! Texas, E. Hall (no. 303, 304), Palmer.
37. G-REENELiLiA, Gray. (Rev. Edward Lee Greene, the discoverer.)
Slender and low winter annuals ; the typical species (analogous to Gutierrezia)
diffuse and conspicuously radiate ; an ambiguous species rayless, and perhaps not
truly congeneric. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 81.
G. Arizonica, GRAY, 1. c. Smooth and glabrous, diffusely branched from the base : leaves
small (inch or less long), entire, veinless, sessile, alternate ; radical ones lanceolate or ob-
scurely spatulate, hispidulous-ciliolate ; cauliue narrowly linear and gradually reduced to
subulate : heads solitary at summit of divergent filiform brauchlets : involucre 2 or 3 lines
high and wide; bracts with a conspicuous subapical green spot: rays 10 to 16, oblong or
obovate, white : mature akenes densely white-villous, the hairs tipped with a capitellate
gland: border of the pappus-crown multisetulose-dissected. Mesas of Arizona, Greene
(1877), Lemmon, Prinyle. The root obviously not perennial.
G. discoidea, GRAY. Stems or branches numerous from a probably monocarpic but lig-
nescent root, strict, very leafy : leaves all narrowly linear, acute; the lower (over an inch
long) with obscurely ciliolate-scabrous margins: heads somewhat corvmbose : involucre
barely 2 lines high; the bracts more srarious and with indistinct green spot: rays none:
ovaries glabrous : pappus plurideuticulate. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. S. Arizona, iu
Tanner's Canon, Lemmon.
38. KEERLIA, Gray. (F. W. Keerl, a German traveller in Mexico.)
Diffusely and slenderly branched Texan herbs, leafy-stemmed ; with small panicu-
late heads on almost capillary peduncles, white or purple rays, and oblong entire
sessile leaves ; the style-appendages in one species much elongated (in the manner
of the preceding genus), and this has only sterile ovaries in the disk. -- PI. Lindh.
ii. 220, & PI. Wright, i. 92, not DC., whose genus of this name was founded on
two species of Aphanostephus and a Xantliocephalum, to which was added a syn-
onyme belonging to a J3ellis.
K. bellidifolia, GRAY & ENGELM. Annual, pubescent, effusely branched from near the
base, a span or two high; when young with the habit of Bell is h/trrjrifolia : lower leaves
obovate or spatulate ; uppermost somewhat linear: involucre only 2 lines long: rays 4 to 15,
blue: style-appendages in the disk-flowers short and very obtuse: akenes obovate-clavate
and iiK.dcrairly compressed. Proc. Am. Acad. i. 47; PI. Lindh. 1. c. ; PI. Wright, 1. c.
Fertile soil, Texas, Lind/ieimer, Wright.
Diduetophora. COMPOSITE. 165
KL. effusa, GRAY. Perennial, often 2 feet high, with simple stem branching above into an
effuse ample panicle: leaves (an inch or less long) hispid as well as the stem, rigid and sca-
brous, oblong, mostly with a broad sessile base : heads very numerous : involucre more
turbinate : rays 4 to 7, white : disk-flowers somewhat more numerous, apparently always
sterile, and with elongated linear-lanceolate style-appendages : fertile akeucs obovate, flat,
callous-nerved at the margins (or with one margin 2-nerved). PI. Lindh. ii. 221; PL
Wright, i. 93. Hillsides, central parts of Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer,
39. CH^ETOPAPPA, DC. (XCU'TT/, bristle, and TraTTTro?, pappus.) Low
and small Texano-Mexican winter annuals, diffusely branched ; the branches
terminated by small heads : rays white or purple : leaves entire, the lower spatu-
late, upper gradually becoming linear or reduced to subulate bracts. Fl. spring
and early summer. Chcetanlhera, Nutt. Jour. Acad: Philad. vii. 111. Chce-
tophora, Nutt. in DC. Ghcetopappa & Distasis, DC. Prodr. v. 301, 279 ; Beuth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 2G8. Diplostelma, Gray, PI. Fendl. 72.
C. asteroid.es, DC. 1. c. Slender, 2 to 10 inches high, pubescent: involucre (2 lines long)
rather narrow, of 12 to 14 bracts: rays 5 to 12 : disk-flowers 8 to 12 : style-appendages very
obtuse : akeues slender, little compressed, obscurely few-nerved, pubescent, all the central
ones sterile and often awuless : palese of the pappus very thin and hyaline, narrowly oblong,
not rarely lacerate or cleft. Torr. & (iray, Fl. ii. 187. Chceianthera asteroidcs, Nutt. 1. c.
Dry ground, Texas to Arkansas and the borders of Missouri. (Adjacent Mex.)
Var. imberbis, GRAY. Awns of the pappus wanting in all the flowers : the paleas
rather broader and sometimes corouiform-coucreted. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. E. Texas,
Wright.
C. Parryi, GRAY. More rigid, 9 inches or more high : leaves subcoriaceous, hispidulous
and giabrate : involucre (3 lines long) turbinate : rays 6 or 7 : style-appendages short and
very obtuse : akenes quite glabrous; the fertile ones fusiform and somewhat compressed,
4-nerved, with a pappus of 4 or 5 firmer aud cuneiform-imadrate pale-rc which are laciniately
fimbriate at the truncate apex, and of few or sometimes solitary more delicate awns, these
occasionally little longer than the paletxi, sometimes wanting; disk-akeues mostly inane and
awnlcss. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. /_>/.,/, fx/.s mudesta, var., Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78.-
Mt. Carmel, on the Rio Grande, between Texas and Mexico, Parry.
C. modesta GRAY, 1. c. Less slender and pubescence more hirsute than in C. asteroides :
involucre broadly campanulate ; its bracts obtuser and more numerous : rays 9 to 20 : disk-
flowers 40 to 60, all but the central fertile ; their style-appendages narrower and acutish :
akenes oblong or linear, much compressed, pubescent when young, with merely marginal
nerves or occasionally a facial one, only the central ones sterile : pappus of 5 oblong erose-
truucate at length subcoriaceous paleai, alternating with as many rather rigid awns. Dis-
tasis modesta, DC. Prodr. v. 279. Diphstelma bellioides, Gray, PL Feucll. 73. 1 >ry ground,
Texas, Berlamlin-, Wr'njht, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
DfsTASis? HETEROPHYLLA, Hemsl. Biol. Ceutr.-Am. Bot. ii. 119, of Mexico, is hardly of
this genus, probably not of the tribe.
40. MON6PTILON, Torr. & Gray. (MoVos, single, TmXoi/, feather, al-
luding to the solitary plumose bristle of the pappus.) Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc.
v. 106, t. 13; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 307; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 300. Single
species.
M. bellidiforme, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A small but pretty annual, much branched from
the very base, depressed, villous-hirsute : heads terminating the numerous leafy branchlets,
half-inch in diameter, inclusive of the white or violet-purple rays : leaves small, spatulate or
linear-spatulate, the uppermost involucrate around the head. Arid or desert plains, S. I
California to S. W. Utah, Fremont, Parry, Palmer, Parish.
41. DICH^ET(5PHORA, Gray. (k, x<"7, <H^ bearing two bristles,
i. e. pappus-awns.) PL Fendl. 73. Single species; in Benth. & Hook. Gen.
106 COMPOSITE. Dickcetophora.
11. 209, referred (along with a species of Perityle and an Achcetogeroti) to a section
of Boltonia.
D. campestris, GRAY. A small and Daisy-like winter annual, at first acatilescent with a
M'.-ipil'orni peduncle (1 to 3 inches high), at length with leafy branches terminated by a slen-
der monocephalous peduncle : leaves spatulate, entire, somewhat hirsute : head 2 or 3 lines
high, the ovate disk soon surpassing the involucre: rays 16 to 20, apparently white or rose-
color. PI. Fendl. 73, perhaps excl. syu. Brachycome? xanthocomotdes, Torr. & Gray, 1 '].
ii. 190, the specimen of which is too young for determination. Southern borders of Texas,
Berlandier (no. 1465, specimen too young), Havard, in fruit. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, Palmer.)
42. BOLTONIA, L'Her. (James Bolton, an English botanical author.)
Perennial and leafy-stemmed herbs (wholly of the United States), Aster-like,
glabrous, glaucescent, mostly tall ; with striate-angled stems, entire sessile leaves
commonly becoming vertical by a twist at base, rarely decurrent ; and with rather
showy heads ; the numerous rays white, purplish, or violet ; fl. autumn. Sert.
Angl. 27 (with figures cited which were never published,) ; DC. Prodr. v. 301 ;
Beuth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 209, excl. Asteromcea, Blume, which passes into Cali-
men's, and also 3, which is a mixture. Wings of the akene broadish and thin,
narrow and thickish, or obsolete in the same species, or even in the same head.
* Stems (2 to 7 feet high) paniculately much branched and slender: heads small; the disk only
about 2 lines high and wide.
B. diffusa, ELL. Lower leaves lanceolate ; upper linear, those of the loose and almost fili-
form flowering branches or braiichlets becoming linear-subulate and minute: rays mostly
white, barely 2 lines long: involucre as in the next, but the bracts more numerous and un-
equal. Sk. ii. 400; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97 ; DC. 1. c. & Torr Gray, 1. c., excl. syn.
Bot. Mag. Low grounds, South Carolina to Texas and along the Mississippi region north
to Illinois.
* * Stems (2 to 8 feet high) simple and more cymose-panicnlate at summit : leaves broadly lan-
ceolate or the uppermost linear-lanceolate: heads short-peduncled, larger; the disk in fruit a
third to half an inch in diameter: rays 4 to 6 lines long,
B. asteroid.es, L'lli:u. Bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, mostly greenish: rays
from white to purplish or pale violet-color : setulose squamelhie of the pappus mostly nu-
merous and conspicuous . the two awns sometimes wanting or obsolete, more commonly
present and little shorter than the akene. Matricaria asteroides, L. Maut. 116. M. glasti-
fului, Hill, Ilort. Kew. 19, t. 3. Chrysanthemum Carolinmnum, Walt. Car. 204. Bo/tun/n
glastifoiia & II. astt roid< s, L'Her. 1. c. ; Michx. Fl. ii. 132 ; Willd. Spec. iii. 2162 ; Sims, Bot.
Mag. t. 2381 & 2554; DC. 1. c. Moist or wet ground along streams, Pennsylvania to Illi-
nois and Florida. Tbe awnlr-ss form (B. asteroides) is not constant to this character, but
is commonly smaller, and with fewer and smaller heads.
Var. decurreilS, ENGELM. in herb. A large form fin cultivation 7 or 8 feet high),
with leaves alate-decurrent on the stem and even the branches ; the wings sometimes ending
below in a free and subulate point : pappus-awns slender. Missouri, Eyyert.
B. latisquama, GRAY. Heads rather larger and more showy rays blue-violet: bracts of
the involucre oblong to ovate, obtuse or mucronate-apiculate : awns of the pappus uniformly
present and conspicuous, the setulose squamella; small. Am. Jour. Sci. ser 2, xxxiii 238.
- Kansas and W. Missouri, near the mouth of the Kansas River, Parry. Now not rare in
cultivation, the handsomest species.
Var. OCcidentalis. Heads rather smaller : rays white. River-bottoms of Union
Co., Eastern < >regon, Cusick.
43. TOWNSENDIA, Hook. (David Townsend, botanical associate of
Dr. Darlington of Penn.) - - Depressed or low many -stemmed herbs (of the
Rocky Mountains) ; with from linear to spatulate entire leaves, and comparatively
large heads, resembling those of Aster ; the numerous rays from violet or rose-
Toumsendia. COMPOSITE. 167
purple to white ; fl. from early spring to summer. Akene commonly beset with
bristly " duplex " hairs, having a forked or glochidiate-capitellate apex. Involu-
cral bracts mostly ciliate. --F1. ii. 16, t. Ill) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 185; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 82. For structure of the achenial hairs, see Macloskie in
Proc. Am. Nat. xvii. 31, xviii. 1102.
* Bracts of the involucre conspicuously attenuate-acuminate: head large; the involucre half-inch
or more high, and rays half-inch long: fl. summer.
H Caulescent biennials or annual?, somewhat hirsute-pubescent, but the foliage at length glabrate:
involucre naked; its bracts from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate: rays showy, bright blue or
violet. (I'appus of the first species anomalous!)
T. eximia, GRAY. Stems erect, simple in- sparingly branching, 6 to 14 indies high : leaves
spatulate or the upper lanceolate : head sparingly leafy-bracted or naked at base : involucral
bracts ovate-lanceolate and somewhat rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, whitish-scarious with
green centre: akenes broadly obovate, almost cartilaginous, glabrate (sprinkled with a few
short and obscure glochidiate-tipped hairs) : pappus wholly persistent, of 2 subulate at length
corneous stout awns which are rather shorter than the akene (sometimes wanting in the ray),
and a circle of rigid squamellse which are mostly corouiform-concreted at base and rigid in
age. PI. Fendl. 70; Pacif. K. K. Exp. iv. 98; Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 83. Mountain sides,
New Mexico and adjacent part of Colorado, Fendhr, Biijflt.ni:, &c.
T. grandiflora, NUTT. Stems spreading from the base, sometimes divergently branched
above, a span or two high : upper leaves often linear, 2 or more uppermost subtending the
head . involucre nearly of the preceding : akenes narrowly obovate, sprinkled with glochidi-
ate-capitellate hairs : pappus in the ray reduced to a crown of short squamellje, in the man-
ner of the genus, and of the disk plurisetose and longer than the akeue. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. n. ser. vii. 306 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Plains and hills, Wyoming and W. Nebraska to
the borders of New Mexico ; first coll. by James and NitttalL
T. Parryi, EATON. Stems erect, simple, stout, naked and pedunculiform above, 2 to G inches
high (the taller forms sometimes branching) : leaves mostly spatulate : bracts of the very broad
involucre lanceolate, thinner, with softer and less attenuate tips, or the outer barely acuminate :
akeucs narrowly obovate, canesceutly pubescent, the hairs acute and simple or many of them
1-2-deutate at tip : pappus of the ray plurisetose like that of the disk, or somewhat more
scanty, rays "blue" or violet. Am. Naturalist, viii. 212; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 1. c.
Wyoming, Montana, and E. Idaho, J/<u/ii< n, Parni, &c.
Var. alpina, GRAY, 1. c. A dwarf and alpine form, more pubescent and cinereous :
leaves very small, at most half-inch long : flowering stem about the same length or hardly
any- involucral bracts less pointed : " rays pink."- -Wyoming on the high divide between
Stinking Water and the Yellowstone (confounded with T. sputhulata), Parry.
4 -i- Depressed-stemless and monocephalous perennial.
T. COndensata, PARRY. Very lanuginous with long and soft arachnoid hairs, the spatu-
late obovate leaves (with blade 2 or 3 lines long and tapering into a very much longer petiole)
rosulate-crowded around the large and broad sessile head, the whole forming a globular or
hemispherical woolly tuft, an inch and a half high and surmounting a slender stolon ifurin
caiulex: bracts of the involucre linear and soft, with a weak attenuate apex, all ncarly
equal in length : rays 100 or more, narrow : disk-flowers also very numerous pappus of ray
and disk similarly and slenderly plurisetose and long. Am. Nat. viii. 213 (description by
Eaton). Wyoming, on a high alpine peak of the Owl Creek range, July, .7. D. Putnam.
* * llracts of the involucre not prominently if all acuminate: heads mostly smaller or narrower:
pappus of the disk and often of the ray plurisetose.
-1- Hairs on the akene mostly copious and slender, some simple, others bifid or bi- (rarely tri-)
dentate at the apex, the teeth or lobes ascending or nvrely spreading and usually acute: heads
middle-sized, more or less naked-pedunculate: the pink or rarely white rays and the involucre
each from a third to barely half an inch long: bracts of the latter few-ranked : annuals or bi-
ennials. (The most western species in range.)
w- Pappus of the ray like that of the disk, but somewhat shorter.
T. florifer, GRAY. A span or more high, cinereous-hirsute : stems rather slender from an
annual root, leafy . leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate-spatulate, acute, mostly apiculate-
168 COMPOSITE. Townsendm.
acuminate: involucral bracts linear-lanceolate, little unequal. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 84.
T. strigosa, Gray, in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 344, not Nutt. Erigeron florifer, Hook. Fl. ii. 20.
Aplopappus florifer, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 351. Stenotus flvrifvr, Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 238. Sandy banks of the Columbia River and its tributaries, east of the Cascades, Mon-
tana to Washington Terr, and Oregon ; first coll. by Douglas.
T. SCapigera, EATON. Low (2 to 4 inches high), hirsutely pubescent : heads on scapiform
1-2-leaved stems: radical leaves spatulate (often broad and short, with a long narrowed base
or petiole) : involucral bracts rather broadly lanceolate. Bot. King Exp. 145, t. 17. Aplo-
)iii/i/>ii.-< flonfer, var., Hook. & Aru. Bot. Beech. 351? Rocky ridges in the mountains,
Nevada and Modoc Co., X. E. ( 'alifornia, Watson, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. Flowering early :
a winter annual or biennial.
Var. caulescens, EATON, 1. c. A summer form, more slender and sparingly leafy-
stemmed, with rather smaller heads. Nevada, in Monitor Valley, Watson.
Var. ambigua, GRAY, 1. c. More leafy-stemmed from a slender root, fully a span
high : rays white : pappus of the ray sometimes little more than half the length of that of
the disk. Rabbit Valley, Utah, at 7,000 feet, Ward.
H- -H- Pappus of the ray setose-squamellate, shorter than the breadth of the akene.
T. "Watsoni, GRAY, 1. c. Somewhat cinereous with a close short pubescence : stems 4 to 7
inches high from a slender root, spreading, nearly all branching above and sparsely leafy,
therefore bearing numerous short-pedunculate heads : leaves narrowly spatulate and ob-
lanceolate : involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate : hairs of the akene rather shorter and obtuse
or at length 2-3-dentate at tip. T. strigosa, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 145, not Nutt. Great
Salt Lake, Utah, on the shore of Stanbury Island, June, Watson.
H H Hairs on the akene, or most of them, glochidiate-capitellate, i. e. obtusely bidentate at apex,
and the apparently somewhat glandular lobes recurved or revolute, thus appearing to be
minutely depressed-capitate under a lens.
H- Head large, three-fourths to a full inch long (without the rays) : plants green and glabrate,
depressed-acaulescent from a perennial root, with habit of T. ncricea : leaves large, much surpass-
ing the head, minutely sericeous-pubescent when young, in age with only some ciliate or other
hairs toward the attenuate petiole-like base, plane and coriaceous: involucre well imbricated.
T. Wllcoxiana, WOOD. Leaves linear-spatulate, elongated (1 to 3 inches long including
the petiole-like base) : head mostly solitary, sometimes an inch long, short-peduncled or
subsessile : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or the inner linear, barely acutish : ray and
disk-pappus of similar slender and elongated bristles. Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 163, & Bot.
Gazette, iii. 50. Colorado, in the San Luis Mountains, E. K. Smith. Indian Territory,
Dr. Wilcox. Patagonia Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon.
T. Rothrockii, GRAY. Leaves more broadly spatulate and shorter (inch or less long),
rosulate around the solitary head which is closely sessile at the surface of the ground, or at
length with one or two additional heads and tufts from the same crown : involucre shorter
and broader ; its bracts oblong, mostly obtuse : ray-pappus of squamellate bristles not longer
than the breadth of the akene, or with one or two more elongated. Rothrock, in Wheeler
Rep. vi. 148, t. 7; Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 85. Mountains of South Park, Colorado, in the
alpine district, at 13,500 feet, Rothrock, J. D. Allen.
H- -H- Heads from three fourths down to one third of an inch long, sessile, or rarely on a very
short naked peduncle: plants sericeous- or strigulo^e-pubescent, depressed-acaulescent or low-
caulescent: involucre well imbricated: ray-pappus mostly plurisetose.
T. sericea, HOOK. Depressed-acaulescent perennial, with closely sessile solitary or few
heads on the crown next the ground, surrounded and surpassed or equalled by the linear or
linear-spatulate leaves, at length multicipital and pulvinate-tufted, an inch or two high :
head an inch or less long : involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute : rays white
or purplish-tinged: pappus of the ray plurisetose like that of the disk (forma papposa,
Gray, PI. Fendl.), or of fewer but similar bristles, or (in the northern part of its range) with
most of the bristles short and aristiform, and even reduced to squamellae little longer than
the width of the akene. Fl. ii. 16, t. 119; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 185; Gray, PI. Fendl. 69;
Meehan,\at. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 47 ; Gray, Proc. 1. c. 85. Aster? exsmpus, Richards. Appx.
Frankl. Journ. 32. On dry hills, plains, or mountains, Saskatchewan to Rocky Mountains
in lat. 54, thence south to New Mexico and Arizona ; fl. April and May. Varies from
Toicnsendia. COMPOSITE. 169
large-headed, comparatively broad-leaved, and glabrate forms (which may almost pass into
the two preceding species), to a narrowly leaved and more sericeous form with head barely
two-thirds inch long, as in the original northern specimens (both grow together in Colorado,
" the latter flowering t\vo weeks later"), or sometimes even yet more reduced, so that the
heads are barely half-inch long.
Var. leptotes, GRAY, is an ambiguous form from Middle Park, Colorado (Parry),
with heads less than half-inch long, and all but the primary ones somewhat distinctly pedun-
culate : leaves narrowly linear with attenuate base. Perhaps a distinct species.
T. Arizonica, GRAY. Depressed subcaulescent and multicipital, or branching from a per-
ennial root, forming a lax pulvinate tuft of 2 or 3 inches high, minutely sericeous-canescent :
leaves spatulate, short (about half-inch long), seldom surpassing the barely sessile and mostly
foliose-fulcrate hemispherical heads (these merely half -inch high) : bracts of the involucre
lanceolate, mostly obtuse : pappus of ray and disk alike and of equal length, rather rigid, about
the length of the akene (2 or 3 lines long). Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 85. Arizona, adjacent
Utah (Palmer), and N. W. New Mexico, Coues & Palmer, M. E. Jones, Matthews.
T. incana, NUTT. Depressed-caulescent or subcaulescent from a winter annual or perennial
root, an inch to a span high, branching, strigulose-cinereous or canescent : leaves from nar-
rowly spatulate to almost linear; uppermost fulcrate around the sessile (about half-inch)
heads and seldom surpassing them : involucral bracts more sericeous and ciliate and less
obtuse than in the foregoing : pappus of the ray from a third to half the length of that of
the disk. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. T. Fremont! i, Torr. & Gray, in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist.
Soc. v. 108, where the heads are wrongly said to be larger than those of T. scricea.
Mountains of Wyoming to S. Utah and the borders of S. Nevada; first coll. by Nuttall.
-H- 4-i- -H- Heads about one-third inch long, sessile among the rosulate leaves: herbage soft-
lanate: pappus deciduous in a ring! Urophorus, Nutt.
T. spathulata, NUTT. Depressed and multicipital from a slender perennial root, forming
a tuft an inch or so high : leaves crowded, spatulate, densely villous-lanate ; the upper about
equalling the heads : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, acute : rays rather short,
pinkish : pappus of ray and disk similar and of the same length, of slender bristles. -
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Rocky Mountains in Wyoming; on the Black Hills of the
Tlatte, Nuttall, and Wind-River Mountains, Parry.
++ -H- -H. -H- Heads small, only a quarter-inch higb (exclusive of the rays), mostly short-pedun-
culate, hemispherical: involucre of few-ranked broadly lanceolate and barely acute bracts:
caulescent and branching (at least in age) and summer-flowering: pappus of the (sometimes
infertile but feminine) ray shorter, commonly setose-squamellate.
= Green and glabrate, perennial.
T. glabella, GRAY. An inch or two high from a slender rootstock, nearly simple, sparsely
pilose-pubescent when young : leaves thickish, soon glabrous, spatulate (an inch or less long,
including the usually slender petiole); the uppermost usually surpassed by the slender and
naked (sometimes inch-long) peduncle : involucre glabrous : pappus of the ray in one speci-
men plurisetose and nearly half the length of that of the disk, in another reduced to short
squamelloe. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 86. Pagosa, S. W. Colorado, Newberry.
= = Cinereous with fine and close somewhat strigulose pubescence, flowering from near the
ground at first, but becoming taller (4 to 10 inches high) and loosely branching: pappus of ray-
akenes always reduced to a crown of short squamellse, with rarely one or two short bristles.
(Species hardly distinct.) Nanodin, Nutt.
T. Fendleri, GRAY. Root slender, but apparently perennial leaves linear : bracts of the
involucre unequal, in about 3 ranks, acute. PI. Fendl. 70, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.
Gravelly hills, New Mexico and S. Colorado, fl. May to Sept. ; first coll. by Fendler.
T. strigosa, NUTT. Winter annual, with slender root, flowering when only half-inch high,
often attaining a span in height : early leaves spatulate ; later ones linear : heads rather
smaller : bracts of the involucre broader, acutish, in about 2 ranks, the outer shorter. -
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Gray, PL Fendl. 1. c. Gravelly hills and plains, Wyoming to
New Mexico and Arizona ; first coll. by Nuttall.
T. MEXICANA, Gray, PI. Fendl. 70 (from about Saltillo, &c., Mexico, Gregg, Parry, Palmer,
and from farther south, Galeotti), differs slightly from the last in having the two ranks of
involucral bracts of equal length and all very obtuse.
} 70 COMPOSITE. Corethrogyne.
44. CORETHR6GYNE, DC. (Kop^flpov, ywi?, besom-style, from the
brush-like tuft of bristles on the style-appendages.) - - Rather low and Aster-like
Californium perennials, whitened, at least when young, with cottony tomentum ;
the stem or branches terminated by solitary somewhat large and showy heads :
rays violet-blue or purple: disk yellow, often changing to purplish: pappus
tawny or ferruginous : peduncles, with the bracts, &c., usually glandular under
the wool : leaves sessile, entire, or merely serrate. Fl. summer. - - Prodr. v. 215 ;
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 2 'JO ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 97 ; Gray, Bot.
Mex. Bound. 76, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif, i. 320.
* Heads pretty large and broad, disposed to be solitary, terminating a simple stem or simple
branches: involucre hemispherical, half-inch or more in diameter; its bracts little unequal and
outer ones largely herbaceous: style-appendages strongly comose.
C. obovata, BENTII. Stems decumbent from spreading rootstocks, a foot or two long:
leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, sparsely serrate or dentate above ; those of the ascending
branches small, from oblong to linear-lanceolate: rays violet, varying to white suffused with
pink. Bot. Sulph. 22. C. spatlndata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 317, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
Coast of California, from Bodegas (where it was first coll. by Himh) to Humboldt Co.,
Bolander, K<ll<"j<j, &c.
C. Californica, DC. Stems erect or ascending : leaves linear and entire, or the lowest
lauceolate-spatulate and few-toothed : sometimes a few bracts on the receptacle, like the
innermost of the involucre, subtending outer flowers: rays violet or purple. Prodr. v. 215;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 321. C. Californica & C. incana (the common state, with no bracts on
the receptacle), Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. California, along and near the coast, Mon-
terey to San Diego ; first coll. by Dowjlas.
* * Heads smaller, solitary and terminating the branches, or often more numerous and loosely
paniculate: involucre camp ntdate or broadly turbinate, much imbricated; the bracts mainly
oppressed, outer ones successively shorter; all with short green tips: style-appendages scantily
comose.
C. filaginifolia, NUTT. Stems slender, erect or ascending, a foot or two high, commonly
bearing few or (when depauperate) even solitary heads : leaves oblanceolate-spatulate and
few-toothed or entire ; upper often linear or reduced and bract-like on the branchlets ; the
white tomentum usually persistent, or when deciduous the branchlets and involucre little if
at all glandular: rays violet. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 290 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 76,
& Bot. Calif. I.e. Aster? JiliKjlnlfollus & A. tomentelltts, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 146.
Diplopappus Icucopfiyllus, Lindl. in DC. v. 278. Aplopappus (Pyrochaeta) Himkei, DC. 1. c.
349. Corethrogyne filaginifolia & C. tomentella, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 99. Common through
the western and southern parts of California from Monterey southward ; flowering at almost
all seasons, varying greatly. The following are the more extreme forms.
Var. virgata, GRAY. Slender, becoming glabrate and greener in age, often bearing
numerous heads in a very open panicle : involucre and naked branchlets disposed to be
glandular-viscidulous. Bot. Calif. 1. c. C. rin/nfn, Renth. Bot. Sulph. 23. Common from
Monterey southward ; first coll. by Hinds and by Fremont.
Var. rigida. A stouter and rigid form, either very wbite-tomentose or in age gla-
brate, then viscidulous-glandular : leaves from spatulate-lanceolate to oval or obovate : heads
commonly numerous and paniculate. C. incana, var. riyidn, &c., Benth. PI. Hartw. 316.
C. tomentella, Durand, Pacif. R. Rep. v. App. 8. C. filaginifolin, var. tomentella, Gray, Bot.
.Calif. 1. c., in part. Dry and open ground, Montrrcv to Sn.n P-ernardino Co.
C. DET6NSA, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, x. 41 (Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 223), appears to be
Diplostephium (Aplostephium) canum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ii. 75, of Lower California, and not
of this genus.
45. PSILiACTIS, Gray. (*tA.oV, naked, d*'?, ray; no pappus to ray-
flowers.) - - Texano-Mexican annuals, minutely pubescent, or glandular, or gla-
brate ; with slender and loosely paniculate-branching stems, pinnatifid or incised
lower leaves tapering into a petiole, and narrow often entire upper ones ; the
Sericocarpus. COMPOSITE. 171
heads small, terminating the branches, with violet or purplish or white rays ;
these usually infertile: fl. summer. PI. Fencll. 71; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 269.
P. Coulteri, GRAY, 1. c. Branched from near the base, glabrous or obscurely hispidulous-
puberuleut, or the rigid spreading flowering brant-Wets granulose-glandular : leaves all short,
rigid, mostly incisely dentate,, those of the branchlets minute: involucral bracts oblong or
broadly lanceolate : rays conspicuous (quarter-inch long) and rather broad: pappus copious.
S. Arizona, Palmer, Lemmon, Primjtc, &c. Mohave Desert, California, Parish, Coulter, &c.
(Adj. Mex.)
P. asteroides, GRAY, 1. c. Scabro-puberulent, a foot to a yard high from a plainly animal
root: lower leaves spatulate or oblong, sometimes laciniate-pinnatifid, sometimes barely
dentate ; upper mostly linear and entire : iuvolucral bracts lanceolate or linear : rays smaller
and narrower: pappus less copious. S. W, Texas to Arizona, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex.)
P. BREVILINGULATA, Schultz Bip., of Mexico, the remaining species, resembles P. asteroides,
but is more slender, with naiirower leaves, smaller heads, and small rays which hardly surpass
the pappus.
46. EREMIASTRUM, Gray. ('Ep^io, desert, ao-rpov, star, i. e. Aster
of the desert ) PL Thurb. in Mem. Acad. v. 320 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 270;
Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 361, t. 6. Single species.
E. bellioides, GRAY, 1. c. Small winter annual, diffusely branched from the very base and
depressed, hirsutely hispid throughout: leaves linear-spatulate, entire (halt-inch long) ; those
at the summit of the flowering branches loosely rosulate-iuvolucrate around the solitary
heads, and passing into involucral bracts : rays oblong-linear, white, acutely 2-3-dentate
at the apex, 4 lines long : disk yellow. On the desert near the Rio Colorado, borders of
California and Arizona; fl. January and February, Thurler, Newberry, Schott, Palmer, ]V. G.
Wright, &c., and borders of S. Utah, Parry. Seldom, if ever, are the bristles of the pap-
pus combined in clusters so as to form laciniate paleie.
47. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. (%HKO'S, silky, KOTO'S, fruit, the akenes
sericeous-pilose.) Perennial herbs, of low or moderate stature (all N. American) ;
with alternate commonly entire and sessile leaves, and small heads usually fasci-
cled in a terminal compact cyme ; both disk and ray white or whitish, or the
latter changing in age to purplish : fl. midsummer. --Nees, Ast. 148 ; DC. Prodr.
v. 261 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 101 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 270.
* Pappus ferruginous: leaves sparingly serrate, comparatively thin and veiny, and the radical
ones large.
S. conyzoides, Xees, 1. c. A foot or two high, and slightly pubescent or glabrate : radical
and lower cauline leaves spatulate (2 to 5 inches long, tapering into a margined petiole),
obtuse; upper ones oblong-lanceolate: involucre turbinate, 18-20-flowercd: rays rather short
and broad. Coni/za asteroides, L. Spec. ii. 861. Aster Maryland/ens (Pluk. Mant.), Michx.
Fl. ii. 108. A. coiiij~oidcs, Willd. Spec. iii. 2043. Dry woodlands, common from Maine to
Ohio and south to Florida.
* * Pappus white: leaves entire, firmer, smaller, obscurely veined, disposed to be vertical, mostly
obtuse: green tips of involucral bracts short, seldom squarrose: stems more leafy.
h- Atlantic species: akenes short, cnnescent-sericeous.
S. solidagineus, NEES, 1. c. Green, almost glabrous : stems strict and slender, 2 feet
high, acutely striate-angled : leaves from linear to spatulate-lanceolate, an inch or two long :
heads mostly glomerate and sessile, narrow, rather few-flowered : involucral bracts oblong,
very smooth and rigid : rays at length elongated. Conyza linifolia, L., 1. c. Aster Amen-
r/nms albus, &c., Pluk. Aim. t. 79, fig. 2. A. solidagineus, Michx 1. c. A. solidaginoides,
Willd. 1. c. GaItite.Ua obtusi folia, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1837. Moist woodlands, Canada
to Tennessee, Alabama, and Louisiana.
1 72 COMPOSITE. Sericocarpus.
S. tortifolius, NEES, 1. c. Cinereous-puberulent and somewhat scabrous : stems not angled,
a foot or two high : leaves conspicuously vertical by a twist, obovate or spatulate, short :
heads more corymbosely cymose and most of them pedicellate, somewhat turbiuate : involu-
cral bracts more numerous and narrower, the innermost linear, puberulent : rays small.
Comjza bifoliata, Walt. Car. 204. Aster tortifolius, Michx. 1. c. ; Ell. Sk. ii. 341. A. scabrosus,
Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii. t. 5. A. (Lcucocoma) Collinsii, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 82, a
form with leaves sparingly creuate-serrate (S. tortifolius, var. Collinsii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
102). D r y pi ne woods and barrens, Virginia near the coast to Florida and Louisiana, flow-
ering later than the others.
H -) Pacific species: akenes more slender, less canescent.
S. rigidus, LIXDL. Green, from scabrous-pubescent to nearly glabrous : stems a foot or two
high, somewhat striate-augled : leaves oblong-lanceolate (an inch or two long), acute or
obtuse, hardly rigid : heads crowded, either short-pedicelled or glomerate, somewhat turbi-
nate, about 15-flowered : iuvolucral bracts rather narrow and one-nerved: rays small and
short, but sometimes surpassing the disk. Hook. Fl. ii. 14, & DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 320. S. Oregonensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 302, a form with larger rays
and rather large leaves. Woods, Washington Terr, to the Sierra Nevada, California.
48. ASTER, Tourn. STARWORT, ASTER. ('Aor^p, a star, late Latin
name for these and similar radiate-flowered and Daisy-like plants.) Herbs,
mainly of the northern hemisphere, and especially of North America, the larger
part perennial : fl. late summer and autumn. The yellow disk-flowers in several
species change to purple or rose-color. L. Gen. ed. 1, 254; DC. Prodr. v. 261 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 103 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 271, at least as to American
species ; Gra} r , Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 97, & xvii. 164.
The line between Aster and Erigeron is arbitrary. Aster is far the most difficult of our
genera, both for the settlement of the names of the species and for their limitation, in respect
to which little satisfaction has been attained as the result of prolonged and repeated studies.
For full reasons why the following Liuuajau species subside, see Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. supra cit.
A. DiVARicArus, L. Founded, as to the specimen in the herbarium, upon the upper part
of a plant of A. cori/inln>.iii>s, Ait., wanting the cordate serrate leaves; as to the plants of Pluke-
net and Gronovius, upon A. hifirnms, Michx.
A. lUGinrs, L. Founded wholly upon Clayton's plant as described in Fl. Virg. ; is a mere
synonym of A. linariifolius, L.
A. LiNir6Lius, L., and A. HTSSOPIFOLITS, L. Mant., belong to Galatella, and are not Amer-
ican. The plant of Gronov. Fl. Virg., referred to, is A. tenuifolius, L.
A. ANNUUS, L., is well known as Erigeron ami nits.
A. VERNUS, L., is Erigeron nuflicatilis, Michx.
A. MTJTABILIS, L. Not to be found in the Linna?an herbarium. In the first ed. of the Spec.
PI. was compared with an "A. serotimis,'' which was neither published nor preserved in the her-
barium, has as a synonym a plant figured by Plukenet which is not preserved in his herbarium :
finally, in ed. 2, the character was reconstructed in a manner incompatible with the original
one, and before the Pluke'netian synonym " Herm. Hort. Lugd. t. 67 " was introduced, which,
on the authority of the herbaria of Royen and of Sherard, is A. Icevis, L., and the comparison
was changed to one with A. Tradescanti, L. A. mutabilis of later authors belongs to older-
named species.
A. MISER, L. Founded wholly upon a much exaggerated figure in Dilleuius, with fictitious
character, drawn from the plate. See A. n'minfHs, var. foliolosus.
A. ciLiAxrs, Walt. Car. 209, is not at all identified.
Series I. Perennials, with multicipital rootstocks or caudex, usually multiply-
ing by creeping subterranean shoots.
1. AMELLA'STRUM. Bracts of the broad involucre 2-3-serial, of slightly un-
equal length ; outer foliaceous or herbaceous-tipped : akenes broad, obovate,
Aster. COMPOSITE. 173
compressed, mostly flat and with callous marginal nerves only : pappus simple,
or with an indistinct short outer series. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 97. Con-
sists of A. Amellus and the following, of less marked character.
A. alpinus, L. A span or more high, with simple erect stems from a thickish caudex, bear-
iiig a single large head, cinereous-pubescent : leaves entire, somewhat 3-nerved, spatulate ;
upper small and linear : involucral bracts loosely erect, oblong-linear, herbaceous, all nearly
equalling the disk: rays violet : akeues hirsute: usually a manifest short outer pappus.
Spec. ii. 872; Jacq. M. Austr. t. 88; But. Wag. t. 199; Hook. Fl. ii. 6. Arctic shores,
PMij. Alpine region of northern Rocky Mountains, down to about lat. 49, Drumitminl,
Burke, Bourgeau, Macoun. The American plant mostly with fewer and shorter rays. (En
N. Asia.)
2. MEGAL^STRUM. Head very large (an inch in diameter exclusive of the
large and numerous rays, pedunculate and solitary, terminating rigid branches) :
bracts of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in 2 or 3 unequal series, some-
what herbaceous, gradually attenuate-acuminate : akenes oblong, compressed,
2 4-nerved: pappus-bristles unusually coarse and rigid, rather scanty. Gray,
PI. Wright, ii. 75. (Related to subsection Xylorrhiza and to Townsendia.)
A. WYightii, GRAY, 1. c. Viscous-pubescent, a foot or more high : leaves oblong-spatulate,
setiferous-mucronate, entire, or with one or two setiferous teeth, an inch and a half long
including the margined petiole, thickish, obscurely veined : bracts of the involucre ovate-
lanceolate or the inner narrower, rather lax, viscid, slightly scarious-margined, the caudate-
acuminate tips surpassing the disk : rays purple, narrowly oblong, 30 to 40 (8 or 9 lines
long): akenes (young) loosely pubescent: pappus white, of unequal strongly denticulate
bristles, the larger almost aristiform. Tuirn.^ mli/i (M<</<i/<i*fnim) Wriyhtii, Gray, Bot.
Mex. Bound. 78. Rocks and stony hills on the Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, from the mouth
of the great canon, Wrlyht, Bigdow.
A. tortifblius, GRAY. Tomentose-pubescent, at length glabrate, 2 feet high: leaves from
oblong to narrowly lanceolate, rigid, spinulosely dentate and acuminate, sometimes incisely
pinnatifid, veiny: involucral bracts narrower and more numerous, lanceolate-subulate, rigid,
the longest barely equalling the disk : rays pale purple or violet, often an inch long : akenes
sericeous-canesceut : pappus at length ferruginous, deciduous in a ring. Proc. Am. Acad.
vii. 353, & Bot. Calif, i. 323, not Michx. Aplopappus tort I fol! us, Torr. & Gray, Jour. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 109. Mountains bordering the Mohave Desert, S. E. California to S.
Utah, f'ri'Hiunf, Ncwberri], Cooper, &c.
3. HELE^STRUM. Heads mostly smaller : pappus (simple) unusually coarse
and rigid, the stronger bristles somewhat clavellate at tip : bracts of the involucre
partly or the outer wholly foliaceous and linear-lanceolate, rigid, imbricated in
several series, but the outermost little shorter than the inner : receptacle alveo-
late or fimbrillate : style-appendages filiform-subulate : akenes narrow and mostly
slender, little compressed, 8-10-nerved, nearly glabrous: leaves all linear and
entire or with some spinulose teeth, rigid, one-nerved and with obscure lateral
nerves : rays numerous and elongated : pappus ferruginous or tawny. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 97. Jfeleastrum, DC. Prodr. v. 263.
* Leaves as if gramineous, and bearing some spinuliform serratures or denticulations, mostly cus-
pidate at tip, smooth and glabrous: stems simple from a tuberiform moNtnrk, strict and slender,
rigid, 2 feet high, pilose below, or the base of the leaves ciliate with some long and jointed hairs:
flowering in summer.
A. eryngiif olius, TORE. & GRAY. Stems bearing solitary or 2 or 3 large heads : leaves
mostly lanceolate-linear (2 or 3 lines wide, the larger 4 inches long, upper ones gradually
reduced to erect bracts): involucre hemispherical, very many-flowered; its bracts linear-
lanceolate, attenuate into an almost setiform cusp : rays an inch long, pale blue or white. -
174 COMPOSITE. Aster.
Fl. ii. 502; Chapm. Fl. 199. Prionopsis? Chapmanil, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 245. Low pine
barrens on the coast, Florida, Chapman, Rugel, Mohr.
A. spinulosus, CHAPM. Stem bearing few or several spicatcly disposed smaller heads :
leaves narrowly linear, attenuate (half to 2 lines wide) ; the lower and radical 6 to 12 inches
long, upper gradually reduced to setaceous-subulate appressed bracts ; the margins merely
spinulose-denticulate or mostly entire: involucre campanulate, its bracts mostly subulate
l'r<>;n a broad base: rays half-inch long, pale violet. Fl. 199. Damp pine barrens, W.
Florida near the coast, Clitijmtun.
# * Leaves all entire, thickish: pubescence if any short and scabrous : flowering in autumn.
A. paludosus, AIT. Stems sometimes brandling, a foot high, bearing few or several often
racemosely or spicately disposed heads (of half-inch height): leaves from broadly to nar-
rowly linear ( 1 to 4 lines wide, 2 to 4 inches long) .- involucre nearly hemispherical ; its
bracts more unequal, the outer lanceolate-subulate and lax, inner liuear-spatulate with her-
baceous merely acute tips: rays rather short, deep violet Ilort. Kew iii. 201 ; Ell. Sk. ii.
343; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 109; Chapm. 1. c. A. grandifloms, Nutt. Gen. ii. 156, not L.
7'n/ioinim i>ulndnsiim, Xees, Ast. 155. II< '< n.^niui paludosum, DC. Prodr. v. 264. Wet
pine barrens in the low country, X. Carolina to Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri.
4. HESPERisTRor. Heads with neutral rays : bracts of the campanulate
involucre well imbricated and unequal, the outer with short herbaceous spread-
ing tips- style-appendages slender-subulate: akenes narrow, hardly at all com-
pressed, 5-nerved and with intermediate stria? : pappus simple and soft. Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 323, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 97. (Resembling on the one hand
$ Mackaeranthera, and Gorethrogyne on the other.)
A. Shastensis, GRAY, 1. c. A span or two high, in small tufts from a perennial root,
paniculately branched, slender, canesceutly puberuleut: leaves entire, an inch or less long,
lower spatulate ; uppermost linear and reduced to subulate bracts: heads rather numerous,
scattered: involucre (nearly half -inch high) somewhat viscid-glandular; its bracts lanceolate
or linear, mostly with acute and spreading green tips: rays 12 to 20, violet, 3 to 5 lines long,
occasionally (var. eradiatus) wanting. Machceranthera (Hesperastrum) Shastensis, Gray,
1'n ic Am. Acad. vi. 539 California : on Mount Shasta, above and below the limit of trees,
first coll. by Bren-ci; and on Lasseii's Peak, Mrs. Austin. The rayless state on Scott Mouii
tains at 9,000 feet, Greene.
5. BIOTIA. Heads (small or middle-sized) corymbosely cymose : bracts of
the campanulate well-imbricated involucre subcoriaceous and wholly appressed,
obtuse and merely greenish or thickish but not spreading at the tip (transition to
Orthomeris, but passing into the succeeding subsection) : outer successively
shorter: rays not numerous (6 to 18), white or purplish-tinged: style-appendages
subulate-lanceolate : akenes 3-several-ribbed or nerved, hardly or moderately
compressed, mostly linear : pappus slightly rigid, simple : radical and lower
raulinc leaves cordate, on long naked petioles, ample, conspicuously serrate and
acuminate : fl. midsummer and early autumn. (Other Asters with cordate peti-
olate leaves are only the Heterophylli.} - - Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 104. Biotia,
DC. Prodr. v. 204.'
A. COrymbosus, AIT. Stem slender, 2 feet high, sometimes flexuous, terete: leaves
membranaceons, much longer than wide, gradually or very prominently acuminate and
aciiuiinately serrate ; involucre only one-fourth inch high, little surpassing the rather broadly
compressed lu-iti.nn akenes: rays 6 to 9, white. Kew. iii. 207; Willd. Spec. iii. 2036;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. .1. divaricatus, L. Spec. ii. 873, as to herb., excl. syn. Gronov. & Pluk.
(which rrlaii. to . I. /nfirmus), and cordate leaves not described; name to subside. A. cordi-
folina, Michx. Fl. ii. 114, .in part. Eurybia corymbosa, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 487; Nees, Ast.
143; Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1532. Biotia corymbosa, DC. 1. c. 265 Woodlands, Canada to
upper part of Georgia.
Aster. COMPOSITE. 175
A. macroph^llus, L. Stem stout, somewhat striate-angled, 2 or 3 feet high .- leaves
thickish, serrate with proportionally smaller and broader less salient teeth, abruptly acumi-
nate ; radical aud lowest usually broadly ovate- or even reniform-cordate (4 to 10 inches loug) ;
upper ovate to oblong, often wiug-petioled, and uppermost sometimes sessile by a broad
base : involucre commonly 5 lines high, often viscid-puberulent, in fruit much surpassing the
fusiform-linear obscurely compressed akenes: rays 10 to 15, white or tinged with bluish
purple. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1232; Willd. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Ettrybia mucrophylla &
E. Jussiei, Cass. Diet. 1. c. E. macrophylla (larger-leaved and more scabrous form), <//<//; -
rala, & Schreberi (thinner-leaved form in shade and drier soil), Nees, Ast. 140. Biotia
Schreberi, lutifo/ta (A. latifolius, Desf. Cat., form approaching A. corijmbosus], ylomcrata,
& macrophylia, DC. 1. c. Woodlands, commonly in damp or rich soil, from Canada and
Manitoba to the mountains of Georgia. Variable species; of which forms with smaller
heads and thinner leaves appear to pass into A. corymbosus. A robust form, with large
heads, more glandular involucre and peduncles, upper leaves ovate and sessile, lower and
petioled cauliue leaves all rounded at base, and most of the radical ones little cordate (A.
macrophyllus of Willd. herb, chiefly, the rays perhaps violet), comes near the next following.
6. ASTER proper. Heads various : bracts of the involucre (or at least the
outer ones) with green herbaceous tips or appendages, or wholly or partly foli-
aceous, imbricated or pluriserial, their margins not scarious : akenes from obovate-
oblong to linear, 3-several-nerved : pappus rather fine and soft, or in the first
subsection more coarse and rigid, simple, i. e. with no exterior setulose series. -
Aster proper, with part of Oritrophium & Calliastmm, Torr. & Gray, Fl.
Probable hybrids abound.
* 1. Involucre well imbricated; the bracts apprcssed and coriaceous, with short and abrupt mostly
obtuse herbaceous or foliaceous spreading tips (the outermost sometimes loose aud more foli-
aceous): akenes narrow, 5-10-nerved, from minutely pubescent to glabrous: pappus mostly
more rigid than in any of the following: rays showy, blue or violet: leaves of firm texture,
more or less scabrous (the last species excepted), none of them cordate or clasping ( Calli-
astrum, Torr & Gray, Fl. ii. 106, excl. spec.). SPKCTABILES.
4 Radical and lowest cauliue leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, some with rounded base, or even sub-
cordate : heads half-inch high: involucre nearly hemispherical; the green tips of the involucral
bracts very short and either indistinct and erect or abruptly spreading: steins a foot or two
high. Transition to Biotia, possibly hybrids of the preceding species with true Asters, being
local and rare, but if so the other parent not at all dererminable.
A. mirabilis, TORR & GRAY. Scabrous-pubescent, bearing few or several somewhat panicu-
late heads : leaves all ovate or oval, finely and acutely serrate, hispidulous-scabrous above ;
upper small and roundish, lower abruptly contracted into margined petioles (true radical not
seen): involucre nearly smooth and glabrous, neither glandular nor viscid; its bracts with
roundish-obtuse abrupt and very short squarrose-spreading tips : rays about 20, half-inch
long, violet: pappus ferruginous. Fl. ii. 165. Near Columbia, S. Carolina, Gibbes, Sept.,
1835, not since collected.
A. Herveyi, GRAY. Slightly scabrous, the corymbose branches and short peduncles gland u-
lar-puberuleut : leaves miuutely or obscurely serrate; radical and lowest cauline ovate on
slender naked petioles ; upper lanceolate : heads loosely corymbiform-cymose : iuvolucral
bracts all erect and with less distinct close tips, pulverulent-glandular ; the short outer oblong-
linear: rays 15 to 24, narrow, half -inch long, lilac or violet. Man. ed. 5, 230. Eurybiu
comtnixtaJ'Nees, Ast. 143. Biotia commixta, DC. Prodr v. 265 (excl. syu. ?), is a robust culti-
vated form of this, which has long been in the gardens, of unknown origin. Borders of
oak woods, E. Mass, and Rhode Island, near the coast, Herrey, Sargent, &c. Grows in com-
pany with A. macrophyllus and A spectabil/s, evidently most related to the former, both in
foliage and involucre: fl. Aug., Sept.
4_ .,__ Radical leaves all tapering at base into winged or margined petioles.
M- Involucre squarrose by the spreading or recurving herbaceous tips of the bracts: akenes
slender, slightly pubescent: leaves obscurely veined, slightly scabrous: rootstocks slender and
creeping: stems low, bearing few or several (rarely solitary) short-pedmicled and showy heads.
Atlantic U. S. species.
17G COMPOSITE. Aster.
A. spectabilis, AIT. A foot or more high, bearing several somewhat paniculate or cymose
heads leaves obluug-lanceolate or the lower spatulate- or ovul-obloug, obscurely serrate or
tlie upper entire : involucre hemispherical, half-inch high ; the bracts gland ular-puberulent
and somewhat viscid, upper half of most of them herbaceous and recurved-spreading : rays
numerous, three-fourths inch long or more, bright violet. Kew. iii. 209 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 157 ;
Nees, Ast. 42; Lindl. Hot. Reg. t. 1527; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 3.36, t. 51. A. eleyuns, Willd.
Spec. iii. 2042 (ex. char, and mainly herb.) ; Weuderoth in Act. Soc. Nat. Marb. ii. 17. A.
s/ii-ciosiis, Horuem. Hort. Hafn. ii. 816, fide DC. Sandy soil, Massachusetts to Delaware,
near the coast, and perhaps farther southward, where it is replaced by the next.
A. SUTCulosuS, Minix. A foot or less high from long filiform rootstocks, bearing solitary
or few pedunculate heads, which are generally smaller than those of ^1. spectabilis, but not
dissimilar: leaves entire or nearly so, rigid, lanceolate or the upper linear and the radical
oblong-lanceolate: involucre sometimes puberuleut, but hardly glandular. Fl. i. 112; Nutt.
Gen. Ii. 157 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 354, ex char.; Nees, Ast. 40; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 109. Moist
rocky and gravelly ground, or sometimes in sand, coast of New Jersey to Georgia, and on
the Blue Ridge in North and South Carolina, where it was first collected by Michaux, and
where it abounds.
A. gracilis, NUTT. About a foot high, slender, from slender and occasionally tuberous-
tliickeued rootstocks, smoothish, not glandular nor viscid, bearing few or several cymosely
disposed small heads: leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, small (an inch or two
long, 2 to 6 lines wide) ; involucre turbinate, a quarter or third of an inch long, glabrous,
coriaceous and whitish, with very short deltoid or ovate green tips, only about 30-flowered :
ravs 9 to 12, a quarter to half an inch long: akenes rather short. Gen. ii. 158; Torr.
Gray, 1. c. Pine barrens, New Jersey to N. Carolina, also E. Kentucky and Tennessee,
according to Nuttall. The. larger forms closely related to A. spectabilis, with which it is asso-
ciated ; the more slender ones nearly approach Sericocarpus.
-t-<- -w- Involucre hardly if at all squarrose; the tips of the bracts less definite and less spreading:
stems very leafy: leaves pinnately veiny and reticulated, acutely serrate, more or less scabrous:
heads middle-sized, corymbosely cymose or rarely solitary : style-appendages rather short and
thick : Northern and Western species.
A. radula, AIT. Nearly glabrous or with some scattered hairs: stem slender and strict, a
foot or two high, bearing few or solitary mostly slender-pedunculate heads : leaves veiny,
oblong-lanceolate or narrower, acuminate, somewhat hispidulous-scabrous, thinnish (inclined
to be rugulose in drying, about 2 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide), each margin with 3 to 7
serratures toward the middle ; upper cauliue sometimes oblong-ovate with subcordate sessile
base involucre nearly hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high ; its bracts in few series, obtuse,
ciliolate : the outermost oblong, inner narrower, shorter than the disk : rays half-inch long,
pale violet: akenes glabrous, striate-nerved. Kew. iii. 210; DC. Prodr. 1. c. 230; Torr. &
Gray ; Fl. ii. 106; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. t. 50, A. nudiflorus, Nutt, Gen. ii. 157, a broader-
leaved and most luxuriant southern form Was cultivated in 1839 in the Berlin Garden
as Biotia commtxta, var. stn'cfn. Swamps, Delaware to E. Massachusetts, west to the
mountains of Pennsylvania (Pocono), thence north to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.
Passes into
Var. strictus. Reduced boreal form, a span to a foot high, with either oblong or
narrowly lanceolate barely serrulate leaves, and solitary or rarely 2 or 3 heads. A. liflorus,
Michx Fl. ii. Ill ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. strictus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 556. Higher mountains
of New England to Labrador.
A. Sibiricus, L. A span to a foot high, often fastigiatcly branched from the base, some-
what cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, or the foliage scabrous : heads solitary, terminating
the Mrm or con inliiform branches: leaves oblong-spatulate to broadly lanceolate, acutely
more or less serrate (an inch or more, or in largest form even 3 inches long) : involucre
broadly campamil:ite, 3 lim>s high, shorter than the disk ; its bracts narrowly lanceolate, with
mosth acute and loose herbaceous tips: rays 3 or 4 lines long, violet: akenes pilose-pubes-
cent. Spec ii 872 (Gmel. Fl Siliir. ii. t. 80. f. 2), larger than American form; Herder in
Kaddc, Reis iii. 11. A. montanus, Richards. App Fraukl. Jour. 32; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 107. A. Richardsonh, Spreng Syst. iii. 528; Hook. Fl. ii. 7. A. Ks/i, ///., r : /> /mis, Nees,
Ast. .'!(',. A f^sruitn. hind' in DC Prodr. v. 231 --Arctic coast and Alaskan Islands to
Rocky Mountains in Wyoming and Montana. (X. E. Asia to Arctic Eu.)
Aster. COMPOSITE. 177
Var. giganteUS, A. Richardson ii, var. fjiijanteus, Hook. 1. c., and -4. woiitunus, var.
giyanteus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is a stout ami large form, of the Arctic region.-;, nearly an-
swering to the original A, Sibiricus, L., of Siberia.
A. radulinus, GRAY. Between the preceding and the following, 10 to 20 inches high:
leaves from oval-obovate to broadly lanceolate (2 to 4 indies long), serrate with numerous
sharp teeth, scabrous : heads numerous, corymbosely cymose : involucre broadlv turliiuate,
3 or 4 lines high; its bracts regularly imbricated aud outer successively shorter, ciiicrenu-
pubesceut or glabrate, not glandular nor viscid, from broadly lanceolate or oblong to linear,
abruptly acutish or obtuse : rays 3 to 5 lines long, pale violet, sometimes whitish : akenes
minutely pubescent. Proc. Am. Acacl. viii. 388, & Bot. Calif, i. 323. A. radula, Less, in
Linn. vi. 125, not Ait. Dry ground, California, from Monterey northward, and in the Sierra
Nevada to Oregon and Washington Terr.
A. COnsplCUUS, LIXDL. Scabrous: stem 2 feet high, stout, rigid, bearing several or nu-
merous corymbosely cymose heads : leaves rigid, ovate, oblong, or the lower obovate, acute,
ample (commonly 4 to 6 inches long and 1^ to 4 inches broad), acutely serrate, rigid, reticu-
late-veuulose as well as veiny: involucre broadly campauulate, about equalling the di*k,
5 to 6 lines high; its bracts in several series, minutely glandular-puberuleut or viscidulous,
lanceolate, acute, the greenish tips little spreading : rays half-inch long, violet : akenes
minutely pubescent. Hook. Fl. ii. 7, & DC. Prodr. v. 230; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 107.
Saskatchewan to British Columbia, and south to the Yellowstone in the Rocky Mountains ;
first coll. by Dnuninond.
+H- -w- +4- Involucre very squarrosc by the foliaceous widely spreading tips of the bracts, smooth
and glabrous, as is also the foliage: heads large and paniculate: Alleghaiiian.
A. Curtisii, TORR. & GRAY. Almost wholly glabrous and smooth: steins 2 or 3 feet high,
rather slender, the larger loosely paniculately branched ; branches bearing scattered large
heads : radical and lower leaves (3 or 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sparingly
serrate, gradually or abruptly contracted into winged petioles ; upper ones lanceolate and
sessile, becoming entire : involucre hemispherical, equalling the disk, half-inch high ; the
much imbricated coriaceous bracts very conspicuously appeudaged with foliaceous ovate or
short-lanceolate tips, or the outer more than half foliaceous: rays rather broad, half-inch
long or more, deep violet-blue : akeues compressed, broader upward and with narrowed apex,
glabrous. Fl. ii. 110. Margin of woodlands, in dry soil, through the Alleghauies in
N. Carolina and adjacent borders of Tennessee : very showy.
* 2. Involucre and usually branchlets vise-idly or pruinose-glandular, therefore more or less gra-
veolent, either well imbricated or louse: ray* ,-howv, violet to purple: akenes mostly several-
nerved and narrow: pubescence not sericeous: leaves all entire or lower with few and rare teeth,
except in the last species; cauline all sessile or partly clasping: true perennials, mostly multi-
plying by subterranean rontstocks or other shoots. (Glandular involucre also in species of
Machcerantkera, some of which are short-lived perennials.) GLANDULOSI.
H Bracts of involucre rather well imbricated, commonly with more or less rigid appressed base
and foliaceous or herbaceous tips: rays not extremely numerous, from 15 to 40.
H- Stem simple: leaves and heads proportionally large: Rocky Mountain alpine or subalpine
species.
A. integrifolillS, NUTT. Stem mostly a foot or more high, stout, sparsely leafy, villous-
pubesceut but glabrate, bearing few or several racemosely or thyrsoidly disposed heads :
leaves of firm texture, oblong or spatulate (the larger 4 to 7 inches long) or the smaller
upper ones lanceolate, sometimes obsolete]}- repand-serrulate, apicnlate, traversed by a strong
midrib, veuulose-reticulated, glabrate, half-clasping ; lowest tapering into a long stout wing-
margined petiole with clasping base: heads fully half-inch high, hemispherical : involucre
and branchlets viscid-glandular; its bracts few-ranked, linear, ascending, not squarrose ; the
outer sometimes short and rather close, commonly larger and more foliaceous, nearly equal-
ling the inner; these equalling the disk: rays 15 to 25, bluish-purple, half-inch long: akei,. -
compressed-fusiform, 5-nerved, and sometimes with intermediate nerves, sparsely pubescent :
pappus decidedly rigid. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 291 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. Ill ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 324. Open and moist subalpine woods or meadows, Montana to the
Cascade Mountains in Oregon, south to Colorado, and along the Sierra Nevada, California,
in the Yosemite, &c. ; first coll. bv Xtittall.
12
178 COMPOSITE. Aster.
A. Kingii, EATON. A span or less high, cespitose : leaves mainly radical, spatulate, entire,
or with few sharp teeth, mucronate, thinuish, glabrous or nearly so (1 to 3 inches long) :
flowering steins pubescent and above glandular, bearing solitary or 3 to 5 middle-sized heads :
involucre somewhat campauulate, 4 or 5 lines high, merely puberulent-glaudular, hardly at
all viscid ; the bracts linear-lanceolate with attenuate and squarrose-spreading green tips :
rays less than 30, barely half-inch long, white: akenes narrow, pubescent. Bot. King
Exp. 141, t. 16. Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains at 7,000 to 11,000 feet, Watson, Parry,
M. E. Jones.
H- -H- Stems branching: leaves comparatively small : species neither alpine nor subalpine.
= Involucre of the small and scattered or somewhat racemosely disposed heads not squarrose; the
green tips of the bracts more or less erect : slender and low species, a spau to a foot or less high,
of the Rocky Mountain and interior western region.
A. campestris, NUTT. Pruinose-puberulent and viscidulous, somewhat heavy-scented :
leaves linear (about an inch long, a line or two wide') or lower narrowly lingulate-spatulate
(radical "serrulate," Nuttall), mostly glabrate, some obscurely 3-nerved : involucre 3 or 4
lines high, hemispherical, of rather few-ranked and little unequal linear acute bracts, prui-
nose-glandular : rays 3 or 4 lines long, light violet or purple. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.)
vii. 293. Low grounds and plains, interior of Washington Terr, and Idaho to Montana
(first and sparingly coll. by Nuttall and Spalding, recently by Watson, Suksdorf, Forwood,
&C.), E. Oregon ( Cnsii:Jc) to N. California (Greene).
Var. Bloomeri. More rigid (in drier more exposed situations) : stem and leaves hir-
sutulous : iuvolucral bracts sometimes more unequal. A. Bloomeri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
vi. 539, & Bot. Calif. 323. High slopes, &c., W. Nevada, Bloomer, Lemmon, in specimens
of the latter, from Carson, passing into A. campestris.
A. Fendleri, GRAY. Rigid, a span to a foot high, sparsely hispidulous : the linear one-
uerved firm leaves hispid-ciliate, otherwise usually smooth and glabrous : involucre somewhat
campauulate (3 lines high) ; outer bracts shorter, linear-oblong, obtuse, pruiuose-glaudular,
inner acute or apiculate : rays violet, 4 lines long. PI. Fendl. 66. A. Nuttallii, var. Fcndltri,
Gray, Paeif. R. Rep. iv. 97. Plains and sand-hills, from W. Kansas to S. Colorado and
N. New Mexico ; first coll. by F< mller.
= = Involucre of the large heads very squarrose-foliaceous : leaves proportionally very small,
rigid, recurved or reflexcd.
A. grandiflorus, L. About 2 feet high, with long and slender spreading rigid branches,
hispid with short spreading bristles, not viscid : leaves oblong-linear or obscurelv spatulate,
rough-hispidulous ; cauliue rarely 2 inches long ; of the branches half to less than quarter
inch long; uppermost passing into bracts of the (half-inch high) many-ranked obscurely
granulose-viscid involucre ; the green tips oblong-linear or shorter, or the inner linear : rays
three-fourths inch long, deep violet, large and numerous, rather broad : akeues little com-
pressed, canescent, 7-10-eostate. Spec. ii. 877 (Martyn, Hist. PL Rar. t. 191 ; Dill. Elth.
t. 36, fig. 41 ) ; Mill. Ic. t. 282 ; Bot. Reg. t. 273 ; Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 65, t. A, f. 1. A. asper-
rimus, Nutt. Trans. Phil. Soc. vii. 293. Dry and gravelly soil, Virginia to Georgia in the
middle country.
= = Involucre of middle-sized (a third to half inch) heads well imbricated; the unequal
bracts with loose squarrose-spreading tips: leaves not rigid, spreading.
A. Novse-Angliee, L. Stem stout and strict, 2 to 8 feet high, very leafy to the top,
coarsely hirsute or hispid with many-jointed hairs, also with glandular pubescence : leaves
lanceolate or broadly linear, pubescent (2 to 5 inches long), entire, slightly if at all narrowed
below, half-clasping by a strongly auriculate-cordate base : heads crowded : rays 50 to 60 or
more, fully half-inch long, purple. Spec. ii. 875 (Hort. Cliff. 408; Herm. Par. Bot. t. 98) ;
Bot. Reg. t. 183; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 144. A. ampl,'xicaulis, Lam. Diet. i. 304, excl. svn.
Tourn. A. spurius, Willd. iii. 2032, a low and branching form with scattered heads. A.
conrniinix, ( 'olla, Hort. Rip. App. iii. t. 12, not Willd. Low grounds, Canada and Saskatch-
ewan to S. Carolina and Colorado. A peculiar and handsome species.
Var. roseus, DC. Rays rose-colored. (Bot. Reg. 1. c. fig. d.) A. roseus, Desf. Cat.
i-d. 3, 401, not Stev.-- With the ordinary form occasionally, permanent in cultivation.
A. oblongifolius, NITTT. About 2 feet high : stem hirsute-pubescent, very leafy, corym-
bosely branched : leaves from narrowly oblong to broadly linear (larger cauliue 2 inches
Aster. COMPOSITE. 179
long, 3 or 4 lines wide), somewhat hispidulous-pubei'ulent ; those of flowering branchlets not
rarely glandular : involucre campanulate, aromatic-scented, the linear bracts granulose-
glandular and viscidulous : rays 25-30, bright violet, 5 or 6 lines long : akenes cinereous-
pubescent. Gen. ii. 156, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 294; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 143.
-.1. bicnnis, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 122, not Nutt. A.multiccps, Liudl. in DC. Prodr. v. 237,
from St. Louis, not " Louisiana." - Rocky banks and bluffs, Peim. and Virginia, from the
Alleghanies westward to Wisconsin, Kansas, and Texas.
Var. rigidulus. Low, more fastigiate, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous
leaves. -4. Kundeini, Fries, in distrib. Mus. Ups. uo. 5. In drier and more exposed places,
Illinois and Wisconsin, to Texas and Colorado.
-1 -i Bracts of the involucre loose and more or less herbaceous (or somewhat colored) almost
from the base, linear-attenuate, all equalling the disk: heads hemispherical, numerous and
usually thyrsoidly or cymosely congested at the summit of the simple very leafy stem: rays
numerous and narrow: style-appendages lanceolate: akenes hirsute.
A. modestus, LINDL. Merely pubescent or glabrate : stem more slender, 2 feet high :
leaves thiunish, lanceolate or broader (2 to 4 inches long), sparingly and acutely serrate or
denticulate, very acute, mostly narrowed to a sessile or partly clasping but not auriculate base :
heads fewer and smaller than in the preceding : bracts of the involucre and rays less numer-
ous; these " pale blue." Hook. Fl. ii. 8, & DC. 1. c. 231 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. Sayanus,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 294. A. Unalaschkensis? var. major, Hook. Fl. ii. 7. A.
mutatus, Torr & Gray, Fl. ii. 142. Moist woods, Oregon to Brit. Columbia on the Pacific,
and east to Saskatchewan and Pembina (Macoun).
* 3. Involucre imbricated, hemispherical, not glandular nor viscid, squarrose with ovate or lanceo-
late foliaceous tips to the bracts: pubescence, wholly soft, and cinereous: cauline leaves all iritlt
sagittate-auriculate clasping base, both sides of the same hue, entire: base of stem said to be
somewhat woody ! SAGITTIFKIU.
A. Carolinianus, WALT. Minutely and softly cinereous-pubescent, not glandular nor
viscid : stem diffusely branched, often reclining, 4 to 10 feet long, with straggling slender
branches : leaves oblong-lanceolate, an inch or two long, contracted above the sagittately
auriculate insertion : heads terminating small-leaved branchlets : bracts of the involucre well
imbricated ; the outer shorter and somewhat spatulate, with ovate-lanceolate green tips or
more foliaceous ; inner linear : rays 5 or 6 lines long, narrow, pale purple or rose-color :
akenes narrow, glabrous, 10-nerved. Car. 208 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 211 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 353 ; Chapm.
Fl. 205. A. scandens, Jacq. f. Eel. t. 125. Marshes and river-banks near the coast, S. Car-
olina to Florida.
* 4. Involucre imbricated ; the bracts with coriaceous base and foliaceous or herbaceous loose tips:
pubescence soft-sericeous and sometimes si/r< r//: Imces of the same hue both sides, all entire,
disposed to become vertical by a twist near the sessile base : heads middle-sized or smaller: rays
violet: akenes narrow, 8-10-nerved. SEKICEO-CO^COLOKES,
H Heads terminating open branches, middle-sized (about half-inch high): involucre loose and
foliaceous, of comparatively large bracts; the outermost passing into leaves of the branchlets:
leaves mucronate: akenes glabrous.
A. sericeus, VENT. A foot or two high, paniculately branching : leaves silvery-white with
soft silky pubescence, oblong (an inch or less long), or the lowest oblanceolate (3 inches
long) : involucre oblong ; foliaceous tips of the bracts from ovate to lanceolate, sericeous-
canescent : rays 18 to 25, fully half-iuch long, rather broad, deep violet. Hort. Cels. t. 33 ;
Pnrsh, Fl. ii. 348; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 112. A. argcnteus, Michx. Fl. ii. 1 1 1 .-- Prairies and
dry banks, Minnesota and Illinois to Tennessee and Texas.
Var. montanus. Less silvery, merely cauescent : leaves commonly narrower : upper
leaves and bracts of the shorter involucre sometimes glabrate and villose-ciliate ; approaching
the next species. A. montanus, Xutt. Gen. ii. 155. In the mountainous district from Bun-
combe Co., N. Carolina, to N. W. Georgia.
A. phyllolepis, TORR. & GRAY. More slender and with long simple branches, merely
caneseeut : leaves small ; lower cauline inch or more long, oblong ; the branches elliptical to
oblong-lanceolate, half to quarter inch long ; uppermost and the large ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late foliaceous portion of the involucral bracts cuspidate-acuminate, glabrate, conspicuously
hirsute-ciliate : rays less than half-iuch long. Fl. ii. 113. A. sericeus, var. microphyllus,
180 COMPOSITE. Aster.
DC. Prodr. v. 233. A. ciUatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 295, not Walt. Prairies,
W. Louisiana and Texas ; first coll. by Drummond.
+- .j__ Heads smaller, usually numerous and racemosely disposed on virgate simple stems : involu-
cre closer and of small bracts: akenes silky-villous.
A. concolor, L. Stems slender, 2 feet high, sometimes from a tuberous-thickened root-
stock, very leafy: leaves small, canesceut with minute pubescence, rarely glabrate, from
oblong to short-linear ; the lower on fertile stems only inch long, above gradually reduced in
the inflorescence to small bracts : heads rather narrow (4 lines high) : bracts of the involucre
lanceolate, erect, sericeous-cauescent ; the tips short and narrow, or sometimes more pro-
longed: rays 10 to 15, 3 or 4 lines long, violet-purple. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1228; Walt. Car.
209 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 113; Bertol. Misc. Bot. vi. t. 5. Sandy or gravelly soil, mostly
in pine barrens, toward the coast, Rhode Island to Florida and Louisiana.
* 5. Involucre turbinate, phiriserial, not glandular; the appressed coriaceous whitish bracts with
definite and short (mostly ovate) and slightly squarrose green tips, outer successively shorter:
heads rather small, but large in proportion to the minute (line or tiro lung) crotcilol iul nnij'oi ,
caulini leaves} radical leaves rosulate, subsessile, abruptly larger and very unlike the cauline,
sometimes an inch long: herbage scabrous: rays violet, 3 or 4 lines long: akenes short, pubes-
cent : flowering late in autumn. BKACHTPHYLLI.
A. Squarrosus, WALT. Stems rigid, slender, panicnlntely much branched, a foot or two
high, bearing scattered heads : branches throughout uniformly squarrose with the minute
recurved-spreading rigid leaves ; these mostly ovate-subulate and a line long ; lowest on
sterile shoots 2 or 3 lines long, lanceolate-subulate, mucronate-cuspidate : bracts of the obo-
vate-turbinate involucre with very obtuse or roundish green tips. Car. 209 ; Miclix. Fl.
ii. 112; Ell. Sk. ii. 530; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 114. Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to
Florida.
A. adnatus, NUTT. More hispidulous-scabrous and virgately branched : leaves almost im-
bricated on the stem and branches, lanceolate-oblong, with clasping base, appressed and by
the midrib aduate to the stem for most of their length, only the lowest larger and free :
heads rather smaller and involucral bracts acutish. lour. Acad. Philad. vii. 82; Hook.
Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. microphyllits, Torr. ex Lindl. in DC. Prodr.
v. 244 ; Bertol. Misc. Bot. vi. t. 5. Pine barrens of Alabama and W. Florida.
* 6. Involucre ovoid with turbinate base or campanulate, appressed-imbricated, phiriserial : the
bracts narrow, coriaceous, minutely granulose or scabrous, but not glandular, acute, with indi~-
tinctlv marked green tips, the outer successively >horter: whole herbage scabrous-pubescent:
cmi/iiK- /tufts all with sessile and completely cordate-clasping base, the basal lobes generally
meeting or overlapping around the stem ; radical not cordate; all entire: heads showy: akenes
many-striate, sericeous-pubescent, narrow. PATEMTES.
A. patens, AIT. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, with long and slender rigid divergent branches,
mostly bearing single heads : leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, rather rigid, scabrous,
rarely with obscure serratures, roughly liispidulous-ciliolate ; the cauliue an inch or two long,
sometimes narrowed above the broad auriculate clasping base ; those of the brauchlets grad-
ually reduced to small subulate bracts : heads half-inch or less high : rays a third to half an
inch long, about 24, dee]) violet. Ait. Kew. iii. 201 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 551 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 114. A. tini/ii/iitiis, Ell. Sk. ii. 361, not L. A. <niij>lr-.ricaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 114; Bigel.
Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 312, not Lam. A. patriitixti/miix, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 232, a rigid and long-
branched form. Dry open grounds, Massachusetts to Florida, west to Michigan, Arkansas,
and Texas.
Var. gracilis, HOOK. A foot or two high, more slender : heads and oblong to oval
leaves smaller and more scabrous. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97. Alabama to Texas, &c., a
common Southwestern form.
Var. phlogifolitlS, NEES. The other extreme : leaves larger (cauliue 3 or 4 inches
long, an inch or more wide, softer and membranaceous), hardly scabrous, sometimes con-
tracted above an auriculate-dilated base: heads paniculate on shorter branches: iuvolucral
bracts in fewer ranks, almost glabrous. Ast. 49 ; Torr. & Gray, 1 c. A. phlogifolius, Muhl.
in Willd. iii. 2034; Nutt. Gen. ii. 156. A. alatus, Aikin in Eaton & Wright, Man. 146 ?
A. mirilnH, Lindl. in DC. 1. c., cultivated form, with thinner and lax involucre. In woods
or shady moist ground, New York to North Carolina and Tennessee. A part of J.. undulatus,
L., may belong here.
Aster. COMPOSITE. 181
* 7. Heads small, or in one species middle-sized, paniculate: lower cauline and radical leaves cor-
date and fietlulcd : no glandular or viscid pubescence: akenes compressed, short, 3-5-nerved:
rays violet, purplish, or sometimes almost white: bracts of the involucre with short and ap-
pressed green tips, except in the first. HETEKOPHYLLI.
H Anomalous species, with middle-sized heads, many rays, and squarrosc foliaceous involucre!
A. anomalus, ENGELM. Pubescent and somewhat scabrous, a foot to a yard high,
paniculately or virgately branched above, bearing numerous loosely disposed heads : leaves
veiny, thinnish, entire, mostly oblong- to lanceolate-ovate with narrow and often deep cor-
date base, those of braiichlets reduced and lanceolate to subulate : heads half-inch high :
involucre pluriserially imbricated, hirsutnlous-pubescent, of attenuate-linear bracts; their
foliaceous upper half recurved or widely spreading : rays bright violet, about 40, quarter to
half an inch long: akeues glabrous. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 503. Limestone cliffs, Illinois,
Missouri, and Arkansas; first coll. by Engelmann.
H * True Hettrophylli, with smaller Wads, 10 to 20 rays, and a close involucre of appressed or
erect bracts. Occasional specimens witli only the radical leaves cordate.
-H- Leaves all entire or nearly so (lower sometimes with a few teeth), of rather firm texture, all
much longer than wide, none clasping: heads showy: rays violet, 5 or even 6 lines long, 15 to
20 in number: involucre 3 or 4 lines high; its bracts all appressed and with mostly-definite
sin irt green tips, outer successively shorter.
A. Shortii, HOOK. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, rather slender, leafy to the summit, bearing
racemose-paniculate heads : leaves minutely soft-pubescent, mostly glabrate and smooth
above, thin-veiny, nearly all petioled; radical and principal cauline ovate-lanceolate with
distinctly cordate base and on slender naked petioles, tapering-acute (3 to 5 inches long),
only on ultimate short braiichlets or peduncles reduced to minute subulate bracts : involucre
sometimes puberulent ; its bracts narrow, less rigid and less definitely green-tipped than in
the next : rays light violet. Fl. ii. 9 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 118. Border of thickets and
shaded banks, Ohio to Georgia in the upper country, west to Kentucky and Illinois ; first
coll. by Short.
A. azureus, LINDL. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, pauiculately or racemosely compound at
summit : branches slender and rigid : leaves hirtello-scabrous both sides ; radical and lowest
cauliue ovate-lanceolate with subcordate base, on slender petioles (3 to 6 inches long) ; cauline
oblong or lanceolate with winged petiole or attenuate base, verging to linear, and on the
brauchlets reduced to numerous small and slender-subulate rigid bracts : involucre glabrous
and smooth ; green tips of the bracts ovate or deltoid : rays deep violet-bine. Hook. Comp.
Bot. Mag. i. 98, DC. Prodr. v. 244 (incompletely described for want of lower leaves) ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 118. A. Oolentanyiensis, Riddell, Synops. 55. Prairies and border of
woods, W. New York and Ohio to Minnesota, and southwest to Arkansas and Texas, where
there are forms with hardly a cordate leaf !
H- -H- Leaves some entire, but lower almost always somewhat serrate, rather firm in texture,
longer than broad ; the base, or that of wing-margined petiole of lower cauline, cordate-clasping :
greenish tips of the less rigid involucral bracts short and rather obtuse.
A. undulatus, L. Pale or dull with a minute somewhat cinereous and sometimes scabrous
pubescence: branches rather rigid, racemosely or pauiculately bearing several or rather
numerous racemosely disposed heads: leaves at most inconspicuously or obtusely serrate;
upper mainly entire, lanceolate or oblong with partly clasping base, above diminished to
subulate bracts; middle ones ovate or ovate-lanceolate, abruptly contracted below and -with
dilated cordate-clasping base, sometimes panduriform, below subcordate on margined petioles ;
lowest cauliue and radical cordate on slender naked petioles: heads 4 lines high: rays bright
violet or sometimes paler. Spec. ii. 875 (Hort. Cliff. & Herm. Parad. t. 96, whence the name,
& Moris. Hist. 120) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 206 ; Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 77, t. C, f . 1 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ;
Sprague, Wild Flowers, t. 4. A. diversifolius, DC. Prodr. v. 234. A. paniculatiis, Nutt.
Gen. ii. 56, not Ait., nor Lam. A. sayiltifuliiis, Ell. Sk. ii. 362, not Willd. Dry ground,
margin of woods, &c., Canada to Florida, Kentucky, and Arkansas. Southward in the low
and middle country the common form is
Var. diversifolius. More rigid, scabrous or scabro-puberuleut, and with longer
virgate flowering branches, which are beset with minute subulate or lanceolate (or below
oblong) leaves, only the lower cauline having a narrowed base or winged petiole. -
sifolius, Michx. FL ii. 113 A. sealer, Ell. Sk. ii. 262. A. asperulus, Torr. & Gray, FL
182 COMPOSITE. Aster.
ii. 120, not Wall. A. Batdwim'i, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 127, from specimens with rameal
leaves only. Dry ground, S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. (Named as distinct new
species in herb. Poiret and herb. Banks.)
.,_,. -H- 4-t- Leaves nearly all sharply serrate, thinner, none cordate-clasping either by base of
upper sessile ones or by appendage at base of petiole.
Involucral bracts obtuse or obtusish with conspicuously marked and definite very short green
tips : heads small and numerous.
A. cordifolius, L. Green, slightly pubescent to nearly glabrous, paniculately much
branched above into thyrsoidal inflorescence of very many small heads : leaves membraua-
ceous, acutely serrate, cordate-ovate on nearly naked petioles, or uppermost lanceolate and
sessile, acuminate: heads 2 or 3 lines high: rays only 10 to 12, pale violet or whitish.
Spec. ii. 875, mainly (Hort. Cliff., & syu. Coruuti & Morison) ; Ait. 1. c. 207; Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 1597 (unusual form) ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 552; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 120; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 165. A. patiir.iihitus & A. heterophyllus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2035. A. paniculatus,
heterophyllus, & c<>,-<i;f<>lins, Nees, Ast., chiefly. Common in woodlands, New Brunswick to
the mountains of Georgia, west to Wisconsin and Missouri. A singular abnormal state,
collected by Moser on the Pocono in Pennsylvania, has some of the lower cauliue leaves
lanceolate and laciuiate ; others oblong-ovate, simply serrate, barely subcordate-coutracted
into a winged petiole : perhaps a hybrid with A. d/ffusus.
= = Involucral bracts acute or acutish, with the green tips more indefinite.
a. Heads rather larger than in the last preceding (3 or 4 lines high), numerous, thyrsoid-paniculate
on the rather rigid branches: stems rather stout, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves mostly gradually
acuminate.
A. Drummondii, LINDL. Pale with a fine and mostly soft cinereous pubescence : leaves
from cordate to cordate-lanceolate and mostly on margined petioles, or the small uppermost
lanceolate and sessile by a narrow base, obtusely or acutely serrate (the large 4 inches, smaller
about an inch long), sometimes scabrous above: bracts of the involucre acute or acutish :
rays violet-blue or paler, 3 to 5 lines long. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97, & DC. 1. c. 234 ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Open grounds and border of woods, Illinois and Minnesota to Texas.
Forms pass into the next.
A. sagittif olius, WILLD. Green, from glabrous to sparsely pilose-pubescent : stem strict,
2 or 3 feet high : leaves oblong- and ovate-lanceolate, acutely more or less serrate ; radical
and lowest cauline narrowly cordate, on naked petioles ; upper subcordate or truncate at
base and contracted into a winged petiole (3 to 5 inches long) ; uppermost linear-lanceolate
and sessile : heads densely thyrsoid-paniculate : bracts of the involucre subulate-linear and
mostly attenuate, the tips rather loose : rays purplish, pale violet, or bluish, sometimes
nearly white. Spec. iii. 2035; Nees, Ast. 56; Hook. Fl. ii. 9; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 121.
A. cordifolius, Willd. 1. c., as to spec, from Mnlil. A. puniculatus, Muhl. Cat ; Darlingt. Fl.
Cest. 464. A. hirtdlus & .1. urojJtyllus, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 233, from " St. Louis, Drttm-
mond," not " Louisiana." Open grounds, Canada and W. New York to Dakota, Missouri,
and Florida.
b. Heads larger (4 or 5 lines high) and comparatively few in a loose thyrsus or panicle terminating
the simple stem: only lowest leaves cordate or subcordate: involucral bracts looser and less
imbricated.
A. Lindleyanus, TORR. & GRAY. Green, sparsely pilose or nearly glabrous : stem 10 to
20 inches high, rather stout, the smaller plants bearing few heads : radical and lowest cauline
leaves ovate, moderately or some obscurely cordate, on winged or margined petioles ; upper
ovate- to oblong-lanceolate ; uppermost sessile and acuminate at both ends : bracts of the in-
volucre linear-attenuate; the outer little shorter: rays pale violet, 3 to 5 lines long. Fl.
ii. 122. A. paniculatus, Ait. Kew. iii. 207; Hook. Fl ii. 8 (chiefly), not Lam. A. prcecox,
Lindl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 9, not Willd. Labrador to Upper Canada, Lake Superior, Sas-
katchewan, and the borders of British Columbia. The original of the species was raised by
Gordon from Labrador seeds, and has more extended inflorescence of smaller heads than is
common in the wild plant.
Var. ciliolatUS (A. ciliolatus, Lindl. in Hook. Fl. & DC. Prodr. 1. c. 235) is a dwarf
arctic form, a span to 8 inches high, bearing few (not cordate) leaves and only 2 to 7 heads ;
from Slave Lake, Richardson.
Aster. COMPOSITE. 18
9
* 8. Heads and inflorescence various: no cordate petioled leaves; radical leaves all acute or at-
tenuate at base: not glandular nor viscid, nor silky-canescent: akenes compressed, few-nerved.
HOMOFHYLLI. Nees.
-I Whole plant very smooth and glabrous (sometimes Iiispidulons roughness on leaf-margins or a
little pubescence on branchlets or peduncles): involucre of middle-sized or rather large heads
pluriserial, from turbinate to campanulate, of rather firm closely imbricated appressed bracts
with short green tips, outer successively shorter: leaves of firm texture, entire, or sometimes
with a few teeth : rays of the showy heads violet or blue, rarely pale. La-res.
H- Typical specie*, usually pale and glaucescent or glaucous; with involucral bracts whitish-coria-
ceous below and abruptly green-tipped (most conspicuous in dried specimens): akenes 4-5-
ribbed: leaves on flowering branchlets commonly much reduced to rigid subulate bracts.
A. turbinellus, LIXDL. Slender, 3 feet high, diffusely paniculate above : leaves light
green, not rigid, from oblong to narrowly lanceolate, and all with narrow base (2 or 3 inches
long), scabrous-ciliolate : heads (half-inch or more high) terminating divergent and minutely
bracteolate slender branchlets : involucre elongated-turbinate or subclavate ; its many-ranked
bracts with very short and obtuse green tips : rays a third to half inch long, bright blue-
violet : akenes minutely pubescent. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98, & DC. Prodr. v. 244 ; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 117. Hillsides and plains, Illinois and Missouri to W. Arkansas and Louisiana.
Handsome species, flowering late.
A. virgatus, ELL. Slender, strict and simple, with few or several racemose heads, or with
virgate branches terminated with single heads ; these and the flowers nearly as of A. Iccvis :
canline leaves lanceolate or linear, of firm texture, little if at all dilated at base ; lower ones
usually long and narrow; those of the branchlets subulate-acute and rigid. Sk. ii. 353;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 116 ; Chapm. Fl. 201. A. viminpns, Willd. Spec. iii. 2046 ? (fide herb.,
but a peculiar and imperfect specimen), not Lam. nor Nees. A. pwpuratus, Nees, Ast. 118,
& A. miser, Lam. Diet. i. 308. A. attenuatus, Lindl. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97. A. gracilentus,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 160. Upper S. Virginia to Louisiana and Texas. Form with narrow
and linear leaves (lower 3 or 4 inches long by 2 or 3 lines wide) seems very distinct : broader-
leaved forms pass into the next.
A. la3Vis, L. Stouter, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid : leaves from ovate or oblong to lanceolate (4 or
5 inches long, decreasing upward) ; radical and lowest cauline contracted below into a winged
petiole ; upper all with auriculate or subcordate partly clasping base : heads sparsely thyr-
soid-paniculate, on short and rigid branchlets : involucre campanulate or obscurely turbinate ;
the whitish coriaceous bracts bearing abrupt rhomboid or deltoid short green tips : rays
20 or 30, broadish, sky-blue verging to violet : akenes glabrous or nearly so. Spec. ii. 876 ;
Ait. Kew. iii. 206 ; Nees, Ast. 128, partly ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 116 (the var. /3 is the typical
plant) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 166. A. rubricaulis, Lam. Diet. i. 305 ; Nees, Ast. 131.
A. amplexicaulis, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 2046 ; Nees, 1. c., not of others. A. Pennsyl-
vanicus, Poir. Suppl. i. 498. A. cyaneus, Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. 71, t. B, f. 1 ; Nees, 1. c. ;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1495. A. glauccscens & A. politus, Nees, Synops. 23. A. Icevigatus, Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 2995, not Lam. nor Willd. Borders of woodland, in dry or barely moist
ground, Canada to Louisiana and west to the Rocky Mountains from Saskatchewan to New
Mexico. A form from Fort Edward, N. Y. ( Vanderbcrg), bore white rays changing to rose.
Var. Geyeri. A foot or two high : involucre broader and less imbricated ; its bracts
of thinner texture, mostly attenuate-acute, the green tip less definite. Valleys of the
Northern Rocky Mountains to Idaho, south to Wyoming, &c.
H- -H- Ambiguous species, green, at least not glaucous: involucre greener and somewhat looser.
A. versicolor, WILLD. Leafy up to the more corymbosely disposed inflorescence: leaves
thinner than in preceding, bright green, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely if at all auriculate and
not broadened at insertion, lower with some sharp serratures : involucre short-campanulate :
rays " changing from white to deep violet," or commonly pale or bright violet from the
first. Spec. iii. 2045 & Enum. ii. 885; Nees, Ast. 128. A. lavigatus, Willd. 1. c. 2046 (in
part) ; Nees, 1. c. 129, not Lam. A. her is of the same authors, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1500. A.
mutabilis, Willd. 1. c. 2045; Nees, 1. c. 125. A. confertus, Nees, Ast. 146, white-fl. state. -
Common in European gardens, doubtless from Atlantic N. America ; but decisive indige-
nous specimens hardly known.
A. Concinnus, WILLD. Stem and paniculate branches slender, 1 to 3 feet high (above
often showing traces of pubescence in lines) : leaves pale green, lanceolate, mostly some-
184 COMPOSITE. Aster.
what serrate or serrulate ; upper ones an inch or two long ; lowest and radical spatulate-
lanceolate and tapering into a winged petiole : heads much smaller than in preceding,
numerous : rays 4 or 5 lines long, violet. Euum. ii. 884; Nees, Ast. 121 (excl. /8 ?) ; Liudl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1619. A. eleyans, Hort. Par. 1814, not Willd. North America, received by
Willdenow from Muhlenberg. An indigenous specimen from Pennsylvania, Minn, in
herb. Cosson. This and perhaps that of N. Carolina, Schwcinitz in herb. Ell. (now lost),
and Arkansas, //urn-//, seem to be the only indigenous ones seen.
-i__ .)__ Involucre of the small or barely middle-sized and paniculately or racemosely disposed
heads (3 or 4 lines high) pluriserially imbricated ; its bracts rather rigid, narrow, with subulate
or acute green nearly erect tips: rays white, sometimes turning purplish or violaceous: leaves
mostly narrow and entire, narrowed at base: akenes minutely pubescent. Ericoidei.
H- Heads disposed to be corymbosely or open-paniculate on erect branches: involucre nearly
hemispherical: rays numerous, bright white, disposed to turn rose-purplish, 4 lines long.
A. Porteri, GRAY. A foot or less high, glabrous and smooth (except hirsute ciliation of
lowest leaves), either simple or branching above, bearing several or numerous thyrsuidly or
corymbosely disposed heads : leaves linear or lower spatulate-linear (2 to 4 inches long, 1 to
3 lines wide), radical spatulate : heads broad : involucral bracts linear-subulate; outer little
shorter than inner. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. A. i-ncoides, var. ? Proc. Acad. Philad.
1863, 64. A. ericoides, var. strictus, Porter & Coult. Fl. Colorad. 56. Common in the
Colorado Rocky Mountains at middle elevations, Fn motif, Parnj, Hall & Harbour, &c.
A. polyphyllus, WILLD. Mostly tall (4 or 5 feet high), with virgate branches, glabrous:
cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear (4 or 5 inches long, quarter to half inch wide) ;
those of flowering branchlets small and subulate-linear: heads paniculate (4 lines high):
involucral bracts lanceolate-subulate, outer successively shorter. Euum. 888; Spreug. Syst.
iii. 536. A. Aim rii-nu/ia ] ',< Iriili r< /nlins, &c., Pluk. Aim. t. 78, f. 5 ? A. t< >/////iV/x, Xees, Ast.
119, in part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 132, in part. N. Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Peun.
and N. Carolina. Showy in cultivation, flowering much earlier than A. ericoid<*.
H- -H- Heads disposed to be racemose along spreading branches or branchlets: rays 15-25, and
smaller, bright white, rarely purplish-tinged.
A. ericoides, L. Glabrous or nearly so in the typical form (but with hirsute varieties),
rather rigid, a foot to a yard high, with lateral branches spreading or ascending and com-
monly unilaterally capituliferous : radical leaves oblauceolate and spatulate, often sparingly
serrate; cauline narrowly lanceolate or linear and narrowed at both ends, entire; those of
the branches and branchlets gradually diminished to setaceous-subulate : heads usually
3 lines high : tips of the involucral bracts somewhat abruptly subulate-acute or acuminate
from a rigid or coriaceous base : akeiies little compressed, scarcely nerved. Spec. ii. 875
(specimen in herb, an attenuate cultivated form, not of syn. Dill. & Grouov., which are of
A. multiflorus) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 202; Spreug. Syst. iii. 531 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 123; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 165, not of Lam. nor Michx. A.tenuifolius,WiJlA.. Spec. iii. 2026
(excl. syu.); Nutt. Gen. ii. 155; Nees, Ast. 119, partly. A. dumosus, Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt.
t. A, f. 2. A. ericoides & A. ijlubcllus, Nees, Ast. 107. A. pauciflonis, Martens, Bull. Acad.
Brux. viii. (1841), 67. Dry and open ground, Canada to Florida and the Mississippi.
Var. Reevesii (A. licri-esii of the gardens) is the most rigid form, comparatively
stout, glabrous except that the leaves are often hispidulous-ciliate toward the base ; the heads
and rays as large and the latter about as numerous as m A. polyphyllus. It is A. cirt/atus.
A. II. Curtiss, d ist rib. no. 1279, from dry river-banks near Nashville, Tenn.
Var. villosus, TOI;R. & GRAY, 1. c. Stem (generally low) with branches and not
rarely the leaves villous-hirsutc or hispid-hirsute. A. viHotmn, Michx. Fl. ii. 1 13. A. pilosits,
Willd. Spec. iii. 2055; Nees, Ast. 109. Ohio to Iowa and Missouri, south to W. North
Carolina. The var. platyphyllus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is a very hirsute state of this, with
leaves broader, some even an inch wide and sparingly serrate.
Var. pusillus. Slender, a span to a foot high, glabrous : cauline leaves mostly slen-
der-subulate or filiform : heads small (2 lines high), narrow, few-flowered: involucre turbi-
natc ; its bracts less rigid : rays 2 lines long. Serpentine barrens, Lancaster, Penn., Porter.
A singular form, probably dwarfed by sterility of soil.
Var. Pringlei. A slender and strict glabrous form, seldom over a foot high, simple
or with few erect branches, rather small heads, and shorter tips to the involucre, mentioned
Aster. COMPOSITE. 185
in Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. Rocky islands and shores, northern part of Lake Champlain,
PriiKjle, E. Brainard.
-1 H H Involucre of the numerous small and racemosely disposed heads -with squarrose or at
least sprewUmj herbaceous tips to the well-imbricated unequal bracts, these tips obtuse or merely
mucronate-apiculate : cauline leaves small, all linear and entire, not at all or scarcely narrowed
at the abrupt closely sessile or panly clasping base: akenes canescent-hirsute: herbage with
somewhat cinereous or hirtellous pubescence. Mult'ifloii.
-H- Raj's amethystine-violet or purple : leaves not rigid.
A. amethystillUS, NUTT. Cinereously puberuleut or the stems hirsutulous, 2 to 5 feet
high, paniculately much branched : heads 3 lines high : tips of involucral bracts merely
spreading, acutish, not ciliate : rays rather numerous, 3 lines long. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
(n. ser.) vii. 294; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 144; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 234. Rather low grounds,
E. Massachusetts to Illinois and Iowa. This has been cult, in European gardens under the
names of ^1. pilosus and Bostoniensis. It has much the habit of A. oblongifolius, but is desti-
tute of viscidity and aroma.
+4- -H- Rays white, rarely bluish or purple-tinged.
A. multiflorus, AIT. Low (a foot or two high), bushy-branched, cinereous or green : leaves
rigid, scabrous- or hispid ulous-ciliate ; uppermost of the branchlets passing into involucral
bracts ; these mostly with obtuse tips : heads in the ordinary forms little over 2 (at most 3)
lines long, and with only 10 to 15 or 20 rays. Kew. iii. 203 ; Willd. Spec. iii. 2027 ; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 124, with var. xtri<'1i<:aulis, a slender strict furm of the North. A. cricoides, diinio.oi*,
Dill. Elth. t. 36. A. ericoides, L. spec, as to syn. Dill. ; Michx. Fl. ii. 113 ; Schk. Handh.
t. 245, & (var. innlt(fl<>rns) Pers. Syn. ii. 443. A. ciliatus, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 2027.
A. scoparius, DC. Prodr. v. 242, a rather strict slender-leaved Texan form. A. hebecladus,
DC. 1. c., a very small-leaved hirtellous Texano-Arizonian form. Dry or sterile ground,
Canada to Georgia and Texas, common throughout Atlantic States, southwest to Arizona,
northwest to Saskatchewan and Brit. Columbia. (Mex.) The most wide-spread species.
A. COmmutatus. A foot or so high, with divergent branches : heads more scattered and
twice or even thrice the size of those of A. multiflorus (3 or 4 lines high and broad) : rays
20 to 30 : otherwise nearly as the preceding. A. multiflorus, var. commutatus, Torr. & Gray,
1. c., excl. syn. A. biennis, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y., at least mainly. A. ranudnsus, var. inca.no-
jii/osus, Liudl. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. & Hook. Fl. ii. 12. Plains and river-banks, Dakota and
Saskatchewan, to Utah and E. Oregon. Seems to pass into the preceding on one hand, and
into A. adscendens on the other.
A. falcatus, LINDL. Much like a strict and simple-stemmed A. multiflorus, perhaps a high
northern form of it : leaves all narrowly linear, glabrate or sparingly and minutely (and the
stem more obviously) pubescent with soft somewhat appressed hairs : involucre broader,
glabrous ; its bracts thinner and looser ; outer herbaceous to near the base and as long as the
attenuate innermost. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 126. A. falcatus & A. ramulosus (as to the type),
Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 241, 243, & Hook. Fl. ii. 12. Subarctic America, from Cumberland
House to Fort Franklin, near the Arctic Circle and Arctic coast, Richardson.
H__ H +- -I Involucre of the small (2 or 3 lines high) and numerous heads nearly of the
Ileteroirftylli, pluriferial; the bracts not coriaceous, regularly and closely imbricated (miter suc-
cessively shorter), smooth and glabrous, mostly whitish below and with definite short green
tips, these not spreading: stems usually slender and not very tall; the branches divergent or di-
varicate (except in A. racemosus), and racemosely branched or racemosely capituliferous : leaves
from lanceolate to subulate, not cinereous nor more than minutely scabrous, commonly spread-
ing: all Atlantic species. Divergentes.
H- Heads more scattered and singly terminating the racemose or compound-paniculate minutely
foliose slender branches.
A. dumosus, L. Mostly quite glabrous and smooth, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves all entire and
obtuse, commonly reflexed or widely spreading ; the cauline linear (1 to 3 inches long and as
many lines wide), of rather firm texture ; those of branches and branchlets gradually smaller
and shorter; ultimate ones reduced to minute bracts: involucre campanulate or short-turbi-
nate (2 or 3 lines long), well imbricated and with very definite and broadish oval or oblong
green tips to the obtuse or sometimes barely acutish bracts : rays from violet to nearly-
white, 2 lines long. Spec. ii. 873 (with syn. mainly) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 202 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
186 COMPOSITE. Aster.
ii. 128. A. sparsiflonts, Michx. Fl. ii. 112; Willd. Enum. 880 (with unusually large lower
leaves) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 155. A.frngilis, Lindl. But. Reg. t. 1537, & herb. Border of moist
or dry woods, New England and W. Canada to Florida and Texas. Runs into various
forms, such as
Var. coridifolius, TORE. & GRAY, 1. c. A more rigid and effuse Southern form,
with rather coriaceous leaves, especially the very small ones of the elongated branches and
hranchlets; involucral bracts also more rigid. A. coridifolius, Michx. Fl. ii. 112; Willd.
Spec. iii. 2028; Nees, Ast. 104; Liudl. Bot. Reg. t. 1487. A. foliolosus, Ell. Sk. ii. 345, not
Ait. A. foliolosus, var. coridifolius, Nutt. Geu. ii. 155. A. multiflorus, Bertol. Misc. v. t. 5,
fig. 3. Pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. subulsefolius, TORE. & GRAY, 1. c. Rather rigid form, with ascending flower-
ing branches, on which the somewhat large heads are often subracemosely paniculate and
bearing erect or little spreading subulate-linear or linear-oblong very small leaves. Open
woods and pine barrens, Carolina to Texas; also N. W. Arkansas. The var. subracemosus,
Torr. & Gtay, 1. c., was made up of specimens, some fairly referable to the present form,
others to A. vimineus, var. foliolosus, or of intermediate forms.
H- -H- Heads racemosely unilateral, usually numerous or crowded along the flowering branches;
the branchlets or minutely leafy peduncles shorter or little longer than the involucre: disk-
flowers apt to turn purple.
A. racemosus, ELL. Minutely scabrous-pubescent along the numerous slender erect or
ascending branches, probably rather tall (base of stem unknown) : leaves rigid, linear,
small, acute, entire: heads small (little over 2 lines high), somewhat spicately or more
loosely racemose : involucre hemispherical and of narrower and acuter bracts than in the fol-
lowing: rays only a line or two long, purplish. Sk. ii. 348; Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 127.
S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana, in the low country or along the coast. Perhaps also
Texas, but specimens (of Lindheimer) insufficient. Species insufficiently understood.
A. vimineus, LAM. Nearly glabrous : stem 2 to 5 feet high, slender, simple, with nu-
merous usually horizontal foliolose flowering branches, bearing numerous usually crowded
heads : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire, or the lower with few serratures (the longer
cauline 3 to 4 or 5 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide) : heads 2 or 3 lines high : bracts of involucre
linear, usually acutish : rays commonly pure white (not rarely changing to purplish, even
on a part of the plant), about 2 lines long. Diet. i. 306 (1783, form with somewhat lanceo-
late cauline leaves) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 169. A. Tradescanti, L., as to one speci-
men in herb. Cliff., of very doubtful authority, also of hort. Par. in early days, of Nees, DC.,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 129, with var. frayilis ; not of herb. L. (hort. Ups.), nor A. Tradescanti,
Morison. A. sccundiflorus, Desf. Hort. Par. 1815, & A. dffitsits, DC. Prodr. v. 242, partly.
A. mult(flnn/s, Nutt. Geu. ii. 155, excl. syn. A. tcnuifolius, Ell. Sk. ii. 347, not L. A. fra-
gilis, Nees, Ast. 101, in part, not Willd. Moist ground, Cauada to Florida and west to
Arkansas, most common northward ; flowering rather early.
Var. foliolosus. Leaves linear, entire : branches ascending, bearing sparse or more
paniculate heads: consists of forms intermediate between A. vimineus and. A. dinuosiis, but
with smaller heads than is usual in the latter, and thinner as well as narrower involucral
bracts. A. foliolosus, Ait. Kew. iii. 202. A. ericoides, Me/iloti ctgrarice umbone, Dill. Elth.
39, t. 35, a coarsely exaggerated figure : from which figure solely the char. & descr. of A. misrr,
L. Spec. ii. 877, were made, neither these uor the figure answering at all well to the dried
specimen in herb. Sherard ; which is said to have been raised from New England seeds. A.
dumosus, var. subracemosus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 128. New England to Illinois.
A. diffusus, AIT. Either pubescent or almost glabrous, a foot to 4 or 5 feet high; the
larger plants widely and divergently branched : leaves thinnish, mostly broad! v lanceolate
or wider, with much narrowed base, acute or acuminate ; lower cauline generallv 3 to 5
inches long, sparingly and acutely serrate ; those of the flowering branches becoming small
and entire, some of them surpassing the crowded or sometimes more scattered heads, which
are usually disposed along the length of the flowering branches, either singly or in clusters ;
radical leaves ovate and slender-petioled : involucre campnnulate ; its bracts linear, obtuse or
sometimes acutish, and with a definite short green tip: rays small, white, or sometimes
tinged with purplish or violet. Ait. Kew. iii 205; Nees, Ast. 1. c., &c. A. divertjens, Ait.
1. c. ; Nees, 1. c. A. pendulits, Ait. 1. c. 204 (a form with narrowish and less serrate leaves,
verging to or connecting with the preceding species) ; Nees, Ast. 100. A. Tradescanti,
Aster. COMPOSITE. 187
Michx. Fl. ii. 115, not of L., &c. A. miser, Xutt. Gen. ii. 158 (a cinereous-pubescent variety
or state, of snn-burnt situations, short-leaved and glomerate-clustered, partly the var. r//nit'-
rellus, Torr. & Gray, under this name) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 129 ; not L. (pi. Dill.), nor Ait.
A. parviflorus, Darliugt. Fl. Cest. 446, not Nees. Solidago later iflora, L. Spec. ii. 879.
Dry or barely moist ground, Canada to Texas and west to Missouri. A. dijfusus is, on the
whole, the best of three names of same date.
Var. horizontalis. A robust, very bushy-branched and exceedingly floriferous
cultivated form ; the leaves thickish, those of the widely spreading flowering branches small
and short, entire : white rays more conspicuous. A. horizontalis, Desf. Cat. ed. 3, 402. A.
recurvatus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2047. A plant of the gardens, not exactly matched by indige-
nous specimens, but evidently of this species.
Var. thyrsoideus. From slightly to distinctly cinereous-pubescent: leaves from
ovate-oblong to lanceolate : flowering branches ascending, rather rigid, either short or some-
what elongated: heads thyrsoid-pauiculate or spicate-glomerate, less secund. Part of A.
miser, var. glomerellus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. New York to Illinois and Upper Canada. West-
ern forms connect with the next species.
Var. hirsuticaulis (*-l. Itirxiifirmi/is, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 242, and A. miser, var.
hirsuticaulis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c.), founded only on specimens from Albany, N. Y., Beck,
in herb. Torr. & Lindl., is a singular form, probably growing in much shade, with long and
narrow leaves, as of A. rimim </.s, the midrib of these beneath and the stem very hirsute.
Other forms in Torr. & Gray, FL, are ambiguous between this and A. ri/nineus.
Var. bifrons. A luxuriant form, growing in shady and moist grounds, with large
and thin elongated-lanceolate leaves, and spreading branches with loosely disposed and mostly
larger heads: a transition to the following section and to A. pnnii-ulutiix, Lam. A. bifrons,
Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v. 243. Shady banks of Kentucky Eiver (Short) to Illinois.
+ -j -f H 1 Involucre various, in some imbricated and with short close tips, as in the last
preceding section, in others more loose and herbaceous : heads when numerous either thyrsoid-
or open-paniculate on erect or ascending branches. Vulyares.
H- Cauline leaves sessile, but neither with cordate or aimculate base (except in forms of A. Novi-
Belijii and A. foliaceus), nor with abrupt winged-petiole-like lower portion.
= Atlantic United States species, with branching stems or several or mnny heads when well de-
veloped, none alpine or subalpine: herbage disposed to be glabrous, but branches often pubes-
cent in lines.
a. Involucre of the small or middle-sized heads close and erect ; its bracts narrow, imbricated in
successive lengths, the small green tips not dilated nor spreading. Species seemingly confluent
in a series.
A. Tradescanti, L., partly. Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, with numerous erect or ascend-
ing branches and branchlets : leaves lanceolate or linear, slightly serrate or entire, tliinuish :
small heads numerous, corymbosely or somewhat racemosely paniculate, only two or three
lines high : bracts of the involucre linear, acutish, partly green at tip and down the back :
rays white, or sometimes tinged with lilac, only about 2 lines long. Spec. ii. .876 (as to
Hort. Cliff, in part, if herb. Cliff, is of any authority, and as to syu. A. Vinjlnianus jmn-is
floribus Tradescanti, Moris. Hist. iii. 121, whence the name) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 204 (var. fl. albis) ;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 166; not of L. Hort. Ups. & herb., only in small part of Torr.
& Gray, Fl. A. miser, Ait. Kew. iii. 205, not L. A. franilis, Willd. Spec, iii. 2051 ; not
A. Tra descanti frayilis, Torr. & Gray. A. leucanthemus-, Desf . Cat. 102; Poir. Suppl. i. 500.
A. artemisiceflorus, Poir. 1. c., ex char. A. parviflorus, Nees, Ast. 99, a rather strict form.
A. tenuifoUus, var., in part, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 132, not of others. Open grounds, Canada
to Virginia, Elinois, and Saskatchewan. Cult, from earliest days in European gardens.
Some forms, both cult, and wild, show affinity to A. diimosus, riminet/s, and dij/'iisns; others
differ from the next following species only in the smaller heads and flowers.
A. paniculatus, LAM. Stem 2 to 8 feet high, freely and paniculately branched : leaves
from elongated oblong to narrowly lanceolate, mostly attenuate-acuminate, sharply serrate
or denticulate, or upper entire, thin : heads about a third of an inch high, in loose and open
mostly leafy panicles : bracts of the involucre narrowly linear, with tapering acute or acumi-
nate green tips (or outermost wholly green on back) : rays 3 or 4 lines long, white varying
to purplish or pale violet (in drying often turning blue). Lam. Diet. i. 306 (1783, the char,
not good for the involucre, but it is the A. serotinus procerior, &c., Tourn., cited by Lam.) ;
188 COMPOSITE. Aster.
not Ait. 1789, nor oft Willd. A. Tradescanti ', L. Spec. ii. 876, as to herb. ("H. TL") & Hort.
Ups. 262, not Hurt. Cliff. & syn. Morisou (whence the name Tradescanti); Ait. Kew. 1. e.
204, as to var. flwibus <" rulcis. A. juna us, Ait. 1. c., as to pi. H. Kew. 1777 only. A. ilra-
cunculoides, Willd. Spec, iii. 2050, a form nearest to the preceding species, not Lam. A. re-
curvatus, Willd. Herb. fol. 1, but hardly of Spec. iii. 2047. A. lunceolatus, Willd. 1. c., & A.
leUidiJJoriis, Willd. Enum., are cultivated forms. A. Lamarckim-ms, Xees, Ast. 100, at least
as to svn. Lam. A. tennijl>lln* (Xces in part), and A. simplex, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., mainly,
and A. carm us, Xees, Syu. 27 & Ast. 96, by the char., belong to this rather than to the next
species, as do some indigenous (but not original) specimens named by Xees. A. salicifolius,
Scholler, Fl. Barb. Suppl. (1785), 328, to which belong A. salignus, Willd. Spec. iii. 240,
A. simplex, Willd. Enum. 887, and probably A. str/ctus, Poir. Suppl. 498, represents a
form of this same species, either very early naturalized in Hungary and Germany, or possi-
bly indigenous. A. lams, Willd. Euum. 886, seems to be a similar form. Low or moist
ground, New Brunswick to Saskatchewan, E. Montana, and Louisiana, abundant in the
Northern States, an-l polymorphous. A small and slender form, in Northern sphaguous
bogs, with linear leaves, resembles A. lonyifolius in habit and foliage.
A. Salicifolius, (LAM.?) AIT. Resembles the preceding, equally branching: leaves com-
monly less elongated, less serrate or entire, of firmer texture, apt to lie scabrous, and the
fine reticulation of the veinlets manifest : involucre more imbricated ; its bracts firmer,
linear, with shorter and more definite green tips, these acute or obtusish : heads (as large as
in preceding or broader) disposed to be thyrsoid or racemose-glomerate on the ascending
branches: rays purplish to violet, rarely white. Lam. Diet. 1. c. ? (no Laniarckiau speci-
mens seen); Ait. Kew. iii. 203; Muhl. Cat.; Darliugt. Fl. Cest. 467. A. prcealtus, ~Poir.
Suppl. i. 493, merely a change of Alton's name, not Xees. A. eminens, Willd. Enum. 886, is
either this or the preceding. A. r/qifliifus, Desf. Cat. (1815), 122. A. obliipius, Xees, Ast.
76, cult. form. A. onustns? and perhaps A. carneus, Nees, Ast. 122, 96, on cult, forms, but
char, and some specimens of latter are of the preceding species. A. stenophyllus, Liudl. in
DC. Prodr. v. 242, narrow-leaved form. A. carneus, in part, & ^1. Greenei, Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 134. Low grounds, Canada and X T ew England to Saskatchewan, E. Montana, and Texas :
most abundant in tbe Mississippi valley. Tbe original of Ait. Kew., in the Bauksiau her-
barium, is of flowering branches only, with small leaves.
Var. Siobasper. A rigid and commonly scabrous form, with thyrsoid-eontracted and
foliose inflorescence : broad heads commonly foliose-bracteate : bracts of involucre broader
and firmer, often obtuse: rays violet. A. subasper, Lindl. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 97, & DC.
Prodr. v. 257. A. carneus, var. s.i.lmsper, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Illinois to Texas.
Var. CSerulescens. A strict and rigid form, with the rather large heads in a more
naked inflorescence, and leaves all entire : involucral bracts with narrower acute or acutish
tips. A. ccerulesccns, DC. Prodr. v. 235. Rocky banks, E. to W. Texas, Bcrlandier, Liml-
li< liner, c.
b. Involucre of the small or barely middle-sized heads looser and less imbricated; but its bracts
erect or hardly at all spreading, nurn.w and linear, with acute and not at all dilated green tips,
or outermost wholly hc.Tliaci.Mui>, these little shorter or equalling the inner: leaves linear or lan-
ceolate, not rigid, not dilated at base, sparingly denticulate or entire.
A. junceus, AIT. Slender, a foot to a yard high, the smaller plants simple-stemmed and
with few beads, smooth and nearly glabrous: leaves linear or nearly so (3 to 5 inches long,
2 to 4 lines wide), entire, or lower with rare deriticulations : involucre 3 lines high ; its bracts
all small, narrowly linear and erect, thinnish, manifestly imbricated in 2 or 3 series, and the
outer more or less shorter (thus connecting with .-1. panioil, it/is of the preceding subdivis-
ion) : rays light violet-purple, 4 or 5 lines long. Hort. Kew. iii. 204, the indigenous speci-
ni'-n Halifax, ffalbgren. A. ,W ;,//;,/,<;, Richards. App. Fraukl. Journ. ed. 1, 478, ed. 2, 20,
not Ait. A. In.nfo/iiiK, Lindl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 10, mainly: hardly of Xecs, Ast., who had a
cult, plant of Leyden Garden, and in herb. Lindl. so named a plant of A. paniculatus? A.
laxifolius, var. borealis, & var. la-iiflnrus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 138. A. astivus, Gray, Man.
mainly. A. In,; nl/'s, Provancher, Fl. Canad. i. 308. Wet meadows and cold bog's, Nova
Scotia to Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and north to Hudson's Bay, Saskatchewan, and Rocky
Mountains, &c. Appears to pass into the next.
A. longifolius, LAM. A foot to a yard high, glabrous or pubescent, leafy: leaves elon-
gated-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly serrulate, 3 to 7 inches long, taper-
Aster. COMPOSITE. 189
ing to both ends : involucre 4 or 5 lines high, little or not at all imbricated ; its bracts all of
nearly equal length, some looser outermost not rarely quite herbaceous: rays 3 or 4 lines
long, violet or purplish, rarely almost white. Diet i. 306, chiefly (and partly A. jiaiiinilatus,
Lam.), fide herb. Par. A. (KStivus, Ait. Ke\v. iii. 203; Willd. Spec. iii. 2030; Nees, Ast. 74 ;
a shorter-leaved cultivated form. A. eminens, Nees, Ast. 87, iii part, perhaps also A. laxi-
folius, Nees, certainly Hook. FL, in part. A. sidicifoliun, Willd. ? herb, (not Ait.), theiv
seemingly A. hiemalis, Nees, Ast. 77, said to blossom late. A. floribundus, Willd. fide spec,
cult. herb. Par. 1814, hardly of Spec. PL A. virgineus, Nees, Ast. 88. A. squarm/umts, N'ees,
Ast. 86'? Low grounds or along streams, Labrador to Montana, Slave Lake, south t..
Canada and N. New England. Like other boreal species, flowers early when cultivated in
lower latitudes.
Var. villicaulis. A small and low form, with simple stem (a foot or less high) and
midrib of narrow leaves beneath densely white-villous : heads few or solitary : rays deep
violet. Northern Maine, at Fort Kent, Miss Furbish.
c. Involucre of the middle-sized heads of firmer and more herbaceous or foliaeeotis-tipped and linear
to spattdate bracts, imbricated in few to several series, of mure or loss unequal length, their
summits from slightly to squarrose-spreadiug: leaves of rather firm texture: ravs violet: com-
paratively late-flowering.
A. Novi-Belgii, L. Rather low, rarely tall, glabrous and smooth, or pubescent in lines on
the branches : leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparsely or obscurely ser-
rate; upper with sessile base partly clasping and not rarely somewhat auriculate : heads
mostly 4 or 5 lines high and bright blue-violet rays of equal length. The commonest later-
flowered blue Aster of the Atlantic border, in low or wet grounds, truly polymorphous, both
in wild forms and in those of long European cultivation, many of which are not identified
with indigenous originals. Spec. ii. 877 (truly founded on the A. Noi'ti-Bf/i/iir, etc., Ilerm.
Hort. Lugd. 67, t. 69, raised from seed collected about the year 1680 in the vicinity of New
York, whence the name, and probably represented by the plant of Hort. Cliff. 408, not by in-
digenous specimen in herb. Linn, from Kalm, which is A. puniccus, L., nor by plant in herb,
from Upsal garden); Nees, Ast. 79; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 167. A. serotinus, Mill.
Diet., probably. A. floribundus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2048. Assume as most normal, if not the
original Leydeu type, the common form away from influence of salt water, and with leaves not
thickish ; these from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate, their upper surface not rarely scabrous,
and linear iuvolucral bracts with narrow and acute spreading or recurving upper portion.
Common in wet grounds, New Brunswick and Canada to Georgia, chiefly eastward, but ex-
tending to Ohio and Illinois. A. eminens, var. virgineus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1656, appears to
be a nearly white-rayed form. A. laxus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 134, a very narrow-leaved
form, and A, pnmltitx (Nees.?), Torr. & Gray, 1. c., one with broader leaves. A. longifolius,
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 233 ; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 49, t. 10.
Var. laevigatus. Smooth and glabrous throughout or nearly so : leaves mostly ob-
long-lanceolate, little if at all thickened ; upper cauliue disposed to be half-clasping by an
abrupt or obscurely auriculate base : involucral bracts in few ranks, rather short, all not far
from same length, loosely erect, and with comparatively short acutish herbaceous tips ; thus
resembling A. versf color except that the involucral bracts are much less imbricated and little
unequal. A. lm>trjatus, Lam. Diet. i. 306 ; Poir. Suppl. i. 498, not Willd. &c. A. mutabi/is,
Ait. Kew. iii. 205 (cult. hort. Collinson & Kew, 1777, & herb. Jacq.) ; not L. by char., syn.
Pluk., nor syn. Herm. A. strothnts & Nom-Bc/i/ii, in part, Willd. Spec. iii. 2048 ; Nees, Syn.
Ast. 24. A. brumal is (also A. onustiis, partly, & A. eminens, var./" vigatus), Nees, Ast. 88, &c.
A. arr/utits, Nees, Ast. 69, fide spec. Schultz Bip., hort. Bonn. ; but char, does not accord. -
Newfoundland to New England : hardly any wild specimens exactly answering to the plant
cultivated and even naturalized in Europe ; but many that connect with the following, viz. : -
Var. litoreus. Stems rigid, low, or sometimes 3 or 4 feet high and then paniculately
much branched, very leafy: leaves thickish and firm, very smooth (rarely upper face some-
what scabrous), oblong to lanceolate, upper partly clasping and sometimes auriculate : bracts
of the involucre loosely imbricated in several ranks, outer commonly spatulate, all but inner-
most with broadish or obtuse herbaceous and mostly thickish tips. A. Novi-Belgii, L., as
to Hort. Cliff., at least herb. Cliff. A. tardiftorus, Willd. Spec. iii. 2049, and of most later
authors, not L. A. adulterinns, Willd. Enum. 884; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1571. Symph ; /otri-
chium unctuosum, Nees, Ast. 135. The synonyms all from cultivated plants, less showy than
190 COMPOSITE. Aster.
the wild ; and a dwarf form, very floriferous, with small leaves and small heads, is A. c(rsj'-
tosus of the gardens (as cited by Liudley under A. culn/ti riniia), probably the parent also of
A. Novi-Beftjii, var. minimus, of the gardens, with rose-purple rays. Saline marshes and
shores, Canada and Xew England to Georgia : evidently passes into the thinner-leaved form
taken as the tvpe, wherever it recedes from the influence of brackish water. The old culti-
vated forms evidently much altered in the European gardens.
Var. el6d.es. Slender, a foot or two high and simple, sometimes taller and with
simpler panicle : leaves thickish, long and narrowly linear (2 to 5 inches long, 2 or 3 lines
wide), entire; those of flowering branches or open panicle small and bract-like : involucre of
rather well-imbricated narrow bracts, with short and mostly spreading acutisli tips. A.
elodrx, Ton: & Gray, Fl. ii. 136, chiefly. A. longifoltus, Gray, Man. 233, in part, not Lam.
Swamps near the coast, Xew Jersey to Virginia. Would seem to be a most distinct species ;
but passes by gradations into forms of the type of the species, with narrow-lanceolate den-
ticulate leaves of thinner texture; and the broad-leaved var. of Torr. & Gray, 1. c., into the
preceding variety.
Var. thyrsiflorus. Very leafy, smooth : cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate or
nearly linear (2 to 4 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide below the middle), attenuate-acuminate,
commonly serrulate, of rather firm texture: heads numerous in a narrow thyrsoid panicle,
or somewhat racemosely paniculate on elongated branches, rather large : involucre of the
narrow bracts with attenuate and spreading or squarrose-recnrving tips, as in the typical form.
A. ihyrsiflorus, Hoffm. Phyt. Blatt. i. 83, t. D, f. 1 (yet figure and description answer
rather to a broader-leaved form, either of the type or of the var. loEvigatus) ; Poir. Suppl.
i. 502; Nees, Ast. 65; DC. Prodr. v. 235, with var. squarrosiis, Lindl. in DC. (A. eminens,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1614, with abnormally fbliose involucre.) A. spectabilis, Willd. Spec.
iii. 2048, as to descr. (not char.) & herb., not Ait. Said to come from Virginia : cultivated
plants not matched by indigenous specimens.
= = Pacific or Rocky Mountain species.
a. Involucre of the middle-sized or small heads conspicuously and regularly pluriserially imbri-
cated; outer bracts successively shorter; all loosely erect or little spreading, and with obtuse or
obtusish mostly short and broadish herbaceous tips (occasionally in early or less developed
heads some outer bracts foliaceous): leaves entire, or lower sometimes slightly serrate.
1. Heads mostly half-inch high, hemispherical, loosely paniculate: leaves comparatively large,
none broadened at the insertion.
A. Chamissonis, GRAY. Rather tall (2 to 4 feet high), with loosely spreading branches
and branchlets, pubescent with spreading hairs or glabrate : leaves bright green, broadly
lanceolate (larger cauliue 3 to 6 inches long and an inch or less broad, those of flowering
branchlets small) : bracts of the broad involucre all but inner with obtuse and oval or appar-
ently spatulate obtuse green tips (coarser and looser than in the next) : rays bright violet,
4 to 6 lines long. -- Torr in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 341 ; Bot. Calif, i. 324. A. radula, Less.
in Linn. vi. 125, fide Nees. A. Chilensis, Xees, Ast. 133 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 112, but not
at all Chilian. A. sj^r/iil,i/ix, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 146, not Ait. A. Neesii, Schultz
Bip. in Flora, 1856, 354, name merely suggested. Moist thickets and along streams, Cali-
fornia toward the coast, for nearly the whole length of the State, apparently reaching
Oregon; first coll. by llanke and C'Ituinix*.
2. Heads smaller, 3 to 5 lines high.
A. Menziesii, LIM>L. A foot or two high, strict, from cinereous-pubescent throughout
to ahno>t glabrous, bearing mostly numerous or thyrsoidly racemose-paniculate and rather
small brads on rigid erect branchlets or peduncles : leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate-
ol,]ong (2 or 3 inches long), on the branches small and linear or reduced to linear-subulate,
so that the well-developed panicle is comparatively naked: involucre seldom over 3 lines
high, short-turhinate, of linear slightly spatulate bracts in several rather closely imbricated
ranks, iir;irly all obtuse : rays violet or purple, 3 lines long. Hook. Fl. ii. 12, & DC. Prodr.
v. 243; Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 113 (described from the original, starved and arid, cinereous-
cancscent specimens, collected by Mnr.u.-< in California, not "Oregon"); Torr. in Wilkes
Exped. xvii. t. 8 (a similar form, collected on the Sacramento) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 324.
A. Dni-andii, Nutt. ex Durand in Pacif. Ii. l!rp. v. 8. Has been sometimes taken for A.
falcntus. Dry or moist ground, throughout California to W. Nevada. There are connect-
ing forms between this and the preceding, and others verging to the following.
Aster. COMPOSITE. 191
A. adscendens, LINDL. A span to a foot or two high, rather rigid, from nearly glabrous
to strigulose-hirsutulous : stems ascending or erect from creeping rootstocks, commonly
branching, bearing few or rather numerous loosely paniculate or subcorymbose heads (these
4 or 5 lines high) : leaves of firm and thickish texture (veins obscure), linear to spatulate-
lanceolate, entire, with margins commonly hispidulous-ciliate or scabrous : bracts of the
hemispherical involucre oblong-linear or obscurely spatulate, moderately unequal and in
comparatively few ranks ; the green tips looser, either glabrous, puberulent, or ciliolate ; inner
often mucroimlate : rays 3 or 4 lines long, violet or purple. DC. Prodr. v. 231, & Hook.
PL ii, 8; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 111. A. dtntidutus, var. ciliatifolins, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 293. A. falcatus, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 140, mainly. A. multiflorus, var. com-
mutatus, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 76, a large form. Plains and moist banks, Saskatchewan and
Montana, to Colorado, New Mexico, N. Arizona, and W. Nevada, ascending the mountains
to 10,000 feet; first coll. in Brit. America by Driuiuuand.
Var. denudatus, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A low or .slender form, smoother, less leafy,
or rameal leaves much reduced in size, and smaller heads and rays. A. denudatus (& A.
ramutosus, in part, as to specimens), Nutt. 1. c. 292. A. Nultal/ii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 126;
Eaton in Bot. King Exp., 1. c. Plains of Utah to S. Idaho; first coll. by Nuttall.
Var. Yosemitanus. Greener, less rigid, with comparatively large heads and
looser involucre. Sierra Nevada, from Summit to the Yosemite Valley.
A. Hallii, GRAY. Stem strict, a foot or two high, leafy to the top, bearing numerous short
racemosely disposed and ascending flowering branches ; these minutely pubescent : leaves
(1 or 2 inches long, barely 2 lines wide) entire, scabrous-ciliolate, otherwise smooth and
glabrous, neither dilated nor contracted at base: heads small (3 lines high) and numerous,
somewhat racemosely paniculate and crowded : involucre campaunlate, glabrous; the bracts
subspatulate-liuear with oval or oblong green tips rather close and erect: rays 2 or 3 lines
long, white or whitish. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 388, name only. Dry ground, Oregon,
E. Hall (distrib. no. 243), Lobb (289), Henderson. Perhaps this is A. bracteolatus, Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 293, no specimens of which seem to have been preserved, and
which is compared with A. canijnstris, but is said to have a smooth involucre.
b. Involucre of the middle-sized heads more or less imbricated but looser; the bracts all narrow
(linear or approaching subulate), thinnish, from moderately to hardly unequal, loosely erec-t, all
acute or acutish, with not at all dilated tips, nor are the outermost normally enlarged-foliaceous :
leaves mostly entire.
1. Low, or only a foot or two high, chiefly of the mountains and high northward, mostly glabrous
or a little pubescent.
A. Andinus, NUTT. Dwarf, with decumbent stems 2 or 3 inches long from filiform creep-
ing rootstocks, bearing a solitary comparatively large head : leaves only half-inch long ;
radical and lower cauline spatulite ; cauline (2 or 3) linear-lanceolate : involucre hemispheri-
cal, 4 lines high ; its linear acutish bracts of almost equal length, nearly glal irons : rays
violet, 4 lines long (35 to 40): style-tips short-lanceolate, acute. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 290 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 1 54. Rocky Mountains at Thornberg's Ridge, Wyoming,
lat. 42, near perpetual snow, Nuttall. Not since found ; perhaps a high alpine state of A.
Fremonti.
A. spathxilatus, LIXPL. Low, a span or two high, with ascending stems sparingly
branched above and bearing 3 to 5 corymbosely disposed pedunculate. rather large (half-inch
high) heads: leaves (lto3 inches long) linear-spatulate or upper linear-lanceolate with half-
clasping base, and radical broader : involucre hemispherical ; its linear bracts acutish, nearly
equal : "rays rather short, 3 lines long. DC. Prodr. v. 231, & Hook. Fl. ii. 8 ; Torr. & Gray.
1. c. Subarctic America, between Bear Lake and Fort Franklin, on the Mackenzie River,
Richardson. Approaches the next ; but not matched.
A. Fremonti. A span to a foot (rarely 2 feet) high, glabrous or some minute soft pubes-
cence along the upper part of the slender erect stem : leaves thinner and with margins either
quite naked and smooth or obscurely ciliolate-scabrous ; radical and lowest cauline oblong or
oblanceolate, or somewhat obovate (inch or two long), and tapering into a slender mar-
gined petiole ; cauline from oblong-lanceolate to linear, commonly half-clasping at base ;
heads solitary in the smaller specimens, several in the larger, one third to half an inch high
(and the numerous violet rays 4 lines long), somewhat naked-pednncled : bracts of the invo-
lucre narrowly linear, obtuse or acutish, or the inner acute, some of the outer shorter, all
192 COMPOSITE. Aster.
loose and similar. A. adscendens, var. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 503. A. adscendens?
partly, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 324. A. laxifolius, in part, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 160.
Rocky Mouiitaius, from Montana to Colorado and Utah, in wet ground below the alpine
region, west to the Cascade Mountains, lat. 49, and along the Sierra Nevada, California.
Var. Parish!!. A dubious form (connecting with the next species '.), with more im-
bricated and acute iuvolucral bracts, their margins ciliolate. Bear Valley in the San Ber-
uardino Mountains, S. E. California, Parish.
A. OCCideiltalis, NUTT. A span to a foot or more high, smooth and glabrous (except
some minute pubescence below the head), slender; smaller plants simple, bearing solitary
or few heads ; larger with slender branches and several or more numerous corymbose or
p.-miciilate heads (these 4 or 5 lines high) : leaves mainly linear and narrow; cauliue 1 to
3 inches long and only a line or two wide, rarely lanceolate and larger, occasionally (in
Nuttall's specimens) bearing one or two salient lateral teeth or lobes ; radical sometimes
lanceolate-spatulate with long tapering base : involucre of narrowly or subulate-linear acutish
or acute thiuuish loose bracts, obviously imbricated, of 2 or 3 lengths : rays light violet,
about 4 lines long. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 164 ( Tripolium occidentals, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii, 296), a small and weak alpine form, apparently of a species which at lower eleva-
tions becomes taller, rather freely branched, and in Oregon passes into a diffusely much
branched and paniculate polycephalous form. Moist grounds and along streams, Idaho to
Washington Terr., and along the Sierra Nevada, California, to Kern Co. (..4. astivtts, Roth-
rock in Wheeler Rep.) ; first coll. in Oregon by Douglas.
Var. SCabriusculus. More strict, rather rigid, probably in drier soil with more ex-
posure to aridity; stem and leaves scabrous-puberulent. A. testirus, Eaton in Bot. King
Exp. 141. Mountains of N. E. Nevada and Utah, Watson, Wood.
Var. intermedius. Ambiguous between A. occidentalis and a glabrous variety of
A , Mcnziesh or of A, adscendens, a foot or two high, rather rigid, somewhat sparingly leafy,
with paniculate flowering branches short outer bracts of the involucre often quite obtuse,
hut narrower than in the two last-mentioned species : radical and sometimes cauliue leaves
lanceolate. Wet meadows, Falcon Valley, &c., Washington Terr., Suksdorf, Howell, Bran-
degee, and N. California, Pr ingle.
2. Tall (3 to 8 feet high) and branching, leafy to the top, paniculately polycephalous: Southwestern.
A. hesperius. Resembles A. paniculatus and A. salicifolius of the East, equally variable,
from nearly glabrous and smooth to scabrous-pubescent . leaves lanceolate, entire or the
larger with a few deuticulatious (2 to 5 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide) : heads rather
crowded, 4 or 5 lines high : involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate acute or gradu-
ally acuminate erect bracts, either unequal and imbricated, or with some loose and slender
herbaceous exterior ones which equal the inner: rays either white or violet, 3 or 4 lines
long. Damp soil and along streams, S. Colorado and New Mexico to Arizona and S. Cali-
fornia, Has been variously taken for A. longifolius, Novi-Belgh, astirus, &c., and coll. by
Wright, Greene, Rothrock, Cleveland, Parish, Lerumon, &c.
c. Involucre loose and foliaceous-bracteate at least some of the outer bracts herbaceous or foliaceous
to the base or nearly so, equalling the inner, and more or less enlarged, either ascending or
squarrose-spreading : the involucre of primary or earlj r heads is more foliaceous; but, when the
heads are more numerous, the enlarged outer bracts are not rarely wanting.
1. Heads small.
A. Oreganus, NUTT. Nearly glabrous : stem rather slender, 2 feet high, paniculately
branched at summit, or bearing several to many paniculate heads ; these about 3 lines high :
leaves linear-lanceolate, entire (2 to 4 lines wide) .- outer and herbaceous iuvolucral bracts
lanceolate, acute, not longer than the thin and narrow inner ones (in some heads few or
none) : rays about 2 lines long, white or purplish. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 163, viz. Tripolium
Oni/iuuuii, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil Soc. vii. 296, on small and hardly developed specimens.
A. simplex and perhaps A. carrx us, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 1. c. A. laxifolius, in part, Hook.
Lond Jour. I Jot. vi. 240, not Nees, Wet banks of streams and boggy meadows, Idaho and
N. Nc-vada to ( )regou and Washington Terr. : probably also N. California.
2. Heads middle-sized or large: rayS violet or purple. (Species confluent.)
A. Douglasii, LINDI, Smooth, glabrous or nearly so : stems 2 or 3 feet high, Avith erect
or ascending branches, bearing several or numerous paniculate heads ; these 5 or 6 lines
Aster. COMPOSITE. 193
high: cauline leaves (either thinnish or rather firm) lanceolate (2 to 6 inches long, 3 to 8
lines broad iii the middle), tapering to both ends, inserted by a narrow base, commonly ser-
rate along the middle by acute and appressed or erect teeth : bracts of the involucre linear
and acute, loosely imbricated and the small green tips commonly spreading ; outer foliaceous
ones few and not dilated, often wanting : rays 5 or 6 lines long. DC. Prodr. v. 209 (not of
herb. DC.), & Hook. !1. ii. 11 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 138. A. subspicatus, Nees, Ast. 74,
from Cape Mulgrave, Alaska, is doubtless a form of this or of the next, and the name might
apply to some specimens of either with contracted inflorescence. Moist ground, commonly
in shade, Northern Brit. Columbia to Oregon and N. California.
A. foliaceus, LIXDL. Smooth and glabrous, or upper part of stem tomentulose or pubes-
cent : leaves from broadly lanceolate to oblong and the lower spatulate, entire or nearly so ;
upper cauline very commonly with partly clasping and sometimes even subcordate-auriculate
base : heads half-inch high, wheu few or solitary fully as broad, when more numerous less
ample : involucre mostly with conspicuous loose foliaceous lanceolate or broadly linear outer
bracts, which equal the inner, or sometimes more imbricated and squarrose : rays violet or
purple, in the larger heads nearly half-inch long. DC. Prodr. v. 228. Here made to in-
clude very various forms. The originals, from Uualaska and Sitka, are rather low, simple, or
simple-stemmed with short monocephalous branches, leafy about the heads : farther south it
becomes more branching, 2 or 3 feet high ; generally differing from the preceding species
in the ampler and broader as well as entire leaves, disposed to be half-clasping at base, and
the leafy-bracted or much greener involucre. A. Douylasii, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 141, &
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 324, mainly. Wet ground, Alaska, Brit. Columbia, and along the moun-
tains to eastern part of California and Nevada. Eastward it passes into
Var. frondeus. Stem simple or with sparing erect flowering branches, sparsely
leaved : leaves comparatively ample, 4 or 5 inches long; lower tapering into winged petioles,
upper often with clasping base : heads solitary or few, naked-pedunculate, broad : involucral
bracts linear-lanceolate, loose and not imbricated, all equalling the disk, occasionally the
outermost broader and leaf-like. A. adscendcns, var. Purr/ji, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 139.
Subalpiue on the Cascade and Eocky Mountains, from the borders of Brit. Columbia to
those of Colorado and the Wahsatch in Utah.
Var. apricus. Like a dwarf state of the preceding variety, grown in exposed places,
somewhat rigid, thicker-leaved : stems ascending from tufted rootstocks, a span or two high,
bearing solitary or 2 to 3 broad heads : iuvolucral bracts all alike, somewhat spatulate-liuear,
obtuse or acutish : ra\s "deep blue-violet and reddish-purple intermixed."- liigh mountains
of Colorado, at Union Pass, Rothrock, and near Gray's Peak, at 11,000-12,000 feet, in open
and very dry places, Patterson. On Mount Paddo, Washington Terr., Saksdorf, Howell,
the latter in a taller form, and looking toward A. spathulatus.
Var. Parryi. Includes some ambiguous forms, seemingly between the preceding
variety and A. Fremonti, with stems a span to a foot high, with smooth and thickish rather
large leaves, mostly naked heads; the involucre sometimes foliaceous-bracteate in the man-
ner of the present species, sometimes wholly of the narrow and closer bracts of A.
Fremonti. With that species this has been referred to A. adsccndens. Rocky Mountains of
Colorado, subalpine, Parry (417), Hall & Harbour (253), Vasey (251), &c., and S. Wyoming,
H. Engelmann.
Var. Burkei. A foot or two high, rather stout, simple or branched above, leafy to
the top : leaves thickish, very smooth, ample ; upper cauline mostly oblong, and with
broadly half-clasping usually auriculate insertion : heads solitary or several, very broad : in-
volucre of oblong or spatulate and obtuse loosely imbricated bracts, the outer commonly
shorter, or outermost sometimes more foliaceous and equalling the disk. Km-ky Mountains,
Burke in herb. Hook. Siincoe Hills, Washington Terr., Howell. Wahsatch Mountains at
Alta, Utah, M. K. Jnnrs. Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, and Arizona, Rnsby.
Var. Canbyi. Like the preceding form in foliage, apparently tall and stout (base of
stem and lower leaves wanting), leafy throughout the thyrsoid panicle of numerous sub-
sessile heads: these comparatively small: upper leaves (only ones seen) rather broadly
oblong and with broad half-clasping base obscurely auriculate : bracts of the involucre im-
bricated, with small and erect lanceolate green tips, only in some heads a few of the outer-
most loose and foliaceous, but seldom equalling the disk. On White River in Western
Colorado, Vasey, 1868, distributed under the name of A. Canbyi, Vasey; perhaps a distinct
species.
13
194 COMPOSITE. Aster.
Var. Eatoni. Rather tall (2 or 3 feet high), branching, bearing numerous and
smaller paniculate or glomerate heads, and comparatively narrow lanceolate leaves : involu-
cre loosely imbricated ; outer and sometimes inner bracts foliaceous, either erect or squar-
rose-spreading : transitional between A. foliaceus aud A. Oreganus, and some specimens
approaching -1- f. '///// /*.>"///*. A. Douglasii mainly, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 141. Open
ground or woods and along streams, Brit. Columbia to California along the borders of
Nevada, and northeastward to Montana.
A. amplus, LIXDL. Glabrate : stem over 2 feet high, strict, robust, remotely leafy : leaves
thiunish, aciUelv and saliently serrate or serrulate, or some entire, oblong or oval-lanceolate;
cauline 2^ to 5 inches long, mostly with narrowed partly clasping base ; radical larger (over
inch and a half wide), tapering into very long wing-margined petioles: heads several on
rather naked peduncles : bracts of the involucre lanceolate and linear, of about two series,
loose, of equal length, all rather shorter than the developed disk. Hook. Fl. ii. 10, & DC.
1. c. 236 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 137. Northern Rocky Mountains, Driiimiwnd. Not since
collected, seen only in herb. Hook., perhaps rather of the following group.
H. 4--f. (Aniline leaves either conspicuously contracted at base, some as it were into a winged peti-
ole, or with auricnldte-clasping insertion, or with both: involucre lax.
= Narrowed base of leaves not cordate- or auriclate-clasping at insertion.
A. Elliottii, TORR. & GRAY. Glabrous, or the stout (2 or 3 feet high) stem minutely pubes-
cent, very leafy to the corymbosely paniculate inflorescence : leaves thickish, oblong-lanceo-
late, serrate with small and appressed rather obtuse teeth, tapering below into the narrowed
and as if wing-petioled base ; upper 4 to 6 inches and lowest a foot or less long, including the
channelled winged petiole : heads numerous, nearly half-inch high : bracts of involucre all of
nearly equal length, loose, very narrowly subulate-linear, their green tips mostly spread-
ing : rays narrow, " bright purple," 5 lines long. Fl. ii. 140 ; Chapm. Fl. 204. A. puniceus,
Ell. Sk. ii. 355, by the detailed descr. and specimen, excl. char, from Willd. Swamps in
the low country near the coast, S. Carolina to Florida.
A. patulus, LAM. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, either low or 2 to 4 feet high, with
loose flowering branches : leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle,
acuminate at both ends, the lower into wing-margined petiole or attenuate base, even the
upper with obscure if any auriculate insertion : heads loosely paniculate, about 4 lines higli :
bracts of involucre linear, erect or nearly so, loosely imbricated, the outer more or less
shorter: rays light violet or purple, varying to white. Diet. i. 308; DC. Prodr. v. 234. A.
Ti-ii</,-xniiiii, 1 1 off in. Phyt. Blatt. 86, t. D, f. 2, not L. A. pa/lens & probably A. pnero.r,
AVilld. Enuin. Suppl. 58. A. Cornuti (Wendl. ex Nees, where published, and why Cornuti'?)
A. iiriiH/i'iitt/iis, Nees, Ast. 58 & 60. A. abbreviate/*, Nees, Syn. Ast. 16. Canada and
New Brunswick to E. New England, chiefly known in cultivation: introduced into the Paris
garden in the days of Tournefort and Vaillaut. There is a low form in the gardens, early
flowering, having weak and often decumbent stems, as Lamarck characterized his species.
The taller plants flower later.
- Base of most cauline leaves auriculate- or cordate-clasping at insertion: involucral bracts
loose, disposed to be equal in length and the outer foliaceous.
a. Atlantic species, chiefly Northern.
A. tardiflorus, L. A foot or two high, glabrous or stem somewhat pubescent (not hispid),
bearing corymbosely disposed heads: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, gradually acu-
minate, mostly with contracted or tapering base and with auriculate or obliquely semi-
anricnlate insertion : heads about 5 lines high : rays pale violet. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1231 (founded
on plant cult, in hort. I'psal., low, with weak stems, which grew for 18 years before it
flowered, and then late, whence the name: represented in the herb, by two specimens of the
non-flowering, with the semi-amplexieanl spatulate-lanceolate leaves well marked, and one
flower-bearing), not of later authors and gardens. A. ri>n/>ipns, Nees, Ast. 68, in part, not
Lam. nor \Villd. - -Along streams, Lower Canada and New Brunswick to Labrador. Nearly
n-laled to .1. i><itiilux on the one hand, to the succeeding and to A. puniceus, var. lav/caul 'is,
on the other. Ordinarily not a late-flowered species.
A. prenanthoides, MTHL. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, or the slender stem
pubescent in lines, bearing loosely corymbiform cymose heads : leaves thin and elongated
Aster. COMPOSITE. 195
(4 to 8 inches long), oblong- or ovate-lauceolate, saliently serrate in tlie middle, attenuate-
acumiuate, and lower half or third narrowed as if into a broadly winged petiole, which is
more or less (in most cases conspicuously) dilated into an auriculate-clasping base; upper
surface minutely scabrous, lower smooth : heads (mostly 4 lines high) on short rather rigid
and divergent peduncles : rays not very numerous, about 5 lines long, pale violet or in shade
whitish: bracts of involucre narrow and outer more or less spreading Willd. Spec. iii.
2046; Nees, Ast. 61; Darliugt. Fl. Cest. 465; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 142. Moist ground
especially along streams, W. New England to Perm, and Wisconsin, and throughout Canada.
The var. amber, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. (New York & Penu. in few specimens, with stem almost
hispid in the upper part, or else tall and branching), is probably a hybrid with .1. jiunum*.
A. puniceus, L. Stem commonly 3 to 7 feet high, loosely branching above, rather stout,
often red or purple (whence the name), hispid with spreading bristles which are taper-
pointed from a thickened rigid base (but sometimes these are few and sparse): leaves not
rigid (3 to 6 inches long), oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, from coarsely and irregularly serrate
to sparingly denticulate or sometimes entire, not at all or slightly narrowed toward the sub-
cordate-semiamplexicaul base, commonly scabrous above and often hispid along the midrib
beneath: heads (4 to 6 lines high) subsessile, either sparsely paniculate or thvrsoid-crowded :
involucre of loose and thin soft and narrowly linear merely herbaceous bracts, with or with-
out some larger and more foliaceous accessory ones : rays half-inch long, violet, varying to
purple or occasionally white. Spec. ii. 875 (Hurt. Cliff., Herm. Lugd. t. 651, &c.); Ait.
Kew. iii. 208; Michx. Fl. ii. 115; Liudl. Bot, lieg. t. 1636 (var. di miastis), Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 140. A. lu'sju'dus & A. cunmuis, Lam. Diet. i. 306. A. blttridtts, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 959.
Swamps and low thickets, Nova Scotia and Canada, west to Dakota, and common in the
Atlantic States as far south as N. Carolina and the upper part of Georgia. A common
species in cool districts, generally well marked, but running into some peculiar varieties,
which may mostly be grouped under the following.
Var. leevicaulis. Usually lower, a foot to a yard high : stem mostly green, smooth
and naked below, above with mere traces of the characteristic hispid or hirsute pubes-
cence: leaves serrate. A.blandus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 555 (Solauder in herb. Banks), appears
to be this, but may be A. tardiflorus. A. firmus, Nees, Ast. 66, a low form, certainly of
jiniiiceus, with few-flowered branches. A jmnin un, var. Jinnns, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. c<m-
ferlus, Hort. Par. 1835-1869 (but not of Nees, Ast. 126), a form with numerous thyrsoid-
crowded heads. A. vimimus, Nees, Ast. 68 (form with longer and nearly glabrous branches),
not of Willd., nor of Lam. New England, Canada, &c.
Var. lucidulus. A foot to a yard high, very leafy : stems glabrous, or with vestiges or
even conspicuous traces of hispidulous pubescence : leaves lanceolate, entire or sparingly
denticulate, somewhat lucid, wholly glabrous, but upper surface more or less scabrous :
heads commonly numerous and thyrsoid-paniculate : involucral bracts less loose and less
attenuate. A. Itiridtis, Weuderoth, Ind. Sem. Marb., ex DC. Prodr. v. 247. A. puniceus,
var. rim/urns, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., chiefly. Low ground, New England to Illinois, Wisconsin,
and northward.
b. Rocky Mountain and Western species.
A. Cusickii, GRAY. Soft-pubescent throughout, or sometimes approaching to glabrous:
stems afoot or so high, simple or corymbosely branched, leafy to summit: leaves thin,
nearly entire, oblong-lanceolate or oblong; upper ones moderately contracted above the
deeply cordate-clasping base ; lower with more elongated narrow lower portion or winged
petiole with dilated but smaller auriculate-claspiug insertion: heads large (over half-inch
high) and broad, terminating stem or leafy short branches: involucre very foliaceous or
foliose-subtended and loose; the larger and broader-lanceolate outer bracts fully equalling
the inner : rays numerous, narrowly linear, nearly half-inch long, pale violet : akenes glabrous.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. Along subalpine streams, in mountains of E. < )regon, Cusick.
Mountain meadows of W. Idaho, Wutxoti. The latter seemingly connects with
Var. Lyalli. Villous with soft pubescence : stem over 2 feet high, rather stout : radi-
cal leaves not seen ; cauline mostly narrowed below and with more or less auriculatc half-
clasping base, but even lower and larger (5 inches long and inch broad) not petinlar-
contracted : heads terminating simple leafy branches : rays long for the size of the head
(8 or 9 lines). Between the Kootenay and Pend Oreille, Washington Terr., Aug., 1861,
Lyall. Perhaps a distinct species and more allied to A. ampins, seen only in herb. Kew.
196 COMPOSITE. Aster.
7. ERIGER/STRUM. Involucre of Erigeron, i. e. broad, of very many and
narrow acute or attenuate bracts, all of the same length, herbaceous, with no dis-
tinction of body and tip : rays numerous and narrow : pappus simple : heads soli-
tary, or rarely two, large, terminating the simple stem : this leafy to the top, in
which and in the acute style-tips the section differs from Erigeron, to which it
makes transition : arctic and subarctic species.
A. peregrinus, PUESH. Tomentose-pubescent and glabrate, a span to 20 indies high from
a thickish creeping rootstock : leaves oblong-lanceolate or upper ovate-lanceolate, these
closely sessile by partly clasping base (inch or two long), either entire or sharply denticulate-
serrate: head half-inch high and broader: bracts of the involucre attenuate, tomentose-
pubesceut or villous, not at all viscid or glandular : rays half-men long, violet-purple.
Fl. ii. 556 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 155 ; Herder in PI. Kadd. ii. 10, in part. A. Unalaschensis,
Less, in Linn. vi. 122"? A. Tilesii, Wikstr. in Act. Holm. 1822, 13 1 A. salsuginosus, Hook.
Fl. ii. 7, in part. A. com-.niiijuinc.us, Ledeb. Fl. Ross, ii. 473 .' Alaskan Islands to Arctic
coast; first coll. by Nelson. (Arct. E. Asia.) Has been confused with A. salsuginosus,
Ivirharils., now removed to Erigeron, which is naked-stemmed above, its involucre viscid u-
lous-glandular and not villous.
A. pygm^US, LINDL. Villous-pubescent and below 12 Iain-ate, a span or less high and
loosely cespitose : steins assurgent from a slender rootstock or creeping base : leaves lingn-
late-lanceolate to linear, entire, obtuse, nearly veinless (mostly an inch long) : head about 4
lines high, solitary: bracts of the involucre spreading, linear, acute or obtuse, flaccid,
densely or sparsely villous: rays 30 or more, apparently violet. Hook. Fl. ii. 6, & DC.
Prodr. v. 228 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 154. Arctic sea-coast, Richtirdson, Uae, &c. Seemingly
connects with Erigeron grandiflorus ; but has subulate and very acute style-tips.
8. DCELLINGERIA. Pappus manifestly double ; outer setulose, i. e. of numer-
ous rigid and short bristles or squamellae in a distinct series, inner of long capil-
lary bristles, some of which are usually clavellate-thickened at the tip : involucre
of Orthomeris, i. e. bracts destitute of herbaceous tips and thin-coriaceous,
shorter than the disk: rays not numerous (8 to 13), always white: disk-corollas
barely yellowish : akenes mostly obovate, several-nerved : heads corymbosely cy-
mose (rarely solitary) at summit of stem or sparing branches, not large : leaves
mostly entire, not rigid, veiny : pappus becoming tawny. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvi. 98. Diplostephium, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 486, not IIBK. Dcellingeria,
Nees, Ast. 176, excl. spec. Diplostephium, 1, DC. Prodr. v. 272, excl. spec.
Diplopappus Triplopappus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 182. (The most distinct sub-
genus, even worthy of generic rank, except for some transitions. A. obovatus,
Meyer, Rhinactina, Less., has similar pappus, but is otherwise as Xylorrhiza.)
* Leaves acute or acuminate, all entire, generally green and almost glabrous, with loose veins and
beneath a minute reticulation of veinlets (visible only under a lens): bracts of the short involu-
cre mostly obtuse: akenes turgid-obovate at maturity, glabrate or glabrous: pappus rather
riyid, at least some of the longer bristles clavellate: disk-corollas deeply 5-Ljbcd.
A. umbellatus, MILL. Stem 2 to 7 feet high, generally tall and corymbose at summit,
very leafy, bearing numerous rather crowded cymosely disposed heads : leaves lanceolate to
oblong-lanceolate (3 to G inches long), acuminate and with tapering base: involucre hardly
longer than the akenes ; its bracts lanceolate-linear, rather obtuse : style-appendages del-
fcoid-ovate, acutish : stronger pappus-bristles delicately clavellate. Diet. ed. 7, no. 2; Ait.
Kcw. iii. 199; lloffm. Phyt. Blatt. 74, t. B, f. 2. A. anti/t/finliniis, Lam. Diet. i. 305;
Alichx. Fl. 109; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1517. Chrysopsis amygdalina,~Nutt.Gen.ii.l53. L>//>lo-
stephium umbellatum & D. amygdalinum, Cass. 1. c. ; DC. I.e. 272; Diplopappus umbel/atita,
and />. amygdalinus, partly, Torr. & Gray, I.e. 183. Low grounds, Newfoundland, S. Lab-
rador, and Saskatchewan to Arkansas and Georgia; the typical form commoner northward :
low forms with broader and more scabrous leaves common southward.
Aster. COMPOSITE. 107
Var. pubens. Lower face of the oblong-lanceolate leaves tomentulose-pubescent, also
usually the flowering brauchlets. Saskatchewan to Upper Michigan.
Var. latifolius. Stems 2 to 5 feet high: leaves from ovate-lanceolate to ovate, com-
paratively short, less narrowed or sometimes even rounded at base. .4. humi/tH, Wilhl. Spec.
iii. 2038, as to char, and indigenous specimen in herb., from Mulil., not Hort. Berol. t. 67.
A. amygdalinus, Bertol. Misc. vi. t. 5, f. 1. Dlli,i<j< ,-in. amygdalina, Xees, Ast. 179, chiH'v,
excl. syn. D. cornifolin, Liudl. in Hook. Coinp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. I.i/j>/o/ifij>/nis nim/i/iln/iir/s,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Low pine barrens, 6bc., Penn. and New Jersey to Florida and Texas.
Extreme forms seem very different from A. umbel I at, us, having leaves even 2 inches wide
by 3 in length. Iii specimen from Georgia, J. Donnell Smith, style-appendages (abnormally ? )
rounded-obtuse.
A. infirmus, MICHX. Stem slender, often flexuous, a foot to a yard high, less leafy, simple
or with diverging flowering branches, bearing several or few (or even solitary) pedunculate
heads: leaves obovate to ovate or oblong (rarely lanceolate, lower small and scattered),
with attenuate base and hispidulous-ciliolate margin and midrib, more copious primary and
some loosely reticulated secondary veins : involucre more imbricated, of thicker and broader
obtuse bracts : style-appendages linear-subulate : pappus more rigid ; bristles of the longer
pappus nearly all clavellate, rather scanty. Fl. ii. 109. A. cliriu-:<-ntns, L. Spec., as to syn.
Gronov. & Pluk. Aim. t. 79, not of herb., nor char. A. cornifolius, Mulil. in Willd. Spec,
iii. 2039. A. hdinilis, Willd. Hort. Eerol. t. 67 (not herb, nor Spec. 1. c.) ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 548 ;
Ell. Sk. ii. 366. Chrysopsis humilis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 153, at least partly. Dodlingeria con/ij'oliti,
Nees, Ast. 181. Diplostephium cornij'aHiuii, DC. 1. c. Diplopappus corn/folius, Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 182. Open woodlands, Massachusetts and Penn. to Upper Georgia, Tennessee, and
Louisiana (
* * Leaves obtuse, occasionally toothed, both veins a' d veinlets conspicuously reticulated be-
neath: akenes oblong, pubescent: pappus softer and liner, inner bristles not clavellate: disk-
corollas with short lobes.
A. reticulatus, Prnsii. Canescently pubernleut : stems strict, 1 to 3 feet high, simple or
fastigiately branched at summit, bearing few or numerous slender-pedunculate heads : leaves
oval or oblong, or lowest obovate (larger 3 inches long and 2 Avide) : involucral bracts lance-
olate : rays 10 to 13, rather long and narrow. Fl. ii. 548. Chrysopsis obocntn, Nutt. Gen.
ii. 152. Aster obocatns & A. dicltotmnus (the latter a slender and pauiculately branching
state), Ell. Sk. ii. 368, 366. Diplnsh pliiuni boreale, Spreug. Syst. iii. 544. D. obovatinit &
D. dichotomum, DC. 1. c. Dodlingeria ubuvula, Nees, Ast. 182. Diplopappus obovatus, Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 184. Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida.
9. IXNTHE. Pappus less distinctly double ; outer setulose (in one species
obscure), inuer not clavellate : otherwise as in Orthomeris : involucre about
equalling the disk, of narrow and appressed well-imbricated bracts: rays 10 to
18, violet: akenes narrow, villous : low and tufted plants, with rigid stems, which
are thickly beset with the small linear or lanceolate entire and rigid one-nerved
and veinless leaves. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Diplostephium AineJ-
loidea, Nees, Ast. 199. Diplopappus Amelloidei, DC. Prodr. v. 277. partly.
Diplopappus lanthe, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 181.
* Head rather large (half-inch high) and broad : style-appendages elongated, subulate-linear or
narrower: akenes flat, with strong marginal nerves and sometimes a single lateral nerve.
A. linariifolius, L. Stems 6 to 20 inches high, pubernlent, strict, very leafy up to the
heads: leaves widely spreading (except the small ones on the branchlets), narrowly linear,
mucronate, about an inch long, green, smooth except the hispidulous-ciliolate or scabrous
acute margins ; uppermost more or less passing into the rigid acutish bracts of the pluriscrial
campannlate or somewhat turbinate involucre: rays deep violet. A. linariifolius & A. ri-ji-
dus, L. Spec. ii. 874; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 104; Bertol. Misc. Bot. v. t. 6. A. pu/r/,, r-
rimus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. i. t. 6. Chrysopsis Inuirnfoint, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. Diplostepliium
linariifolium, Nees, Ast. 199. Diplopappus linariifolius (Hook. FL, Torr. & Gray, Fl.) &
D. r.tgidus, Lindl. in DC. Prodr. v, 277. Dry sandy or gravelly soil, Newfoundland to Wis-
consin and Texas. A variety with white rays is occasionally seen.
COMPOSITE. Aster.
A SCOpulorum, OKAY. Scabro-puberulent and somewhat cinereous : stems tufted, rigid,
'only a span high.'terminated by a solitary pedunculate head : leaves short (3 to G lines long),
rigid, from oblong to linear or the lowest spatulate, the broader obtuse with an abrupt
mucro, callous-margined : involucre broadly campaimlate ; its bracts imbricated in about
3 series, scabro-puberulent, lanceolate, acuminate: rays half-inch long, light violet: outer
pappus 'sometimes distinctly squamellate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. i.'nrysopsis alpina,
Nutt, Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 34, t. 3, fig. 2. Dlplopappus al punts, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 304; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. Rocky Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, to W.
Nevada and the border of California; first coll. by Wyeth.
A. stenomeres, GRAY. More slender, 6 to 10 inches high, green, minutely scabrous: soli-
tary naked pedunculate head larger: leaves all linear (half to full inch long, a line wide),
acutely mncronate, hardly margined : involucre broad ; its bracts barely in two moderately
unequal scries, linear, acute or acuminate, thiuuish, often pubescent : rays pale violet, over
half-inch long: outer pappus setulose. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. Rocky Mountains of
Montana and Idaho, Burke, Watson.
* * Head smaller (a third to a quarter inch high) and narrow: the disk-flowers sometimes hardly
more numerous than those (12 to 15) of the ray: style-appendages ovate and obtuse: akeues
less compressed, lightly few-nerved: outer pappus of few or indistinct unequal short bristles.
A. eric8f61ius, ROTHROCK. About a span high, strigosely cauescent or hispidulous aud
glandular-scabrous, much branched : branches erect or diffuse, terminated by somewhat
pedunculate heads : leaves commonly hispid-ciliate, erect or little spreading, 3 to 6 lines
long ; lowest spatulate and tapering into a petiole ; upper from linear to nearly filiform,
piliferous-mueronate : bracts of the involucre in about 3 series, lanceolate, acute or apiculate,
thiimish, scarious-margined : rays purple or violet, sometimes white. - Rothrock in Bot.
(iazette, ii. 70, & Wheeler Rep. vi. 152. Inula? ericoides, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii, 212.
Encephalus ericoides, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 209. Diplopappus ericoides, Torr. &
(ri\iy, Fl. ii. 182; Gray, PI. Feiidl. 69, var. I//r!c//<i, a hispid form. Dry hills, Kansas and
Texas to Utah, Arizona, aud border of California; first coll. by ./</// s. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. tenuis, GRAY. Much less or not at all hispid: brandies filiform and diffuse:
all the upper leaves minute. New Mexico, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex. to San Luis.)
10. ORTHOMERIS. Pappus simple: bracts of the involucre imbricated and
apprised, destitute of foliaceous or herbaceous tips, often scarious-edged or more
or less dry : rays fertile. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98. Orthomeris with
part of OxytripoUum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ; Bentli. & Hook. Gen. 1. c.
* Involucre well imbricated, of small and narrow bracts, greener than in others of this section
(much as in A.-tttr proper) : low and slender herbs (a foot or loss high), leafy-stemmed, branch-
ing above; with mostly linear erect and entire leaves, and several small white-rayed heads:
akenes somewhat 4-5-angled or nerved.
A. ptarmicoid.es, TORR. & GRAY. Rather rigid, 6 to 20 inches, high in a tuft from short
and thickish rootstoeks, from smooth or minutely scabrous to hirtellou-i-puberulent, bearing
a corvmbiform cyme of several or numerous heads : leaves of firm texture, linear or the lower
spatulate-laneeolate, lucid both sides, the broader ones nervose : bracts of the campauulate
or somewhat turbinate involucre oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, thickish, rather rigid : rays 2 to
4 lines long, bright white, broadish : style-appendages acutely lanceolate-subulate: pappus
white, of rather rigid bristles, longer ones manifestly clavellate at tip : akenes very glabrous,
hardly at all compressed. Fl. ii. 160. Cltri/sopsis alba, Nutt. Gen. ii. 152. DivUingena
1>t<irini<-t,'iilrs, Nees, Ast. 183. D/j>}<>j><i/>pnx allius, Hook. Fl. ii. 21. II<-lxtnun <tU>um, DC.
1'rodr. v. 264, excl. syn. Willd. Aster aJbus, Eaton & J. Wright, Man. Bot. 146, not Willd.
hrrk & Sprcng. Syst. (which is .1. A/it</lns). Bucephalus albus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 299. Rocky banks and bluffs, W. New England (S. Iladley, Mass.), to Illinois, the Sas-
katchewan, and the mountains of Colorado ; first coll. by Xn/talL Depauperate plants some-
times only 2 or 3 inches high, and nionocephahms.
Var. GeorgiariUS, GRAY. Taller and slender, over 2 feet high : lowest leaves 5 or 6
inches long, sometimes with 2 or 3 coarse deuticulations : heads and rays rather small.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98; Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 627. Upper Georgia, near Rome, Chapman.
Nearly the same from open woods of N. W. Arkansas, F. L. Harvey.
Aster. COMPOSITE. 199
Var. lutescens. Rays pale yellow, small. A. lutescens, Torr. & Gray, PI. I.e.
Diplopappus albua, vur. lutescens, Hook. 1. c. D. lutescens, Lindl. in DC. 1. c. Saskatchewan,
011 dry limestone rocks of Red River, Dotujlux, a broad ish-leaved scabrous-puberulent form.
Englewood, N. Illinois, E. J. Hill, a, slender ;uid smooth form, with numerous and unusually
small heads.
A. Lemmoni. Slender, from filiform rootstocks, somewhat strict, smooth and glabrous,
bearing a few rather scattered heads: leaves not rigid iior lucid, not nervo.se ; cauline some-
what gramineous, narrowly linear and attenuate (larger 4 or 5 inches long, a line or two
wide), on flowering branches gradually reduced to subulate-attenuate; radical shorter, lan-
ceolate-oblong or spatulate: involucre (3 lines high) equalling the disk, < if about 3 series
of thin linear and acute or acuminate bracts : rays 2 lines long : pappus of soft and slender
bristles: akeiies minutely canesceut. Along mountain streams in S Arizona: Santa Rita
Mountains, Print//?, and lluachuca Mountains, Lvtiimon.
* * Involucre rather loosely imbricated, of thin narrowly linear-lanceolate attenuate-acute bracts
in not more than 3 series: akenes glandular, several-nerved: steins leafy, a foot or two high
from filiform creeping rootstocks, bearing several or sometimes solitary loug-peduncled middle-
sized heads : leaves mostly pimiately veined, thin or thiimish, from lanceolate to oblong-ovate.
Northern Atlantic species.
A. acuminatus, MICIIX. Somewhat pubescent or puberulent: stem leafless below, leafy
and somewhat corymbosely branched above, or often simple, sometimes flexuous : leaves
membranaceous, 3 to 6 inches long, mostly oblong with cuneiform-attenuate base and slender
acuminate apex, sharply and coarsely dentate, primary veins abundant and conspicuous:
heads usually several and corymbiform-paniculate, barely half-inch high : rays linear, white,
or tinged purplish: style-appendages lanceolate-subulate, slender : akenes narrow. Fl. ii.
109 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2707, & Fl. ii. 9 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 157, not Xees. A. divan&iti:*,
Lam. Diet. i. 305 (herb. Juss.), not L. A. d/Jfusus, var. acumhitttus, Pers. Syn. ii. 447.
Jitji/ostephiitiit fifiniiiiKitiim, DC. Prodr. v. 273. Deep and cool woods, S. Labrador to Penn-
sylvania, and along the mountains to Georgia.
A. nemoralis, Ait. Somewhat puberulent : stem slender, very leafy above, sometimes
simple and bearing a single slender-pedunculate head, often corymbosely or somewhat umbel-
lately branched above, the branches similarly monocephalous : leaves from oblong-lanceolate
to broadly linear, an inch or two long, acutish or obtuse, tipped with a callous point, entire
or slightly few-toothed, scabrous above; those of the flowering branches or peduncles linear-
subulate and scattered: involucre of more numerous linear-subulate puberulent bracts: rays
broadly linear, lilac -purple : style-appendages broadly lanceolate : akeiies broader. Kew.
iii. 198; Nutt. Gen. ii. 154; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. nniflorus, Michx. Fl. ii. 110, small and
simple-stemmed form. A. ledifolius, Pursh, Fl. ii. 544. Galatella i/< inanilis, Nees, Ast. 173.
Bogs and swamps, Newfoundland and Hudson's Bay to New Jersey.
* * * Involucre closely and regularly appressed-imbricatecl in several series of ovate or ovate-
lanceolate dry and chartaceous (sometimes purplish-tinged) bracts : akenes oblong, compressed,
more or less pubescent: stems leafy to the top, bearing several or rarely solitary pedunculate
heads : leaves mostly pinnately veined, sessile, from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, commonly
entire. Rocky Mountain and Northwestern species. Eucephahts, Nutt.
-I Style-appendages subulate, equalling or longer than the stigmatic portion: involucral bracts
all thin and dry, acute or acutish, commonly tomentose-ciliate, at least when young: akenes
rather broad and flat, hirsute, becoming glabrate at maturity: stems mostly simple and 2 or 3
feet high, striate-angled: heads showy: rays purple or violet.
A. Engelmanni, GRAY. Commonly rather tall and robust, green, slightly puberulent to
glabrous : leaves thin, ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), loosely veined,
the larger sometimes with a few small acute teeth, upper commonly tapering at apex into a
slender or cuspidate acumination : heads (fully half-inch high), hemispherical, either race-
inosely disposed on slender axillary peduncles or somewhat thyrsoid-cymose : involucral
bracts mostly acute or acuminate ; some outer ones loose, narrow and partly herbaceous, or
with loose pointed tips ; inner purplish : rays about half-inch long : style-appendages atten-
uate-subulate : akeues obovate-oblong with narrowish summit. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2,
xxxiii. 238, without char. A. elegans, var. Engelmanni, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144. Rocky
Mountains, Utah and Wyoming to the Brit, boundary and in the Cascades, Washington
Terr. ; first coll. by H. Engelmann and Li/all.
200 COMPOSITE. Aster.
Var. ledophyllus, GRAY. Stem lower (not over 2 feet high), rather strict: leaves
smaller (inch or two long), cottony-tomeiitulose beneath, at least when young ; lower obtuse and
merely mncrouate, uppermost with slender cuspidate point usually developed. Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 388. A. l(-dv]>h<//lus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 98, without char. Mount
Hood at 4,000 feet and upward, Hall, Howe/1, Mount Paddo (Adams). ^n/cftdwf. Seemingly
distinct, but passes into the type and into the following varirt \ .
Var. glaucescens. 'stem mostly slender, 1 to 3 feet high, in the larger plants
more branched above and bearing rather numerous corymbosely disposed heads: leaves
somewhat glaucous, win illy glabrous (except the minute ciliolation of the species), lanceo-
late, 2 or 3 inches long, 3 to 7 lines wide, uppermost usually attenuate-cuspidate : heads
smaller or less broad : involucre of fewer and closer bracts. - - Washington Terr. : on Mount
Pail do, and Sincoe Mountains, Saksdorf, Hoicell. N. California, mountains of Siskiyou
Co., Green f, Prhnjlf, distributed as A. eleyons, which it approaches.
A. elegans, TORR. & GRAY. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, mostly scabro-puberulent : leaves
thickish, pale, lanceolate (inch or two long), erect, the upper apiculate-mucronate, the veins
inconspicuous : heads several at summit of simple stern or branches, comparatively small
and few-flowered (4 or 5 lines high) : involucral bracts all close and conspicuously woolly-
eiliate, barely acute, outer ovate, none with pointed tips : rays rather few, about 4 lines long :
style-appendages linear-subulate, hardly acute. Fl. ii. 159 ; Eaton, 1. c. (a somewhat ambig-
uous form). Bucephalus t%"-S ^'utt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sue. vii. 298.- - Mountains of
Wyoming and Montana to N. Nevada and E. Oregon ; first coll. by Xnttiill.
-l_ -i__ Style-appendages obtuse and short-oblong, shorter than the stigmatic portion: involucral
bracts fir.r.er; all the outer obtuse, not ciliate nor scarious-margined : akenes narrower, merely
pubescent.
A. glaucus, TORR. & GRAY. Throughout smooth and glabrous, glaucescent or pale : stems
a foot high from extensively creeping filiform rootstocks, branching, bearing several or
numerous paniculate heads : leaves thickish, lanceolate (1 to 3 inch.es long, a quarter to half
inch broad), rather obtuse, when dry reticulate-vcnulose both sides: involucre 3 lines high,
imbricated in about 3 ranks: rays bright violet, 4 to G lines long. Fl. ii. 150; Eaton, 1. c.
Kii<;"lilt<i/nx (/.it'/nU-ii) glaucus, Nutt. I.e. Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado and
Utah.
* * * * Involucre less imbricated, hemispherical; the bracts in few ranks and in the typical
species somewhat equal, partly greenish, with or without scarious margins: pappus-bristles not
clavellate-thickened at tip : lu\v-steimued or acaulescent, from a thick and sometimes ligneous
caiulex or rootstock, with solitary or few pedunculate heads, and rather large and numerous
rays: leave-; thickish, narrow, one-nerved or nervose, entire. XylorrJiiza, Nutt. Trans. Am.
I'liil. Soc. vii. 2J8. Orthomeri*, Xy/orrltiza, Ton-. & Gray, 1. c. : also Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i!. 27-i. exel. syn. Uliii/'irllna (which has a double pappus) & Arctoyeron (which lias the char-
acters of Krtyeron with somewhat too imbricated involucre), We-i'-m montane species.
-1 Genuine species, with comparatively large (half-inch high or more) and showy heads, and
thickish leaves : pappus-bristles, rather rigid.
-H- Heads terminating short leafy stems which arise from creeping and ligneous rootstocks: invo-
lucral bracts acuminate and mucronate-tipped : style-appendages triangular- or lanceolate-subu-
late, not attenuate, shorter than the stigmatic portion : akenes oblong, very villous. Xylorrlti-<i,
Nutt.
A. Parryi, GRAY. Tomentose-pubescent and cinereous, a span high : leaves mostly spatulate
and obt.use with a mucronate point, an inch or more long : heads usually solitary on peduncle
surpassing the leaves, very broad: bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, densely cine-
reous-pubescent : rays white, over half-inch long. Am. Nat. viii. 212. Rocky Mountains
in Wyoming, on marshy flats of Sandy Creek, Green River, &c., Parry, A. J. A/cCWi.
A. Xylorrhiza, TORR. & GRAY. Less pubescent and glabrate, 4 to 8 inches high : leaves
from narrowly spatulate-laticeolate to linear (1 or 2 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide) ; the upper
commonly equalling the 1 to 3 peduncles: heads smaller: involucral bracts more attenuate:
rays "pale red" or "pale rose-color," 4 lines long. Xylorrhiza villosa & X. glabriuscvla,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 297, 298. Aster Xylorrhiza & A. glabriusculus, Torr.
& Gray, 1. c. 158 ; the latter a more leafy-stemmed form. Clayey soil and on rocks, Rocky
Mountains of Wyoming, toward the sources of the Platte ; first coll. by Nuttall. Laramie
Plains, Parry.
Aster. COMPOSITE. 201
w- -H- Head (broad and large for the plant) solitary on the simple and scapiform few- and small-
leaved stems, which with the cluster of narrow radical leaves rise from a thickened caudex:
involucral bracts linear, acutish, rather loose, often tomentulose when .voting: the plants otlier-
wjse glabrous and smooth: rays numerous, purple or violet: style-appendages si, ml,.]- and
acute, usually more than twice the length of the stigmatic portion: akcnes narrow: pappus
strongly denticulate.
A. Alldersoni, GRAY. Scapiform stems a span to a foot high, erect: radical leaves ligu-
late-liuear or slightly broader upward, gramineous, mostly acute (2 to 10 indies long, 2 or 3
lines wide), nervose when dry; upper eaulinc reduced to scattered sulmlato bracts: head
broad (fully half-inch high and wide) : style appendages filiform: akenes oblong-linear, soft-
villous. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 352, & Dot. Calif, i. 325. Ertyeron Ail< rsonii, Gray, 1. c., vi.
540. Wet subalpiue meadows, along the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, ( 'aliforuia and
borders of Nevada; first coll. by ArnliT^ni.
A. pulchellus, EATON. Scapiform stems spreading and assnrgent, 2 to 4 inches long:
radical leaves from lingulate-spatulate to narrowly linear, an inch or two long, obtuse, nerve-
less, in the larger western form often 3 or 4 lines wide near apex, and heads as large as
those of A. Andersoni; in the smaller more eastern form only a line wide and heads
smaller : style-appendages linear-subulate : akenes linear, striate, glabrate, at least below.
Bot. King Exp. 143, t. 16, the small and slender form, published in 1871. A. alpigenus,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 389 (1872), the larger form first collected by Toimic, and pub-
lished as Aplopappus alpigenus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 241, the rays supposed to be yellow,
whereas they are violet. On the higher mountains, viz. Ranier, Paddo. and Hood, of
Washington Terr, and Oregon, rediscovered by Hull, Howell, Snkx<1r/', J/y.s. Ijumitt, and
the smaller form on Blue Mountains. E. Oregon, Cusick, those of N. Nevada, Watson, also
Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Montana, Harden, Parry, Scribner.
-I -! Ambiguous species, with small heads (2 or 3 lines high) few or solitary, terminating very
slender leafy stems or branches ; and leaves small and slender : style-appendages ovate-subulate,
about the length of the s'igmatic portion : akenes compressed, hispidulous-pubescent, 2-3-nerved :
pappus rather scanty and fragile (therefore near to Eriyeron, but with the style-tips of Aster):
small and many-stemmed from a somewhat ligneous caudex, nearly glabrous.
A. W^atsoni, GRAY. Cespitose, 2 to 4 inches high ; the filiform steins mostly monocepha-
lous : leaves filiform-linear, or the lower and larger (inch long) with spatulate-dilated apex ;
upper very small: bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, commonly purplish-tinged, 2-3-
seriate: rays white or purplish: style-appendages ovate or triangular and acuminate-sub-
ulate. A. (jlaclalts, in part, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 142 (no. 509), also mixed with speci-
mens of A. pnlrheUus. Mountains of N. Nevada, Wahsatch Mountains at the head of
American Fork ; first coll. by Wat in.
A. arenarioid.es, EATOX. Stems tufted on a woody caudex, almost filiform, 6 to 9 inches
high, sparingly branched above, or bearing 2 to 4 heads : leaves filiform-linear, even the lower
(inch or two long) only obscurely dilated upward : uppermost reduced to minute subulate
bracts ; bracts of the involucre linear, rather rigid, unequal and 3-seriate : rays white or
bluish : style-appendages ovate-subulate, merely acute. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. Erl-
yeron stenophyllum, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152, t. 17, not Gray. Wahsatch Mountains,
above Cottonwood Canon, 8,000-9,000 feet, Walson.
***** Involucre (except in A. prmci.ft.orus) well imbricated and with short outer bracts dis-
posed to pass into scale-like bracts of the peduncle: herbs or shrubby plants, maritime or of
alkaline soil; the leaves more or less fleshy or reduced to scales. Oxytripolium in part (the
perennial species), Torr. & Gray.
-i Heads rather large (about half-inch high), with showy violet rays: involucre well imbricated
in several ranks: leaves long and narrow, entire, moderately flesh}-: very glabrous herbs of ( In-
Atlantic coast. (Here also A. imbricatus. Walp. Rep. ii. 574, Trlpolium imtiricatum, Nutt., and
the true T. conspicuum, Lindl. in DC , of Chili; see Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 210.)
A. Chapmaili, TORR. & GRAY. Stem simple and slender, 2 or 3 feet high, from a thiek-
ish caudex, bearing a few simple slender monocephalous branches at summit : leaves rigid
when dry, linear, or radical spatulate-liuear (these 5 to 9 inches long, including the long at-
tenuate base), obscurely nerved when dry ; cauline becoming subulate-filiform and erect, and
reduced on the branches to minute bracts : involucre campanulate, equalling the disk ; its
rather firm bracts mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute or mucrouate : style-appendages ovate-
202 COMPOSITE. Aster.
subulate : akenes oblong, 7-10-nerved : pappus rather rigid. Fl. ii. 161 ; Chapm. Fl. 205.
Pine-barren swamps, W . Florida, Chapman, Curtix*.
A. tenuifolius, L. Stem simple or paniculately branched above, a foot or two high from
a weak and slender rootstock, often flexuous, somewhat sparsely leafy : leaves rather fleshy,
at least thickish, linear, tapering to both ends, acute ; the lower (2 or 3 lines wide) with long
tapering base ; upper subulate-attenuate : involucre turbinate ; its bracts lanceolate-subulate
and attenuate!}' very acute : style-appendages linear-subulate : akenes narrow, 5-ribbed, his-
pidulous-pubesceiit : pappus soft. Spec. ii. 873 (excl. syn. Pluk.) & her!). ; Gray, Proc. Am.
A cad. viii. 647. A. j!< .nuix/is, Nutt. Gen. ii. 154; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. sjHtrsijltirtis, Pursli,
Fl. ii. 547; Ell. Sk. ii. 346, not Michx. A. Trijiolitun, Walt. Car. 210. Salt or brackish
marshes, coast of Mass, to Florida. This is cue of the plants of Clayton which by the char-
acter iu Gronov. Fl. Virg. was referred by Linnaeus to A linifolius.
.)__ _j__ Heads rather small (quarter-inch high), with conspicuous violet or purple rays: little im-
bricated involucre with peduncles and upper part of stem viscid-glandular: wholly herbaceous,
western, might be sought among the Glandulosi of true Aster.
A. pauciflorus, XUTT. Stem 6 to 20 inches high from a slender creeping rootstock, simple
and bearing few heads, or branching above and with several corymbosely disposed short-
pednucled heads : leaves moderately fleshy, linear, or radical subspatulate or elongated-
lanceolate, entire, uppermost reduced to short sparse bracts : bracts of short hemispherical
involucre rather fleshy and green, moderately unequal and rather loose, in only 2 or 3 ranks :
style-appendages lanceolate-subulate: akenes narrow, compressed, striate-nerved, appressed-
pubescent. Gen. ii. 154, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 164. A.
caricifolius, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 92, t. 333. Tripolium subidatum, Nees, Ast. 167;
Liudl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 15, & DC Prodr. v. 254. T. cari'-ijuliinn, Schauer in Linn. xix. 721.
Wet saline soil, Saskatchewan and Dakota to New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. (Mex.)
Var. gracillimus, GRAY, PL Wright, ii. 76, a very slender form, with leaves almost
filiform ; from New Mexico, Wright.
-1 H -) Heads small or rather small, with close imbricated involucre and who'e herbage smooth
and glabrous: branching plants with lignescent base, or even shrubby, all of the Southwestern
borders and Mexican, and in saline soil.
H- Low and spreading or tufted, with merely lignescent base, leafy: rays purple or violet, rather
conspicuous, about 3 lines long.
A. blepharopliyllus, GRAY. Loosely surculose-tufted, with ascending flowering stems a
span or two high : leaves fleshy, conspicuously hispid-ciliate with strong bristles ; those of
creeping sterile shoots and rosulate tufts linear-spatulate, half-inch long ; of the branching
flowering stems much smaller, short-linear, and vipper ones reduced to minute and merely
hristli'-tipped scales : heads 3 lines high : involucre turbinate ; its bracts dry and pale, ovate-
oblong to lanceolate, rather obtuse, cariuate-one-nerved : rays 10 to 14: style-appendages
short-subulate: akenes obscurely striate-nerved, not compressed, sericeous. PL Wright,
ii. 77. Las Playas Springs, New Mexico, Wright.
A. riparius, HBK. A foot or two high from a somewhat lignescent base, diffusely branched :
branches terminated by solitary heads (of 4 or 5 lines in height and equally broad) : leaves
linear and entire, or lowest spatulate and iucisely few-toothed, an inch or less long, on the
branches toward the heads gradually reduced to small subulate bracts : involucre shorter
than the disk ; its numerous well-imbricated bracts narrowly lanceolate and with subulate-
acuminate greenish tips : style-appendages subulate, rather short : akenes pubescent, ob-
scurely striate : pappus rufous. - Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 92, the rays said to be white, which
is probably a mistake, and the involucre subsquarrose, but it is not so, though the outer may
be a little loose. A. Sonorce, Gray, PL Wright, ii. 76. S. Arizona, west of the Chiricahui
Mountains, Wright. (Mex., Humboldt.)
H- -H- Taller, much branched, rigid, woody at base, with small heads terminating the branchlets:
rays small (a line or two long) and white or none: anomalous species.
A. carnosus, GRAY. Glaucescent or pale, 2 or 3 feet high ; the rigid slender stems diffusely
and at length intricately much branched : lower leaves linear and very fleshy, an inch or
less long ; upper and those of the branchlets reduced to small or minute subulate scales :
heads 3 or 4 lines high : involucre campanulate or turbinate, of lanceolate acute chartaceous
bracts : rajs wanting : style-appendages linear-subulate : akenes sericeous-pubescent. Lino-
Aster. COMPOSITE. 203
sjris? carnosa, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 80. Bigdovia intricate!, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
208, a slender form, with smaller heads. Saline arid region, S. Arizona, Wright, to Cali-
fornia, in the Mohave Desert, Parry, Greene, Prin/jle, Parish, and near Visalia, Congdon.
A. SpinosUS, BENTII. Base of stem usually persistent and woody, sending up (3 to 8 feet
long) slender and lithe striate green branches, resolved into paniculate hrauchlets, terminated
by small heads : cauline leaves small, linear or spatulate-lanceolate, entire, mostly few and
fugacious, some of them with soft subulate spines in or above their axils ; those of the
branchlets reduced to subulate scales or wanting : involucre hemispherical, 2 lines high, of
small and thinnish subulate-lanceolate bracts, imbricated in about 3 series: rays white, 2
lines long : style-appendages subulate-triangular, much shorter than the stigmatic portion :
akenes glabrous. PI. Hartw. 20; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 165; Gray, PI. Linclh. ii. 219.
Banks of streams, or in moist ground, S. W. Texas to Arizona and S. California, common ;
first coll. by Berlandier. (Mex.)
A. Palmeri, GRAY. Decidedly shrubby, with the habit of a small-leaved Baccharis, 3 or 4
feet high, very much branched throughout : branchlets slender, striate-angled, terminated by
the small heads : leaves apparently not fleshy, narrowly linear (of the branches an inch or
less long), entire: involucre equalling the disk, barely 3 lines high, of closely imbricated
narrowly oblong obtuse rather dry bracts : rays 6 to 10, a line long : disk-flowers about 20 :
akenes sericeous-pubescent. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 209. Perhaps rather of the "W. Indian
genus Gundlachia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100. S. Texas, at Corpus Chrisli Bav,
Palmer.
Series II. Biennials and annuals.
11. OXYTRIPOLIUM. Involucre of Orthomeris ; the bracts thin and nar-
row, linear-lanceolate or linear-subulate, gradually very acute or acuminate,
commonly greenish above or in the centre, but without herbaceous tips, imbri-
cated in few series, the outer successively shorter, all erect-appressed : rays at
least equalling the disk, numerous, often more numerous than the disk-flowers
(revolutely coiled in drying) : style-appendages lanceolate-subulate : akenes nar-
row, more or less pubescent, few-nerved : pappus fine and soft : glabrous and
smooth annuals, chiefly of saline soil, paniculately branched, bearing numerous
small heads, with bluish or purplish rays, and with entire narrowly lanceolate or
linear leaves, on the branchlets reduced to subulate bracts. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvi. 98. Tripolium Oxytripolia, DC. Prodr. v. 253, excl. spec. Tripo-
lium Astropotium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 296. Aster Oxy-
tripolium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 1G1, in part. The two species are quite distinct
in the Atlantic U. S., but seemingly confluent in Mexico and S. America.
A. exilis, ELL. Mostly slender and diffusely branched above : principal cauline leaves linear
(3 or 4 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, lowest sometimes broader and lanceolate, rarely with
a few serratures ) : heads 3 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate or more lan-
ceolate and acuminate: rays 15 to 40, bluish or purple, rather conspicuous (about 2 lines
long), usually much surpassing the pappus: disk-flowers generally more numerous. Ell.
Sk. ii. 344; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 163: believed to be the species here described; but the
original of herb. Ell. is now lost. A. divaricatus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not L., &c. A. subit-
latus, Michx. Fl. ii. Ill, in part. Tripolium subttlatitm, Necs, Ast. 157, in part; DC. Prodr.
1. c. 254, excl. var. boreale. Tripolium diraricatum, Nntt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 20G. -
Subsaline or even not at all brackish moist soil, S. Carolina to Texas, Arizona, and Cali-
fornia; on the southern borders occurs with very short ligulcs. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.)
Var. australis, the commoner Mexican and S. American form of this polymorphous
and widely diffused species, is less diffuse, less slender, often broader-leaved, and with larger
heads, the involucral bracts broader, less acute, and greener or purplish-tinged. A. subu-
latus, Less, in Linn. vi. 120. Erigeron multiflnrv.ru, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 87. Tripolium
conspicuum of authors, but not the original of Lindley. Coast of Oregon and California (at
Visalia, in the interior, Congdon, a form with unusually large heads), &c. (Mex. to Chili,
Brazil, &c.)
204 COMPOSITE. Aster.
A. SUbulatuS, MICHX. Stouter, only a foot or two high, with short usually purplish stems
and branches: leaves somewhat fleshy, linear-lanceolate (lower 4 to 6 inches long, 2 to 4
lines wide), or the upper linear passing into subulate : heads narrower, cylindraceous, 4 lines
high : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate with much attenuate apex : rays 25 to 30, pur-
plish, very small and inconspicuous, hardly surpassing thedisk, with ligule very much shorter
than the tube, often surpassed by the (not very copious) mature pappus, more numerous
than the (10 to 15) disk-flowers. Fl. ii. Ill, partly (char. " ligulis minimis," & hab.) ;
Nutt. Gen. ii. 154. Tripolium siibulaii/m, Nees, DC., &c., in part. Aster Ihiifolius, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 162, not L., not even as to the syu. " Gron. Virg." cited (which belongs to A.
tenuifoHi!*, p. 202). Salt marshes, from New Hampshire to Florida. Closely connects with
the following section.
12. CONYZOPSIS. Involucre campanulate, of 2 or 3 series of linear or
oblong bracts, nearly equal in length ; the outer foliaceous or herbaceous and
loose, resembling the rameal leaves ; the inner more membranaceous or scarious :
rays small and not longer than the mature pappus, or the ligule wanting ; the
female flowers mostly in more than one series and more numerous than the her-
maphrodite ; these with slender corolla, its limb 4-5-toothed : style-appendages
lanceolate : akenes narrow, not compressed, 2 3-nerved, appressed-pubescent :
pappus simple, very soft : low and branching leafy-stemmed annuals (of W. North
America and N. E. Asia, and of moist subsalme soil), nearly glabrous, except
that the linear (or the lowest spatulate) chiefly entire leaves are more or less
hispidulous-ciliate ; the numerous rather small heads in well-developed plants
disposed to be racemose-paniculate. (Char, from the two genuine species, which
are intermediate between the Oxytripolium section, A. subulatus connecting them,
and Conyza.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 99. Aster Oxytripolium, subsect.
Conyzopsis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 162. Brachyactis, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495;
Benth. in Hook. Ic. PI. xii. 6 (excl. spec.), & Gen. PI. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 647, & Bot, Calif, i. 326.
A. frondosus, TORR. & GRAY. A span to a foot or more high, branching from the base,
when low usually spreading, when taller the branches bearing numerous spicately paniculate
heads (of 4 lines in height) : outer bracts of the involucre linear-oblong, obtuse, wholly foli-
aceous and loose, numerous: rays in authesis exserted, a line long, linear, pinkish-purple,
always longer than the style, but equalled or surpassed by the mature copious pappus.
Fl. ii. 165. Tripoli it HI frondosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 29G. A. anyitstits,
Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 76 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 144, not Torr. & Gray. Dnn-hi/nrtis ciliata,
var. carnosula, Beuth. in Hook. }c. PI. xii. 6. B. frondosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. ; Bot.
Calif. 1. c. Borders of springs, pools, &c., Rocky Mountains of Idaho to the Sierra Nevada,
California, and the Rio Grande in New Mexico.
A. angustus, TORR. & GRAY. Leaves commonly narrower: bracts of the involucre all
linear, acute : corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to the tube and much shorter than the
elongated style, or rarely with a rudimentary ligule '? Fl. ii. 162. Crinitnria hit mills, Hook.
Fl. ii. 24. Linosyris? humi/is, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 234. Erigeron ciliatus, Ledeb. FL Alt. iv.
92, & Ic. t. 100. Coni/za A/taica, DC. Prodr. v. 380. Tripolium angustum, Lindl. in Hook.
Fl. ii. 15, & DC. 1. c. 254. Brachi/actis cilintfi, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 495; Beuth. 1. c. (cxcl.
var.) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 647. (The poor figure in Ledeb. Ic. 1. c. represents a
ligulute female flower, which accords with neither specimens nor character.) Saline wet
ground, Saskatchewan to Utah and Colorado, eastward to Minnesota, and now extending
to Chicago, c. (N. Asia.)
13. MACH^ERANTHERA. Involucre pluriserially imbricated, hemispherical
or campanulate ; the bracts linear, coriaceous below, and with herbaceous or
foliaceous spreading tips : rays numerous and conspicuous, violet or bluish purple :
akenes narrowed downward, compressed, few-nerved, and the faces somewhat
Aster. COMPOSITE. 205
striate : receptacle alveolate the alveoli toothed or lacerate: style-appendages
from linear-lanceolate to filiform-subulate : pappus copious and simple, of rather
rigid unequal bristles : leafy-stemmed and branching biennials (sometimes more
enduring, but no rootstocks, stolons or buds below the crown), or occasionally
annuals (W. N. American and Mexican) : the showy heads terminating the
branches : involucre either canescent or somewhat viscid or glandular : leaves
from sparingly dentate to bipinnately parted, the teeth or lobes apt to be bristle-
tipped. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G47, & Bot. Calif, i. o22. Macliaerantliera,
Nees, Ast. 224 ; Gray, PL Wright, i. 90. Dieteria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 300 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 09.
* Anomalous, seemingly perennial and multicipital, but otherwise of this section.
A. Coloradoensis, GRAY. A span or less high, forming a tuft of short few-leaved stems
on a strong tap root, canescently pubescent, not at all glandular : leaves spatulate or oh-
lauceolate (about an inch long), coarsely dentate, the teeth tipped with conspicuous bristles:
heads solitary, broadly hemispherical, half-inch high : involucral bracts small and numerous,
well imbricated, subulate-lanceolate, rather close : rays 35 to 40, violet-purple, barely half-
inch long : akenes turbinate, short, densely canescent-villous, half the length of the compara-
tively rigid pappus. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 149, t. 7.
Common in South Park, Colorado, Porter, Canby, Greene, &c. Also San Juan Pass, at
12,000 feet, Brandcyee.
* * Genuine species, with annual or biennial but never truly perennial root.
H Involucre densely hispidulous as well as viscid, very squarrose: akenes glabrous or glabrate:
pappus slender: heads large and broad (the disk two-thirds to full inch in diameter): herbage
green, not canescent, glabrate: leaves from incisely dentate to entire, their teeth or tips ob-
scurely if at all mucronate-setigerous: rays bright violet, showy: root biennial or somewhat
more enduring.
A. Patterson!, GRAY. A span or two high, branched from the summit of the tap root:
stems or branches with soft or cottony-tomentulose pubescence, or glabrate : leaves thickish,
spatulate or Ungulate, entire or coarsely few-toothed, none widened at base : heads solitary
or few : involucral bracts lanceolate : rays about 30, fully half-inch long. Proc. Am. Acad.
xiii. 272, excl. var. Machceranthera cancsrcns, var. afpiua, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad.
59. Moist ground along streams, Gray's Peak, Colorado; first coll. by Parry, then by Pat-
terson, &c.
A. Bigelovii, GRAY. A foot or two high, robust : stem leafy, branching above, rough ish-
hirsute to glabrate ; the flowering branches or peduncles glandular-hirsute, terminated by
showy large heads : leaves oblong or lanceolate, irregularly and sometimes incisely dentate,
sometimes entire ; radical lanceolate-spatulate ; cauline oblong to lanceolate, usually with
broadish partly clasping base : involucral bracts very numerous, linear-attenuate or the pro-
longed and much recurved tips almost filiform : rays very many, an inch or less long.
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 97, t. 10. A. Toirnshrndii, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. G430 (wrong as to the
broadly obovate style-appendages figured and described) ; Robinson, Garden, xvii. t. 228.
Southern Colorado and New Mexico, Biyclow, Brandegce, Rusby, &c. Very handsome in
cultivation.
-1 -i Involucre from nearly glabrous to glandular-puberulcnt or canescent, not rarely viscid, but
not hirsute or hispidulous: heads less ample: akenes densely pubescent.
M- Leaves at most incisely dentate, rather rigid: root disposed to be biennial or somewhat more
enduring. Dieteria, Nutt.
A. gymnocephalus, GRAY. Stem erect, simple or branched from a rather slender root,
commonly hirsute or hispidulous, equably leafy to the top : branches bearing solitary usually
naked-pedunculate middle-sized heads : leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate ; cauliue short
(inch or less long), usually obtuse, copiously serrate or denticulate with spinulose-setigerous
teeth: involucre depressed-hemispherical, half-inch or less high; its bracts linear-subulate
with the tips squarrose : rays purple, 4 or 5 lines long: receptacle fimbrillate. Proc. Am.
Acad. xv. 32 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6549. Aplopappns gymnocephalus, DC. Prodr. v. 34G, &,
A. blepltariph/jllus, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 97 ; the ray-flowers having been thought to be yellow.
206 COMPOSITE. Aster.
Mach&ranthera setigera, Nees in Linn. xix. 722. Dry ground S. W. borders of Texas,
Wright, Havard. (Mex.)
A. Canescens, PURSH. Common!}' a foot or two high and loosely much branched, even
from the indurated root, bearing numerous paniculate heads, sometimes dwarf and with sim-
ple contracted inflorescence, pale and cinereous-puberulent or minutely canescent, or greener
and glabrate : leaves lanceolate to linear or the lower spatulate, from entire to irregularly
dentate, or occasionally laciniate, the rigid teeth mostly with mucrouate-setulose tip : heads
when numerous 4 or 5 lines and when fewer half-inch high : involucre turbinate to hemi-
spherical, of rigid usually well-imbricated bracts : rays violet, 4 or 5 lines long : akenes nar-
row, canescent. Fl. ii. 547; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 322. A. biennis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 155. Dle-
teria canescens, pulverulenta, divaricata, viscosa, & sessiliflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.
300; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 100. Ma chair anther a canescens, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 75; Eaton,
Bot. King Exp. 146. The forms taken as the type of this polymorphous species are cine-
reous, rigid, when well developed bearing numerous heads : bracts of the involucre regularly
imbricated in numerous ranks, coriaceous and appressed, with the green tips short and
spreading, seldom at all viscous or glandular. Open and sterile ground and sandy banks of
streams, Saskatchewan to the eastern parts of Brit. Columbia, on the plains south to W.
Texas, also eastern side of the Sierra Nevada to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. viridis. A green form, hardly rigid, of less arid situations, either sparsely scabro-
puberulent or almost glabrous : involucral bracts looser, either with short and ascending or
longer and squarrose-spreading tips, sometimes rather hispidulous-glandular. Machceranthera
canescens, var. a/abra, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 89, &c. Aster Pattersoni, var. IlaUii, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xiii. 272, is rather a subalpine form of this. W. borders of Texas to Utah.
Var. latifolius. Green, minutely soft-pubescent, 2 feet or more high : leaves thinnish,
nearly membranaceous, comparatively large, sometimes spatulate-obloug and over half-inch
wide : heads large and few : involucre hemispherical ; tips of its bracts mostly attenuate-
subulate and squarrose-spreading, canescent and obscurely glandular. Dieteria asteroides,
Torr. in Emory Rep. 141. Mncltixranthera canescens, var. latifolia, Gray, PI. Wright, ii.
75. New Mexico and Arizona, in moist ground ; passes into var. tephrodes.
Var. viscosus. Canescent or cinereous : leaves narrow, rather rigid ; the upper
mostly entire and the lower coarsely dentate : involucre campanulate or turbinate, squarrose ;
the prominent (either short or elongated) foliaceous tips of the bracts viscid-glandular,
either spreading or recurved. Dieteria viscosa & D. sessili flora (rays probably only abnor-
mally if ever at all "ochroleucous "), Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. D. incana, Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. Diplopappus incanus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1693 (form with little viscidity to
involucre); Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3882 (involucre very foliaceous-squarrose). Arid districts,
Wyoming to California.
Var. tephrodes. More or less canescent, especially the hemispherical involucre of
the large heads ; the bracts with elongated and subulate-attenuate foliaceous tips, not gland-
ular; the hoary pubescence sometimes looser. A. incanus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 322. S.
California, Arizona, and New Mexico.
-H- -H- Leaves 1-3-pinnately cleft or parted, not rigid : involucre hemispherical, its bracts mostly
looser: akenes more strongly striate: root commonly annual: stem diffusely branched.
Machceranthera, Nees, 1. c. Ditterin Pappochroma, Nutt., excl. spec.
A. tanacetifolius, HBK. Pubescent, often rather viscid, very leafy, commonly a foot or
two high : lowest leaves 2-3-piunately parted ; uppermost simply pinnatifid or on the flower-
ing branchlets entire ; lobes short, setulose-mucronate : heads half-inch high : bracts of the
involucre narrowly linear, with slender mostly linear-subulate spreading foliaceous tips, or
the outermost almost wholly foliaceous: rays numerous (half-inch long or more), bright
violet : akenes rather broad, villous. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 95. A. chn/santhcjnoides, Willd.
in Spreng. Syst. iii. 538. Machazranthera tanacetifolia, Nees, Ast. 224 ; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 4624; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 90. Chri/snpsis (Pappochroma) coronopi folia, Nutt. Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 34. Dieteria coronopifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 300; Torr. & Gray,
1. c. Moist ground, Nebraska to Texas, Arizona, and borders of California. (Mex.)
Var. pygmeeus, a low and small form, seemingly a precocious state, with less dis-
sected leaves, rather smaller heads, and much shorter foliaceous tips to the involucral bracts,
seems to connect this with the following. Machmr anther a canescens, var. humilis & var.
pygmcea, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 74. New Mexico, Wright.
Erigeron. COMPOSITES. 207
A. parviflorus, GRAY. Glabrous, somewhat viscid, low and slender : leaves narrow, sim-
ply pinnatitid, barely inch long ; the lobes short-linear, obtuse, hardly mucronate : heads 3
or 4 lines high: involucre closer; the bracts with short oblong or ovate-lanceolate acute
green tips: rays 3 lines long: akenes cauesceutly sericeous. Bot. Calif, i. 322, note.
Machm-unthera parvi flora, Gray, PL Wright, i. 90. New Mexico from the Rio Grande to
W. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c.
49. ERfGERON, L. FLEABANE. (*H P and -><fpwv, old man in spring.)
- A rather large genus of herbs or barely suffrutescent plants, verging on the
one hand to Aster, on the other to Conyza, and only arbitrarily to be separated
on the lines of junction; the heads disposed to be solitary and long-pedunculate ;
rays (occasionally absent in certain species, uniformly wan-ting in two or three
others) violet, purple, white, rarely ochroleucous (or in anomalous species even
clear yellow !) ; disk-flowers yellow, not changing to purple : akenes commonly
2-nerved. L. Gen. ed. 2, 400 (Erigerum in ed. 1, after Dodoens, who had
Groundsel in view, and this form may explain how the name was taken for
neuter by Linnaeus) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 166; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 280,
excl. Oritrophium (which must belong either to Celmisia or Aster) ; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xvi. 86. Erigeron, Trimorphcea, Phalacroloma, Stenactis, &c., Cass.
Erigeron, Stenactis, Phalacroloma, Polyactidium (Polyactis, Less.), Heterochceta,
& Woodvillea, DC. Prodr. (Genera founded on the pappus and number of the
rays, mostly unavailable even for good subgenera.) The series here commences
with Asteroid and ends in Conyzoid forms.
1. EUERI'GERON. Rays elongated and conspicuous, or in a few species uni-
formly wanting, in one or two (E. compositus, E. concinnus) occasionally abor-
tive : no rayless female flowers between the proper ray and disk.
* Perennials, commonly dwarf from a multicipital caudex, alpine or rarely alpestriue, with com-
paratively large and mostly solitary heads: involucre loose or spreadiny, and copiously lanate
with long multiseptate hairs: rays about 100, narrow: leaves entire.
H Whole herbage gnaphalioid-lanate : pappus double; the short outer multisquamellate.
E. Mulrii, GRA.Y. A span high, densely clothed with long and soft white (apparently per-
sistent) floccose wool ; stems simple and monocephalotis, rather leafy : leaves lauceolate-spat-
ulate (an inch or two long), or uppermost narrowly lanceolate: involucre squarrose, as of
the following species: rays white, a third of au inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 210,
Cape Thompson, Alaska, John Muir.
I -I Herbage green, with or without villous or hirsute pubescence : pappus nearly simple.
E. uniflorus, L. Stems an inch to a span or two high, strictly monocephalous, few-leaved,
often naked and pedunculiform at summit : radical leaves spatulate or oblanceolate (inch or
two long); cauline lanceolate to linear: involucre usually hirsute as well as lanate, occa-
sionally becoming naked ; the linear acute bracts rather close, or merely the short tips
spreading: rays purple or sometimes white, 2 or 3 or rarely 4 lines long. Fl. Lapp. t. 9,
f. 3, & Spec. ii. 864; Hook. PL ii. 17; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 169; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 490;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi. 914. E. alpinus & Hieracium pusillum, Pursh, FL ii. 532, 502.
E. pulchellus, var., & E. alpinus, in part, DC. Prodr. v. 287. E. eriocephalus, J. Vahl, Fl. Dan.
t. 2298, is either this or possibly a form of the next. Labrador to Arctic coast, and
Uualaska, south to the Sierra Nevada, California, and mountains of Colorado, in the alpine
region. Forms with a comparatively hirsute involucre occur in the Rocky Mountains ; and
some are not well distinguished from the next. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia to Kamts.)
E. lanatus, HOOK. Stems about a span high from a multicipital caudex, scapiform or few-
leaved, monocephalous : radical leaves spatulate to obovate, about half-inch long, tapering into
a narrowed base or into a slender margined petiole ; some primary ones occasionally pal-
rnately 3-lobed ; cauline one or two, small and linear, or hardly any ; head not larger than
208 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.
that of E. uniflonts, and involucre similar, but densely soft-lanate : rays rather broader, 3
lines long, white. Fl. ii. 17, t. 121 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 168. E. grandiflorus,vax. lanutus,
Gray, Pro'c. Am. Acad. xvi. 92. Aster gladalis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 503, not Nutt. Alpine
summits of the Rocky Mountains in Montana and Brit. America, Dnimmotid, Fremont,
Bourgeau, and of the "Cascades, Lyall. (Ly all's plant may have ycUowish rays, and pass
into A/>lopappiis Brunili <!<!.)
E. grandiflorus, HOOK. Stems a span or two high, rather stout, usually several-leaved
and monocephalous : radical leaves obovate-spatulate, an inch or so long; cauliue oblong to
lanceolate, usually half-inch or less long: heads larger: involucre half-inch high, very
woolly ; its linear and attenuate-acuminate bracts squarrose-spreadiiig or the tips recurved :
rays violet or purple, a third to halt' inch long. Fl. ii. 18, t. 123 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton,
Bot. King Kxp. 184 (a somewhat abnormal form, in the Uinta Mts.) Rocky Mountains, in
or near the alpine region, from British Columbia (Drnminuiid) to Colorado, where it some-
times has fewer and linear cauliue leaves, and approaches E. uniflorus.
Var. elatior, GRAY. A foot or two high, leafy up to the 1 to 4 pedunculate heads,
pubescent, but hardly hirsute: leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long; cauliue
closely sessile by a broad base : involucre fully halt-inch high : rays half-inch long. Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 237, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 92. Subalpiue and lower, in the
Rocky Mountains of Colorado ; first coll. by Parry.
* * Submaritiine perennial: heads of the largest, the disk a full inch in diameter: involucre
rather loose, villous with long nmltiseptate hairs: rays about 100, rather broad, Aster-like:
pappus simple: leaves obovare or spatulate, ample, mostly entire, graveolent. Woodvillea,
DC., color of ray-flowers mistaken.
E. glaUGUS, KER. A span to a foot high, viscidulous and more or less pubescent, producing
a tuft of radical leaves from a rather fleshy crown, and some ascending mouocephalous or
occasionally branching stems : leaves glaucescent or pale green, but hardly glaucous, some-
what succulent ; larger radical 3 or 4 inches long and an inch wide, rarely 2-3-toothed ; upper
cauline few and small: rays half-inch long, bright violet : akeues 4-nerved. Bot. Reg. t.
10; DC. Prodr. v. 284; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 172; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 330. E. maritii/mm &
E. hispidwn, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 310. E. squarrosus, Lincll. Bot. Reg. xxvii.
misc. 44? Astir Bonarifn^A, Sprr-ng. Syst. iii. 528. A. Californicus, Less, in Linn. vi. 121 ;
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 146 ; DC. 1. c. 228. Stenartis fjlnncn, Nees, Ast. 275. Woodvillea
calendulacea, DC. 1. c. 318. Along the Pacific coast, within the influence of salt water,
Oregon to S. California, flowering for most of the year ; probably first coll. by Menzies.
# * * True perennials from rootstocks or a caudex, neither stoloniferous-surculose nor flagellif-
erous: involucre from hispid or villous to glabrous, but not lanate, in the first species loose
and spreading: all Western or Northern species. Part of Ph&nacti*, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 310; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 280.
I Comparatively tall and large, a foot or more high except in alpine or depauperate forms, leafy-
stemmed, trlabrous to soft-hirsute: leaves rather ample, entire or occasionally few-toothed:
heads pretty large, with usually very numerous rays: montane or alpestrine.
H- Aster-like; the rays comparatively broad: involucre rather loose: heads solitary, or on larger
plants few and corymbosely disposed: pappus simple.
E. salsuginosus, GRAY. Rootstocks short and thickish : stem commonly 12 to 20 inches
high, the summit or peduncles lanate-pnbescent or puberulent : no bristly or hirsute hairs :
leaves very smooth and glabrous or glabrate, bright green, thickish ; radical and lower
cauline leaves spatulate to nearly obovate, with base attenuate into a margined petiole;
upper cauline ovate-oblong to lanceolate, sessile, conspicuously mucronate or apiculate-
acumiiiate ; uppermost small and bract-like : bracts of the involucre loose or even spreading,
linear-subulate or attenuate, viscidulous, at most pubernlous (or at some northern stations
sometimes pubescent) : disk over half an inch in diameter : rays 50 to 70, purple or violet,
half-inch or more long. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. Aster salsuginosus, Richards, in Frankl.
Journ. App. ed. 2, 32; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4942 ; DC. Prodr. v. 229 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
150. A. f'lin'uxrfiensis. Less, ex Bougard, Sitch. 148; DC. I.e. 228. Wet ground, Kot-
zebue Sound and Unalaska, and along the higher mountains southward to California, Utah,
and New Mexico ; first coll. by Richardson.
Var. angustif olius, GRAY. A span to a foot high : radical and lower cauline leaves
from narrowly spatulate to lanceolate (only 3 or 4 lines broad), somewhat scabrous on mar
Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 209
gins; upper cauline linear-lanceolate, small: rays about 40. Proc. Am. A cad. 1. c. Aster
salsuginosus, var. angustifolius, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 325. Mountains of Washington Terr.
(Branderjee) to the Sierra Nevada, California, as far south as Kern Co., Lemmon, Mrs.
Austin, Matthews, &c. Passes into
Var. glacialis. A span high, few-leaved, monocephalous : leaves as of the type (of
which this is a reduced alpine form), but smaller. Aster glacialis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 291 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 155. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains; first coll.
by Nutt all in Wyoming.
E. Howellii. Rootstock filiform : stem a foot high, equably leafy, monocephalous : leaves
membrauaceous, glabrous and smooth; radical obovate, sleuder-petioled ; cauline mostly
ovate and with broad half-clasping base (larger ones 2 inches long and an inch wide), some-
times one or two sharp denticulatfons, mucronate-acuminate : involucre, c., nearly of the
foregoing: rays only 30 to 35, two-thirds inch long, a line or two wide, white. E. salsniji-
nosus, var. Uowellii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. Oregon, in the Cascade Mountains,
Howell.
E. Coulteri, T. C. PORTER. Rootstock slender: stem 6 to 20 inches high, equably leafy,
bearing solitary or rarely 2 or 3 rather slender-pedunculate heads : leaves membrauaceous,
obovate to oblong, either entire or serrate with several sharp teeth, pilose-pubescent to gla-
brous, cauliue inconspicuously mucronulate : disk of the head about half an inch wide : in-
volucre less attenuate and spreading than that of E. salsuginosus, obscurely viscidulous but
hirsute (as also the peduncle) with spreading hairs: rays 50 to 70, rather narrowly linear,
half-inch or more long, white, varying to purplish. Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 61 ;
Rothroek in Wheeler Rep. vi. 154 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 93. Rocky Mountains of
Colorado, at about 10,000 feet, Coulter, &c., of Utah, Ward, Jones, &c., and Sierra Nevada,
California, Brewer, Bolander, Greene.
H- -H- Less Aster-like : rays 100 or more and narrow: involucre closer: pappus more or less double,
but the exterior minute, setulose or subulate-squamellate : stems chiefly erect, tufted, generally
leafv to the summit, and bearing few or several heads: leaves entire. (Species hard to dis-
criminate, montane, but never alpine.) Phcenactis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., in part.
E. speciosus, DC. Sparingly and loosely hirsute or with a few scattering hairs : stems
mostly 2 feet high, very leafy to the top : leaves lanceolate, acute (3 to 8 lines wide),
sparsely ciliate ; lowest more or less spatulate : involucre hirsute-pubescent, or sometimes
almost glabrous : rays half-inch to almost an inch long, violet. Prodr. v. 284, & vii. 274 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 173. E. ylabellus, var. mucronafus, Hook. Fl. ii. 19. Stenactis speciosa,
Liudl. Bot. Reg. t. 1577; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3007. British Columbia to Oregon and per-
haps N. California, near the coast.
E. macranthus, NUTT. From hirsute-pubescent to nearly glabrous : stem 10 to 20 inches
high : leaves from lanceolate to ovate ; upper often reduced in size : involucre glabrous or
nearly so, but commonly minutely glandular: rays half-inch long (heads not larger, as the
name would imply, but rather smaller than those of the preceding) : short outer pappus
more conspicuous, sometimes nearly squamellate. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. E. (jrandijlorum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 31, not Hook. Rocky Moun-
tains, from Wyoming to New Mexico and S. W. Utah, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet in the south-
ern portions of its range.
E. glabellus, NUTT. From partly glabrous to copiously hirsute, disposed to be naked
above : stems 6 to 20 inches high : leaves lanceolate or the lowest somewhat spatulate ;
upper linear-lanceolate and gradually reduced to subulate bracts : heads in the typical forms
considerably smaller than those of the two preceding species : involucre strigosely hirsute or
pubescent : rays violet, purple, and rarely white, a third to half an inch long : outer pappus
setulose. Gen. ii. 147, & Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2923, & Fl. ii. 19 (excl.
var. 7) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., with vars. asper & pubescens. E. asper, Nutt. 1. c., a some-
what roughish-hirsute" form. E. pulchellus, Hook. Fl. ii. 19, partly. Minnesota and Sas-
katchewan to the Rocky Mountains, and southward to Colorado and Utah. Occurs in
various forms; the small or slender northern forms of the plains naked-stemmed and simple;
some of the larger more equably leafy and approaching the preceding, others by the copious
pubescence leading to the ambiguous
Var. mollis, GRAY. Somewhat cinereous with a soft and short spreading pubescence,
a foot or two high, leafy to the top : leaves oblong-lanceolate : cinereous pubescence of the
14
210 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.
involucre soft and spreading. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 64, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.
Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet ; first coll. by Parry, Hall, &c. Perhaps
a distinct species.
+- JT- Low, rarely a foot high, conspicuously hispid or hirsute with spreading bristly hairs: leaves
entire, narrow: involucre close: rays numerous, occasionally wanting in one species: pappus
conspicuously double, but least so in the first species.
H- Sparingly branched stems several or numerous from the crown of a tap root, more or less leafy :
heads middle-sized: disk a third to half an inch in diameter: involucre hispid: rays 50 to 80,
long and narrow, soon deflexed, occasionally wanting in the second species.
E. pumilus, NUTT. Radical and lower cauline leaves from spatulate-liuear to lanceolate (a
line or two wide) ; upper linear: rays white (4 lines long): outer pappus of short bristles
little or not at all thicker than the inner ones and more or less intermixed with them.
Gen. ii. 147; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 174. E. fitrsittus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 742, not Lour. Dry
upper plains, Dakota to Colorado, and in the Rocky Mountains, west to Utah.
E. COncinnus, TORE. & GRAY. Like the preceding, but usually with more dense and
shaggv hirsnteiiess and less rigid leaves : stems not rarely somewhat copiously branched :
rays violet or blue, rarely white : outer pappus conspicuous and squamellate or paleaceous
(the palete varying from subulate to oblong!). Fl. ii. 174; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 151,
with var. condensatus, a dwarf and condensed form with mouocephalous stems, and com-
monly wide (but fewer) palese to the pappus. E. strigosus, var. hispidissimus, Hook. Fl. ii.
18, chiefly. Distasis? concinna, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 350. Arid regions between the
western slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascades, from Wyoming
to New Mexico and Brit. Columbia to Arizona.
Var. aphanactis, GRAY. Discoid, the rays being nearly destitute of ligule or want-
ins:. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 540. Colorado to Nevada and the borders of California.
O
H- -H- More branched and leafy, over a span high ; with smaller heads, fewer rays, and somewhat
naked involucre more imbricated: anomalous Texano-New-Mexican species.
E. BigGlovii, GRAY. Ciuereous-hispidulous, diffusely branched from the base, leafy up to
the short-pedunculate scattered heads : leaves small, spatulate-lauceolate or upper linear
(less than inch long), lowest more spatulate and petioled : bracts of the hemispherical involu-
cre rather rigid, lanceolate, acuminate, obviously of 2 or 3 lengths, the outer sparingly his-
pidulous: rays 40 to 50, purple or violet (3 lines long): outer pappus of slender-subulate
squamellae, about a third the length of the inner bristles. Bot. Mex. Bound. 78. On the
Rio Grande near Frouteras, at the borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, Wright,
Bigelow.
E. Brandegei. A very anomalous and imperfectly known plant, green, sparsely hispidu-
lous-hirsute, less branched: radical leaves spatulate-liuear; cauline linear and small, or
upper minute: bracts of involucre short-linear, almost naked: rays 30 or more, white: outer
pappus of coriaceous squamell* which are commonly confluent with the scanty bristles of
the inner, perhaps abnormal: only one specimen seen. Adobe plains, S. W. Colorado, on
the borders of New Mexico, Brandegee.
H- ++ -H- Tufted stems very short and densely leafy, bearing simple and monocephalous scapi-
form or few-leaved flowering stems (about a span high) : head proportionally large: rays 25 to
50, not very narrow, 3 or 4 lines long : leaves narrowly spatulate-linear.
E. poliospermus. Leaves hispid throughout, an inch or more long, filiform-spatulate,
the broader summit a quarter or half a line wide : head half-inch high : involucre of rather
loose and slender hispidulous bracts rays about 25, blue-violet or white : akenes densely
wliite-villous . outer pappus slender-squamellate, fully as long as the breadth of the akene,
covered by the copious white silky hairs of the latter. Umatilla, Oregon, Howell, and
Washington Terr., in the Wallawalla region, Brandegee, Tweedy. Resembles the next.
E. Chrysopsidis. Hispid, also with some minuter pubescence : leaves spatulate-linear, an
inch or two long, commonly a full line wide at summit : involucre rather hirsute : rays 40 to
50, " golden yellow " : akenes barely pubescent or hirsutulous : outer pappus less conspicuous,
merely setulose. otherwise very like the preceding. C/iri/sopsis hirtella, DC. Prodr. v. 327.
E. ochroleucus, var. hirlellns, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. Stony hills and in wet clay
on mountain sides, E. Oregon and adjacent Washington Terr., Douglas, Cusick, Nevius,
llowe/l. Must be retained in Erigeron (of which it has the involucre and style), notwith-
Erigeron. COMPOSITES. 211
standing the pure yellow rays, which also occur in E. peucephyllus. It can hardly pass
into E. ockroleucus.
--)--{- Dwarf, cespitose from a multieipital caudex, with nionocephalous flowering stems, often
scapose : radical leaves dissected: pappus simple.
E. compositus, PL-RSH. From hirsute to glabrate, with slender margined petiole setose-
ciliate: radical leaves much crowded on the crowns of the caudex, usually 1-3-ternately
parted into linear or short and narrow spatulate lobes, the few on the erect flowering stems
3-lobed or entire and linear: involucre (3 or 4 lines high) sparsely hirsute: rays from 40 to
CO, not very narrow, white, purple, or violet, mostly 3 or 4 lines long. Fl. ii. 535 ; Fl. Dan.
xii. 1099; Hook, in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 374, t. 13, & Fl. ii. 17 ; DC. Prodr. v. 288; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 167. E. pedatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308. Cineraria Lewisii,
Richards, in Frankl. Journ. App. ed. 2, 32. Alpine and alpestrine districts of the Rocky
Mountains, and of the Sierra Nevada, from S. Colorado and California to Brit. Columbia and
arctic sea-coast. (Greenland and Spitzbergen.)
Var. discoideus, GRAY. Rays wanting or abortive : head commonly smaller.
Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 237; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 148. Same range as the radiate
form, often accompanying it; first coll. by Parry, &c.
Var. trifidus, GRAY. Small blade of leaves simply 3-5-fid : the lobes from oblong to
obovate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. E. trijidus, Hook. Fl. ii. 17, t. 120. Rocky Moun-
tains, K Colorado to Brit. Columbia; first coll. by Drummond, later by J. M. Coulter and
Canby.
Var. pinnatisectus, GRAY, I.e. Usually a large form: numerous violet-purple
rays 5 lines long : leaves pinuately parted into 9 to 1 1 linear and entire or rarely 2-3-deft
divisions. Mountains of Colorado, from South Park to the Sierra Blauca ; first coll bv
Hall.
E. Pringlei, GRAY. Smooth and glabrous, densely cespitose from a lignescent multieipital
caudex : radical leaves laciniate-piuuatifid into 3 to 5 short-lanceolate or broadly subulate
pointed lobes; those of the ascending (2 or 3 inches long) flowering stems linear, entire,
5 or C in number : involucre hardly 3 lines high, glabrous : rays 20 or 30, purple or whitish,
3 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 210. Cliffs of Mount Wrightson, Santa Rita Moun-
tains, Arizona, Prhigle.
H H H -t Dwarf or low species, alpine or alpestrine, entire-leaved, cespitose from multieipital
caudex, no fine or cinereous pubescence, nionocephalous : leaves few on the simple stems, at
least the radical broader than linear : rays rather numerous and not very narrow : pappus simple
or nearly so.
H- Involucre glabrous but pruinose-glandular, brownish-purple: alpine and Aster-like, smooth
and green.
E. leiomerus. A span high from the somewhat surculose branches of the caudex, smooth
and very glabrous (or some minute hairiness at least on the petioles) : leaves bright green,
mainly radical and spatulate, very obtuse (larger about inch long, with tapering base or
petiule of at least equal length), from 2 to 6 lines wide; cauline only 2 or 3 and smaller: in-
volucre 3 lines high, not unlike that of E. salsuginosus, but close, the bracts lanceolate and
not attenuate : rays about 40, linear, violet, 3 or 4 lines long. Aster glacialis, Eaton, Bot.
King Exp. 142, but hardly that of Nuttall (which is rather a high alpine form of A. sal-
suginosus, to which this is related). Comes close to the next species, to which it has been
referred. Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada, in the alpine region ; first coll.
by Parry, Hall & Harbour, Watson.
H- -H- Involucre hirsute or pubescent, greenish : herbage not strigulose nor cinereous.
E. ursinus, EATON. A span or two high, loosely cespitose: leaves duller green, mostly
smooth and glabrous, but their margins more or less hirsute-ciliate, spatulate to narrowly
oblanceolate ; cauline ones lanceolate or linear and acute : involucre (3 lines high) and naked
summit of flowering stem hirsute-pubescent : rays 40 or 50, purple, narrowly linear, 3 lines
long. Bot. King Exp. 148 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 327. Alpine and subalpine region, Rocky
Mountains. Wyoming to S. Colorado, Uinta Mountains, Utah, and on Mount Dana, California;
first coll. by Watson.
E. radicatus, HOOK. A span high or less, densely tufted : leaves all spatulate-linear or
somewhat wider (broadest only a line or two wide), hirsute or hirsutely ciliate, or sometimes
212 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.
almost naked, then glabrous; no glandular roughness: involucre more or less villous-pubes-
cent (barely 3 lines high) : rays white or purplish, 2 or 3 lines long. Fl. ii. 17. E. nanus
& E. radical us, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308. Alpine or subalpiue in the Rocky
Mountains, from British America (Dnunmond, Macoun) to Wyoming, S. Colorado, and
Utah, Nuttall, Parry, &c.
E. gland ulosus, T. C. PORTER. Cespitose from a stout caudex, a span to almost a foot
hio-h, rigid, minutely grauulose-glandular or glandular-scabrous (but sometimes obsoletely
so), and with sparse hirsute or hispid hairs, especially on the margins of the leaves : these
thickish, spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 3 inches long ; upper cauline small : head com-
paratively large, 4 or 5 lines high : involucre glandular or viscid as well as pubescent : rays
40 or 50, violet or purple, 4 to 6 lines long : an obscure outer setulose pappus. Porter &
Coulter, Fl. Colorad. GO ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 90. Bleak mountain-tops, alpestrine
and subalpine, and sometimes descending to lower levels, Colorado, J. M. Coulter, Hall &
Harbour, Greene, &c. Some forms approach E. pumilus.
i .j H__ -i -i Various Rocky Mountain to Pacific species, with entire leaves, none truly
alpine, none hispidly hirsute (except very rarely some spreading bristly hairs fringing base of
leaves): involucre close, disposed to be somewhat imbricated and rigid: rays not very numer-
ous, in several species uniformly wanting.
H- A span or two high from a simple or nmlticipital caudex: leaves only few and narrow on the
weak and ascending simple or sparingly branched flowering steins; but radical ones with ob-
ovate or spatulate blade, only half-inch long, contracted into a petiole of at least equal length,
cinereouslv puberulent or canescent: heads only 3 or 4 lines high: rays 18 to 30, pale violet or
purple: akenes compressed, 2-3-uerved: pappus nearly simple.
E. asperilgineus, GRAY. Cinereous with minute roughish pubescence : stems commonly
simple from the slender caudex, monocephalous : involucre obscurely hirsute, a single series
of equal bracts : rays 18 or 20. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. Aster asperur/ineus, Eaton, Bot.
King Exp. 142. Utah, in the E. Huraboldt Mountains, Watson, M. E. Jones.
E. tener, GRAY, 1. c. Cauescent with very fine and close or almost imperceptible pubescence
(either silvery-whitish or becoming greener) : stems several from a stouter caudex, weak
and ascending, bearing single or 2 or 3 heads : involucre minutely cauescent ; its narrow
and close bracts unequal, somewhat in 2 or 3 ranks: rays 25 to 30. E. ca'sjiilosum, var.
tenentm; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 328 High mountains of Utah, N. W. Nevada, and of the
Sierra Nevada on the borders of California, Watson, Brewer, &c., to those near the sources
of the Sacramento, Pringle, Red Rock Creek, and of Wind River, Montana, Watson, Dr.
Forwood.
in- -H- A span to near a foot high, cespitose on a stout multicipit 1 caudex, silvery-canescent, with
simple and monocephalous or rarely somewhat branching stems: leaves from narrowly spatu-
late to linear: rays 40 or 50, white 6"r purple, changing to white : akems slender and nearly terete,
b-lQ-nerved or striate: pappus double; the outer subulate-setulose and conspicuous.
E. canus, GRAY. Silvery appressed pubescence obviously strigulose under a lens, that of
the involucre loose and spreading : stems 4 to 9 inches high, leafy : linear cauline leaves
gradually diminishing upward ; radical spatulate lanceolate or narrower : head 4 lines high :
rays narrow, 3 lines long: akenes glabrous, striately 8-10-uerved. PI. Feiidl. 67, & Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 650. Dry and gravelly hills, Northern New Mexico and Colorado ; first coll.
by Fendler. Also on the Platte in Wyoming, Ge/jcr.
E. argentattlS, GRAY. Silvery white pubescence throughout very close and fine, the sep-
arate hairs undistinguishable : stems 6 to 12 inches high: radical leaves very densely
clustered, linear-spatulate or broader, inch or two long ; cauline scattered and much smaller :
head broad, fully half-inch high: rays rather broad and large, half-inch long: immature
akenes sericeous-pubescent or villous, 5-8-nerved. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 649. E.r<ix/>i-
tosum, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 153, an small part (no. 549), not Nutt. Arid interior region,
Utah and Nevada, ]\'alson, Miss Searls, Ward, Palmer, M. E. Jones.
H- -H- -H- A foot or less high from a thick multicipital caudex, more or less branching and
leafy, minutely silvery-canescent (the pubescence fine and short): leaves all narrowly linear :
rays 30 to 50, elongated (large for the involucre of about 3 lines high), purple or sometimes
white: akenes narrow, 4-nerved, disposed to be tetragonal.
E. Parisllii. Rigid and rather stout, at length somewhat corymbosely branched : leaves
spatulate-liuear (largest 2 lines wide or nearly so), rather short: heads short-peduucled :
Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 213
involucre cinereous-puberulent and glandular: rays nearly half-inch long, purple: disk-
corollas beset with some sparse and short minute hairs : akenes sparsely hirsute : pappus
conspicuously double ; outer setose-squamellate. Rocky canons, borders of the Moliave
Desert, S. E. California, Parish.
E Utahensis, GRAY. Slender, but rigid, with sparse branches from dense clumps : leaves
narrowly linear or almost filiform (larger 2 inches long and barely a line wide) : heads slen-
der-peduncled : involucre canesceut : rays fully half-inch long : disk-corollas sparsely hirsute
toward the base : immature akeues villous : pappus almost simple ; the outer being scanty
and setulose, hardly distinguishable from the villous hairs of the akene. Proc. Am. Acad.
xvi. 99. E. stenophyllus, var. 1 tetrapleurus, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 650. Rocky hills in the
arid region of S. Utah, Mrs. Thompson, Parry, Palmer. This and the preceding are
showy species, nearly related to E. argentatus, all with a close and somewhat imbricated
involucre.
-H- -H- -H. -K- Either low or comparatively tall, leafy-stemmed or subscapose: akenes compressed,
2-uerved, rarely 3-nerved.
= Heads radiate: leaves all narrowly linear to filiform, the broadest not over a line wide: pubes-
cence either cinereous or obscure. (Also one or two of the following subdivision are sometimes
very n arrow-] eaved . )
a. Involucre of the ample head half-inch high, of linear and equal bracts; and rays half-inch long.
E. stenophyllus, GRAY. Green and glabrate, but obscurely strigulose-puberuleut when
young : stems simple and monocephalous, less than a foot high, naked and pedunculiform at
summit : leaves mostly 2 inches long, hardly widening upward ; upper ones sparse and
smaller : bracts of involucre somewhat hirsute-pubescent and glandular : ovary villous :
pappus simple or nearly so. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 42; Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 650, & xvi. 89.
Hills on the Pecos, N. W. Texas, Bigelow. A smaller plant from Fort Wiugate, New
Mexico, Matthews, may belong here, but has merely hirsutnlous young akenes.
b. Involucre only 2 or 3 lines high, of shorter and unequal somewhat imbricated bracts: rays 2 to 4
lines long.
E. filifolius, NUTT. Canescent or cinereous throughout with very fine close pubescence, no
loose hairs : stems slender, a span to two feet high from liguesceut slender base or branched
rootstock, leafy, usually paniculately branched and bearing several or rather numerous heads :
leaves linear-filiform or quite filiform (some lower ones occasionally dilated upward to a
line in width and flat) : involucre canesceut : rays 30 to 50, rarely even 80, purple, violet,
or white, 3 or 4 lines long : akeues slightly pubescent or glabrate : pappus simple, of fragile
and indistinctly scabrous bristles. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 328 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 177 ;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 89. Diplopappus filifolius, Hook. Fl. ii. 21, is either this or the
next. Chrysopsis canescens, DC. Prodr. v. 328. Rocky or dry ground, from Brit. Columbia,'
mostly east of the Cascades, and Idaho, to the Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada ;
first coll. by Douglas.
E. peucephyllus, GRAY. Low, with flowering stems a span or two high from broad
depressed tufts, simple and with naked summit or peduncle mouocephalous or occasionally
forking and 2-3-cephalous, ciuereous-puberulent or glabrate : leaves filiform or lowest
slightly dilated upward (to not over half a line in breadth) : involucre hirsute-pubescent or
glabrate : rays 20 or 30, usually short (2 or 3 lines long), pale blue to cream-color or pure
yellow : pappus manifestly double, the outer squamellate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 89. Dry
hills, from Brit. Columbia (and east to Cypress Hills, Macoun) to the Sierra Nevada in
California and adjacent Nevada, east to Idaho.
c. Involucre 3 or 4 lines high, of equal bracts: rays of equal length.
E. OChroleiicus, NCTT. Low, a span or two high, somewhat cespitose on the caudex,
from cinereous-pubescent to glabrate, and attenuate lower part of the leaves not rarely
sparsely hirsute-ciliate : stems usually simple, naked above and monocephalous, occasionally
with one or two additional heads: leaves rather rigid, narrowly linear, the radical (2 or 3
inches long) often a line wide at the upper part : involucre tomentose or hirsute-pubescent :
rays 40 to 60, " ochroleucous," white, or purplish (not known to be yellow) : outer pappus
setulose. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 309; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 178; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvi. 89, excl. var. E. pumilus, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 242, in part, not Nutt. E.
canescens, Parry in Jones Exp. no. 139, canescent form. Diplopappus linearis, Hook. FL
214 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.
ii. 21 ? Gravelly hills and plains, N. Wyoming and Montana to Idaho, Nuttall, Spaldhuj,
Geyer, Parry, &c.
= = Heads rayless : leaves filiform to narrowly spatulate-linear, chiefly from the multicipital
caudex: dwarf flowering stems more or less scapiform and monocephalous.
E. Bloomeri, GRAY. Densely cespitose, cinereous-puberuleut or glabrate and pale : radical
leaves 1 to 3 inches long, the larger dilated upward sometimes to a line or more iu width ;
cauline few and nearly filiform : scapiform flowering stems 2 to 6 inches high : head almost
half an inch high : iuvolucral bracts equal, linear-lanceolate, soft-villous or canesceut : akenes
glabrate, oblong-linear, flat : pappus whitish, simple. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 40, & Bot. Calif.
i. 328; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 148. Stony ground, mountains of Nevada to Idaho, and
from the Sierra Nevada, California, to E. Oregon; first-coll, by Bloomer. Habit of the last
preceding species, to which it is most allied.
= = = Heads radiate : leaves from narrowly linear to oblong.
a. Stems naked above, more commonly simple and inouocephalous, only a span or two high : pappus
simple.
B. Nevadensis, GRAY. Stems numerous from a multicipital caudex, erect, a span to
nearly a foot high : leaves all lanceolate or linear ; radical 1 to 4 inches long, 1 to 4 lines
wide, strigulose-ciuereous ; uppermost small and subulate : head always solitary, half-inch
high : involucre villous-pubescent, sometimes glabrate ; its bracts equal : rays rather broadly
linear, white or pale blue, 4 to 6 lines long : akeues comparatively large : pappus rather
coarse. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 649; Bot. Calif, i. 328. E. vtspitosus, var. grandiflorus,
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 153, in part. Sierra Nevada, California, and W. Humboldt Moun-
tains, Nevada, at 5,000 to 8,000 feet ; first coll. by Bloomer, Watson, c. Appears to pass
into the somewhat doubtful
Var. pygmaeus, GRAY, 1. c. Dwarf, subcaulescent : leaves spatulate-linear, an inch
or more long, a line or so wide, more minutely pubescent or cinereous, and glabrate : head
considerably smaller : involucre slightly hirsute : rays purple. Sierra Nevada, California,
above Ebbett's Pass (at 9,500 feet) aud Mono Pass (10,750 feet), Brewer. Also Mount
Dver, Plumas Co. (a connecting form), Mrs. Austin.
E. Eatoni, GRAY. Stems several from the crown of a strong tap root, slender and weak,
diffuse, 3 to 9 inches long, simple or with 2 or 3 monocephalous branches : leaves all linear,
thickish, minutely strigulose-pubescent ; radical about 2 inches long and the broadest 2 lines
wide : heads only 3 lines high : bracts of the sparsely hirsute involucre little unequal : rays
seldom over 20, at most 3 lines long, white or purplish. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 91. E. uchro-
leucus, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 152, not Nutt. Kooky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming,
and the Uiuta and Wahsatch Mountains in Utah; first coll. by Watson and Eaton.
b. Stems more leafy and disposed to branch, but sometimes monocephalous: pubescence cinereous:
outer pappus setulose, sometimes rather manifest, sometimes obscure or none.
E. caespitosus, NDTT. Low, a span to rarely a foot high, many-stemmed and ascending
or spreading from a stout multicipital caudex, from cinereous to canescent with dense and
fine short pubescence (this generally spreading and soft, sometimes hispidulous, rarely fine
aud ap pressed, at least on young parts): stems of smaller plants monocephalous: radical
leaves spatulate to lanceolate, and cauline lanceolate-oblong to linear (half-inch to 2 inches
long) : heads sliort-peduucled, 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre rather unequal : ravs
40 or 50, linear, 3 or 4 lines long, white, sometimes tinged with rose-color. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 307 (a small and low form) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 179. Diplopappus canescens
(Erigeron canescens, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) & D. grandiflorus (E. ca-spitosus, var. grandiflorus,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.), Hook. Fl. ii. 21, the latter a large form. Mountains and high plains,
Saskatchewan and Montana to Utah and borders of New Mexico, and eastern part of the
Sierra Nevada, California. A variable species. Western forms come near to the next.
E. COrymbosus, NUTT. Taller, often a foot or two high, erect from creeping rootstocks,
soft-cinereous or sometimes hispidulous with the mostly spreading short pubescence : radical
leaves narrow-lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate (largest 3 or 4 inches long and 3 or 4 lines
wide), 3-nerved ; cauliue linear and narrow : heads sometimes solitary, usually several and
corymbosely disposed on short slender peduncles : involucre 3 lines high, cauesceutly pubes-
cent : rays 30 to 50, mostly narrow and 3 to 5 lines long, blue or violet, apparently some-
times white. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 308 ; Torr. Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 329
Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 215
Mountains of Montana to those of Washington Terr, and sparingly of California; first
coll. by Nuttall. A soft-pubescent form, subalpine in Washington Terr, and E. Oregon,
Cusick, Branclegee, has white rays; a similar one, coll. by Lya.ll near the British boundary]
has blue rays. Nuttall's character of achenium, " nearly smooth and striate," does not accord'
with his specimens.
E. Breweri, GRAY. A span to a foot high from slender rootstocks, slender, erect or
ascending, leafy up to the solitary or several and corymbosely disposed heads, 'scabrous-
cinereous with minute spreading pubescence : leaves small (the largest barely inch long),
narrowly spatulate or uppermost nearly linear, obtuse : heads 3 or 4 lines high : involucre
glabrous or minutely granulose-glandular ; its bracts unequal, obtuse: rays 12 to 20, violet,
3 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 541, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Open woods of the Sierra
Nevada, California, from Kern Co. to Shasta; first coll. by Brewer and Torre y.
c. Stems (commonly from slender rootstocks) leafy, mostly branched above and bearing few or
several heads : pubescence not cinereous nor spreading, either strigose or none : pappus essen-
tial ly simple.
E. decumbens, NTJTT. Slender, commonly low or spreading, 6 to 18 inches high, strigulose-
pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate : leaves linear or sometimes linear-spatulate (radical
not rarely 4 to 6 inches long and only a line or two wide, sometimes 3 lines wide) : involucre
minutely hirsute or pubescent: rays 15 to 40, white, purplish, or violet-tinged. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 309 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Mountains, from Montana and Utah to Oregon
and northern part of the Sierra Nevada, California ; first coll. by Douglas and Nuttall.
E. follOSUS, NUTT. A foot or two high, smooth and glabrous, or with some minute rough-
ish hairs, usually branched above, and bearing scattered or loosely corymbose heads : leaves
linear, obtuse, the larger an inch or two long and 2 or 3 lines wide, but often much narrower :
heads hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high : involucre of somewhat unequal bracts, either
minutely puberulent-strigose or glabrous, rarely hirsute : rays 20 to 40, narrow, 3 to 5 linos
long, violet or purple, rarely white. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., & PI. Gamb. 117; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 329 (excl. var. inornatus), & Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 88. E. Douglasii, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 177. E. decumbens, Benth. PL Hartw. 316, not Nutt. Diplopappus occirlen/alis,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 350. Sparsely wooded ground, common nearly throughout Cali-
fornia, especially in the western parts ; first coll. by Douglas. Nuttall's name was given to
the broader-leaved form. This passes freely into
Var. stenophyllus, GRAY, 1. c. A common form, with leaves from only a line wide
to slender and filiform. E. stenophyllus, Nutt. PL Gamb. 176, not Gray. Same range,
and equally common.
Var. tenuissimus. Slender, small-leaved : leaves nearly all filiform, erect or ascend-
ing ; the longest only an inch long ; upper gradually shorter, becoming setaceous-subulate :
heads much smaller. San Diego Co. on the Mexican border, and within Lower California,
Parry, Palmer, Orcult.
= = = = Heads wholly rayless: stems leafy to the summit: pappus simple.
E. inornatus, GRAY. Commonly glabrous throughout and smooth, or with some sparse
hirsute pubescence: stems 10 to 20 inches high, erect: leaves from broadly to narrowly
linear (an inch or two long, a line or two wide) : heads usually several and cymoscly
disposed at the summit of the stem, short-peduncled, 3 lines high: involucre campanula! < ;
its bracts unequal and somewhat imbricated, very glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 88.
E. foliosus, var. inornatus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 330. Pine woods, Sierra Nevada and
coast ranges of California to those of E. Oregon and Washington Territory ; first coll. by
Neivberry. Comes near some forms of E. foliosus, but rayless.
Var. angustatus. Leaves very narrowly linear or almost filiform : heads few or
scattered and paniculate. Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., California, Kellogg & Harfonl,
and Napa Co., Greene.
Var. viSGldulus. Low and stouter: heads fewer and larger (4 lines high) : leaves
spatulate-linear, shorter (seldom an inch long) : stems and peduncles occasionally hirsute-
pubescent, and as well as the leaves commonly more or less viscid. Mountains of northern
part of California, Kellogg & Harford, Pringle.
E. supplex, GRAY. Villous-hirsnte : stems decumbent or ascending from a slender root-
stock, mostly simple, a span to a foot long, terminated by single and very broad (5 to 6
216 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.
lines high) short-peduncled heads : leaves spatulate-lanceolate or uppermost linear, mucro-
nate-apieulate (an inch or two long) : involucre villous; its bracts linear-lanceolate, equal.
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 353, & Bot. Calif, i. 330. N. E. California, in liumboldt and Mendo-
cino Co., Bolandcr, Pringle ; the latter a nearly erect form.
E. miser GRAY. Cespitose from a thickish caudex or rootstock, cauescently villous : stems
ascending, 3 to 5 inches high, leafy up to the solitary or few and small (3 lines high) heads :
leaves from oblong-spatulate to short-linear (4 to 8 lines long) : involucre glabrate or mi-
nutely glandular, short ; its bracts lanceolate or linear, acute : flowers comparatively few.
Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 372, & Bot. Calif, ii. 445. Oil Mount Stanford and vicinity, in the
Sierra Nevada, California, Lobb, Kellogg, Greene, &c. : fl. late.
-i_ -t -K- H -t -i S. Arizonian, with diffusely branched and trailing stems, very leafy
branches, bearing very small heads, soft-cinereous pubescence, and lower leaves commonly u-5-
lobed or toothed: pappus simple.
E. Lemmoni, GRAY. Stems a foot or two long, apparently from slender creeping root-
stocks : leaves half-inch long or less, spatulate ; upper all entire, lower tapering into more
or less of a petiole, many of them 1-5-touthed or incisely lobed : heads terminating short
branchlets, short-peduucled : involucre 2 lines high : rays of about same length, 40 or 50,
light purple. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. Tanner's Canon, Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona,
Lemmon.
+- -) -t -i -) -i -) Northeastern species, smooth and slender, erect, from filiform root-
stocks, leafy-stemmed, entire-leaved; with small and Aster-like heads of only 20 or 30 rays:
pappus quite simple.
E. hyssopifolius, MICHX. Nearly glabrous, a span to a foot high, sparingly branched :
branches terminated by a solitary slender-peduucled head : leaves small and numerous, linear
or lower somewhat spatulate, thiuuish, entire, an inch or less long : rays 3 lines long, white
or tinged with purple. Fl. ii. 123; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 87. Aster (jrniiiiitifollun,
Pursh, Fl. ii. 545; DC. Prodr. v. 227; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 156. Galatella r/raiuinifolia,
Hook. Fl. ii. 15. Moist and rocky banks, Newfoundland and New Brunswick to Hudson's
Bay, northern borders of New England to Lake Superior and Slave Lake ; first coll. by
Michaux.
^ % ^ : Perennial by rosulate offsets, producing a scapiform stem from a rosette of radical leaves:
heads small and Aster-like, bearing only 20 or 30 rays : disk convex, only 3 lines broad : aUenes
mostly 4-nerved : pappus quite simple: S. Atlantic species. Erifferidium, Torr. & Gray.
E. nudicaulis, MICHX. Glabrous or glabrate : scapiform stems solitary or occasionally
several from the rosette of obovate or spatulate thickish and sparingly denticulate leaves :
cauline leaves few and small, or merely bracts : heads several, corymbosely cymose : rays
white and pinkish, 2 or 3 lines long. Pursh, I.e. Erigeron (Eriijidium) vermts, Torr. ^c
Gray, Fl. ii. 176. E. iittii/r!fi>!ins, Bertol. Misc. Bot. vi. t. 3, not Bigel. Aster rernus, L. Spec.
ii. 876. Doronic.um Itrrifolium, Walt. Car. 205? Stcnar.tis verna, Nees, Ast. 275 ; DC. 1. c.
299. Low pine barrens near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana : fl. spring.
***** Perennial by biennial rosulate offsets borne on apex of stolonifnnn creeping root-
stocks, or some species probably biennial : leaves membranaceous, commonly serrate or dentate :
beads middle-sized or small, with glabrate involucre: rays numerous : pappus quite simple:
species not montane.
-i Rays not very narrow, not more thnn 60 or 70.
E. bellidifolius, MUHL. Stoloniferous-cespitose, making rosulate offsets from slender
subterranean shoots, villous-hirsnte : flowering stems usually a foot or more high, simple,
naked above and bearing 3 to 9 (or, when depauperate, only single) nmbellately cymose
middlc-siy.ed heads: radical leaves cuneiform-obovate or spatulate, mostly coarsely few-
toothed, on very short-winged petioles; cauline few, oblong or lanceolate: bracts of the in-
volucre appressed: rays violet or bluish-purple, a third to half inch long: akenes almost
glabrous. Willd. Spec. iii. 1958; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2402; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 170.
E. ]>ulr/if:ll.us, Miehx. Fl. ii. 124, excl. syn. Gronov. ; Darl. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 492; Hook. Fl. ii.
19, excl. var. Damp ground, borders of woodlands, Canada to Illinois and Louisiana:
fl. spring.
E. Oreganus, GRAY. Perhaps only biennial, pubescent : rosulate tufts many-leaved, send-
ing np weak or diffuse leafy stems of a span or two in length, bearing solitary or few rather
Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 217
small heads : leaves spatulate, or the radical cuneate-obovate ; these an inch or two long,
coarsely 3-5-tootlied or incised ; cauline more entire, inch long : rays pale purple, quarter-
inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 2. Oregon, along the Columbia River under overhang-
ing cliffs iu Multuomah Co., How ell.
-1 ) Rays, very narrow, almost filiform, and numerous (much over 100) : disk only 3 or 4 lines
broad: stems scattered, erect, either from a biennial root or from a biennial or winter-annual
offset.
E. Philadelphicus, L. Soft-hirsute, a foot or two high: stem striate-angled : leaves
oblong, or lowest spatulate or obovate ; upper cauline half-clasping, obtuse, sparingly arid
coarsely serrate or entire : peduncles thickened under the head : rays pink, about 3 lines
long. Spec, ii. 863; Willd. Spec. iii. 1957; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 171, not Michx., Ell., &c.
E. purpureum, Ait. Kcw. iii. 186, DC. 1. c. E.pulchellus^&r., Hook. Fl. ii. 19 (N. W. Am.).
Moist fields and border of woodlands, Hudson's Bay to Florida, Texas, California, and Brit.
Columbia : fl. summer.
E. quercifolius, LAM. Pubescent with short spreading hairs, sometimes cinereous, about
a foot high : radical and lowest cauline leaves obovate or spatulate, from repand to sinuate-
pinnatifid : heads smaller than in the preceding : rays barely 2 lines long, from bluish or
purplish to white. 111. t. C81, f. 4; Poir. Diet. vii. 490; Reichenb. Ic. Exot. t. 134 (?);
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. Pliilrtddpliicus, Michx. Fl. ii. 123 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 396; DC. 1. c., not L.
Low grounds,, S. Carolina to Florida and Texas; fl. spring.
****** Perennial by rooting from decumbent or creeping leafy stems or stolons: rays
very numerous and narrow: heads solitary, slender-peduncled.
E. repens. Cinereous-pubescent : stems prostrate or ascending from the slender root; pros-
trate ones rooting at the nodes : leaves obovate or broadly spatulate with cuneate base taper-
ing into a petiole, obtusely and deeply 5-9-toothed or almost lobed : peduncles scapiform,
4 to 8 inches long: involucre 4 lines high: rays 3 lines long, white : pappus simple. E.
scaposus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 170; Gray, PL Liudb. i. 11, but hardly the Mexican E. scapo-
sus nor E. longipes, DC. E. scaposus, var.? cuneifolius, Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. xvi. 94.
Sandy sea-coast, Texas, Berlandier, Drunnnond, Lindheimer, Writ/lit, &c. (Probably also on
the Mexican side of the Rio Grande.)
E. flagellaris, GRAY. More or less cinereous with fine appressed pubescence : stems slen-
der, diffusely decumbent and flagelliform but leafy, some prostrate, many at length rooting
at the apex and proliferous : leaves small, entire ; radical spatulate and petioled ; those of
the branches passing to linear (from an inch to 3 lines long) : peduncles 2 to 5 inches long :
head barely 3 lines high : rays white or purplish : pappus double, the outer subulate-setulose.
PI. Fendl. 69; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 153. E. dii-ergens, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot.
vi. 242. E. clii-ergcus, var., Gray, PL Wright. Banks of streams, W. Texas and New
Mexico to Colorado and S. W. Utah; also north to the Upper Platte; first coll. by Fendler.
******* Annuals or sometime? biennial-, leafy-stemmed and branching: heads con-
spicuously radiate, except in one species.
-I Akenes narrow, little compressed, with a broad and whitish truncate apex and a simple capil-
lary pappus: heads small (only 3 lines high): rays 40 to 70, not very narrow.
E. Bellidiastrum, NUTT. A diffusely or loosely branched annual, a span or two high,
cinereous-pubescent : leaves entire, spatulate-linear or the lowest broader (an inch or less
long): heads paniculate, short-peduncled : rays light purple. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.
307 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 170; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 648. Low grounds, plains of
Nebraska to New Mexico ; first coll. by Nuttall.
+ .(__ Akenes compressed, 2-nerved: pappus more or less double; outer short and subulate-
squamellate or sometimes coroniform; inner often fragile or deciduous.
H- Leaves entire, sometimes dentate or lower incisely lobed, not dissected. Phalacrvloma, Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 175.
= Rays of the middle-sized or rather large heads numerous, well exserted, and with pappus like
the disk-flowers: leaves all entire: Southwestern species.
E. Rusbyi. Hirsute-pubescent or hispidulors, but green: stems a foot high from probably
annual or biennial root, sparingly branched, somewhat diffuse or spreading, equably leafy :
cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, closely sessile by a broad base, about an inch long ,
218 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.
radical not larger, obovate or spatulate, slender-petioled : heads solitary, terminating the
branches, on rather slender peduncles : involucre broad, 3 lines high, slightly pubescent :
rays about 50, apparently white, 4 lines long, not very narrow : pappus indistinctly double,
the outer short and setulose. Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby.
E. Ariz6ni.CUS, GRAY. Cinereous-hirsute throughout: stem 2 feet high from an annual
root, strict, with simple branches, leafy : leaves oblong-lanceolate and sessile, or lower ob-
ovate-oblong and petioled, an inch or two long : heads solitary and short-peduneled, termi-
nating the branches, half-inch high and broad: involucre hirsute: rays 80 to 100, white,
4 or 5 lines long : outer pappus very conspicuous, setose-squamellate. Near Tanner's Canon
in the Iluachuca Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon.
= = Rays of the small heads rather numerous but small, shorter than or barely equalling the
flowers of the convex disk. Verges to Ctenotus.
E. incomptus. A foot or two high, branched from the base, slender and erect, hirsute
with short spreading pubescence, leafy : leaves narrowly linear (half-inch or inch long, a line
or less wide), or lower narrowly spatulate-lanceolate and attenuate into slender petiole : heads
slender-peduncled : involucre 2 lines high, shorter than the hemispherical disk : rays either
very numerous or fewer, slender, with ligule only a line long, bluish or purplish : outer pappus
conspicuous, subulate-squamellate, longer than the breadth of the glabrate akene ; inner
scanty and rather deciduous. Carysito, Lower California, near the U. S. border, within
which it probably occurs, C. R. Orcutt.
= = == Rays of the small heads only 30 or 40, well exserted, white, not very narrow, barely
3 lines long, and with pappus as in the disk -flowers : leaves narrow, entire.
E. modsstus, GRAY. A foot or less high and much branched from an indurated but an-
nual root, slender, rigid, cinereous-hirsute or hispid: branches terminated by the small (2
lines high) slender-pedunculate heads: upper leaves linear and lower narrowly spatulate,
about an inch long. PI. Fendl. 68 (excl. syn.) & PL Liudh. ii. 220. Dry and sterile rocky
plains, W. and N. W. Texas, Lindhcimer, Wright, &c.
= = == = Rays of small or barely middle-sized heads very numerous (about 100), narrow,
with pappus like the disk-flowers; the inner of rather scanty bristles; outer of short subulate
squainelhc: leaves from entire to sparingly lobcd.
E. divergens, TORR. & GRAY. Diffusely branched and spreading, a foot or less high,
cinereous-pubescent or hirsute : leaves linear-spatulate or the upper linear and the lowest
broader (these 2 to 4 lines wide, sometimes laciniately toothed or lobed) : heads 2 or 3 lines
high, and the white or purplish or sometimes violet rays equally long : involucre hirsute :
receptacle in age commonly very convex. Fl. ii. 175; Gray, PI. Feud!., PL Wright.,
&c. E. strigosus, var.. Hook. Fl. ii. 18, in part. E. (Oligotrichium) divaricatus^ntt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 311. Low plains and river-banks, Nebraska to W. Texas, Washington
Terr., and California. (Adj. Mex.)
Va.r. cmereus, GRAY, 1. c. Dwarf and flowering almost from the root, with the
earliest heads on slender almost scapiform peduncles ; or leafy and later heads shorter-
peduncled : pubescence soft and cinereous. E. cmereus, Gray, PL Fendl. 68. E. nudijiorus,
Buckley in Proc. Acad. Pliilad. 1861, 456. W. Arkansas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
E. tenuis, TORR. & GRAY. Branched from the annual or biennial root, ascending or erect,
a span or two high, somewhat hirsute or pubescent : leaves oblong-spatulate or lanceolate,
and the lowest obovate (4 to 6 lines wide), occasionally few-toothed or sinuate-lobed : heads
little over 2 lines high: involucre nearly glabrous : rays white and purplish. Fl. ii. 175.
E. quercifolium, Nutt. ; DC. Prodr. v. 285, not Lam. E. Brazoensis, Buckley, 1. c. Low
grounds, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.
= = = = = Rays of the small heads not excessively numerous, nor very narrow (2 or 3
linos long), white or barely purplish-tinged; the bristles of their pappus commonly wanting or
very few: outer pappus a short crown of distinct or partly united slender squamellse, persistent
after the fragile inner pappus has fallen : tall and erect winter annuals or biennials, leafv,
branched above, bearing coryrnbosely cymose or paniculate heads, commonly produced all sum-
mer: leaves green, sometimes serrate or the lower incised: weedy species, of wide distribution;
the two generally distinct in the Atlantic States, hardly so on the Pacific side. Phalacroloma,
Cass. Diet, xxxix. 404.
E. dnnuus, PERS. Sparsely hirsute with spreading hairs, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves membra-
naceous, from ovate to broadly lanceolate, mostly serrate, lower often very coarsely so :
Erigeron. COMPOSITE. 219
involucre commonly beset with some bristly hairs. Svn. ii. 431 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 20; Torr. &
Gray, FL ii. 175. E. keterophyllus, Muhl. in Willd. iii. 1956; Pers. 1. c. ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 148;
Bart. Veg. Mat. Med. t. 21. E. strigosus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 302, not Muhl. Aster annnns,
L. Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ii. 875. Pulicaria annmi, Gajrtn. Fruct. ii. 462. bi/tl<){><ij>j>us dub/us,
Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817 & 1818. Stenactis d tibia, Cass. Diet, xxxvii. 485. S. <nn,u<i & S.
strigosa (excl. syu.), DC. Prodr. v. 299. Pha/acro/oma aciili/n/inin, Cass. Diet, xxxix. 405.
Fields and open grounds, common from Canada to Virginia : also in Oregon, &c., in a
form quite intermediate between this and the following. (Nat. in Eu.)
E. strigoSUS, MUHL. Pubescence appressed, either sparse and strigose or close and minute :
stem seldom over 2 feet high : leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate and the upper entire ;
lower from spatulate-lanceolate to oblong, often sparingly serrate : involucre with few or no
bristly hairs. Willd. Spec. 1. c. ; Ell. Sk. ii. 394; Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E. ner-
vosum, Pursh, 1. c., not Willd. E. ambigtius, Nutt. Gen. ii. 147. E. Philadelphicns, Bart.
Veg. Mat. Med. t. 20. E. integrifolius, Bigel. 1. c. Doronicum ramosnm, Walt. Car. 205.
Phalacroloma obtusifolium, Cass. Diet, xxxix. 405. Stenactis ambigua, DC. 1. c. Dry open
grounds, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas, Oregon, and California. Passes into or mixes
with the preceding. Occurs rarely with abortive rays, var. discoideus, Robbius, in Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 237.
Var. Beyricllii. A slender form, with minute and sometimes almost cinereous pu-
bescence, smaller heads, and rays from white to pale rose-color. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. E.
Beyrichii, Hort. Berol. Stenactis Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. v. 27. Pha-
lacroloma Beyrichii, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. vi. 63. Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas, perhaps
first coll. by Beyrich.
-H- -H- Leaves pinnately parted into narrow divisions: rays very numerous (100 or more) and nar-
row: pappus alike in ray and disk; the bristles of the inner very deciduous; the short squa-
mell;e of the outer more or less confluent into a multidentate crown. Original of Stenactis,
Cass. ex Benth. Polyactis, Less. Syn. Comp. 188. Pvlyactiillum, DC. Prodr. v. 281.
E. Neo-MexicailUS, GRAY. A foot or two high from a biennial or winter-annual root,
leafy, paniculately branched, hispiduious or hispid with spreading bristly hairs: divisions of
the cauline leaves 3 to 9, linear or linear-spatulate, obtuse, of the radical shorter and broader :
rays white or purplish-tinged, narrowly linear, 4 or 5 lines long. Proc. Am. Arad. xix. 2.
E. delphinifolius, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 77 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 153 (where the root
is said to be perennial, which needs confirmation), not Willd. Hillsides, New Mexico and
Arizona, Wriglit, Thurber, Palmer, Rothrock, Lemmon.
E. DELPHINIFOLIUS, Willd. (Stenactis, Cass., Poly act id turn, DC.), from which Bentham first
distinguished our very similar species, appears to be wholly Mexican, has appressed pubescence
and more numerous as well as more slender rays.
2. TRIMORPH^A. Rays inconspicuous or slender, numerous, sometimes not
exceeding the disk : within them a series of rayless filiform female flowers (com-
monly none in the last species) : leaves entire or nearly so. Trimorphtea, Cass.
Diet, xxxvii. & liv.
* Stems low from a truly perennial rootstock, mostly simple and monocephalous : ray-corollas
bearing a few long and articulated hairs on the upper part of the tube: short outer pappus
manifest.
E. alpinus, L. A span or so high, 1-3-cephalous : herbage and involucre more or less hir-
sute : leaves entire ; lowest spatulate, uppermost usually linear : rays purple, about twice
the length of the pappus. Spec. ii. 864; Engl. Bot. t. 464; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Hook. Fl. ii.
18, excl. vars. ; Reiehenb. Fl. Germ. xvi. t. 914. High region of Northern Rocky Moun-
tains, Drummond, only specimen seen is not certain. (Eu., N. Asia.)
* * Stems a span to a foot or more high from a biennial or sometimes more enduring root, the
larger plants branching and bearing several or numerous somewhat paniculately disposed heads :
pappus nearly or quite simple.
E. acris, L. More or less hirsute-pubescent, varying towards glabrous (not glandular):
cauline leaves mostly lanceolate, the lower and radical spatulate : involucre hirsute : rays
slender, equalling or moderately surpassing the disk and pappus, purple : filiform female
flowers numerous. Spec. ii. 863; Engl. Bot. t. 1158; Reiehenb. 1. c. t. 917 ; Blytt, Norg.
220 COMPOSITE. Erigeron.
Fl. 561. E. alpinus & E. glabratus, in part, Hook. Fl. 1. c. Trimorpficca vulgaris, Cass. Diet,
liv. 324. Auticosti to Labrador, Saskatchewan, &c., to Brit. Columbia and Oregou, and in
the "Rocky Mountains south to Colorado and Utah. (Eu., N, Asia.)
Var. Drcebachensis, BLYTT, 1. c. Somewhat glabrous, or even* quite so: involucre
also green, naked, at most hirsute only at the base, often minutely viscidulous : slender
ravs somewhat slightly exserted, sometimes minute and filiform and shorter than the pappus.
E. Drcebachensis, O. Mueller, Fl. Dan. t. 874 ; Fries, Summa Scaud. 182; Reichenb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. xvi. t. 916. E. elongatus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 91, & Fl. Ross. ii. 487. E. Kamtschati-
cus, DC. Prodr. v. 290. E. ylabrntus, Hook. Fl. ii. 18, mainly, not Hoppe. New Bruns-
wick and the north shore of Lake Superior to the Arctic Circle and Kotzebue Sound, south
along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah, at about 10,000 feet. Clearly passes into
the other form. (En., N. Asia.)
Var. debilis. Sparsely pilose : stems a span to a foot high from au apparently per-
ennial root, slender, 1-3-cephalous : leaves bright green; radical obovate or oblong; cauline
spatulate to lanceolate, short : involucre sparsely hirsute or upper part glabrate, the attenu-
ate tips of the bracts spreading : rays in flower rather conspicuously surpassing the disk.
Northern Rocky and Cascade Mountains, Montana, Canby, Sargent, at Woodruff's Falls, the
tips of iiivolucral bracts strongly recurved. Mount Paddo, Suksdorf, Hwn-U. Also Hud-
son's Bay, Bnrkf, and N. Labrador, named by Steetz, E. Drcebachensis, var. hirsutus. Pass-
ing into that species or form.
E. armeriaafolius, TI-RCZ. Sparsely hispid-hirsute or the leaves giabrous and most of the
(narrowly linear and elongated) cauliue bristly-ciliate : inflorescence more racemose and
strict : involucre sparsely hirsute : rays filiform, extremely numerous, slightly surpassing the
disk, whitish, no filiform rayless flowers seen (even in Siberian specimens, though described
by Turczaninow). Cat. Baik. & DC. Prodr. v. 291 ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 489; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 648, & Bot. Calif, i. 326. E. loiirhnj>/ii//lns, Hook. Fl. ii. 18. E. glabratus,
var. minor, Hook. 1. c., partly. E. racemosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 312. Sas-
katchewan and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, mountains of S. Utah, Nevada, and
the Sierra Nevada, California. (N. Asia.)
3. CyENOTUs, Nutt. Rays of the small and narrow seemingly discoid (and
mostly th yvsoid-paniculate) heads inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk
or pappus ; the narrow ligule always shorter than its tube, often shorter than the
style-branches, or even obsolete : disk-flowers sometimes few, with usually 4-toothed
corolla : annuals or biennials, with the aspect of Conyza, and passing into that
genus : the pappus in the genuine species simple : bracts of the involucre not
rarely somewhat unequal and imbricated. Gen. ii. 148; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 281.
* Floccose-lanuginous with white wool, destitute of either hirsute or viscid pubescence.
E. eriophyllus, GRAY. A foot or two high, bearing few heads on almost leafless branches :
lower leaves spatulate-oblong, obtuse, serrate near the" apex (inch lone;) ; upper linear, entire :
involucre glabrate (3 lines high): corollas purplish, not exceeding the pappus: akenes ob-
long-obovate, flat, callous-margined : pappus completely simple, somewhat deciduous in a
ring. PI. Wright, ii. 77. S. Arizona, on the Sanoita, Wright.
* * Lightly arachnoid, but green and at length naked, somewhat viscid-pubescent.
E. SUbdecurrens, SCIIULTZ BIP. A foot or two high, strict, bearing numerous heads in a
virgate racemiform leafy thyrsus : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate (inch or less long), spar-
ingly dentate, or the lower sometimes sinuate-laciniate, the base partly aclnate-clasping : invo-
lucre (2 lines high) sparsely hirsute with viscid hairs: flowers whitish: ligules very short:
disk-flowers 6 to 10: pappus scanty, somewhat deciduous in a ring. Conyza subdecurrens,
DC. Prodr. v. 379. C. Conlteri, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 155, not Gray. Arizona, on
Mount Graham at 9,000 feet, Eothrork. (Mex., Schaffner, Parry & Palmer, &c.)
# * * Pubescence hirsute or hispid, neither lanate nor viscid, very leafy.
-1 Introduced weed : heads fully 3 lines high.
E. T.iviF6Lics, Willd. A foot or two high, rather strict, bearing loosely paniculate heads,
hirsute, also somewhat scabrous with minute appressed pubescence : upper leaves narrowly
Baccharis. COMPOSITE. 22 1
linear, mostly entire, narrowed downward ; lowest broader, incisely toothed or laciniate
involucre cinereous-pubescent: ligules very small, shorter than the style and the at length
ferruginous pappus. Spec. iii. 1955 ; Beuth. Fl. Austr. iii. 495. E. ambiyuns, Schultz Mip.
in Phyt. Cauar. ii. 208. E. Bonariensis, DC. Prodr. v. 289, in part. Coni/za (tm/ii<jitn, DC.
Fl. Franc. & Prodr. 1. c. C. sinuata, Ell. Sk. ii. 323. Waste grounds, coast of S. Carolina
to Florida. (Intr. from tropics.)
-1 H Indigenous weeds ; but the common species now cosmopolitan: heads only 2 lines high:
involucre almost glabrous: leaves commonly more or less hispid-ciliate.
E. Canadensis, L. From sparsely hispid to almost glabrous : stem strict, 1 to 4 feet high,
with numerous narrowly paniculate heads, or in depauperate plants only a few inches high
and with few scattered heads : leaves linear, entire, or the lowest spatulate and incised or
few-toothed : rays white, usually a little exserted and surpassing the style-brandies. Spec,
ii. 863 ; Fl. Dan. t. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 167. E. paniculatus, Lam. Fl. Franc. E.pu-
xiUns, Nutt. Gen. ii. 148, a depauperate form. E. sfrictum, DC. Prodr. v. 289, a strict and
setose-hispid form. Senecio ciliatus, Walt. Car. 208. Open or waste grounds, throughout
temperate N. America, especially the warmer parts. (Nat. in Eu., &c.)
E. divaricatus, MICHX. Low (a span to a foot high), diffusely much branched, somewhat
fastigiate : leaves all narrowly liueai- or subulate, entire : rays purplish, rarely surpassing
the style-branches or the pappus. Fl. ii. 123; Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Open
grounds and river banks, Indiana to Minnesota, Nebraska, and Texas.
50. CONYZA (Tourn., L. in part), Less. (Name used by Dioscorides and
Pliny for some kind of Fleabane, supposed to come from /cwi/toi//, a flea.) - - Her-
baceous or some shrubby, of various habit ; what were the original species belong
to Inula, &c., those now referred to it are of warm regions, and approach the
Ccenotus section of Erigeron. - - Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 283.
C. Coulteri, GRAY. Apparently annual, a foot or two high, commonly branched, bearing
numerous small heads in a mostly crowded thyrsoid leafy panicle, viscidly pubescent or
partly hirsute with many-jointed hairs : cauliue leaves linear-oblong, the lower spatulate-
oblong and with partly clasping base, from dentate to laciniate-piunatifid (an inch or two
long) : involucre 1 or 2 lines high, hirsute with rather soft spreading hairs, considerably
shorter than the soft pappus : flowers whitish ; the numerous female with an entire corolla-
tube barely half the length of the style; hermaphrodite flowers only 5 to 7. Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. *355, & Bot. Calif, i. 332. " C. siibdecurrens, Gray, PL Fendl. 78, & PI. Wright.
i. 102, not of DC. Erigeron dfscoideus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 55. ( E. subdecurrens,
Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 78. River-bottoms, *&c., W. Texas and Colorado to Arizona and
California. Much resembling C. siibdrciirrens, DC., which, from the more developed corolla
of the ray, is referred to Erir/eron, but has also a different pubescence. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. tenuisecta. Greener, extremely leafy: leaves pinnately or even somewhat
bipinnately parted into linear lobes : heads smaller and very numerous in an ample panicle.
S. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon. Apparently growing with the ordinary form.
51 . BACCHARIS, L. (Named after Bacchus, unmeaningly.) Shrubs,
undershrubs, or some perennial herbs; with alternate simple leaves, sometimes
reduced to scales, and the branches commonly striate or silicate-angled, bearing
small heads of white or whitish or yellowish flowers. A huge American genus,
chiefly tropical and S. American. -- Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 286; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 212.
1. Pappus of the fertile flowers very copious and pluriserial, elongated in
fruiting, soft: akenes o-10-costate: sterns herbaceous from a lignescent or more
woody base : leaves linear, 1 -nerved : receptacle flat and broad, naked. Here
also B. juncea, of S. Brazil (Arrhenachne, Cass., Stephananthus, Lehrn.), and
B. Seemanm, of Mexico. Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. xvii. 211.
222 COMPOSITE. Baccharis.
B. Wrightii, GRAY. Very smooth and glabrous, a foot or two high, diffusely branching,
sparsely leaved : slender branches terminated by solitary heads : leaves small ; uppermost
linear-subulate : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high ; its bracts lanceolate, gradually
acuminate, conspicuously scarious-margined, with a green back : pappus fulvous or some-
times purplish, four times the length of the scabrous-glandular 8-10-uerved akene. PI.
Wright, i. 101, & ii. 83. W. Texas to S. Colorado aud Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
B. Texana, GRAY. Glabrous, a foot or more high, with many nearly simple rigid stems
from a woodv base, leafy to the top, where it bears a few somewhat corymbosely disposed
heads : leaves an inch or two long, rather rigid : involucre 3 lines long, of firmer and nar-
rower merely acute bracts : akenes smoother. PL Fendl. 75, & PI. "Wright. 1. c. Linosyris
Texana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 232, male plant. Aplapappus linearifolius, Buckley in Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1861, 457. Texas, forming large patches in dry prairies, Berlandier, Drum-
mond, Wright, &c.
2. Pappus of the fertile flowers more or less copious, but uniserial or nearly
so, conspicuously elongating in fruiting, soft and fine, mostly flaccid and bright
white: akenes 10-nerved: branching shrubs, glabrous or nearly so, usually
viscous with a resinous exudation : leaves sometimes lobed or angulate-dentate :
heads glomerate or paniculate : receptacle naked and flat.
* Eastern species, of the coast or along streams in subsaline soil: shrubs 3 to 12 feet high.
B. lialimif 61ia, L. Cauline leaves from dilated-obovate to oblong with cuneate base, attenu-
ate into a petiole, laciniately or augulately 3-9-toothed, those of the flowering branchlets be-
coming lanceolate and mostly entire : heads in pedunculate and paniculate glomernles (3 to 5
together) : involucre of the male heads only 2 lines long, of oblong-ovate obtuse bracts; of
the female rather longer and narrower, the inner bracts linear-lanceolate and acute. Spec.
ii. 860; Michx. Fl. ii. 125; Duham. Arb. i t. 60. Sea-coast, New England to Florida and
Texas. (W. Lid.)
B. glomeruliflora, PERS. Brighter green : leaves mostly cuneate-obovate or the upper-
most spatulate, less petioled or sessile, merely angulate-toothed : heads larger, sessile or in
very short-ped uncled glomernles in the axils of the upper leaves : involucre of both sexes
campauulate, pluriserially imbricate, of obtuse bracts. Syu. ii. 423; Pursh, Fl. ii. 523.
B. scssil{flora, Michx. Fl. ii. 1 25 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 320, not Vahl. Swamps near the coast, N. Caro-
lina to Florida. (Bermuda.)
B. salicina, TORR. & GRAY. Leaves mostly subsessile, from oblong to linear-lanceolate,
sparingly toothed, rarely entire : heads or glomerules pedunculate : involucre of both sexes
campanulate (nearly 3 lines long), of mainly ovate and acutish bracts. Fl. ii. 258. B. sali-
cifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 337. Colorado (banks of the Arkansas, &c.) to
W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, near El Paso.
B. angustif 61ia, MICHX. Rather strict : leaves narrowly-linear (larger 2 or 3 inches long,
a line or two wide), entire or with few deuticulations ; and some lower ones broadly lanceo-
late and more serrate : heads or glomerules short-pedunculate, amply paniculate : involucre
2 lines long, of oblong-ovate or lanceolate bracts, the outer obtuse, innermost acute. Fl.
ii. 125; Ell. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. salicina, Gray, PL Wright, i. 101, not of ii., nor
Nutt. Brackish marshes, &c., S. Carolina to Florida, and to Texas on the Rio Grande; also
S. Arizona, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex.)
* * Western species (Pacific coast to Arizona) : branches smooth or nearly so, striate-angled.
B. pilularis, DC. Either depressed, spreading on the ground, or more erect and sometimes
4 feet high, leafy up to the glomerate sessile heads: leaves short (seldom over inch long),
obovate and cuneate or roundish, very obtuse, sessile, coarsely few-toothed or some entire :
involucre nearly hemispherical, 2 lines long; its bracts oval and oblong, all but the inner-
most very obtuse: flowers bright white: fertile pappus not over 4 lines long. B. pilularis
& B. consanguinea, DC. Prodr. v. 407, 408 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii 259 ; Benth. Bot. Sulph. 25.
B. glomendiflora, Less, in Linn. vi. 506; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 147. Near the coast,
Monterey, California, to Oregon.
B. Emoryi, GRAY. Erect, with slender branches, 2 to 15 feet high: cauline leaves mostly
oblong or the lower broader, with attenuate or cuneate base and the larger somewhat
Baccharis. COMPOSITE. 223
petioled, more or less triplinerved, often with 2 to 4 short lobes or teeth ; those of the
branches from oblanceolate to linear, mostly entire, 1 -nerved: heads somewhat nakedly
paniculate on the branchlets, short-pedunculate or the glomerules more or less pedunculate :
involucre campanulate or oblong, 3 or sometimes 4 lines long, mostly of firm coriaceous and
obtuse bracts ; the outermost oval, inner oblong, the innermost thin, linear and acutish : pap-
pus of male flowers bearded towards the tip ; of the female in fruit half-inch long. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 83, & Bot. Calif, i. 333, described from mere branches. B. pilularis, Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., partly, not DC. B. salicina, Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 156,
& Bot. Calif, ii. 456, partly. Along watercourses, from Los Angeles southward, through
Arizona and in S. Nevada and Utah.
B. sarothroid.es, GRAY. Erect, fastigiately much branched, 10 to 15 feet high : leaves all
nearly linear, entire, 1-nerved, rigid, small ; the larger (less than inch long and 2 lines wide)
' narrowed at base ; those of the slender and strongly striate-angled branchlets commonly
sparse and minute : heads loosely paniculate, terminating ultimate naked branchlets, small :
involucre of the male campauulate, hardly 2 lines long ; of the female rather oblong, onlv
about 10-flowered ; short outer bracts ovate or oval, very obtuse, innermost thin and broadly
linear : clavellate tips of male pappus naked : female pappus in fruit 3 lines long. Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 211. S. California, from San Diego to the Mexican line, Sutton Hayes,
Palmer. Has been confounded with B. Emonji and B. sergiloides. (Adj. Mex.)
* * * Species of Mexican border, with branchlets terete, less striate, pruinose-scabridous.
B. pteronioid.es, DC. Diffusely branched: leaves small (rarely half-inch long), crowded
and fascicled on the branchlets, from lanceolate-spatulate to linear, thickish, nearly veinless,
the larger 2-6-dentate : heads singly terminating very short densely leafy branchlets, which
are crowded in a virgate or racemose way along the branches : involucre 3 lines long, cam-
panulate ; the outer bracts ovate or oblong : pappus of the male flowers not at all clavellate ;
of the female in fruit 4 lines long, not much surpassing the corolla. Prodr. v. 410. B. ramu-
losa, Gray, PI. Thurb. 301, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 84. Aplopappus ramulosus, DC. 1. c. 350.
Linosyris (Aplodiscus) ramulosa, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 97, & ii. 80. New Mexico and Ari-
zona. (Mex.)
3. Pappus rather rigid and scanty, short, not elongated with age, of the fertile
flowers even in fruit uot surpassing the style : akeues 10-nerved (the 5 primary
nerves sometimes the more prominent) : fertile corollas regularly cleft at apex
into 5 subulate lobes : some chaff among the flowers on the sometimes elevated
receptacle similar to the innermost involucral bracts : branches broom-like.
B. Sergiloides, GRAY. Suffruticose, glabrous, 3 to 5 feet high, very much branched ; the
slender and partly herbaceous branches and branchlets strongly striate-angled and naked,
bearing a few small leaves and paniculate mostly short-pedunculate heads : larger leaves
spatulate, entire, rarely 2-4-toothed (the larger seldom over half-inch long) : heads 2 or 3
lines long: bracts of the involucre small, oblong or lanceolate, rather obtuse, of firm texture:
fertile pappus barely twice the length of the mature akenes. Bot. Mex. Bound. 83, Pacif.
R. Rep. iv. 101, & Bot. Calif, i. 333, partly, and not well characterized. Arid districts of
S. E. California and adjacent Nevada to S. W. Utah, Bicjelow, \VTieeler, Palmer, Parish, &c.
Varies in the amount of imbrication of the involucre, and the number of chaffy scales ; when
these are numerous the receptacle becomes conical and the disk very convex.
4. Pappus of the fertile flowers not flaccid, little if at all elongated in fruit,
not very copious : akenes only 5-nerved, sometimes 4-nerved. Southwestern,
chiefly Pacific species.
* Scabro-puberulent or pubescent throughout, not glutinous : fruiting pappus manifestly surpass-
ing the style: heads loosely paniculate: bracts of the involucre scarions-margined from a green
or greenish back or centre, acute or acuminate: stems herbaceous from a woody or merely lig-
nescent base, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves not rigid.
B. brachyphylla, GRAY. Minutely scabro-puberulent, diffusely much Branched, slender :
leaves small, entire, mostly linear, 1 -nerved, the larger cauliue seldom over half-inch long, on
the branchlets mostly becoming minute and scale-like: heads 3 lines long, 12-15-flowered:
224 COMPOSITE. Baccharis.
involucre of oblong-lanceolate or broader bracts : pappus in fruit 3 lines long. PL Wright.
ii. 83. Rocky ground, S. Arizona to San Bernardino Co., California, Wright, Palmer,
Purr i/.
B. Plummerae, GRAY. Loosely pubescent, moderately branched : leaves linear-oblong, ob-
tuse, irregularly and acutely serrate, the larger an inch or two long, obscurely 3-nerved :
heads 4 lines long : involucre of linear bracts : akenes somewhat compressed and puberulent,
obscurely 5-nerved : pappus in fruit 4 lines long. -. Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 48, & Bot. Calif.
ii. 456. S. W. California, in mountain ravines behind Santa Barbara and Santa Monica,
Plummer, Parish, &c.
* * Glabrous or nearly so and smooth, sometimes glutinous : pappus in fruit slightly if at all sur-
passing the style.
4 Bracts of the 15-30-flowered involucre from oblong to linear, rather firm and with green centre
or costa: receptacle tlat: leaves comparatively small and rather rigid, serrate with rigid or
spinulose teeth.
B. thesioid.es, HBK. A foot or two high from a woody base : branches rigid and slender :
leaves linear-lanceolate or sometimes broader and narrowed to base, nearly or quite sessile,
rather closely and evenly ciliately spiuulose-serrate (the larger an inch or rarely 2 inches
long), prominently 1 -nerved, sometimes with obscure lateral nerves: heads 2 lines long, nu-
merous in a corymbiform or an oblong naked panicle : pappus of the male flowers obscurely
if at all thickened upward. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 61 ; DC. Prodr. v. 419. B. ptarmiccefolia,
DC. 1. c. B. ptarmiccefolia ? or thesioides, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 83. S. Arizona, Wright,
Lemmon. (Mex.)
B. Bigelovii, GRAY. Stems more copiously and loosely branched: leaves less rigid, from
linear to oblong and the broader ones sometimes petioled, irregularly serrate, commonly
obtuse : heads larger, more cymose : bristles of the male pappus thickened and barbellate
at the tip. Bot. Mex. Bound. 84. B. ptarmiccefolia? Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 83. Woods
and shaded hillsides, in Arizona and New Mexico, Biyelow, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon, Rushy.
(Adj. Mex.)
B. Havardi. Stems copiously branched, slender : leaves hardly at all rigid ; lower liuear-
oblanceolate and tapering into a slender petiole, laciuiate-piunatifid into several irregular
slender-subulate lobes; those of the brauchlets narrowly linear, 2-3-toothed or entire: heads
loosely paniculate, only the male known, these barely 2 lines high, about 15-flowered : iuvolu-
cral bracts oblong: bristles of the pappus rigid, clavellate. Guadelupe Mountains, western
borders of Texas, Havard.
i -i Bracts of the involucre narrowly oblong or linear-lanceolate, thin and pale with greenish
centre : heads short and hroad, many-flowered : receptacle hemispherical or broadly conical!
B. Douglasii, DC. Herbaceous nearly or quite to the ground, 3 to 5 feet high, loosely
branched : leaves glutinous, not rigid, either entire or serrulate with minute and very acute
denticulatious, triplinerved from near the base, ovate-lanceolate (the larger 4 to 6 inches
long) or the upper lanceolate, with attenuate-acute apex, the base contracted into a short
margined petiole : heads numerous and densely cymose at the summit of naked brauchlets,
3 lines long: involucral bracts erose-ciliate : female pappus barely 2 lines long, soft ; male
somewhat clavellate and harbellate above. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 259, excl. syn. Nutt., &c. ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 333. B. Douglasii &. B. Hcenkei, DC. 1. c. 400 & 401, the latter from Mon-
terey in California. B. yltitinosa, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 147 ? Moist or wet ground,
California, from San Francisco southward, and southeastward to San Bernardino.
H -1 * Bracts of the involucre broader, thin-chartaceous, rather dry, with narrow scarious
margins, at least the inner ones yellowish or tawny, destitute of green centre or distinct costa;
the outer bracts ovate, inner oblong: heads many-flowered: receptacle flat: stems very leafy
up to the corymbosely paniculate or cymose inflorescence, more terete than in the preceding
species: leaves lanceolate, willow-like, acute at both ends, either denticulate-serrate or entire,
subsessile.
B. glutinosa, PERS. Stems herbaceous above but woody toward the base, 3 to 10 feet high :
branches somewhat striate-angled : leaves elongated-lanceolate, serrate with few or several
scattered teeth on each side, more or less distinctly 3-nerved from near the base (3 or 4 and
the larger 5 or 6 inches long) : heads mostly 3 lines long or the male smaller, numerous and
corymbosely cymose at the summit of comparatively simple stems or branches : involucre
Pluchea. COMPOSITE. 225
stramineous. Syn. ii. 425; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech, i. 31 (Molina riscosa, Ruiz & Pav.
Syst. 207). B. ylutinosa, B. ccerulescens, & B. Alamani, DC. Prodr. 1. c. 402, 403. B. Pingroea,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 337, excl. syn. B. ghitinosa & B. ctzrulesc.ens, Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 333. Along streams and in moist ground, S. California, from Los Angeles south-
ward, and through Arizona to S. Colorado and the borders of Texas : fl. late in autumn.
(Mex. to Chili.)
B. vinainea, DC. Stems truly shrubby, 6 to 12 feet high, producing short lateral flowering
branches, these terete and minutely striate : leaves lanceolate, entire or some sparingly den-
ticulate, obscurely 3-uerved, 2 or 3 inches long, or much smaller on the flowering shoots :
heads usually 4 lines long, hemispherical, in small cymose clusters terminating numerous
lateral brauchlets : involucre tawny. Prodr. v. 400; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 333. Along
streams, California, from Monterey southward and to San Beruardiuo Co. : flowering in
early spring ; the foliage persisting all winter.
TEIBE IV. INULOIDE^E, p. 57.
52. PLtTCHEA, Cass. (For the Abbe N. A. Pluche, an amateur natu-
ralist of the latter part of the eighteenth century.) - - Warm-temperate or tropical
plants ; with alternate pinnately veined leaves, and heads of flesh-colored or dull
purple flowers, cymosely or paniculately disposed or rarely solitary at the sum-
mit of the stem or branches. Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817, & Diet. Sci. Nat. xlii. ;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 21)0.
1. BERTHELOTIA. Pappus of the hermaphrodite-sterile (or rarely fertile)
flowers of more rigid bristles with clavellate-dilated tips : involucre chartaceo-
coriaceous ; the innermost narrowly linear and deciduous with the flowers. Very
leafy sericeous-canescent shrubs. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 212. Berthelotia,
DC. Prodr. v. 375.
P. borealis, GRAY, I.e. (CACHIMILLA, ARROW-WOOD.) Shrub several feet high, much
branched, willow-like, very leafy up to the cymulose-glomerate heads, silvery with the very
close and fine appressed pubescence : leaves entire, linear-lanceolate, sessile, acute at both
ends: involucre campanulate; its outer bracts ovate, obtuse, tomeiitose: bristles of the
pappus of the central flowers little stouter than of the others, but with abruptly enlarged
tips, not united at base: style of the same entire. Tessaria borealis, Torr. & Gray, in
Emory Eep. (Notes of Beconnoissance, 1848) 143; & Sitgreaves Rep. 162, t. 5; Gray, PL
Feudl. 75, PI. Wright, i. 102 ( Phalacrocline) , & Bot. Calif., i. 334. Poli/pappus sericeus,
Nutt. PI. Gamb. 178. Saudy banks of streams, from the Rio Grande on the western borders
of Texas to S. California : fl. summer.
2. STYLIMNUS. Pappus of both kinds of flowers fine and similar, more or
less soft, none of the bristles at all thickened at tip: bracts of the involucre
thin or thinnish : corolla of the hermaphrodite flowers somewhat enlarged
upward: heavy-scented herbs, or in the tropics shrubby, somewhat pubescent
and glandular, with membranaceous or slightly succulent pinnately-veiny leaves,
commonly with some callous-mucronate teeth: heads cymose-clustered :^ flowers
dull purple, in late summer or autumn. Stylimnus & Gyncma, Kaf. m Jour.
Phys. 1819, & Ann. Nat. 1820, 15. Leptogyne, Ell. Sk. ii. 322, as subgenus.
Pluchea (Stylimnus) 3, DC. Prodr. v. 451.
The first of the following species may fairly retain the now established name,
rather than have a new one made ; but Conyza bifrons was founded by Linnanis
on European Inula:, viz. on Hermann's figure, which in ed. 2 he refers to that
genus, and on one of Plukenet's (mistaken for Canadian), which is certainly
/. bifrons, as his herbarium shows. Of the many names for our second species,
15
226 COMPOSITE. Pludusa.
one of De Candolle's, which continues the principal Linnasau specific name, is to
be preferred. Conyza Carolinensis, Jacq., is Pluchea odorata, wrongly attrib-
uted to Carolina.
P. bifroilS, DC. Stems nearly simple, 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial root: leaves veiny,
acutely denticulate, from oblong to lanceolate, commonly obtuse at both ends (2 to 4 inches
long), partly clasping or closely aduate-sessile : heads glomerate in leafy-bracted sessile
clusters : iuvolucral bracts lanceolate. Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 260, excl. syu. L. !
Baccharis fat/da, L. Spec. 801, as to pi. Grouov. B. viscosa, Walt. Car. 202. Conyza
lifrons, Pnrsh, Ell. 1. c., &c., not L. C. ample xicaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 126. C. uliginosa, Pers.
Syn. ii- 427. Wet soil, Cape May, New Jersey, and through the low country to Keys of
Florida (where is a very narrow-leaved variety, Conyza angiistlfolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 109 1), and Texas. ( W. Ind.)
P. camphorata, DC. Stems 2 to 5 feet high from an annual (not perennial) root: leaves
from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, denticulate or den-
tate (3 to 8 inches long), the larger distinctly or indistinctly petioled; primary veins often
evident, but veiulets obscure : heads numerous and crowded in naked convex or corymbiform
cymes, commonly short-pedicelled : iuvolucral bracts from ovate to lanceolate, often tinged
with purple. Erigeron camphoratum, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1212 (Gronov. Virg. ed. 1, 96, Clayt.
no. 165). Baccharis fcetida, L. Spec. ed. 1, 861, as to syn. Dill., not as to Gronov. Conyza
Marilandica, etc., Dill. Elth. t. 88, fig. 104, & C. Americana frutescens, etc., Dill. 1. c. t. 89.
C. Man/landica, Michx. 1. c. C. Marilandica & C. camphorata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 523 ; Ell. 1. c.
Gi/nema de.nt.ula, viscida, &c., Raf. Ann. Nat. 159. Pluchea Marilandica & P. petiolata,'
Cass. Diet. I.e. P. Marilandica, foetida, camphorata, also (W. Ind.) P. purpurascens & P.
glabrata? DC. 1. c. P. fcetida, camphorata, & purpurascens, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 261. Salt
marshes and moist saline soil, Mass, to Florida, Texas, Arizona, and coast of California: in
shady places or less saline soil, with leaves thinner and more petioled, and involucre almost
glabrous, when it is P. petiolata, Cass. (Adj. Mex., W. Ind.)
53. PTEROCAtTLON, Ell. BLACK-ROOT. (nrepoV, wing, and
stem.) -- Mostly perennial herbs, the typical species American; with one excep-
tion all tomentose-canescent except the upper face of the sessile pinnately veined
leaves, these decurrent on the whole stem, forming wings ; small sessile heads
spicate at the summit of the stem and virgate branches ; the flowers usually white
or whitish, in summer. --E11. Sk. ii. 323 ; DC. Prodr. v. 453. Chlcenobolus, Cass.
Diet. Sci. Nat. xlix. 348.
P. pycnostachyum, ELL. 1. c. Roots fasciculate and tuber-like or fusiform, black : stem
2 feet high, mostly simple : leaves from oblong to lanceolate, minutely denticulate : heads
crowded in a dense and continuous spiciform naked thyrsus (of 3 to 8 inches in length) : in-
volucre lauate-tomeutose. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 262. Conyza pycnostacliya, Michx. Fl.
ii. 126. CitiULiiobolus pycnostachijus, Cass. 1. c. Gnaphalium undulatum, Walt. Car. 203.
Dry pine barrens, near the coast, N. Carolina to Florida.
P. virgatum, DC. Root fusiform and fibrose (perhaps biennial) : stem slender, simple or
with virgate branches : leaves linear and very acute, entire, or the lower caulinc lanceolate
and obscurely serrulate, the venation hardly apparent : heads narrow, in separated glomer-
ules ; these forming a virgate and elongated interrupted spike-like inflorescence : involucre
appressed-tomentose, or the subulate inner bracts glabrate. Prodr. v. 454. Gnaphalium
riri/tiiiun, L. Amain. Acad. v. 405. Conyza vinjata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1206, with syn.
< lilamobolus virgatus, Cass. I.e. Open pine woods near Houston, Texas, Lindheimer. (W.
Ind., Mex.)
54. MlCROPUS, L. (MIK/JO'S, small, TTO??, foot, the soft-woolly small
heads or clusters like Leontopodium, or Lion's-foot, on a small scale.) Low
floccose-woolly annuals, with alternate entire leaves, belonging to the Old World,
except our Pacific coast species. Gaertn. Fr. t. 164; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 267;
Stylocline. COMPOSITE. 227
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 297 (excl. 3, 4) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 651, &
Bot. Calif, i. 335. Our species, of the section BOMBYCIL^ENA (with woolly
fructiferous bracts smooth and crestless), approach Stylocline and Filago in the
points which distinguish them from the European species.
M. Californicus, FISCH. & MEYER. Slender, erect, 6 to 12 inches high : leaves mostly
linear : fructiferous bracts 5 or 6, at length firm-coriaceous, somewhat half-obcordate or half-
obovate in outline, straight anteriorly, and with the soon erect beak-like tip largely scarious.
-Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 42; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 264; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. (Ehijn-
cholcpis) angustifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 339. Plains and open ground
from S. California northward, toward the coast, to Oregon. Heads vary in the wool, from
long and copious, as in M. bombycinus, to short, as in the subjoined
Var. SUbvestitus, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Small ; the wool of the bracts all short
and wholly appressed. Arroyo Grande near Monte Diablo, California, Brewer.
M. amphibolus, Gray. Resembles the more loose-woolly forms of the preceding: female
flowers about 10, somewhat imbricated on an oblong receptacle; their fructiferous bracts
membranaceous or merely chartaceous at maturity, the beak an ovate almost wholly hyaline
appendage which in flower is almost as long as the body and iuflexed, at maturity porrect :
sterile flowers subtended by some linear thin chaff, and with a pappus of a few bristles.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 214. California, Walnut Creek near Martinez, Brewer, anl coll.
(probably in same district) Kellogg <f- Harford, distrib. 416.
55. STYL6CLINE, Nutt. (2A.o?, a column, and K/VU-T?, a bed, or
receptacle, from the form of this.) Floccose-woolly annuals, a span or less in
height, branched from the base, erect or spreading, with entire alternate leaves
and more or less glomerate heads. --Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii.
338 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G52, & Bot. Calif, i. 336. Micropus 3 & 4,
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 296. Includes, besides the following species, S. (Diplo-
cymbiuni) Griffithii of Afghanistan, most related to our second and very distinct
section.
1. EUSTYLOCLINE, Gray, I.e. Fertile flowers numerous; their chaffy
bracts pluriserially and closely imbricated in an ovoid head, thin, with at least'
the broad tips hyaline (barely a green midrib or centre), ovate in outline, promptly
falling from the receptacle after maturity along with the loosely enclosed akene ;
those subtending the sterile flowers all scarious-hyaline and deciduous. Pappus
of a very few capillary bristles generally present with the sterile flowers. Sty-
locline, Nutt. 1. c.
S. gnaphalioid.es, XUTT. 1. c. Leaves broadly linear or the upper oblong, obtuse : fruc-
tiferous bracts broadly ovate, moderately woolly on the back, almost wholly hyaline-scarious,
a firmer central portion at base saccate-conduplicate and enclosing the narrowly obovate
oblique laterally compressed akeue. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 101, t. 13, &c. Open
grounds, California from the Stanislaus southward ; first coll. by Nuttull.
S. micropoid.es, GI;AY. Leaves somewhat narrower and rather acute : heads more woolly,
appearing less scarious and imbricated ; fructiferous bracts having a narrower oblong-ovate
hyaline tip, the oblong body densely long-woolly, without hyaline expanded margins, but
wholly enwrapping the nearly straight and slightly compressed akene. PI. Wright, ii. 84,
& Bot. Calif. 1. c. ]\J icrojtiis Grayana, Hemsl. Bot. Centr.-Amer., name only. Arid plains,
S. California through S. Nevada and Arizona to New Mexico ; first coll. by Wright.
2. ANCISTROCARPHUS, Gray. Fertile flowers 5 to 9, loosely disposed on the
slender receptacle ; their enclosing bracts cymbii'orm, of firm texture except the
narrow hyaline tip, tardily if at all deciduous at maturity ; the few sterile flowers
involucrately subtended by about 5 larger open bracts ; these herbaceo-coriaceous,
228 COMPOSITE. Stylocline.
ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a rigid and incurved-uncinate cusp, persistent and
at length stellately spreading : akene obovate-fusiform and obscurely obcompressed
(the pericarp distinct from the seed and obsoletely few-nerved !), loosely enclosed
in the involutely closed bracts : no pappus to sterile flowers : no involucre out-
side the fructiferous bracts. -- Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 6.32.
S. filagiliea, GRAY, 1. c. Erect or diffuse, appressed-lanate : leaves from linear to spatulate :
heads capitate-glomerate, the hooked empty bracts at maturity 2 lines long. Ancistrocar-
jihus fi/ogincus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. .356. Open ground, California from Mendo-
cino Co. (Bolander) to the Mohave Desert (Parry, Lemmon), and northward to Union Co.,
Oregon, Cusick. Between Stylocline and Evax.
56. PSILOCABPHUS, Nutt. (*tAo'?, bare, Kap<o<?, chaff, not an appro-
priate name.) Small and diffuse or depressed and much branched annuals
(Pacific American), floccose ; with most of the leaves opposite, and globose heads
comparatively large and apt to be solitary at the forks and ends of the branches.
Fructiferous chaff at length deciduous with the enclosed akene, or opening ven-
trally so that this is shed. Uppermost leaves involucrate around the sessile head.
-Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 340; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 265; Gray, 1. c.
Bezanilla, C. Gay, FL Chil. iv. 109, t. 46.
P. OregaiTUS, NUTT. Loosely lauate, erect or spreading, becoming a span high, but begin-
ning to flower close to the ground : leaves mostly linear : heads when well formed 3 lines
in diameter, and fructiferous bracts a line and a half long. Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 336. P.
Oreganus, glob/ferus (excl. syn.), & brevissimus (excl. syn.), Nutt. 1. c., the last two depau-
perate early-flowered states. W. California, from Los Angeles to Oregon, and even to
Boise City, Idaho, Wi/cox.
Var. elatior, GRAY, 1. c. A robust well-developed form, 5 or 6 inches high, with
larger leaves three-fourths inch long, and heads 4 lines broad. Near Portland, Oregon,
Hall, Kellogg.
P. tenellus, NUTT, 1. c. Canescent with a finer and closely appressed wool, slender, dif-
fusely much branched, usually depressed and matted : leaves commonly spatulate, some-
times all linear, 3 or 4 lines long : heads 2 lines in diameter, the more vesicular fructiferous
bracts a line long. Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 336. Common through W. California to Wash-
ington Territory.
57. EVAX, Ga?rtn. (Name, unexplained by Ga?rtner, used as a joyous
exclamation in Plautus, said by Wittstein, on the authority of old editions of
Pliny, to be the name of an Arabian chief who wrote to the Emperor Nero about
simples.) Mostly dwarf and depressed annuals, or some typical species of the
Old World perennials, floccose-woolly, represented in N. America by the follow-
ing aberrant groups.
1. HESPER^VAX, Gray. Bracts of the oblong involucre and those of the
receptacle subtending the female flowers from oblong to obovate, chartaceous,
becoming coriaceous, persistent, barely concave : receptacle at length slender-
columnar from a broader base, sparsely villous ; the female flowers and bracts
crowded at its base ; the summit bearing a circle of 3 to 5 or 7 more herbaceous
or coriaceous obovate or rotund tonientulose open bracts, subtending a few male
flowers ; these with a 2-cleft style but no ovary : akenes pyriform-obovate, some-
what obcompressed, very smooth. --Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 101, t. 11, Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 651, & Bot. Calif, i. 337.
E. caulescens, GRAY, 1. c. Either annual or biennial, canescent with appressed or some-
what floccukmt wool : leaves spatulate. Occurs under various forms, of which the typical,
COMPOSITE. 229
var. PETIOLATA, is comparatively stout and large ; the blade of the leaves 6 to 15 lines long,
tapering into petioles of an inch or two in length : the heads in their axils glomerate at the
root, therefore stemless (E. acuulis, Greene, in Bot. Gazette, vii. 25G), or on the summit of
a simple stem or simple branches from the base, an inch or two high. Psilocarphus cau-
lescens, Benth. PL Hartw. 319. Gravelly or alluvial soil, California, on the Sacramento, &c.,
Hartweg, Bigelow, Kellogg, Parr//, and others.
Var, sparsiflora. More caulescent and branching : leaves similar but smaller, rarely
inch long (including the slender petiole), scattered on branching steins of at length 2' inches
high, none rosulate at the base : heads iu their axils accordingly scattered, narrowly ob-
long. Southeastern part of California, San Luis Obispo and San Diego, Brewer, Parn/,
Cleveland, &c.
Var. brevif 61ia. Either depressed and rosulate, or with stems an inch or two high :
leaves small and short-petioled, seldom over a quarter to half inch long. Northern part
of the State, Humboldt and Mendociuo Co., Bolander, Kellogg, &c.
Var. minima. A very exiguous form of the preceding variety, in the early and de-
pressed state, but tending to be subcaulescent ; the largest leaves barely half-inch long and
hardly a line \ride.-Stylocline acaule, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 112, exceedingly
starved specimens, just coming into flower, coll. Dr. Eisen, at Fresno. The whole structure
exactly of E. caulescens, and sterile flowers not " single," but 6 or 7, surrounded by 5 to 7
firm but not yet enlarging bracts.
2. DIAPERIA. Bracts of the involucre thin ; of the female flowers scarious,
from oval to oblong-linear, barely concave, at maturity deciduous from the merely
convex receptacle ; those of the 2 to 5 staminate flowers (which have an undi-
vided style and no ovary) similar or with woolly tips, or partly herbaceous, and
somewhat embracing the flowers ; no central prolongation to the receptacle :
akenes obcompressed, smooth or very minutely papillose : heads small, aggregated
in terminal foliose-involucrate glomernles. Diaperia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 337 ; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 298, extended. Diaperia & Filaginopsis,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 263, 264.
E. prolifera, NUTT. Rather stout: stem often a span high, simple and erect, or with as-
cending branches from the base, bearing numerous small spatulate leaves and a capituliform
glomerule (commonly half-inch in diameter), whence proceed 1 to 3 nearly leafless branches
similarly 'terminated, sometimes again proliferous: heads cylindraceous or oblong-fusiform:
fructiferous bracts chartaceo-scarious, oval or oblong, mainly naked ; those embracing stami-
uate flowers more herbaceous and woolly-tipped, of firmer or more herbaceous texture :
staminate flowers each on a filiform stipe representing an abortive ovary : habit of Filayo
Germanica. DC. Prodr. v. 459. Diaperia prolifera, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 337 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 264. Dry or exsiccated ground, Arkansas to Texas, Colorado, and
north to Dakota ; first coll. by Nuttall.
E. multicaulis, DC. Diffusely branched from the base, rather slender : capituliform
glomerules much smaller and less foliose-involucrate : leaves oblanceolate or spatulate (3 or
4 lines long) : heads globular or ovoid (only a line or two in diameter) : involucre and apex
of the receptacular bracts densely implexed-lanate; those of the female flowers narrowly
oblong, of the male spatulate; these sessile without vestige of ovary. Prodr. v. 459. Fila-
ginopsis multicaulis, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., & Pacif. R. Rep. ii. t. 3. Micropus minimus, DC. 1. c.
461, a depauperate form. Diaperia multicaulis, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 298. Low or ex-
siccated alluvial ground, common from Texas and the borders of New Mexico even (coll.
Lcmmon) to the Mohave Desert in S. E. California. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Gregg.)
Var. Driimm.6nd.ii. A slender form, commonly with some long woolly hairs on the
limb or on the tube of the staminate corollas. Filaginopsis Drummondii, Torr. & Gray,
1. c. Diaperia Drummondii, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. E. Texas and Louisiana, in moist ground,
Drummond, Hale, &c.
3. CALYMM^NDRA. Bracts of the simple involucre and of the female flowers
mostly scarious, narrowly spatulate-oblong, plane, externally villous-lanate ; of
230 COMPOSITE. Evax.
the five central hermaphrodite flowers shorter and broad, very woolly, involute
around the lower half of the flower ; all at length deciduous : hermaphrodite
flowers also fertile, with funnelforni 4-toothed corolla and linear-oblong obtuse
style-branches : receptacle hemispherical : akenes of both kinds of flowers very
smooth, obovate-oblong, obscurely obcompressed, the terminal areola larger and
more evident, at least in the perfect flowers: heads small, axillary. Calym-
mandra, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 262.
E. Candida. A span or two high, slender, and with commonly simple branches, silvery
white throughout with appressed wool : heads usually few in a foliose-involucrate cluster
and sessile or nearly so in the axils of the spatulate or lanceolate leaves. Calymmandra
Candida, Torr. Gray, 1. c., Facif. R. Rep. ii. t. 2. Diajirna Candida, Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 298. Alluvial or sandy ground, E. Texas, Drummond, Berlandier, Wriyht, c., and
in the northwestern part of the State, Pope.
58. FILiAG-O, Tourn. (fihim, a thread, in allusion to the cottony wool.)
Low annuals, mainly of the Old World, mostly erect and with the habit of the
preceding. Ours have no pappus to the outer flowers. DC. Prodr. vi. 247 ;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. 299.
1. Receptacle subulate ; its pluriserial and well-imbricated bracts merely
concave, subtending the loose akenes. Gifola, Cass.
P. GERMA::ICA, L. (COTTON-ROSE, HKRBA LMPIA of the old herbalists.) A span to a foot
high, erect, thickly beset with lanceolate commonly erect leaves, terminated by a capituli-
form globose glomerule of many heads, whence proceed a similar branch or branches, as if
proliferous: heads ovate-oblong; its bracts ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Fl. Dan. t. 2787.
Dry fields, New York to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. Receptacle somewhat obconical or convex ; its deeply concave or boat-
shaped fructiferous bracts rather few, more or less enclosing the somewhat oblique
akenes, loose or stellately spreading at maturity : glomerules smaller and looser.
Oglifa, Cass. (The indigenous Pacific American species are peculiar, as con-
necting with Stylocline and Micropus.)
F. Californica, NUTT. Erect, leafy throughout, a span or two high, with the habit of
F. un-ensis : heads ovate, somewhat angular : bracteate female flowers 8 to 10; their bracts
(or all but the innermost) broadly ovate and deeply boat-shaped, somewhat arcuate-iucurved,
very woolly, not herbaceous on the back, with a broadish and obtuse hyaline tip ; inner bracts
oblong, merely concave, nearly glabrous : akeues narrowly oblong, almost terete, minutely
and obscurely papillose-granular : pappus of the upper female and hermaphrodite flowers
copious, of the embraced akenes none. Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 405, with var.
tomentosa. F. Californica & F. parvula, Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 432. Gixijihalium Jilagmoides,
Hook. Arn. Bot. Beech. 359. Open ground throughout California and to S. Utah.
F. depressa, GRAY. Diffusely branched from the root, depressed-spreading: internodes
all short, even the lower little longer than the glomerules of the oblong-ovate heads : brac-
teate female flowers 5 or G ; their bracts narrower and straighter, somewhat herbaceous
on the back : akenes obovate, smooth, sometimes the uppermost bracteate ones also with
pappus. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 3. San Bernardino Co., S. California, in the desert at
Hot Springs, Parry, Parish.
F. Arizonica, GRAY. Diffuse or at first erect, with widely spreading branches; the pro-
liferous ones of elongated filiform internodes, widely separating the glomerules: bracteate
female flowers 10 to 15; their bracts of firmer texture, ovate, open on the face: akenes
clavate-oblong and arcuate, very smooth. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 052. Arizona to San
Diego Co., California, and Lower California, Smart, Parry, &c.
F. GALLICA, L., forming the section LOGFIA (Lngfia subulata, Cass.; characterized by the
low and nearly plane receptacle, pentagonal-conical heads, about two-ranked female flowers,
Antennaria. COMPOSITE. 231
the akenes of the outer ones completely and firmly enclosed in the at length indurated base of
the subtending bract), has been found at Newcastle, California, by Mrs. Cuiran, probably a
weed of gram-fields or a waif.
F. REPENS and F. TEXANA, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 164, of Rcemer's collection in Texas, are
not identified ; probably are not of this genus.
59. ANTENNARIA, Gtertn., R, Br. (Bristles of male pappus likened
to the antennae of certain insects.) Perennial, mostly low, canescently and
often floccosely woolly herbs (occasionally glabrate), of north temperate and
arctic zones, with whitish or purplish flowers ; the bracts of the involucre pearly
white or rose-color, or brownish, never yellow. Gasrtn. Fruct. ii. 410, t. 167
(excl. spec.) ; R. Br. in Linn. Trans, xii. 122; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 301.
1. Bristles of the male pappus hardly at all thickened but minutely barbellu-
late near the apex : akenes (in the first species) oblong-linear, obscurely 2-3-
nerved, puberulent ; the short hairs with 2-lobed and at length biuncinate tip,
after the manner of Townsendia: bracts of the canipanulate or somewhat turbi-
nate involucre brownish, not radiant.
A. dixnorplia, TORE. & GRAY. Depressed, cespitose from a stout multicipital caudex, bear-
ing rosulate clusters of spatulate leaves : heads solitary and subsessile at the crown, or raised
on a sparsely-leaved stem of an inch or less in height : male head 4 lines high, with broad
and obtuse iuvolucral bracts; female becoming half to three-fourths inch long, the inner
bracts narrow and long-attenuate into a hyaline acuminate tip : pappus of the fertile flowers
of long and fine smooth (not denticulate) bristles. Fl. ii. 431 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 186
( var. Nuttallii & var. macrocepkala) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 339. Gnaphalium ( Omalotheca, Hetero-
phania) dimorphum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 405. Dry hills, from eastern base of
the Rocky Mountains, in Wyoming, &c., to the Sierra Nevada in California, and north to
Brit. Columbia.
A. flagellaris, GRAY. Simpler, from a small caudex or biennial root, bearing smaller and
fewer-flowered heads than the preceding and in the same manner, also copious naked and fili-
form stolons of a span or less in length, either as declined scapes bearing at their apex a
head rosulately involucrate by small leaves, or rooting and forming a rosulate offset : leaves
small, all narrowly linear: bracts of the female involucre less attenuate. Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 212. A. dimorpha, var. flarjcUaris, Torr. & Gray in Wilkcs Exped. xvii. 3G6. Dry
rocks, Washington Territory and throughout E. Oregon, Pickering & Bmckenridge, Cusick,
Ilowell.
A. Stenophylla, GRAY, 1. c. Stems erect from a subterranean caudex, slender, 4 to 6
inches high, without stolons, leafy, terminated by a capituliform glomerule of 2 to 4 heads :
leaves very narrowly linear or almost filiform, attenuate to both ends (the larger 3 inches
long), silvery-woolly: heads barely 3 lines long: involucral bracts iu both sexes broadish
and obtuse, dark brown, or in the male the inner ones with white tips : akenes (two thirds of
a line long), minutely hirtellous-scabrous : female pappus scanty, only a line long; male pap-
pus nearly of the preceding. A. alpina ? var. stenophylla, Gray in Bot. Wilkes Exped. 1. c.
- Banks of the Spipen River, Washington Terr., Pickering & Brackenridge. High hills,
Union Co., E. Oregon, Cusick.
2. Bristles of the male pappus stouter, with thickish and clavate or scarious-
dilated tips.
* Not surculose by stolons, a span or more high: female heads narrow, cylindraccous or clavate:
akenes glandular.
A. Greyeri, GRAY. Branched from a lignescent base, commonly stout, thickly woolly : stems
very leafy to the top, bearing few or several somewhat spicately or cymosely disposed rather
large heads : leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, less than inch long : involucre very woolly at
base; of the female heads commonly 4 lines long, of the male shorter; the inner in both with
conspicuous rose-purple or sometimes ivory-white tips, which in the latter are obtuse, in the
232 COMPOSITE. Antennaria.
former narrower and rather acute : bristles of the male pappus moderately clavate. PL
Fendl. 107, & Bot. Calif, i. 340. Giittphalium alienum, Hook. Loud. Jour. Bot. vi. 251.
Hills, Washington Terr, to N. California ; first coll. by Gt.tjcr.
A. microcephala, GRAY. Simple-stemmed, slender, silvery -woolly : lower leaves spatu-
late ; uppermost small and linear : heads rather numerous, small, loosely paniculate : invo-
lucre nearly glabrous throughout, fuscous, of the narrow female heads 3 lines long, of the
broader male heads 2 lines long, the somewhat colored (whitish or purplish) tips scariuus
and inconspicuous: bristles of the male pappus with much dilated tips. Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 74, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Dry eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in California and Nevada,
Stretch, Lemmon, ice.
* # Not surculose-stoloniferous: stems simple from the subterranean branching caudex, rather
strict, leafy, naked at summit, and bearing a mostly compound-cymose cluster of broad heads:
inner bracts of the male involucre all with conspicuous ivory-white papery obtuse tips: those
of the female with hardly any tips and more scarious : herbage silvery-lanate : larger lowi-r
leaves 3-nerved.
A. luzuloides, TORR. & GRAY. Closely silky-woolly : stems slender, a span to a foot high :
leaves all narrowly linear, or some of the lowest narrowly lanceolate-spatulate, small upper-
most linear-subulate : heads small (2 lines, or the female barely 3 lines long), several or
numerous : involucre glabrous nearly or quite to the base ; the inner bracts in the female
heads obtuse : akenes glandular : the spatulate and as it were petaloid tips of the male pap-
pus obtuse. Fl. ii. 430 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., excl. var. Oregon, Washington Terr., and
borders of Brit. Columbia, east to Wyoming.
A. argentea, BENTII. Larger, 8 to 16 inches high: lower leaves all spatulate (the larger
4 or 5 lines wide) : heads numerous in a more compound cyme, broader (fully 3 lines long) :
involucre in both sexes whiter than in the preceding species ; innermost bracts of the female
acutish : tips of male pappus even more dilated. PI. Hartw. 319. A. lu~u]oid>-s, var. argen-
tea, Gray in Pacif. II. Rep. iv. 54, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, in the Sierra Nevada, from
Siskiyou Co. to the Yosemite district.
A. Carpatllica, R. BR. Floccosely white-woolly, rather stout : lower leaves spatulate-
lanceolate and the upper linear : heads broad, 3 or 4 lines long : involucre conspicuously
woolly at base, more or less livid, except the white tips to the bracts of the male; the inner
bracts of the female commonly acutish and thin-scarious : akenes smooth and glabrous.
The typical plant 2 to 6 inches high, with a simple close cluster of 3 to 7 heads, or even a
solitary head: bristles of the male pappus gradually and moderately enlarged upward.
Hook.*Fl. i. 329 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 269 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 430; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xvi.
t. 951. Gntijiliii/iinn ( .'iirjHi'hicmii, Wald. Fl. Carp. 258, t. 3. Labrador (a monocephalous
form !) and Auticosti, and from the northern Rocky Mountains to mountains of Oregon and
Washington Terr. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. pulcherrima, HOOK. 1. c. Stems 6 to 18 inches high : leaves mostly larger, the
radical often half-inch or even almost an inch wide : heads more numerous, often in a com-
pound cyme : bristles of the male pappus with more strongly and abruptly or even scariously
dilated tips ! Rocky Mountains at lower elevations, extending to New Mexico, Oregon,
and Brit. Columbia ; first coll. by Drummond. Passes into the typical form as to stature, and
even as to pappus.
* * Surculose-proliferous by either subterranean or humifuse and leafy shoots or stolons, in the
first species least so.
-i Heads in a cymose cluster, sometimes solitary: involucre woolly at ba=e.
A. alpina, G^DRTN. Somewhat cespitose : radical shoots few and short : flowering stems 1
to 4 inches high, bearing 2 to 5 heads, sometimes (var. monocephala, Torr. & Gray) a single
head: radical leaves spatulate, half-inch long: involucre 3 lines high, livid-brownish; the
inner of the male heads with whitish oblong tips, of the female wholly livid and scarious
and from acutish to acuminate : akenes glandular. Less, in Linn. vi. 221 ; Hook. 1. c. ;
DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Fl. Dan. t. 2786. A. monocephala, DC. 1. c., depauperate form.
A. Labradorica, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 406. Gnaphalium alpinum, L. ; Eeichenb.
Ic. PI. Crit. viii. t. 750. Labrador and northward to Behring Strait and Aleutian Islands,
and southward on the high mountains to Colorado and to California beyond the Yosemite.
(Greenland, Eu.)
Anaphalis. COMPOSITE. 233
A. dioica, G^ERTN. 1. c. Freely surculose and forming broad mats : flowering stems 2 to 8
or even 12 inches high, bearing few or numerous heads : radical leaves from obovate to
spatulate (half-inch to nearly inch long), rarely glabrate above: bracts of the involucre in
both sexes with colored (white or rose-colored) and obtuse papery tips: akenes smooth arid
glabrous or sometimes minutely glandular. (Polymorphous.) Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray,
1. c. Gnaphalium dioicum, L., &c. A. hyperborea, Don, Engl. Bot. t. 2640, a glabrate form.
A. parrifolia, Nutt. 1. c. (A. dioica, var. parvifoUa, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.) ; form witli small and
very silvery leaves, and iuvolucral bracts rarely of yellowish tinge. Moist or dry ground,
Newfoundland and Labrador, and through the Eocky Mountain region (alpine, subalpine,
and lower along the streams), thence southward to New Mexico and S. California, and north-
westward to Alaska. (Eu., Asia.)
Var. COIlgesta, DC. 1. c. A form too little developed, with heads sessile in a rosulate
tuft of leaves terminating depressed stems, like the sterile creeping ones, occurs on Sierra
Blanca, S. Colorado, at 13,000 feet : aud similar but more caulescent forms, from mountains
of S. Utah, California, Wyoming, &c.
A. plantaginif 61ia, HOOK. 1. c. Freely surculose by long and slender sparsely leafy
stolons, the offsets biennial : flowering stems more scapiform, 6 to 18 inches high, bearing
small linear or lanceolate leaves and a cluster of several heads: radical leaves from roundish
ovate to obovate aud spatulate, the larger an inch or two long (besides the petiole), soon
glabrate and green above, silvery-cauesceut beneath with a completely panuose coating,
3-5-nerved (but the nerves not rarely obsolete) : involucre very woolly at base; inner bracts
of the male heads with oval or oblong obtuse ivory-white tips, of the larger (4 to 6 lines
long) female heads with white or whitish narrow and acute tips : akenes minutely glandular.
Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. 431. A. plantaginea, DC. 1. c. Gnaphalium plantaginifolium, L.
G. plantagineum, Murr. Syst. 748; Pursh, Fl. ii. 525. G. d/n/c/im, var. plantaginifolium,
Michx. Fl. ii. 128. Dry hills and shaded grounds, Hudson's Bay to Florida, Texas, and
New Mexico, and northwestward to British Columbia and Washington Territory. Var.
moi/ocpphalti, Torr. & Gray, is an occasional form, with a single head ; from Louisiana. On
the Blue Ridge in Virginia, A. H. Curtiss collected the male of a remarkably small-headed
and small-leaved form.
H -i Heads loosely paniculate : involucre almost glabrous.
A. racemosa, HOOK. 1. c. Stolouiferous in the manner of the preceding, lightly woolly,
becoming glabrate : flowering stems 6 to 20 inches high, slender, sparsely leafy, bearing few
or numerous racemosely or pauiculately disposed heads, nearly all slender-pedunculate : leaves
thin ; the radical broadly oval, an inch or two long, obscurely 3-nerved at base, rather veiny ;
lower cauline oblong ; upper small and lanceolate : involucre scarious, brownish ; the male
2 or 3 lines long, of obtuse bracts, the inner obscurely white-tipped ; female 3 or 4 lines long,
of narrow and mostly acute bracts: akenes glabrous. Torr. & Gray, I.e. Moist woods,
Rocky Mountains along the British border, south to Wyoming, and west to the Cascade
Mountains, &c. ; first coll. by Drummond.
60. ANAPHALIS, DC. EVERLASTING. (Said by DC. to be an ancient
Greek name of some Gnaphalioid plant, and that it may be taken as an anagram
of the very similar genus Gnaphalium.} Chiefly perennial herbs, all but our
species Asiatic: fl. late summer. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 303. Anaphalis &
Antennaria Maraaripes, DC. Prodr. vi. 270, 271.
A. margaritacea, BENTH. & HOOK. 1. c. Commonly a foot or two high, in tufts, very
leafy, the white floccose wool rarely becoming tawny: leaves (2 to 5 inches Ion!;-) from
rather broadlyto linear-lanceolate, soon glabrate and green above, the broader ones iudistin. i h
3-uerved : heads numerous, corymbosely cymose : bracts of the involucre very numerous,
almost wholly pearly white, radiating in age. Gnaphalium margaritaceum, L. ; Eiigl. Bot. t.
2018. G. Americanum, &c., Clusius, Hist. i. 327, fig. 3. Antennaria ma,-<i,-;iucfa, R. Br. in
Linn. Trans., &c. Dry fields and open woods, Newfoundland to the Aleutian Islands, and
through the northern and cooler portions of the United States, extending south to the
higher mountains in Colorado (a var. snbalpina, dwarf, broad-leaved, aud with few glomerate
heads), and the mountains of California. (N. E. Asia. Nat. in Eu.)
234 COMPOSITE. Gnaphalium.
61. GNAPHALIUM, L. CUDWEED, EVERLASTING. (TvacjxiXiov, the
Greek and also Latin name of these or similar plants). Floccose-woolly herbs
(of most parts of the world) ; with sessile and sometimes decurrent entire leaves,
and cymosely clustered or glomerate heads of whitish or yellowish flowers. Invo-
lucre not rarely colored, but seldom yellow. Receptacle usually flat. Akenes
terete or flattish, mostly nerveless. Fl. summer and autumn. Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 426 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 305.
1. EUGNAPHA'LIUM. Bristles of the pappus not at all united at the base,
falling separately.
* Involucre woolly only at base, mainly scarious, in ours from white to brownish straw-color
or rarely tinged with rose, not yellow: heads paniculately or corymbosely cyniose or glom-
erate at summit of the leafy stem and branches : more or less fragrant herbs, erect, a foot or
two high from an annual or biennial or sometimes perennial root: akenes in our species smooth
and glabrous.
H Leaves not at all decurrent, narrowe.d at base: hermaphrodite flowers very few: akenes some-
times lightly 3-4-nerved : stems freely branching, rather slender, 1 to 3 feet high.
G. polycephalum, MICHX. Erect from an annual root, somewhat aromatic : branches
either glabrous when the white wool is detached, or minutely viscid-pubescent when it is
caducous: leaves thinnish, lanceolate or sometimes linear, mucrouately acute or acuminate,
often with finely undulate margins, soon bare and green and commonly viscid-puberulent or
glandular above : heads in numerous rather close pauiculately or cymosely disposed glomer-
ules : involucre dull white, soou with a rusty tinge ; its thiu bracts oblong, obtuse. Fl. ii.
127 ; DC. Frodr. vi. 227 ; Torr: & Gray, 1. c. G. obtusifolium, L. Spec. ii. 851, a false name
taken from the char, and figure of the doubtful plant of Dill. Elth. (but the figure of Mori-
son is good and its leaves acute), changed in Lam. Diet. ii. 755 to G. conoideum, founded on
the same ambiguous figure. Open woods and dry ground, Canada to Wisconsin and south
to Texas. (Mex.)
G. W^rightii, GKAY. Diffusely much branched from an apparently perennial root, persist-
ently white-woolly, not glandular : leaves from spatulate to lanceolate (an inch or two long) :
heads (2 lines long) very numerous in small cymosely paniculate glomerules on loose spread-
ing or divergent hranchlets : involucre turbiuate, grayish-white, very woolly at base; its
bracts thin, oblong, obtuse, but most of them (at least the inner) with an acute apiculation.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 214. G. microccphalum, Gray, Fl. Wright, i. 124, & ii. 99, not Nutt.
Dry ground, W. Texas and Arkansas to New Mexico and Arizona ; first coll. by Wright.
(Adj. Mex.)
-i -) Leaves more or less adnate-decurrent at base, persistently white-wool!}', slightly if at all
glandular or heavy -scented.
G. Arizoilicum, GRAY. Grayish-woolly: stems slender, strict, a foot high from an annual
root : canline leaves narrowly linear (inch and a half long, a line wide), slenderly decurreut ;
lowest short and somewhat spatulate: heads (2 lines or more long) very numerous and
glomerate, the clusters fastigiate-cymose : involucre narrowly oblong, brownish ; its thin
bracts mostly lanceolate and acute. Froc. Am. Acad. xix. 3. S. Arizona, in dried beds of
streams near Fort Iluachuca, L< minon.
G. microcephalum, NUTT. Slender, more loosely branched from an apparently perennial
root: leaves linear or lower spatulate-lanceolate, with slenderly decurreut base: heads (2 or
3 lines long) rather few or loose in the paniculately or cymosely disposed glomerules : invo-
lucre from turbinate to campanulate, bright white ; its bracts ovate or oblong (except the
innermost), obtuse, though described by Nuttall as "acute." Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser.
vii. 404. Along water-courses, S. California to Oregon; first coll. by Nuttall.
G. Sprengelii, HOOK. & ARN. Stems usually stout, 6 to 30 inches high from an annual or
biennial root : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest narrowly spatulate, densely white-
woolly, or sometimes more thinly floccose, the short decurrent bases or adnate auricles rather
broad: heads (3 lines long and wide) in single or few (rarely numerous and cymose) close
glomerules terminating the stem or few branches : involucre hemispherical, white or with
barely greenish-yellowish tinge, becoming slightly rusty in age ; its bracts thin, oval and
Gnaphalium. COMPOSITE. 235
oblong, obtuse. (Slender forms resemble G. luteo-album of the Old World, which has duller
or sordid heads and scabrous-pubescent akenes. A slender form in New Mexico, &c.,
nearly approaches the Mexican G. gracile, HBK., which has yellowish involucre.) Bot.
Beech. 150; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 427; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 341. C. Chilense, Spreng. Syst.
iii. 480, ex Less, in Linn. vi. 525, but not Chilian. G. luteo-album, Hook. Fl. ; Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. (var. occidentale), &c. Moist or dry ground, from N. Oregon to S. Cali-
fornia, and eastward to W. Texas. (Mex.)
-t -f -I Leaves obviously adnate-decurrent, the upper face at least becoming naked and green
in age and with the stem glandular-pubescent or glandular-viscid: herbage strongly balsamic-
scented.
H- Root apparently annual or biennial.
G. decurrens, IVES. Stem stoiit, 2 or 3 feet high, corymbosely branched at summit, and
bearing crowded cymosely disposed glomerules of broad heads : leaves very numerous, lan-
ceolate or the upper linear, white-woolly beneath or rarely glabrate : involucre broadly cam-
panulate, white, usually becoming rusty -tinged ; the thiu-scarious bracts ovate and oblong,
acutisli, only the innermost linear-lanceolate and acute. Am. Jour. Sci. i. 380, t. 1 ; Torr.
Compend. 288; Hook. Fl. i. 328; DC. Prodr. vi. 236; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 346. Rather open and dry ground, New England to Pennsylvania, Upper Michigan,
Colorado, also Texas, New Mexico, and to Brit. Columbia and Washington Terr.
Var. Californicum, GRAY, 1. c. Bracts of the involucre more pearly white : leaves
usually shorter. G. Californicum, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. var. Throughout
the western part of California, and to San Bernardino Co. Foliage sometimes wholly
green.
G. ramosissimUHl, NUTT. Greener than G. decurrens, soon glabrate, and more glandu-
lar-viscid : stem 2 to 6 feet high, pauiculately and fastigiately much branched above : leaves
smaller, linear: heads amply and rather loosely paniculate, small (commonly 2 lines long),
comparatively few-flowered : involucre turbinate ; its bracts fewer, narrower, white or
tinged with rose. PI. Gamb. 172; Gray in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 363, & Bot. Calif. 342.
G. Sprcnyelii, var. erubesccns, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., a form with rosy bracts.
G. Californicum, var., Torr. Gray, 1. c. Thickets, &c., W. California, from the Sacra-
mento to Los Angeles ; first coll. by Nuttall.
H- -H- Root lignescent-perennial.
G. leUGOCephalum, GRAY. Very white with close wool, except the upper face of the
leaves : stems a foot or two high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy : cauline leaves all nar-
rowly linear, small (not over 2 inches long, a line or two wide), attenuate-acute, commonly
erect, hardly broader at the short-decurrent base, viscid-glandnlar above : heads in a rather
close cyme : involucre broadly campannlate, much imbricated, pure pearly white ; the
bracts thin-papery, ovate and oblong, obtuse. PI. Wright, ii. 99. Dry water-courses,
western borders of Texas to Arizona and S. California, Wriyht, Thurber, Parish, &c.
* * Involucre less imbricated, more involved in wool, the scarious tips of the nearly equal bracts
comparatively inconspicuous and dull-colored : heads glomerate and leafy-bractcatc, only a line
or so in length: low and brandling annuals, a few inches or rarely a foot high: akenes in the
same species either smooth or scabrous. Species pei'haps confluent.
G. pallistre, NUTT. Loosely floccose with long wool, erect, at length diffuse or weak .
leaves (3 to 5 lines wide) spatulate or the uppermost oblong or lanceolate : tips of the linear
involucral bracts white, obtuse. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 342. G. palustrc & G. yosKi/jiinum,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 427, 428. Common in all moist
grounds, from Washington Terr, to S. California, east to Wyoming and New Mexico.
G. uliginosum, L. (CUDWEED.) Appressed-woolly, soon diffusely branched: leaves
spatulate-liuear or the lower spatulate-oblanceolate : involucral bracts brownish to the tip or
soon becoming so, acutish or obtuse, the outermost oblong. Fl. Dan. 859 ; Engl. Bot.
1194; DC. Prodr. vi. 230. Low or wet ground, a common weed, from Newfoundland to
Virginia and west to the Mississippi ; seemingly introduced from Eu. Also in Oregon and
Brit. Columbia, where the preceding appears to pass into this. (Eu., N. Asia.)
G. Strictum, GRAY. Appressed-woolly: stem strict and simple, a span to a foot high,
sometimes branching or with ascending stems from the base : leaves all linear, seldom a line
wide : heads in spicately disposed glomerules in the axils or on short lateral branches : invo-
236 COMPOSITE. Gnaphalium.
lucral bracts with brownish or somewhat whitish tips, obtuse. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110; Rothr.
in Wheeler Rep. vi. 157. Eastern Rocky Mountain region, from Wyoming to New Mexico,
and to Mount Agassiz, Arizona; first collected by Fremont.
* * * Involucre of the few and naked heads nearly glabrous, brown : female flowers compara-
tively few, only twice or thrice the number of the hermaphrodite: akenes broader and flatter:
small and low alpine perennial. Omnlutheca, Cass., DC.
G. SUpinum, VILL. Cespitose : leaves white-woolly, mainly in radical tnfts, linear, less
than inch long, 2 or 4 on the (inch to span high) simple slender flowering stems, which bear
2 to 7 spieately disposed heads. Delph. iii. 192; Engl. Bot. t. 1193; Hook. Fl. i. 329;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. G. pusillnin, Hienke; Schkuhr, Haudb. t. 267. Omalotheca supina, DC.
Prodr. vi. 245. Alpine region of the White Mountains, N. Hampshire, and Labrador.
(Greenland, Eu., Asia.)
2. GAMOCH^TA. Bristles of the pappus united in a ring at base and decid-
uous together from the akene : heads spicately or sometimes capitately glomerate,
the lower glomerules leafy bracteate : involucre brownish, purplish, or sordid.
Gamoc/iteta, Wedd. Chlor. And. i. 151.
* Northern (also European) species, perennials: stems strict and simple: akenes fusiform, hispidu-
lous-pubescent.
G. Norvegicum, GUNNER. A span or two high, silvery-woolly throughout : leaves spatu-
late-lauceolate, acute ; the radical often 6 inches long and half-inch wide ; canline sparse :
heads in the upper axils and in an oblong spike : involucre 3 lines long, dark brown or the
bracts with a lighter centre. PI. Norveg. 105 (Fl. Dan. t. 254); Syme, Eugl. Bot. t. 744.
G. sylvaticum, Smith (not L.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 429. G. sylvaticum, var. fuscatum,
Wahl. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 232. G.fuscnm, Lam. Diet., not Scop. Labrador; Mount Albert,
Lower Canada, Allen. (Greenland, Eu.)
G. sylvaticum, L. A span to a foot or more high, more leafy : leaves linear or the lowest
linear-oblanceolate, glabrous or glabrate above : heads numerous in an elongated and leafy
virgate-spiciform inflorescence: involucre light-colored; the bracts usually only brownish-
tipped or with a brown spot below the hyaliue-scarious tip. Spec. ii. 856 ; Fl. Dau. t. 1229 ;
Syme, 1. c , t. 743. G. rectum, Smith, Engl. Bot. New Brunswick, roadsides and muddy
shores of the Bay of Chaleurs, Fowler, Macoun. Perhaps introduced. (Eu., N. Asia.)
* * More southern, and wholly American, annuals or biennials, chiefly of the sea-coast or near it.
G. purpureum, L. Canescent with a silvery dense and close coating of white wool, some-
times becoming flocculent, simple or branched from the base : stems erect or ascending, 6 to
20 inches high : leaves spatulate, obtuse, usually becoming glabrate and green above : heads
in a cylindraceous or oblong or in a more elongated spiciform inflorescence : involucre
(2 lines long) brownish, often tinged with purple : akenes sparsely scabrous. Spec. ii. 854
(pi. Grouov. & Dill. Elth.) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 127; Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 428; Klatt in Linn,
xlii. 140. G. spicalum, spathulatum, stachydifdium, & fakatum (narrow-leaved form), Lam.
Diet. ii. 757, &c. G. Americanum (Mill. Diet."?), Willd. Spec. iii. 1887. G. Pennsylvanicum,
Willd. Enum. 867. G. h//emalc, Walt. Car. 203. G, Chamissonis, DC. Prodi-, vi. 233.
G. ustulatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., ex char. And many other extra-North-
American synonyms: polymorphous. Coast of Mass, to Texas, and interior of Arkansas;
also Washington Terr, to S. California and Arizona, in saline soil. (Mex., S. Anier.)
62. INULA, L. (Old Latin name of Elecampane.) A large and varied
Old World genus, chiefly of perennial yellow-flowered herbs, with alternate sim-
ple leaves, sometimes tomentose, but not floccose-woolly. Section CORVISARTIA
(Helenium, Adans., not L., Gorvisartia, Herat & Cass.) consists mainly of
I. HELENIUM, L. (ELECAMPANE, i. e. Enula campana of the herbalists.) A coarse and tall
herb, in tufts from large perennial (bitter-mucilaginous) roots: leaves large, especially the
petioled ovate radical ones, denticulate, tomentose beneath ; cauline sessile, partly clasping :
heads very large, solitary or few terminating the stem or flowering branches : outer bracts
of the involucre ovate and foliaceous ; inner smaller, obovate and spatidate, obtuse : rays very
Guardiola. COMPOSITE. 237
many, long and slender: akenes 4-sidcd, glabrous. Fl. Dan. t. 728; Lam. 111. t. G80 ;
Sibth. Fl. Graec. t. 873. Roadsides and pastures, escaped from gardens, and well established
in the older States. (Nat. from Eu.)
63. ADENOCAtTLON, Hook. ('Ao^r, a gland, and K av\6 ? , stem.)
Perennial herbs ; with alternate and dilated leaves on long and margined petioles,
slender stems naked and paniculately branched above, and bearing very small
heads of whitish flowers ; the peduncles, &c., beset with stalked glands (whence
the name) like those of the akenes but less stout. Floccose wool caducous,
except on the lower face of the leaves. Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 119, t. 15, & Fl. i.
308; Maxim. Fl. Amur. 152; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 653, & xvii. 214.
A. blcolor, HOOK. 1. c. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, leafy below : leaves ample, deltoid-cordate,
coarsely sinuate-dentate or repand or slightly lobed, early glabrate and green above, white
with the thin cottony wool beneath : bracts of the involucre 4 or 5 in a single series, ovate,
reflexed in fruit, several times shorter than the (4 to G) club-shaped akenes. Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 335. Damp woods, California to Erit. Columbia and east to Lake Superior :
fl. summer. Quite distinct from the Chilian, less so from the Amur-Himalayan species.
TRIBE V. IIELIANTHOIDE^], p. 59.
64. PLtTMMERA, Gray. (Sara Plummer, now Mrs. J. G. Lemmon, the
discoverer. She and her husband have shared together the toils, privations, and
dangers of arduous explorations in the wilds of Arizona and California, as well
as in the delights of very numerous discoveries : so that wherever the name of
Lemmon is cited for Arizonian plants, it in fact refers to this pair of most enthu-
siastic botanists.) Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 215. Single species.
P. floribuilda, GRAY, 1. c. Erect and rather stout herb, apparently from a biennial root,
2 or 3 feet high, nearly glabrous, with bitter-aromatic odor and savor, fastigiately and corym-
bosely much branched above : branches terminating in loose cymes of numerous pedunculate
heads: leaves all alternate, 1-3-ternately parted into filiform lobes, impressed-puuctate :
involucre only 2 lines long : corollas golden-yellow ; those of the ray nearly glabrous, of the
disk densely puberulcnt-glandular. S. Arizona, in Apache Pass, Mr. & Mrs. Lemmon.
Corollas, involucre, odor, &c., nearly of Actinella, sect. Picradenia.
65. DICRANOCARPUS, Gray. (AiVpavci/, a pitchfork, /cap'?, fruit.) -
Mem. Am. Acad. v. 322 (PI. Thurb.), & Bot. Mex. Bound. 85. Single species.
D. parviflorus, GRAY, 1. c. Branching annual, a foot or less high, nearly glabrous : leaves
all opposite, 1-2-ternately divided into filiform lobes, or the uppermost nearly simple : heads
more or less pedunculate and paniculate, terminating slender branches, in flower a line long,
yellowish: longest akenes 4 lines and their horns often 3 lines in length. Hetcrospermum
dicranocarpum, Gray, PL Wright, i. 109. W. Texas, near the Pecos, Wright. (Adj. Mex.,
Parry, Palmer.)
66. G-UABDf OLA, Tlumb. & Bonpl. (The name of a Spanish natural-
ist.) Perennial herbs (of Mexico and its northern borders), glabrous, branch-
ing ; with merely serrate and commonly petiolate veiny leaves ; the branches
terminated by the cymulose-clustered heads of white flowers.- -PI. ^Equin. i. 144,
t. 41; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 110; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 347. Tulocarpus,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 298, t. 63.
G. platyph^lla, GRAY. Somewhat glaucous, 2 or 3 feet high, corymbosdy branched :
leaves roundish-ovate, very obtuse, rigidly denticulate or dentate, commonly subcordate (the
238 COMPOSITE. Polymnia.
larger 3 or 4 inches long), very short-petioled : involucre narrow, 5 lines long : corollas pure
white aud anthers bright green. PI. Wright, ii. 91. S. Arizona, Wright', Thurber, Schott,
Lemmon, &c. : fl. summer.
67. POLYMNIA, L. (Name of the muse Polyhymnia, shortened.)
Perennial herbs (Atlantic-American), or some S. American species shrubby or
arborescent, commonly viscid-pubescent and heavy-scented, of coarse habit ; with
mostly opposite ample and membranaceous lobed or angulate leaves, commonly
with margined petioles, or auriculate-appendaged at the insertion, and loosely
paniculate heads of yellow or yellowish flowers, or the rays sometimes white ;
in summer. --Gen. ed. 4, 396 ; Lam. 111. t. 711; Gaertn. Fruct. t. 174; DC.
Prodr. v. 514. Alymnia, Neck. Polymniastrum, Lam.
1. EUPOLYMNIA. Akenes somewhat obcompressed and trigonous-obovoid,
tricostate (namely with marginal and ventral nerves or ribs), not striate : heads
rather small.
P. Canadensis, L. Viscid-pubescent, 2 to 5 feet high : slender branches bearing loosely
paniculate somewhat nodding heads of honey-yellowish flowers : leaves thin-membranaceous ;
uppermost (sometimes alternate) deltoid-ovate or somewhat hastate; lower variously piu-
nately lobed or the larger ones parted, acuminate, sharply denticulate, occasionally sinuate-
dentate : disk of the head about 4 lines in diameter : loose outer bracts ovate-lanceolate or
narrower: flowers yellowish; those of the ray 5, their ligule commonly minute or abortive,
so that the head is discoid : akeues smooth and glabrous or sparsely puberuleut, and with
a narrow apiculate-protuberant epigyuous disk : disk-corollas with abruptly much dilated
campanulate throat and ovate lobes. A man. Acad. iii. 15, t. 1, fig. 5, & Spec. ii. 926 ; Lam.
1. c. ; Michx. Fl. ii. 147 ; DC. Prodr. v. 515. P. Canadensis, var. discoidea, Gray, Man. ed. 3,
248. Shaded and damp hillsides along streams, Canada to Pennsylvania and Missouri and
in the higher Alleghauies to Carolina. Southward commonly with more evident rays and
passing to
Var. radiata. Ligules developed, dilated-cuneate, a fourth to full half an inch long,
3-lobed, not rarely surpassing the disk, nearly white. P. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
272, mainly, from the character, excl. syn. Poir. & Lam. (which belong to a S. American
species). Extends to Hot Springs, Arkansas, F. L. Harvey.
2. UVEDA'LIA, DC. Akenes somewhat laterally compressed, very stout,
rather oblique, and their whole surface closely and strongly striate-nerved. (Here
P. variabilis, Poir., Polymiastnun, Lam., i. e. all of Alymnia, DC., excepting
the original P. Canadensis.}
P. Uvedalia, L. Commonly pubescent, not viscid, stout, 4 to 10 feet high: leaves ample
(the larger a foot or two long and nearly as broad), of deltoid-ovate outline and 3-ribbed
above the cuncate-decurrent base, 3-5-lobed, or the smaller only angulate-sinuate : heads
somewhat cymosely paniculate, short-peduncled ; the disk half-inch or more in diameter:
outer involucral bracts broadly ovate : rays 10 to 14, with ligules bright yellow, linear-oblong
to oval, usually half-inch hi length, but sometimes hardly developed : akeues 3 lines long,
glabrous : disk-corollas with cylindraceous throat and short lobes. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1303
(Pluk. Aim. t. 83, f. 3; Moris. Hist. iii. 6, t. 7, f. 55); Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Osteospermum
Uvedalia, L. Spec. ed. 1, ii. 923. Fertile or moist grounds, New York to Florida and west
to Missouri and Texas.
68. MELAMP6DIUM, L. (MeAas, black or dark, and TOU'S, foot, i. e.
black-footed, an ancient name of Black Hellebore, from the root ; unmeaningly
transferred to these plants.) Branching herbs, of the warm parts of America,
the greater number Mexican ; with opposite mostly sessile leaves, and pedun-
culate heads terminating the branches or in the forks. Rays in some short, in
AcanthoRpermum. COMPOSITE. 239
others conspicuous. Gsertn. Fruct. t. 169; R. Br. in Linn. Trans, xii. 104;
DC. Prodr. v. 517 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 349.
* Perennial and the base slightly lignescent: akene with apex exposed at the hooded orifice of
the fructiferous bract: rays plane, conspicuously exserted, comparatively ample, tardily decidu-
ous from the akene, white!
M. cinereum, DC. Branched from the base, a span to a foot high, rather slender, cinere-
ous or even silvery-cauescent with a fine and mostly close pubescence, or greener and be-
coming strigulose : leaves linear or the lower lanceolate or spatulate, entire or undulate, or
even smuate-piuuatifid : peduncles slender : ligules 5 to 9, cuueate-oblong, 2-3-lobed at apex,
3 to 6 lines long : bracts of the involucre ovate, appressed, slightly united at base : fruc-
tiferous bracts (2 lines long, including the hood) turbiuate, nearly terete, somewhat incurved,
muricate with sharp tubercles ; its hood about the length of the body and very much wider]
imperfectly cupuliform, nearly smooth, callous-thickened or becoming suberose, its truncate
and usually even margin commonly incurved. Prodr. v. 518 (excl. habitat) ; Grav, PI.
Fendl. 78, PI. Wright., &c. M. leucanthum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 271. Open ground, W.
Arkansas and Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. ramosissimurn. (M. ramosissimum, DC. 1. c. by the char., but habitat and
number of distribution of this and of M. cinereum were interchanged in the Prodromus!)
More loosely pubescent and diffusely branching : heads mostly smaller : hood of the fruc-
tiferous bracts with the less thickened margin little or not at all involute, sometimes erose
or denticulate and bearing a inucro or short (seldom "uncinate") cusp. Southern borders
of Texas, Berlandier, Palmer. (Adj. Mex.)
* * Annuals, commonly low, erect, branching, with linear or oblong mostly entire leaves: akene
with merely the apex exposed at the summit of the enclosing fructiferous bract: ray and disk-
corollas yellow. Our species all quite alike in foliage and habit.
M. hispidum, HBK. Hispidulous-hirsute, sometimes a foot high: rays very small, barely
a line long outer iuvolucral bracts oval, distinct to the base ; fructiferous bracts truncate
and not at all appeudaged at the somewhat oblique summit, more or less tuberculate on the
back and sides. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 273, t. 399; DC. 1. c. 520; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 85.
S. Arizona, Wriijht, Leuunon. (Mex.)
M. CUpulatum, GRAY. Somewhat hispidulous-pubescent : rays small but exserted, 2 lines
long : outer iuvolucral bracts connate to above the middle into an obtusely 5-lobed hemi-
spherical or saucer-shaped cup: fructiferous bracts nearly of the preceding. Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 291. Borders of S. Arizona, on the Mexican side, Schott. (Mex.)
M. longicornu, GRAY. Sparsely hispidulous : rays exserted, oblong, when well devel-
oped 3 lines in length and as long as the involucre, the outer bracts of which are distinct :
fructiferous bracts more nervose, little tuberculate or smooth, the summit cupulately pro-
duced and gradually extended exteriorly into a circinnate or revolute horn or rigid awn,
fully as long as the body, longer and more attenuate than in M. scriccum, audsericeous-
pubesceut along the outside. Mem. Amer. Acad. (PI. Thurb.) v. 321, & Bot. Mex. Bound.
85. S. Arizona, Thurber, Schott. (Adj. Mex.)
69. ACANTHOSPERMUM, Schrank. ("A Kav 6a, a prickle or thorn,
and o-Ti-ep/jta, seed, i. e. prickly-fruited.) Homely annual weeds, much branched
from the base ; with opposite dentate leaves, in their axils and in the forks small
subsessile or short-peduncled heads of yellowish flowers ; the (4 to 7) bur-like
involucral bracts enlarging in age. Natives of the tropics, one or two species
becoming naturalized. PI. Rar. Ilort. Monac. t. 53; DC. Prodr. v. 52\. Cen-
trospermum, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 270, t. 397.
A. XANTHIOIDES, DC. 1. c. Diffusely procumbent or creeping: stems pubescent: leaves
small (about inch long), mostly obovate, narrowed at base into a short petiole : fructiferous
involucral bracts narrowly oblong, longitudinally sulcate, truncate, thickly beset especially
along the angles with uniform and small hooked prickles. A. Brasilum, Schrank, I.e.'?
a hirsute form. Melampodium anstrale, Loafl., L. Centrospermum xantkioides, HBK. 1. c.
Koadsides and waste grounds, S. Carolina to Florida, &c. (Nat. from S. Amer.)
240 COMPOSITE. Acanthospermum.
A. HU3HLE, DC. Larger, commonly erect, hirsute: leaves wing-petioled or sessile by a
cuneate base: fructiferous bracts somewhat 3-angled, not grooved, armed (besides the
prickles) with one or two long spines from the truncate summit, A. hitmile & A. h/spidum,
DC. 1. c. Melampodium hnmi/.e, Swartz, Prodr. 114. Centrospermum humile, Less. Syn.
217. Ballast-weed, about Philadelphia and New York; naturalized at Pensacola. (Nat.
from W. Ind.)
70. SfLPHIUM, L. ROSIN-WEED. (2t'X0tov, ancient name of an Um-
belliferous plant in N. Africa which produced a gum-resin, transferred by Lin-
nreus, in his accustomed way, to an American genus.) Tall and coarse perennials
(all of Atlantic U. S.) ; with resinous juice, thick roots, commonly large leaves,
and ample pedunculate heads of yellow flowers (one species with white rays !),
produced in summer and autumn. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 275 ; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 350.
* Stem square, leafy to the top : bases of the leaves or of their winged petioles cupulate-connate.
S. perfoliatum, L. (CUP-PLANT.) Stem 4 to 8 feet high, commonly very smooth and
glabrous : leaves either smooth or scabrous, sometimes hirsute-pubescent beneath, ovate or
the upper ovate-lanceolate (the larger a foot or more long), dentate or denticulate with
mucrouate teeth ; upper ones united by their broad bases and lower by winged petioles
into a perfoliate cup : heads terminating the loosely cymosely disposed flowering branches,
on naked peduncles : involucre short-campanulate, half or two-thirds inch high ; outer bracts
ovate, from erect to somewhat squarrose-spreadiug : rays inch long : akenes either with deep
or shallow notch, the narrow wings being produced either into very small obsolete or prom-
inent triangular teeth. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1301 ; Gouan, Hort. Monsp. 462; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3354 ; Torr. Gray, 1. c. S. connatum, L. Maut. 574, a form with branches somewhat
hispid. <S. tetragonum & 5. scabrum, Mcench, Meth. 606. S. conjunctum, Willd. Euum.
633. 5. Homemanni, Schrad. Hort. Goett. ; DC. Prodr. v. 514. S. erythrocaulon, Bernh. in
Spreng. Syst. iii. 630. Alluvial soil, Michigan and Wisconsin to Upper Georgia and
Louisiana. Common in cultivation; variable but characteristic.
* * Stem from obtusely quadrangular to terete, leafy : leaves all or some of them opposite, entire
or serrate, not connate-perfoliate,
j All but the lower sessile, and either all opposite or the upper pairs occasionally disjoined:
akenes with a broad wing and a deep narrow notch: stems 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, very leafy
to the top.
S. integrifolium, MICHX. Stem smooth or scabrous, sometimes rough-hispiclulous : leaves
entire or denticulate, lanceolate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; all the upper ones closely sessile
by a broad and roundish or subcordate partly clasping base, and tapering from below the
middle to an acute apex, scabrous above, from nearly glabrous and smooth to cinereous-
pubescent beneath, 3 to 5 inches long, commonly of firm texture : heads somewhat corym-
bose, nearly all short-peduncled : involucre over half-inch high ; its bracts mostly ovate and
spreading : akeues broadly obovate, the body 4 lines long, the scarious wing a line or so wide, at
least toward the summit. Fl. ii. 146 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 279, hardly of Ell. S. hvvi-
gntum, Pursh, as to char. S. sftcciosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 341, a very smooth
form, the var. licve, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Prairies, &c., Wisconsin and Illinois to Arkansas
and Texas, and possibly to W. Georgia.
S. asperrimum, HOOK. Commonly taller: stem rough-hispid: leaves of the preceding
but more scabrous : heads generally larger : akenes with broader wings, the triangular
apical portions 2 or 3 lines high. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99. S. radula, Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1. c. S. scaberrimum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 279, var. y, hardly Ell. Plains of
Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas.
S. scaberrimum, ELL. Stem and commonly both sides of the leaves hispid : leaves in
remoter pairs, thinner, oblong or ovate, all but the uppermost rather coarsely serrate and
with narrowed or even short petiole-like base (the larger 4 to 6 inches long) : heads fewer,
more pedunculate: rays inch long: outermost involucral bracts smaller: akenes including
broad wing nearly orbicular in outline, half-inch in diameter. Sk. ii. 462 ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 279, excl. var. y. W. Georgia to Louisiana and E. Texas.
Silphium. COMPOSITE. 241
1 -f Leaves rather few on the slender stem, the lower slender-petioled, often alternate : akenes
with the broad wings of the preceding.
S. gracile, GRAY. Hispidulous: stem 12 to 30 inches high, rather naked, terminated by
solitary or few mostly long-pedunculate heads : leaves membranaceons, ovate-oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, acute at both ends, denticulate ; radical and lower cauliue ample (5 to 9
inches long) ; upper cauliue from 2 inches to half-inch long : involucre of nearly equal and
rather few oblong bracts: akenes orbicular or very broadly oval, broadly winged, and with
a comparatively shallow notch. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G53. Prairies of Middle Texas,
Drummond, Lindhcimtr, Hall, &c. Sometimes the leaves are all alternate and the petioles
of the one or two principal cauline 2 or 3 inches loug, equalling the blade.
i ) -t Leaves numerous on the stem, varying from opposite to alternate or the middle ones
verticillate, only upper and alternate ones (if any) strictly sessile by a broad base: akenes with
narrow wings and a comparatively shallow open notch; awn-like pappus-teeth usually evident
and not rarely partly separate from the wing.
S. AsteriSGUS, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, commonly hispid : leaves from ovate-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly dentate or serrate, or some entire, scabro-hispid-
ulous or hispid, all the upper not rarely alternate, seldom any verticillate ; upper commonly
sessile by a rounded or partly clasping base ; lower short-petioled : heads solitary or few on
leafy branches : involucre foliaceous and squarrose (half-inch high), hirsute or hispiclulous :
akenes obovate-oval. Spec. ii. 920 (Dill. Elth. t. 37, f. 42) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 14G; DC. Prodr.
v. 512 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 278. Dry sandy soil, common from Virginia and Tennessee
to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. Icevicaule, DC., 1. c. Stem smooth and glabrous, either throughout or up to the
branches. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. scabrum, Walt. Car. 217. S. reticulatum, Moeuch, Meth.
607, fide syu. L. S. Asteriscus, var. scabrum, Nutt. Geu. ii. 183. S. dentatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 468 ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. lanceolatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 341, a narrow-leaved
form. .S 1 . Asteriscus, var. dentatum, Chapm. Fl. 221. S. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama.
S. trifoliatum, L., 1. c. Stem 4 to 7 feet high, very smooth and glabrous, terminated by
naked corymbiform panicles of numerous usually slender-peduncled heads : leaves lanceo-
late, varying to oblong ovate, and from entire to sparsely serrate, from almost glabrous and
smooth to scabrous or hispidulous-pubescent, seldom alternate, a part of them usually 3-4-
nately verticillate, commonly acute at base and the upper subsessile, lower tapering into
margined petioles : involucre somewhat campanulate, narrower and usually smaller than in
the foregoing ; the bracts hardly foliaceous, smooth and glabrous, except the ciliate margins :
akenes broadly obovate-oval. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3355 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. trifoliatum,
ternatitm, & atropurpurcum, Retz in Willd. Spec. iii. 2333. S. ternifolium, Michx. Fl. ii. 146.
Dry woodlands, Penn. and Ohio, and through the upper country to Alabama.
Var. latifolium. Stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves broader, seldom more than opposite :
heads fewer and broader. S. lai-irjatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 465 (perhaps Pursh, Fl. ii. 578, but his
character points to S. intcgri folium) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. W. Georgia, Alabama, and low-
country of S. Carolina ; and broad-leaved northern forms are similar.
* * * Stem terete, almost leafless and scapiform, bearing a loose panicle of slender pedunculate
heads : involucre nearly hemispherical, of rounded mostly erect and coriaceo-hcrbaceous bracts:
radical leaves ample, long-petioled, cordate at base: cauline when present all alternate and
slender-petioled : herbage almost glabrous and smooth, or the leaves hispidulous and papillose-
scabrous. (True KOSIN-WKKDS.)
S. COmpositum, MICHX. Stem slender, 2 to 6 feet high, commonly glaucous : radical
leaves of roundish-cordate or reuiform or more ovate circumscription, 6 to 12 inches long or
broad: heads small and numerous: involucre a third or rarely half inch high: rays small
and scattered, 4 lines long : akenes roundish-obovate and with wing broadened above, so as to
form a deep notch, with which the two subulate pappus-teeth are confluent, sometimes nar-
rowly winged so that the summit is barely emarginate and minute pappus-teeth nearly free.
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 276. The first-described form (var. Michnuxii, & var. oratifolinm, Torr.
& Gray,l. c.) has the leaves varying from deeply sinuate-pinnatind to pinnately or somewhat
ternately divided into 3 to 7 divisions, which are again sinuate-lobed ; for this the specific
name is appropriate, being S. compositam, Michx. Fl. ii. 145 ; Ell. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c., and 5. la-
ciniatum, Walt. Car. 217, not. L. S. nudicanle., M. A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 127,
16
242 COMPOSITE. Silphium.
a form passing into var. reniforme, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., has rounder leaves, some only sinuate-
dentate, others deeply palmately cleft. S. elatum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 579. S. tcrcbintkinaceum,
Ell. Sk. ii. 463, not Jacq. 6'. reniforme, Raf. Med. Fl. ii. 283 ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 341. Pine woods and harreus, N. Carolina to Florida.
S. terebinthiliaceum, JACQ. (PRAIRIE DOCK.) Stem 4 to 9 feet high, bearing several
or numerous large heads : leaves of thick and linn texture, cordate-oblong or sometimes
ovate-oblong, a foot or two long (besides the long petiole), dentate with very many small
teeth, becoming rough in age : involucre nearly an inch high : rays an inch or more in
length : akeues obovate, narrowly winged, merely emargiuate and obscurely 2-toothed at
summit. Ilort. Vindob. i. t. 43 ; L. f. Suppl. 383; Gtertn. Fruct. ii. 445, t. 171; Schk.
Handb. t. 262; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3525; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Prairies and dry open wood-
lands, Ohio and Michigan to Iowa and south to W. Georgia and Louisiana.
Var. pin.natifid.uni, GRAY. Leaves laciniately or siuuately piuuatifid. Man. ed. 1,
220. S. pinnutijidam, Ell. 1. c. Ohio and W. Georgia, not common.
* * * * Stein terete (striate when dried), bearing alternate deeply pinnatifid or bipinnatifid
coriaceous leaves, and sessile or short-peduncled large heads racemosely disposed along the
naked summit, and bracteate : involucre rigid; its bracts ovate, thickened and at length coria-
ceous at base, with equally long or longer and spreading foliaccous acumination : rays numer-
ous: herbage scabrous-hispidulous or hispid, very rough when dried. COMPASS-PLANTS.
S. lacini'atum, L. Stem 3 to 6 and even 12*feet high : radical leaves (a foot or two long)
loug-petiuled, once or twice pinnately parted or below divided, the divisions and lobes lan-
ceolate to linear ; cauliue with petiole simply dilated at base, or with stipuliform and some-
times palmaiilid appendages; upper sessile and reduced to bracts: involucre inch or more
high and broad : rays numerous, inch or two long, bright yellow : akenes half-inch long,
oval, glabrous or nearly so, with narrow wing widening upward and an open shallow notch;
no awns. Spec. ii. 919; L. f. Dec. 5, t. 3; Jacq. f. Eel. 1, t. 90; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ;
Median, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 46 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6534. S. spicatum, Poir. Suppl.
v. 157. $. tjummiferum, Ell. Sk. ii. 460. Prairies, Wisconsin to Dakota and south to
Alabama, Kansas, and Texas. Leaves vertical and, especially the radical ones, disposed to
place the edges north and south, in respect to which there is abundant literature. See
Alvord in Am. Naturalist, xvi. 626.
S. albifLorum, GRAY. Low, a foot to barely a yard high, very scabrous : leaves rigid, as
broad as lung, more disposed to pedate division ; dilated base of petiole entire : tips of iuvo-
lucral bracts seldom surpassing the disk : rays wlilte, about inch long : akenes puberulent ;
. the narrow wing produced and dilated at summit into somewhat triangular teeth which are
adnate to a pair of subulate and more or less projecting awns, the notch narrow. Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 4. On cretaceous rocks, \V. & N. Texas, Reverchon.
71. BERLANDIERA, DC. (J. L. Berlandier, a Genevese botanist
and collector, explored parts of Texas and Mexico, died at Matamoras in 1851.)
Perennial herbs (of the southeastern borders of the U. S.) ; with canescent
or cinereous herbage, thick roots, alternate leaves, and pedunculate heads : the
rays yellow: involucre radiately expanding in fruit. FL spring and summer.
Prodr. v. 517; Benth. PI. Hartw. 17; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 280.
* Stems leafy up to the inflorescence of mostly rather numerous and short-peduncled heads:
leaves crenate, some or all the cauline cordate ; radical oblong.
B. Texana, DC. Hirsute-tomentose ; the pubescence not pannose, that of the (2 or 3 feet
high) very leafy stem commonly hirsute or villous, the coarser hairs many-jointed: cauliue
leaves from oblong-cordate to subcordate-lanceolate, greenish, merely cinereous beneath,
somewhat scabrous above ; upper closely sessile, lower short-petioled : heads usually fas-
tigiate-cymose. Prodr. 1. c. ; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 26 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. long/folia, Nutt.
Traus. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 342. Margin of woods and hillsides, Texas (first coll. by Ber-
landier), W. Louisiana and Arkansas to S. W. Missouri. Leaves of Betonica.
Var. betonicifolia, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A form with most of the cauline leaves
petioled, and the peduncles hirsute with purplish hairs. Silphium. betomci folium, Hook
Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99. Louisiana, Drummond.
dirysogonum. COMPOSITE. 243
B. tomentosa, NCTT. 1. c. Canescent throughout with soft and close pannose toraentum,
110 hirsute or villous hairs, when glabrate hardly at all scabrous: stem a foot or two hio-h
rarely ouly a span high : leaves all obtuse, green above, generally whitish beneath ; radical
and lower cauliiie elongated-oblong and petioled ; upper cauline usually ovate-oblong or oval,
sometimes subcordate-ovate, short-petioled or sessile heads fewer, in low specimens almost
solitary and louger-peduiicied. Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 282. B. ji/iini/n, Nutt. I.e. Silpln'itm
puinilitin, Michx. Fl. ii. 146. 5. tomentosum, pumilum, & riticu/ntnut'? Pursh, Fl. ii. 578, 579.
S. Astcriscus, var. pumilum, Wood, Bot. 442. Pu/yiiutia Carolinitum, Poir. Diet. v. 505.
Dry pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida, Arkansas, and Missouri.
Var. dealbata, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. More robust and leafy, 2 or 3 feet high, branch-
ing at summit and bearing more numerous and shorter-peel uncled heads: cauline leaves
broader and more sessile, densely white-tomentose beneath ; lower broadly cordate, upper
often deltoid (with or without a subcordate base), either obtuse or acute. Texas, Drum-
iiiwul, I tail, Reverchon, a very soft-canesceut form. Varies into a less cauescent state,
approaching B. Texanu, the leaves scabrous above (var. y, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.), Arkansas,
Louisiana, and Texas.
* -* Stems commonly low and with long monocephalous peduncle? ; the earliest often produced
from near the root, and scauiform, the Inter from leafy stems or branches: leaves variable, all
attenuate at base, disposed to be piunatitid or lyrate.
B. subacaulis, NUTT. 1. c. Barely cinereous with minute often hispidulous pubescence (or
the peduncles sometimes hirsute), soon green, becoming a foot or so high and leafy: leaves
of oblong-linear or oblong-spatulate outline, irregularly siuuately or lyrately piuuatifid, with
short obtuse lobes : akeues narrowly obovate-oval, merely carinately costate on the inner
face. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 282. Silphium subacaulc, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 301 ; DC.
Prodr. v. 512. 5. Nuttallianum, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 216, as to syu. Florida, in dry
pine barrens ; first coll. by Ware.
B. lyrata, BENTH. Canesceut with minute white or gray tomeutum : leaves at length
greenish above, variously lyrate-pinuatifid ; the lateral lobes oblong or narrower, obtusely
dentate, sometimes incised : akeues obovate, the costa of the inner face strongly cariuate.
PI. Hartw. 17; Gray, PI. Feudl. 78, & PI. Wright, i. 103. B. incisa, Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 282. Silphium Nuttallianum, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 216, excl. syn. Plains and hills,
W. Texas and Arkansas to Arizona. (Mex.)
Var. macrophylla. Ifadical leaves often a foot long, lanceolate-oblong or spatulate,
either merely creuate or piimatifid at base : later flowering steins sometimes 2 or 3 feet high.
S. Arizona, Lcmiiwn.
72. CHRYS6G-ONUM, L. (Greek name of some plant in Dioscorides.
Linnaeus gives the derivation of his genus from xpuo-d?, golden, and yo'vu, knee ;
of no obvious application.) Gsertn. Fruct. ii. 43G, t. 174 ; Lam. 111. t. 713 ; DC.
Prodr. v. 510; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 274; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 350, excl.
syn. Moonia, &c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 216. Diotostepfius, Cass. Diet.
xlviii. 543. Single species : fl. spring and summer.
C. VirginianUHl, L. Perennial from creeping rootstocks and sometimes by runners,
pubescent, often hirsute, flowering acaulesceutly from the ground, also with stems a span to
a foot high, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of long-petioled leaves ; these ovate, mostly obtuse and
crenate; cauline rarely subcordate and equalling or shorter than their petioles, or the radical
obovate with cuneate attenuate base : peduncles solitary in the forks and terminal, all but the
radical ones elongated : involucre one-third and yellow rays half inch long. Spec. ii. 920
(Pink. Aim. t. 83, f. 4, & 242, f. 3) ; Walt. Car. 217; Michx. Fl. ii. 148; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
C. Virginianum & C. Diotostephus, DC. 1. c. Diotostephus repent, Cass. 1. c. Dry ground,
S. Pennsylvania to Florida. Varies considerably according to ai;c and season, usually low
when blossoming begins.
Var. dentatum, GRAY. Leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, coarsely dentate-serrate, the tip
and teeth, also the tips of the bracts of the outer involucre, terminated by a more conspicu-
ous callous mucro. Bot. Gazette, viii. 31. High Island at the falls of the Potomac above
Washington, 7. Donnell Smith, Ward, Vasey.
244 COMPOSITE. Lindheimera.
73. LJNDHEiMER/A, Gray & Engelm. (Ferdinand Lindheimer, the
discoverer of this neat plant, now prized in cultivation, and remarkable for its
golden yellow rays simulating a 5-petalous flower.) Proc. Am. Acad. i. 47,
Jour. Bost. Nat. ilist. vi. 225, & PL Lindh. ii. 225. Single species.
L. Texana GRAY & EXGELM. 1. c. At length 2 feet high from an annual root, hirsute or
hispid, branching above, bearing loosely cymose-paniculate usually slender-pedunculate
heads : knvcr leaves spatulute to cuueate-ovate, alternate, coarsely sinuate-dentate ; upper
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with a broad closely sessile base, acuminate, commonly entire,
mainly opposite, their edges and also the peduncles usually beset with some small tack-
shaped glands: ligules half-inch or more long. Open woods and bottoms of the upper
Guadalupe liiver, &c., Texas, Lindheimer, Wriyht.
74. ENG-ELiMANNIA, Torr. & Gray. ( George Engelmann, an eminent
botanist, died while this volume was printing, Feb. 4, 1884, 33 1. 75.) - -Torr. &
Gray in Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 343, & Fl. ii. 283. Angelandra, Endl.
Gen. Suppl. iii. G9. Single .species, in structure nearer to Parthenium than to
Silpltium. Fl. summer.
E. pinnatifida, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A foot or two high from a stout perennial root,
roughish-liirsute or hispid, branching above, and bearing somewhat paniculately disposed
heads of golden-yellow flowers on mostly slender naked peduncles : leaves all alternate,
deeply pinnatifid ; radical and lower cauline short-petioled and their linear or oblong lobes
sometimes sparingly lobulate ; upper cauline sessile and with broad base : head about 4 lines
high: ravs half-inch or more long: akene rough-hispidulous. Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 11 ;
Meeban, Xat. Flowers, ser. 2, i. t. 2. E. Texana, Scheelc in Linn. xxii. 155. Prairies and
rocky hills, Arkansas and Louisiana to Texas and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
75. PAR/THENIUM, L. (Ancient name of some plant, from 7ra
virgin.) -- Herbaceous or suffruticose (all E. American), bitter-aromatic; with
small heads of whitish flowers ; in summer. Grertn. Fruct. t. 1G8 ; DC. Prodr.
v. 531 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 284 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 351.
1. PAKTiiENiXsTKUM (Nissole), DC. Ligule more or less evident : caules-
cent, usually branching, with alternate leaves either dentate or variously lobed or
divided : heads corymbosely or paniculately cymose.
* Herbaceous, with membranaceous once or twice pinnatifid leaves, and habit of Ambrosia.
P. Hysterophorus, L. A foot or two high, from an annual root, diffuse, strigosely pubes-
cent, sometimes also hirsute, generally green : heads in a loose and open naked panicle :
cauline leaves of broadly ovate outline, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 mostly narrow again
pinnatifid lobes; of the flowering branches linear or lanceolate and entire or few-lobed: pap-
pus of 2 rather large and roundish scales. Spec. ii. 988; Bot. Mag. t. 2275. Argyrochceta
bipinnatifida, Cav. Ic. iv. 54, t. 378. Villunarn bipinnatifida, Ort. Dec. iv. 48, t. 6. (P. lo-
batum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1801, 457, should be this, by its "annual root," rather
than the following.) ^Vaste grounds, Florida to Texas, where it may be indigenous, but
probably introduced from within the tropics : also an imported ballast-weed as far north as
Philadelphia. (Mex., Trop. Am.)
P. lyratum. A foot high from a truly perennial root, canescent or cinereous with fine
and close sometimes also loose hirsute pubescence, erect : heads corymbosely crowded, more
pubescent : leaves of obovate or oblong outline, lyrately pinuatifid, the lobes short and ob-
long. P. Hysterophorus, var. lyrattim, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 21 G. Texas, in the
southern and western parts, Berlandicr, Lindheimer, Wriylit, flcverchon, &c. Equally allied
to the preceding species and to the Mexican P. confcrtum, Gray. (Adj. Mex.)
* * Fruticose or suffrutescent, with firmer and more simply lobed leaves.
P. incanum, HBK. Decidedly shrubby, 1 to 3 feet high, much branched, canescent with
fine tomeutum : leaves mostly obovate in outline, siuuately piunatifid into 3 to 7 oblong or
COMPOSITE. 245
roundish and obtuse lobes: heads numerous, paniculate-cymose : ligules commonly longer
than broad : pappus a pair of short-subulate erect or at length spreading awns. Xov Gen.
& Spec. iv. 2GO, t. 391 ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 103. P. incanum & P. ramosissimum, DC. Prodr.
v. 532. Dry hills, W. Texas to Arizona. ( Mex.)
P. argeritatum, GRAY. Suffrutescent, a foot high, silvery-cauescent with close tomentum :
brandies erect, rather leafless above, bearing comparatively large and few heads (of 2 lines
in diameter) : leaves lanceolate to spatulate in outline, some entire or iuciscly 2-;>toothed ;
the larger incisely pinuatirid into 2 to 7 acute lateral lobes: pappus a pair of lanceolate
chaffy awns. Bot. Mex. Bound. SO. S. W. borders of Texas, Biyelow. (Aclj. Mex.,
Parry, Palmer. Produces a gum or resin in Mexico.)
* * * Perennial herb, with larger beads and leaves; the latter undivided, thickish.
P. integrifolium, L. Stout, 1 to 3 feet high, minutely pubescent, corymboscly branched
above, the branches terminated by a dense cyme of many heads (these a quarter-inch high) :
leaves ovate-oblong or narrower, thickly creuatc-dcntate, rarely doubly dentate or somewhat
incised, hispidulous-scabrous, prominently veiny from a strong midrib; radical a foot or
more long and tapering into a petiole ; upper cauline closely sessile and broad at base : pap-
pus a pair of small chaffy teeth or scales. Spec. ii. 988 (Dill. Elth. t. 225 ; Pink. Aim. t. 53
& 219) ; Lam. 111. t. 7CG ; Willcl. Hort. Berol. t. 4 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Dry ground, Mary-
laud to Illinois and Texas.
2. BOLOPIIYTUM, Torr. & Gray. (BoIopJn/ta, Nutt.) Ligule wanting, the
corolla being reduced to a truncate tube, which is obscurely notched at back and
front : acaulescent cespitose perennial.
P. alpinum, TOUR. & GRAY, 1. c. Densely tufted on a thick branching caudex, depressed,
rising only an inch or two high : leaves crowded, silvery-canesceut with a fine appressed
pubescence, and villous in the axils, spatnlate-linear, barely inch long, entire : heads solitary
and nearly sessile among the leaves : pappus a pair of oblong-lanceolate membrauaceous
scales. I3o!o]Jiyla alpina, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vii. 347. Bocky Mountains
in Wyoming (at 7,000 feet), on rocks near the Three Buttes, Nuttall.
76. PARTHENICE, Gray. (nap0ev4 a poetical form of the word
from which the name of the preceding nearly related genus is derived.) PI.
Wright, ii. 85; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 352. Genus of a single species, allied
also to the succeeding genus.
P. mollis, GRAY, 1. c. Annual, with odor and savor of Artemisia, 4 to 6 feet high, panicu-
lately branched, minutely puberulent-cinereous throughout, wholly destitute of any coarser
pubescence: leaves membranaceous, all alternate, ovate, some of the larger (as much as 10
or 12 inches long) subcordate, acuminate, irregularly or doubly dentate, loug-petioled : heads
small (2 lines broad), numerous in loose axillary and terminal somewhat leafy panicles,
mostly pedicellate : flowers greenish-white. Hillsides and along streams, S. Colorado to
Arizona, Wrigtit, Thurber, Lemmon, &c. Fl. autumn.
77. IV A, L. (An unexplained name.) -- American herbs or shrubs ; with
entire or dentate or dissected leaves, at least the lower ones opposite, and small
spicately or racemosely or paniculately disposed or scattered and commonly
nodding heads : fl. summer. -- Lam. 111. 7GG; Goertn. Fruct. t. 164; DC. Prodr.
v. 529. Iva. & Cydachcena (Fresen.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 285 ; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 352.
1. CYCLACH^ESTA. Heads naked-paniculate, inconspicuously bracteate : co-
rolla of the 5 fertile flowers a very short rudiment or none : leaves membranaceous,
from incisely serrate to dissected, mostly petioled : flowers somewhat inclined to
polygamo-dioecious through abortion of the ovaries : annual herbs. Cyclachcena,
Fresen. Ind. Sem. Hort. Franc. 1836, & Linn. xii. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 285.
246 COMPOSITE. Iva.
* Heads nearly sessile, crowded in narrow spiciform clusters which are aggregated in a panicle.
I. xanthiifolia, NUTT. Tall and coarse (3 to 5 feet high), pubescent, at least when young :
leaves mainly opposite, long-petioled, broadly ovate, ample, coarsely or incisely serrate, acu-
minate, 3-ribbed at base, puberulently scabrous above, arid when young canesceut beneath :
panicles axillary and terminal : involucre depressed-hemispherical, biserial ; outer of 5
broadly ovate herbaceous bracts; inner of as many membrauaceous dilated-obovate or trun-
cate ones, which are strongly concave at maturity and half embrace the obovate-pyriforrn
and glabrate akeues (011 the apex of which sometimes persists a minute crown answering
to the obsolete corolla, or this wholly absent). Gen. ii. 185. /. (Picrotus) xanthiifolia &
paniculata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 347. Cijclachcena xanthiifolia, Fresenius, 1. c. ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 286. Eitphrosyne xanthiifolia, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 85. Alluvial
ground or along streams. Saskatchewan and Nebraska to New Mexico, Utah, aud Washing-
ton Terr. ; first coll. by Nultall.
I. dealbata, GRAY. A foot or two high, canescent with floccose wool except the elongated
and narrow terminal panicle: leaves in greater part alternate, soft-tomeutose, reticulate-
veiny (l to 3 inches long), from obscurely angulate-toothed to laciuiately piuuatifid, cune-
ately or abruptly contracted at base into a short winged petiole: heads only a line long:
involucre of only 5 obovate concave somewhat herbaceous bracts : corolla of fertile flowers a
short cup or ring: akeues pyriform, roughish and glandular. PI. Wright, i. 104. Val-
leys of S. W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex., T/iurber, &c.)
* * Heads pedicellate, in looser panicles, more or less leafy- bract eate : habit and foliage of
Euphrasy ne.
I. ambrosicBfolia. A foot or two high, hirsute or villous-liispid, paniculately branched :
leaves almost all alternate, thin, twice or thrice pinnately parted into small oblong lobes :
involucre of 5 broadly ovate herbaceous outer bracts, and as many smaller obovate thin-
scarious inner ones : corolla of fertile flowers a mere vestige : akenes turgid-obovate.
Euphrosjne ambrosicefolia, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 102, ii. 85. W. borders of Texas and ad-
jacent New Mexico, Wright. (Mex.)
2. IVA proper. Heads spicately or racemosely disposed in the axils of leaves
or foliaceous bracts, and nodding: fertile flowers with evident corolla. lea,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 28G ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 1. c.
* Heads in terminal and solitary or paniculate compact squarrosely bracteate spikes: leaves not
coriaceous: root annual.
I. ciliata, WILLD. 1 lather stout, 2 to 6 feet high, strigose-hispidulous and hispid : leaves
nearly all opposite, ovate, acuminate, sparsely serrate, the base abruptly contracted into a
hispid petiole : spikes strict, 3 to 8 inches long; their bracts lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate,
foliaceous, surpassing the at length deflexed heads, hispid-ciliate, as are the 3 or 4 (rarely 5)
herbaceous and unequal distinct or partly united bracts of the involucre : akenes about 3,
obovate, moderately flattish. Spec. iii. 2386; Pursh, Fl. ii. 580; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 287.
l.annua, Michx. Fl. ii. 184, not L., unless possibly the detailed illustration by Schmidel
should represent a state of it much altered in cultivation. Ambrosia Pitcher i, Torr. in
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 99, with a var. having linear and much elongated bracts to the
spike. Moist alluvial ground, Illinois to Nebraska, and south to Louisiana, Texas, and
New Mexico. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier.)
* * Heads more loosely disposed in the axils of ordinary leaves, or upper ones commonly in the
axils of foliaceous bracts,
-j Rather many-flowered; the fertile flowers 5 or rarely fewer: perennials or shrubby, with thick-
is-h and firm somewhat flesh v or coriaceous leaves.
H- Bracts of the fleshy-herbaceous involucre 6 to 9, imbricated in two or more ranks ; and those
among the numerous sterile flowers linear-spatulate.
I. imbricata, WALT. A foot or two high from a suffrutescent base, honey-scented, smooth
and glabrous or nearly so : stems thickish, ascending : leaves mainly alternate, fleshy, from
spatulate-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, sessile, some of the larger (1 or 2 inches long)
sparingly serrate: heads large for the genus (3 or 4 lines long), commonly pedunculate, the
lower surpassed by and the upper surpassing the subtending leaves : involucre hemispherical-
campanulate, the outer bracts orbicular : sterile flowers many, the fertile 2 to 4 : akenes
Iva. COMPOSITE. 247
obovate-oval, turgid. Car. 232; Michx. Fl. ii. 184; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Sands of the
sea-shore, Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. ( W. Ind.)
H- -K- Bracts of the simpler involucre 5 or 4 ; those among the several or rather numerous sterile
flowers reduced to linear iiliform chaff: herbage minutely or sparsely strigulose or nearly gla-
brous, rarely more pubescent: leaves opposite and alternate.
I. frutescens, L. (MARSH ELDER, HIGH-WATER SHRUB.) Shrubby, or on the northern
coast nearly herbaceous, erect, 3 to 8 feet high, much brauched : cauline leaves oval or ob-
long, 3 to 5 inches long, serrate, 3-nerved at base, petioled ; those of the branches lanceolate
and tapering to each end, and in the upper part of the inflorescence reduced to linear bracts
mostly surpassing the heads: bracts of the involucre distinct, orbictilar-obovate. Amcen.
Acad. iii. 25, & Spec. ii. 989; Walt. Car. 232; Lam. 111. t. 166, f. 2; Michx. Fl. ii. 184;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 287. Brackish muddy shores and beaches along the sea-coast, from
Massachusetts to Texas.
I. Hayesiana, GRAY. Stiff mteseent, 2 or 3 feet high, with ascending rather simple branches :
leaves obovate-oblong or spatulate, or the small uppermost lanceolate, obtuse, entire, nearly
sessile ; the larger 2 inches long ; upper little or not at all surpassing the heads : involucral
bracts distinct, roundish. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78, & Bot. Calif, i. 614. Brackish soil, San
Diego Co., California, Sutton Hayes, Palmer, G. R. Vasey.
I. axillaris, PURSII. Herbaceous from somewhat woody creeping rootstocks ; the stems or
branches nearly simple, ascending, a foot or two high : leaves from obovate or oblong to
nearly linear, obtuse, mostly entire, sessile, rarely over inch long, even the uppermost usually
much surpassing the mostly solitary heads in their axils : bracts of the hemispherical invo-
lucre connate into a 4-5-lobed or sometimes parted and sometimes merely crenate cup.
Fl. ii. 743; Nutt. Gen. ii. 185; Hook. Fl. i. 309, t. 100; Torr. & Gray, I.e. /. axillaris
(bracts almost separate) & I.foliohsa (bracts much united), Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.
346. Sandy saline soil, Saskatchewan and Dakota to New Mexico, and west to Brit. Colum-
bia and California.
Var. pubescens, GRAY. Villous with lax spreading hairs : involucre turbinate and
almost entire. Bot. Wilkes Exped. xvi. 350, & Bot. Calif, i. 343. California, along the
Bay of San Francisco.
-I H Heads 3-6-flowered, small (about a line long), very numerous, subsessile, all surpassed
by the narrow-linear or lilifnrm mostly alternate subtending leaves: slender erect annuals,
with elongated or virgate flowering branches: chaffy bracts filiform. Monacli&na, Torr. &
Gray, 1. c.
I. microcephala, NUTT. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, even the lower leaves narrowly
linear (an inch or two long, a line wide), those subtending the loosely disposed hemispherical
heads spreading : involucre of 4 or 5 distinct bracts : fertile and sterile flowers each about 3.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Dry pine barrens, E. and Middle Florida,
Baldwin, Chapman, Palmer, Curtiss.
I. ailgLTStifolia, NUTT. Strigulose-scabrous or somewhat hirsute, 2 to 4 feet high : lower
leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends (larger inch and a half long, 3 or 4 lines wide), some
of them sparingly serrate ; those of the branches from linear to filiform, the bracteal ones
ascending: heads more crowded and spicate, turbinate : involucral bracts united by scarimis
edges into a cup : fertile flowers usually solitary ; the sterile 2 to 5 : anther-tips cuspidate-
apiculate. DC. Prodr. v. 529, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Gravelly
banks or beds of streams, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas. (Adj. Mex.)
3. CIIORISIVA. Heads scattered, lateral and ebracteate on leafy branches :
fertile flowers with evident corolla.
I. Nevadensis, M. E. JOXES. Low and diffusely branched annual, leafy to the top, cine-
reously hirsute-pubescent : leaves obovate in outline, pinnately 3-7-partcd into oblong or
obovate obtuse lobes : heads small, sessile along the branches or rarely in the axil of a leaf:
involucre of 3 nearly distinct ovate-oblong and very obtuse foliaceous bracts, considerably
surpassing the 8 to 10 male and 3 or 4 female flowers ; the latter subtended and akeno pan Iv
enwrapped by as many roundish and hyaline interior bracts ; their truncate corolla beset and
fringed by long hairs. Am. Naturalist, xvii. 973, but akenes not "finely striate." Near
Hawthorne, Nevada, M. E. Jones. Insignificant but singular species, with the aspect of
Franseria Hookertana.
248 COMPOSITE. Oxytenia.
78. OXYTENIA, TS T utt. (*Owenfc, pointed, "in allusion to the rigid
narrow foliage.")- -PI. Ganib. 172; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 353; Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 343. Single species, Artemisia-like in habit; fl. autumn.
O. acerosa, NCTT. 1. c. Shrubby, but soft-woody, 3 to 5 feet high, canescent, with erect
brain-lies sometimes leafless and rush-like : leaves when present alternate, piiinately 3-5-parted
into long filiform divisions, or uppermost entire: heads numerous (2 lines long), iu dense
panicles. Dry plains, S. W. Colorado to S. E. California, Gnmbel, Wheeler, Brandegee, &c.
79. DICOHIA, Torr. & Gray. (At'?, twice, used for two, and Koptc, a bug,
from the aspect of the two akenes of the original species.)-- Emory Rep. 143, &
Bot. Mex. 8G, t. 30; Gray, Froc. Am. Acad. xi. 76, & Bot. Calif, i. 01.3.
D. caiiescens, TOUR. & GRAY, 1. c. Herb a foot to a yard high, witli annual root, stem
becoming liguescent at base and widely branched, herbage cauescent with appressed pubes-
cence and the branches hispid, becoming green and scabrous in age : lower leaves opposite,
lanceolate and oblong, coarsely toothed or laciniate ; upper alternate, ovate or roundish, all
petioled : heads sparsely and irregularly racemose-paniculate, along sleuder nearly leafless
branchlets, nodding in fruit : fertile flowers 2 : inner la-acts of the involucre pelatoid-scarious
(yellowish white), orbicular and deeply concave, accrescent in fruit (becoming 3 or 4 lines
long), then inflated-saccate and loosely or partly enclosing the laciniately wing-margined
akeue, falling with it. Desert washes, S. E. California and adjacent Arizona to S. Utah.
D. Brandegei, GRAY, 1. c. Strigulose-canescent, diffusely and alternately branched (base
of stem unknown): leaves of the branches oblong-lanceolate or partly spatulate, obtuse,
mostly entire, an inch or less long and with slender petiole: heads sparse, racemose-panicu-
late ; some all male : corollas sparsely hirsute : fertile flower solitary ; its dilated-euueate
hyaline subtending bract hardly accrescent or surpassing the outer involucre : akeue naked
and exserted, bordered with pectinate callous teeth connected by an indistinct scarious mar-
gin. Sandy bottoms of the San Juan, near the boundary between Colorado and Utah,
Brandcyec. Little Colorada, N. Arizona, Rusby, iu flower only.
80. HYMENOCLEA, Torr. & Gray. ('Y/^V, membrane, used for wing,
and /<Aeui>, to enclose.) -- Two known species, of low and much branched shrubby
plants, minutely canescent, or else glabrous and smooth ; with slender diffuse
branches, bearing profuse scattered or glomerate paniculate small heads, the two
sexes intermixed, or the female in lower axils : leaves all alternate and linear-fili-
form ; the lower sparingly and irregularly pinnately parted : fl. summer and
autumn. --PL Fendl. 70 ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 104, Bot. Calif, i. 343.
H. Salsola, TOUR. & GRAY, 1. c. Fructiferous involucre fusiform, strobilaceous ; the ample
orbicular silvery-scarious wings spirally alternate, imbricated over each other, radiately
spreading when mature and dry. Torr. PI. Fremont (Smiths. Contrib.) 14, t. 8. Saline soil
iu the desert region, S. California, adjacent Arizona, and Nevada; first found by Fremont.
H. moilOgyra, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Fructiferous involucre smaller (2 lines long), winged
only at the middle by a whorl of obovate or rhombic-reniform radiating scales of smaller
size. S. California through Arizona to S. W. Texas; first coll. by Coulter. (Adj. Mex.)
81. AMBROSIA, Tourn. RAGWEED. (Ancient Greek and also Latin
name of several plants, as well as of the food of the gods.) --Weedy or coarse
herbs ; with mostly lobed or dissected opposite and alternate leaves, and dull in-
conspicuous flowers ; in summer. Sterile heads racemose or spicate, and with
no subtending bracts ; the fertile below, commonly in small clusters in the axils
of leaves or bracts: fl. summer and autumn. Lam. 111. t. 765; Grertn. Fruct.
t. 164; Schk. Handb. t. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 354. Fructiferous nut-like
involucre called for shortness "fruit."
Ambrosia. COMPOSITE. 249
1. CERCOM'EKIS, Torr. & Gray, 1. e. Sterile heads densely spicate, closely
sessile ; the involucre turbinate and half-truncate, the inner margin bearing a
large lanceolate-acuminate hispid lobe, which by the deflexion of the head is
strongly recurved and partly covers the orifice of the involucre, the bractless
spike thus appearing as if retrorsely bracteate ; fertile heads coinniouly solitary
in axils below : leaves closely sessile by partly clasping base.
A. bidentata, MICHX. Eoughish-hirsute annual, 1 to 3 feet high, fastigiately branched
above, very leafy up to the stout (span long) spikes : leaves mostly alternate, lanceolate,
commonly with an acute lobe or tooth on each side near the broad base, thence tapering
gradually to a point, usually entire : fertile involucre in fruit oblong, somewhat prismatic,
the 4 strong angles or ribs terminating in acute strong spines of half the length of the spine-
like beak: sterile heads about 10-rlowered. Fl. ii. 182; Pursh, Fl. ii. 581 ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 292. Prairies and alluvial ground, Illinois and Missouri to Texas. (Adj. Mex.)
2. AMBROSIA proper. Sterile heads racemose or spicate : sterile involucre
commonly saucer-shaped or open-campanulate, with a several -toothed or truncate
border : fertile flowers usually glomerate in axils below.
* Involucre of sterile heads unilaterally 3-ribbed: no chaff on the receptacle: leaves palmately
cleft, ample, petioled.
A. trifida, L. Tall and stout annual, 3 to 12 feet high, or even higher, roughish-hispidu-
lous, or partly hispid or hirsute, sometimes almost glabrous : leaves all opposite, very deeply
3-lobed or the lower 5-lobed ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate (in the larger
leaves a span or more in length); petioles of the upper commonly wing-margined : sterile
racemes long and dense : fertile heads clustered and as if involucrate by short bracts : fruit
(matured fertile involucre) very thick and indurated, 4 or 5 lines long, obovoid-turbinate or
obpyramidal, with 5 or sometimes 6 or 7 strong ribs or angles terminating above in spinous
tubercles around the base of the conical beak. Spec. ii. 987 (Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 6, t. 1,
f. 4) ; Michx. 1. c. ; DC. Prodr. v. 527 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Moist alluvial banks of streams,
Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida, Missouri, Nebraska, &c.
Var. integrifolia, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A depauperate form, with oblong or oval-
lanceolate undivided leaves, and mostly solitary sterile racemes: spinous tubercles of the
fruit less developed. A. integrifolia, Mulil. in Willd. Spec. iv. 375. New York to Illinois
and Virginia.
A. aptera, DC. Very like the preceding, equally tall : petioles not margined ; larger leaves
commonly 5-lobed, and the middle lobe often 3-cleft: sterile racemes more numerous and
paniculate: fruit smaller, 2 or 3 lines long, more obovoid, 4-8-ribbed, and with 4 to 6 short
or obsolete tubercles. Prodr. v. 527; Gray, PI. Liudh. ii. 226. A. Irijida, var. Tc.nuiti,
Scheele in Linn. xxii. 156. Low grounds, Texas to New Mexico and S. W. Arizona ; first
coll. by Berlandier.
* * Involucre of sterile heads not costate, indistinctly radiate-veined: receptacle with some fili-
form or sometimes more dilated chaff: leaves opposite and alternate (in the adjacent Mexican
A cJieiranthifolia, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 87, entire and canescent), mostly 1-3-pinnatifid or
dissected.
A. artemisieefolia, L. ("ROMAN WORMWOOD, UAGWEED, BITTER WEED.) Annual,
variously pubescent or hirsute, paniculatcly branched, a foot or two high, sometimes taller:
leaves thinnish, bipinnatifid or pinnately parted with the divisions irregularly pinnatifid or
sometimes nearly entire, on the flowering branches often undivided: sterile heads more or
less podicclled: fruit not 2 lines long, short-beaked, armed with 4 to 6 short acute teeth
or spines. (Varies much, occasionally the sterile inflorescence abnormally fertile.) Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 291. A. artemisiafolia & A. clatior, L. Spec. 987, 988. .-1. absyntkifolia &
A. paniculata, Michx. Fl. ii. 183. A. hetcrojihi/lla, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iv. 378. lea mono-
phi/Ha, Walt. Car. 232. Dry ground, a weed of cultivated and waste grounds, Nova Scotia
to Saskatchewan, Texas, California, and Washington Terr. (W. Ind. & Mex. to Brazil.)
A. longistylis, NUTT. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 344, known only from Nnttall's speci-
men from " Rocky Mountains," described as having pinnatifid leaves, and conglomerate fer-
tile flowers with styles about an inch long, needs verification.
250 COMPOSITE. Ambrosia.
A. hispida, Prnsii. Perennial, spreading from a suffrntescent hase, strigose-hispidulous or
hispid and hirsute : leaves all petioled, twice and thrice pinuatifid or interruptedly pinnatelv
divided into numerous short and small oblong ultimate lobes: sterile raceme commonly
solitary and elongated: fruit with a stout short beak and commonly 4 short acute tubercles.
Fl. ii. 743, the original in herb. Sherard was probably from Bahamas. A. crithmifolia,
DC. Prodr. v. 525; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Sandy sea-shore, Florida. ( \V. Iiicl.)
A. psilostadiya, DC. Perennial from slender running rootstocks, stouter than A. arfemi-
sic folia, 2 to 6 feet high, witli strigose and some loose hirsute pubescence: leaves thickish ;
upper simplv and lower twice pinuatifid ; the lobes mostly lanceolate and acute : sterile
heads commonly short-pedicclled : fruit mostly solitary in the axils below, turgid-obovoid,
less than 2 lines long, rugose-reticulated, obtusely short-pointed, either wholly unarmed or
(sometimes on the same plant) with four short either blunt or acute tubercles. Prodr. v.
526; Gray, PL Wright, ii. 86, Bot. Calif, i. 344. A. Pcrxi-iana, DC. 1. c ., as to pi. ilex.,
hardly of Willd. A. coronopi folia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 291. A. LinJIninnnnna &. A. ylttn-
dulosa, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 156, 158. Moist prairies and beds of streams, Illinois and
Saskatchewan to Texas, Arizona, and California. (Mex.)
A. puniila, GUAY. Perennial, a span or two high from slender running rootstocks, canes-
cent throughout with a dense and close silky pubescence, very leafy : leaves nearly all alter-
nate and long-petioled, 2-3-pinnately parted into linear-oblong crowded lobes : sterile heads
in a short spike : fruit obovoid, pubescent, muticous, a line long (rarely two are connate at
base). Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. Fr<mx< rla jnimi/a, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.
344; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 345, ii. 015. Hemiambrosia, Delpiuo, Stud. Comp. Artemis. 57.
San Diego, California, Nuttall, &c., recently coll. by Cleveland in fruit.
82. FBANSEBIA, Cav. (Ant. Franser, a physician and botanist in
Madrid in the time of Oavanilles.) --Herbs or shrubby plants (all American) ;
with chiefly alternate leaves, some species with habit of Ambrosia and near it in
character, others with the fruiting involucre nearly that of Xanthintn. Cav. Ic.
ii. 78, t. 200 ; Willd. Hort. Berol. i. t. 2 ; DC. Prodr. v. 224 ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 292.* Franseria, ffemixant/tidium, & Xanthidium, Delpiuo, Stud. Comp.
Artemis. 58-67.
1. Spines of the fruiting and 1-2-flowered involucre comparatively few, con-
ical, subulate, or flattened with the inner face more or less concave, usually
straight or merely incurved. Acantholcena, DC.
* Herbaceous perennial: fruiting involucre seldom over a line long, in the same plant bearing
either one or two flowers.
P. tenuifolia, GRAY. Erect, l.to 5 feet high, leafy to the top, hispid, variously pubescent,
or glabrate : leaves mostly 2-3-pinnately parted or dissected into narrowly oblong or linear
lobes, and the narrow primary rhachis often with some interposed small lobes, the terminal
elongated : sterile racemes commonly elongated and paniculate : fertile heads in numerous
glomerules below, in fruit minutely glandular, usually 2-rlowered, obovate with narrow
obpyramidal base, armed with 6 to 18 short and stout incurving spines, their tips almost
always hooked, and an excavated cartilaginous] v bordered areola above each. (Larger
leaves often 5 inches long or more.) PI. Fcncll. 80, PL Wright, i. 104 (var. tripinna-
tifida), Bot. Mex. Bound. 87, & Bot. Calif, i. 34G. Ambrosia longistylis, Gray, PL Fendl. 79,
as to no. 407, perhaps of Nutt. Ambrosia tenuifoJia, Spreng. Syst. iii. 851 1 A. confcrtlflora
& A. fruiicosa (excl. var.), DC. Prodr. v. 525, 52G. Xanthidium tcim! folium, Delpiuo, 1. c.
62. Moist grounds, from Texas to N. Colorado, S. California, and southward. (Mox.,
Hawaii, &c.)
# * Herbaceous, with fruiting involucre 3 or 4 lines long at maturity, and longer stout or broad
spines : stems low.
F. Hookeriana, NUTT. Diffusely spreading from an annual (or perennial?) root, freely
branched, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, sometimes canesceut with strigose-sericeous pubes-
cence when young : leaves of ovate or roundish circumscription (1 to 3 inches broad) and
bipiunatind, or the upper oblong and pinuatifid: sterile racemes solitary or paniculate : fruit-
Franseria. COMPOSITE. 251
iug involucre armed with flat and thin lanceolate-subulate smootli and glabrous long and
straight spines, seemingly always 1 -flowered. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 294. /'. Hookeriuna
ninntuna, Nutt. 1. c. Hemixanthidium, Delpino, 1. c. 60. Ambrosia ncaiilhicarpa, Hook. FL
i. 309. Plains and along streams, Saskatchewan to Washington Terr., California, Arizona,
and W. Texas.
F. bipinnatiflda, NUTT. Procumbent, with stems 2 or 3 feet long from a perennial rout,
somewhat hirsute: leaves of ovate circumscription (an inch or two long), 2-3-pinnatrlv
parted into oblong-linear divisions and small oblong lobes, canescent with soft tomcntuni or
fine hirsute-sericeous pubescence : sterile spike or raceme dense, of rather large heads :
fruiting involucre ovate-fusiform, armed with rather short and thick but flatfish tubercnli--
like spines, their acute tips sometimes incurving. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 507; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. F. Lessinyii, Walp. Eel. Meyen. 268. Sands of the sea-coast, Washington Terr.
to S. California.
P. Chamissonis, LESS. Leaves cuneate-obovate or oblong-ovate with a cuneate base,
3-5-nerved at base, obtusely serrate, the lower often laciuiate-iucised ; otherwise as the pre-
ceding, or the 2-flowered fruiting involucre rather thicker, the spines broader and more cana-
liculate. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. (with var. cuneifolia) ; Gray, Bot. Cal. i. 345. F. Chaiuisxmiis,
var. malvcefolia, Less, in Linn. vi. 507 ; DC. 1. c. F. cuneifolia, Nutt. 1. c. Sandy sea-
beaches, Brit. Columbia to California.
F. discolor, NUTT. 1. c. A foot or less high, erect from perennial slender creeping root-
stocks : leaves canescently tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above, interruptedly
bipinnatifid, oblong in outline, comparatively large (the lowest often C inches long) ; the
lobes usually short and broad: sterile racemes commonly solitary: fruiting involucre ovoid,
2-flowered, cauescent, armed with rather short conical-subulate very acute and straight spines.
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. From station and char, probably A iitbrosia tomentosa,]$utt. Gen. ii.
186. Xanthidium discolor, Delpiuo, 1. c. Plains, &c., Nebraska to Wyoming, Colorado, and
New Mexico.
F. tomentosa, GRAY. A foot high, rather stout, erect from an apparently perennial base
or rootstock, canescent with a dense sericeous tomentum : leaves very white beneath, cine-
reous above, piuuately 3-5-cleft or parted ; the terminal division large, oblong or broadly lan-
ceolate, serrate ; upper lateral similar but smaller ; lowest commonly very small and entire :
fruiting involucre 3 lines long, turgid-ovoid, 2-flowered, nearly glabrous ; the short spines
conical-subulate, very acute, and the very tip usually uncinate-incurved. PI. Fendl. 80, &
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 102. Along streams or river-beds, Kansas and E. Colorado, Femlli.r,
Bigelair, Hall.
* * * Shrubby, low (1 to 3 feet high), much branched, canescent with a fine and close white
tomentum, which is sometimes partly deciduous with age : sterile heads and fertile glomerules
not rarely intermixed in short racemes or clusters.
4 Fruiting involucre mostly 2-flowered, smooth and glabrous, or barely puberulent; its spines
flattened and dilated at base, mostly straight-pointed.
F. dumosa, GRAY. Divergently much branched, very cauescent : leaves small, 1-3-pinnately
parted into oblong or roundish (1 or 2 lines long) obtuse lobes: fertile involucre globular;
its spines long, tapering from a broadish flat base to a slender aristiform point. Frem. 2d
Rep. 316, Bot. Mex. Bound. 86, & Bot. Calif, i. 345. F. alticaulis, Torr. 1 1. Frem. 16.-
Arid region, from S. E. California to S. Utah and S. Arizona; first coll. by Coulter.
F. deltoidea, TORH. Somewhat less woody, and less densely canesceut-tomentulose :
branches erect or spreading . leaves all undivided, from rhomboid-ovate or oblong to deltoid
or obscurely hastate, minutely and often doubly creuate-serrate, an inch or less long, rather
slender-petioled : fruiting involucre of the preceding, but the spines shorter and broader,
flatter, lanceolate-subulate. PI. Frem. 15; Bot. Mex. Bound. 87; Bot. Calif. Lc.--.Xim-
thidlum rhombophyllum, Delpino, 1. c. ? Arid regions of Arizona, and perhaps adjacent part
of California, Fremont, Parry, Schott, Palmer, &c. (Can hardly be F. chenopodiifolia, Benth.,
of Lower California.)
-1 -l Fruiting involucre only one-flowered, villous-lanate !
F. eriocentra, GRAY. Rigidly much branched, canescent with very minute tomentum :
leaves soou green and glabrate above, cuneate-oblong to lanceolate, from sinuatcly few-toothed
or lobecl to sparingly and irregularly laciniate-pinnatind, nearly sessile by attenuate base :
252 COMPOSITE. Franseria.
fruiting involucre with single subulate beak as long as the body, the latter bearing about 10
rather long rigid subulate-acerose spines, these nearly equalled by the long whitish wool.
Proc. Am. A cad. vii. 355, & Bot. Calif, ii. 345. Here also belongs the flowerless specimen
coll. by Newberry, mentioned under F. artemisioides in the Colorado Expedition of Ives ;
and this is probably the nearest relative of F. chenopodiifolia, Beuth. Arid region, S. E.
California and adjacent Nevada, Cooper, Neioberry. Arizona and S. Utah, Parry, Palmer,
Lemmon.
2. Spines of the larger and 2-4- (commonly 3-) flowered involucre very
numerous, comparatively slender, and conspicuously uncinate-tipped in the mari-
ner of Xanthium. (But the S. American F. artemisioides has stout spines.) -
Xanthiopsis. DC. 1. c.
F. ambrosioid.es, CAV. Shrubby, 4 or 5 feet high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves rather
long-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, mostly truncate or subcordate at base, acuminate, irregularly
dentate or serrate, 2 to 4 inches long ; petiole naked : fruit ovoid, nearly half-inch and slender
prickles 2 Hues long. Ic. ii. 79, t. 200 (excl. syn ) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 346. Xanthidium
ainbroxioidcs, Delpino, Stud. -Comp. Artemis. 63. Arizona, Bigclow, Palmer, Pringle, &c.
(Lower Calif., Mex.)
P. ilicifolia, GRAY. Shrubby, at least the branches hirsute, very leafy: leaves rigidly
coriaceous, scabrous, reticulate-veiny, sessile, somewhat clasping, oblong-ovate, coarsely den-
tate, the teeth and apex spinose: heads ovoid, those seen only 2-celled. Proc. Am. Acad.
xi. 77. Canons beyond the southern border of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Gila
Desert, Arizona, Lemmon, foliage only.
83. XANTHIUM, Tourn. COCKLE-BUR, CLOT-BUR. (Old Greek name
of some plant the fruit of which, in the time of Dioscorides, was used to dye the
hair 3 r ello\v.) Coarse annuals, chiefly American, of the warmer region, but
now widely dispersed weeds ; with branching stems, alternate and usually lobed
or toothed leaves, and mostly clustered heads of greenish or yellowish flowers,
in terminal and larger axillary clusters of both sexes, the male uppermost ; the
lower of few or solitary female heads in axils of leaves : fl. summer and
autumn. Gsertn. Fruct. t. 164; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 291; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 355.
1. Leaves cordate or ovate, 3-ribbed from the base, with dentate margins
and often incised or lobed, on long petioles : axils unarmed : fruiting involucre
with two prominent indurated beaks. Euxanthium, DC. Prodr. v. 523. Per-
haps all derivatives of a single species.
X. STRUMAKIUM, L. A foot or two high: fruiting involucre half to two-thirds inch long,
glabrous or puberulent ; the beaks straight and rarely at all hooked at maturity, and spines
rather slender. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1400; Fl. Dan. t. 270; Schkuhr, Ilaudb. t. 291. A weed
of barnyards and in cult, grounds. (Sparingly nat. from Eu. 1 ? or Ind.?)
X. Canadense, MILL. Stouter: stem often punctate with brown spots: fruiting involucre
about an inch long, densely beset with rather long prickles, the stout beaks at maturity
usually hooked at the tip or incurved, the surface and base of the prickles more or less hispid,
sometimes glabrate. Diet. ed. 8, first after L. Spec. X. majus Canadense, Ilerm. Lugd.
635. X. elatius Amcricanum, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 604, sect. 15, t. 2, fig. 2. X. Carolinensc,
etc., Dill. Elth. ii. 432, t. 231. X. orientate, L. 1. c., in part. A'. Amcrlainum, Walt. Car.
231. X, mac.rocarptun, var. fjlabratiim, DC. Prodr. 1. c. X. strumariiim, var. Canadense, Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 294. Alluvial shores and waste grounds, from Texas to Saskatchewan,
Nevada, and California : perhaps extended northward by man's indirect agency. In brackish
soil it becomes
Var. echinatum.. A form, usually dwarf, with still denser and longer prickles, these
conspicuously hirsute or hispid. X. echinatum, Murr. Comm. Gcett. vi. 32, t. 4; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 294. X. maculatum, Raf. in Am. Jour. Sci. i. 151. X. macrocarpum, DC. Fl.
Fr. Suppl. 356, & Prodr. 1. c. Sandy sea-shores and on the Great Lakes. (S. Am.)
Zinnia. COMPOSITE. 253
2. Leaves attenuate to both ends and short-petioled ; their axils triply spi-
niferous. Acanthoxanthium, DC.
X. SPINOSUM, L. A foot or two high, much branched : leaves ovate-lanceolate with cuneate
base, the larger 3-lobed or iucisely pinnatifid, glabrate and green above, white-tomentose
beneath : axils bearing long and slender 3-parted yellow spines : fertile involucres solitary
or few in upper axils, cylindraceous, half-inch long, obtuse, armed with short weak prickles,
inconspicuously 1-2-beaked or pointless. Lam. 111. t. 655, f. 4; DC. 1. c. A weed of
S. Atlantic States and Pacific coasts, occasionally about seaports northward to Massachusetts.
(Nat. from Trop. Am.)
84. ZlNNIA, L. (Dr. J. G. Zinn, of Gottingen, who figured the original
species as a Rudbeckia.} American, chiefly Mexican, herbs or suffruticulose
plants ; with opposite and mostly sessile entire leaves, single heads terminating
the branches, and showy flowers, the bright-colored rays long enduring : fl. sum-
mer. Gen. ed. 6, 437 ; Grertn. Fruct. t, 172 ; Gray, PI. Wright, i. 105. Zinnia
& Diplothrix, DC. Prodr. v. 534, fill.
1. EUZI'NNIA. Herbs, mostly annual (some species perennial) : leaves from
ovate to linear : ray-flowers several or numerous, usually without pappus. PI.
Wright. 1. c.
O
Z. pauciflora, L. Erect annual : leaves from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, commonly with
subcordate base, scabrous : peduncle sometimes enlarging and hollow : involucre narrow-
campanulate : ligules from obovate to narrowly spatulate, red, purple, or yellow : akenes of
the disk 1-awued, sometimes with a rudiment of a second awn or tooth. Webb, Spic.
Gorg. 141. Z. pauciflora & Z. multiflora, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1269 (L. f. Dec. t. 12). Z. tenui-
flora, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 590, with narrow ligules. Z. rei-ohita, Cav. Ic. iii. 251. Z. leptopoda
& probably Z. bicuspis, DC. Prodr. v. 535. Z. intermedia, Engelm. Bot. Wisliz. 23. Lou-
isiana to Texas, but probably introduced, Arizona, apparently indigenous. (Mex., S. Am.,
and now widely dispersed.)
2. DIPLOTHRIX. Suffruticulose and tufted perennials : leaves narrow and
rigid, connate-sessile, usually crowded : ray-flowers commonly few, and their
akeues 2-4-aristate : head conspicuously pedunculate only in Z. juniper* 'folia. -
PI. Wright. 1. c. Diplothrix, DC.
* Ligules shorter than or little surpassing the disk, sometimes wanting: stems mainly herbaceous.
Heterodyne, Gray, PI. Wright. 1. c.
Z. anomala, GRAY. Scabrous-hispid: stems or branches very numerous from a ligneous
base and root, 4 to 8 inches high : leaves linear (half-inch to inch long, less than 2 lines
wide), one-nerved, obscurely 3-nerved at base : peduncle shorter than the uppermost leaves :
involucre oblong or campanulate (half-inch long) : ligules 4 to 6, oval or oblong, 1 to 3 lines
long, yellow or orange, occasionally the whole corolla wanting : hispid style-branches of the
disk-flowers acuminate-subulate. PI. Wright, i. 106, t. 10, & ii. 86. S. W. Texas, Wri : ,/,t.
(Mex. near Saltillo, Palmer, with broader involucre.)
* * Ligules (4 or 5) ample, dilatecl-obovate or roundish, at maturity much surpassing the disk,
light yellow or sulphur-color, becoming white in age: involucre narrow: stems or branches a
span or more high from the stout woody base or branching caudex.
Z. graildiflora, NUTT. Scabro-hispidulous : leaves linear, 3-nerved at base: involucre
usually 4 lines long: ligules at maturity 5 to 8 lines long : style-branches of the disk-flowers
attenuate-subulate. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 348 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 298 ; Torr.
ia Emory Rep. t. 4 (style incorrect) ; Gray, 1. c. Plains and bluffs, E. Colorado to S. W.
Texas and Arizona.
Z. pumila, GRAY. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves very narrowly linear (hardly half-line
wide, half-inch or less long), one-nerved : involucre 2 or 3 lines long, and ligules 2 to 4 lines :
style-branches of disk-flowers with short triangular-subulate tips. PI. Fendl. 81, PI. Wright.
1. c. High plains and table-lands, S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
254 COMPOSITE. Zinnia.
Z. acerosa, GRAY. Cinereous-pubescent or glabrate : leaves acerose-filiform, very obscurely
one-uerved, half-inch or more long : ligules 3 to 6 lines long : style-branches with subulate-
ovate tips. PI. Wright. 1. c. Diplothrix acerosa, DC. Prodr. v. 611. Hills, S. W. Texas,
Wright. (Adj. Mex.)
85. SANVITALIA, Lam. (Samntali, name of a noble Italian family.)
- Mostly low and branching herbs, of Mexico and its border ; with opposite and
more or less petioled leaves, almost always entire, and rather small heads termi-
nating the branches, ours and most of the species annuals. Jour. Hist. Nat.
ii. (1792), 17G, t. 33; 111. t. 686; Cav. Ic. iv. 31, t. 351 ; DC. Prodr. v. 628.
Lorcntea, Ort. Dec. iv. 42, t. 5.
1. Involucre of 2 or 3 series of bracts, their tips commonly herbaceous :
fructiferous receptacle from flat to strongly conical ; its chaffy bracts soft or
shorter than the flowers : disk commonly dark purple or brownish : rays yellow
or turning whitish in age : ray-akenes mostly triangular ; the comparative smooth-
ness, granulation, or murication of disk-akenes inconstant.
S. Ocymoides, DC. A span or two high, diffusely spreading, hispidulous or hirsute:
leaves oval, obtuse, abruptly contracted into the petiole : ligules shorter than the akene and
shorter than the three slender-subulate diverging awns : disk-akenes all wingless, quadran-
gular-compressed, sometimes 1-2-awued. S. ocymoides & S. trayicefolia, DC. 1. c. South-
ernmost border of Texas on the Eio Grande, Berlandier, Schoft. (Adj. Mex.)
S. PROCUMUENS, Lam. 1. c. (S. villosa, Cav. Ic. 1. c.), a Mexican species not uncommon in
cultivation, has conspicuous ligules much exceeding the awns at their base, and flattened disk-
akenes, some of them winged and l-2-aristellate, some not ; and the receptacle, at first barely
convex, may become even acutely conical in age. S. acinifolia, DC. 1. c., appears to be only
a form of it.
S. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Engelm. in Gray, PI. Wright, i. 112, of Northern Mexico, has similar
akenes and similar receptacle, lint rays nearly as short as those of S. ocymoides ; the chaff of
the receptacle disposed to be rigid-tipped as in the following.
2. Involucre a single series of dry bracts : fructiferous receptacle strongly
and acutely conical ; its chaffy bracts conspicuous and with rigid cuspidate tips :
rays white : disk pale : leaves rarely denticulate.
S. Aberti, GRAY. Erect, at length a foot high, with ascending branches, minutely pubescent
or hispidulous, glabrate : leaves lanceolate or nearly linear, 3-nerved, narrowed into a mar-
gined petiole : rays 1 to 3 lines long : akenes all corky-thickened ; those of the ray almost
terete, narrowly 4-sulcate, bearing 3 very short and stout nearly conical awns or tubercles ;
of the disk compressed-quadrangular, wingless, awuless, or sometimes minutely uniaristellate.
PI. Feudl. 87, & PI. Wright. 1 111. S. W. Texas, New Mexico, and S. Arizona.
86. HELIOPSIS, Pers. ("HAtos, the sun, oi/^s, likeness, from resemblance
to the Sunflower.) American perennials (or a Mexican and South American
species annual) ; with loosely branching stems, ovate or oblong and veiny mostly
serrate 3-ribbed or triple-ribbed leaves, on naked petioles, and pedunculate showy
heads ; the rather numerous rays yellow, and the disk yellowish. Fl. summer
and autumn. Syn. ii. 473 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 302 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 358.
H. leevis, PERS. Smooth and glabrous or nearly so throughout, 3 or 4 feet high : leaves
bright green, thinnish, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate from a truncate or slightly cuneate-
decurrent base, acuminate, coarsely and sharply serrate with numerous teeth (3 to 5 inches
long) : heads somewhat corymbose: rays broadly linear, an inch long, at length marcescent
and decaying away : akenes wholly glabrous and smooth, the summit wholly truncate or ob-
scurely 2-4-toothed. Pursh, Fl. ii. 563 ; Dunal, Mem. Mus. v. 55 ; Hook. Eot. Mag. t. 3372 ;
Tetragonotheca. COMPOSITE. 255
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. vars. ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. 42. Buphtlmlmnm l,<ii-
anthoidcs, L. Hort. Ups., & Spec. ii. 904; Michx. Fl. ii. 130; L'Her. Stirp. t. 45. Silph'iiiin
hi'liantholdes, L. Spec. ii. 920, pi. Grouov. *S. solidaginoides, L. Spec. 1. c. Rudbeckia oppositi-
folia, L. Spec. 1. c. 907, pi. Gronov. Helianthus Icevis, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1278, excl. syn. Grouov.,
which is Bidens chrysanthemoides. Hdepta grandiflora, &c., Raf. Neog. Dry or moist
ground, Canada to Florida.
H. SCabra, DUNAL. Hispidulous-scabrous, especially the leaves, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves
from broadly ovate and subcordate to ovate-lanceolate, the upper occasionally entire ; rays
oblong, nearly or quite an inch in length : akenes smooth, but the angles above pubescent
when young, the summit usually bearing an obscure or evident and irregular coroniform
chaffy pappus, or sometimes 2 or 3 conspicuous and rigid teeth ! Otherwise as in the fore-
going, into which it may pass. Mem. Mus. 1. c. 56, t. 4; Hook. Fl. i. 310; DC. Prodr.
v. 550, excl. syu. II. canescens, Don. //. Icei-is, var. scubra, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 303. -
W. New York to Saskatchewan, Missouri, and Arkansas.
H. gracilis, NUTT. Slender, a foot or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate (2 or
3 inches long), and with somewhat cuneate base, hispidulous-scabrous or almost smooth :
heads very much smaller, barely 3 or 4 lines high, and the fewer (5 to 10) rays 5 to 8 lines
long: akenes of //. scabra. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 353. //. licvis, var. minor,
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. H. Iceris, var. gracilis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 303. Dry and
shaded ground, Georgia and W. Florida to Louisiana and Arkansas, Gates & Jewett, Dmm-
iiwitd, Curtiss, &c.
H. parvifolia, GUAY. Slender, a foot or two high, from cinereous-puberulent and some-
what scabrous to nearly glabrous and green : leaves deltoid-lanceolate or rhomboid-lanceolate
or approaching deltoid-ovate, irregularly dentate with few or several teeth, or some entire,
an inch or two long : head barely half-inch high : rays oval or oblong, half or two-thirds
inch long : akenes glabrous but dull and rugulose-scabrous, the summit evenly truncate.
PI. Wright, ii. 86; Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 159. //. buphthalmoides, Gray in Bot. Mex.
Bound. 88, not Dimal. Canons and beds of streams, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. (Lower
Cal. & adj. Mex.)
H. BUPHTHALMofoES, Dunal, of Mexico and S. America, and H. ANNUA, Hemsley (which
may be the H. canescens, HBK., that being said to have an annual root, as has Parry &
Palmer's no. 431), have puberulent or papillose-pubescent akenes.
87. TETRAG-ONOTHECA, Dill. (Terpaywi/o?, four-angled, 0^, case,
i. e. involucre.) Erect perennial herbs, all N. American, with striate stems ;
the leaves all opposite, mostly sessile or coniiate-amplexicaul, thinnish, dentate
or sinuate-pinnatilid ; heads rather large, on slender peduncles terminating the
stem or hranches ; both disk- and ray-corollas light yellow, uervose (the ligules
5 to 10-nerved, and the usual 5 nerves of the throat of the disk-corollas not
rarely doubled), marcescent and persisting almost to the maturity of the akenes.
Fl. summer. Dill. Elth. ii. 378, t. 283; Linn. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. ;j(i7.
Tetragonotheca & Halea, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 303, 304.
1. Akenes very thick, obscurely 4-sidecLor almost terete, wholly destitute of
pappus : tube of the corolla villous below : stem simple : involucre very salient ly
4-anled in the bud.
T. heliailthoides, L. Villous with somewhat viscid hairs : stem a foot or two high :
ovate or rhomboid-oblong, closely sessile by a narrow base, dentate, 4 to 6 inches lung: lobes
of the involucre and 6 to 9 rays about an inch long. Spec. ii. 903 ; DC. Prodr. v. 552 ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Poh/mnia fctracjonotheca, L. Syst. ; Abbot, Ins. & PI. Georg. ii. t. 69 ;
Schkuhr, Handb. t. 263. Silphium Tetragonotheca, Gffirtn. Fruct. t. 171. --Dry ground,
Virginia to Florida.
2. Akenes distinctly 4-sided and the sides striate (somewhat pubescent),
moderately narrowed from the truncate summit to base : pappus plurisquamellate
256 COMPOSITE. Tetragonotheca.
or sometimes wanting : stems more branching : involucre ovoid and less angled
in the bud. ffalea, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
T. Texana, GRAY & ENGELM. Minutely pubescent or glabrate: stems slender, a foot or
two high, sometimes freely branched : cauline leaves laciniately pinuatifiil or incised, 2 or 3
inches long; the lower tapering into margined connate petioles; upper with winged petioles
or bases dilated at insertion and usually connate around the stem into a toothed disk: pe-
duncles elongated (4 to 9 inches long) : lobes of the involucre and 7 to 9 rays half-inch long:
tube of the corollas glandular : pappus none, or very minute, or sometimes of numerous
subulate squamellffi of length nearly equalling the breadth of the akeue. Proc. Am. Acad.
i. 48. Halea Texana, Gray, PI. Feudl. 83, & PI. Lindh. ii. 227. Tetragonosperma I yr at! fo-
lium, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 167. Rocky ground, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. (Adj.
Mex., Berlandier, Palmer.)
T. Ludoviciana, GRAY. Glabrous or nearly so : stem rather stout, 2 to 4 feet high, usu-
ally leafy to the top : leaves ovate or oblong, ample (the larger 4 to 7 inches long), saliently
and acutely dentate, the lowest on winged petioles, upper all connate by mostly broad bases
into a large perfoliate disk : peduncles mostly longer than the leaves : corollas with tube
somewhat pubescent: ligules 10 to 12, oval, less than half-inch long: akenes (over 2 lines
long) crowned with a conspicuous pappus of rigid oval or oblong chaffy scales in length
equalling the breadth of the truncate summit. E. Hall, List PI. Tex. 13, no. 328. Halea
Lutloi-iciaita, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Sandy soil, Louisiana (Hale, Leavenworlh) & Texas.
Var. repancla, Depauperate or dwarf form ; flowering sometimes from near the
ground ; the leaves therefore petioled, and the upper with perfoliate disk of united bases of
the petioles, nearly as in T. Texana: peduncles elongated as in that species; so that it is as
it were intermediate between the two. flalea repanda, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad.
1861, 458. Texas, near Corpus Christi, Buckley. W. of San Antonio, Palmer; ail au-
tumnal state, flowering as seedlings.
88. SCLEROCARPUS, Jacq. (SKAiypo's, hard, *ca/m>s, fruit, referring
to the indurating enclosing bracts.) Strigose-pubescent herbs (the original spe-
cies African, the others mostly Mexican) ; with branching stems, terminal pedun-
culate heads of yellow flowers, and alternate or opposite leaves : fl. summer. Act.
Helv. ix. 34, t. 2, & Ic. Rar. t. 176; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 364. Aldama,
LI. iv. & Lex. Nov. Gen. Descr. i. 14. Gymnopsis, DC. Prodr. v. 561, in part.
S. uniserialis, BEXTH. & HOOK. 1. c. Annual, a foot or two high, loosely branched:
leaves all alternate, slender-petioled, deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, or uppermost lanceolate,
coarsely dentate, the strigose pubescence of the lower face canescent : loose iuvolucral bracts
nearly in a single series ; corollas orange ; ligules 5 to 9, oval or oblong : fructiferous bracts
cartilaginous or bony, terete, roughish, in age often tuberculate. G//miu>jisis uniserialis,
Hook. Ic. t. 145; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 316; Pievue Hort. 1853, t. 14; Belg. Horticole, 1854,
t. 20. Aldama uniserialis, Gray, PI. Liudh. ii. 228. Moist or shady ground, Texas, Ber-
landier, Drummond, &c. (Mex.)
89. ECLlPTA, L. (Name from cVAeiVo), to be deficient, i. e. in pappus.)
- Insignificant herbs, of the warmer regions, chiefly of shores ; with opposite
leaves, and scattered small heads of whitish or yellowish flowers; in summer.
Mant. Alt. 157; DC. Prodr. v. 489.
E. alba, HASSKARL. Annual, 1 to 3 feet high, or often procumbent and smaller, minutely
strigose-pubescent : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparingly serrate, sessile or the lower some-
what petioled : peduncles from the upper axils, sometimes equalling the leaves, sometimes
shorter than the heads : ligules not surpassing the disk, white : akenes of the disk at length
corky-margined, truncate at summit or 4-denticulate when young. PI. Jav. Rar. 528. E.
erecta & E. prostrata, L. Mant. Alt. 286. E. procumbens & E. brachypoda, Michx. Fl. ii.
129. E. species 1-8, DC. 1. c. Cotula alba, L. Syst., & Verbcsina ofta/L. Spec. Eupatorio-
phalac.ron, Dill. Elth. 1. 113. Amellus Carol nn,i nun, Walt. Car. 313. Shores and river-banks,
New Jersey to Texas. (All subtropical countries.)
Isocarpha. COMPOSITE. 257
90. MELANTH^BA, Rohr. (Me'Aa?, black, and dv%>a, used for anther.)
Scabrous herbs (chiefly tropical American) ; with quadrangular branching
steins, opposite and sometimes lobed petioled leaves, and pedunculate heads :
corolla white and anthers blackish in the genuine (rayless) species. Fl. .summer.
- Rohr, Skriv. Nat. Selsk. Kiob. 1792, ii. 213 ; DC. Prodr. v. 544. Mclanun-
thera, Michx. Fl. ii. 106.
M. hastata, MICHX. 1. c. Stem 3 to 6 feet high from a perennial root, spotted : leaves
from ovate to ovate-lanceolate, or uppermost lanceolate, some of them commonly and vari-
ously hastately 3-lobed, unequally serrate : bracts of the involucre broadly lanceolate, of the
receptacle spinescently acuminate : heads in fruit half-inch in diameter. DC. Prodr. v. 545.
M. triiobata, pandurceformis, &c., Cass. Diet. xxix. 485. Bidens nivea, L. Spec. ii. 833 (Dill.
Elth. t. 46, 47). Athanasia hastaia, Walt. Car. 201. Moist ground, near the coast, S. Caro-
lina to Louisiana. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.)
M. deltoidea, MICHX. 1. c. Leaves ovate to deltoid or obscurely hastate : heads smaller :
bracts of the involucre ovate, of the receptacle only mucrouate. DC. 1. c. M. urt leu-folia,
Cass. 1. c. M. Linnvei, HBK. Bi<l<-n* nin'd, L. 1. c. as to Dill. Elth. t. 47, f. 3. Calea aspera,
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 583. S. Florida. ( W. Ind. to S. Am.)
M. lanceolata, BENTH. A foot or two high : leaves lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long, 2 to 5
lines wide), somewhat serrate: bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, of the receptacle cuspi-
dately mucrouate, short: disk about 4 lines in diameter. Videusk. Model. 1852-3, 88. M.
mlcrop/u/llu, Steetz in Seem. Bot. Herald, 156 (same year?). M . angustifolia, A. Rich, ex
Griseb. Cat. Cub. 154. S. Florida, Gurber, &c. (W. Lid., Ceutr. Am.)
91. VARILLA, Gray. (Native Mexican name of this and some similar
plants.) Shrubby or suffrutescent, glabrous; with linear and narrow entire and
sessile thickish or fleshy leaves, and pedunculate rather small heads, either corym-
bosely cymose or solitary; the flowers yellow. -- PI. Fendl. 106, & PI. Wright.
i. 123. Two known species.
V. Mexicana, GRAY, 1. c. Shrub about 5 feet high, much branched : branches very leafy,
terminated by a cyme of numerous short-peduucled heads : leaves not succulent, linear (1 to 3
inches long, at most 2 lines wide), attenuate to both ends, opposite : involucre somewhat tur-
biuate, 2 lines long, half the length of the rather narrow head : pappus of 5 to 10 or 15 slender
short bristles (which commonly bear 3 or 4 salient setulose denticulations), somewhat irreg-
ular, in length fully equal to the diameter of the akene. Coahuila, near Parras, Gregg,
Wisl.izenus, Palmer, &c., not yet found within U. S. (Mex.)
V. Texana, GRAY. Low, suffrutescent, much branched and very leafy at base : leaves very
succulent, terete, mostly alternate, obtuse : head larger, solitary on a long terminal and
minutely bracteate peduncle: involucre not turbinate, very much shorter than the broadly
ovoid conical disk: pappus none. PL Wright, i. 103. Saline soil, from the Nueces to the
Rio Grande, S. Texas, Wright, Trecul, Bigelow, Palmer. (Adj. Mex.)
92. ISOCARPHA, R. Br. (From to-o?, equal, Kap</>o s , chaff, the chaffy
bracts of the receptacle and of the involucre similar.) --Tropical American herbs ;
with small heads of white or whitish flowers, either solitary or glomerate at the
summit of a naked peduncle. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 110; Benth. fc Hook. Gen.
ii. 365. Dunantia, DC. Prodr. v. 626.
I. oppositifolia, 11. BR. 1. c. Pubescent: stems slender, 1 to 3 feet high from a peren-
nial (?) root, paniculately branched: leaves opposite, lanceolate, narrowed to both ends,
triplinerved, entire or sparingly denticulate: heads commonly in threes, in fruit 4 or 5 lines
long, narrow, with turbinate involucre : bracts of the involucre and reccpt:i.-l pointed, becom-
ing rigid and the receptacle columnar. Calea oppositifolia, L. Dunantia Achyrantht s,
Prodr. v. 672; Deless. Ic. Sel. iv. t. 37. S. borders of Texas on the Rio Grande, bchott.
(Adj. Mex., W. Ind.)
17
258 COMPOSITE. Spilunthes.
93. SPILANTHES, Jacq. (S^TA-os, a spot or stain, ar#os, flower; name
ordinarily without application.) Usually spreading or creeping herbs (mainly
tropical) ; with opposite and merely serrate leaves, rather small heads on pe-
duncles terminating the stem and branches, the rays when present yellow or
white, the disk-flowers yellow : herbage of some species acrid to the taste. Fl.
summer. Jacq. Amer. t. 214, Hort. Vinci, t. 135, & Ic. Rar. t. 584; Schreb.
Gen. 1266 ; DC. Prodr. v. 620. Spilanthus, L. Mant, 475; Gaertu. Fruct. ii.
t . iG7. Our species is of the section Acmella, DC. (Acmella, Pers. Syn. ii. 472),
having evident ligules.
o * ?
S. repens, MICHX. Perennial by the creeping base, slender, spreading or ascending, from
hirsuU'-pul >escent to almost glabrous: stems slender, a foot or two long: leaves from lan-
ceolate to oblong-ovate, an inch or two long, from sparsely denticulate to serrate, abruptly
or sometimes gradually contracted at base iuto a petiole : peduncles 2 to 4 inches long :
bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse: rays 8 to 12, yellow, rather shorter
than the obtusely ovoid disk- receptacle at length subulate-conical: akenes oblong, less
than a line long, not flat, most of them tuberculate-roughened in age and minutely liispidu-
lous, the margins not more so than the sides : pappus none or occasionally one or two mi-
nute awns. Fl. ii. 131 ; DC. Prodr. v. 623. S. repens & S. Nutlallii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
356. Anthemis repens, Walt. Car. 211 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 562. Acmella repens, Pers. Syn. 1. c.
.1. npuis & A. occidcntalis, Nutt. Gen. ii. 171. Low or wet ground, S. Carolina to Florida,
Arkansas, and Texas.
94. ECHINACEA, Mcench. ('E^u/os, hedgehog, or sea-urchin, in allusion
to the spinescent bracts of the receptacle.) Atlantic N. American perennial herbs ;
with thick and black roots of pungent taste (used in popular medicine under the
name of Black Sampson), rather stout erect stems, undivided somewhat nervose
leaves, the lower long-petioled, and solitary large heads on long peduncles ter-
minating the stem and few branches ; in summer. Rays from flesh-color to
rose-purple or crimson, much elongating with age: disk purplish. -- Meth. 591;
Cass. Diet, xxxv., xlvii., &c. ; DC. Prodr. v. 554, excl. sp. Mex. Urauneria,
Necker. ffeliochroa, Raf. Neog. 1825, no. 35, &c.
E. purpurea, MCEXCII. Commonly smooth and glabrous, or the leaves hispidulous and
rough, sometimes the stem also hispid, 2 feet or more high: leaves ovate-lanceolate or the
lower ovate from a broad base, commonly denticulate or acutely serrate, most of them
abruptly contracted into a margined petiole, some of the middle occasionally opposite;
lower often 3-5-pliuerved involucre well imbricated: ligules (rarely almost white), at first
an inch long and broadish, in age often elongated to 2 inches or more. Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 305, with varieties. E. purpurea & E. serotina, DC. Prodr. v. 554. Rudbeckia purpurea,
L. Spec. ii. 907 (Catesb. Car. t. 59 ; Pink. Aim. t. 21, &c.) ; Bot. Mag. t. 2 ; Schkuhr, Haudb.
t. 259; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept ii. t. 64. R. serotina, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 4, & Lodd. Oak
t, 1539 (R. jinr/iiifi a, var. m rut inn, Nutt. Gen. ii. 178), the hirsute or hispid form, which is
R. lii.-iptdn, Iloffm., and R. spcciosa, Link. Enum., ex DC. II<li<i<-lirna J.inmranti, elat/or,
a mm/ft, furcata, &c., Piaf. Neog. 1. c. Rich or deep soil, Virginia and Ohio to Illinois and
Louisiana.
E. angustifolia, DC. Hispid, either sparsely or densely, a foot or two high, mostly sim- 4
pie : leaves from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, entire, 3-nerved, all attenuate at base,
the lower into slender petioles; bracts of the involucre in only about 2 series: heads and
flowers nearly of the preceding (the fruiting disk often an inch high), or sometimes very
much smaller. Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 306; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5281 ; Sprague,
Wild Flowers of Ainer. t. 25. E. pallidn & E. santjiiitira, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
n. ser. vii. 354. llmll,, ,-kla pall/da, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 77. Prairies and bar-
rens, Saskatchewan and Nebraska to Texas, and east to Illinois, Tennessee, and Alabama;
in several forms ; some too near the preceding.
Eudbeckia. COMPOSITE. 259
95. RUDB^CKIA, L. CONEFLOAVER. (The two Professors Rudleck,
father and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal.)--N. American herbs, chit-fly
perennial ; with alternate leaves, either simple or compound, and commonly
showy pedunculate heads terminating stem and branches ; the rays yellow, rarely
with brown-purple base, in one species wholly crimson, the disk from fuscous to
purplish black. Fl. summer. Gfertn. Fr. t. 172. Rudbeclda & Dracopis, Cass.
1. c. ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 307, 316.
1. EURUDBECKIA. Akenes prismatic-quadrangular, when laterally com-
pressed yet with a salient angle or rib on the lateral faces : bracts persisting on
the receptacle. Rudbeckia, Cass., &c.
* Disk from hemispherical to globose or oblong-ovoid, dark-purple (at least, the corollas) or brown :
akenes (not rarely becoming somewhat curved) inserted by a central or slightly oblique basal
areolt.
-) Leaves elongated-linear, as it were gramineous, but rigid, nervose, shining, entire : chaffy
bractsof the receptacle firm or rigid, carinate-concave, commonly niucnmate from the thick i.-li
obtuse summit, rather shorter than the subtended flowers: style-tips conical-capitate : disk dark
brown, globular, becoming ovoid in fruit : stems rush-like and striate, 2 feet or more high from
a perennial root, bearing solitary rather small heads on long naked peduncles: rays in one
species dark crimson!
R. atrorubens, NUTT. Either glabrous or sparsely aiid minutely strigulose : stems rigid,
nearly simple, few-leaved : leaves rather obtuse, ofteu purplish ; radical and lowest cauliuo
often a foot long, a quarter to half an inch wide : involucre a few small subulate-linear
bracts : rafs 9 or more, oblong, half-inch long, dark crimson ; fructiferous disk two thirds of
an inch loig, its receptacle fusiform-conical ; its chaffy bracts thick and firm, oblong, tipped
with a sh<rt rigid mucro : akenes equably quadrangular, straight and with centrally basal
insertion, a line and a half long, inclusive of the short cupulate and obscurely 4-toothed
pappus. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 80. Ecliinacea atrorubens, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sue.
1. c. 354; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 30G (with var. graminifolia) ; Chapm. Fl. 226. Borders of
pine-barrer, ponds, Georgia and Florida, in the low country (also Arkansas, according to
Nuttall), Wray, Chapman, Mohr, &c.
R. bupleuioides, SIIUTTL. Perfectly glabrous and smooth, divergently branching : leaves
pale green, attenuate-acute ; the larger 7 or 8 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide : heads smaller ;
disk even vheii fructiferous hemispherical or globular : rays bright sulphur-yellow, over half-
inch long: chaffy bracts of the receptacle less rigid, obtuse with obscure or blunt imu-ro :
akeues sonewhat curved and with rather oblique insertion, 2 lines long, inclusive of the deep
cupuiate and irregularly dentate pappus. Coll. Rugel distrib. by Shuttleworth ; Chapm.
Fl. Suppl. 629. /?. Mohrii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. W. Florida. Wet pine
barrens near St. Marks, Ruyel, 1843. Margin of the Dead Lakes, near lola, C. Mohr.-
Maks approach to R. nitlda, var. longifolia.
-H- H- Leaves broad, various in form, thinnish, veiny : chaffy bracts of the receptacle merely
concave, thinnish, not rigid, acuminate into a slender almost awn-like cusp, about equalling the
flows; the whole disk black-purp'e : style-tips conical-capitate: root biennial.
R. trilcba, L. Bright green, sparsely hirsute or hispidulous, or the freely branching si em
glahroU and smooth, 2 to 5 feet high: radical leaves commonly cordate, sleuder-petiolcd ;
caulin ovate-lanceolate or broader, with cuneate stibsessile base, coarsely serrate, acuminate,
or the ipper lanceolate and nearly entire, the lower divergently 3-lobed or 3-parted : heads
short-pduncled : involucre foliaceous, soon reflexed ; its bracts linear or mostly so, unequal,
nearly n a single series: rays 8 to 10, half-inch to inch long, deep yellow, sometimes parti-
colored the basal portion orange or even brown-purple: disk depressed-globular, becoming
ovoid a maturity (about half-inch in diameter), glabrous, the upper part of the cliafl'y
bracts ad the flowers dark purple : akenes equably quadrangular: pappus a minute crown
or bordt. Spec, ii. 907 (pi. Gronov., Pluk., &c.) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 144 (excl. var.) ; Boi. Keg.
t. 525 ; }art. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 24 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. R. triloba, mi/>ti>iin-nt<>na (as to herb.
& pi. Vig. ), & aristata, Pursh, Fl. 575. Peramibus hirtns, Raf. Ann. Nat. 14. < '< ntn'nr/>Ii<r
triloba (t least as to "paleis acuminato-aristatis," though the rest of the character refers io
200 COMPOSITE. Rudbeclda.
R. subtomentosa) & C. aristata, Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, under t. 87. Dry or
moist ground, Peim. and Michigan to Illinois, and south to Georgia and Louisiana, but
mostly affecting the mountains.
Var. rUDestris. Large ; cauline leaves often 4 or 5 inches long : rays 9 to 13, an iuch
to inch and a half long, pure orange-yellow to the base : in habit approaching R. subtomentosa.
R. rupestris, Chickeriug in Bot. Gazette, vi. 188. Rocky slopes of the Roan and other
mountains on the borders of N. Carolina and Tenu., Chickf-rimj, &c.
Var. pinnatiloba, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A peculiar form, slender : leaves small ; many
of the radical and lowest cauline piunately 5-7-parted; upper ones seldom inch loi.g: heads
small, with rays at most half-inch and disk a quarter-inch long. W. Florida, Chapman.
+- H H Leaves from lanceolate to ovate or broader: chaffy bracts of the receptacle pointless
(obtuse or rarely acute), linear, concave or carinate-canaliculate, somewhat shorter thin the disk-
flowers: akenes nearly equably quadrangular, or in a few species moderately compressed : invo-
lucre foliaceous and variable, soon reflexed: disk very obtuse,
w- Cauline leaves or some of them 3-cleft or parted: disk of the head dull brownish: -ays yellow,
sometimes with dark base: root perennial: receptacle anisate-scented.
R. subtomentosa, PUKSII. Cinereous with short and mostly soft pubescence, 2 to 5 feet
high, branching above, leafy ; leaves nearly all petioled, acutely serrate, veiny, ovate, or the
terminal lobe ovate and the lateral oblong or lanceolate : peduncles not mud. elongated :
rays numerous, becoming iuch and a half long : disk hemispherical, becoming higher, half-
inch broad ; its bracts cinereous-puberulent and somewhat glandular at the obtuse tips :
pappus a short crenately toothed crown. Fl. ii. 575; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. R triloba, var.,
Michx. Fl. ii. 144. R. odorata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 78. R. tomentost, Ell. Sk. ii.
453, as to syu. & char. Centrocarpha trilobti, Don in Sweet, 1. c., as to syn. aui part of the
char. Prairies and open moist grounds, Illinois to Arkansas and Texas.
H- -H- Leaves undivided (rarely laciniate-dentate) : stems more simple
= Style-tips slender-subulate: bracts of the receptacle hispid or hirsute at and neir the acutish
summit: akenes small, equably quadrangular, wholly destitute of pappus: annua's or biennials,
hispid with spreading bristly hairs.
R. bicolor, NCTT. A foot or two high from an annual root, simple or bran-hing, slender
or not very stout : leaves from lanceolate to oblong or the lower obovate, mostly obtuse and
nearly entire, an inch or two long, indistinctly triplincrved, nearly all sessle : peduncles
rarely elongated : rays half-inch to barely inch long, either pure yellow, o- with brown
purple spots at base, or the lower half deep blackish-purple : disk black. Jour. Acad. Philad.
vii. 81 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Pine woods or sandy soil, Arkansas, Texas, and siaringly E. to
Georgia. Often confounded with small forms of the next, and with R.fulcjida. (Adj. Mex.)
R. hirta, L. Stouter and larger, 1 to 3 feet high from a biennial or sometimes a,nnr.al root,
rough-hispid and hirsute : leaves from oblong to lanceolate, sparingly serrate o? nearly
entire, slightly triplinerved, 2 to 5 inches long, the lower narrowed into margined petioles:
rays when well developed an inch or two long, golden yellow, sometimes deepei colored
toward the base : disk at first nearly black, in age dull brown, becoming ovoid ir fruit.
Spec. ii. 907 (Dill. Elth. t. 218); Michx. Fl. ii. 143, mainly; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gad. t. 82;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., chiefly. R. gracilis (Herb. Banks.?), Nutt. Gen. ii. 178 '] a deiauperate
form. R. discolor, Ell.? not Pursh. R. serotina, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 8>, at least
the cult, plant described, fide herb. Acad. Philad. R. stru/osa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 354, a hairy and short-rayed form. Dry and open ground, Saskatchewan aui W. Can-
ada to Florida, Texas, and Colorado : naturalized iu grass-fields in Eastern States : flowering
early as a biennial.
= = Style-tips short and thickened, obtuse (in H. nwllis narrower and sometimes acitish): pap-
pus more or less manifest : perennials.
a. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle obtuse and glabrous or nearly so, with blackish-purpi tips of the
same hue as the corollas, so that the hemispherical at length globose-ovoid disk is deep black-
purple: rays golden yellow, not rarely orange toward the base: akenes small, eaably quad-
rangular: pappus a very short commonly 4-toothed crown.
R. fulgida, AIT. Hispid or hirsute, a foot or two high : leaves from narrow/ to oblong-
lanceolate, mostly entire, lowest and radical spatulate-lauceolate and tapering uto slender
petioles : foliaceous bracts of the involucre often ample and equalling or soruethes half the
Rudbeckia. COMPOSITE. 261
length of the 12 to 14 fully inch-long rays: disk over half-inch in diameter. Ait. Kew.
iii. 251 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1996; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 54, & iii. t. 98 (both figures doubtful) ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., partly. R. chrysomela, Michx. Fl. ii. 143. A', discolor, Pursh, Fl. ii. 574,
DC. 1. c., hardly of Elliott. Dry soil, Pennsylvania? and Virginia to Louisiana and Texas]
west to Missouri; flowering rather late.
R. spathulata, MICHX. Strigulose : stem slender, 8 inches to 3 feet high : leaves obovate
or spatulate, or the uppermost lanceolate, denticulate or sparingly serrate, their pubescence
wholly appressed and short; radical and lowest cauline leaves mostly roundish at summit, at
base abruptly contracted into a winged petiole, or even subcordate : peduncle usually elon-
gated : involucre commonly shorter and rays fewer and broader than in the preceding, and
uisk smaller. Fl. ii. 144; Nutt. Gen. ii. 178. R. Heliopsidis, A. Ii. Curtiss, coll. no. 1427,
not Torr. & Gray. R. fttlgicla, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., var. y, & /3 in part. Pine woods, Vir-
ginia to Tennessee and Florida.
R. speciosa, WENDEROTH. Sparsely strigulose or hispid, or glabrate : stem 1 to 3 feet
high, usually with spreading branches terminating in long naked peduncles: leaves ovate-
lanceolate or the upper elongated-lanceolate, bright green, irregularly serrate or some
laciuiately dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauliue oblong or ovate, 3-5-
nerved, abruptly contracted into long margined petioles: rays 12 to 20, elongated, at length
inch and a half long : disk two-thirds to three-fourths inch high at maturity, the tips of the
purple chaffy bracts sparingly or obscurely ciliate : akeiies larger and longer than in the
related species (line and a half long), more curved. Ind. Sem. Hort. Marb. 1828, & in
Flora, 1829, i. Suppl. 30; Schrad. in DC. 1. c.; Torr. Gray, 1. c. ; Card. Chrou. 1881,
ii. 372, fig. 72. Probably R. asjwra, Pers. Syn. ii. 477. R. fulyida, Meehan, Nat. Flowers,
ser. 2, i. t. 14. Moist ground, Penn. to Michigan, Arkansas,*and upper part of Alabama.
Long cultivated in gardens as R.falgida, &c.
b. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle with the obtuse tips canescently puberulent or pubescent, and the
flowers duller purple ; the disk therefore browner.
1. Cauline leaves all closely sessile or partly clasping, not nervose: bristly style-tips little thick-
ened: akenes small : pappus very short or obsolete.
R. mollis, ELL. Cinereous, the leaves with fine and close pubescence, the (2 or 3 feet high
and usually branching) stem with hirsute or villous hairs, leafy : leaves spatulate-oblong,
obtuse, obscurely serrate, somewhat triplinerved (1 to 3 inches long): rays 12 to 20, at
length inch and a half long and disk fully half-inch high. Sk. ii. 453 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
R. si>athiihtta, Pursh, Fl. ii. 574. Dry soil, Georgia and Florida.
2. Cauline leaves mostlv petioled : heads small: quadrangular akenes only a line lung: pappus an
obscure crown or hardly any.
R. Heliopsidis, TORR. & GRAY. Almost glabrous, 2 feet high, rather slender, branched
above : leaves oblong-ovate, somewhat serrate, triplinerved and with a pair of nearly basal
nerves, abruptly contracted, the upper into short and wing-margined, the lower into long and
naked petioles : peduncles rather short and corymbose: involucre much shorter than the at
length globular disk (which is hardlv half-inch high) : rays light yellow, 10 or 12, an inch or
less long. Fl. ii. 310. Pine woods, Columbus, Georgia, Boykin. Cherokee Co. and Lee
Co., Alabama, Buckley, J. Donnell Smith.
3. Cauline leaves mostly petioled and like the radical 3-5-nerved; the veinlets reticulated: heads
large and showy: the soon drooping light yellow rays 1 or 2 inches long, and the hemispherical
at length s-omewhat conical receptacle becoming three fourths of an inch high : involucre rather
small: akeiies somewhat compressed: pappus a conspicuous cup-shaped irregularly dentate or
crenate crown : stem 2 or 3 feet high, usually simple, and head long-peduncled.
R. alismsefolia, TORR. & GRAY. Glabrous or minutely scabrous : leaves oval, obtuse or
sometimes acute, obscurely repand-dentate or entire, 3 to 6 inches long, abruptly contracted
into the petiole: rays 10 to 15. Fl. ii. 310. Plains and open pine woods, S. Arkansas,
W. Louisiana, and adjacent Texas, Leavenworth, Hale, Drummond.
R. grandiflora, C. C. GMELIN'. Hispidulous and scabrous throughout: leaves more rigid,
ovate to oval-lanceolate or uppermost lanceolate, commonly acute or acuminate at both ends,
sparingly serrate or denticulate, 4 to 9 inches long: rays 20 or more. Hort. Had. Carlsr.
1811 ; DC. 1. c. 556 (with some erroneous characters as to chuff and pappus, taken from a
plant of R. hirta) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Centrocarpha grandiflora, Don in Sweet. Brit. Fl.
262 COMPOSITE. Rudbeckia.
Gard. ser. 2, t. 87, but has not the character of his genus, which was founded on R. triloba.
Dry plains, Arkansas and W. Louisiana.
* * Disk from globular to cylindrical, greenish, fuscous, or yellowish; its chaffy bracts navicular
or more conduplicate, truncate or obtuse, little surpassing the mature akenes, sometimes decid-
uous from the receptacle at full maturity: style-branches with short and truncate-capitate
or obtuse tips: akenes comparatively large and somewhat compressed, inserted by a more or
less oblique or lateral areola, the more lateral when the receptacle is elongated: root in all
perennial.
H Rays several or numerous, an inch or two long, drooping, pure yellow: bracts of receptacle
pubescent at summit.
w- Leaves entire or barely dentate: disk when well developed at length columnar, an inch or two
long, three-fourths inch thick ; the receptacle bodkin-shaped : akeues about 3 lines long : pap-
pus a conspicuous irregularly toothed or denticulate cup: herbage completely glabrous and
smooth, or sometimes slightly scabrous in age : stems simple or nearly so, and the long-pe-
duncled heads solitary or few : involucre comparatively small. Macrocline, To IT. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 31-2.
R. Ilitida, NUTT. Stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves bright green, commonly lucid, thin-
coriaceous, nervose-ribbed, mostly acute, denticulate or entire ; radical and lower cauline
ovate-spatulate to lanceolate-oblong, tapering into long margined petioles, upper cauline
sessile, oblong to lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 78 ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 313. R. Utvigatu ? Nutt. Geu. 178, not Pursh. Wet ground, lower part of Georgia
to Florida and Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall.
Var. longifolia. Leaves elongated-lanceolate or broader, attenuate to both ends,
sparingly dentate or repand-denticulate, more nervose-veiny, in age sometimes minutely
scabrous; radical and lowest cauline 8 or 10 inches long, an inch or more broad in the
middle. 7i. i/Ialira, DC. Prodr. v. 556. Near Savannah, Georgia, according to herb. DC.
Tuskegee, Alabama, Beaumont. Manatee, Florida, GarL, ,-.
R. maxima, NUTT. Stem 4 to 9 feet high, and whole plant smooth and glaucous: leaves
from broadly ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, repand-denticulate or entire, with numerous
pinnate veins, the larger a foot or less long ; upper cauliue subcordate-clasping. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 354; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Moist pine woods and plains, Arkansas, Louisiana,
Texas ; first coll. by Xiittm'1.
-H- -H- Leaves more or less dentate, sometimes 2-lobed at base: pappus a conspicuous crown
deeply cleft into four irregular chaffy lobes: Pacific species!
R. Calif omica, GRAY. Pubescent, slightly scabrous : stem simple, 2 to 4 feet high, bear-
ing a solitary long-peduucled head : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the upper sessile
by a narrow base : rays from half-inch to 2 1 - iuches long, surpassing the loose linear bracts
of the involucre : disk from short-oblong to cylindraceous (becoming sometimes 2 inches
long); its bracts canescent at summit: akeues flattish. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 357, & Bot.
Calif, i. 347. California; moist ground in the Sierra Nevada; first coll. by Bridges.
-H- -H- -H- All or most of the cauline leaves 3-7-cleft or divided: pappus a short 4-toothed or
nearly entire crown: disk from globular or even hemispherical to oblong-cylindraceous in age,
dull yellowish; the tip of the chaffy bracts canescent.
R laciniata, L. Glabrous and smooth, sometimes minutely hispidulous-scabrous, at least
on the margins and upper face of the leaves : stem 2 to 7 feet high, branching above : leaves
veiny, broad, incisely and sparsely serrate ; radical commonly pinuately 5-7-foliolate or nearly
so, and divisions often laciniately 2-3-cleft ; lower cauliue 3-5-parted, upper 3-cleft, and those
of the branches few-toothed or entire : involucre loose and irregular, foliaceous : rays
soon drooping, few or several, oblanceolate. Spec. ii. 906 (Cornuti, Canad. t. 179, &c.) ;
Michx. Fl. ii. 144; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 16 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. R. laciniata, quinata, &
diyitata, Mill. Diet. ed. 6. R. laciniata & digilatn, Ait. Kew. iii. 251 ; DC. 1. c. Moist ground,
commonly in thickets, Canada to Florida, and westwardly from Montana to New Mexico
and Arizona. A variable species, of which an extreme form is
Var. humilis. A foot or two high, simple or branching, commonly slender, glabrous :
radical leaves diverse, some of them undivided or with roundish divisions : heads smaller ;
the rays seldom inch long and globular disk barely half-inch high. Probably R. la? cigala,
Pursh, 1. c. Alleghany Mountains from Virginia to Georgia and Teuuessee, common in
open woods, &c., at 4,000 to 6,000 feet.
Lepachys. COMPOSITE.
R. heterophylla, TORR. & GRAY. Cinereous-pubescent : stem 2 to 4 foot high, slender,
bearing several somewhat corymbose short-peduncled small heads leaves coarsely and
rather obtusely serrate ; some of the radical cordate-obicular and undivided, others with
3 ovate undivided leaflets, the terminal petiolulate , lower cauline 3-5-parted ; upper all ovate,
coarsely toothed, nearly sessile : rays an inch or less long: disk in fruit globose and barely
half-inch high. Fl. ii. 312; Chapm. El. 228. Swamps, Middle Florida, Chapman.
-f -1 Rays wholly wanting : proper tube of disk-corollas very short: disk brownish, from ovoid
to columnar ; its chaffy bracts ptiberulent at tip : receptacle bodkin-shaped : akencs rather large :
scarious cupulate-coronifonn pappus very conspicuous : stem stout, neany simple, 2 or 3 feet
high: involucre foliaceous, variable. Aco*mia, Nutt.
R. OCCidentalis, NUTT. Nearly glabrous and smooth, or somewhat scabrous-puberulent :
leaves undivided, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire or irregularly and sparingly
dentate (4 to 8 inches long) ; upper sessile by a rounded or subcordate base ; lower abrupt ly
coutracted into a short winged petiole, rarely a pair of obscure lateral lobes : disk in age
becoming inch and a half long, and akeiies 2 lines long. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 355;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Woods along streams, Rocky Mountains of Wyoming to Idaho and
Oregon; first, coll. by Nnltall. Sierra Nevada in Butte Co., California (Bidwell), &c.
R. HlOlltana, GRAY. Smoother, somewhat glaucous, tall and very stout: leaves (8 to 12
indies long) pinnately parted into 3 to 9 oblong-lanceolate divisions, or the lanceolate upper-
most canline with 2 to 4 narrow lateral lobes : disk cylinclraeeous or cylindrical, at length
often 3 inches long and an inch in diameter : akenes with the deep coronif orm pappus 3 or 4
lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217. Rocky Mountains of Colorado, E. Hall, Brande-
qee, the latter in the Elk Mountains.
2. DRACOPIS. Akenes nearly terete, not angled, minutely striate, destitute
of pappus, inserted by an obliquely lateral areola, and subtended by navicular
bracts, which are more or less deciduous in a,ge.--Dracopis, Cass., DC., &c.
R. amplexicaulis, VAHL. A foot or two high from an annual root, smooth and glabrous,
somewhat glaucous, leafy ; the branches terminated by solitary rather showy heads : leaves
strictly one-ribbed, reticulate-veiny, from entire to sparingly serrate ; lower oblong-spatulate
and sessile by a tapering base ; upper oblong and ovate with cordate-clasping base, involucre
of a few small foliaceous bracts: rays oblong, half-inch or more long, yellow, often with a
brown-purple base : disk brownish, cylindraceous in age: receptacle slender: akenes small,
minutely rugulose-roughened transversely between the sulcate stria;. Act. Hafn. ii. 29,
t. 4 (179.3) ; Schkuhr, llandb. t. 259 ; Pursh, El. ii. 573. R. amplextfolia, Jacq. Ic. Rar iii.
t. 592 (1793). R. pcrfoliatn, Cav. Ic. t, 252. 7?. spntftn/ntii, Nutt. Gen. ii. 178 (excl. hab.),
not Michx. Dracopis ainplejric<t.n/is, Cass. Diet. xxxv. 273; DC. Prodr. v. 558; Torr. &
Gray, El. ii. 316. Low grounds, Louisiana and Texas. (Adj. Mex.)
96. LEPACHYS, Raf. (Ae??, a scale, and Tru^u'?, thick, Ihe upper part
of the bracts of the receptacle thickened.) Herbs (Atlantic N. American) ; with
pinnately divided or parted alternate leaves, and terminal long-peduncled showy
heads, the drooping rays mostly broad, yellow or partly brown-purple ; the disk
at first grayish, the truncate inflexed tips of the chaff canescently pubescent;
disk-corollas yellowish turning fuscous. Heads redolent with anisate odor when
bruised. Chaffy bracts commonly marked with an intra-marginal purple line or
spot, containing volatile oil or resin. Fl. summer. -- Less. Syn. 225; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 313. Lepachys & Ratilida, Raf. in Jour. Phys. 1819, 100. OMls-
caria, Cass. Diet. xlvi. 401 (1825) ; DC. Prodr. v. 558.
1. Akenes with convex or obscurely angled faces: root perennial. Obeli s-
caria, Cass.
* Style-tips lanceolate-subulate : rays large and long.
L. pinnata, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Strigulose-pubescent and scabrous, 3 to 5 feet high,
slender: leaves 3-7-foliolate, and the leaflets lanceolate or broader, usually sparsrh serrate.
sometimes lobed, the uppermost commonly confluent : rays pure yellow, oblong-lanceolate,
264 COMPOSITE. Lepachys.
often 2 inches long or more, very much exceeding the at length short-oblong disk : chaffy
bracts of the receptacle becoming much corky-thickened at the enlarging summit : ovary not
rarely wing-margined ; akenes subcuueate-oblong, the inner margin acute and salient, and
produced at summit into a short rounded tooth, which is occasionally aristellate-poiuted.
L. plnnatijida & L. angustifolia, Raf. 1. c. Rudbeckia pinnata, Vent. Cels. t. 71 ; Smith, Exot.
Bot. i. t. 38; Bot. Mag. t. 2310. R. dinitata, Willd. Spec. iii. 2247, excl. syn. R. tomentosa,
Ell. Sk. ii. 453, as to herb., hardly of char. Obeliscaria pinnata, Cass. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. Dry
prairies, W. New York to Michigan and Iowa, south to W. Florida and Louisiana.
* * Style-tips short and obtuse: rays oval or oblong, mostly shorter than the fruiting disk, not
rarely particolored with brown purple : akenes commonly with a scarious and more or less cili-
ate margin or sometimes narrow wing to the inner edge: divisions or lobes of the leaves mostly
entire.
L. TclgetGS, GRAY. A foot high, branching, leafy, strigulose-cinereous : leaves thickish,
mostly with 3 to 7 narrowly linear rather rigid lobes : heads rather short-peduncled : rays
few, a quarter to half an inch long : disk globose to barely oblong, half-inch high : pappus of
one or sometimes two subulate or awn-like deciduous teeth, and no intermediate squamellae.
Pacif. R. Hep. iv. 103. Lepachys columnaris, var. Tanetes, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 10(5.
Rudbeckia Tagctes, James in Long Exped. ii. 68. R. globosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad.
vii. 19, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 355. Obeliscaria Tagetes, DC. 1. c. Alluvial plains,
Arkansas to W. Texas and New Mexico ; first coll. by James.
L. columnaris, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Strigose-scabrous, a foot or two high, branching
from the base, terminated by long peduncles bearing a showy head: divisions of the cauline
leaves 5 to 9, from oblong to narrowly linear, sometimes 2-3-cleft : rays commonly an inch
long or more, normally all yellow: disk at length columnar and inch or more long: pappus
of the preceding, but usually a series of minute and delicate squamellae around the broad
flat summit. Rudbeckia columnaris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 575; Bot. Mag. t. 1601 ; Hook. Fl. i. 311 ;
Sprague, Wild Flowers of Amer., 43, t. 8. Ratibida snlrata, Raf. 1. c. R. columnaris, Don,
Brit. Fl. Gard. u. ser. iv. 361. Obeliscaria columnaris, DC. 1. c. Plains and prairies, Sas-
katchewan to the Rocky Mountains, and south to Texas and Arizona.
Var. pulcherrima, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Differs only in having a part or even the
whole upper face of the ray brown-purple ; varies southward into more slender and branch-
ing forms, some with rays reduced to a quarter-inch. Obeliscaria pulcherrima, DC. 1. c.
Ratibidd columnaris, var. pulcherrima, Don, I.e. t. 361. Nebraska to Arizona and Texas.
(Adj. Mcx.)
2. Akenes completely flat : style-tips slender-subulate, very hispid : root
probably annual or biennial. Lophochcena, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
L. pecluncularis, TORR. & GRAY. Strigose-scabrous or pubescent and somewhat cinereous,
2 or 3 feet high, inchtding the naked peduncle of a foot or more : leaves rather large,
irregularly bipinnately parted or pinnatcly parted and some of the lobes incisely pinnatifid
or toothed, these oblong-linear or broader: rays obovate, an inch or less long and pure
yellow, or sometimes only quarter-inch long and particolored : disk cylindrical, the largest
an inch and a half long: akenes broadly and somewhat obliquely obovate, with no nerve or
elevation on the face, from narrowly to broadly winged and squamellate-fimbriate on at least
the inner edge, deeply notched at summit by an extension into two chaffy teeth, the inner
one large and triangular-subulate, the outer smaller, and the notch fringed with small irreg-
ular squamellae. Fl. ii. 315. Low ground, Texas, Drummond, Wright, &c.
Var. picta, GRAY. Pubescence more cinereous: leaves simply and lyrately pinnately
parted into fewer (5 to 7) divisions; these incised, the larger terminal one ovate-oblong or
obovate : rays barely half-inch long, brown-purple with yellow edge : disk becoming inch
and a half long. PI. Wright, i. 107. L. serrata, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861,
457. Texas, near the coast, aud in sandy woods, Wright, Buckley, Hall.
97. WEDELIA, Jacq. (Prof. G. W. Wedel, of Jena, in the latter part of
the 17th century.) -- Tropical herbs or undershrubs, mostly of sea-shores; with
opposite leaves, and lateral or terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers.
One species has reached our southernmost coast.
Balsamorrhiza. COMPOSITE. 265
W. carnosa, PKRS. Perennial herb, slightly strigose-hispidnlons, glabrate : stem exten-
sively creeping, sending up erect brandies : leaves fleshy, mostly sessile, cuneate-obkmg to
obovate, somewhat serrate, often with some coarse teeth or 3 to 5 short lobes : rays golden
yellow, 3-toothed, little surpassing the oblong foliaceous involucral bracts: akeues (3 lines
long including the cupulate pappus) much thickened and muricate-scabrous at maturity, the
' attenuate base compressed and sharp-edged. Syn. ii." 490; DC. Prodr. v. 538 ; Griseb. Fl.
W. Ind. 371. Si/phium trilobatum, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1302 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 107, f. 2;
Sloane, Jam. 1. 155, f. 1). Buphthalmum repens, Lam. Biscayne Bay, S. E. Florida Curtiss.
(\V. Ind., S. Am.)
98. BORRlCHIA, Adans. (Ok Borrich, a Danish botanist of the 17th
century.) -- Shrubs or suffruticose and more or less fleshy plants of the sea-coast,
canescent, or becoming glabrate and green ; with opposite entire or denticulate
leaves tapering somewhat into a petiole, and rather large heads of yellow flowers
on terminal peduncles: fl. summer. Fain. ii. 130; DC. Prodr. v. 488.
B. arborescens, DC. Shrub 4 feet or less high, fleshy, much branched : leaves spatulate-
lanceolate, rigidly mticronate, veinless : involucre appressed : bracts of the receptacle obtuse
or barely mucronate. Prodr. 1. c. Asteriscus, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 38, f. 43. Coronn-sofis
frutcscens, &c., Plum. ed. Burm. t. 16, f. 2. Buphthalmum arborescens, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1273.
Sandy shores and Keys, S. Florida. (\V. Ind. to Pern.)
B. frutesceilS, DC. Less woody, more permanently cauescent ; the simpler stems 1 to 3 feet
high : leaves fleshy-coriaceous, from obovate to spatulate-lauceolate, sometimes dentate :
bracts of the involucre smaller and looser, spreading in age ; of the receptacle spiuulose-
cuspidate Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 2G8. Asteriscus frutescens, &c., Dill. Elth.
t. 38, f. 44. Chrysanthemum fruticosum, &c., C&tesb. Car. i. t. 93. Buphthalmum frutescens,
L. Spec. ii. 903; Walt. Car. 212. Sandy sea-coast, Virginia to Texas. (Mex., &c.)
99. BALSAMORRHfZA, Hook. (BaAo-a/xo*', balsam, p%a, root.)
Low perennials (all of Central and Western N. America) ; with thick and deep
roots, which exude a terebinthine balsam, and send up a tuft of radical leaves,
mostly on long petioles, and short simple few-leaved flowering stems or naked
scapes, bearing large and mostly solitary heads of yellow flowers ; the rays ample
and numerous. Cauline leaves when present alternate or occasionally opposite,
petioled. The root, when peeled (to get rid of the terebinthine rind) and baked,
is an article of food to the aborigines, and the akenes are also eaten. --F1. 5.
310 (under Heliopsis) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 300; Gray, PI. Fendl. 81.
1. Ligules becoming thin-papery, and persistent on or very tardily deciduous
from the canescently pubescent akenes. -- Kalliactis, Gray, 1. c.
B. Careyana, GHAY, 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent, slightly scabrous: flowering stems a foot
high, bearing 3 or 4 small lanceolate leaves and 2 to 7 racemosely disposed heads : leaves
subcoriaceous, entire, reticulated ; the radical cordate-lanceolate, a span or more in length :
involucre half-inch or more high : ligules oval, hardly inch long, abruptly contracted into a
very short but distinct tube: style-branches of the disk-flowers subulate and very hispid
throughout. Sandy plains on the Clearwatcr. Idaho, fl. May, Spa/ding. Rediscovered on
the Wallawalla, Washington Terr., 1883, by /3mndeyee,-vriih. the rays deciduous from the
mature fruit.
2. Ligules deciduous in the ordinary manner: akenes glabrous: stems or
scapes terminated by solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 heads.
* Leaves entire or merely serrate ; the principal ones cordate or with cordate base and long-peti-
olecl. Artorhiza, Nutt. Trans. Am. Fhii. Soc. vii. 350. Espeletia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad.
vii. 39, not Humb. & Bon pi.
B. sagittata, NITTT. Silvery-tomentnlose or canescent, and the involucre white-woolly :
radical leaves from cordate-oblong to hastate, entire or nearly so (4 to 9 inches long, the
266 COMPOSITE. Balsamorrhiza.
base 2 to 6 inches wide, on petioles of greater length) ; the few and inconspicuous cauline
from linear to spatulate : scape at length a foot or more high : rays 1 to nearly 2 inches long.
Gray, Bot. C'alif. i. 348. B. sagittata & B. ln/inutlioides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Espeletia helianthoides & E. sagittata, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38,
t. 4. Buphttialmum sagittatum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 564. Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Mon-
tana and Brit. Columbia, the border of California, and 8. Utah. Young stalks, root, and
seeds used for food by the Indians. Outer bracts of the involucre sometimes oblong-lanceo-
late, foliaceotis, and surpassing the disk (as iu Pursh's original) ; or all more imbricate and
conformed, the outer shorter.
B. deltoidea, NUTT. Trans. 1. c. Green, more or less pubescent or glabrate : leaves broadly
cordate to cordately ovate-lanceolate, sometimes nearly deltoid, from irregularly serrate to
entire, 4 to 10 inches long: scape with small lanceolate or rarely ovate leaves, not rarely
2-3-cephalous : rays an inch or more long. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. B.
(j/abrescens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 317. Idaho and Brit. Columbia to S. California.
B. Bolanderi, GRAY. Green, glabrate : stems stout, a span or two high, and bearing 2 or 3
subcordate nearly entire leaves, similar to and as large as the radical ones : principal invo-
lucre of the short-peduncled head a single or double series of ovate-lanceolate foliaceous
bracts, over an inch long: apparently disk-aken.es flattened. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 356, &
Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, at Auburn, and on the Sacramento, Fremont, Rich, Bolander.
* * Leaves not cordate and entire, varying from laciniately dentate to pinnately or bipinnately
divided: heads solitary on a naked scape, or scapiform stem bearing a pair of small opposite
leaves towards the base : thick oaudex or root exceedingly babamic-resiniferous. Perhaps all
forms of one polymorphous species. Eubalsamorrjtiza, Nutt.
B. macrophylla, NUTT. Green, not at all canescent, glabrate, except the ciliate margins
of the leaves, usually minutely glandiilar-viscidulous : leaVes ample, ovate or oblong in out-
line, a span to a foot long, some with only one or two lobes or coarse teeth, most of them
pinnately parted into broadly lanceolate and commonly entire lobes (of 2 or 3 inches in
length) : scapes a foot or two high : bracts of the involucre from narrowly lanceolate to
spatulate and foliaceous, an inch or two long, nearly equal, either half or fully the length of
the rays. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 350 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 301 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp.
168. Rocky and Wahsatch Mountains, Wyoming to Utah, Nuttall, Fremont, Watson.
B. terebinthacea, NUTT. Slightly and minutely if at all canescent: leaves from green
and glabrate to minutely hispidulous-scabrous, or barely hirsutulous at margins, at length
rigid and reticulate-veiny, oblong-lanceolate and with cuneate or truncate base (4 to 8 inches
long, 1 to 3 wide), spinulosely dentate or sometimes crenate-dentate, or some laciniate-incised.
or even pinuatifid : scapes a span to a foot high : involucre lanate-tomeutose, of numerous
and narrow linear-lanceolate and attenuate loose and nearly equal bracts, an inch long.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 349 (name only) ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 82. B. llookeri, var., Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. Heliopsis? terebinthacea, Hook. Fl. ii. 310 ? W. Idaho to E. Oregon, in hard
or stony ground, Dow/las, Spalding, Nevhts, CusirL-.
B. Hookeri, NUTT. 1. c. Canescent with fine sericeous or more tomentose pubescence, but
not at all hirsute : scapes and leaves a span to a foot high ; the latter lanceolate or elongated-
oblong in outline, pinnately or bipinnately parted into lanceolate or linear divisions or lobes,
or some of them only pinnatifid or incised : involucre from canesceutly puberulent to lanate ;
its bracts from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, either unequal and well imbricated or sometimes
the outermost foliaceous and enlarged. Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. var.; Eaton in Bot. King
Exp. 1. c. Heliopsis? balsamorrhiza, Hook. 1. c. Hills and rocky plains, eastern parts of
Washington Terr, to Nevada and W. California; first coll. by Douglas.
Var. incana. Densely white-tomentose : leaves often of broader outline. B. inrann,
Nutt. 1. c. 350 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Wyoming and Montana to northern parts of Cali-
fornia ; first coll. by Nuttall.
B. hirsuta, NUTT. 1. c. Green, roughish-hirsute or hispidulous, not tomeutose nor canes-
cent : leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnately parted or divided, the divisions (9 to 15 lines in
length) incisely toothed or again piuuatifid, soon rigid: scapes a span to a foot high: invo-
lucre hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, of narrowly lanceolate or more attenuate bracts.
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton, 1. c. Utah to Brit. Columbia and N. E. California, in the dry
region ; first coll. by Douglas and Nuttall,
Wyethia. COMPOSITE. 267
100. "WY^THIA, Nutt. (Nathaniel J. Wyeth, who collected the species
on which the genus was founded, and with whom Nuttall subsequently crossed
the continent.) Stout and mostly low perennials (W. North-American); with
more or less balsamic or resiniferous juice, ample and undivided pinnately veined
alternate leaves (commonly entire), and large heads of mostly yellow flowers.
(Thick roots and seeds were food of the Indians.) Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38,
& Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 351 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. G54. Alar$onia,
DC. Prodr. v. 537.
* Rays from " pale yellow " or dull straw-color to white. The original Wyethia, Nutt.
W. heliantlioides, NUTT. A span to a foot and a half high, simple and with a single
large head, or rarely 3 or 4, hirsute : leaves from oval to broadly lanceolate, denticulate or
entire, 4 to 8 inches long, mostly narrowed at base into a short margined petiole : heads an
inch high : bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, numerous : rays nearly 2 inches long :
akenes 4 lines long, either prismatic-quadrangular or flatfish, 12-uerved: pappus shorter
than the width of the akene, sometimes minute, chaffy-coronifbrm and cleft into few or
several teeth. Jour. Acad. Philad. 1. c. t. 5; Gray, 1. c. Northern Rocky Mountains, in
moist valleys, S. W. Montana to E. Oregon, Wi/eth, Ncvius, Cusic/c, Watson, Scribner.
* * Rays bright yellow. Alurqonia, DC. (Dedicated to the memory of Hernando de Alaroon,
a noble Spanish navigator, who, in 1540, first visited and carefully surveyed the coast of Cali-
fornia.)
-I Involucre of the very large and broad he'ids foliaceous; the spreading outer bracts ovate or
oblong, commonly 2 inches or more in length, much surpassing the disk (which is of about equal
breadth) and often exceeding the rays: akenes very stout and thick, half-inch long, with com-
paratively obtuse angles, crowned with a 1 irge chaffy-coriaceous calyciforni pappus, which is
cleft into unequal teeth or lobes: cauline leaves short-petioled.
"W. helenioides, NUTT. 1. c. Very stout, 2 or 3 feet high, floccosely tomentose, glabrate
in age : leaves oblong and ovate, mostly entire, radical a foot or two and upper cauline
C to 8 inches long: akenes pubescent toward the summit. Gray, PI. Fendl. 82, Proc. Am.
Acad. I.e., & Bot. Calif, i. 349. Alarqonia helenioides, DC. 1. c. Hillsides around and
near San Francisco Bay, California ; first coll. by Douglas.
. glabra, GRAY. A foot or two high, glabrous or nearly so, balsamic-viscid : leaves of
the preceding in size and shape, or narrower, sometimes serrate: akenes glabrous. 1'roc.
Am. Acad. vi. 543, viii. C54, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. W. California, from Marin Co. southward,
Andrews, Brewer, &c.
-I -t Involucre of the smaller heads (about inch or less high) narrower and fewer-flowered,
usually campanulate ; the outer bracts even when foliaceous seldom surpassing the disk : akenes
less thick, 3 to 5 lines long.
-H- Glabrous and smooth throughout, usually balsamic-viscid: leaves thickish, lanceolate to ob-
long, upper sessile, lower tapering into margined petioles: outer bracts of the nari\.wish invo-
lucre disposed to be foliaceous.
\ amplexicaulis, NUTT. A foot or two high, robust: leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong,
entire or denticulate; radical often a foot or more long; upper cauline (a span or so long)
partly clasping by a rounded or somewhat narrowed base : heads solitary or several, short-
pcduncled : involucral bracts broadly lanceolate, acute or obtuse, one or two outer ones
occasionally foliaceous and larger : rays inch and a half long : akenes with a conspicuous
crown cleft into acute teeth, and sometimes a small awn. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I.e.;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Espeletia amplexicaulis, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 38. Si/p/iinm ?
/(ere, Hook. Loncl. Jour. Bot. vi. 244. Moist valleys and plains, Rocky Mountains from
Colorado to Montana, west to Nevada and Brit. Columbia. Pe-ik of the Indians.
"W. longicaulis, GRAY. Nearly resembles preceding, taller, rather slender : leaves lanceo-
late, even uppermost with tapering base and not clasping: heads solitary or paniculate, on
long and slender peduncles : outer series of involucral bracts oblong or somewhat spatulate,
foliaceous, mostly surpassing the inner and the disk : rays only inch long : akei.es with a
short erosely denticulate crown. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4. Prairies of E. Ilumboldt Co.,
California, Rattan.
268 COMPOSITE. Wyefhia.
+4. .s-j. Glabrous, but scabridous and balsamic-viscid : leaves ovate, abruptly petioled, coriaceous.
"W. reticulata, GREENE. Habit of W. ovata, only puberulent-hispidulous without tomen-
tum, leafy up to the corymbosely disposed heads : cauliue leaves ovate or subcordate, short-
petioled (4 down to 2 inches long), 3-5-plinerved, and with veins and veinlets much reticu-
lated, shilling; those of flowering branches small, oblong, 3-uerved : heads hemispherical,
little over half-inch high: bracts of involucre oblong-linear, obtuse, short ; outer foliaceous
and loose, sometimes one or two enlarged : rays apparently few and rather small : akenes
compressed-quadrangular, glabrous (barely 3 lines long) : pappus an extremely short erose-
deuticulate crown; uo awn. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 9. Banks of Sweetwater Creek, El
Dorado Co., California, jl/rs. Curran.
++ -H- -K- Tomentose or woolly, but sometimes glabrate in age : leaves all petioled and becoming
coriaceous, ample, even the cauline 4 to 7 inches long.
= Involucre hemispherical, of numerous broadly lanceolate bracts, not surpassing the disk: rays
numerous, 20 to 24.
W\ OVata, TORR. & GRAY. Cauescent with a soft not floccose tomentum, 2 or 3 feet high
from running rootstocks, commonly branching : leaves ovate, the cauliue subcordate and
with acute apex, somewhat triplinerved ; veinlets not much reticulated : pappus a chaffy,
several-toothed crown. Emory Rep. 143 (1848, wholly overlooked); Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 357, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, on the western side of the Sierra Nevada.
= = Involucre narrower, campanulate; the outer bracts larger than the inner and more or k-ss
surpassing the disk : ravs fewer: leaves at length firm-coriaceous and the veinlets conspicuously
reticulated.
"W. mollis, GRAY. White with floccose wool when young, more or less glabrate in age,
1 to 3 feet high, bearing solitary or few heads : leaves oblong and ovate, with either rounded
or truncate or cuneate base : rays 10 to 15, over an inch long : akenes minutely pubescent at
summit : pappus a truncate chaffy crown, and 2 or in the ray 3 to 5 subulate awns. Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 544, viii. 655, &c. Sierra Nevada, especially on the eastern side, from Sierra
Valley to Virginia City, Nevada, and westward to the Yosemite; first coll. by Anderson.
"W. COriacea, GRAY. Sericeous-tomentose, stout, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves rigid, broadly
ovate or oval, obtuse or apiculate, somewhat triplinerved, even the upper cauline (5 to 7
inches long) seldom longer than their petiole : rays 5 to 9, hardly surpassing the involucre :
pappus a short obtusely 4-6-cleft crown. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77, & Bot. Calif, i. C16.
Sau Diego Co., California, ou the Mesa Grande, &c., Palmer, Parish.
H- -M- ++ ++ Ilirsutely more or less pubescent, often somewhat balsamic-glutinous: leaves
elongated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, or the upper and sessile cauline broader: bracts
of the involucre mostly foliaceous or herbaceous, lanceolate or broader, equalling the disk.
"W". angUStifolia, NUTT. A span to 2 feet high, and the radical leaves about as long,
these occasionally denticulate or serrate, often undulate : involucre fully inch high, loose or
spreading : head solitary : rays mostly numerous, inch and a half long : pappus a short and
chaffy fimbriolate-cleft crown, and one or two or in the ray 3 or 4 elongated subulate awns,
one of them about the length of the akene. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655, & Bot. Calif.
1. c. W. angnstifolia & W. robusta, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 299. Hdianthus
long! foil us, Hook. Fl. i. 312; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 353. 77. Hookerianus, DC. Prodr.
Alurconia angustifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 537. Plains and hills, commonly in moist ground,
Washington Terr, to Monterey Bay, California.
"W". Arizonica, GRAY. A foot high, bearing a single or few and smaller heads: leaves
oblong-lanceolate: involucre of fewer and more erect bracts: rays 8 to 12 : pappus a very
narrow crown, extended into 3 or 4 stout subulate teeth, or into one or two short awns.
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 161, t. 9; Meehan, Nat. Flowers,
ser. 2, ii. t. 37. Near streams and springs, S. Colorado to S. Utah and Arizona, Palmer,
Bishop, Siler, Rothrock, &c.
-H- -H- -w- -H. -H- Hispidulous, very scabrous, narr jw-leaved : involucre more imbricated, squarrose.
"W\ SCabra, HOOK. A foot or two high (root unknown), rigid : cauline leaves linear, thick,
4 to 6 inches long, half-inch wide, sessile, attenuate-acute, the few veins confluent into
lateral undulate nerves: involucre nearly hemispherical; its bracts imbricated in 3 or 4
series, all the outer with a coriaceous ovate-oblong appressed base, which is acuminate into
a longer subulate filiform spreading very hispid-scabrous appendage : rays several, half-inch
Gymnolomia. COMPOSITE. 2GO
long: akenes acutely angled and with few or obscure intermediate nerves, very smooth, the
3 or 4 angles extended into a pappus of as many short and blunt teeth, which are barely
coroniform-confluent at base. Loud. Jour. Bot. vi. 245; Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 102, &
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 655. S. Colorado and New Mexico to Utah and Wyoming, Geyer,
Biyelow, Parry, Ward, &c.
101. GYMNOLOMIA, HBK. (rv/mk, naked, \^a, border, the pappus
obsolete or none.) Herbs or frutescent plants (of Mexico and adjacent coun-
tries), resembling the smaller-flowered species of Helianthns ; with erect branch-
ing stems, alternate or opposite leaves, and heads of yellow flowers (or the disk
brownish) ; the peduncles terminating the branches : fl. summer. Nov. Gen. &
Spec. iv. 217, t. 373,374; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 303. Gymnopsis, DC.
Prodr. v. 5G1, in part.
* Annuals: receptacle of the head conical and the disk high: bracts of the rather simple involucre
linear. Jicliomeris, Nutt.
G. Porteri, GRAY. A foot or two high, slender, paniculately branched, sparingly hispid,
otherwise nearly glabrous : leaves nearly all alternate, narrowly lanceolate or linear, entire :
rays 5 to 8, oval or obovate (half-inch or more long), deep orange yellow : disk in age oblung-
conical ; its chaffy bracts oblong-lanceolate or the outer ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, striate,
merely concave at maturity : fructiferous receptacle almost columnar : akenes turgid-obovate,
very obscurely quadrangular, dull, somewhat puberulent, with small terminal areola, one of
the angles or nerves sometimes slightly margined or umbonate at the summit : style-tips
subulate and hispid. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59 ; Meehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 35. Rud-
becklu ? Porteri, Gray, PI. Fendl. 83. Northern Georgia, known only on the isolated granite
rock called Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, where it abounds ; first coll. by Prof. Porter.
G. multiflora, BENTH. & HOOK. A foot to a yard high, strigulose-pubesceut or scabrous,
sometimes also hispid, often much branched : leaves from narrowly linear to lanceolate,
rarely broader, either alternate or mainly opposite, entire or obscurely denticulate : rays
10 to 15, golden yellow : disk hemispherical, in age little more elevated and receptacle ob-
tusehy conical; its bracts obtuse or the inner acute with soft acumiuatiou : akeues smooth,
compressed, with convex or obtusely augulatc sides : style-tips short and obtuse. Benth. &
Hook, ex Rothrock in Wheeler Hep. vi. 1GO, & Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. ii. 162. Heliomcris
mit!/, flora, Nutt. 1. c. ; Gray, PI. Feudl., PI. Wright, ii. 87, with var. hispida, &c. Sandy
banks of streams, &c., W. Texas to Wyoming, Nevada, and Arizona. Very polymorphous:
the root not perennial as was supposed. An indigenous specimen coll. by Lemmon in Arizona
has disk-corollas all converted into rays or radiatiform ampliate lobes. (Mex.)
G. triloba, GKAY. Much branched, over 2 feet high (root not seen), obscurely puherulent,
no hispid bristles : leaves roundish in general outline, 3-lobed, with subcordate or truncate
base, short-petioled, the lobes short and broad : rays 12 or more, oblong-linear, elongated :
disk hemispherical : receptacle low-conical : akenes of the preceding but more oblong.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217 Mountains of S. Arizona south of Rucker's Valley, Li mmon.
* * Perennial or frutescent : disk and receptacle low.
G. tenuifolia, BEXTH. & HOOK. Shrubby, much branched, 2 or 3 feet high, scabrous-
puberulent, very leafy : branches terminated by solitary long-peduncled heads : leaves alter-
nate and the lower 'opposite, canescent beneath, pinnately or pedately parted into 3 to 7
narrow linear lobes, or the uppermost very narrow and entire, the margins mostly revolute :
bracts of the involucre subulate-linear: rays 10 to 16: disk convex: chaffy bracts of the
receptacle truncate-obtuse: akenes smooth, quadrangular-compressed. Kx Ilemsl. Biol.
Centr.-Am. 1. c. Heliomeris tenuifolia, Gray, PI. Fendl. 84, PI. Wright, &c. S. AV. Texas,
Wright, Havard. (Adj. Mex., Bcrlandirr, Greyg, &c.)
* * * Annual: receptacle and disk barely convex: habit of Encelia and Jhlicnllius.
G. eiicelioides, GRAY. A foot or two high from an annual root, strigose-canesceut and
the branching stem hispid: leaves ovate-oblong or obscurely deltoid, rather obtuse, nearly
entire, mostly long-petioled, the lower opposite : heads barely half-inch high : involucre bi-
serial ; outer bracts all equal and equalling the disk, oblong-lanceolate, acute, white with soft
270 COMPOSITE. Viguiera.
but at length hispid pubescence, longer and larger than the nearly linear interior ones : rays
10 or 12, oval, showy, golden yellow, less than an inch long: disk-corollas with dark purple
tips : akenes obovate-obloug, below sparsely and toward the summit thickly villous with
slender hairs : pappus none, or a few very delicate setiform squamella shorter than the hairs
of the akeiie. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4. IS. E. California, at Aqua Calieute, in the Mo-
have Desert, Parish.
102. VIGUIERA, HBK. (Dr. A. Viguier, botanist, of Montpellier.)
Herbaceous or sometimes suffruticose plants (of the warm parts of America) ;
with only the lower or rarely all the leaves opposite, yellow-flowered heads of
only medium size (in our species), on peduncles at the summit of the branches,
the akenes usually pubescent. --Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 224, t. 379; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 375. Viguiera, Leiyhia (Cass.), & HarpaUum (Cass.), in part,
DC. Prodr. v. 578-584.
* Disk of the head at maturity elevated or strongly convex (but at (list often low) and the re-
ceptacle conical: root probably annual or biennial.
V. helianthoid.es, HBK. Minutely hispidulous-pubescent or scabrous, green, or some-
times cinereous : stem 2 to 7 feet high, slender, paiiiculately branched above : leaves alternate
or occasionally either upper or lower opposite, slender-petioled, mostly thin, ovate, acuminate,
sometimes very broadly ovate (the larger 4 to 6 inches long and 3 or 4 wide), sometimes
ovate-lanceolate, from slightly to coarsely serrate, triplinerved from near the base : heads
paniculate, usually slender-peduncled : involucre only 3 lines high, shorter than the disk,
nearly simple, of subulate or linear bracts : rays 7 to 10, obovate or oblong, over half-inch
long : chaffy bracts of the receptacle somewhat cuspidately mucronate or acuminate : akenes
villous-pubescent : palese a pair on each side between the chaffy awns, erose or fimbriolate at
the truncate summit. HBK. 1. c. ; Beuth. & Hook. 1. c. V. helianthoides, Sagraana, laxa,
brevipes, and probably V. microcline, tritjuetra, also with little doubt V. dentata (Spreug., the
Helianthus dentutus, Cav. Ic. iii. 10, t. 220), DC. Prodr. v. 579. V. Tcxana, Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 318. Hellanthella lot (folia, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 160. Shady or more open grounds,
Texas to Arizona. (Mex., Cuba.)
V. canescens, DC. Less tall, more rigid, commonly cinereous : leaves coriaceous, entire
or nearly so, from broadly ovate to oblong-lanceolate ; the lower opposite : chaff of the
receptacle more cuspidate : rays saffron-yellow : akenes canescently sericeous. Prodr. v.
579. S. Arizona, Pringle, a greener form, and in adjacent Mexico, Palmer. (Mex.)
* * Disk flattish or convex : receptacle at maturity flat or hardly conical.
-\ Herbaceous to the base from a probably perennial root, not canescent nor tomentoee.
V. cordifolia, GRAY. Hispid or hispidulous and scabrous: stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet
high, leafy to the top, commonly branched above : leaves mostly all opposite, occasionally
some alternate, subcordate-ovate or deltoid, acute, serrate or denticulate, 3-ribbed from the
base, either sessile or short-petioled, rough; veinlets reticulated: heads mostly corymbose
and short-peduncled : involucre campanulate, fully half-inch long, equalling the barely con-
vex disk, commonly lanceolate and acuminate, erect, in 2 or 3 series : chaffy bracts of the
receptacle gradually acuminate : akenes narrowly ctineate-oblong, almost equalled by the
chaffy awns ; the intermediate paleaj equalling the breadth of the akene, narrowly oblong,
rigid. PI. Wright, i. 107, ii. 88. Near water-courses, W. Texas to Arizona, Wriyht,
Schott, Lemmon, &c. (Mex., Schaffher.)
-f H Shrubby or lignescent at base, low, not tomentosc: leaves hispidulous-scabrous, mostly
alternate, rigid.
V. laciniata, GRAY. Branching: leaves lanceolate or obscurelv hastate, from laciniate-
pinnatifid to nearly entire, abruptly petioled, an inch or two long, beneath with very prom-
inent pinnate veins: branches bearing several cymosely disposed and pedunculate heads:
involucre uearlv half-inch high; its bracts lanceolate or the outermost ovate, acute or acumi-
nate : rays half inch long : akenes sparingly pilose, glahrate : pappus-awns chaffy ; the inter-
mediate chaffy paleaa laciniate or erose. Bot. Mex. Bound. 89, & Bot. Calif, i. 354. San
Diego Co., California, Schott, Newberry, Cleveland, &c. (Lower Calif.)
Helianthus. COMPOSITE. 271
V. Parishii, GREENE. Branched from the base and diffuse ; the nearly simple slender
flowering branches (sometimes rather canescently pubescent) bearing mostly solitary pedun-
culate heads: leaves ovate, small (half-inch to barely inch long), somewhat serrate, short-
petioled : involucre broad : its bracts lanceolate : akeues more villous : awns as lon<>- as the
akene and chaffy-dilated only near the base; the paleae much laciuiate. Bull. Torr. Club,
ix. 15. Desert region of W. Arizona and S. E. California to the coast at San Luis Key'
Newberry, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon, Parish, W. G. Wriyld, Greene.
H -1 -i Herbaceous ? perennials, white-tomentose or canescent (at least the foliage) : involucre
of rather short imbricated bracts.
V. reticulata, WATSON. Stem glabrate, few-leaved : leaves rigid and coriaceous, cordate,
entire, strongly veined and reticulated beneath, 2 inches long, pctioled, canescent with short
rather silky pubescence: heads small (3 or 4 lines high), several in the corymbiforrn clus-
ters : rays 3 lines long : subulate chaffy awns only twice the length of the laciniate palete
of the pappus. Amer. Nat. vii. 301. Telescope Mountain, Nevada, Wheeler.
V. tephrodes, GRAY. Silvery-white with close-pressed sericeous-hirsute (not tomentose)
pubescence, which is probably somewhat deciduous: leaves alternate, ovate-oblong or the
upper rather deltoid-lanceolate, entire, thickish, 3-ribbed at base and obscurely veiny, less
than inch long, slender-petioled : heads few or solitary, less than half-inch high : akeues (or
rather ovaries) short, with villous-ciliate margins and rather glabrous sides, about the length
of the lanceolate awned palex, the short intermediate palere dissected into almost setiform
squamelloj. Proc. Am. A cad. xvii. 218. Hdianthus (Uarpnlinm) tephrodes, Gray, Bot.
Mex. Bound. 90. Viguiera nivea, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 354, excl. syn. Benth. &. svu. Kellogg.
S. E. California, at Mirasol del Monte, in the Colorado Desert, Schott.
V. LAN-ATA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 218 (Bahiopsis lanaia, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad.
ii. 35), of Lower California, with very pannose dense tomentum, is of the genus, but is not
Encelia nivca, Benth.
V. TOMENTOSA and V. DELTOIDEA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 161, are other species of
Lower California.
103. TITHONIA, Desf. (Tetovo's, consort of Aurora.) Eobust annuals
(all Mexican) ; with alternate petioled and 3-ribbed often 3-lobed ample leaves, and
large heads of yellow flowers on long and stout upwardly thickened peduncles.
Ligules entire or nearly so. Bracts of the receptacle rather rigid, striate, cuspi-
date or aristate. Akenes oblong or narrower, compressed-quadrangular : the
pappus either deciduous or persistent. -- Desf. Ann. Mus. i. 49, t. 4; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 374. --The following was collected so near the southwestern
boundary of the TJ. S. that it is here introduced.
T. Thurberi, GRAY. Comparatively small and slender, 2 feet high, slightly hispid : leaves
ovate, serrate, undivided : head only half-inch high, with little exserted orange-colored rays :
bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong, with short foliaceous tips : akeues narrow :
squamellre of the pappus linear-oblong, coriaceous, the awns nearly smooth. Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 655. T. titbceformis, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 90, not Cass., which is a far larger
and showy species. Magdaleua, State of Sonora, Mex., near Arizona, Thurber.
104. HELJANTHUS, L. SUNFLOWER. (From "HXto?, the sun, and
tti'^o?, flower.) Annual and perennial American herbs, almost all N. American,
usually tall or coarse ; with the lowest and sometimes all the leaves opposite and
simple ; heads pedunculate and terminating the stem or branches, produced in
summer or autumn, with yellow rays (wanting in one or two species), and either
yellow or dark purple disk-flowers : chaffy bracts of the receptacle either entire
or 3-toothed : throat of the disk-corollas not rarely 10-nerved. Pappus normally
of a thin and acuminate or awn-pointed palea from each of the two principal
angtes of the akeue, or rarely an additional one: intermediate squamellae present
272 COMPOSITE. Helianthm.
only in a few species, and then inconstant, or else mere appendages or lateral
portions of the 2-paleaceous pappus. Juice of the stem resinous. Schkuhr,
Handb. t. 528; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 318; Beiith. & Hook. Gen. ii. 376, excl.
syn. of Flourensia in part.
II. PAUCIFLORCS, Nutt. Gen. ii. 177, of "Lower Louisiana," with narrow serrate leaver, and
ovate closely imbricated bracts to the involucre, has not been identified.
1. Annuals : involucre spreading ; its bracts attenuate to a point : disk
brownish or dark purple : receptacle flat or nearly so : leaves petioled, 3-ribbed
from or near the base, all but the lower usually alternate.
# Stem erect, commonly robust: chaff}' bracts of the receptacle mostly 3-cleft at apex, the longer
middle lobe lanceolate or linear and somewhat hirsute or hispid. Species of difficult limitation,
apparently confluent.
H. argopliyllus, TORR. & GRAY. White with soft and silky wool, which is sometimes
floccose, in age more or less deciduous : leaves slightly serrate : otherwise as iii the larger
indigenous forms of the following. Fl. ii. 318; Rev. Hort. 1857,431 with figure. -- Texas;
first coll. by Drummond. Disk often inch aud a half broad, and rays as long. Degenerates
in cultivation apparently into
H. annuus, L. (COMMON SUNFLOWER.) Robust, when well developed tall, hispid, his-
pidulous, or scabrous : stem often spotted or mottled : leaves ovate and the lower cordate,
serrate, the larger 6 to 12 inches long, the blade of the cauline ones longer than their petiole :
bracts of the involucre from Lroadly ovate to oblong, aristiform-acumijiate, below hispidly
ciliate : disk in the wild plant commonly au inch or more in diameter. Spec. ii. 904 (excl.
habitat, for it came not from Peru, nor even from Mexico) ; Lain. 111. 706 ; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 353. //. lenticitlaris, Dougl. Bot. Reg. t. 1225; DC. Prodr. v. 586; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
H. tubcKformis^utt. Gen. ii. 177; Ind. Sem. Gcott. 139. H. ovatns, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb.
1828, & Linn. v. 376. //. eryihrocarpus, Bartl. //. macrocarpus, DC. Prodr. 1. c., a race of
the garden Sunflower with larger and light-colored akenes, long cult, in Roissia, &c., for food
and oil. //. mnltiflorus, Hook. Fl. i. 313, excl. syn. (For history, &c., see Decai.sne iu Fl.
des Serres, xxiii., aud Gray & Trumlmll in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xxiii. 245.) Plains and
alluvial grounds, Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to Washington Terr, aud California.
(Adj. Mex.) Fruit from early times collected by the N. American Indians for food and
hair-oil ; the plant cultivated for these uses. Gigautesque forms everywhere commonly
cultivated for ornament.
H. petiolaris, NUTT. A foot to a yard high, more slender, loosely branching, strigose-his-
pidulous, rarely hirsute : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, entire or sparingly
denticulate, barely acute, 1 to 3 inches long, cuneately attenuate or the lower abruptly cou-
tracted into a long and slender petiole : bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, with acute and mucrouate or sometimes more attenuate tips, seldom at all ciliate : disk
half-inch or more in diameter. Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 115; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2,
t. 75 ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. //. jiatens, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1828, & Ind. Schol.
1828, 19. H. integrifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 366. Dry plains, Saskatchewan
to Texas, west to Oregon and Arizona: seemingly passes into the preceding species.
Var. canescens, GRAY, PI. Wright, i. 108. Leaves whitened with a fine and close
strigulose-sericeous pubescence ; the lowest ovate, all or most of them with blade longer
than the petiole. S. W. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by Wright. A very similar
variety from Nebraska, //. Enydmann.
* * Stem erect, not tall: chaffy bracts of the receptacle entire or with a pair of small lateral
teeth, and the apex prolonged into a naked cusp or awn: bracts of the involucre hirsute or
hispid with long spreading hairs, oblong or lanceolate, mostly attenuate-acuminate.
H. SCaberri.rn.US, BENTII. A foot or two high : stem rather stout, branching, scabrous-
hispid : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, from rather coarsely serrate to entire, 2 to 5
inches long, the base cuneately or more abruptly contracted into the petiole, both faces either
slightly or strongly scabrous : disk about two-thirds inch in diameter, and rays of about
equal length : cusp of the chaff mostly subulate-aristiform and equalling the developed disk-
flowers. Bot. Sulph. 28, not Ell. //. Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 544, & Bot.
Hdiantlms. COMPOSITE. 273
Calif, i. 353. California, from San Francisco Bay northward, Hinds (who got it at Bo-
degas), Bridges, Bulander, Mrs. Ames.
H. exilis, GRAY. A foot or so high, slender, commonly hirsute: leaves lanceolate and
ovate-lanceolate, sparingly denticulate, tapering into a slender petiole : heads from half to
nearly full size of those of the preceding: cusp of the chaff a slender awn, surpassing the
disk-llowers. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Plains throughout the northern
part of California. (The specimen from Owen's Valley, Hm Horn, is probably a depau-
perate //. pctiolaris.)
* * * Stems branched from the base, diffuse or decumbent, slender.
H. debilis, NUTT. Scabrous to hispidulous or hispid : stems a foot to a yard long : leaves
from ovate to deltoid or obscurely hastate, occasionally subcordate, thiunish, 1 to 3 inches
long, repaud-deuticulate to sparingly lobulate-deutate, slender-petioled : bracts of the invo-
lucre lanceolate and gradually subulate-acuminate : disk half-inch or more in diameter; its
chaffy bracts with truncate or 3-toothed summit, the middle tooth aristiform-subulate : rays
half-inch or more long. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. .367 ; Torr. & Grav, 1. c. 320; the coast
form.. //. pnvcojc, Eugelm. & Gray, PI. Lindli. i. 13, form with more hispid stem. Sandy
shores of Florida, W. Louisiana, and E. Texas.
Var. CUCUmerifolius. A larger form, usually with purple-mottled stems, leaves
irregularly serrate with salient teeth, more commonly subcordate, the larger 4 or 5 inches
long, and the ampler (15 to 20) rays an inch or more long. //. cuntmerifolius, Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. 319. H. Lindheimerianus, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 159? Sandy soil, often in
woods, Texas, common westward.
2. Perennials : receptacle convex, or in some at length low-conical : lower
leaves almost always opposite.
* Involucre loose (about half-inch high), more or less squarrose in age, of subulate-lanceolate or
narrower mostly attenuate-acuminate and almost equal bracts: disk (upper part of corollasj
commonly but not always dark purple or turning brownish: all but the lower leaves linear or
filiform and strictly one-nerved: slender creeping rootstocks, no tubers.
H. orgyalis, DC. Stem smooth and glabrous, often 10 feet high, very leafy to the top:
leaves mostly alternate, from long-linear (8 to 16 inches long, commonly 2 to 4 lines wide),
or the lowest lanceolate, to almost filiform, slightly papillose-scabrous, the lower narrowed
into a petiole and sometimes serrulate: bracts of the involucre filiform-attenuate, those of
the receptacle entire : akenes oblong-obovate with a rounded summit, 3 lines long. Notul.
PI. Ear. Geuev. 12, & Prodr. v. 586, excl. syn. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 320. //. yiyanteus, var.
crinitus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 177? Dry plains, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas, west to S. E.
Colorado.
H. angU.stif61i.US, L. Scabrous, sometimes hispidulous: stems 2 to 6 feet high, rather
sparselv leafy, slender: leaves thickish, entire, when dry with rcvolute margins: cauline
sessile (the upper hardly narrowed at base), 3 to 7 inches long, mostly 2 or 3 lines wide,
paler and smooth or sometimes caneseeut beneath, many of them opposite; radical some-
what spatulate or lanceolate: bracts of the involucre lanceolate and acute or attenuate-
acuminate : rays numerous, inch long : disk generally dark-purple : receptacular bracts
entire or 3-toothed: akenes (barely 2 lines long) with broad truncate apex. Spec. ii. 906;
Walt. Car. 216 ; Michx. Fl. ii. ui ; Bot. Mag. t. 2051 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 105; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 320. Coreopsis anyustifolia, L. 1. c. 908 ; Mill. Ic. t. 224, f. 2 ; and ItiK/lwkia
angustifolia, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1281. Leiyliia bicolor, Cass. Diet. xxv. 436. AVet ground, pine
barrens of New Jersey and Kentucky to Florida and Texas.
* * Involucre closer, of more imbricated and unequal inappendiculate bracts, none of them toba-
ccous: disk mostly dark-colored or dusky: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, rarely linear: herbage
not tomentose nor conspicuously cinereous : Atlantic United States species, one of them reach-
ing the Rocky Mountains.
-i Stems glabrous and very smooth or merely scabrous, leafy: leaves narrowly to broadly lanceo-
late: chaff of receptacle entire, merely mucronate.
H. Ploridanus, GRAY. Stem from 2 to 6 feet high : leaves thinnish, bright green above,
sparsely hispidnlous-scabrous, lanceolate, sparingly or obscurely denticulate, somewhat tripli-
nerved near the base, 2 to 4 inches long, 5 to 9 lines wide toward the base, often short-peti-
18
274 COMPOSITE. Helianthus.
oled ; uppermost commonly alternate : bracts of the involucre from oblong-ovate to lanceolate
and either acute or acuminate, glabrous, shorter than or sometimes equalling the yellowish
or at length brownish disk ; its bracts nearly glabrous : rays about an inch long, oblong.
Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 629. H. angustifulius, var. with broader leaves and yellow disk, Chapm.
Fl. 229; Curtiss, distrib. 1437. K and E. Florida, Chapman, Palmer, Garber, Curtiss ;
flowering late.
H. ciliaris, DC. Glaucous : stems a foot or two high, very leafy : leaves nearly all opposite
and sessile, lanceolate, varying to ovate-lanceolate or to linear, thickish, with undulate or
repand margins, either very smooth and naked, or hispidulous with some scattered bristles,
at least along the margins : bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong, obtuse or abruptly
mucronulate, hirsutely ciliate : chaff of the brownish disk pubescent at tip : rays few or
several, not surpassing the disk, sometimes none. Prodr. v. 587 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 84, PI.
Wright, i. 108. Linsecomia glauca, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861,458. Low and
brackish ground, S. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, and Arizona, Berlandier, Wright, T/turber,
&c. (Adj. Me:;.)
4 -1 Stems somewhat hirsute, scapiform and monocephalous : leaves roundish: chaff of recep-
tacle with entire cuspidate-acuminate tips: rays commonly wanting: akenes rather flat, emar-
ginate-2-toothed at summit: an anomalous species. Echinomeria, Nutt.
H. radula, TORR. & GRAY. Leaves hirsute or hispid, denticulate, triplinerved, mostly
sessile; radical orbicular, 2 or 3 inches long, in a rosulate cluster; cauline 2 or 3 pairs near
the base of the (foot or two high) simple stem, obovate with narrowed base, or above
reduced to some narrow and minute ones : iuvolncral bracts broadly lanceolate or oblong,
acute, brownish-purple, as is the disk : the few rays when present little exserted : akenes with
the unusually acute margins produced above more or less into a sort of tooth : pappus small.
Fl. ii. 321. Rudlwkia ratlula, Pursh, Fl. ii. 575. R. apetala, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad.
vii. 77. Ec.hinomeria a petal a, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 356. Low pine barrens,
Georgia, Alabama, and Florida.
H H -t Stem and (mostly opposite and triplinerved) leaves more or less hispid, hirsute, or
scabrous (or forms of the last species smoother) : chaff of receptacle entire or some 3-toothed at
the apex, pointless: rays numerous and conspicuous.
H- Disk of the head dark purple or brownish.
H. heterophyllus, NUTT. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, naked above, bearing a single
showy head : leaves hispid, entire ; radical oval to spatulate-oblong ; cauline 3 or 4 pairs
and some minute ones above, narrowly lanceolate or linear, sessile, the lower with long
tapering base : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate : rays about 20, inch and
a half long. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 74; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98, partly; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. Low pine barrens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana, toward the coast.
H. atrorubens, L. Stems stouter, sometimes leafy, sometimes few-leaved, 2 to 4 feet high,
bearing few or several rather small heads: leaves hispid and scabrous, veiny, commonly thiii-
nish, from roundish-ovate or rarely cordate to oblong-lanceolate, often serrate, contracted below
into winged petioles, lower a span to a foot long, uppermost small and bract-like : bracts of
the involucre oval or obovate, obtuse, ciliolate : rays 10 to 16, rarely inch long. Spec. ii. 906,
& ed. 2, 1279 (Dill. Kith. t. 94; Martyn, Hist. PL Rar. t. 20) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 250; Michx.
Fl. ii. 140, in part; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not Lam., nor Bot. Mag., Bot. Reg., &c. //. sparsi-
folius, Ell. Sk. ii. 415. //. silphioides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 366. Open woods,
Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Louisiana.
H. rigidus, DESF. A foot or two (rarely 6 to 8 feet) high, rigid, sparingly branched : leaves
very firm-coriaceous and thick, both sides hispidulous-scabrous, shagreen-like, entire or
serrate, lightly tripliuerved but indistinctly and sparingly veined ; lower oblong and ovate-
lanceolate, attenuate at base into short winged petioles ; upper mostly lanceolate : heads
comparatively large, showy (disk three-fourths inch high) : involucre pluriserially imbricated ;
its bracts mainly ovate, obtuse or acutish, rigid, appressed, densely and minutely ciliate:
rays numerous, generally inch and a half long : akenes oblong-obovate, 3 lines long : pap-
pus of two large ovate-lanceolate palere, and sometimes two or four rather stout interme-
diate paleas ! more commonly none. Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3, 184; Torr. & Gray, FL ii. 322.
//. atrorubens, Michx. 1. c., in part ; Bot. Reg. t. 508 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2668 ; DC. Prodr. v. 586.
//. dijfusus, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2020. //. Missuricus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 618, name in place of
Heliantlius. COMPOSITE. 275
dijff'asus. H. scaberrimus, Ell. Sk. ii. 423. H. Missouriensis (Schweinitz) & //. crassifolius,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Harpalium riyiditm, Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. xx. 200 ; DC.
Prodr. v. 583, founded on the form with intermediate palea? to the pappus. Plains and
prairies, Saskatchewan and Michigan to W. Georgia, Texas, and eastern part of Colorado.
Sometimes the disk-corollas are at first yellow !
H- -H- Disk yellow. (Here the Californian //. yradltntus would be sought.)
H. laetiflorus, PERS. Resembles tall forms of the preceding, similarly scabrous or hispid,
leafy: leaves commonly thinner, mostly oval-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, 4 to 10
inches long, more or less serrate : heads usually several and rather short-pecluucled : disk
half-inch high: bracts of the involucre imbricated in only 2 or 3 series, from ovate- to
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate-acute, hirsutely ciliate or ciliolate, occasionally a
little hirsute on the back: rays numerous, the larger inch and a half long. Syn. ii. 476;
DC. Prodr. v. 586, excl. syn. Ell. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. H. atrortibens, Lam. Diet. iii. 86, not
L. Prairies and barrens, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin.
Var. tricuspis, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Leaves less serrate : chaff of receptacle more
commonly 3-toothed. //. tricuspis, Ell 8k. ii. 422. W. Georgia, ex Elliott. Needs confir-
mation.
H. pumilus, NUTT. Hispid and scabrous throughout : stems simple, a foot or two high,
bearing 5 to 7 pairs of leaves and a few rather short-pednncled heads : leaves mostly ovate-
lanceolate, acute, entire or nearly so (!- to 4 inches long), rigid, abruptly contracted at base
into a short margined petiole: involucre less than half-inch high, white-hirsute or scabro-
hispidulous ; its bracts imbricated in about 3 series, oblong-lanceolate, acutish : rays about
inch long. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 366; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 239.
Eastern Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains of the Platte, &c., from Wyoming to Colorado,
Nuttall, Ha i/ den, Gci/er, Parr//, Hall & Harbour, &c.
H. OCcidentalis, RIDDELL. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, sometimes smooth and gla-
brous, usually leafy only at and near the base : radical and lowest cauliue leaves ovate to
lanceolate-oblong, entire or denticulate, contracted at base into long margined petioles,
minutely hirsute or hispidulous, moderately scabrous ; upper cauline a few remote pairs, sub-
sessile, lanceolate, and bract-like, of an inch or half-inch in length : heads few or sometimes
solitary, small : bracts of the involucre ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, glabrous, or
the margins sometimes ciliate, sometimes naked : rays half-inch to nearly inch long : akenes
when young and at summit pubescent. Suppl. Cat. Ohio PI. (1836), 13; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 323. //. heteropfii/llus, Short, Cat. Kentucky PI. Suppl. 3 ; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98,
partly, not Nutt. Prairies and oak barrens, in dry ground, Michigan to Kentucky and
Missouri.
Var. plantagineus, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Minutely puberulent and slightly or not
at all scabrous : leaves rather more rigid : involucre obscurely ciliolate or naked. Texas,
Drnmmond, Lindheimer, Wright. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. Dowellianus, TORR. & GRAY. Like the preceding, but leafy to the middle or
higher, the leaves larger and mostly ovate, and stem sometimes branching. El. ii. 504.
H. Dowelliamis, Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. xliv. 82. Mountain region in the southwestern
part of North Carolina, Curtis, Buckley, &c.
* * * Involucre looser and the bracts disposed to be more taper-pointed, or elongated, or foli-
aceous (closer and shorter in some species): disk except for the dark anthers yellow or
yellowish.
-i Canescent or cinereous, at least the foliage, with soft and fine appressed (but not tomentose)
pubescence: leaves all opposite, sessile, merely serrulate : hearts middle-sized: bracts of the in-
volucre imbricated; their attenuate tips seldom or little surpassing the disk: Atlantic species.
H. cinereus, TORR. & GRAY. A foot or two high, barely cinereous throughout with
minute and slightly scabrous appressed pubescence: stem simple, somewhat equably leafy,
bearing one or two slender-pedunculate small heads: leaves coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong,
acute ; lower (3 inches long) contracted into a rather long narrowed base ; uppermost (about
inch long) ovate-lanceolate with a broad sessile base: involucre half-inch high; its bracts
lanceolate-subulate, canescent : rays 10 or 12, two-thirds inch long. Fl. ii. 324, excl. var.
Texas, Drnmmond. Heads little larger than those of H. occidentulis, of which it may be a
hybridized offspring.
276 COMPOSITE. Helianthus.
H. mollis, LAM. Canescent throughout : stems 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy, when young
villous, iu age often hirsute or hispid, simple ami with solitary or few rather large heads, or
branched above and more floriferous : leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate with a cordate closely
sessile or a clasping base, attenuate-acute or acuminate, 3 to 5 inches long, whitened with a
soft pubescence, or the upper face becoming greeuer and scabrous : involucre two-thirds inch
high, villous or sericeous: rays 15 to 25, an inch or more long. Diet. iii. 85 (1789) ; DC.
Prodr. v. 587; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not Willd., &c. H. cuncsccns, Michx. Fl. ii. 140.
H. pubescens, Vahl, Symb. ii" 92 (1791); Willd. Spec. iii. 2240; Ell. Sk. ii. 41S ; Hook.
Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and south to W. Georgia and Texas.
Well-marked species, but passes into a greener or less pubescent and somewhat scabrous
variety.
i H Soft-villous rather than tomentose (varying to merely pubescent) as to the lower face of
the mostly alternate ample leaves, but the tall stem villous hirsute or even hispid : heads rather
large: involucre loose aud long: disk grayish: the corolla-lobes as well as the tips of the chaff
externally hirsute !
H. tomentosus, MICHX. Stems stout, 4 to 9 feet high, branching : leaves thiuuish, ample
(the larger cauline a foot long), from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends,
mostly somewhat petioled, sparingly serrate, upper face scabrous : heads nearly inch high
and broad: bracts of the involucre linear-lanceolate and long-attenuate into almost filiform
tips, externally hirsute, especially the margins, squarrose-spreading, often much surpassing
the disk, outermost sometimes large and foliaceous : rays pale yellow, an inch or more long.
-Fl. ii. 141 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 424 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. //. pulx-scens, Bot. Eeg. t. 524, but not that
of Ilort. Kew., &e. H. squarrosus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 3(17. //. spathulatns,
Ell. Sk. ii. 421, a form with mostly opposite leaves and less prolonged involucral bracts.
Moist woods, Illinois ? and Virginia to Georgia and Alabama, most common along the
mountains, in the lower country with leaves less pubescent beneath.
-1 -i -) Leaves mostly scabrous both sides (in one sometimes soft tomentose-canescent beneath),
the upper disposed to be alternate and not triplinerved, mostly petiolate and not broad: heads
middle-sized.
-H- Atlantic species: involucre loose or squarrose; its bracts linear-subulate or gradually attenuate
from a narrowish base to a slender point, all nearly of the same length, equalling or surpassing
the dull yellow disk: all producing slender creeping rootstocks and also forming one or more
fleshy thickened roots (like tap-roots) at base of stem.
H. grosse-serratus, HASTENS. Stem very smooth and glabrous, commonly glaucous, 6 to
10 feet high, bearing numerous rather cymosely disposed and short-peduncled heads : leaves
(not rarely some even of the uppermost opposite) slender-petioled, thiunish, oblong-lanceolate
or narrower, or some of the cauline almost deltoid-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, sharply
serrate (sometimes with long salient teeth), or upper merely denticulate, slightly scabrous
above, whitish and minutely tomeutulose or soft-puberuleut beneath ; larger cauline com-
monly 8 to 10 inches and the petiole an inch or two long: heads fully half-inch high, and
deep yellow oblong rays over an inch long : bracts of the involucre mostly slender. Sel.
Sem. Hort. Lovan., & Linn. xiv. Suppl. 133; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 326. Dry plains and
prairies, Ohio to Dakota, Missouri, and Texas. Eastward the smaller-leaved forms seem to
pass into //. ynjantcns.
Var. hypoleUGUS. Leaves almost silvery -canescent with fine and dense soft tomen-
tum, the larger with either cuneate or truncate base. Texas, Drummond, Lindhcimer,
Writ/ht. (Var. y, Torr. & Gray, in part.)
H. giganteus, L. Stem hispidulous or scabrous, or below smooth, 3 to 10 feet high, com-
monly one or more of the roots becoming thick and tuber-like ; the larger plants brandling
above, bearing scattered heads: leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, green and more or
less scabrous both sides, tapering to base and summit, short-petioled or subsessile, minutely
serrate or denticulate, occasionally nearly entire, commonly only 3 to 5 inches long : heads
of the preceding or smaller : rays pale yellow, barely inch long. Spec. ii. 905 ; Ait. Kew.
iii. 249; Willd. Spec. iii. 2242; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 325, excl. . H. altissiinus,
L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1278 ; Jacq. Hort. Vinci, t. lf,2. H. f/ir/as, Michx. Fl. ii. 141. A low and
mainly northern form is H. tuberosus, Parry in Owen Rep. Minnesota Surv. 614, and //. sub-
tnbcroms, Bourgeau in herb. Hook., " the Indian Potato of the Assiniboine tribe," the so-called
"edible tubers" (which were also long ago noted by Douglas) being tuber-like thickened
Helianthus. COMPOSITE. 277
roots. Moist or wet ground, Canada to Saskatchewan, and south to Alabama and Louisiana.
Very variable : the var. ambiguus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is intermediate between this species
and //. riivaricatus, probably a hybrid.
H. Maximiliani, SCHRADER. Hispidulous-scabrous : stem stout, 2 or 3 (and even 10 to 12)
feet high, below mostly rough-hispid : leaves almost all alternate, thickish, becoming rigid,
very scabrous above, lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends, mostly subsessile, all entire'
or sparingly denticulate : heads comparatively large, short-peduucled, terminating somewhat
simple stem or branches, and later in the axils of many of the cauliue leaves : involucre
of more rigid bracts : rays numerous, often inch and a half long, golden yellow : flowering
late. Ind. Sem. Plort. Goett. 1835; DC. Prodr. vii. 290; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 325; Gray,
PI. Lindh. i. 41 (with var. asjicrrinius, which is merely a rougher form) ; Meehau, Nat. Fl. ii.
t. 37. Rich prairies and plains, west of the Mississippi, and from Saskatchewan and Min-
nesota to Texas.
H- -H- Pacific species: leaves mostly lanceolate, broader toward the base and tapering to an acute
or acuminate apex, short-petioled or subsessile : involucre of narrow or small bracts : rays about
inch long.
= Bracts of the involucre linear- or lanceolate-subulate, attenuate, fully equalling the disk, her-
baceous, loose or soon squarrose-spreading : stem usually smooth and glabrous, except at the
summit.
H. Nuttallii, TORR. & GRAY. Stem slender, 2 to 4 feet high, commonly simple : leaves
lanceolate or the upper linear (3 to 6 inches long, 3 to 9 lines wide, in small plants not rarely
all opposite), serrulate or entire: heads half-inch high: bracts of the involucre naked or
somewhat hirsute at base : disk-corollas slightly pubescent toward the base : paleae of the
pappus long and narrow. Fl. ii. 324. //. Californicus, Nutt. in herb., not DC. In wet
soil, Rocky Mountains, from western part of Wyoming and Utah to Oregon, Washington
Terr., and interior of Brit. Columbia.
H. Parishii, GRAY. Resembles the preceding, 6 to 15 feet high: leaves elongated-lanceo-
late, softly ciuereous-puberulent or even canescent beneath, scabrous above : heads half-inch
high and rays 10 to 18 lines long : bracts of the involucre linear-subulate, longer than the
disk, villons toward the base : disk-corollas with a silky-villous ring or two tufts above the
short proper tube: paleoe of the pappus slender-subulate. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 7. S. E.
California, in wet places and along streams at San Bernardino, Parish ; fl. autumn.
H. Californicus, DC. Tall, 3 to 8 feet high, usually branching : leaves lanceolate, entire
or serrate (the larger 4 to 10 inches long, sometimes an inch or two wide) : heads mostly
two-thirds inch high : rays over an inch long when well developed : bracts of the involucre
slightly hirsute or naked : disk-corollas canescently puberulent toward the base : akenes very
glabrous : paleae of the pappus broadly lanceolate. Prodr. v. 589 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 325 ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 353. H. r/iyanteus, var. insulus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17.
California, along streams, from San Francisco Bay southward.
Var. Utahensis (H. giyanteus, var. Utahensis, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 1G9) seems
rather to be a form of //. Californicus, with thin and smoother leaves, and involucre more
hirsute. Wahsatch Mts., Parley's Park, Utah, Watson.
Var. Mariposianus. Leaves ample ; upper cauline ovate or oblong-lanceolate, en-
tire (7 or 8 inches long by 2 or more wide) : pappus not rarely of 4 linear-lanceolate paleae
of nearly equal length, or two often reduced and short. Banks of the Merced at Clark's
Ranch, Mariposa Co., California, Bokmder.
= = Bracts of the involucre broader and short, erect.
H. gracilentus, GRAY. Stem 2 to 5 feet high, rough-hispidulous, the slender branches
glabrous or scabrous : leaves thickish, scabrous and commonly hispidulous both sides, spar-
ingly c 1 .iticulate or entire ; lower cauliue from broadly to ovate-lanceolate, tripliuerved near
the base, which is abruptly contracted into a short margined petiole; upper lanceolate:
heads slender-pecluncled, half-inch high : bracts of the involucre imbricated in about 3 ranks,
thickish, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or apiculate-actuninate, shorter than the <Ii>k,
scabrous-puberulent, usually ciliolate : chaff of receptacle with puberulent obtuse or abruptly
acutish tips, below often purplish : rays 12 to 16, about inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 77,
Bot. Calif, i. 616. Low plains and along water-courses, San Diego Co. to San Bernardino
Co., California, Palmer, Parry & Lemmon, Parish, &C.
278 COMPOSITE. Helianthus.
t-j. ++ -H. Imperfectly known Pacific species, probably perennial, with foliaceous involucre.
H. Douglasii, TORR. & GRAY. Stems branching, ascending, hispidulous : leaves alternate;
upper rhomboid-oblong to spatulate-lanceolate, taperiug into winged petioles, obtuse, entire,
inch or two long : head half -inch high : bracts of the involucre almost all foliaceous, hispidu-
lous ; outer narrowly oblong, mostly obtuse, reflexed or spreading, longer tliau the disk,
innermost shorter, erect, acute or somewhat acuminate : rays barely half-inch long : chaff of
receptacle entire. Fl. ii. 332. California, Douglas (mentioned in Bot. Beech. 253); near
Santa Clara, Sinclair, in Bot. Sulph. as " II. Calif or nicus."
-H- -i -j -t Leaves all or most of them opposite, at least the cauline, or in H. tuberosus, &c.,
the upper alternate, all tripliuerved or 3-nerved : Atlantic species.
-H- Heads remarkably small, only 4 or 5 lines high and rather narrow, loosely paniculate : rays
only 5 to 8, seldom inch long: stem and spreading branches slender: leaves scabrous above,
puberulent or canescent-tomentulose beneath.
H. parviflorus, BEUXH. Stem smooth and glabrous, 3 to 6 feet high : leaves thin, nearly
membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or narrower, cuneately or almost truncately contracted at
base into a half-inch or inch long partly margined petiole, gradually attenuate-acuminate,
serrulate, sometimes more serrate (4 to 7 inches long, the larger inch or two wide near the
base), pale and when young tomentulose or puberulent beneath; bracts of the campanulate
involucre subulate-lanceolate, shorter than the comparatively few-flowered disk, the tips
loose or squarrose : rays 5 or 6, commonly half-inch but sometimes nearly inch. long.
Spreng. Syst. iii. 617 (1826, & probably somewhat earlier), not of 1IBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec.,
1820 (//. micranthus, Spreng.), which perhaps is not of the genus. H. divaricatus, Michx.
Fl. ii. 141 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 428, not L. H. strumosus, var. pallidus, Ell. 1. c., ex Torr. & Gray.
H. trackeliifolius, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98. H. microccpJialus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 229.
Moist woods and along streams, Pennsylvania to Illinois, Upper Georgia, Arkansas, and
Louisiana.
Var. attenuatus. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 5 inches long, at most half-inch wide,
very scabrous above, therefore connecting with the following. Dry woods, near Tallulah
Falls, Georgia, J. Donncll Smith.
H. Sdiweinitzii, TORR. & GRAY. Stem hispidulous or minutely strigose-pubescent, 2 to
5 feet high : leaves of thicker texture, shagreen-scabrous above, canesceutly tomeutulose
beneath, lanceolate (the larger 4 to 7 inches long, inch or less wide) and with more tapering
less petioled base, serrulate or nearly entire : involucre hirsute : rays 6 to 8, half-inch long.
-Fl. ii. 330; Chapm. Fl. 231. Dry ground, W. North Carolina to Middle Georgia.
-H- -H- Heads small, half-inch or less high, few or scattered, slender-peduncled : rays 6 to 10:
whole plant glabrous and smooth! except perhaps the edges of the leaves and involucral bracts:
involucre campanulate, of thickish smooth bracts; the outer lanceolate with gradually attenuate-
subulate spreading tips; inner ovate-lanceolate or broader, somewhat acuminate, erect: akenes
a little hairy at the summit: usually but not alvvaj's one or two conspicuous acute sqiiamelke
or short palea? on each side between the lanceolate or ovate principal palea: of tho pappus, some-
times united with their base (like stipules), caducous with them.
H. longif olius, PURSH. Stem 3 to 7 feet high, simple : leaves elongated linear-lanceolate
(3 to 8 inches long, quarter to half inch wide), thickish, mostly entire, sessile, lowest cauline
and radical taperiug into slender margined petioles: rays about 10, narrow, half-inch long:
chaff of the receptacle glabrous, commonly 3-toothed, narrow : proper palea; of the pappus
2 or 3, the squamellas thin and small. Fl. ii. 571 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 417 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 431.
Leiyhia longifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 365. W. Georgia, in, wet soil, Lyon, &c.
Little known ; no sufficient specimens seen.
H. laevigatus, TORR. & GRAY. No creeping rootstocks and no fleshy-thickened roots : stem
2 to 5 feet high, glaucous : leaves lanceolate, very acute, subscssile, thickish, pale beneath,
sparsely serrulate or the upper entire : rays 6 to 8, broad, usually inch long, bright yellow :
chaff of the receptacle entire, more or less pubescent on the back : squamella; or inter-
mediate palea; of the pappus rather large and firm, half or a quarter the length of the lan-
ceolate or ovate proper paleae, sometimes wanting. Fl. ii. 330; Gray, Man. 256. Alle-
ghany Mountains in Virginia and N. Carolina. Occurs in two forms; one slender, simple,
2 or 3 feet high, with narrow leaves 3 to 5 inches long, half-inch or less broad (this possibly
may be //. longifolius) : the other larger, 4 to 6 feet high, branching, with ampler leaves,
the larger cauline ovate- or oblong-lanceolate and 2 or 3 inches wide, and rays over an inch
Hdianthus. COMPOSITE. 279
long, and it would appear to pass into II. strumosus except for the remarkable smoothness.
Bracts of the involucre minutely ciliolate.
H- -H- Heads middle-sized, at least half-inch high: rays usually but not always more than
10, an inch or more long: plant multiplying by creeping rootstocks. (Species difficult of extri-
cation, either confluent r mixed by intercrossing.)
= .Cauline leaves all sessile and even somewhat connate by a more or less narrowed base, those
of the flowering branches not rarely alternate, none more than serrulate, no lateral basal ribs.
H. doronicoid.es, LAM. Minutely pubescent and somewhat scabrous: stem 3 to 7 feet
high : leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed from below the middle to both ends, moderately so
below, lightly or indistinctly triplinerved much above the base, 4 to 8 inches long : involucre
of loose subulate-linear and slender pointed bracts, soft-pubescent or hirsute: rays 13 to 18,
a third to half inch broad, sometimes inch and a half long: ovary and akene glabrous.
Diet. iii. 84 ; Torr. & Gray, 11. ii. 327, in part, excl. syn. Vahl, &c., not of Gray, Man.
//. pubescens, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2778, not Yahl. //. cincrcus ? var. SitUiriintii, Torr. & Gray,
1. c. 324, appears to be a form of this. Dry Ground, Ohio to Missouri, &c.
= = Cauline leaves sessile or nearly so by a rounded or subcorclate and 3-nerved base, thence
gradually narrowed to the slender apex, of rather firm texture: heads and rays comparatively
small.
H. divaricatUS, L. Stem simple to the summit or nearly, a foot to a yard high, mostlv
slender, rigid, usually smooth and glabrous below and hispidulous-scabrous at summit, bear-
ing few short-peduncled heads : leaves green and scabrous both sides, appressed-serrulate,
all the cauliue opposite and horizontally divaricate (whence the name), commonlv 4 or 5
inches long, and at base an inch or two wide : head only half-inch high, bracts of the invo
lucre lanceolate-subulate, usually hirsute-ciliatc : rays 8 to 12, at most an inch long. Spec,
ii. 906 (excl. syn. Moris. Hist. sect. G, t. 7, f. CG) ; Ait. Kew. iii. 250; Willd. Spec. iii. 2244;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 329. //. tnmcatus, Schweinitz in Ell. Sk. ii. 416. Chrysanthemum VI r-
(jinianum, &c., Moris. Hist. sect. 6, t. 3, f. 02.' Dry and sandy or gravelly soil, Canada and
Saskatchewan to Florida and Louisiana.
=== = = Cauline leaves short-petioled or upper subsessile, serrulate or serrate with small erect
teeth, or the uppermost entire, all triplinerved from near the base.
H. hirsutus, KAF. Stem simple or branched at summit, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, commonly
smooth below, rough and hispidulous above : leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate,
subsessile or short-petioled with a roundish or broad abrupt and rarely subcordate or some-
times rather cuueate base, thence gradually tapering to the point in the manner of //. divari-
catus, scabrous above, somewhat so and little paler beneath : bracts of the involucre usually
broadly lanceolate and acuminate, ciliate, unequal, commonly erect and not surpassing the
disk : rays 12 to 15, rather broad, fully inch long. Ann. Nat. (1820), 14 ; DC 1 . Prodr. v. 591 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 329. //. diversifolius & If. hispidulus? Ell. Sk. 1. c. Dry or moist
soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and south to Georgia and Texas.
Var. trachypliyllus, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c., a form from Arkansas, with thick very
rough leaves, and larger heads with squarrose involucre.
Var. stenophyllus, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c., a small form, with narrow lanceolate
leaves almost sessile by a somewhat contracted base. //. strumosus, var.? leptophyllus, Torr.
& Gray, 1. c., may be the same with smoother stem. Louisiana and Texas.
H. Strumosus, L. Eootstocks long and slender, often branching, thickened often into a
narrow fusiform tuber at the apex : stem usually branching, 3 to 6 feet high, glabrous and
very smooth and often glaucous, but summit and branches not rarely hispiduloua : leaves
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, or the lower sometimes ovate, acute or acuminate, slightly serrate
or some of them entire, bright-green and somewhat papillose-scabrous above, whitish beneath
(either with or without minute tomentum), abruptly contracted or more tapering into a
margined petiole (the larger 5 to 8 inches long and 2 wide) : heads rather small (half-inch
high), but the rays ample, 9 to 15, commonly oblong, an inch to inch and a half long : bracts of
the involucre rather broadly or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sometimes with attenuate spread-
ing tips, rarely surpassing the disk, ciliate, either glabrous or pubescent on the back : pappus
not rarely with intermediate squamelloc, either free or adnate to the base of t'>e palr:i' -
Spec. ii. 905 ; Ait. Kew. iii. 249 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. //. heels, Walt. Car. 215 1 II. nj'<-<-his,
Otto, in Berlin Garden, is either a glabrous form of this, or is H. luviyatus. Open woods
and banks, Canada to Wisconsin, Georgia, and Arkansas.
280 COMPOSITE. Helianthus.
Var. mollis, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Leaves canescently tomentulose beneath, not
rarelv subcordate, commonly larger (upper cauliue not rarely 6 to 8 iuches long) : involucre
looser, the bracts mostly with prolonged attenuate tips : there are similar forms without the
pubescence, except when young. H. mollis, Willd. Spec. iii. 2240, excl. syn. Miehx. ; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 3G89, not Lam. //. macrophyllus, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 70, & Euum. 920.
Mass, to Iowa ; commoner westward.
H. trach.eliif61i.US, WILLD. Eesembles the two preceding: leaves thinner, nearly of the
same rather dull green hue both sides, all distinctly short-petioled, lower more sharply
serrate : involucre of the following, i. e. the bracts all loose aud spreading, linear-attenuate,
hirsute, surpassing the disk, sometimes much prolonged and attenuate-i'oliaceous. Spec,
iii. 2241, & Enum. 920. //. prostratus, Willd. 1. c. 2242, a weak form, decumbent in cultiva-
tion. Moist or dry ground, Perm.'? and Ohio to Wisconsin and Illinois.
= = = = Cauline leaves more conspicuously petioled, prominently serrate, thinnish or soft,
veiny, commonly broad, the upper disposed to be alternate : stems mostly branching: involucral
bracts loose, hirsute-ciliate.
H. decapetalus, L. Rootstocks rather slender, branching, more or less tuberous-thickened
at apex : stem smooth and glabrous below, 2 to 5 feet high ; the brandies slightly pubescent
or scabrous : leaves usually membrauaceous, ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, saliently ser-
rate, green both sides, either smooth and glabrous or above papillose-scabrous and slightly
scabrous below, 4 to 8 inches long, the truncate or somewhat cunesite base abruptly con-
tracted into a winged or naked petiole : bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate-linear or
linear, thin, often foliaceous aud surpassing the disk: rays 8 to 10 or more, light yellow,
only an inch long. Spec. ii. 905 ; Ait. 1. c. ; Willd. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5510 ; Torr. &,
Gray, 1. c. //. frondosus, L. Amoen. Acad. iv. 290, & Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1277, merely a form
with foliaceous involucre. //. stritmosus, Willd. 1. c. 2422; Ell. Sk. ii. 420. //. tenuif olives,
Ell. 1. c., thin-leaved form of shady places. Banks of streams and moist woods, Canada to
Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, and Georgia, in the upper country.
Var. multiflorus ? //. mult/jlonta, L. 1. c. ; Bot. Mag. t. 227, known only in culti-
vation, from early times; must have been derived from //. di.rupcta!us. It has short and
thick rootstocks, somewhat firmer leaves, on naked petioles, larger heads, more numerous
bracts to the involucre, and 20 or more rays. The more common form of it in gardens is
dwarf, and the disk filled with transformed ligulate flowers.
H. tuberosus, L. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.) Stem usually pubescent or hirsute, 5 to 10
feet high, branching at summit : leaves mostly alternate on the brandies, and sometimes on
the upper part of the stem, ovate or subcordate, sometimes oblong, acuminate, thickislv-
membranaceous, dull green, minutely pubescent and occasionally cinereous beneath, soon
scabrous above : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, hirsute, at least the
margins toward the base : rays often inch and a half long, 12 to 20 : bracts of the receptacle
hirsute-pubescent on the back : akenes more or less pubescent at summit aud margins,
mostly long and slender horizontal rootstocks enlarging at apex into either oval or fusiform
fleshy tubers (in cult, large and oblong or roundish, sweet and edible). L. Spec. ii. 905
(excl. habitat) ; Jacq. Hort. Vind. t. 161 ; Trumbull & Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3. xiii.
(May, 1877), -347 ; Decaisne in El. Serres, xxiii. 1881. H. duriiiin-o'dtt;, Torr. & Gray, El. ii.
327, in part; Gray, Man. 257, not Lam. Moist alluvial ground, Upper Canada to Sas-
katchewan, and south to Arkansas and middle parts of Georgia. Was cultivated by the
aborigines, and the tubers developed ; now widely dispersed under cultivation. Among the
various indigenous forms the following may be distinguished.
Var. SUbcanescenS. Mostly dwarf (about 2 feet high), comparatively small-leaved,
rough-hispidulous or scabrous, but the lower face of the leaves whitish with soft and fine
pubescence. Plains of Minnesota, Dakota, &c., Kennicott, Cones, \\\inl, sometimes with
well-developed tubers. Also, a larger form with narrower leaves, near St. Louis, Missouri,
Engelmann, &c.
H. DEALBATUS. A foot or two high from a frutescent base, canescent with fine appressed
pubescence : leaves ovate to oblong, obtuse, entire or repand, 3-uerved at the rounded or ab-
ruptly contracted base (about inch long), rather long-petioled ; lower opposite, upper alternate:
head solitary, terminating simple stems or few brandies, slender-peduncled, bnrdv half-inch
high : involucre short-campanulate, canescent, of oblong-linear obtuse bracts, shorter than the
fii^Mus disk: rays 4 or 5 lines long; akeues turgid, sericeous-pubescent. Lower California,
Encelia. COMPOSITE. 281
Belding, 1875. At All-Saints Bay, 70 miles below the U. S. boundary, Parry, 1883; perhaps
therefore within the U. S. A singular species, with aspect of a Viyuiera, but a caducous pappus
of two lanceolate palese and no squainellaj.
105. FLOUKENSIA, DC. (M. J. P. Flourens, a distinguished physi-
ologist.) - - Founded on two homogamous northern Mexican species, of very dis-
tinct habit and character, shrubby, almost glabrous, somewhat resiniferous-viscid,
much branched, with alternate entire leaves, either corymbed or paniculate short-
peduncled heads from upper axils, and whitish or yellowish flowers. To these
the founder added two Chilian radiate species, viz. F. corymbosa, which is a
Viguicra ( V. Pceppitjii] ; and F. thurifera (Helianthus thurifer, Molina), which
may probably remain as a subgenus, Diomedia, Bertero and Colla, not Cuss. -
DC. Prodr. v. 592, excl. no. 2 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 7.
P. cernua, DC., 1. c. Very branching and leafy shrub, with the aromatic bitterness and
odor of hops, 3 to 6 feet high : branches puberulent : leaves obovate and oblong, half to inch
and a half long, acute at both ends, dull, obscurely veiny : heads seldom half-inch long, sub-
sessile in the axils or terminating paniculate branchlets, soon nodding : involucre cam-
panulate, shorter than the disk, of lanceolate erect imbricated bracts, with some outer and
spreading foliaceons ones passing into leaves : tips of the short style-branches much dilated,
wider than high : awns of the pappus rigid, half the length of the apprcssed-villous akene,
the slender squamellse not surpassing the villous hairs. Gray, PL Wright, i. 114, & ii. 89.
Helianthus ccnutus, Beuth. & Hook. Gen., ex Hemsl., but it is not really so referred, nor has
it any likeness to that genus. Arid hills and plains, W. Texas to Arizona, Wrnjlit, Lem-
moii, &c. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Gregg, &c.)
F. LAURIFOLIA, DC. 1. c, of N. E. Mexico, Berlandier, Palmer, is larger, with oblong and'
more veiny lucid leaves (2 to 4 inches long, on distinct petioles), corymboscly clustered heads
of twice or thrice the size, c. ; may occur on the Lower Rio Grande.
100. ENCELIA, Adans. (Christopher Encel, wrote upon oak-galls.)
Herbs or some under-shrubby (all American, chiefly subtropical) ; with alternate
or opposite leaves, commonly with rather showy radiate heads of flowers on
naked peduncles ; the rays mostly yellow, occasionally wanting ; the disk yellow
or brownish. Chaffy bracts of the receptacle usually soft and mainly scarious.
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 378. Encelia, Siinsla (Pers.), & Armania (Bertero),
DC. Prodr., with Geroea, Torr. & Gray, & Barrattia, Gray & Engelm. Neglect-
ing the pappus, which is inconstant, the four sections may be reduced to two.
1. EUENCELIA. Akenes densely long-ciliate : upper and commonly most of
the leaves alternate: petioles naked. Enceiia, Adans. Fam. ii. 128. Pallasia,
L'Her. ex Ait., not L. f. Gercfa, Torr. & Gray, &c.
* Shrubby or lignescent at base, wi:h herbaceous flowering branches : leaves from ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, mostly entire.
E. Mimopiii'LLA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 37, & xix. 7, of Northern Mexico, makes the
nearest approach to Fiourensia, and commonly has a biaristellate pappus.
E. ALHESCENS, Gray, 1. c. viii. 658, of Sonora in Mexico, Palmer, appears to be more herba-
ceous than the following species ; the akenes less strongly villous on the edges, except next the
summit, and the faces pubescent : pappus biaristellate. It may be expected In S. Arizona.
E. HALIMIF6LIA, CAY. Ic. iii. 6, t. 210 (Pallasia rjfi-tnil>Jiora,Willd. Spec. iii. 2261), frum
" Nova Hispania," i. e. Mexico, probably from the Pacific side. This resembles E. C<ilijbrni<-<i,
and, being described as having green and glabrous leaves and ciliate involucral bracts, is very
probably identified in a plant collected on the Xaqui River, Sonora, by /'//<>-, perhaps not far
below the Mexican border of Arizona. It is probably also E. consperta, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of
Lower California.
282 COMPOSITE. Encelia,
E. Californica, NUTT. Woody only at base, 2 to 4 feet high, strong-scented, minutely
pubescent and sometimes cinereous wheii young, at least the foliage gJahrate and green :
leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, rarely denticulate or toothed, about 2 inches long:
heads commonly solitary and large, the disk nearly inch broad, brownish or purplish: invo-
lucre white-villous . rays 16 to 20, an iiich or more long, golden yellow: akenes obovate,
with very shallow notch and no pappus; the margins very long-villous. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 357; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 317 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 351. Dry ground, California
near the coast, from Santa Barbara to San Diego, thence east to the borders of Arizona,
where is a smaller-flowered form, K. tonspersa, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 88, not Beuth. ?
E. farinosa, GRAY. Shrubby, except the nearly leafless flowering branches or corymbosely
branched peduncles, 2 to 5 feet high . leaves (and the leafy branches) silvery-white with a
close furfuraceous tomeutum, ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, contracted at base into a rather
long petiole- heads somewhat paniculate, smaller, the disk only half-inch broad, yellowish:
involucre short, barely pubescent rays 6 to 10, only half-inch long: akeues obovate, with a
deep notch and no pappus. Emory Rep. 143, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. E. mvea, Gray. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 88, not Benth. Dry hills, S. E. California and Arizona, first coll. by Coulter.
E. frutescens, GRAY. Shrubby below, 2 or 3 feet high, with widely spreading monoceph-
alons branches, hispidulous-scabrous and at least the branches cinereous : leaves ovate or
oblong, obtuse, half-inch or an inch long, abruptly petioled mostly from a rounded base :
heads rather long-peduncled, variable in size: rays either none, few, or numerous, but short
(quarter to half inch long) and 3-4-lobed : akeues very long-villous on the margins, with a
small narrow notch at summit pappus either none or of two delicate long-villous awns.
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657, & B'ot. Calif. 1. c. Simsia (Gerna) frutescens, Gray, Bot. Mex.
Bound. 89. Gravelly hills and ravines, S. Utah, Arizona, and S. E. California; first coll.
by Fremont.
* * Herbaceous perennial . leaves linear, entire.
E. scaposa, GKAY. Minutely scabrous-puberulent, a foot or more high : leaves all crowded
at and near the base of the slender scapiform and simple monocephalous stem, rather rigid,
entire, 2 or 3 inches long, a line or two wide: involucre loose: rays several, obovate or
cuneiform, half-inch or less long, 3-toothed : akenes (immature) very villous all over, as also
the pappus of two chaffy awns. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 7. Simxia ? ( Gcrcea) scaposa, Gray,
PI. Wright, ii. 88. New Mexico, and stony hills between the Mimbres and the Rio Grande,
O <
Wright.
* * * Herbaceous from an annual or biennial root (at least the first species): leaves apparently
all alternate, somewhat dentate: awns of the pappus large and conspicuous, thick at base, con-
tinuous from the rather strong and very villous margins of the cuneate akene. Gercea, Torr. &
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 48.
E. eriocephala, GRAY. A foot or two high, hirsute with white hairs: stem simple or
branched from the annual root, leafy below, nearly leafless toward the somewhat paniculate
heads : leaves cuneate-obovate or ovate-oblong ; lower tapering into margined petioles, upper-
most reduced to sparse subulate bracts : heads about half-inch high : bracts of the involucre
linear-lanceolate, green, but the lower half and the margins very white with long villous
pubescence: rays 12 or more, cuneate-obovate or spatulate, half-inch or more long, golden
yellow: akenes cuneate, slightly emarginate between the thick-based awns. Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 657 ; Bot. Calif. 1. c. Genca cancsccns, Torr. & Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 48.
Simsia (Gercea) canescens, Gray, PI. Fendl. 85. Low grounds and sand-hills, through the
arid region of W. Arizona and adjacent parts of Nevada and S. E. California ; first coll. by
Coulter, then by Fremont.
Var. paniculata. A greener and less hairy form, panic ulately branched ; the nu-
merous heads of only half the ordinary size. S. Arizona, Print/Ie.
E. Viscida, GRAY. A foot or two high, branching, leafy up to the usually short simple
peduncles, viscid-glandular and hirsutely villous : leaves thinnish ; cauline all ovate or oblong,
obtuse, closely sessile and clasping by an auriculate or cordate base ; lower ones and base of
stem not seen : heads nearly an inch high and broad : bracts of the viscid involucre oblong,
obtuse, at length much shorter than the yellow disk : rays none : akenes narrowly cuneate,
truncate between the awns. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78, & Bot. Calif, i. 616. Mountains of
Sail Diego Co., California, Palmer Parish.
Hdiantliella. COMPOSITE. 283
2. SIMSIA. Akenes naked, at least not strongly ciliate : leaves usually
opposite or the upper alternate, broad, usually serrate, sometimes 3-5-lobed, not
rarely auriculate-dilated at the insertion : herbs. Simsia, Pers. Barrattia, Gray
& Engelni., merely wants the pappus.
* Root annual: petioles all naked at base: some uppermost leaves alternate.
E. exaristata, GRAY. Stem 2 feet or more high, rather slender, minutely glandular-puher-
uleut and sparsely villous-hirsute, naked at summit and bearing loosely paniculate heads :
leaves ovate and oblong-ovate, barely serrate, rarely somewhat incised, on narrowly margined
petioles: heads half-inch high, rather narrow: bracts of the involucre lanceolate; outer
series villous-hirsute, more than half the length of the narrow and grauulose-glandular
inner ones : rays 4 to 9, not surpassing the disk : akenes very smooth and glabrous through-
out, obovate, slightly emarginate at summit, destitute of pappus, or not rarely with two
minute vestiges of awns. Hemsl. Bot. Biol. Centr.-Am. ii. 183, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 8.
Simsia lanascceformis, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 107, not DC. &. exaristata, Gray, PI. Wright.
ii. 87. Valleys along water-courses, Western Texas to Southern Arizona, Wright, Thurber,
Lemmon. (Mex. 1)
* * Root perennial, thick and fleshy-tuberous: leaves all opposite, even on the branches, on
margined or narrowly winged petioles, these united at base on each side by a foliaceous append-
age, the two often connate into an amplexicaul disk.
E3. Calva, GRAY. Scabrous-pubescent and often hispidulous : stem 2 or 3 feet high, with
opposite branches, terminating in long and naked monocephalous peduncles : leaves deltoid-
ovate and subcordate, often hastately 3-lobed, irregularly dentate : involucre hemispherical,
half-inch high, hirsute and hispid, outer bracts foliaceous and somewhat squarrose : rays
15 to 20, half-inch long: akenes wholly smooth and glabrous, obcordate-oval, without vestige
of pappus. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 8. Barrattia calva, Gray & Eugelm. Proc. Am. Acad.
i. 48. Simsia (Barrattia) calva, Gray, PI. Linclh. ii. 228. Rocky hills and edges of oak
woods, Texas, Lindheimer, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier.)
E. STlbaristata, GRAY, 1. c. Too closely like the preceding, sometimes more canescently
hispid : akeues minutely pilose-pubescent, ciliolate toward the summit, bearing two rigid
scabro-hispidulous awns, which are half the length of the akene or often reduced to mere
rudiments. Simsia subarlstata, Gray, PI. Fendl. 84. S. W. Texas, Wright, Palmer.
(Monterey, Mex., Gregg, &c.)
107. HELIANTHELLA, Torr. & Gray. (HcliantJnis with altered ter-
mination, the principal species resembling that genus.) --Perennial (N. Amer-
ican) herbs, of diverse habit, commonly simple-stemmed and entire-leaved : rays
yellow : disk either yellow or purplish-brown. Fl. ii. 233 ; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 9.
1. ENCELIOPSIS. Silvery-canescent, scapose, with large heads (disk an inch
broad and flat), thick-leaved: chaffy bracts of the receptacle soft and scarious :
akenes flat, oblong-cuneate, very villous, with narrow callous margins and summit,
the latter bordered between the short subulate awns by a very short fringe of
membranaceously confluent squamellae. Anomalous species.
H. midicaiilis, GRAY. Cespitose, with a stout multicipital caudex, densely tomentulose-
canescent : leaves all radical and rosulate-tuf ted , obovate or orbicular, obtuse, an inch or
more long, abruptly contracted into a longer margined petiole : scapes naked, nearly a foot
high, monocephalous : bracts of the involucre all canescent and lanceolate, numerous in
2 or 3 series, equal : rays 20 or more, linear, about inch long : disk-corollas also yellow ; the
short ovate teeth hispidulous-pubescent outside : immature akeues 4 lines long, including the
short awns, which do not surpass the villosity. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 9. Encelia ( <_.'< ni)
nudicavlis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 656. S. W. Utah, Capt. Bishop. Candclaria,
Esmeralda Co., Nevada, Shockley.
H. argophylla, GRAY, 1. c. Said to be " 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, with caulinc leaves similar
to the radical ones " ; these very white with the dense silvery tomeutum, rhomboid-obovate
284 COMPOSITE. Helianthella.
or cuneate and acute: mature akene 5 lines long. Tithonia argopkylla, Eaton, Bot. King
Exp. 423. Encdia (Gercea) arc/ophyUa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 656. S. W. Utah, near
St. George, Palmer. Incompletely known. Perhaps the two are not specifically different.
2. HELIANTHELLA proper. Habit somewhat of Wj/ethia, leafy-stemmed:
leaves from lanceolate to ovate, mostly triplinerved above the tapering base, and
commonly venulose-reticulated, varying from opposite to alternate : rays broad :
tube of the disk-corollas usually nearly half the length of the throat, and the
short ovate lobes more or less puberulent : akenes flat, from cuneate-obovate and
emarginate to slightly obcordate : style-appendages obtuse, mostly short and spat-
ulate or oblong.
* Chaffy bracts of the receptacle soft and scarious : akenes with some long villous hairs on the
margins and sometimes on the faces.
-i Heads fhowy, large or middle-sized, solitary, or some later ones in the axils of bract-like
leaves below: bracts of the involucre loose and lanceolate-attenuate or linear, more or less
foliaceous, conspicuously hirsute-ciliate: disk yellowish, with dark anthers.
H. quinquenervis, GRAY. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent or almost glabrous : stems
solitary or scattered, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves mostly opposite, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 4 to 9 inches long, triplinerved below the middle and commonly with a lower
pair at some distance, uppermost sessile, lower ones tapering into margined petioles, and the
lowest (a foot or more long) into longer petioles: head mostly loug-peduucled, ample, the
disk a full inch in diameter : bracts of the involucre lanceolate, more or less foliaceous :
rays 15 to 20, pale yellow., commonly inch and a half long: akenes cuneate-obovate and
obscurely obcordate, 4 lines long, with margins and commonly a part of the faces long-
villous : pappus of 2 slender awns, of half the length of the akene, and nearly thrice the
length of the squamellajj which form a conspicuous finely dissected fringe. Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 10. Helianthus quinquenervis, Hook. Loud. Jour. Bot. vi. 247. Helianthella
uniflora, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado, 71 ; Eaton
in Bot. King Exp. 170; not Torr. & Gray, Fl., except as to one of Nuttall's specimens of
Lcighia uniflora, but not the original from Wyeth. Rocky Mountains from Dakota and
Montana to S. Colorado.
Var. Arizonica. Akenes obovate, even 5 lines long, with delicate awns rarely twice
the length of the broader squamellaj. Northern Arizona, Woodhvu.se, and S. W. Arizona,
fji-mmon.
H. Parryi, GRAY. Hispidulous-hirsute : stems numerous from a thickened root, a foot high,
rather slender: leaves mostly alternate, more rigid, lanceolate and an inch or two long, or
the lowest and radical oblong-apatulate and of double the size : heads and rays barely half
the size of the preceding : pappus of fitnbriately dissected squamellaj only, or with a pair
of slender awns not surpassing these. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter & Coult. Fl.
Colorado, 71. Rocky Mountains of Colorado and northern part of New Mexico, at 8,000
to 10,000 feet, Parry, Hall, &c.
H. MEXICANA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 37, of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, ranks between
the preceding and the following, but is nearer the former; has solitary heads, dark brownish
disk of 4 lines in diameter, broad rays half-inch long, and almost linear leaves.
H +- Heads small : involucre more imbricated : rays few and hardly surpassing the dark-purple
disk.
H. microcepkala, GRAY. Ilispidulous-scabrous : stems numerous from a greatly thick-
ened root, a foot or less high, slender, somewhat pauiculately or corymbosely branched at
summit and bearing several heads: leaves rigid, all hut the lower alternate ; radical lanceo-
late-spatulate ; upper cauline nearly linear and sessile, inch long : involucre somewhat cam-
panulate, 3 or 4 lines high ; its bracts linear-oblong, mostly obtuse : rays not over 3 lines
long : immature akenes villous, at least at the summit : pappus of several slender squamellse
intermixed with the long hairs, longer than the breadth of the ovary, two marginal ones
often extended and awn-like. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. Encdia (Gercea) microcephala,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 657. Borders of Colorado and adjacent New Mexico and
Utah, north to Rabbit Valley, Newberry, Brandegee, Ward.
Zexmenia. COMPOSITE. 285
* * Chaffy bracts of the receptacle rather firm-chartacenus: stems a foot or two high.
H. Douglasii, TORR. & GRAY, extended. Hirsute-pubescent with spreading hairs, at least
the upper part of the stem : leaves mostly opposite and oblong-lanceolate ; upper sessile or
nearly so : disk of the head an inch broad : involucre hirsute : rays an inch long : akenes
obovate, more or less ciliate-fringed : pappus a pair of elongated awns with more or less
chaffy-dilated base, or sometimes (as in the original specimen) reduced to this base, and with
mostly conspicuous squamellae. H. Douglasii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 334. H. lanceofalii,
Torr. in Wilkes Ex. Exped. xvii. 354, hardly of Torr. & Gray, Fl. Dry ground, W. Idaho
and E. Oregon and Washington Terr., Douglas (awns of pappus reduced, perhaps not con-
stantly), Spalding, Cusick, Branderjee. Ciliation of ovary and akeue variable, sometimes
wanting except near the summit.
H. uniflora, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Minutely pubescent or somewhat scabridous, or glabrate :
leaves more commonly opposite, sometimes all alternate, oblong-lanceolate (2 to 5 inches
long); lower short-petioled : involucre pubescent or slightly hirsute : rays a full inch long:
akenes more or less ciliate : pappus a pair of long awns and* rather conspicuous squamelhv.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 10. //. lanceolate, Torr. & Gray, 1 c. (Leiyhia luncrolata, Nutt:
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 365, which is said by Nuttall to have three or more heads, but of
which we have only two or three flowers, is probably of this species). H. multicaulis, Eaton
in Bot. King Exp. 170, small form. Hcltanthus ttnifloriis, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 37,
& Leif/hia uniflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., by char, and genuine specimens. Rocky
Mountains, Montana and E. Idaho to S. Utah, Wijeth, Burke, Watson, Ward, &c.
H. Californica, GRAY. Minutely scabrous-puberulent or almost glabrous: stems slender,
rarely bearing 2 or 3 small heads : leaves more commonly alternate, lanceolate, nearly all
tapering into slender or distinct petioles : rays half-inch or more long, usually little sur-
passing the involucre : akeues obovate, wholly glabrous, the roundish summit slightly
notched at maturity, minutely 2-aristellate and with very short squainellse, but whole pappus
often obsolete in age, margins very obscurely ciliolate near the summit. Pacif. II. I\ep.
iv. 103; Bot. Calif, i. 352. California, from Xapa Valley to the Sierra Nevada, from the
heads of the Sacramento to Mariposa Co. ; first coll. by Bigelow.
3. PsEUDO-HELijfNTHUs. Habit of the narrow-leaved Helianthi : slender
and leafy-stemmed : leaves all linear and one-nerved, with revolute margins,
alternate, hispidulous-scabrous : bracts of the involucre linear-attenuate, hispid,
squarrose-spreading : rays long and narrow : style-appendages of the disk-flowers
long and slender, hirsute : chaffy bracts of the receptacle rather rigid, obscurely
3-toothed at the apex : akenes less flat, the lateral angles being usually devel-
oped, or even quadrangular.
H. grand.ifl.6ra, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Stem 3 or 4 feet high (the base unknown) : leaves
somewhat broadly linear (2 lines wide by 2 inches or more long), strongly papillose-scabrous
above: head nearly three-fourths inch high and broad : rays 16 to 20, inch and a half long:
immature akenes broadly oblong, glabrous below, the acute almost winged margins produced
on each side at apex into a chaffy tooth, and one or both of these commonly extended into
a chaffy persistent awn, the salient border connecting them villous and minutely multi-
squamellate. E. Florida, Leavemcorth, Barrows. Mature akenes not seen.
H. tenuifolia, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Stem 2 feet or more high, more slender and simple
from a narrow somewhat moniliform horizontal tuber : leaves nearly filiform : head one
half smaller: rays 10 to 15, an inch or more long: akeues slightly pubescent, quadrangular
and moderately or the outer very little compressed, the anterior and posterior angles nar-
rowly and acutely margined, these two and sometimes the other angles surmounted by a
subulate or triangular short persistent chaffy and pointed tooth, and with some minute
intermediate squamellaj. Sandhills and dry pine barrens on and near the Apalachicola
River, Florida, Chapman, Mohr.
108. ZEXMENIA, Llave & Lex. (Anagram of Ximenez, the genus
being likened to Ximene&ia.} Mexican genus of numerous species, two of them
reaching U. S., perennial herbs or some rather shrubby ; with mostly opposite
286 COMPOSITE. Zexmenia.
leaves, and heads of yellow flowers, of moderate or small size, in ours solitary on
slender peduncles terminating the branches. Ray-akenes commonly triquetrous
and 3-awned ; those of the disk either much compressed or thicker, with winged
or bordered margins, but the wings variable. Style-branches of the hermaphro-
dite flowers with acute hispid tips. Nov. Veg. Descr. i. 13 ; Gray, PI. Wright.
i. 12 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 373. -The genuine species (Lasianthcea, Zucc.,
Lipochcetce Americance, DC.) form a marked group : some others too nearly
approach Wedelia on the one hand, and Verbesina on the other.
Z. brevifolia, GRAY. Much branched and below shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, strigose-scabrous
or hispidulous, and the branches cinereous: leaves (alternate on the branches!) small, less
than an inch long, ovate and oval, mostly entire, short-petioled : heads solitary on slender
peduncles terminating the branches, half-inch high : involucre between hemispherical and
campanulate, of broad mostly ovate bracts imbricated in 3 or 4 series, the outer looser and
partly foliaceous : rays 5 to 9, small : corolla-lobes glabrous : akenes obovate, flat, some
nearly marginless, some at maturity conspicuously callous-winged, slightly narrowed at
summit between the wings or margin and the subulate-attenuate awns ; between the bases
of these the free or partly united squamellre are conspicuous, yet sometimes obsolete in age.
-PI. "Wright, i. 112, Bot. Mex. Bound. 92. Rocky banks, S. W. Texas, Wriijht, Parry,
Palmer. (Adj. Mex.)
Z. hlspida, GRAY. Herbaceous and branched or many-stemmed from a barely liguescent
base or root, strigose-hispid, about 2 feet high : branches terminated by solitary long-
peduncled heads : leaves sessile or nearly so, lanceolate or the lower rhomboid-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate and with acute or cimeate base, irregularly more or less serrate, some-
times with a pair of coarser salient teeth or lobes above the base : involucre biserial ; the
outer bracts more loose and foliaceous, lanceolate from a broader base, as long as the oblong
inner ones : rays 7 to 9, orange-yellow, barely half-inch long : corolla-lobes puberulent-cilio-
late : akeues obovate, either narrowly or (when well developed) broadly winged, or sometimes
winged only near the summit, appearing obcordate, the pappus in the centre of* the notch,
consisting of a somewhat elevated cupule of united firm squamellae and one or two (or in
the ray 3) variable awns, these occasionally abortive or little exceeding the squamellaj ; usu-
ally an appressed fleshy scale or protuberance on each side of the base of the akeue. Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 10. Wedelia hispida, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 214, t. 371 (poor details,
from flowers only) ; Bot. Reg. t. 543 (details copied from HBK.) ; DC. Prodr. v. 539, excl.
syn. Cav. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 370. Stemmodontia s<:aberrima, Cass. Diet. xlvi. 407.
LipochcEta ( Catomenia) Texana, Torr. & Gray, FI. ii. 357 ; Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 229. Zexmenia
Tea-awn, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 112. Wir1(]<-nia Tc.ntixi, Schultz Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald,
304. Dry ground, common in Texas. (Mex.)
Z. podocephala. Herbaceous from a lignescent root, 2 or 3 feet high, rough-hirsute or
hispidulous : stems with few and slender branches, terminated by solitary long-peduucled
heads : leaves ovate, nearly sessile by a rounded base, obtuse or acute, serrate, thinnish,
very veiny (the larger 3 or 4 inches long) : head and involucre nearly of the preceding, but
corolla-lobes hispidulous : akenes obovate, with narrow at length callous wings, more or less
confluent with the rather long awns; the intermediate squamellse small and distinct, abso-
lutely wanting in the original specimens of Wright, on which was founded Verbesina podo-
ceplia/a, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 92, and of Schott, but obvious in specimens of Rothrock and
Lemmon. S. Arizona.
109. VERBESfNA, L. partly, Less. (Unmeaning name.) American
herbaceous or more or less shrubby plants ; with heads of yellow or rarely white
flowers. --Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 379, with part of Actinomeris, Verbesina,
Ximenesia, DC.
1. VERBESIN^RIA, DC. Heads narrow, mostly small, cymosely clustered or
paniculate : involucre imbricated in two or more series, the bracts not elongated-
foliaceons : rays (rarely wanting) few or several, styliferous and usually fertile :
Verbesina. COMPOSITE. 287
disk from flattish to low conical : awns of the pappus not hooked : ours all per-
ennial herbs. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 11.
* Akenes wholly wingless: receptacle nearly flat: flowers yellow, the rays 1 to 5, lanceolate:
leaves opposite.
V. OCCidentalis, WALT. Green and minutely pubescent or glabrous, 4 to 7 feet high, with
erect narrowly 4-winged branches, leafy up to the short peduncles of the corymbosely panicu-
late open cymes: leaves ovate and the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutelv ser-
rate, the larger about 8 inches long, contracted into a margined petiole : involucre oblong,
4 or 5 lines high: akenes obovate-oblong, pubescent. Car. 213. F. Siegesbeckia, Michx!
Fl. ii. 1.34; DC. Prodr. v. 616 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 358. Siegesbeckia occidentalis'~L. Spec,
ii. 900, & PI. Grouov. V. Pluxthusa, Cass. Diet. Ii. 476, & lix. 149; DC. Prodr. 1. c., but
there are no squamellae. Phcethusa Americana, Gau-tn. Fruct. ii. 425, t. 169, f. 3, hairs at
summit of akeue exaggerated, and awns missing. P. borealis, Spreng. Syst. iii. 591. Core-
opsis alatu, Pursh, Fl. ii. 567, therefore Actinomrns alata, Nutt. Gen. 181. Borders of
woods and banks, S. Peun. to Illinois and Florida.
* * Akenes or most of them broadly winged at maturity, but variable: receptacle convex to con-
ical : flowers both of ray and disk white or whitish; the anthers blackish : rays 3 to 5, obovate,
short: leaves alternate.
V. Virginica, L. Minutely tomentose-pubescent or puberuleut, 3 to 6 feet high : stem or
branches winged or wingless : leaves green and glabrate or minutely hispidulous-scabrous
above, cinereous to cauescent beneath, ovate or the upper narrower, from denticulate to
coarsely serrate, contracted below into a winged petiole: heads small, 3 or 4 lines high,
crowded on the irregular branches of the compound paniculate naked cyme : bracts of the
involucre lanceolate, rather obtuse, erect, pubescent : awns of the pappus slender, sometimes
obsolete. Spec. ii. 901 ; Walt. 1. c. ; Michx. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 359. V. pa-
niculata, Poir. Diet. viii. 456. V. microptera, DC. 1. c. ; akeues sometimes but not always
imperfectly winged. V. polycepliala, DC. 1. c., rather robust form. V. villosa, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 370, a tomeiitose form. V. Texana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861,
458. Rich dry soil, Peun. ? and Illinois to Florida and Texas. (Mex.)
Var. laciniata. Leaves variously and irregular sinuate- or laciniate-lobed, rarely
almost to the midrib ; the principal lobes 3 to 5. Siegesbeckia laciniata, Poir. Diet. vii. 158.
Verbesina laciniata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 170. V. sinuuta, Ell. Sk. ii. 411 ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr.'& Gray,
1. c. Along the coast, S. Carolina to Florida.
2. PxEROrHYTox. Heads (solitary or scattered) comparatively broad : in-
volucre more or less imbricated, all or at least the inner bracts erect or appressed :
disk convex to oval and the akenes all erect in fruit ; the receptacle from convex
to conical : rays several to numerous, either neutral or styliferous (even in the
same species), but almost always infertile: akenes flat: awns of the pappus not
hooked, often obsolete or wanting: perennial herbs. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 12. Part of Pterophyton, Cass., & of Actinomeris, Nutt.
* Stems wholly wingless and marginless: leaves long and linear, not decurrent: bracts of the in-
volucre narrow, the outer loose and disposed to become foliaceous.
V. longifolia, GRAY. Stems slender, smooth and glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, very leafy,
branching at summit and bearing several heads : leaves alternate or some 2-3-nate, sessile,
scabrous, reticulate-veiny and with prominent midrib, 4 to 9 inches long, quarter to half inch
wide : head hemispherical, half-inch high, with flattish disk, often subtended by one or two
linear leaf-like bracts: involucral bracts linear: rays about 15, neutral, inch long: akenes
obovate, smooth, with narrow wing, a shallow notch, and no awns or rarely a rudimentary
one. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 12. Actinomeris long/folia, Gray, PL Wright, ii. 89. Mountains
of S. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, &c.
* * Stems wholly wingless: leaves ovate to oblong, sessile, not decurrent, mostly opposite:
bracts of the involucre broader and closer: rays not rarely styliferous.
V. \Vrightii, GRAY, 1. c. Scabrous and mostly hispidulous : stems stout, 1 to 3 feet high,
somewhat branching, bearing few or solitary long-peduliculate showy heads : leaves from
288 COMPOSITE. Verberina.
broadly ovate to oblong, thickish, serrate, triplinerved : heads hemispherical, three-fourths
inch high: bracts of the involucre oval or obloug, obtuse, iu 2 or 3 series: rays about 12,
oval or oblong, sometimes inch long, rarely wanting : akeues obovate, smooth, with either
broad or narrow wings, and only minute callous teeth for pappus, or some of the inner with
short awns : receptacle low. Actinomeris Wrightii, Gray, PI. Fendl. 85, PI. Liudh. ii. 229;
Rothr. in Wheeler Rep. vi. 162, t. 8. Rocky ground, W. Texas to Arizona, Wriyht,
Thurbcr, &c. (Adj. Mex.)
V. ^Varei, GRAY, 1. c. Scabrous, somewhat hispidulous : stem slender, a foot or two high,
simple, leafless at the peduncle-like summit, which bears one or two small heads : leaves
4 or 5 pairs, narrowly oblong, obtuse at both ends, obscurely serrulate, reticulate-veiny, lucid ;
the upper very small : bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate, shorter than tbe ovoid-
conical fruiting disk : " rays 3 or 4," small : akeues oblong, with narrow or rather broad
wings, connected by an obscure epigyuous border : pappus of 2 minute teeth or none.
Actinomeris pauciflora, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 301, & ( Achceta) Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 364 ; Torr. Gray, 1. c. But there is a F. pauciflora of Hemsley in Mexico. Florida,
in low pine barrens near the coast, Ware, Chapman.
V. nudicaulis, GRAY, 1. c. Scabrous-hirsute and hispidulous, 2 or 3 feet high; the naked
summit of the stem or branches bearing a few mostly pedunculate small heads : leaves iu
numerous pairs, dull green, elliptical-oblong, obtuse at both euds or the apex acutish, acutely
and irregularly serrate, loosely pirmately veined : bracts of the involucre oblong-linear, short :
disk in fruit merely convex : rays 7 to 12, linear, an inch or more long, the head only
quarter-inch wide : wings of the akene often one or both wanting, sometimes rather conspic-
uous : pappus 2-aristellate or obsolete. Helianthus? aristatus, Ell. Sk. ii. 428. Actinomeris
nudicaulis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Dry sandy woods, Georgia,
Alabama, and Florida.
* * * Stems winged by decurrenee of the more or less broad sessile leaves. Leaves in our spe-
cies only pimiately-veined : stems 2 or 3 feet high, simple or with sparing (lowering branches.
V. heteroph^lla, GRAY, 1. c. Hispidulous-scabrous, below somewhat hirsute : lower leaves
nearly all opposite, approximate, oblong or oval, obtuse, sometimes acute, minutely serrate
(1 to 3 inches long), indistinctly veiny, decurrent into wings ; those toward the naked sum-
mit and on the slender flowering brandies small, lanceolate, soon reduced to linear bracts :
heads somewhat paniculate, barely half-inch high in fruit, then with strongly convex disk :
bracts of the involucre barely in 2 series, small, lanceolate ; those of the receptacle very
similar, rigid: rays 5 to 10, linear: akenes obovate, narrowly winged, 2-aristellate. Acti-
nomeris heterophylla, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 6. Dry pine barrens, E. Florida, Chapman,
Garber, Curtiss. Related to the preceding.
V. hl.eliantlloid.6S, MICHX. Pubescent, stouter : stem usually winged up to the short pedun-
cles : leaves alternate, or rarely some of the lower opposite, ovate-lanceolate or ovate,
acuminate, serrate, transversely veiny-scabrous above, cauescently soft-pubescent beneath,
at least when young : heads few, fully half-inch high ; the disk and receptacle at maturity
either strongly convex or conical : involucre of 2 or 3 series of erect lanceolate bracts :
ravs 8 to 15, inch or more long: akenes somewhat pubescent or scabrous, rather broadly
winged, 2-aristellate. Fl. ii. 134; Pursh, Fl. ii. 565. Actinomeris helianthoides, Nutt. Gen.
ii. 181 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 413; DC. Prodr. v. 575, & vii. 290 (vars. Nnttallii &, EiiioUii) ; Torr. &
Gray, I.e. A. oppositifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. I.e., not of Fresenius ? Prairies and open
woods, Ohio to Iowa, Georgia, and Texas ; first coll. by Michaux.
3. XiMENfisiA. Heads (solitary or scattered) broad : involucre of spreading
linear and foliaceous equal bracts : disk and receptacle merely convex : rays
numerous and conspicuous, usually fertile : akenes flat ; the awns not hooked :
root annual. Ximenesia, Cav.
V. encelioides, BENTII. & HOOK. A foot or two high, freely branching, pale and cinereous
or sometimes canescent with fine and soft appressed pubescence : leaves mostly alternate,
and the upper face green, from ovate or cordate to deltoid-lanceolate, variously serrate or
laciniate-dentate, some with nearly naked, most with winged petioles, and these commonly
with auriculate-dilated appendage at base: heads large, the disk three-fourths inch in diam-
eter: rays 12 to 15, inch long, deeply 3-cleft at summit: akenes obovate, mostly broadly
Coreopsis. COMPOSITE. 289
winger! and with short setiform awns ; the outermost often awnless and pubescent, some-
times rugose and thick-winged. Ximenesia encelioides, Cav. Ic. ii. 60, t. 178; DC. Prodr.
v. 627 (under several varieties) ; Torr. Gray, 1. c. Pallas/a ser rat/folia, Smith in Rees
Cycl. Low grounds, Texas and S. Colorado to Arizona: also Florida, where it was prob-
ably introduced. Now widely dispersed in warm regions and cult. (Mex.)
110. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt., partly. (From Ws, a ray, and /xepi's,
a part.) Tall perennials, of the Atlantic U. S. ; the somewhat simple stems
(4 to 8 feet high) leafy to the top, below mostly winged in the manner of
Verbesina by decurrent prolongations from the base of the leaves ; these alter-
nate or some lower ones occasionally opposite, lanceolate or broader, acuminate
at both ends, pinnately veined, serrate, thinnish : heads loosely corymbose-
paniculate : flowers yellow or white, produced in late summer. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 11. Actinomeris, spec. 1, Nutt. Gen. ii. 181, & 1, 2, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 335.
A. SQUarrosa, XUTT. 1. c. Heads with 2 to 8 irregular yellow rays; disk-flowers yellow:
involucral bracts linear to narrowly spatulate : akeues mostly with broad and firm wings :
pappus of 2 or in marginal akeues 3 awns. Ell Sk. ii. 413 (excl. var. nlbn) ; Torr. & Gray,
I.e. (forms alternifolia and oppositifolia, the latter of rare occurrence); Meehan, Nat. Fl.
i. t. 39. A. alternifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 575. A. oppositifolia, Fresenius, Ind. Sem. Hort.
Francf. 1S36, an occasional form. Coreopsis alternifolia, L. Spec. ii. 909 ; Jacq. Hort. Viiid.
t. 110. C.procera, Ait. Kew. iii. 253. C. acuta, Pursh, Fl. ii. 569? Verbcsina Coreopsis,
Michx. Fl. ii. 134. Rich or alluvial soil, either moist or dry, W. New York to Iowa, south
to Florida and Louisiana. Wholly wingless-stemmed specimens occasionally occur.
A. alba, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Rather smoother : heads smaller : rays none ; disk-flowers dull
white : akeues ofteuer wingless or narrowly winged : awns of the pappus not rarely 3 or 4,
and commonly some interposed small ones or aristellate squamellas! A. sijnarrosa, var.
alba, Nutt. 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. A. alter n /folia, var. alba, DC. 1. c. Athanasia paiiirnlata, Walt.
Car. 201. Vcrlit'sina Coreopsis, var. alba, Michx. 1. c. Alluvial soil, S. Carolina to Louisi-
ana, near the coast : rare in herbaria. Specimens from Dr. Mellichamp, S. Carolina, all
exhibit the siruamcllate-aristellate pappus, not before known in this genus.
111. S YNEDRELL A, Grertn. (SweSpia, a sitting together, the heads in
the original species being collected at the nodes.) --Tropical annuals ; with branch-
ing stems, opposite and more or less serrate petioled leaves, and small heads of
yellow flowers, the rays short. Frtict. ii. 456, t. 171; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. GO.
Synedrella, Oligogyne, in part, & Calyptrocarpus (Less.), DC. Prodr. v. 629.
S. vialis, GRAY. Diffuse or procumbent, slender, strigulose-hirsute or more hairy : leaves
ovate, about inch long : heads only 3 lines long, solitary or scattered, some subsessile, others
slender-peduncled : principal bracts of the involucre 4 or 5, ovate or oblong : rays 5 to 8,
with oblong exserted ligule : akenes or many of them tuberculate-scabrous at maturity,
some of the outer occasionally trigonal, mostly flattened, and with or more commonly with-
out a coriaceous and thickish undulated wing-like border, the central ones narrower and
marginless: pappus of 2 or sometimes 3 rigid diverging awns, with occasionally one or two
additional teeth or squamelhB, arising from an obscure border. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 217.
Cali/ptrocarpus vialis, Less. Syu. 221, & Linn. ix. 269. Oligogyne Tampi<;,,,,i, DC. Prodr. v.
629; Deless. Ic. Sel. ix. t. 38; Gray, PL Wright, i. 111. Zexmcnia hispidula, Buckley in
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 458. Waysides and waste grounds, southern borders of Texas.
(Mex., S. Am. 1 ?)
112. COREOPSIS, L. TICKSEED. (K6>s, a tick, and o^t?, resem-
blance, from the form of the akene.) Herbs, mostly Eastern North American
and opposite-leaved, of various habit; with pedunculate heads terminating the
branches ; the rays commonly showy, yellow, particolored, or sometimes rose-
19
290 COMPOSITE. Coreopsis.
colored: fl. summer and autumn. Gen. no. 981; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 338;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 384, partly.
C. ASPERA, Pursh, Fl. ii. 570, and C. FLEXICAIJLIS, Raf. iu Med. Rep., are not identified,
and probably not of the genus.
1. CALLIOPSIS. Style-tips truncate or obtusely short-conical: akenes not
villous-ciliate : outer involucre small, short and calyculiform, except in the last
species : rays obovate or cuneate, inclined to be palmately 3-4-toothed or lobed.
- Calliopsis, Coreoloma, & Cosmella, Torr. & Gray, Fl.
* Perennials, with rose-red rays and yellow disk-flowers: akenes oblong, nearly straight, smooth.
Cosmella, Torr. & Gray.
C. rosea, XCTT. Nearly glabrous, a foot or less high from slender creeping rootstocks,
branched, Icafv, bearing numerous small and short-peduncled heads : leaves opposite, linear
or nearly so and entire, or the lower 2-3-toothed or 3-parted : involucre 2 or 3 lines high :
rays rose-color, coarsely 3-toothed or lobed : akenes with merely callous margins and an
ubscure entire border at summit. Gen. ii. 179 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 12 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 348; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. t. 57. Calliopsis rosea, Spreug. Syst. iii. 611. Grassy swamps,
coast of Mass, to Delaware and Georgia.
C. nudata, NUTT. 1. c. Very smooth and glabrous : stem 2 to 4 feet high from a thick or
tuberous rootstock, rush-like, below bearing some alternate terete and filiform-subulate
leaves (the larger a foot long), above some scattered smaller ones, gradually reduced to
bracts, the naked summit forking and bearing a few slender pedunculate heads : involucre
4 or 5 lines high : rays showy, obscurely lobed, bright purplish rose-color, inch long : akenes
with fimbriately or pectinately dissected wings, and two short upwardly hirsute subulate
awns. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6419. Pine-barren swamps, Florida.
* * Perennials, with yellow rays, dark purple disk-flowers, and mostly entire leaves: akenes
oblong or elliptical, straight, with fimbriate border or dissected wings and a pair of awns.
Coreoloma, Torr. & Grav, excl. first species. Rhabdocaulis & Eublepliaris, Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 359, excl. sp.
* Stems not rarely alternate-leaved throughout, strict; the summit or flowering branches (bear-
ing solitary or scattered heads) naked and rush-like, their leaves being reduced to small subulate
bracts : cauline thickish and rather fleshy, especially when near brackish water, all tapering or
contracted at base.
C. gladiata, WALT. Glabrous, or young leaves not rarely pilose-pubescent: stem terete,
2 to 4 feet high, all the upper part naked : principal leaves alternate, from broadly obovate-
oval to lanceolate-linear, obtuse, scarious-edged ; lower 3 to 6 inches long, with long margined
petiole dilated and partly clasping at insertion : involucre 4 or 5 lines high : rays commonly inch
long : mature akenes bordered by a strong pectinate fringe, and surmounted by 2 short rigid
awns or teeth which may not surpass the fringe. Car. 215; Nutt. Gen. I.e.; Ell. Sk. ii.
244; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 347. C. dickotoma, Michx. Fl. ii. 137, mainly and by the char.
Moist pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida, iu the low country, commoner near the coast.
C. angUStif 61ia, AIT. Wholly glabrous : stem slender, mostly quadrangular, I to 3 feet
high : leaves narrower and smaller than in the foregoing, sometimes all opposite ; lower
spatulate-lanceolate and the upper spatulate-linear : heads and rays smaller, the latter about
half-inch long : akeues with narrow lacerate fimbriate wings and slender setiform awns.
Ait. Kew. iii. 253 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. C. dichotoma in part, Michx. 1. c. C. lini folia, Nutt.
Jour. Acad Philad. vii. 75. C. (Rhabdocaulis) linifolia & angustifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1. c. Moist pine barrens or swamps, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas.
4 * Steins leafy to near the summit, and the leaves opposite.
C. integrifolia, POIR. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate or oblong, entire,
only inch and a half long, rounded at base ; upper almost sessile ; lower abruptly petioled :
ravs three-fourths inch long : akeues not seen : ovary minutely serrulate-hispidulous on the
margin, minutely awned. Suppl. ii. 353; DC. Prodr. v. 570; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 347,
mainly. Carolina, Bosc (originals in herb. Poir., now of Cosson, & herb. DC.), S. Carolina,
Ravenel, and Georgia, Decatur Co., Chapman. Too little known. Ligules said by Poiret to
be linear-oblong and entire, which does not accord with our specimens, nor with the group.
Coreopsis. COMPOSITE. 291
* * * Annuals or biennials, one has been thought perennial, with opposite Isaves, yellow or
particolored rays, and dark-purple or brown disk-flowers: akenes short, with entire scarious
wings or none, incurved at maturity, one or both faces sometimes becoming papillose or tuber-
culate-roughened, or in some remaining smooth: heads scattered-paniculate: herbage glabrous
or nearly so, except in C. Drummondii. Calliopsis, Torr. & Gray, slightly extended.
H Rays pure yellow : pappus a pair of conspicuous slender awns (or these rarely abortive) : leaves
from entire to 3-parted or simply pinnutely divided. Coreopsidium, Torr. & Gray.
C. Leavenworthii, TORR. & GRAY. Annual, sometimes seemingly perennial, slender,
1 or 2 feet high : lower leaves or their 3 to 7 divisions from broadly linear to spatulate-lan-
ceolate: rays barely half-inch long: wings of the akene on each side as wide as the budy,
equalled or surpassed by the distinct erect awns. Moist ground in pine barrens, Florida;
first coll. by Lcarnucorth.
Var. Garberi. Very remarkable form, more robust, all the cauline leaves pinnately
5-7-parted or divided into shorter and broader divisions; the terminal one from obovate to
lanceolate-oblong. Tampa, Florida, Garbcr: perhaps in over-luxuriant condition.
-1 -i Rays with base or lower part brown-purple: pappus none or minute: leaves all 1-2-pin-
nately divided.
H- Akenes winged.
C. Atkinsoniana, DODGL. Root "perennial " or annual, flowering in autumn, stem 2 to 4
feet high : lobes of the leaves linear or nearly so : akenes with a narrow wing, sometimes a
mere scarious margin, and usually a pair of distinct short subulate teeth for pappus.
Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1376; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 346. CaUiopsis Atkinsoniana, Hook. Fl. i. 311.
River banks, Oregon, Washington Terr., and east to Dakota ; first coll. by Douglas.
C. cardaminefolia, TORR. & GRAY. Root annual: stem a span to 2 feet high: lobes of
the lower or radical leaves oval to lanceolate, sometimes linear; of the upper mostly linear:
rays rarely half-inch long : akenes with a moderately broad wing, with which is sometimes
connected two obscure teeth. Fl. 1. c., with var. Uneariloba, the narrowest-leaved form.
Calliopsis cardaminefolia, DC. Prodr. v. 568. Low grounds, W. Louisiana and Texas to
Kansas and New Mexico. (Adj. Mex.)
-H- -H- Akenes wingless: pappus none or an obscure border: annuals.
C. tinctoria, NUTT. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : radical and some lower cauline leaves
2-pinnately divided into lanceolate or linear divisions ; upper with 3 to 7 linear divisions :
outer involucre short and close : rays from half to three-fourths inch long, sometimes base
only, sometimes nearly all crimson-brown : akenes oblong, thinnish, moderately incurved. -
Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 114 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 45 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2512 ; Bot. Reg. t. 846 ;
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 72 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. " CaUiopsis bicolor, Reicheub. Mag. t. 70." C. tinc-
toria, DC. 1. c. 568; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3511, var. atropurpurea. Low ground, Saskatche-
wan and Minnesota to Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona. Common everywhere in gardens.
C. Drummoildii, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Low, pubescent with many-jointed lax hairs,
sometimes glabrous : divisions of the radical and lower cauline leaves from roundish-ovate
to oblong-lanceolate ; of the uppermost sometimes linear : peduncles inclined to be solitary
terminating stem and branches : outer involucre of loose and spreading more foliaceous
bracts, little shorter than the inner: rays broad, sometimes inch long, brown-purple only at
base : akenes oval or obovate, thick, much incurved at maturity, a cartilaginous margin
bordering the inner face. C. diver si folia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3474, not DC. Calliopsis
Drummondii, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 315. Sandy soil, Texas ; first coll. by Drummond.
Common in cultivation.
Var. ViTriglltii. Lobes of the leaves narrower, linear and the broadest linear-oblong:
heads smaller: akenes circiuately incurved. PI. Wright, ii. 90. Rocky hills on the San
Pedro, W. Texas, Wright.
2. LE^CHIA. Style-tips hispid or hirsute and abruptly produced into a cusp
or acute cone : akenes nearly orbicular, incurved at maturity, some or all of them
becoming papillose or muriculate at maturity, often developing a callus at base
and apex of the inner face (this varying greatly even in the same head) : pappus
of two small chaffy teeth, or none : outer involucre little shorter and more herba-
ceous than the inner : rays cuneate, palmately 3-5-lobed or toothed, mostly yellow,
292 COMPOSITE. Coreopsis:
as also the aisk-flowers : narrow chaffy bracts of receptacle attenuate-filiform at
apex : heads usually showy, on long and simple peduncles : leaves all opposite,
entire or pinnately 3-7 -parted, mostly petioled. Leachia, Cass. Diet, x., xxv.,
lix. Coreopsides, Moench. Chrysomelea, Tuusch. Eucoreopsis, Leachia, Torr.
& Gray.
* Root annual: style-tips almost truncate and with a short conical point : rays with some brown-
purple lines or spots toward the base: leaves long-petioled. Transiiion to preceding section.
C. COronata, HOOK. Sparsely hirsute-pubescent or mainly glabrous, a foot or two high,
lax : leaves entire or the lower 3-. r >-parted, obovate and spatulate-oblong, the lateral divisions
when present small : bracts of the outer involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate : rays an
incli or less long, bright yellow, with deeper or orange hue at base, above which are delicate
brownish-purple markings, thus forming a sort of corona : akeiies with a rather broad wing
and a pappus of 2 minute sipuamcllate teeth. Bot. Mag. t. 3400 (not L.) ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 345. E.Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. Rather common in orna-
mental cultivation.
* * Root apparently perennial: style-tips witli conspicuous cusps: rays sometimes brown-purple
at base : heads small : cauline leaves hardly petioled, very slender.
C. Harvey alia. A foot or more high, smooth and glabrous : stems slender, branching
above : leaves piuuately parted into 3 to 7 and upper often palmately parted into 3 to 5
filiform divisions (no broader than the rhachis) ; lowest cauline and radical petioled and the
divisions narrowly linear: involucre about 3 lines high : bracts of the outer involucre nar-
rowly lanceolate-linear, little shorter than the inner : rays 3 or 4 lines long ; disk-flowers
brownish in age : akenes orbicular (only a line long), outer narrowly winged (and the wing
occasionally laciuiate-dentate), mostly muricate-rougbened ; inner smooth and wingless or
nearly so ; callus small or none : pappus a pair of obtuse short squamellse. Arkansas, 011
cliffs near Fort Smith, Prof. F. L. Harvey.
* * * Eoot perennial, or in the first species sometimes annual: rays yellow throughout (the
larger inch long) : style tips with conspicuous cusp : calli of the akene often very large. : pappus
a pair of small denticulate or fimbriolate squamella?, which become subulate teeth, sometimes
deciduous or obsolete; at least lower leaves slender-petioled : species apparently confluent.
) Wings of the akene thin-scarious, outspread, broad when well developed.
C. grand.ifl.6ra, NUTT. Glabrous except the birsute-ciliate petioles, rarely sparsely pilose,
a foot or two high : radical and some lower cauline leaves lanceolate or spatulate and entire ;
upper or sometimes all the cauline 3-5-parted or divided, the dhisions lanceolate or linear,
or even almost filiform, sometimes again 2-3-parted : heads, &c., nearly of the next, usually
larger : akenes with more conspicuous squamellate or paleaceous pappus. Ilort. Barclay &
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 358; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Garcl. t. 175; DC. Prodr. v. 572; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 344, with the vars. longipes & subintegrifolia. C. longipes, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3586 ;
DC. 1. c. C. Boykiniana & C.heterophylla, Kutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Low grounds,
Georgia to S. Missouri and Texas. Variable species : involucre 5 to 7 lines high : rays
half-inch to inch long : foliage diverse.
C. lanceolata, L. Low, only a foot or two high, including the long and simple naked
peduncles : leaves ordinarily a few pairs, oblong-spatulate to lanceolate or nearly linear, ob-
tuse, thickish, all entire, or rarely 1 or 2 small lateral lobes : rays commonly inch long and
half-inch broad, sometimes smaller : pappus very small or obsolete. Spec. ii. 908 (Martyn,
Hist. PI. t. 26; Dill. Elth. t. 48); Michx. Fl.'ii. 136; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 344. Leachia
li/in'i oliitu, &c., Cass. Chrysomelt </ /ana i>/nl</, Tausch. In rich or sandy damp soil, W. Can-
ada and Illinois, Virginia, &c., to Florida and Louisiana. The ante-Linn sean figures well
represent the species ; the type glabrous or nearly so, except hirsute dilation : passes into
Var. angustifolia, TORR. & GRAY, I.e. (var. gktbella, Michx. 1. c., partly) ; a low
form, with narrow leaves (2 to 4 lines wide) all crowded on the abbreviated stems, and scapi-
form peduncles about a foot long. Shore of L. Superior to Florida.
Var. villosa, MICHX. 1. c. Leaves spatulate-obovate to oblong-lanceolate or oblong,
villous-hirsute with many-jointed hairs, as also lower part of the stem. C. crassifoh'a, Ait.
Kew. iii. 253; Ell. Sk. ii. 434. C. oblongifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 76. Illinois to
Florida.
Coreopsis. COMPOSITE. 293
C. pubescens, ELL. Taller, 1 to 4 feet high, more leafy, from pubescent to nearlv gla-
brous : leaves thickish, oblong, or the lower oval-obovate ami the upper oblong-lanceolate,
ofteu all entire, some not rarely with 2 or even 4 small lanceolate lateral lobes or divisions ':
heads usually smaller than in the preceding: akeiies similar. Sk. ii. 441; Chapin. Fl.
Suppl. 630. C. auriculata, Schk. ilandb. t. 2GO ; DC. Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 343^
in part (7 & 5), and of old gardens. Lcudnn trifoliata, CasS. ? Virginia to S. Illinois,
Missouri, and south to Florida. In the middle or low country southward only a slender
form, usually with lateral lobes to upper leaves ; in the mountains a larger plant in all its
parts, with larger leaves 3 to 5 inches long, 1 or 2 inches wide, all entire, or a few 3-parted,
the var. 7, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c.
4- H Wings of the akene narrow, strongly involute and callous-thickened at maturity.
C. auriculata, L. Low and weak, stolon if erous, below commonly villnus-hirsute : stems a
foot or so high, including the long and slender peduncle, often simple: leaves of few pairs,
ovate to rouud-oval, only an inch or so long, entire and some with a pair of smaller basal
lobes, all but the upper sleuder-petioled : head comparatively small : rays little more than
half-inch long: akeues by involution of margins oblong and umbilicate. Spec. ii. 908
(Pluk. Aim. t. 242, f. 4, and perhaps t. 83, f. 5 ; Moris. Hist. \\\. sect. 6, t. 3, f. 45) ; Michx. Fl.
ii. 138; Ell. 1. c. (var. diversi folia) , Torr. & Gray, 1. c., as to typical form, but the akeues
were then unknown. C. divers/folia, DC. Prodr. v. 571, excl. syn. Wooded ground,
Virginia and Kentucky to the borders of Florida.
3. EUCOREOPSTS. Style-tips produced into a cusp or acute cone : akenes
straight or little incurved, oblong, with narrow wing or none ; no calli on the
inner face : rays mostly entire or slightly toothed (yet sometimes 2-3-cleft) at the
apex, pure yellow: disk-corollas yellow (sometimes dull, rarely turning brown) :
leaves opposite, in some seemingly verticiHate. Torr. & Gray, FL, excl. Leachia.
* Perennials, mostly low (a foot or two higli\ leafy to the summit: leaves sessile, palmately
divided or cleft, but never serrate, not veiny: involucre becoming rigid, its bracts all united
at the base; outer oblong-linear, erect, about the length of the inner: rays from oblong to
lanceolate : chaff of the receptacle linear-filiform and persistent: akenes oblong, narrowly wing-
margined: pappus 2-toothed or 2-aristellate, or obsolete: stems and branches striale-angled
when dry. Gyropliyllum, Nutt.
4 Leaves 3-cleft to or below the middle, but not to the base, which has a 3-nerved midrib.
C. palmata, NUTT. Glabrous, rigid : stem nearly simple : leaves cuneiform in outline ; the
undivided basal portion little wider than the rather broadly linear lobes, which are either
simple or again 1-3-lobed, the margins scabrous : rays obovate-obloug akenes oblong.
Gen. ii. 573 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 342. C. paucijiora, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hort. Ilamb. 1833,
& Linn. x. Suppl. 76. C. prcecox, Fresenius, Ind. Sem. Hort. Francf. 1838. Ca//iopsis pni-
mata, Spreng. Syst. iii. 611. Plains and prairies, Winnipeg and Wisconsin to Illinois,
Louisiana, and W. Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall.
-j -i Leaves divided to the base, the pair thus imitating a whorl of six, or the uppermost simple,
rarely some of the lower also simple.
C. verticillata, L Glabrous, slender : leaves 2-3-ternately dissected into very narrowly
linear or nearly filiform lobes . heads small : rays narrowly oblong . disk-corollas dull yellow :
akenes obovate-cuneiform. Spec. ii. 907; Lam. Diet. ii. 108; Michx 1. c. (var. tenuifu/ni) ;
Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 73; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. C. temiifolia, Ehrh. Beitr. vii. 168; Willd.
Spec. iii. 2252 ; Schk. Handb. t. 260 ; DC* 1. c. Moist ground, Upper Canada and Maryland
to upper parts of Carolina and Arkansas.
C. delphinifolia, LAM. Stouter than the preceding: divisions of the leaves fewer and
wider; the middle one once or its midlobe again 3-parted, lateral ones 2-parteJ or simple ;
lobes all linear, 2 lines wide: disk-flowers brown! Diet. ii. 108; DC. 1. c. , Torr. & Gray,
1. c. C. verticillata, Ehrh. 1. c, ; Willd. 1. c. ; Bot. Mag. t. 156 ; Schk. Handb. t. 260. C i-er-
ticillata, var. linearis, Michx. 1. c. Pine woods, &c., Virginia to Alabama and the borders
of Florida.
C. senifolia, MICHX. Stem stouter and often taller [1 or 3 feet high) leaves divided into
3 commonly oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and entire sessile divisions (of 1.} to 3
294 COMPOSITE. Coreopsis.
inches in length and half-inch to inch wide), thus closely imitating a whorl of six : disk-
flowers dull yellow : akenes obovate-elliptical, 2-toothed at summit by extension of the broad-
ish wing, the teeth sometimes aristellate-poiuted. Fl. ii. 128; Pursh, Fl. ii. 568; Nutt. in
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 77 ; Torr. & Gray, 1- c. C. major, Walt. Car. 214 ? Dry and
usually sandy woodlands, N. Carolina to Florida. The typical form is softly and minutely
pubescent. Passes into the following
Var. stellata, TORE. & GRAY, 1. c. Smooth and glabrous throughout : divisions of the
leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate, sometimes rather attenuate at base (rarely, or in a
monstrosity, the middle one 3-cleft !), sometimes a part or even all the leaves entire ! C. stel-
Idht (Solaud. in herb. Banks), Nutt. Jour. Acad. 1. c. C. sen/folia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3484.
C. (Emleri, Ell. Sk. ii. 435, the abnormal entire-leaved form. Upper country and moun-
tains, Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia. Passes, especially in the lower country, to
Var. rigida, NUTT. Divisions of the leaves lanceolate, mostly attenuate at base, from
2 to 3 or 4 lines wide, mostly quite glabrous. Gen. ii. 180. C. 11 V///, Xutt. Jour. Acad.
1. c. C. delphinifolia, var. nqida, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. Carolina to Florida, in the low
and middle country. Narrowest-leaved forms closely approach C. delpkinifoha.
* * Perennial, tall: leaves petioled and pinnately 3-5-divided, except the uppermost: otherwise
nearly as the preceding. Chrysostemma, Torr. & Gray. Chrysostemma, Less., DC.
C. triDteris, L. Smooth and glabrous, or leaves minutely pubescent : stem strict, 4 to 8
feet high, simple, with corymbose or fastigiate flowering branches : leaflets lanceolate, rather
obtuse, 2 to 5 inches long ; the pinnate veins connected by an obscure vein just within the
scabrous margin : heads half-inch or less high, and oblong rays almost inch long : disk-flow-
ers dull yellow turning brownish : akenes with narrow wings obscurely lacerate or denticu-
late at summit : no proper pappus : heads when bruised anise-scented. Spec. ii. 908 (Moris.
Hist. sect. 6, t. 3, f. 44) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 138 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Anucis tripteris, Schrauk, ex
DC. Chrysostemma tripteris, Less. Syn. 227 ; DC. Prodr. v. 568 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3553.
Near streams, in rich soil, Peun. to Wisconsin and Louisiana.
* * * Perennial, tall: leaves short-petioled, undivided, copiously pinnately veiny and serrate:
style-tips conical-pointed: akenes oblong-lanceolate, wingless, the narrow truncate apex desti-
tute of teeth or any kind of pappus: flowering late. Silpliidium, Torr. Gray.
C. latifolia, MICHX. Glabrous and smooth, or pubescent, 3 to 5 feet high, leafy and simple
to near the top : leaves membrauaceous, 6 to 9 inches long, ovate or oval, acuminate at both
ends, short-petioled ; the long-mucronate teeth callous-tipped : heads several or numerous :
involucre halt-inch high, narrow; bracts of the outer loose and herbaceous, linear, more or
less shorter than the thin and narrowly oblong inner ones, hardly united at base : rays nar-
rowlv oblong, entire, over half-inch long : disk-corollas yellow, barely brownish in age :
akenes nearly 4 lines long. Fl. ii. 137; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 341. Higher mountains,
N. Carolina to Georgia.
* * * * Annuals, late-flowering, some perhaps biennial, leafy-stemmed and branching: leaves
thinnish, petioh-d, pinnately 3-7-parted or divided, rarely undivided, these or their divisions
pinnately veiny and incised or serrate, the principal veins often running to the sinuses: heads
numerous: bracts of the involucre mostly distinct to the base; the outer loose and spreading or
reflexed, usually foliaceous, irregular, sometimes numerous: rays obovate-oblong, almost always
entire, conspicuously many-nerved, disk-flowers dull yellow: anthers black: akc'ios wingless
or obscurely margined, obovate or cuneate-oblong, unicostate on each face, straight, more or
less 2-deutate or 2-aristate, sometimes the lateral ribs produced at summit into a tooth or awn.
Diodtmta, Torr. & Gray. Diudonta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 3GO. (Transition \
Bidens: differing only in the absence of retrorse barbs to the awns of the pappus, and some
species hybridizing with those of Bidens.)
-I Heads radiate: rays golden yellow: bracts of the outer involucre about 8, not longer than thr
inner: akenes cuneate-oblong or obovate-cuneate, somewhat angulate-thickened on the faces,
obscurely ciliate or naked-margined.
C. aiirea, AIT. Glabrous or nearly so, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves various, more commonly 3-7-
divided, with lanceolate divisions or leaflets incisely serrate or lobed, or upper leaves undi-
vided ravs half or two-thirds inch long, akenes broadly cuneate, only one or two lines
long, slightly hairy, bearing two very short and rather divergent and blunt chaffy teeth, and
rarely obscure ones from the lateral angles. Ait. Kew. lii. 252 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 339.
C. coronata, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1281, as to herb., but excl. syn. Plum, (from which the "foliis
Bidens. COMPOSITE. 295
lineatis," &c., is taken) & Vaill. ; Walt. Car. 215; name best not restored. Diodonta mitis,
aiirea, & leptopkylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1. c. 360. Wet ground, Virginia to Florida.
The original C. aurea is a form with some of the upper leaves lanceolate and entire, low-
ermost of 3 leaflets. Extreme forms are : var. subinttyra, Torr & Gray, with all or most of
the leaves undivided and lanceolate ( C. nnjuta, Pursh, Fl. 567, & C. <i<nbiuna : Xutt. Jour.
Acad. Philad. vii. 75) ; var. leptophylla, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., with leaves or their few divisions
elongated linear, only a line or two wide (Diodonta leptopliylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1. c.), a brackish coast form; and var. incisa, Torr. & Gray, 1 c., with nearly all the leaves
3-7-divided and the divisions incised or coarsely serrate ( C. mitis, Michx. Fl. ii. 138, & the
C. coronata of herb. Linn.), the form which approaches or passes into the following.
C. trichosperma, MICHX. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two (rarely 3 to 5) high:
leaves almost all 3-5-divided into lanceolate coarsely serrate or pinnatcly incised divisions :
rays oval-obovate, two-thirds to three-fourths inch long : akenes narrowly cuneate-oblong,
sparsely hairy or glabrate, about 4 lines long and barely a line wide, or the outer somewhat
broader and shorter, bearing a pair of strong subulate pointed erect teeth, commonly equal
in length to the breadth of the summit of the akene. Fl. ii. 139 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 340.
C.ditmt, Liudl. Bot. Reg. t. 1228. Diodonta coronata, Nutt. 1. c. Wet ground, coast of
Mass, to Virginia and N. E. Georgia. Also shore of L. Erie to Illinois ; where is a
Var. teiiuiloba. Tall, much branched : divisions of the leaves from narrowly lanceo-
late to linear : akenes smaller (outer barely 3 lines long), and with shorter somewhat spread-
ing teeth : approaching C. aurca. Peat bogs, Indiana and Illinois, Vasey, Stewart, &c.
-1 -t Heads radiate: rays golden yellow, sometimes inch long: akenes obovate, very flat, with
very thin margins hispid-ciliate : leaves all 3-7-divided or parted; the divisions serrate, incised,
or some again cleft: herbage somewhat pubescent or glabrous. (Hybrids of these with Bidens
fronctosa or others are not uncommon.)
C. aristosa, MICHX. Stem 1 to 3 feet high : divisions of the leaves lanceolate, acuminate .-
bracts of the outer involucre 8 to 10, barely ciliate, not surpassing the inner: akene with a
pair of slender upwardly scabrous awns of ; ts own length, or these rarely wanting. Fl.
ii. 140; Torr. & Gray, l.'c. ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6462. C. aristata, Willd. Spec. iii. 2253.
Diodonta aristom, Nutt. 1. c. Swamps, Michigan to Iowa, Missouri and W. Louisiana :
Southwestward with the var. mntica (the awns wanting), there disposed to pass into the
next.
C. involucrata, NUTT. Heads rather larger : bracts of the outer involucre i2 to 20, mostly
surpassing the inner, slender, hispid on the back and margins : akenes with 2 short acute
teeth Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 74 ; Torr. & Gray, 1 c. Diodonta involucrata, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. W. Illinois to Kansas and Texas.
H -IT- -i Heads without rays, or rarely a rudimentary one, short-pedunculate: disk dull yellow:
outer involucre of 3 to 5 irregular foliaceous bracts, some or most of them surpassing the head:
herbage glabrous or nearly so: leaves slender-petioled.
C. bidentoides, NUTT. Rather stout, 1 to 4 feet high, with ascending branches : leaves
undivided, lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, tapering at base into the long petiole : heads ob-
long, half to three-fourths inch long, and outer involucral bracts sometimes inch and a half
long, resembling uppermost leaves ; bracts of inner involucre with somewhat petaloid mar-
gins and tips akenes cuneate-linear, 4 or 5 lines long, more or less exceeding the two sctiform
upwardly hispidulous awns, rarely vestiges of awns from lateral nerves. Torr & Gray, II.
ii. 339. 'Diodonta (Hetcrodonta) bidentoides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii 361.- -Muddy
shores of Delaware River and Bay, from above Philadelphia, first coll by Nuttall.
C. discoidea, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c, Slender, with widely spreading branches, a foot or two
high: leaves membranaceous, irregularly serrate; uppermost undivided and rhomboid-
lanceolate ; lower divided into 3 sessile or petiolulate leaflets : heads campanulate, a quarter-
inch high : akenes narrowly cuneiform, 2 or 3 lines long, the two subulate teeth rather than
awns mostly shorter than the width of its summit. River borders and swamps, Connecticut
and N. New York to Ohio, Virginia, and Texas.
113. BlDENS, Tourn. BUR-MARIGOLD. (Lat foYfens, with tvro teeth or
prongs: name from the adjective, i. e. plant a Helens, therefore feminine.) Herbs,
of wide distribution, chiefly American; with opposite either simple or compound
296 COMPOSITE. Bidens.
leaves, and solitary or paniculate heads of mostly yellow (sometimes white, rarely
purple) flowers; in summer or autumn. Linn. Gen. no. 932; DC. Prodr. v.
o93 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 387.
1. PLATTCARP^EA, DC. Akenes flat, from obovate to cuneiform, not at all
contracted at the summit, 2-4-awned : outer involucre foliaceous and spreading:
veins of the leaves commonly terminating in the sinuses : ours annuals.
* IJcads erect, rayless, or rarely with one to five small rays, these usually shorter than the disk
and therefore inconspicuous: disk greenish yellow: leaves mostly petioled.
B. frondosa, L. (STICK-TIGHT.) Glabrous or somewhat hairy, branching, 2 to 6 feet
high : leaves except the uppermost piunately 3-5-divided into lanceolate or broader sharply
serrate and pinnately veiny commonly petiolulate leaflets : outer involucre often very leafy :
akenes obovate or oblong, more or less hairy (the hairs of the margin ascending except near
the summit), 2-awned. Spec. ii. 832; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 351. Shady or moist ground,
preferring manured soil, Florida and Texas to Saskatchewan and Brit. Columbia, every-
where common, and with the habit of a naturalized weed. Near Philadelphia, along with
this and Coreopsis bidentoides, occurs a form with upwardly hispidulous awns, doubtless a
hybrid.
B. connata, MCHI,. Glabrous, a foot or two high, loosely branched : leaves either all un-
divided, oblong or broadly lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate, tapering
into margined petioles or the upper sessile ; or some with a pair of lateral divisions which
are sessile and decurrent on the petiole : akenes oblong-cuneate or the outermost obovate,
nearly glabrous but retrorsely hispid-ciliate, commonly 3-awned. Willd. Spec. iii. 1718;
DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. tripartita, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 294, not L. B, petio/ntn,
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 99, a thin-leaved small-headed form ; while var. comosa, Gray,
Man. 261, is a stout and larger-headed form witli very leafy involucre. Slender forms imi-
tate Coreopsis discoidea. Wet ground, Canada to Illinois, Missouri, and Georgia.
* * Heads disposed to nod after anthesis, commonly with conspicuous rays: leaves all sessile
and undivided; upper pairs somewhat connate round the stem: margins of the cuneate akenes
and the rigid awns retrorsely aculeolate-hispid.
B. cernua, L. Stem glabrous or setnlose-hispid, from a span to a yard high : leaves oblong-
lanceolate, coarsely and irregularly sharply serrate : heads conspicuously nodding after an-
thesis, commonly surpassed by the foliaceous outer involucre: rays ovate or oval, little
surpassing the disk or wanting : akenes usually 4-awned. Spec. ii. 832 (discoid); Willd.
Spec. iii. 1716; Schk. Ilandb. t. 235; Fl. Dan. t. 841 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 352, with var.
elata, a large form of the Pacific coast. B. quadriaristata, var. dentata, Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1. c. 368. Coreopsis Bidens, L. 1. c. 908, radiate form. Wet ground, from Hud-
son's Bay and Saskatchewan to the Pacific coast, and in the Atlantic States south to Virginia
and Missouri ; at some stations seemingly introduced. (Eu., N. Asia.)
B. chrysanthemoides, MICIIX. Glabrous, often decumbent at base, a foot or two high :
leaves lanceolate, rather minutely and evenly serrate: heads rather large, little or not at all
nodding : outer involucre seldom surpassing the inner, conspicuously surpassed by the oval
or broadly oblong (usually inch-long) rays: akenes 2-4- (more commonly 2-) awned. Fl.
ii. 136 ; Willd. Spec. iii. 1717; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Sprague, Wild Flowers of Amer. 131,
t. 30. B. quadriaristata, DC. 1. c. B. heliuntJwides, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 230. //<//-
anthus DEVI'S, L. Spec. ii. 906, viz. PI. Gronov. Fl. Virg., ed. 1, 104 (not of ed. 2). Coreopsis
Bidt-hs (& C. perfoliata?), Walt. Car. 215. Wet grounds, Canada to Florida, Arizona,
and California. (Mex., S. Am.)
2. PsiLOCARpJ:A, DC. (Ceratocephalus, Vaill.) Akenes narrow, linear-
tetragonal ; the outer almost always shorter and more truncate at apex than the
inner, which generally taper upward, but are not distinctly rostrate : outer in-
volucre seldom foliaceous or enlarged.
* Leaves mainly divided into 3 to 5 ovate merely serrate divisions or leaflets: rays when present
white : annuals, at least with us, varying from pilose-pubescent to nearly glabrous : akenes 4 to 5
Bidens. COMPOSITE. 297
or even 6 lines long, in the same plant either smooth with sparing bristles, or the outer becoming
tuberculose and rough.
B. leucantha, WILLD. Leaves of rather firm texture, some undivided and ovate; these
and tin; ,'i or occasionally 5 ovate or oblong-ovate divisions evenly serrate, more or less lin-
eately veiny : heads corymbosely paniculate on rather short peduncles : rays obuvate, bright
white, 5 to 8 lines long, rather showy. Spec. iii. 1719; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B.'striatrt,
Swi-.-t, Hrit. Fl. Card. t. 2.37; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3155. Corn >/,*;* /, ,,,;i,itl,> ma, L. Amcen!
Acad. iv. 291. C. leucantha, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1282; Desc. Fl. Ant. t. 583. C. coroxufu,
L. 1. c. 1281, as to syn. Plum. t. 53, f. 2. Common in S. Florida. (W. Ind., Mex.)
B. pilosa, L. Stem sometimes tall, usually weak: leaves thin; leaflets 3 to 5, irregularly
serrate, sometimes incised, or the lower divisions occasionally 3-lobed : heads fewer and
scattered : rays, commonly none, at most inconspicuous and yellowish-white. Spec. ii. 832
(but the cited figure, Dill. Elth. t. 43, probably belongs to B. frondosa] ; Willd. I. c. Core-
opsis alba, L. Spec. ii. 908 (Herm. Parad. t. 124 '? excl. syn. Pluk.). Bidens Culifornica, DC.
Prodr. v. 599 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 354. Variable, and the slender forms in warm coun-
tries seeming to pass into B. hifiintiuta. S. California and Arizona, introduced 1 (Mex. to
Chili, W. lud., and all tropics.)
* -* Leaves all once to thrice 3-5-nately parted or divided into oblong or linear ultimate lobes :
root in ours annual.
f Heads narrow: rays inconspicuous and yellowish or none: akenes long and slender, at least
the central ones much surpassing the involucre.
-H- Lobes of the thin leaves from oblong to lanceolate: heads slender-peduncled.
B. bipinnata, L. (SPANISH NEEDLES.) Primary and secondary divisions of the leaves
rather ovate or deltoid-lanceolate in circumscription, and the lobes mostly acute :' akenes all
slender, the inner ones 5 to 9 lines long, outermost moderately shorter and thicker : awns
3 or 4, sometimes only 2. Spec. ii. 832 ; Michx. ii. 135 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Damp
thickets and waste ground ; a common and disagreeable weed, New England to Florida and
Arizona. (Trop. Am., c.)
B. Bigelovii, GRAY. Lobes of the leaves linear-oblong, mostly obtuse : innermost akenes
5 or 6 lines long, 2-3-awned ; outermost of half that length or less, stouter, 2-corniculate, or
with a pair of short awns, or even witb^none. Bot. Mex. Bound. 91. B. tenni*la, in part,
Gray, PI. Wright, i. 109. S. W. Texas to S. Arizona, first coll. by Wriyht and Biytl<i:
H- -H- Lobes of the leaves linear.
B. tentlisecta, GRAY. A foot or two high, branched from the base, sparsely hirsute or
glabrous: leaves 2-3-ternately or pinnately dissected into narrow linear lobes (of a -line or
more in width): heads on naked rather long and stout peduncles, many-flowered, 4 or 5
lines high in flower: involucre hirsute, especially at base: akeues glabrous, 2-awned ; inner
5 lines long, with tapering summit; outermost 3 lines long, stouter and with broad summit
and usually short awns: rays yellow, mostlv surpassing the disk. PI. Feiidl. 86. Along
water-courses, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first coll. by Fendler.
B. Lemmoni. A foot or less high, slender, with short branches, smooth and glabrous :
leaves twice ternately parted into entire obtuse rather broadly linear lobes (a line or two
wide) ; the uppermost simply 3-5-parted, subtending the mostly sessile 5-9-flownvd cylin-
draceous and glabrous heads: akenes nearly of the preceding, but the outer nearly like the
inner: rays apparently none. S. Arizona, in Apache Pass, Lcinmon.
B. heterosperma, GRAY. Slender, glabrous, paniculately much branched : leaves once
or twice ternately parted into filiform-linear (half-line wide) lobes: heads on slender pe-
duncles, few-flowered, in flower barely 3 lines long : rays apparently none : akenes 2-3-awued,
smooth ; the inner 4 or 5 lines long outermost only 2 lines long and their short awns cadu-
cous. PL Wright, ii. 90. S. Arizona: raised from seed coll. by Wriyht (thought to come
from New Mexico): rediscovered in Apache Pass by Lninnon.
-t -t Heads broader, many-flowered, and with comparatively large deep yellow rays : akenes all
short, hardly surpassing the involucre.
B. procera, DON. Erect and tall from an annual or biennial root, glabrous : leaves twice
or thrice parted into narrow linear lobes (mostly of an inch or more in length and less than
a line wide) : heads corymbosely paniculate : outer involucre small and inconspicuous,
298 COMPOSITE. Bidens.
merely spreading: rays oval (in onrs half-inch long, in Mexican sometimes an inch) : disk
in fruit only 4 lines high, comparatively broad: outer akenes narrowly cuneate-oblong and
only 2 lines long, innermost 3 lines long and cuneate-linear, apex not attenuate : awns 2,
strongly barbed, of half or a third the length of the akene. Bot. Reg. t. 684 (1822) ; DC.
Frodr. v. 603 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 16. B, focniculifolia, DC. 1. c. (probably) ; Gray,
PI. Wright, ii. 90; Rothr. Wheeler Rep. vi. 165. B. ferulafolia, Hemsl. Bot. Biol. Centr.-
Am. ii. 202, mainly, not Jacq. Arizona, Wriylct, Thurber, Lemmon. (Mex.)
* * * Leaves some undivided, some 3-5-parted into lanceolate or linear divisions : root perennial.
B. lietGrophylla, GET. Glabrous or nearly so, often tall : leaves of firm texture and with
ascending veins, mostly serrate with erect teeth, from oblong to lanceolate and tapering into
a petiole, sometimes all undivided, commonly some 3-parted or the upper 5-parted into lan-
ceolate or linear lobes : heads in flower 3 and in fruit about 5 lines high : rays broadly ob-
ovate, half to three-fourths inch long, deep yellow : akenes cuneate-linear, the inner (3 lines
long) little longer than the outermost, 2-3-awued. Dec. 99, t. 12; DC. Prodr. v. 597. B.
arguta, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 231; DC. l.c. B. longifolia, DC. 1. c. S. Arizona,
along streams, Pringle, Lemmon. (Mex.)
Var. "Wrightii. Base of stem and lower leaves unknown : upper leaves and (when
divided) their divisions lanceolate-linear, entire or nearly so, the longer 4 or 5 inches long
and 3 or 4 lines broad. PI. Wright, ii. 90 (as unnamed doubtful var.) ; Rothrock in
Wheeler Rep. vi. 165. S. Arizona, [Vriyht, Rothrock, Lemmon. Seemingly an extreme
form of a variable species.
3. HYDROCARP^A. Akenes almost terete, cartilaginous, truncate at both
ends, bearing 3 to 6 very long and rigid acerose awns, which are smooth below,
the upper part densely and retrorsely hispidulous : aquatic : submersed leaves
filiformly dissected: rays conspicuous, yellow.
B. Beckii, TORR. Submersed stems much elongated in deep water, thickly beset with the
almost capillary ternately multi fid leaves; emersed summit bearing a few pairs of oblong-
lanceolate serrate leaves, or the lower pimiatifid : head short-peduucled : bracts of the invo-
lucre oblong : rays obovate, over half-inch long : mature akeues half-inch and the rigid
diverging awns an inch or less long, very persist^it. Torr. in Spreng. Neu. Entd. ii. 135,
Syst. iii. 455, & Fl. N. Y. i. 388, t. 58. In slow-flowing streams and ponds, Canada to New
Jersey and Missouri ; first coll. by L. C. Beck.
1 14. COSMOS, Cav. (KOO-/J.O?, an ornament.) - -Tropical American herbs,
chiefly Mexican, too near Bidens ; for there is one yellow-rayed species, and
certain species with purple rays have hardly a beak to the akenes. Ic. i. 9,
t. 14, 79; DC. Prodr. v. GOG; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 387. Cosm.ea, Willd.
Spec. iii. 2250.
C. CAUDAxus, HBK. Apparently annual: leaves twice pinnately parted into lanceolate acute
lobes : rays rose-colored, seldom much surpassing the involucre : akenes fusiform, with beak
longer than the body (in all nearly inch long), 2-awned. HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 240;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 349. Key West, Blodtjctt. (Evidently introduced from W. Ind.)
C. BIPINNATUS, CAV. 1. c. t. 14. Annual: leaves pinnately divided into narrowly linear or
almost filiform lobes : heads very showy, the deep rose-colored rays commonly an inch or
more long: akenes smooth and glabrous throughout, with abrupt beak very much shorter
than the body, or in some flowers reduced to a mere neck : awns 1 to 3, short (Mexico) ; in
var. EXARISTATUS, DC. 1. c., the awns wholly wanting. The var., S. Texas, near Marfa, on
an abandoned ranch (base of stem becoming lignescent), Ilarnrd. (Mex.)
C. parviflorus, HBK. Annual, slender : heads smaller, with either white or rose-colored
rays half to a quarter of an inch long : beak of the akenes slender, usually half the length
of the body, scabrous, 2-3-awned : otherwise as preceding, into which it may pass.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 241. C. bipinnatus, var. parvijjorus, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 90. Coreopsis
parviftora, Willd. Spec. iii. 2551. Bidens Humboldtii, Schultz Bip. in Bot. Herald, 307.
S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)
Leptosyne. COMPOSITE. 299
115. HETEBOSPEBMUM, Cav. (Heterosperma. "Ercpos, other, in
sense of unlike, o-Trep/xa, seed.) Small or slender annuals (from the Mexican
border southward), mainly glabrous, branching ; with opposite pinnately or ter-
nately dissected or sometimes undivided leaves, and small heads of yellow flowers ;
the 3 to 5 rays little exserted. Cav. Ic. iii. 24, t. 2G7 ; HBK. Nov. Gen. &
Spec. iv. 245, t. 383, 384 ; DC. Prodr. v. 632.
H. pinnatum, CAV. 1. c. About a foot high : leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into linear divis-
ions, which are either all entire or some of them again 2-3-parted : heads slender-peduncled,
about 3 lines long : outer involucre of 3 to 5 linear foliaceous bracts, hispidly ciliate at base,'
and overtopping the thin and oval striate inner bracts : outer akenes oval, at maturity cym-
biform or becoming oblong by inflexion of the callous wing, destitute of pappus ; innermost
commonly infertile, subulate, attenuate into a scabrous beak, bearing a pair of short decidu-
ous awns. Willd. Spec. iii. 2129; DC. Prodr. v. 632. //. tagetinum, Gray, PI. Feudl. 87,
& PI. Wright, ii. 91, a form with simply pinnate leaves often marked with glandular spots,
the awns sometimes wholly wanting or caducous. W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)
116. LEPTOSYNE, DC., extended. (Aorroo-v'n/, slenderness; a name
applicable to the original, but not to most of the species here associated, except
as to the. leaves and their divisions.) -- Herbaceous or suffruticose plants (of
California and Arizona), smooth and glabrous ; with alternate or opposite and
usually rather fleshy ternately or pinnately divided or dissected leaves, and showy
pedunculate heads, both disk and ray flowers bright yellow. Habit of Coreopsis
(which it represents on the western side of the continent), but mostly with pistil-
late rays, and always with a ring on the tube of the disk-corollas or at its junc-
tion with the throat. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 218. Leptosyne, DC. Prodr.
v. 531, with Ay arista, DC. 1. c. 5G9. Coreocarpus & Acoma, Benth. Bot. Sulph.
28, 29, t. 10. 17. Leptosyne & Puqiopappus, Gray (Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 104), Bot.
Calif, i. 354.
1. EULEFTOSYNE. Akenes callous-winged and commonly meniscoidal at
o ,
maturity, a small or obscure saucer-shaped cup in place of pappus : rays pistillate
and commonly fertile, obovate, more or less 3-lobed : style-tips of the disk-
flowers capitellate either with or without a minute setiform cusp : low annuals,
with all but the lowest leaves alternate, and long or scape-like monocephalous
peduncles : bracts of the outer involucre linear or lanceolate, loose. Leptosyne,
DC. 1. c.
L. Douglasii, DC. A span to a foot high, leafy only at or near the base : leaves once to
thrice parted into nearly filiform divisions : rays half-inch or more long: ring of the disk-
corollas usually distinctly bearded: akenes thickened at maturity (at least the more fertile
outer ones) and corky-winged, also corky-ridged down the inner face, roughened nearly
throughout with capitellate or clavate short and rigid bristles : pappus-cup somewhat con-
spicuous. Prodr. v. 531 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 355 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 356. L. Califvrnira,
Ntitt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 363, & L, Netcberryi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, Bot.
Calif. 1. c. ; state with young akenes or infertile inner ones thin-winged, and ring of corolla-
tube less bearded. California (from Monterey to San Diego and San Bernardino) and
adjacent Arizona ; first coll. by Douglas : flowering early.
L. Stillmani, GRAY. Stouter, more leafy below: lobes of the leaves linear, a line or more
broad : ring of the di.sk-corollas beardless : akenes somewhat obovate, quite smooth and
naked on the back, becoming papillose or tuberculate on the inner face, at least along
the slightly ridged centre, the corky wing more or less rugose. Bot. Mex. Bound. 92, &
Bot. Calif, i. 356. California, from San Francisco Bay northward and eastward; first coll.
by StiUman.
300 COMPOSITE. Leptosyne.
2. TUCKERM/NNIA. Akenes plane, oblong, smooth and glabrous, with
obscure wing-like margin : pappus none or sometimes the margins continued into
an acute tooth or short naked awn : rays fertile, oblong, obscurely toothed at the
apex : ring of disk-corollas beardless : perennial, with more fleshy leaves and
thickened succulent stem or caudex : the heads large and showy. Tuckermannia,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 3G3.
L. maritima, GRAY. Stems low, fleshy-herbaceous from a thick ba=e or caudex : branches
terminating in monocephalous peduncles of a span to a foot in length : leaves bipinnately
divided into narrowly linear lobes of a line or two in width : rays 16 to 20, an inch or more
long, and disk commonly an inch in diameter. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. ;
Hegel, Kev. Hort. 1872, tab. Tuckermannia maritima, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 355 ;
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 92, t. 31 . Coreopsis maritima, Hook, f . Bot. Mag. t. 6241 . S. Coast
of California, at San Diego and on the adjacent islands.
L. gigailtea, KELLOGG. Fleshy-woody stem 2 to 8 feet high, 1 to 5 inches thick, leafy at
top: leaves twice or thrice pinnately divided into filiform lobes: heads smaller (disk half-
inch in diameter) on short corymbosely clustered peduncles : inner bracts of the involucre
with prominent midrib. Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 198; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 356. California,
on the mountains near Sta. Barbara and San Miguel, and islands off the coast ; first coll. by
Coulter. May be a form of the preceding, but seemingly is quite distinct. (Guadalupe
Island, Palmer.)
3. PUGIOP/PPUS. Akenes dimorphous ; those of the ray- or outermost disk-
flowers very like those of the preceding section (oval, flat, glabrous), either fer-
tile or sterile ; those of the disk also flat, but narrowly oblong, marginless, clothed
at least on the margins with long and soft-villous hairs (which are bidcntate at
apex under a lens), bearing a conspicuous pappus of a pair of linear triquetrous
palefe : annuals with the habit and otherwise the character of Euleptosyne ; the
ample golden yellow rays multinervose, commonly stylii'erous, not rarely fertile,
yet sometimes neutral or with mere included rudiment of style. Ayarista, DC.
Prodr. v. 569 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 337, not Don. Pugiopappus, Gray, Pacif.
R. Rep. 1. c., & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545, viii. G59.
L. Bigelovii, GRAY. A foot or less high, with the habit of L. Dourjlasii, leafy only at base,
and with long often scapiform peduncles : leaves once or twice ternately or quinately parted
into narrow linear lobes : involucre half-inch or less high ; its outer bracts linear or nearly
so, inner oblong-ovate: rays obovate or quadrate-oblong, half to two-thirds inch long, 10-12-
nerved : ring of disk-corollas beardless : ray-akenes oblong, with narrow callous-winged mar-
gin ; disk-akenes elongated-oblong, very villous at the margins, sparsely so or naked on one or
both faces, twice the length of the paleos of the pappus. Pugiopappus Bigelovii & P. Drciccri,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 660, & Bot. Calif. 1. c., the former described from immature and
incomplete specimens, in which the villosity of the disk-akenes was little developed. South-
ern part of California, from San Buenaventura and Tejon to the Mohave Desert.
L. calliopsidea, GRAY. A footer two high, rather stout and leafy, with peduncles a span
long : lobes of the leaves narrowly linear, sometimes incised : heads rather large and broad :
bracts of the outer involucre broadly ovate, thick, a little shorter than the narrowly ovate
inner ones : rays broadly cuneate-obovate, commonly an inch long and three-fourths inch
wide, 15-20-nerved : ring of the disk-corollas pubescent: ray-akenes broadly oval, distinctly
thin-winged ; disk-akenes cuneate-oblong, little longer than the palerc of the pappus, very
long villous on the margins and inner face. Agarista calliopsidea, DC. Prodr. v. 569;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Coreopsis calliopsidea, Bolauder, Cat. PI. San Francisco. Puqiopappns
calliopsidens, Gray Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Leptosijne maritima, Eev. Hortic.
1873, 330, tab. Moist hillsides and plains, California, from the Sacramento southward.
Var. nana. A span or so high, with more scapiform peduncles, leaves crowded at
base, heads and rays smaller, outer involucre comparatively shorter, and ray-akenes narrower
or less margined. San Bernardino Co. at Mohave Station, &c., Lemmon, Prinijle.
TJielcsperma. COMPOSITE. 301
4. COREOCA"RPUS. Akenes nearly of Euleptosync, but mostly with tuber-
culatc rather than winged margins, and some of them bearing a pair of sometimes
retrorsely hispid awns ; those of the ray-flowers mostly fertile : style-branches of
the disk-flowers produced into a subulate appendage : outer involucre of a few
small inconspicuous bracts : annuals or suffruticose perennials ; with branching
stems, opposite leaves, and small cymose or paniculate heads on short slender
peduncles. Coreocarpus & Acoma, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 1. c. Coreocarpus, Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 384.
L. Arizonica, GRAY. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, and paniculately branched from a woody
base, rigid, slender : leaves 3-5-parted into mostly entire linear acute lobe.s : heads loosely
cymose, 3 or 4 lines long : outer involucre of 1 to 3 small loose bracts ; inner of G to 8 ovate
ones in two ranks : rays 5 or 6, about 3 lines long : disk-corollas with a bearded ring : akenes
narrowly oblong, with faces either smooth or papillose-muriculate, and margins beset with a
wing which is wholly dissected into a pectinate tubercular fringe (in the manner of Coreopsis,
Coreoloma), the inner and less fertile or infertile marginless, some without pappus, others
bearing either one or two short and setiform awns, which are either naked or sparingly
denticulate, the denticulations spreading or a few of them recurved. Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 218. Along streams in the Santa Catalina Mountains. Southern Arizona, Lenunon,
Pringle.
~L. PARTHENiofnES (Coreocarpus pnrthcnioides, Benth. Bot. Snlph. t. 16), L. JTETEROCARPA
(C, hcterocarpus, Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. v. 162), and L. DISSECTA (Acoma dissectum, Benth.
L c. 1. 17) are species of Lower California, insufficiently known.
117. THELESPERMA, Less. (17X17, a nipple, o-W^a, seed, from
the papillosity of some of the akenes.) --Perennial, sometimes annual or suffru-
tescent herbs (of the Great Plains, and one on the Pampas of S. Amer.), smooth
and glabrous ; with habit of Coreopsis, opposite usually finely dissected leaves, and
pedunculate heads ; the rays normally golden yellow, disk-flowers yellow, some-
times purplish or brownish. Less, in Linn. vi. 511; Gray in Kew Jour. Bot.
i. 252, & PI. Wright, i. 109. Gosmidium, Torr. & Gray, in Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1. c., & Fl. ii. 350.
# Lobes of the disk-corollas linear or lanceolate, longer than the short campanulate throat: style-
appendages witli cuspidate or subulate tips: pappus evident: chaff of receptacle falling with and
partly embracing the akenes.
T. scABiosiofcES, Less., of the Pampas in S. America, closely represents T. gracile, but has
more filiform foliage and longer-awued pappus.
COSMIDIUM BURRIDGEAXUM of the gardens is a hybrid of T. filifolium and Coreopsis tinc-
toria, acquiring its brown-purple rays from the latter.
T. filifolium, GRAY. A foot or two high from an annual or biennial root, loosely branch-
ing, leafy : leaves not rigid, bipinuately divided into filiform lobes no wider than the rhachis :
bracts of the outer involucre 8, subulate-linear, almost equalling or more than half the
length of the inner, which are connate only to the middle : rays broad, over half-inch long :
disk usually purple turning brownish : outer akenes becoming coarse: v , i; , mllose on the back ;
the stout triangular-subulate pappus-scales not longer than the wiuoh ol , uo akene. Kew
Jour. Bot. i. 252, & PL Wright, i. 109. Coreopsis trijida, Lam. 111. t. 70 ! ; Poir. Suppl. ii.
353, ex tab. C.filifolia, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3505. Cosmidium Jilifo.'iuu , Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 350. Dry uplands and plains, Arkansas to Texas.
T. ambiguum, GRAY. A foot high, perennial and spreading by creeping rootstocks, rather
rigid, usually more naked above or with longer peduncles : cauline leaves less compound ;
the lobes from filiform to narrowly linear ; bracts of inner involucre connate to or above the
middle: rays rarely wanting; otherwise as the preceding. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 16.
T.f lifolium, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 109, & ii. 90, chiefly. Plains and hills, W. Texas to New
Mexico, Colorado, and Montana.
302 COMPOSITE. Thelespcrma.
T. gracile, GRAY, 1. c. More rigid, a foot or two high from a deep perennial root, less
branched, naked above : leaves once or twice 3-5-nately divided or parted into filiform-linear
or broader lobes, or some upper ones filiform and entire : bracts of the outer involucre 4 to 6,
very short, ovate or oblong ; of the inner one connate to above the middle, the edges of their
lobes slightly scarious : disk mostly yellow, scarcely brownish after authesis : akenes less
papillose or roughened, the breadth of the summit exceeded by the subulate awns : rays
usually none, rarely present and 2 or 3 lines long. Bidens gracilis, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii. 215. Cosmidium gracile, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Plains, Nebraska and Wyoming to
W. Texas and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
* * Lobes of disk-corollas from ovate to oblong, decidedly shorter than the cylindraceous throat;
the proper tube also shorter than in the foregoing: pappus shorter and more coroniform, desti-
tute of retrorse bristles or hairs, or wanting.
-I Leafy-stemmed, branching, herbaceous to the ground: style-appendages subulate-tipped.
T. SUbsimplicifolium, GRAY. Stems slender, rigid, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves sometimes
all entire and filiform (14- to 3 inches long), sometimes 3-5-parted into filiform entire lobes :
outer bracts of the involucre oblong to linear, short : rays half-inch long : akenes short-
fusiform : pappus 2 minute slightly hairy teeth, or obsolete. Bot. Mex. Bound. 90. T. sim-
plicifolium, Gray, Kew Jour. Bot. 1. c. Cosmidium simplicifolium, Gray, PI. Fendl. 86.
Rocky prairies, Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
-1 -) Low, branching from a lignescent base, very leafy below, sending up long and naked or
scapiform peduncles: outer involucre short ami small: aUenes fusiform, more incurved at
maturity.
T. SUbnudum, GRAY. Rather stout: leaves thickish and rigid, once or twice ternately
parted into linear or lanceolate lobes: peduncles 4 to 10 inches long: head rather large
(half-inch high) : rays sometimes none, sometimes ample (the larger two-thirds inch long
and over half-inch wide) : style-appendages subulate-tipped : pappus a minute 4-5-toothed
naked crown, or obsolete. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 72. Includes also T. subsimplirifolium, var.
xraposum, Gray, coll. Parry, &c. New Mexico, S. Utah, and N. Arizona, Palmer, Parry,
Ward. Also apparently Green River, Wyoming, Parry, a plant referred to T. >jracile.
T. longipes, GRAY. Fastigiately much branched at the woody base, very leafy: leaves
3-5-parted into filiform divisions which are usually no wider than the rhachis : peduncles
filiform, wholly simple, 5 to 10 inches long: head small (quarter-inch high), rayless : style-
appendages tipped with a very short cone : akenes barely 2 lines long, arcuate at maturity,
falling free from the chaff: pappus quite obsolete. PI. Wright, i. 109; Rothrock in
Wheeler Rep. vi. 164. Dry hills and banks, W. Texas and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock (not
showing the woody stems), Lemmon. (Mex., Schaffner.)
118. BALDWfNIA, Nutt., in the form of Balduina. (Dr. Wm. Baldwin,
collaborator with Elliott, died early.) Apparently biennials or annuals (of S.
Atlantic States), mostly glabrous or minutely puberulent ; with alternate entire
leaves, puncticulate in the manner of Helenium and veinless, and solitary or corym-
bosely paniculate heads of yellow flowers, or those of the disk sometimes purplish-
tinged : fl. late summer and autumn. --Nutt. Gen. ii. 175; Ell. 8k. ii. 447;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 391. Bcddwinia and Actinospermum (Ell.), Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 388. (True affinity rather with the Helcnioidece.}
B. uniflora, NUTT. 1. c. Stem rather stout, simple or simply branched, 1 to 3 feet high from
a perhaps " perennial " root, with terminal usually elongated peduncle bearing a solitary
large head : leaves obtuse, spatulate, or the upper linear : bracts of the involucre numerous,
in about 4 series, thickish, at first appressed : rays 20 to 30, cuneate-linear, 3-toothed at
truncate apex, inch or more long : concreted chaff of receptacle truncate : akenes cylindra-
ceous-obconical, with pappus of 7 to 9 narrowly oblong palerc of nearly its length. Ell. Sk.
ii. 447. Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana ; first coll. by Bartram.
B. multiflora, NUTT. 1. c. Slender, from an annual or biennial root, branching above, very
leafy up to the several or numerous slender peduncles, glabrous or sometimes sparsely hir-
sute : leaves all narrowly linear: heads small (3 or in fruit 5 lines high) : bracts of the
Galinsoga. COMPOSITE. 303
involucre fewer and narrow: rays 8 or 10, cuneate, half-inch long, 3-4-lobed at summit:
alveoli cuspidate-toothed at the angles : akenes stipitate, turbinate, the flat summit crowned
with the pappus of about 12 radiate and orbicular-obovate paleas. Actinospermum, Ell. 1. c.
A. an gust [folium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Buphthalmum angusti folium, Pursh, Fl. ii. 564. Sand-
liills, Georgia and Florida; first coll. by Bartrunt.
119. MARSH ALLI A, Schreb. ( Humphry Marshall, author of the earliest
indigenous work on the sylva of N. America.) -- Low and smooth nearly glabrous
perennials (of S. Atlantic States) ; with fibrous roots, commonly simple stems, and
solitary pedunculate (Armeria-\\ko) heads of rose-purple or white glandular-
puberulent flowers, with blue anthers, produced in spring or summer : peduncle
puberulent : leaves alternate, entire, mostly 3-nerved, but not manifestly veiny.
-Gen. ii. 810; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 390. Persoonia, Michx. FL ii. 104, not
Smith. Trattenickia, Pers. Syn. 403, not Willd. Therolepta, Raf.
* Leaves thickish, mostly obtuse, all but the upper tapering below into a slender sessile base or
margined petiole ; radical spatulate.
M. angustifolia, PURSH. Sometimes 2 feet high and branching above, cauliue leaves
linear, or the uppermost linear-subulate ; radical spatulate : bracts of involucre narrow,
mostly acute, rigid, head only half-inch high : corollas pale purple : akenes minutely pubes-
cent or at maturity glabrous, longer than the pappus. Fl. ii. 520; Ell. Sk. ii. 316 (& var.
cyananthera) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Athanasia graminifolia, Walt. Car. 201. Persoonia anyus-
tifolia, Michx. 1. c. Tratteniclcia angustifolia, Pers. 1. c. Low pine barrens, N. Carolina
(and Tennessee ?) to Florida and Louisiana.
M. CSespitosa, NUTT. More tufted, a foot high or less, either leafy only at base and with
scapiform peduncle, or sparsely leafy -stemmed and sparingly branching : leaves spatulate-
linear, or somewhat lanceolate and the upper linear : bracts of involucre narrow-linear, acute
or acutish : head two-thirds inch or more high : corollas pale rose-color or white : akenes
obpyramidal, villous on the angles, shorter than the pappus. Nutt. in DC. Prodr. v. 680 ;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3704; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Calcareous soil, Arkansas to Texas; first
coll. by Berlandier and Nuttall.
M. laiiceolata, PURSU. A foot or less high, commonly leafy only at base and with scapi-
form simple peduncle : leaves lanceolate, oblauceolate, or spatulate, 3 to 6 lines wide : bracts
of involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, obtuse : akeues elougated-turbiuate, pubescent,
much longer than the pappus. Fl. ii. 519; Ell. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Persoonia lan-
ceolata, Michx. 1. c. Trattenickia lanccolata, Pers. 1. c. Open dry woods, N. Carolina to
Florida,, preferring the upper districts.
Var. platyph^lla, M. A. CURTIS. Leafy-stemmed, sometimes 2 feet high, with
spatulate-oblong leaves 2 to 6 inches long, all obtuse. Chapm. Fl. 241. Moist or wet
ground, N. Carolina, &c., from the middle country westward.
* * Leaves thinner, conspicuously 3-nerved; cauline acuminate.
M. latifolia, PURSII, 1. c. A foot or so high, leafy to the middle or more : cauline leaves
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, sessile by a merely narrowed base, gradually acuminate, 2 or 3
inches long: bracts of the involucre linear, acute or acutish, rigid. Torr. & Gray, I.e.
Athanasia trinervia, Walt. 1. c. Persoonia latifolia, Michx. 1. c., t. 43. Trattenickia latifolia,
Pers. 1. c. Marshallia Schreberi, Tratt. Arch. Gen. i. 108. Moist soil, Virginia to Missis-
sippi, along the middle country.
120. G-ALINSOG-A, Ruiz & Pav. (M. Galinsoga, a Spanish physician
and botanist.) Annuals of Tropical America, the common species now widely
disseminated.
G. parviflora, CAV. A foot or two high, loosely branching, slender, somewhat pubescent :
leaves thin, ovate, acute, serrate, 3-nerved from near the base, petioled : heads 2 lines long,
sleuder-peduucled from the summit of the branches, somewhat paniculate: rays whitish,
barely exserted : disk-flowers yellow : pappus usually of 8 to 1C short paleaj. Ic. iii. 41 , t. 281 ;
DC. Prodr. v. 677 ; Gray, Man. 264 ; Reicheub. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 983. Open, or waste grounds,
304 COMPOSITE. Blepharipappus.
perhaps indigenous to New Mexico and Arizona, an introduced weed about gardens in the
Northern States. In indigenous plants of the Southern border (var. Caracasana, & var.
semicalca, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 98) pappus of the ray much reduced or wanting. (Mex.,
S. Amer.)
121. BLEPHARIPAPPUS, Hook. (B\e$apk, the eyelash, Tramros,
seed-down, from the fringed paleae of the pappus.) A single but variable species.
(Transition to the JIudiece.)
B. SCaber, HOOK. Annual, a span to a foot high, loosely branched, puherulent and sca-
brous, and with some hispid hairs, above more or less glandular : leaves alternate, narrowly
linear, with revolute or involute margins when dry, entire : heads short-peduucled, terminat-
ing the paniculate brauchlets, 3 to 5 lines high : both rays and disk-flowers white : anthers
brownish-purple. Fl. i. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 391 ; Gray, Bot Calif, i. 358. Pti/onella
scabra, Nutt Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 386. Dry plains and mountains, interior of
Oregon, Idaho, &c., to Nevada and the Sierra Nevada, California,
Var. SUbcalvus, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Pappus both of ray and disk obsolete or
reduced to hyaline vestiges. Eastern borders of California, Lemmon, Matthews, &c.
Var. lee vis, GRAY, 1. c. Slender, with filiform branches, almost smooth: heads few-
flowered. California, Bridyes. Taken for Hemizonia in Gen. PI. ii. 395.
122. MADIA, Molina. TARWEED. (Madi, the Chilian name of the com-
mon species.) Glandular and viscid herbs, mostly heavy-scented ; with leaves
entire or merely toothed, some or all of them alternate ; heads axillary and
terminal ; the yellow flowers vespertine or matutinal, closing in sunshine : in
summer. Molina, Chil. ; Cav. Ic. iii. 50, t. 298; Don in Bot. Reg. ; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 3D3. Madaria (DC.), Madariopsis, Madorella, Amida, Anisocar-
pus, & Ilarpcecarpus, IS'utt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.
1. MADA"RIA. Ligules exserted and conspicuous: disk-Howers sterile or
partly- fertile : disk-corollas pubescent, except in the first species : herbage hir-
sute, the upper part minutely glandular. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 188, &
Bot. Calif, i. 358.
# Annual, low and slender, will) mostly alternate leaves and small heads: pappus both to ray and
disk-flowers !
M. Yosemitana, PARRY. A span or more high r leaves linear, entire : heads slender-
pedunculate, 2 lines high: ray-flowers 5 to 10, with ligules a line or two long: disk-flowers
3 to 10, sterile .- corollas nearly glabrous : bracts of the involucre with short and narrow tips ;
of the receptacle -1 to 8, more or less connate by their margins : ray-akenes semi-obovate or
slightly lunate, bearing an evident pappus in the form of a ciliolate crown : pappus of the
disk-flowers of about 5 sparsely barbellate awns, nearly equalling the corolla. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 219 California; near Fresno, Eisen ; at the foot of the upper Yosemite
Fall, Parry (few-flowered form) ; near Auburn, Marcus E. Jones, a larger form, with 8 to 10
rays and about as many disk-flowers.
* * Perennial, taller, with larger heads and some or most of the leaves opposite, occasionally
dentate: a manifest pappus to the disk -flowers, of plumose-lacerate or fimbriate palea?. Aniso-
carpus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 388.
M. Nuttallil, GRAY. Stem slender, a foot or two high: leaves linear-lanceolate: heads
sparsely paniculate, 4 lines high, usually slender-peduncled : involucral bracts 8 to 12, with
short inconspicuous tips : exserted ligules 3 to 5 lines long : only ray-akenes fertile ; these
obovate-falcate, much compressed, with sides many-striate and nearly nerveless : pappus of
sterile disk-flowers of small oblong pale*. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. viii. 391, ix. 188, Bot.
Calif, i. 358. Anisocarpus madioides, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 403. Woods, from
Monterey, California, to Brit. Columbia; first coll. by Nuttall.
M. Bolanderi, GRAY, 1. c. Stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves linear (the longer 7 to 10 inches
long, 4 lines wide) : heads half to three-fourths inch high : involucral bracts and rays 12
Madia. COMPOSITE. 305
to 16; bracts of the receptacle linear and unconnected : ray-akenes linear-falcate, 1-2-nerved
on the narrow faces, commonly with a rudiment of pappus : disk-akenes numerous, straighter,
all the outer ones fertile, all with a pappus of slender palete, which are either little or much
shorter than the corolla. Anisocarpus Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360. Woods
of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Mariposa to Plumas Co,; first coll. by Bolander, and
northward to Scott Mountains, Prinyle.
* * * Annu-.il, with showy heads, chiefly alternate leaves, iind no pappus: pubescence viscid as
well as hirsute or hispid.
M. radiata, KELLOGG. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high : larger leaves broadly lanceolate, den-
ticulate : bracts of the involucre 10 to 20, with short tips: rays as many, half-inch long,
obtusely 3-toothed : disk-flowers very numerous on a nearly flat glabrous receptacle, all but
the central ones fertile, somewhat clavate and 4-angular, straightish : ray-akenes narrowly
obovate-falcate, flat, tipped with a minute reflexed beak ! Proc. Calif. Acad. iv. 190 ; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 359. California, near the mouth of the San Joachin River, Bolander.
M. elegans, DON. Stem less stout, a foot or two high, or in depauperate forms only a span
or two, above sometimes copiously beset with stipitate viscid glands, sometimes these almost
wanting: leaves linear or lanceolate, mostly entire : bracts of the involucre 5 to 15, with
linear tips : rays acutely 3-lobed, yellow throughout or with a brown-red spot at base : disk-
flowers more numerous than the rays, on a convex hirsute-fimbrillate receptacle, all sterile :
fertile aken.es obliquely obovate-cuneate, nearly nerveless, depressed-truncate and wholly
beakless at summit. Don in Bot. Reg. t. 1458; Gray, 1. c. M. viscosa, var., Hook. Fl. ii.
24, not Cav. Madaria eleaans & M. corymbosa (with var. hispidal),DG. Prodr. v. 692.
M. eleyans, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3548. M. corymbosa, Endl. Icouogr. t. 36. M. racemosa,
Nutt. Trans. 1. c. Hills and plains, throughout California, Oregon, and the borders of
Nevada ; first coll. by Douglas.
2. EUMADIA. Ligules inconspicuous or short, from twelve to one, or rarely
none : disk-flowers few or numerous and fertile : the corollas pubescent : pappus
none : receptacle flat, smooth : glandular and viscid heavy-scented annuals. -
Gray, 1. c. Madia, Madariopsis, Madorella, & Amida, Nutt. 1. c.
M. sativa, MOLINA. Commonly robust, 1 to 3 feet high, pubescent with slender somewhat
viscid hairs and beset with pedicellate very viscid glands : leaves from broadly lanceolate to
linear: heads commonly short-ped uncled or sessile and rather scattered, 5 or 6 lines high:
rays 5 to 12, with honey -yellow ligules about 2 lines long: disk-akenes cuneate-obloug and
quadrangular, being prominently one-nerved on the faces (2 lines long), those of the ray
somewhat falcate-obovate, either with or without an obvious nerve on the sides. Don in
Bot. Reg. 1. c. ; DC. Notul. Jard. Genev. & Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 404. M. sativa
(with false char.) & M. mellosa (which would have been the better name to use), Molina,
Chil. ed. 1, 354. M. viscosa, Cav. Ic. iii. 50, t. 298. M. mellosa, Jacq. Hurt. Schcenb. iii. 29,
t. 302. J\I. ste/lala, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop., few-flowered form, like that figured
by Jacquin. Oregon and California. (Chili.)
Var. COngesta, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. The common TARWEED near the coast, stout,
branching, very sticky : heads mostly crowded or glomerate at the end of the branches,
many-flowered ; the rays from 8 to 12. M. capita t.a, Nutt. 1. c. Nearly M. viscosa, Cav. 1. c.
Fields aud waysides throughout the western portion of California and Oregon ; probably
an introduction from Chili, or the contrary.
Var. racemosa, GRAY, 1. c. Slender, simple-stemmed, with fewer-flowered heads
somewhat racemosely disposed : di.sk-akeu.es flatter and nerve less distinct. M. racemosa,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Madorella racemosa, Nutt. 1. c. Oregon to Idaho, interior of Cali-
fornia, and Nevada. Approaching the fewer-flowered Chilian M. mellosa, Jacq., &c., perhaps
passing into the next.
M. dissi.tifl.6ra, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Slender, a foot or two high, often loosely branching,
moderately viscid : heads 3 or barely 4 lines high, scattered or loosely paniculate : rays 5 to 8 :
disk-flowers few: akenes shorter and broader (a line or two long), also thicker, not angled
nor with the sides evidently nerved. M. sativa, var. dissitiflora, Gray, 1. c. Madorella
dissitiflora, Nutt. 1. c. Sclerocarpus gracilis, Smith in Rees Cycl.? Not uncommon through-
out Oregon and California.
20
306 COMPOSITE. Madia.
M. glomerata, HOOK. A foot or so high, rigid, very leafy, hirsute, glandular only toward
the inflorescence : leaves narrowly linear : heads glomerate : rays 2 to 5 or sometimes none,
not surpassing the about equal number of disk-flowers : akeues (2 lines or more long) narrow,
those of the disk 4-5 angled ; of the ray somewhat curved and 1 -nerved on each face. Fl.
ii. 24 ; Gray, I.e. Amida htrsuta & A. gracilis, Nutt. I.e.; Torr. & Gray, I.e. Rocky
Mountains of Colorado to Saskatchewan, Washington Terr., Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada
in California.
3. HARP^CA"RPUS. Ligules very short and inconspicuous, not surpassing
the solitary fertile disk-flower, all destitute of pappus : corolla glabrous. Gray,
1. c. Harpcecarpus, Nutt. 1. c. 389.
M. filipes, GIIAY, 1. c. Slender annual, a span to a foot or more high, hirsute, glandular
above, pauk-ulately branched ; the small heads (a line or two long) on long filiform pedun-
cles : leaves narrowly linear : bracts of the involucre 4 to 8, lunate and strongly cariuate in
fruit, almost destitute of free tips, hispid-glandular : bracts of receptacle united into a 3-5-
toothed cup : ray-akenes obovate-lunate, the tip somewhat pointed by a small epigyuous
disk: disk-akene straight and obliquely obovate. Sclerocarpus exiguus, Smith in Eees
Cycl.? Harpa?carpusiitadarwidcs,Rutt.l.c. H. exiguus, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bouud. 101.
Open grounds, from S. California to British Columbia near the coast, and eastward to
Idaho.
123. HEMIZONELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of Hemizonia.} Little
annuals of Pacific N. America ; with somewhat the aspect and characters of the
Harpcecarpus section of Madia, hirsute-pubescent and above glandular, diffusely
branching : leaves linear, entire, opposite or some of the upper alternate : heads
in the forks and cymosely clustered, terminating the branchlets, short-peduu-
cled, small (a line or two in length) ; the very small corollas yellow. Involucre
glandular-hispid on the back. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189, & Bot. Calif, i. 360.
Hemizonia Hemizonella, Gray, Proc. 1. c. vi. 548.
H. Durandi, GRAY. A span high : earliest heads sleuder-peduncled : akenes narrowly
oblong-obovate or somewhat fusiform, manifestly obcompressed with the inner face slightly
angulate, tipped with a short but conspicuous incurved beak. H. Durandi & II. pan-u/a,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 189. Ihini^unia Durandi & //. parvula, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
vi. 549. Dry ground, California, from the Yoseniite Valley to Washington Territory; first
coll. by Pratten.
H. minima, GRAY, 1. c., with syn. An inch or two high : peduncles all shorter than the
heads : ray-akeues obovate, less incurved, much obcompressed, the beak obsolete or a minute
iuflexed apiculation. Dry sterile soil, California, through the eastern ranges of the Sierra
Nevada, from Mariposa Co. northward, Brewer, Matthews, &c.
124. HEMIZONIA, DC. TARWEED. (Composed of fo h half, 0^77, gir-
dle, from the half-enclosed ray-akenes.) California!! herbs, nearly all annuals
or biennials, usually glandular, viscid, and heavy-scented ; with alternate or some-
times opposite leaves, and middle-sized or small heads of yellow or white flowers,
the anthers commonly brownish. Fl. summer or later. - - Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
396; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL ii. 394; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 190, xix. 17,
& Bot. Calif, i. 361. Hemizonia, Hartmannia, in part, & Calycadenia, DC.
Prodr. v. 692-695.
1. ETJHEMIZOXIA, Gray, 1. c. Ray-akenes only fertile, obovate-triangular,
with depressed terminal areola h;)rdly eccentric, glabrous, smooth and even :
disk-akenes abortive and without pappus : annuals, a foot or so high ; with entire
or merely denticulate and mostly linear leaves, and white or yellow flowers : rays
3-lobed. Hemizonia, DC. (the typical species of both sections).
Hemizonia. COMPOSITE. 307
* Akenes rounded on the back and with a ventral angle, destitute or nearly so of basal stipe :
rays exserted but rather short: chaffy bracts none or hardly any among the inner flowers- :
leaves narrow, quite entire, or rarely a few salient denticulations. (Ambiguous species, with tin:
habit, but not the akenes, of Madia.)
H. "Wheeleri, GKAY. Loosely branching, slender, green, slightly pubescent, minutely
glandular above : heads scattered : rays 5 or 0, bright yellow . marginal bracts of the recep-
tacle distinct. Bot. Calif, i. 017; Rothrock iu Wheeler Rep. vi. 361, t. 10. Clamlic
Mountains, of the southern Sierra Nevada, California, Ruthrock.
H. citriodora. Simple-stemmed, with short-pedunculate corymbosely panic-led heads, or
loosely branched above and heads more scattered, " lemon-scented," cinereously villous-hirsute
and above with small pedicellate glands interspersed : rays 8 or 9, greenish-yellow : marginal
bracts of the receptacle lightly united into a cup. Madia citriodora, Greene, Cull. Ton-.
Club, ix. 63. Northern California, from Siskiyou Co., Greene, to Placer and Sacramento
Co., Bohmder (1865), Mrs. Cumin. With specimens from the latter a less villous aud more
glandular form, Madia anomala, Greene, ined.
* * Akenes obovate-triangular, with a dorsal and two lateral angles, the ventral face broad and
nearly plane, surface smooth and shining, base usually extended into a (-mall inllexcd stipe,
with a whitish callous at its insertion (but sometimes the stipe short or obsolete and the callus at
the very base of the akene): recep'acle chaffy throughout: rays either white or light yellow iu
the same species, opening only in bright sunshine.
-f Heads terminating paniculate or usually corymbosely cymose branches.
H. COngesta, DC. Soft-hirsute or villous, btsi; not lanate, slightly glandular toward the
clustered or scattered heads : bracts of the involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips, little,
surpassed by the rays : marginal bracts of the receptacle either lightly conuate or nearly
distinct: iuflexed stipe of the akene conspicuous. Prodr. v. 692; Gray, 1. c. (not of Pacif.
R. Rep. iv. 109, which proves to be young Lagophylla). California, near Sau Francisco,
Douglas, G. R. Vasey. Specimens formerly referred to this still little-knowu species belong
to the following.
H. luzulsefolia, DC. Villous, and below even sericeous-lauate, at least when young, above
becoming very viscid-glandular and corymbosely or pauiculately branched : lower leaves
elongated, 3-5-nerved : bracts of the involucre with short and broadish herbaceous tips:
marginal bracts of the receptacle united into a cup: rays 5 to 10, rather large, white, some-
times tinged with pink, or not rarely pale yellow (var. lutescens, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club,
ix. 16) : stipe of akene as iu the preceding, or shorter, or obsolete. Prodr. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c.
H. serlcca, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356. //. rudis, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 31, a very branch-
ing and late-flowering form. Dry open grounds, throughout western part of California,
very common from San Francisco Bay to Monterey. Varying greatly.
H -i Heads disposed to be sessile along simple branches.
H. Cleveland!, GREENE. More slender, below villous with long spreading hairs, not lanate .
leaves all narrowly linear, mostly one-nerved : heads smaller, nearly all after the terminal
one subsessile in the axils or on short leafy brauchlc-ts, thus as it were spicately or race-
mosely disposed : ravs white : akenes and flowers as in the smaller-headed form of the
preceding. Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 109. California, from Meudociuo Co. (Kellogg) to Lake
Co., Bolandcr, Cleveland.
2. HARTMA"XNIA, Gray, 1. c. Ray-akencs opaque and often rugose or
tuberculate (rarely smooth and shining), very gibbous, turgid, the terminal areola
from the summit of the inner angle or face, and by gibbosity commonly intra-
apical, raised on a little beak (rostellum) or apiculation : flowers in all yellow :
ours annuals. Hartmannia (excl. spec.) & part of Hemizonia, DC. Prodr.
IT. FRUTESCEN-S, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & Bot. Calif, i. 361, an outlying species
from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is remarkable for having a woody-based stem,
and is probably the only species that is really perennial. This and
H. STREETSII, Gray, 1. c. xii. 162, from San Benito Island, Lower California, arc the only
known representatives of the genus beyond the limits of this Flora.
308 COMPOSITE. Hemizonia.
* Receptacle conical or convex, many-flowered, all the disk-flowers subtended by narrow and
mostly quite distinct chaffy bracts, some of them not rarely fertile: ray-flowers ii.sually numer-
ous and in more than one series, witli short and yellow ligules; their akenes obovate-triangular,
with very oblique apiculation, usually smoothish: rigid and branching annuals; with some
or all of the lower leaves incisely pinnatitid, and the uppermost clustered around the sessile
heads. Hartmannia Olocarpha, DC. Prodr.
-1 Leaves and bracts not pungent, but the upper gland-tipped.
H. macradenia, DC. Stout, hirsute, viscid-glandular, very leafy : upper leaves linear,
entire or laciniately dentate ; those of the branchlets and axillary fascicles linear-subulate,
truncately gland-tipped : some of these aucl most of those crowded around the sessile glom-
erate heads, also the bracts of the involucre and even those of the conical receptacle, beset
with stipitate tack-shaped glands : heads fully half-inch in diameter : pappus none. Prodr.
v. 693 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 356 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 400 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 363.
Dry open ground, from the Bay of San Francisco southward. An unpleasantly scented
Tarweed.
-t -t Upper leaves or their lobes and the bracts of the involucre rigid, pungently pointed, none
gland-tipped.
H. Fitchii, GRAY. Villous-hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset with small scattered tack-
shaped glands : leaves some (even of the lower) entire and elongated linear-acerose, very
pungent, some of the lower once or twice pinnately parted : bracts of the involucre subulate ;
those of the receptacle pointless, soft, bearded with long villous hairs : disk-akeues sterile,
with pappus of 8 to 12 linear paleie, fringed or bearded at tip, somewhat united at base,
nearly equalling their corolla. Pacif. R. Eep. iv. 109, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Common in
California north and east of Sacramento ; first coll. by Rev. Mr. Fitch.
H. Parryi, GREENE. Sparsely or slightly hirsute, sometimes minutely viscid-glandular:
leaves short; lower sparingly pinnatifid ; upper subulate-acerose, as also the tips of the invo-
lucral bracts ; those of the receptacle thin, villous on the margin, acute or obtuse, but
neither pointed nor rigid : sterile disk-akenes with a pappus of 3 to 5 narrowly linear slender,
pointed naked paleai which equal the corolla. Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 16. (Has been inex-
cusably confounded with the preceding and following.) Not uncommon in California from
Lake Co. to San Bernardino Co., Torrey, Parr;/, Parish, &c.
H. pungens, TORR. & GRAY. Hirsute or hispid, sometimes only slightly so, hardly at all
viscid or glandular : cauline leaves piunatifid or the lower bipiuuatifid, and the lobes short ;
those of the branchlets and fascicles entire, lanceolate or linear-subulate, with very pungent
tips, those around the head little surpassing it: bracts of the receptacle also pungentlv
pointed: pappus to disk-flowers none. Fl. ii. 399; Bot. Calif. 1. c. Hartmannia pungens,
Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 357 ; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 334. Dry hills and fields, from San Fran-
cisco Bay southward ; first coll. by Douglas.
* * Receptacle flat or nearly so, naked among the disk-flowers, which are surrounded by a circle
of connate or sometimes distinct bracts: rays golden yellow and with glandular usually slender
tubes: some of the pubescence glandular or viscid: no large tack-shaped or terminal truncate
glands.
-) Rays 12 to 24, oblong-cuneate ; their akenes occupying more than one series, obscurely rugose :
disk-flowers as numerous, with wholly sterile or abortive ovary, and small pluiisquamellate
pappus or none.
H. corymbosa, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Erect, corymbosely branched above, hirsute, with or
without short-pedicellate glands intermixed : lower or sometimes most of the cauline leaves
piunately parted into linear lobes ; those of the branches narrowly linear : heads rather large
(a third to half inch high) : rays 15 to 25, oblong-cuneate : bracts of receptacle well
united into a cup : akenes 4-5-nerved or angled (the nerve of the inner face indistinct or
wanting), and with beak short and stout : disk-pappus setosely plurisquamellate. H. an>;/isti-
folia, Beuth. PI. Hartw., not DC. //. macrocephala, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 174. H. balsamifera,
Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 64, t. 13. Hartmannia corymbosa, DC. Prodr. v. 694. W.
California, in low grounds, common from San Francisco Bay to San Luis Obispo ; first coll.
by Douglas.
H. angustifolia, DC. Diffuse, a span to a foot high, hirsutely pubescent and glandular,
becoming viscid : cauline leaves all linear, small, entire : heads corymbosely paniculate or
Hemizonia. COMPOSITE. 309
scattered: rays 12 to 15: bracts of the receptacle less united, or almost separate : akenes
3-nerved, with prominent upturned beak : disk-pappus minute and squamellate or nearly
wanting. Prodr. v. 692 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 398 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 362. //. multi'caulis,
Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 355 ? II. dccuml>ens, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 175. W. California, iu
open grounds, from San Francisco Bay southward ; first coll. by Douglas.
Var. Barclay!, GRAY, Proc. Am. A cad. ix. 190, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. (excl. pi. Brewer),
from Monterey, Barclay, has more conspicuous laciuiate pappus to disk-flowers.
-i -i Hays 8 to 20, broadly cuneate or quadrate: disk-flowers more numerous, with well-formed
and often fertile ovary and a conspicuous pappus of coriaceous oblong obtuse paleaj, which are
hirsute at summit and margins, and even on the back : stems erect, paniculately branched, 2 feet
or more high, very leafy.
H. floribunda, GRAY. Minutely glandular-pubescent and viscid, not hirsute : cauline leaves
all linear, small, entire : heads disposed to be racemose-paniculate on the branches : rays
about 20; their akenes iu more than one series, somewhat tuberculate-rugose, obscurely
4-augled, with very short straight beak: disk-akeues numerous, with pappus of 5 to 8 broad-
ish palea shorter than the proper tube of the corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, & Bot. Calif.
i. 616. California, southern part of San Diego Co., Palmer, Cleveland.
H. paniculata, GRAY. More diffusely branched, below commonly hirsute, the branchlets
and heads viscid-glandular cauliue leaves laciniate-pinuatifid ; those of the branches entire
or 2-3-deutate, linear, small ; of the flowering brauchlets mostly very small and bract-like,
erect : heads sparsely paniculate, barely 3 lines high : involucral bracts minutely densely
glandular: rays about 8 ; their akenes coarsely rugose or pitted on the back: receptacular
bracts connate or distinct : disk-flowers about 1 1 ; their well-formed akenes with a pappus of
8 or 10 oblong paleaj which exceed the proper tube of the corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. xix.
17. Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego Co., Brewer, Parish, Jared. Includes plant of coll.
Brewer, referred in Bot. Calif, to //. angustifolia, var. Barclayi.
-f -i -i Rays 5 (rarely 3, 4, or 6), broadly cuneate or quadrate : disk-flowers not over 6, sur-
rounded by mostly 5 receptacular bracts, which are usually more or less connate ; their akenes
generally sterile, the paleae of their pappus not hirsute: stems paniculately branched, a foot or
two high, some taller: lower cauline leaves pinnatilid; upper and rame;il entire, small.
H. Kelloggii, GREENE. Hirsute, sparsely so above, bearing short-pedieelled loosely panicu-
late heads : cauline leaves mostly pinuately-parted or toothed : involucre quarter-inch high ;
the bracts hirsutely glandular on the back, broadly lanceolate : rays fully 3 lines long :
bracts of the receptacle rather broad, well united into a cup : ray-akenes tuberculate-rugose
(a line or more long), bearing a rather strongly lateral and slender curved (almost sigmoid)
beak : sterile disk-akenes with pappus about equalling the tube of their corolla, composed of
lacerately truncate paleaj, which are mostly connate to near their summits. Bull. Torr.
Club, x. 41. Central California near Autioch (Kelloyy), and along the San Joaquiu Valley,
Greene.
H. "Wriglltii, GRAY. Hirsute below, 1 to 3 feet high, with widely-spreading branches,
when much branched decumbent ; the slender or filiform branchlets terminated by pedicellate
heads : lower cauline leaves laciniate-pinuatifid ; those of the branchlets mostly minute and
very viscid-glandular, as is the involucre ; its bracts ovate-lanceolate ; those of the receptacle
partly united : ray-akenes obscurely tuberculate-rugose, with short beak : sterile disk-akenes
with pappus of 8 or 9 oblong firm palete, their summit erose-laciniate. Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 17. S. California, about San Bernardino, W. G. Wright, Parish, Parry. Found also
as a waif near San Francisco, Greene. Heads always scattered, and most of them on pedicels
of fully their own length.
H. fasciculata, TORR. & GRAY. More or less hirsute or hispid below, a span to 2 feet
high, commonly with rather rigid ascending giabrate or viscid-glandular branches, bearing
usually fasciculate-clustered sessile small heads: cauline leaves mostly piunately parted or
laciniate ; uppermost on the branches subulate-linear and rather crowded aboutftho heads
or clusters : bracts of the involucre narrowly lanceolate, either glabrous or gland ular-hispidu-
lous ; of the receptacle lightly united or nearly free : ray-akenes either smoothish or at length
transversely rugose, apiculate with a small very short beak ; disk-akenes chiefly sterile, with
conspicuous pappus of 8 or 10 narrowly oblong or linear lacerate-tipped paleae. Fl. ii. 397 ;
Gray, 1. c. H. ijlomerata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Hartmannia fasciculata, DC.
310 COMPOSITE. Hemizonia.
Protlr. 1. c. Drv ground, W. California, common from Monterey to San Diego ; first coll.
by Coulter, Douglas, &c. Passes into
Var. ramosissima. Diffuse, sometimes decumbent : upper leaves mostly entire :
beads less fascicled or all scattered: akcncs at maturity rugose. //. ramosissima, Bentb.
Bot. Sulpli. 30; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100, & Bot. Calif, i. 362. Same range, and to
San Bernardino Co.
Var. Lobbii (H. Lollii, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 109, founded on a single speci-
men, coll. by Lobb, tbought to come from near Monterey) appears to be nothing more than
a tall and slender form of this species, with stem 2 feet high, long and slender branches,
very small and numerous leaves on the branchlets, rays reduced to 3 or 4, and disk-flowers
to about the same number, each subtended and partly enclosed by a free bract. But speci-
mens hardly sufficient.
* * * Receptacle flat: all the flowers subtended and akenes partly enclosed by bracts; the
corolla-tubes glandular: ligtiles yellow and broad, 5 to 8: ray-akenes somewhat 5-nerved or
angled, i. e. ventral face somewhat cariuate-augled, with short upturned beak: disk-flowers 8 to
15, with akenes mostly sterile and destitute of pappus: slender virgately branched or panicu-
late annuals, with lowest cauline leaves commonly laciniate-dentate, the upper all small and
linear, none of them at all pungently pointed, but those of the brauchlets tipped with a sessile
truncate gland.
H. Heermanni, GREEXE. Viscid and somewhat pubescent or hirsute, heavy-scented,
paniculately branched, 1 to 3 feet high, the minute leaves of the diffuse flowering brauchlets
rather scattered : involucre nearly hemispherical; its bracts (and rays) 5 to 9, viscid-pubes-
cent arid copiously beset with pedicellate glands; the terminal gland inconspicuous: beak
and stipe of ray-akenes somewhat conspicuous: disk-flowers 10 to 15. Bull. Torr. Club,
ix. 15. H. mucradenia, Duraud, Pacif. R. Eep. v. 10, not DC. //. ramosissima, in part,
Rothrock in Wheeler Eep. vi. 365. Southern part of California, from Santa Barbara to
Kern Co., &c. , first coll. by Heennann.
H. virgata, GRAY. Less pubescent and viscid or nearly glabrous, the stem or long branches
virgate and bearing numerous racemosely or somewhat paniculately disposed heads on short
densely foliolose branchlets.; their leaves Heath-like, line long, all glandular-truncate : invo-
lucre campauulate or in age oblong ; its mostly 5 bracts becoming coriaceous, with stout
involute tip bearing a large truncate gland, the back nearly glabrous and sparsely beset with
some stout pedicellate glands or gland-tipped processes : stipe of ray-akene hardly any, and
its beak short: disk-flowers 7 to 10. Bot. Mex. Bound. 100, & Bot. Calif, i. 363. Cali-
fornia, from Lake Co. to Los Angeles, &c. ; first coll. by Fremont.
3. CALYCADENIA, Gray, 1. c. Ray-flowers few (1 to 7), with very broad
palniately 3-lobed or parted ligule ; their akenes mostly dull, obovoid-triangular
and little oblique ; the terminal areola scarcety if at all eccentric : disk-flowers
surrounded by a circle of herbaceous bracts (forming a kind of inner involucre),
which are connate into a cup or rarely separable ; their akenes well formed and
the outer not rarely fertile (then hairy), turbinate-quadrangular or slightly ob-
compressed, straight, bearing a conspicuous paleaceous pappus : annuals, with
entire narrowly linear leaves, often becoming filiform by revolution of the mar-
gins ; those of the axillary fascicles and clusters near the heads usually tipped
with tack-shaped or when dry saucer-shaped conspicuous glands, which are either
sessile or short-stipitate, sometimes similar glands along their backs or edges :
heads as it were involucrate by some bract-like leaves. Calycadenia, DC.
Prodr. v. 695.
* Wholly destitute of tack-shaped glands, paniculately and diffusely much branched and heads
scattered: rays 3-parted down to the slender tube, and disk-corollas cleft into oblong-linear
lobes; both white: ray-akenes almost beaked. Osmudenia, Nutt.
H. tenella, GRAY. Slender, 6 to 18 inches high, sparsely hirsute-pubescent or hispid, and
filiform branchlets minutely viscid-glandular : leaves almost filiform : involucre cvlindra-
ceous-campauulate : ray-flowers 3 to 5 ; their akenes rugose, short-stipitate and abruptly
rostellate-apieulate : disk-flowers 5 ; their pappus of 4 or 5 lanceolate palece tapering into
Hemizonia. COMPOSITE. 311
stout rough awns, ami as many intermediate short and lacerate-truncate ones. Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 191, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Osmadenia tenella, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 392.
Cali/cadem'a tenella, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 402. Found only near San Diego, California; first
by Coulter and Nv.Hnll.
* * Tack-shaped or saucer-shaped glands borne at least by the leaves next the heads and those fas-
cicled in the axils: stem strict or with ascending branches: disk-corollas long and narrow,
5-toothed: ray-akenes truncate at summit, and with a depressed or sometimes slightly pro-
tuberant terminal areola; no basal stipe: authesis commonly (or perhaps always) vespertine
or matutinal.
-I Heads very few-flowered and narrow, spicately and sparsely scattered along flexuous simple
branches: flowers white or rose-tinged.
H. pauciflora, GRAY, 1. c. A foot or less high, with spreading filiform branches, sparsely
hirsute, glahrate : heads solitary and sessile in the axils of small remote leaves ; these and
the floral ones sparsely hispid near the base : ray-flowers solitary or 2, the ligule 3-parted:
disk-flowers 3 iu a 3-lohed cup; their pappus of 5 subulate-awned and 5 small truncate
pale: ray-akenes glabrous: tack-shaped glands small and sparse, short-stalked. Cali/ca-
denia pane! flora, Bot. Mex. Bound. 100. California, from unrecorded station, Fremont.
Also Lakeport, Lake Co., Pringle.
-t -t Heads many-flowered, loosely paniculate or racemosely scattered along the slender spread-
ing branches : flowers yellow: plant remarkably glabrous.
H. truncata, GRAY, 1. c. A foot or two high : leaves rather lucid and thickish, some of
them hispidulous-scabrous, or the lower with a few bristles, and those next the heads occa-
sionally setose-ciliate, otherwise very smooth : glands mostly only terminal, large and sub-
sessile : heads oval-campanulate, 4 or 5 lines long : ray-flowers 5 to 8, with ovate-oblong
boat-shaped involucral bracts and glabrous triaugular-obpyramidal akenes : bracts of the
receptacle 7 to 9, lightly connate to the top into a truncate cup, at length separable : disk-
flowers 10 to 20; their pappus of 7 to 10 oblong and somewhat erose fiinbriate pointless
palese, much shorter than the akene, sometimes obsolete. Cali/cadcnia truncata, DC.
Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. California, from near San Francisco Bay northward into
Oregon ; first coll. by Dmn/las.
* -) -t Heads 8-15-nV.vered, in axillary and terminal short-pedunculate clusters on the strict
stem or branches: pubescence all soft and short, grayish.
H. mollis, GRAY, 1. c. A foot or two high, the stem only puherulent : leaves cinereous-
pubescent ; those of the fascicles and around the heads and the bracts tipped with a short-
stalked dark gland, also some on the back : ray-flowers 3 to 5, with sometimes white some-
times yellow 3-parted ligules on a short slender tube : chaff of receptacle forming a 6-8-
toothed cup: ray-akenes obpyramidal, glabrous : disk-flowers 5 to 10, with pappus of 5 or 6
subulate-awned palece nearly twice the length of the akenes, and one or two small pointless
ones. H. angustifolia, Durand, in Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c., not DC. L'tilf/<'<nlenia mollis, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 360. Sierra Nevada, California, in the foothills up to 4,000 feet in
Merced Co. and Tuolumne Co.; first found with bright white rays, later with yellow also,
by Lemmon, &c.
-i -i H H Heads several-many-flowered, mostly glomerate or spicately paniculate on the
strict stem or branches, in depauperate slender plants solitary in the axils: leaves rather rigid:
pubescence setose-hirsute or hispid, at least on the margins of the upper leaves: lobes of the
disk-corollas sometimes strongly and sometimes sparselv and obscurely liispidulous-glandular or
barbellate on the outside.
H. Douglasii, GRAY, 1. c., partly. Whitish-hirsute and hispid : tack-shaped glands not rare
on the margins as well as the tips of many of the leaves, mostly none on the bracts of the
involucre and receptacle : flowers yellow or white and purplish-tinged: akenes silky-villous,
at least when young, but often glabrate : pappus a little shorter than the disk-corolla, of 10
or sometimes 12 narrow linear-lanceolate palca? which are gradually attenuate into an awn-
like point, as long as or longer than the akenes, or 2 or 3 of them not rarely shorter or point-
less. Cali/cadenia villosa, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., founded on slender and too young
specimens of coll. Douglas. H. hispida, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 63 ; a robust form,
1 to 3 feet high, with yellow flowers ; coll. near Atwater Station, Merced Co., by Greene and
Parry. H. spicata, Greene, Bull. Torr. Clu':>, ix. 16, a dwarf form, with white flowers; coll.
312 COMPOSITE. Hemizonia.
by the same at Milton. Desiccated plains, from Lake Co. to Merced Co., California; first
coll. by Dour/las, in immature aud depauperate specimens. As polymorphous as the next
species.
H. multiglandulosa, GRAY, 1 c. Hirsute or hispid, also puberulent : tack-shaped glands
usuallv abundant on the back of the bracts of the involucre aud of the receptacle: flowers
white, soinetimes purplish-tinged : ray-akenes glabrous or glabrate, short and broadly ob-
pyramidal-obovate, glabrous or soon glabrate : pappus much shorter than the disk-corolla
and shorter than the akenes, of 10 or rarely 12 unequal palere, 5 of them oblong- to lanceolate-
subulate and attenuate at summit into an awn-like point, the others obtuse or erose-trun-
cate. Cd/i/cadenia multiglandulosa & C. ccj>lialntes. DC. 1'rodr. v. 695. Common in Cali-
fornia, especially in the Great Valley and north of the Bay of San Francisco. Runs into
many and various forms. The type of the species has the heads or clusters sessile and not
much crowded in the axils of the leaves along the virgate stem or its basal branches : odor
said to be disagreeable.
Var. ceplialotes. Stouter, with heads densely glomerate at the summit of the stem
and in approximate axils, sometimes appearing later in remoter axils : herbage heavy-scented.
//. cc./i/ialotes, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 110. Calycadenia cephalotes, DC. I.e. A
common form : odor said to be balsamic.
Var. sparsa. Slender, lax, a span to a foot high : lower and sometimes all the leaves
opposite : heads usually solitary in a few axils ; the terminal glands on the bracts few.
H. Fremont i, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 191. (Cali/cadenia Fre.monti, Gray, Bot. Mex.
Bound. 100.) //. oppositifolia, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 1. c. Valley of the Sacramento,
Fremont, Mrs. Bidwell, Parry, c.
4. BLEPHAKIZONIA, Gray. Ray-flowers 7 to 10, with 3-lobed ligules : disk-
flowers 10 to 20; outer ones subtended by one or two series of linear receptacu-
lar bracts : akenes of disk disposed to be fertile and nearly like those of the ray,
except in their pappus of about 20 short and stout densely plumose awns : ray-
akenes elongated-turbinate, hardly oblique, sericeous-hirsute, about 10-nerved, witli
broad and depressed terminal areola, this obscurely coroniform-bordered. Proc.
Am. Acad. ix. 192, & Bot. Calif, i. 366.
H. plumosa, GRAY, 1. c. Strongly ill-scented annual, 2 to 5 feet high, pauiculately
branched, hirsute-pubescent, above most copiously beset with very viscid tack-shaped
glands: cauliue leaves linear, entire ; those of the bnui'-hlf-ts verv small, oblong or oval,
bract-like: heads racemosely paniculate, broad i'4 or !> iin long): involucral bracts short,
very glandular: pappus in the original sperinii'ii- nearly liui,' the length of the disk-
akeues. Calycadenia plumosa, Kellogff. I'roc. Cali'". Acad. v. 49. Banks and dried beds
of streams, near Stockton, California; the original ui~covcrer unknown; recently collected
by Lrmmon, &c.
Var. SUbplumosa. Pappus only one quarter the length of the clisk-akenes, or even
hardly longer than the diameter of their summit : heads more sparse, terminating loosely
paniculate branches. Near Stockton, apparently same habitat as that of the original
species, Parry, Mrs. Curran.
125. ACHYRACHJilNA, Schauer. ("A^pov, chaff, and achanium, the
botanical name of the fruit of Compositae, &c. : relates to the very chaffy pappus.)
-Del. Sem. Hort. Vratisl. 1837; DC. Prodr. vii. 292; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
392 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 396. Lepidostephanus, Bartl. Ind. Sern. Hort.
Gcett. 1837. Single species, a Californian annual.
A. mollis, SCHAUER, 1. c. A span to a foot high, erect, villous-pubescent, slightly glandular-
viscid : leaves alternate, or the lower opposite, long and narrowly linear, entire or the lower
laciniate : heads solitary and long-pednneled, terminating the stem and fastigiate branches,
an inch or less long : corollas whitish or yellowish and turning brownish : pappus and disk-
akenes each quarter-inch long: in fruit and when mature and dry the iikenes with their
spreading pappus diverging, forming a globular silvery-chaffy head, resembling that of Thrift
Lagophylla. COMPOSITE. 313
Lepidostephanus mnrlioidcs, Bnrtl. 1. c. Open grounds; fl. in spring, throughout tic-
western part of California ; first coll. by Douglas.
126. LAG-OPH^LLA, Nutt. (Aavos, a hare, ^u'XXov, foliage.) Slen-
der (Pacific N.- American) herbs, paniculately much branched, usually more or
less cinereous with sericeous pubescence (this so long and copious on the crowded
upper leaves of the original species as to have suggested the generic name, from
some likeness to a hare's foot) : leaves narrow, entire or nearly so, the lower
opposite, upper alternate, sometimes bearing small tack-shaped glands : heads
small, with "pale yellow" or white and rose-tinged rays, apparently vespertine.
Bracts and chaff promptly deciduous with the mature akenes, leaving the naked
receptacle terminating and little thicker than the peduncle. - - Trans. Am. Phil.
'Soc. 1. c. 390 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 402.
1. HOLOZONIA. Perennial and spreading by creeping scaly rootstocks :
pubescence all short : heads naked, scattered, mostly slender-peduncled : corollas
white or purplish-tinged: chaff of receptacle connate into a 9-12-toothed cup:
ray-akenes bearing a shallow entire or denticulate cupule in place of pappus (as
sometimes in Layid) : ovary of sterile disk-flowers occasionally bearing 2 to 5
nearly capillary naked bristles, which are very caducous, sometimes almost equal-
ling the corolla. ffolozonia, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 122, 14G.
L. filipes, GRAY. Rootstocks elongated, rigid, partly sheathed by the approximate pairs
of connate scales : stems diffusely branched : filiform branchlets and peduncles glabrous
or sparsely glandular : cauline leaves linear, minutely soft-villous ; those of the branchlets
minute, oblong, commonly beset with short-stipitate dark glands : involucre loosely villous ;
its bracts little longer than the clavate-obovate obscurely 5-nerved akene, which bears a con-
spicuous white saucer-shaped cupule. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 109, Bot. Mex. Bound. 101, & Bot.
Calif, i. 367. Hemizonia filipes, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 35G ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 359.
Holozonia filipes, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, 1. c., where the peculiar characters were pointed
out, and not unnaturally taken to be generic. Rocky hills near streams, Napa Co. to JMen-
dociuo Co. ; first coll. by Douglas.
2. LAGOPHYLLA proper. Annuals : heads subtended by bracteal leaves
which may sometimes imitate an outer involucre, disposed to be sessile and glom-
erate, or at length short-peduncled : no cupule or pappus to the akenes : chaff or
bracts of the receptacle mostly quite distinct : stems below smooth and glabrous,
or early glabrate.
* Green or barely cinereous, not canescent: heads loo.^c or scattered : ligulcs much cxserted, pale
yellow ?
L. dichotoma, BEXTH. Stem a foot or two high, dichotomously paniculate : the branch-
lets puberulent : leaves sparse; cauline spatulate, occasionally dental <-, slrigulose-pubescent ;
of the branchlets short, hirsute-ciliate, as also the broadish bracts of ihe involucre, and with
small and sparse or no glands : akenes obovate, much decompressed, no nerve or keel to the
ventral face. PI. Hartw. 317 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 366. Plains of Feather River, on the
Sacramento, and Lake Co., California, Hartwey, Fitch, Bigelow, Mrs. Curran.
L. glandulosa, GRAY. Stem virgately paniculate, slender, a foot or two high : leaves
ciuereous-puberulent, linear or the radical spatnlate-lanceolate, entire, sometimes even the
lower as well as the small and scattered upper ones (also the branchlets) beset with small
tack-shaped glands, sometimes these all but or quite absent : bracts of the involucre and the
outer subtending bracts resembling the ordinary leaves, and inconspicuously if at all ciliate :
akenes nearly of the following. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 219. ^ot rare from Butte Co. to
Mariposa, Mrs. Bidwell, G. /?. Vasey, Lemmon, Mrs. Curran, Cong don. Badly named, the
glands inconstant in this, and occasionally seen in all the species.
314 COMPOSITE. Lagophylla.
* * Typical species : leaves canoscent with soft silky pubescence : the short ones subtending the
crowded heads conspicuously and densely ciliate with very soft villous hairs, and b:ick occasion-
allv beset with sessile or short-stipitate glands: involucral bracis C'>mose-ciliate at tlie sides
(along the line of infolding): ligules short, pale yellow according to Nuttall, but certainly some-
times if not always purplish or rose-color: akenes clavately obovate-oblong, carinate down the
ventral face : stems at length becoming naked below by the early fall of the older leaves.
Lagophylla, Nutt.
L. ramosissima, NUTT. Sleuder, paniculatel\ r much branched, 6 to 30 inches high : leaves
entire ; radical and lowest cauliue obovate-spatulate ; upper lanceolate or linear, obtuse ;
uppermost linear-oblong : heads 3 lines long, glomerate in small and at length rather scat-
tered irregular clusters : akenes only a line and a half long. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.
390; Torr. & Grav, Fl. ii. 402; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 367, mainly. L. minima, Kellogg, Proc.
Calif. Acad. v. 53. Dry ground, common through California, and to Washington Terr.,
Nevada, and W. Idaho ; first coll. by Nuttall.
L. COngesta, GREENE. Robust, a foot to a yard high, with short branches and larger heads
in thick glomerules : akenes 2 lines long. Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. Hemisonia conr/esta,
Gray in Pacif. 11. Rep. iv. 109 (immature), not DC. From Marin Co. to the Sierra Nevada
and to Mendocino Co., California, Bigc/ow, Torrey, Lemmon, Greene, Mrs. Ciirran. Chaff of
receptacle not found to be " united into a cup " : perhaps only a gigantesque form of the
preceding species.
127. LAYIA, Hook. & Arn. (Thomas Lay, naturalist in Beecliey's Voy-
age.) Annuals, of California and adjacent parts; with chiefly alternate leaves,
and branches terminated by usually showy heads of flowers, in spring and early
summer : disk-corollas sparsely hispidulous or hirsute on the lobes, yellow : rays
yellow or white. Bot. Beech. 148 & 357 (not 182) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 393 ;
Gray, PL Fendl. 103, & Bot. Calif, i. 3G8. Madaroglossa & Oxyura, DC. Prodr.
v. 693, 694. Eriopappus, Arn. in Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 443. Callichroa,
Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 31. CaUif/lossa, Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 356. Calliachyris, Torr. & Gray, in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. v. 110.
Certain species are so much alike in their whole aspect and structure that the
technical characters which alone distinguish them may be expected to give way.
1. MADAEOGLOSSA, Gray, PI. Fendl. 1. c. Pappus of about 10 to 20 stout
bristles, which are long-plumose or villous below the middle : akenes all narrow
and somewhat clavate, mostly with an obvious almost cupulate epigynous disk,
at least in the ray : receptacle naked and pubescent among the disk-flowers :
herbage hispid or hirsute, somewhat viscid, above beset with scattered stipitate
blackish glands. Madaroglossa^ DC. 1. c. Layia, Hook. & Arn.
* Rays bright white (sometimes tinged with rose), large and conspicuous, commonly half to three-
fourths inch long, 3-lobed : lower leaves lanceolate or linear, laciniate-pinnatifid or incised,
upper narrower and entire: pubescence more or less hispid or hirsute and with scattered short-
stipitate dark glands, especially toward the heads: lobes of the disk-corollas with some sparse
hispid hairs: pappus bright white.
L. glandulosa, HOOK. & ARN. A span to a foot or more high, diffusely branched: dark
glands sometimes abundant, sometimes scarce : rays 8 to 13 : villous hairs of the pappus-
bristles copious, the outer straight and erect, the inner soon crisped and interlaced into .1
woolly mass. Bot. Beech. 358; Torr. & Gray, I.e. L. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, PI. Wright,
ii. 98, a form with vestiges of pappus to ray-akenes. Blepharipappus glandulosws, Hook. Fl.
i. 316. Eriopappus glandulosus, Arn. 1. c. Madaroglossa angustifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 694, ex
Hook. & Arn. Barren ground, British Columbia to S. California and the Mexican border,
and east to Idaho and New Mexico. Variable, sometimes with stems almost glabrous, some-
times with hairs of the pappus less copious.
Var. rosea, GRAY, Bot. Calif, i. 368, a rare state with rose-purple rays. Ojai, Cali-
fornia, Peckham, Palmer.
Layia. COMPOSITE. 315
L. heterotricha, HOOK. & ARN. 1. c. Generally larger and more erect: dark glands
copious: rays 10 to 18: long-villous hairs of the pappus-bristles less abundant, all erect, the
inner woolly ones wanting. Gray, 1. c. Madarotjlossa heterotricha, DC. 1. c. ; Hook. Ic. PI.
t. 326. California, from the Lower Sacramento Vallev southward.
* * Rays apparently white, but small and inconspicuous, little if at all surpassing the disk : pappus
dull white.
L. carnosa, TORR. & GRAY. Dwarf, barely a span high, diffusely branched from the base,
somewhat pubescent : dark glands few or wanting : leaves succulent, spatulate to linear-
oblong, an inch or less long, some sinuate-pinnatifid : pappus-bristles sparsely plumose with
straight villous hairs : akenes of the ray also pubescent ! Fl. ii. 394 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.
Mddaroglossa carnosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 393. Sands of the California sea-
beach, from San Diego to Marin Co , Nuttull, Parry, Bigelow.
* * * Rays as well as disk-flowers yellow, or the former rarely white-edged.
-i Pubescence hirsute rather than hispid : inner hairs on the pappus woolly and interlaced in the
manner of L. ylundulosa, but mostly less densely so.
L. elegans, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Diffuse: stipitate glands small and sparse: leaves linear;
the lower pinnately toothed or parted into linear lobes: rays 10 to 12, half-inch long: pap-
pus white or whitish, its copious villous hairs much shorter than the aristiform bristles.
Gray, PI. Fendl. 103, & Bot. Calif, i. 309. M adaroglossa elegans, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 393. Common from Santa Barbara Co. southward to San Bernardino, California,
Nattall, Cleveland, Parish, &c. ; also in the northern part of the State at Ukiah, Kellogg.
-f -f Pubescence hispid ; the stem often dark-spotted at the base of the papillae of the stronger
bristles: bar son the pappus less copious, all straight and erect: steins and branches mostly
upright.
L. hieracioides, HOOK. & ARN. 1. c. Leaves from linear to oblong, mostly laciniate-den-
tate : rays 10 to 15, small and short, little surpassing the disk: pappus dull white or rusty.
Gray, 1. c. Madaroglossa hieracioides, DC. 1. c. California, from San Mendocino Co. to
Santa Barbara, &c. ; first coll. by Douglas.
L. gaillardioid.es, HOOK.' & ARX. Leaves more commonly laciniate-pinnatifid : heads
usually larger : rays 10 to 20, orange-yellow, half to three-fourths inch long: pappus dull
white or rusty. Bot. Beech. 357 (Tridax? galllardioides or Layia, Bot. Beech. 148); Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 393; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 369. Common in W. California, from Meudocino
Co. to Tejon ; first coll. by Lay.
2. CALLICHROA. Gray, 1. c. Pappus of 5 to 25 naked aristiform bristles, or
rarely wanting : otherwise as in the preceding. - Callichroa, Fisch. & Meyer,
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1. c.
Li. pentach&ta, GRAY. Somewhat hirsute and viscid-pubescent, hardly hispid, erect, a
foot or two high, paniculately branched; stipitate glands minute and sparse: cauline leaves
mostly pinriatifid and the lower laciuiately bipinnatifid ; the lobes narrowly linear: rays
ample, half-inch or more long, golden- or orange-yellow : disk-akenes minutely pubescent or
glabrate : pappus of 5 or rarely fewer rigid and smooth bristles, sometimes even wholly
wanting in certain specimens apparently of very same parentage. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 108,
t. 16; Bot. Calif, i. 369. California, along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, from Placer
to Fresno Co., Biyelow, Bolander, Parry.
L. platyglossa, GRAY. Usually more hirsute and lower : stipitate glands small and sparse
cauline leaves linear, simply pinnatifid into short linear lobes, most of the upper entire
rays half-inch long, light yellow, commonly with white tips to the lobes : disk-akenes silky-
hirsute : pappus of 15 to 20 upwardly scabrous stout awn-like bristles, only a little shorter
than the corolla. PI. Fendl. 1. c. ; Bot. Calif. 1. c. Callichroa plati/ahssn, Fisch. & Meyer,
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1. c., & Sert. Petrop. t. 5 ; Don, Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 373 ; Hook.
& Am. I.e. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3719 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 395. Madarmjlossa (Callichroa)
hirsuta & angiisti folia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I.e. Common in low grounds through-
out W. California.
Var. breviseta, GRAY, J3ot. Calif, i. 370. Pappus only half the length of corolla and
of the young akene : cauline leaves mostly pinnatifi 1. S. California, in the vicinjty of Los
Angeles, Bigdow.
316 COMPOSITE. Liyia.
3. CALLTGLOSSA, Gray, 1. c. Pappus wanting or of few or several flattened
awns or palea? (instead of bristles), either naked or with long hairs only at base.
Calliglossa, Hook. & Arn., with Oxyura, DC. & Lindl.
* Rays pure white: only marginal receptacular bracts present: pappus aristifunn: habit of L.
gland/tlosa : a few small stipitate glands on the upper leaves and involucre.
L. Douglasii, HOOK. & ARX. Low, sparingly hirsute or hispid : radical leaves piniiatifid-
deutate ; upper linear and entire : rays rather short, broad, 3-cleft : lobes of disk-corolla hir-
sute outside : akeues narrow, those of the disk villous-pubescent : pappus of about 10 minutely
scabrous linear-subulate flat palete, nearly equalling disk-corolla; their margins toward the
base scantily beset with long and straight villous hairs. Bot. Beech. 358; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 194. Gravelly banks, between the Dalles and Great Falls of the Columbia
Itiver, Douglas (the pappus in the specimen fulvous by discoloration) ; Austin, Nevada, 1882,
,17. E. Jones (pappus bright white). Probably only a form of L. glandulosa with more
paleaceous and almost naked pappus.
* * Rays yellow at base, white or pale at summit : bracts of the involucre lanate-ciliate at the
basal margins where infolded around the akene: both ray- and disk-akenes mostly oblong-
obovate.
H Pappus of 7 to 12 broadish naked paleae: disk-akenes more or less villous-hirsute. Calli-
achyris, Torr. & Gray.
L. Jonesii, GRAY. Somewhat hispidulous and viscid, a few small and sessile dark glands
on and near the involucre: leaves hispidulous-ciliate, narrowly linear, simply pinnatifkl, and
upper ones 3 lobed or entire : heads rather small : rays only quarter-inch long: receptacular
bracts only marginal : palea; of the pappus ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, often erose-
denticulate, not longer than the tube of the corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 18. San Luis
Obispo, California, M. E. Junes.
Li. Fremonti, GRAY. A foot high, minutely pubescent, not glandular: leaves not ciliate,
nearly all piunately parted into oblong-linear or spatulate short lobes : rays ample, half to
three-fourths inch long : receptacular bracts to many of the flowers : paleaj of the pappus
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate awn, nearly equalling the corolla,
the margins entire, accompanied by a few free long-villous hairs, which much exceed those
of the surface of the akene. PI. Feudl. 103, Bot. Calif, i. 370. Calliuchyris Fremonti, Torr.
& Gray, Jour. Bot. Nat. Hist Soc. v. 140. California, upper valley of the Sacramento to
Tuolunme Co. ; first coll. by Fremont.
H -i Pappus subulate-aristiform anu unequal and naked, or none: chaffy bracts to most of the
disk-flowers: herbs loosely erect or diffuse (about a foot high), not glanduliferous, with herbage
plabrous or minutely pubescent, but the margin of the leaves and yet more the base of the
bracts strongly hispidulous-ciliate: lower leaves pinnately parted or lobed; upper entire: heads
showy, with ample usually particolored rays.
Li. Calliglossa, GRAY, 1. c. A kenes villous-pubescent or partly glabrate : pappus of usually
several (10 tc 18) very unequal and rigid subulate awns, which are somewhat scabrous or
slightly hirsute near the dilated base, the marginal ones rather shorter than the corolla, the
smaller hardly half as long. O.ri/wa chrysanthemoides, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1850; Fisch. &
Meyer, Hort. Petrop. t. 6. Calliglossa Duitr/Iasii, Hook. Arn. Bot. Beech. 356. Ca/lichroa
( Calliglossa) Douylasii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 396. California, common around San Fran-
cisco Bay; probably first coll. by Douglas.
Var. oligochseta, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Pappus reduced to the two marginal
awns (and these sometimed slender) and to some intermediate rudiments or small awns:
leaves less lobed. Petaluma, Santa Rosa, and elsewhere, north of Bay of San Francisco,
Newberry, Bolander, &c.
L. chrysantliexnoid.es, GRAY, 1. c. A kenes wholly glabrous, broader, with no epigynons
disk (the base of corolla covering the top of the ovary) : no pappus: receptacle becoming
convex: otherwise quite like the preceding species. Oxyura chrysanthemoides, DC. (in
, Lindl. Syst. Nat. &) Prodr. v. 693, not of Bot. Reg. Tollatia chrysanthemoides, Eudl. Gen.
Suppl., & Walp. Repert. ii. 631. Hartmannia ciliata, DC. Prodr. v. 694. California, not
rare near San Francisco ; first coll. by Douglas.
Riddellia. COMPOSITE. 317
TRIBE VI. HELENIOIDE^E, p. 70.
128. CLAPPIA, Gray. (Dr. A. Clapp, author of a Synopsis of the
Medicinal Plants of the U. S.)--Bot. Mex. Bound. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 413, & Ic. PL xi., partly. (The excluded G. aurantiaca, Benth. Ic. PI. t. 1104,
is a Dysodia, apparently wanting the oil-glands.) Single species.
C. SUSedsefolia, GRAY, 1. c. Suffruticose, a foot high, widely branching, not punctate nor
glandular: leaves alternate, fleshy, terete, linear, entire, or the lower pinnately 3-5-parted,
sessile: head (half-inch in diameter) pedunculate, terminating herbaceous branchlets: flow-
ers doubtless yellow. Beuth. Ic. PL t. 1105. S. Texas; on the Rio Grande at Laredo,
Berlandicr. Alkaline flats of the Pecos, Ilarurcl.
129. JAtJMEA, Pers. (I H. Jaumc St. Hilaire, a French botanist.)
Herbs or suffruticose plants (mainly S. American) ; with opposite entire leaves,
and terminal pedunculate heads of yellow flowers. Syn. PL ii. 397 ; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 397 (including Coinoy//ne, Less., Espejoa, DC., Chcethymenia,
Hook. & Arn., &c.) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 371. Kleinia, Juss., not L.
J. camosa, GKAY. Procumbent or ascending perennial herb, fleshy, glabrous, leafy to the
short-pedunculate head: leaves spatulate-liuear, almost terete, about inch long: head half-
inch long, fleshy : rays 6 to 10, linear, not surpassing the disk: receptacle conical: akenes
glabrous, destitute of pappus. Wilkes Exped. xvii. 300, & Bot. Calif, i. 372. Coinogyne
carnosa, Less, in Linn. vi. 520; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 410. Salt marshes and sea-beaches,
Brit. Columbia to California; probably first coll. by Chamisso.
130. VENEG-ASIA, DC. (Michael Venegas, a Jesuit missionary, early
writer upon California.) --Prodr. v. 43; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 397. Single
species, yellow-flowered.
V. carpesioid.es, DC. 1. c. Large perennial herb, with glabrous leafy branches: leaves
alternate, slender-petioled, membranaceous, ovate and subcordate, mostly denticulate, veiny,
somewhat puberuleut or atomiferous : heads terminal and from upper axils, short-peduncled,
inch broad, and the about 15 rays an inch long. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 372. Partheniopsis
maritima, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 100. Rocky banks of streams, coast of California,
from Santa Barbara southward ; first coll. by Doufjlas and Coulter: fl. summer.
131. RIDDELLIA, Nutt. (Prof. John L. Riddell, author of a Synopsis
of the Flora of Western States.) Low and corymbosely branched woolly herbs
(Texano-Arizonian) ; with alternate and spatulate or linear leaves, the cauline
entire, and small heads of yellow flowers ; the ligules large in proportion, becom-
ing pale or whitish in age and thin-papery ; fl. summer. In habit not unlike
Zinnia Diplothrix of the same regions. Bracts of the involucre distinct, but
connivent-erect, and connected by the intricate wool so as to seem connate. -
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 371 ; Gray, PL Fendl. 94, & Bot. Calif, i. 372.
Psilostrophe, DC. Prodr. vii. 2G1.
* Rays at maturity half-inch long: akenes and pappus glabrous, or the former with few and short
scattered hairs: perennial.
R. tagetina, NUTT. 1. c. Loosely or somewhat villosely lanate, sometimes glabrate in age,
rather widely branched : radical and even lower cauline leaves often laciniate-pinnatifid : heads
numerous, mostly cymosely clustered and short-peduncled : palea; of the pappus oblong-
lanceolate, entire, usually obtuse, half or three-fourths the length of the disk-corolla. Torr.
in Emory Rep. t. 5; Gray, PI. Fendl 94. W. Texas to E. Colorado and Arizona; first
coll. by James.
318 COMPOSITE. Riddellia.
Var. sparsiflora. Heads more scattered and slender-peduncled : paleae of the pappus
linear-lanceolate, mostly acute. S. Utah, Bishop, Mrs. Thompson.
R. Cooperi, GRAY. Canesceut with close and matted tomentum, no villous hairs, or the
wholly entire narrow leaves glabrate : stems much branched from a ligneous base : heads
scattered, slender-peduncled : paleaj of the pappus from broadly oblong to lanceolate, erose-
laciniate at summit or nearly entire, less than half the length of the disk-corolla. Proc.
Am. A cad. vii. 358, & Bot. Calif, ii. 373. Gravelly plains and banks, S. E. California to
8. Utah and Arizona; first. coll. by Dr. Cooper.
* * Rays at maturity only a quarter of an inch in length: akenes and pappus long-villous : bien-
nial or annual 'i
R. arachnoidea, GRAY. Loosely lanate : stem and branches rather strict : foliage of R.
tagetina : heads clustered, short-peduncled : arachnoid hairs even longer than the somewhat
turbiuate akenes : paleaj of the pappus subulate-lanceolate, their margins and apex more
or less deliquescent into long and arachnoid hairs. PI. Fendl. 94. Psilostrophe gncipha-
lioides, DC. I.e. Western Texas along the Rio Grande, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex., Ber-
landier, Gregg, &c.)
132. BAILEYA, Harvey & Gray. (Jacob Whitman Bailey, the pioneer
in microscopical research in U. S.) Soft and densely floccose-woolly annuals or
biennials, of the Texano-Arizonian district ; with alternate leaves, the lower
once or twice pinnatifid, and terminal long-pedunculate solitary heads of yellow
flowers, the large and persistent rays deflexed in age: fl. summer. PI. Fendl.
105; Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 195.
B. pauciradiata, HARV. & GRAY, 1. c. Villosely and floccosely lanate, a foot or so high,
loosely paniculately branched, leafy : leaves sparingly laciniate-pinnatifid or the upper entire,
linear : heads small, short-peduncled : involucre quarter-inch high and broad : ligules 5 or 6,
roundish-oval, 3 or 4 lines long: disk-flowers 10 to 25 : akenes subclavate, with slightly nar-
rowed summit, strongly many-nerved, muriculate-scabrous, obscurely resinous-atom if erous.
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 373. Sandy deserts, S. E. California and adjacent Arizona, Coulter,
Schott, Cooper, Parish. Still rare.
B. multiradiata, HARV. & GRAY, 1. c. Densely floccosely white-tomentose, at length much
branched from the base and leafy : radical and lower leaves spatulate or broader, mostly
laciniate-pinnatifid or sparingly bipinnatifid ; uppermost small, spatulate-linear, entire: heads
on slender and often long peduncles : involucre mostly half-inch broad : ligules 25 to 50,
cuneate-oblong or at length broader and nearly quadrate, 5 or 6 lines long : disk-flowers
very numerous : akenes oblong-prismatic and obscurely striate, broadest at the truncate
apex, minutely scabrous and resinous-atomiferous. Torr. in Emory Rep. t. 6; Roth rock in
Wheeler, Rep. vi. 175. B. pkniradiata & B. multiradiata, PI. Fendl. 1. c., Bot. Calif. 1. c. ;
the former the commoner form, branching and leafy, with more numerous and smaller heads.
Plains, from W. Texas to S. Utah, Arizona, and the borders of S. E. California; first coll.
by Coulter. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. nudicaulis. More simple-stemmed, or branched only from a stout (biennial?)
base : leaves more divided : peduncles elongated, sometimes scapiform : head larger.
B. multiradiata, Harv. & Gray, 1. c., mainly. Same range, or more southern. (Adj. Mex.)
133. "WHITNEY A, Gray. (Josiah D. Whitney, Director of California
Geological Survey.)-- Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 549, ix. 105, & Bot. Calif, i. 374.
Single species, yellow-flowered ; perhaps most related to Arnica.
. dealbata, GRAY, 1. c. Low perennial herb, from filiform rootstocks, with aspect of
Arnica, cauescent with minute and close tomentum : stems simple or sparingly branched,
bearing 2 to 4 pairs of opposite entire leaves, and solitary few slender monocephalous pedun-
cles : radical leaves obovate or oblong-spatulate, obtuse, 3-nerved, 2 or 3 inches long ; upper
small, lanceolate: head half-inch high: rays inch or more long. Sierra Nevada, California,
in Mariposa Co., at 5,000 feet or higher; first coll. by Brewer and Bolander.
Laphamia. COMPOSITE. 319
134. LAPHAMIA, Gray. (Dr. Increase Allen Lapham, of Wisconsin,
died in 1875.) Low suffruticulose perennials, Texano-Arizonian, growing in
crevices of rocks, mostly with petioled and dentate or laciniate small leaves, the
upper alternate, rarely all opposite ; small heads of yellow (rarely white ?) flow-
ers, either cymosely disposed or singly terminating the branches : fl. spring and
summer. --PL Wright, i. 99, t. 9 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 398, excl. spec.
L. PENINSULARIS, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 8, is an extra-limital species (with rather
large and radiate heads and 110 pappus) from Lower California.
1. PAPPOTHKIX, Gray, 1. c. Pappus of about 20 unequal rigid hispidulous
bristles, hardly as long as the somewhat quadrangular-compressed akene, shorter
than the corolla : rays none: disk-flowers 12 to 15 ; the corolla with short proper
tube and cylindraceous throat : bracts of the involucre 5 to 8, linear-oblong, nearly
plane : stems slender, a span or more high and much branched from the stout
woody base : leaves mostly opposite, as broad as long, abruptly slender-petioled :
short-peduncled heads rather scattered.
L. rupestris, GRAY, 1. c. Pubescent, slightly viscid, leafy to summit : leaves (half-inch
long) sometimes crenately sometimes strongly and acutely dentate or almost laciuiate :
pappus much exceeding short proper tube of the corolla. S. W. Texas, Wriyld, Biyelow.
L. cinerea, GRAY. Tomentose-canescent : leaves more orbicular, almost entire: pappus
hardly surpassing the proper tube of the corolla, which is more than half the length of the
short-cylindraceous throat: akeues sometimes 4-uerved. Bot. Mex. Bound. 82. Kocks
along Escondido Creek, S. W. Texas, Biyelow.
2. LAPIIA"MIA proper, Gray, 1. c. Pappus of a solitary very slender bristle
(very rarely a pair from the same angle), or none : akenes flatter : disk-flowers
15 to 20; their corollas with longer and glandular tube. Monothrix, Torr. in
Stansb. Exped. 389, t. 7.
* Involucre 15-20-flowered, of nearly as many plane and linear pubescent bracts : leaves nearly
orbicular in outline, palmately lobed or dissected, not punctate, the lower opposite.
L. LGinmoni, GRAY. Depressed and diffuse, much branched, hardly a span high, villosely
pubescent, leafy throughout : leaves a quarter or third of an inch iu diameter and with
petiole of equal length, obtusely 3-lobed and the lobes coarsely crenate-deutate : heads (3 or
4 lines long) short-peduucled : rays none : akenes cauescently puberuleut : pappus a very
delicate bristle, or occasionally a pair from the same angle, little surpassing the proper tube
of the corolla, or often none. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 191. Southern Arizona, near Camp
Lowell, Lennnon.
Var. pedata, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves pedately parted and cut into narrow lobes. With
the other form, also on the Chiricahua Mountains, Lemmon.
* * Involucre 15-25-flowered, rather narrow, glabrous, of thinnish nearly plane bracts, 2 or 3
lines long: herbage merely puberulent: leaves mostly angulate-toothed or incised, the lower
opposite : heads commonly corymbosely cymose and pedunculate.
L. halimifolia, GRAY. Stems a span or more high and crowded on a thick woody caudex :
leaves coriaceous, resinous-punctate or atomiferous, somewhat viscid, broadly ovate or rhom-
bic, seldom inch long, laciniately dentate, abruptly loug-petioled : rays 4 to 6, with broad and
short ligules little longer than the tube: pappus none. PL Wright. I.e. 99, t. 9. S. W.
Texas, Wright, Bigelow.
L. angustifolia, GRAY. Leaves lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, tapering into margined
petioles, laciuiately 1-5-toothed or lobed : heads less numerous, scattered : rays none : other-
wise much like the preceding species. PI. Wright. 1. c. & ii. 81. S. W. Texas, on high
and rocky hills of the Pecos, Wright, Havard, the latter's specimens connecting with var.
laciniata, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 82, which proves to be only a form with long and weak
stems, hanging from rocks on the Rio Grande, Biyelow, Schott.
320 COMPOSITE. Lapliamia.
L. Linclheimeri, GRAY. Stems a foot or less high from a thick woody base : leaves thin-
ner, oblong or ovate, glabrous, few-toothed or some entire, contracted at base into a short
petiole : heads loosely cymose : rays 3 to 6, very short, sometimes none : pappus a single
slender bristle equalling the proper tube of the corolla. PL Wright, i. 101. Rocky banks
of the Guadalupe, near New Brauufels, Texas, Lindheimer.
* * * Involucre 3D-50-flowerecl, of numerous carinate-concave bracts, somewhat puberulent or
glandular on the back: herbage minutely puberulent: leaves thickish.
-I Flowers said to be white : leaves mostly opposite, numerous up to the heads, dentate.
L. Palmeri, GRAY. Scabrous-puberulent : leaves broadly ovate or deltoid-rotund, rigid,
coarselv 5-7-deutate or laciniate-lobed, half-inch long, veiny, abruptly short-petioled : heads
somewhat crowded on the fastigiate flowering branches, little surpassing the upper leaves:
involucre campauulate, about 35-flowered ; its bracts linear, somewhat pubescent : rays none :
pappus a bristle of the length of the akene and a little shorter than the corolla. Proc. Am.
Acad. xiii. 372. Canons at Beaver-dam, X. W. Arizona, pendulous from rock-crevices,
Palmer, who notes that the flowers are " creamy white."
H -i Flowers yellow: leaves small, 2 to 4 lines long, mostly orbicular, more entire, the upper
alternate, scattered: heads solitary and naked, terminating the loose branchlets, nearly hemi-
spherical.
L. megacepkala, WATSON. Base of stem and lower leaves unknown ; those of flowering
branches all very small, alternate, short-petioled : involucre about 50-flowered ; its bracts
lanceolate-linear, minutely glandular: rays none: pappus none. Am. Nat. vii. 301.
S. Nevada, Wheeler.
L. Stansburii, GRAY. Stems slender and lax from a woody base : lower leaves opposite
and on petioles of their own length ; upper alternate, also slender-petioled : involucre 35-40-
flowered, its bracts fewer and broader, lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous: rays 6 to 10, con-
spicuous, oblong: pappus a bristle somewhat shorter than the disk-corolla. PI. Wright.
i. 101 ; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 164. Monothrix Stansburii, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. 389,
t. 7. Rocks on Stausbury Island, &c., Salt Lake, Utah; first coll. by Stansburij.
3. DITIIRIX. Pappus a pair of stouter naked bristles, one from each angle
of the akeue : head only G-8-nowered.
L. bisetosa, TORR. Hispidulous-puberulent, minutely resinous-atomiferous and punctate:
stems 1 to 3 inches high from the woody base : leaves mostly alternate, coriaceous, spatulate-
ovate, obscurely few-toothed (quarter-inch long including the petiole) : heads solitary and
sessile : rays none : involucre (3 lines long) with bracts broadly linear, slightly pubescent,
carinate-concave at base: flowers proportionally large: corolla (whitish or pale yellow?)
with glandular tube one-third the length of the campanulate cyliudraceous throat : akenes
hispidulous-puberuleut, the narrow marginal nerves naked : rigid awns rather shorter than
the akene, more than half the length of the corolla. Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 100. On the
Rio Grande, Texas, in a canon below Presidio del Norte, Parry.
135. PERlTYLE, Benth. (Ile/n, around; TV\TJ, a callus; the akenes
callous-margined.) Californian and Mexican herbs, the genuine species mostly
annuals ; with petiolate dentate or palmately-lobed leaves, lower opposite, upper
alternate, and small or middle-sized pedunculate heads terminating the branches :
disk-flowers yellow (or sometimes white?) : rays when present yellow or white.
Bot. Sulph. 23 & 119, t. 15 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 77, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 194, &
Bot. Calif, i. 39G.
P. INCAXA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 78, from Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is
an outlying anomalous species : all the others are as follows.
1. Crown of the pappus an entire or undulate firm and shallow border :
akene hardly ciliate : suffruticulose : transition to Laphamia.
P. dissecta, GRAY. Dwarf, 3 or 4 inches high from the woody base, cinereous-pubescent,
very leafy : leaves with blade (quarter-inch long) equalled by the petiole, round-cordate in
Perityle. COMPOSITE. 321
outline, pedately cleft or parted and dissected into short linear lobes : heads subsessile, 3 or
4 lines high : involucre campanulate, of numerous narrow linear bracts : rays none : disk-
flowers about 20 (perhaps white) : akenes linear-oblong, minutely cinereous-hirsute, and the
cartilaginous margins somewhat more hirsute ; a short scabrous awn from one angle, of
nearly half its length, or this wanting: style-branches slender-subulate, not short and ob-
tuse, as said in Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 195. Laphainia dissecta, Torr. in PI. Wright, ii. 81.
Rocks at Presidio del Norte on the Rio Grande, between Texas and Mexico.
2. Genuine species : pappus a crown of hyaline lacerate squamellae, either
somewhat united at base or distinct, rarely obsolete.
# Suffruticulose perennial, with commonly dissected leaves: rays and perhaps disk-flowers also
white.
P. COl'onopifolia, GRAY. Ciuereous-puberulent, many-stemmed from the woody base, a
foot or less high, slender, leafy: leaves small, somewhat pedately or pinnately once or twice
divided or parted into linear or narrow spatulate lobes, or some coarser and merely trifid :
heads disposed to be paniculate, 3 lines high : rays as long, broadly oblong, coarsely 3-toothed
at apex : style-tips slender-subulate : akenes narrowly oblong, glabrate on the faces, densely
hirsute-ciliate : awns 2, little shorter than the corolla. PI. Wright, ii. 82, & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 82. Rocks on mountain-sides, New Mexico and Arizona; first coll. by Wright.
Varies with roundish merely iucisely-cleft leaves.
* # Herbaceous, chiefly and perhaps all with annual root, loosely branching, and bearing
scattered pedunculate heads : leaves often palmalely cleft.
* Akenes thin-margined, hispidulous or hirsutely ciliate: crown of pappus minute or obsolete
and awns wanting: style-appendages short, acute. (Perhaps extra-limital.)
P. Fitcllii, TORR. Viscid-pubescent: leaves .and involucre nearly of the following species :
akenes unknown : ovaries apparently destitute of pappus. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 100. " Cali-
fornia, Rev. A. Fitch," in herb. Torr. Probably from the islands: imperfect, seemingly
winter specimens. (To this apparently is to be joined var. PALMERI, P. Emoryi of coll.
Pahner, no 44, which has the whole aspect and foliage of P. Californica, var. </, but akenes
narrowly oblong, somewhat falcately oblique, with a short pappus of numerous squamello;
united into an erose-dcuticulate crown. Guadalupe Island off Lower California.)
-i H Akenes callous-margined and densely ciliate with long beard : pappus-crown more con-
spicuous: awns rarely wanting.
-H- Style-branches with short and obtuse or acute minutely hirsute appendages: rays 6 to 12,
short, the oblong or broader ligule little longer than the tube, perhaps always white.
P. Californica, BENTII. Somewhat hirsutely pubescent, also viscid and glandular : leaves
broadlv ovate or roundish-cordate, incisely lobed or more deeply 3-5-cleft and the lobes
coarsely dentate : heads fully 3 or 4 lines high and broad : bracts of the involucre narrowly
oblong : akenes oblong, densely hispid-villous on the margins, crowned with conspicuous
squamellae, and with a single more or less barbellate awn of about the length of the akene. -
Bot. Sulph. 23, t. 15. P. Emoryi, Torr. in Emory Rep. (1848), 142 ; Gray, Bot Calif, i. 397,
form with usually more rounded lobed and incised leaves. Desert-region of the Mohave
and Gila, S. E. California and W. Arizona. (Lower California, Guadalupe Island, &c.
Now found by many collectors.)
Var. nuda, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c., under P. Emori/i. Awn of the pappus none :
otherwise as in the P. Emori/i iorm. P. wm7, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 100. With the
aristate form and commoner. (Lower Calif.)
P. plumigera, GRAY. Flowering branches only seen, small-leaved, viscid-glandular: heads
much smaller than in the preceding (narrowish, barely 3 lines high) : akenes oval-oblong:, the
margins very densely long-villous : awn solitary, longer than the akeue, sparsely barbellate-
hispid. PI. Fendl.'l. c. " California," probably Arizona, Coulter. Possibly a late-flower-
ing form of the preceding.
P. microglossa, BENTH. Merely puberulent, obscurely glandular above : leaves broadly
ovate with subcordate or truncate' base, or upper somewhat hastate, incis.-ly dentate,^often
3-5-lobed : heads 3 lines high : akenes obovate or obovate-oblong, with broad summit, villous-
ciliate margins, and a pair of delicate awns, which barely equal the breadth of the akene and
are twice or thrice the length of the crown of squamelke. Bot. Sulph. 119; Hemsl. Biol.
21
322 COMPOSITE. Perityle.
Centr.-Am. Eot. ii. 210. P. Californica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 159, not Beuth. P. Acmella,
Gray, PI. Fendl. 77, & Bot. Calif. 1. c., with P. Culifomn-a, mainly. Sjjilanthes Pseudo
Acmella, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 150. Boltonia Dichetophora sp., Beuth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 269. California, from Monterey? southward, Lay $ Collie, Coulter, Parish. (Mex.)
Var. effusa. Very much branched from the annual root, paniculately floriferous :
leaves and heads smaller (the former half-inch or so, the latter only 2 lines high) : akeues
correspondingly small, narrowly obovate-oblong. Santa Catalina .Mountains, S. Arizona,
Prinyle.
H- -H- Style-branches tipped with setaceous-filiform acute hispidulous appendages: rays with
narrow ligules, or wanting in one species: disk-corollas slender, with long and narrow throat:
akenes oblong: pappus of a rather conspicuous crown of squamellce and one long and delicate
awn: heads 5 lines high : bracts of the involucre linear: perhaps perennials or with liguescent
base, not improbably all of one species.
P. leptoglossa, GRAY. Minutely puberulent or glabrate, not at all glandular: leaves
roundish-subcordate, coarsely and doubly creuate-dentate (half to three-fourths inch long):
rays oblong-linear, 4 lines long: akenes (a line long) linear-oblong, with comparatively short
hispid ciliation, the setiform awn shorter than the disk-corolla. PI. Feiidl. 77; Bot. Calif.
1. c. "California," Coulter, more probably from Arizona.
P. Parryi, GRAY. Minutely pubescent and obscurely viscid: leaves reuiform-cordate, cre-
nately dentate and often lobed (the larger inch broad) : rays oblong, barely 2 lines long:
akenes (aline and a half long) oblong, strongly hirsute-ciliate: awn of the pappus nearly
equalling the disk-corolla. PI. Wright, ii. 106. R. border of Texas, or on the Mexican
side, in a canon of the Rio Grande below Presidio, Parry. Also mountains on the Texan
side, Havard.
P. aglossa, GRAY, 1. c. Somewhat puberulent, obscurely viscid : leaves roundish, with
subcordate or truncate base, mostly 3-5-cleft and coarsely dentate (the larger 2 inches broad) :
bracts of the involucre very narrowly linear: rays none: akeues narrowly oblong, with
rather short and dense hirsute ciliation : awn of the pappus equalling the disk-corolla.
Cauou of the Rio Grande, with or near the preceding, Parry,
136. PERiCOME, Gray. (Hep/, around, and KO'/^, a tuft of hairs; a
coma of long hairs all round the margin of the akenes.) PI. Wright, ii. 82 ;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406. The latter authors indicate a Mexican radiate
species, of anomalous character, which they associate with the typical
P. caudata, GRAY, 1. c. Rather tall widely branching perennial herb, strong-scented, very
minutely puberulent : leaves opposite, long-petioled, green and membranaceous, minutely
somewhat resinous-atomiferous, triangular-hastate (2 to 5 inches long), with sparingly cre-
nate-dentate or entire margins, caudately long-acuminate, as also in less degree are the basal
angles : heads numerous in terminal corymbiform cymes, half-inch or less high ; flowers
golden yellow, conspicuously longer than the glabrous involucre : akenes linear-oblong ; the
flat faces glabrous, the nerviform margins densely villous-bearded : pappus a crown of
hyaline squamellae which are more or less connate and fimbriate-lacerate at summit, the
fringe dissected into bristles or hairs somewhat simulating those of the margin of the akene ;
also sometimes a slender awn from one or both margins of the akene. Rocky canons, &c.,
S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first coll. by W right, Bigelow, &c. Fl. late summer
and autumn.
137. EATONELLA, Gray. (Prof. Daniel Cady Eaton, author of
Ferns of N. America, the Composites of King's Expedition, &c., grandson of
Amos Eaton for whom was named the genus Eatonia.} Very floccose-lanate
annuals, of California and adjacent Nevada; with mostly alternate leaves and
small sessile heads of yellow or white flowers : fl. spring or early summer.
Bot. Calif, i. 379, as subgenus under Actinolepis ; Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 19.
E. nivea, GRAY, 1. c. Depressed in a small tuft from a slender root, an inch or so high,
subcaulesceut, densely leafy, white with long and loose wool : leaves obovate-spatulate, entire,
Monolopia. COMPOSITE. 323
equalling or surpassing the sessile heads : involucre of about 8 narrowly oblong bracts, sub-
tending as many ray-flowers : ligules hardly exceeding the disk : disk-corollas 5-toothcd :
akeues all compressed and with only marginal callous nerves, linear oblong, the dark faces
polished and shining, the comose long and soft villous hairs of the margin bright white :
pappus a pair of comparatively large opaque paleai, of broadly ovate or quadrate form (the
insertion of the two occupying the whole circumference of the akene), sparingly laciuiate-
dentate or erose at summit, and the middle produced iuto a subulate naked awn which nearly
equals the 4-toothed corolla. Burrielia nirca, 1). C. Eatou, Bot. King Exp. 1 74, t. 18. Acti-
nolepis (Eatonclla) nii-ca, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 379. Sterile hills of the eastern side of the
Sierra Nevada ; in the Pah-Ute Mts., Nevada, Watson, aud Surprise Valley, E. California,
Lemmon.
E. Congdoni, GRAY. A span or two high, loosely branching, sparsely leaved, floccosely
lauate : leaves-oblong linear, sparsely sinuate-dentate or repand : heads short-peduncled or
nearly sessile at the summit of the stem : involucre of 5 or 6 oval-oblong herbaceous bracts :
ray-flowers none : disk-corollas 4-toothed : akenes oval (the faces at first pubescent, at length
glabrate), the outermost triangular-obcompressed, the others compressed and flat: pappus of
2 to 4 very thin and hyaline erose-laciuiate awnless paleu.', not exceeding the long villosity,
forming a crown. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20. California, at Deer Creek, Tulare Co., Cong-
don, and on the San Joaquiu, Parry.
138. MONOLOPIA, DC. (MoroAovros, single husk, alluding to the
uniserial involucre.) Annual herbs, California!!, clothed with lloccose wool ;
with alternate (or only lower sometimes opposite) sessile leaves, and compara-
tively large pedunculate heads of golden yellow flowers terminating the stem and
few branches. --Prodr. vi. 74; Hook. Ic. PI. t. 343, 344. Spiridanthes, Fenzl
in Endl. Gen. Suppl. ii. 105.
1. MONOLOPIA proper. Ray -corollas with ample coarsely 3-4-toothed or
lobed ligule, and bearing at base on the opposite side of the style a roundish
denticulate appendage : leaves undivided, strictly sessile or partly clasping by a
broadish base. Bot. Calif, i. 383.
M. major, DC. 1. c. A foot or two high, rather stout aud simple; the floccose white wool
tardily deciduous : leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, repaud-serrate to entire : bracts
of the broad (half-inch high) involucre united to above the middle, the lobes triangular-
ovate: ligules 6 to 10 lines long: akenes glabrous or nearly so at maturity. Hook. Ic. PI.
t. 344, & Bot. Mag. t. 3839 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Hologymne Doiiylusii, Fisch. & Meyer,
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. viii. 64. Common in low ground, through W. California.
Var. lanceolata, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. A mere form, with bracts of involucre dis-
tinct to near the base. J\f. lanceolata, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 175. Near Los Angeles, &c.
M. gracilens, GRAY. A foot or more high, slender, loosely paniculately branched, bearing
scattered small heads : involucre only quarter-inch high ; its oval or ovate bracts distinct to
the base: akenes only a line long. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20. California in the coast
ranges, near New Almaden and Santa Cruz, Dolander, Torrey, Jsaman, Pringle.
2. PSEUDO-BAIIIA. Ray-corollas destitute of internal appendage, barely
3-toothed at apex : leaves all alternate, commonly laciniately cleft, narrowed at
base into more or less of a petiole. Bot. Calif. 1. c.
M. minor, DC. 1. c. Loosely lanate, a span or more high : cauline leaves 3-5-cleft into
linear lobes: heads 3 lines high: bracts of the involucre about 10, somewhat in 2 series,
oblong, separate to below the middle: ovary glabrous. Hook. Ic. PI. t. 343. California,
Douglas. Not since detected.
M. Heermanni, DURAND. Whitened with a close and fine flocculent tomentum, which is
deciduous, the foliage glabrate and green in age, a span or two high, branching : leaves
pinnatifid or pinnately parted into linear lobes or divisions, or some of the cauline bipin-
natifid : heads 3 or 4 lines high : involucral bracts distinct nearly to base : akenes sericeous-
puberulent or glabrate. PI. Pratten. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 93. M. bahiaefolia,
324 COMPOSITE. Monolopia.
var. pinnatifida, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 383. Foothills of the Sierra Xevada, California, from
Calaveras to Tulare Co., Heermann, Pratten, Congdon. Also near Auburn, Bolander.
M. bahiaefolia, BEXTH. Smaller than the foregoing, and with similar floccnleut tomen-
tum ; the simple monocephalous steins only 2 inches high : leaves small (at most half inch
long), spatulate to linear, entire, or lower ones 3-lobed : head hardly 3 lines high : involucral
bracts distinct to the middle : immature akeues sparsely pubescent. PI. Ilurtw. 317 ; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 383, excl. var. Valley of the Sacramento, Hartwey. Probably depauperate
specimens.
139. Li ASTHENIA, Cass. (Aao-OevLa, a courtesan, who was a pupil of
Plato : name given, by some freak of the founder, to a genus of three Western
American plants.) The Chilian L. oibtusifolia has comparatively few-flowered
nearly or quite homogamous heads, and a less developed receptacle. Low and
slender annuals, mostly quite glabrous and slightly succulent ; with opposite and
linear or narrowly lanceolate mostly entire leaves, their sessile bases connate
round the stem ; the yellow-flowered heads pedunculate, terminating the stem and
branches. " Opusc. Phyt. iii. 88"; DC. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1780, 1823, &
Prodr. v. 664; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 377.
1. LASTHENIA proper. Pappus paleaceous : heads discoid; the ligules not
surpassing the involucre or the short glabrous disk-corollas, therefore wholly
inconspicuous. -- Rancagua, Ptepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. & Spec. i. 15, t. 24, 25.
L. glaberrima, DC. 1. c. Somewhat fleshy : stems ascending, a span to a foot long : heads
on long peduncles which are enlarged, at summit, nodding after anthesis : leaves elongated-
linear : involucre about 15-toothed : corollas all shorter than the minutely puberuleut oblong-
linear akenes : pappus of 5 to 10 rigid paleaj, two or three of them with subulate or short-
awned points, the others erose or laciuiate. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 384.
Wet meadows near brackish water, along the coast of California and Oregon.
2. HoLOGfMNE. Pappus wanting: rays large, conspicuously exserted :
disk-corollas fully as long as the akene ; their lobes sparsely papillose-barbellate
outside, as in Monolopia. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Hologymne, Bartl. Ind. Sem.
Goett. 1837, 1839. Xant/io, Rerny, in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xii. 101. Lasthenia,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. c.
L. glabrata, LIXDL. Somewhat fleshy, sometimes slightly pubescent: stems erect: leaves
shorter: peduncles somewhat enlarged under the erect head: involucre more hemispherical :
ligules 3 to 6 lines long : akeues narrowly obovate-oblong with acutish edges, smooth and
glabrous. DC. Prodr. v. 665; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3730 ; Torr. & Gray, I.e. L. glabrata
& L. CaHfortiiai (a smaller form, mistaken for preceding species which DC. had so named),
Liudl. Bot. Reg. t. 1780, 1823. Hologymne rjlabrato, Bartl. ]. c. Monolopia glabrata, Fisch.
& Meyer, Sort. Petrop. 1835. Moist grounds throughout W. California.
Var. Coiilteri. A smaller form : akeues smaller and narrower, with obtuse edges,
sprinkled with minute rough points or glands. Saline marshes, S. California, Coulter (no.
338), Brewer, Cleveland, Prinyle.
140, BURRIEL.IA, DC., partly. (Andres Marcos Burriel, a Spanish
Jesuit and historian, who, in 1758, wrote a History of California, and edited the
account by Venegas of the establishment of its missions.) Prodr. v. G64 ;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 398 : now reduced to one of the three original species.
Perhaps too near the following somewhat earlier-published genus.
B. microglossa, DC. 1. c. Slender annual, a span high, hirsute : leaves an inch long and
barely a line wide, entire : involucre 3 lines high, equalling the yellow flowers. Low ground,
from San Francisco Bay to San Bernardino, California; fl. spring; first coll. by Coulter and
Douglas.
Baffria. COMPOSITE. 325
141. BA^RIA, Fisch. & Meyer. (In honor of the eminent Russian zoolo-
gist, Karl Ernst von Baer.} California!! annuals, or one perennial species ; with
opposite and entire or pinnately dissected and sessile leaves, sometimes connate
at the base ; and slender-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers terminating the
branches: fl. spring and early summer. --Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. 29, Jard.
Petrop. t. 6, & Sert. Petrop. t. 7 ; Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 395 ;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 399 ; Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. ix. 19G, Bot. Calif, i. 375,
& Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21. Burrielia in part, DC. Prodr. v. G64; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 378, excluding the typical species. Dicli&ta & Ptilomeris, Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 382, 383. Dic/iceta & Hymenoxys, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 379, 380.
EUBAERIA. Pappus of uniform (or mainly uniform) and entire awned or
pointed paleaa or chaffy-based awns, or wanting (even present or absent in the
very same species) : receptacle muricate-rougheued : ligules mostly conspicuous :
leaves linear and entire, except in one species. -- Burrieli a, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.,
excl. B. microglossa.
* Akenes slenderly subelavate-linear: style-tips abruptly terminated by a conspicuous narrow-
subulate appendage wliich usually surpasses the broad basal portion: receptacle .--lender-subu-
late and elongated in the manner of Burrielia: heads small: involucral bracts and oval rays
5, or sometimes only 4.
B. leptalea. Wholly glabrous : stems filiform, a span high : leaves nearly filiform, quarter
to half inch long: involucre 2 lines high : ligules mostly as long: anther-tips filiform: pap-
pus of 2 or 3 scabrous flattened awns with gradually dilated base. Burrielia leptalea, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 546, Bot. Calif, i. 375. Monterey Co., valley of the Nacismento,
Brewer, and the Salinas, Greene. Known only as an exiguous vernal plant : probably also
occurs in a larger form.
B. debilis, GREENE in herb. Minutely pubescent: stems weak, 6 to 10 inches long: leaves
flaccid, linear, the largest inch and a half long : involucre 2 or 3 lines high : ligules hardly
over a line long : anther-tips ovate-lanceolate : pappus of 3 or 4 firm ovate-lanceolate and
awued palete, or in some heads none, then the akeue with narrower apex. Plains of Fresno
and mountains of Kern Co., Greene.
* * Akenes more clavate, with scanty anstiform pappus or commonly none, then less truncate or
slightly contracted at summit, either glabrous or minutely papillose-glandular in .same species:
style-tips capitate and mostly with a small apiculation : receptacle conical: large-flowered and
with some hirsute pubescence, a foot or so high unless depauperate: rays and plane involucral
bracts 7 to 12. Haeiia, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c.
B. macrantha, GRAY. Apparently perennial, rather stout, with peduncles 4 to 8 inches
long: leaves more or less 3-nerved and obtuse, 2 or 3 lines wide (the lower 4 to 8 inches
long), hispidly ciliate, at least toward the base : head about half-inch high and broad : invo-
lucre of about 12 hirsute-pubescent thickish-herbaceous bracts: ligules half to three-fourths
inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21. B. chrysostoma, var. macrantha, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 196, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Burrielia chrysostoma, var. macrantha, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep.
iv. 106. Coast of California, north of San Francisco Bay to Humboldt Co., Andrews,
Bigelow, Bofancler.
Var. pauciaristata, GRAY, 1. c. Clearly perennial, often only 6 inches high : leaves
shorter, hispid-ciliate : ligules only 4 or 5 lines long : pappus when present of 1 to 3 subulate
chaffy awns rather than paleae, little shorter than the akeue. Coast of Mendocino Co.,
Bolander, Prinale.
B. Chrysostoma, FISCH. & MEYER, 1. c. 'Annual, slender: leaves narrowly linear (a line
or less wide) : heads 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the broad involucre 7 to 12, in depauperate
plants sometimes fewer: ligules 3 or 4 lines long: pappus (perhaps always) none. Don,
Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 395; DC. Prodr. v. 254; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 375, excl. var. Bur-
rielia chrysostoma, Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 379. Moist ground, common almost throughout
California.
326 COMPOSITE. Baeria.
* * * Akenes more cuneate and broad at the summit, usually but not always pappose, more or
less 4-augular, not glandular, mostly canesceut-hispidulous : receptacle conical or cyliudraceous :
heads middle-sized or smaller.
t Some hirsute or strigulose pubescence, but no woolliness : style-tips capitate, without any obvi-
ous apiculation : plants slender, a span to a foot high according to situation and season : pappus-
1 to 5.
B. gracilis, GRAY. Bracts and rays 10 to 12, when depauperate 5 or 6 : ligules 2 or 3 lines
Ions?: akeiies almost equalled by the pappus; this in type specimens of 3 or 4 awns from
small lanceolate paleaj. Proc. Am. Acad ix. 196, & xix. 21. Burriclia gracilis, DC. Prodr.
v. 664. B. hirsuta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. u. ser. vii. 381, a state destitute of pappus.
Common in W. California, especially southward, and W. Arizona: variable. Extreme
variations are
Var. aristosa, GRAY, 1. c., with awns very gradually and slightly widened downward,
or in some flowers wanting. Burrielia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3758.
Var. tenerrima, with pappus-awns of the preceding, but usually fewer: depauperate
form : bracts and rays only 5 or 6. Probably Burrielia tenerrima, DC. Prodr. v. 664.
Var. paleacea, GRAY, 1. c., with awns more or less abruptly dilated at base into a
conspicuous oval or ovate palea, occasionally wanting, rarely one or two of the paleae awn-
less. Burrielia tony (folia & B. parviflora, Nutt. 1. c.
B. CUrta, GRAY. Bracts and rays 8 or 10: pappus of 4 or 5 ovate or obloug pointless palese
(or rarely of a single one), in length not exceeding the breadth of the akene, or in some
plants obsolete or wanting : leaves all filiform-linear : heads 2 or 3 lines high and wide.
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21. Southeastern California, near San Bernardino, W. G. Wright,
Lemmon.
-l_- -i Glabrous except some fine deciduous woolliness: leaves and involucral bracts more or less
fleshy-thickened, heads about 4 lines high, many-flowered: style-tips ovate or capitate, and
with a conical or subulate apiculation or appendage : pappus of firm ovate or deltoid paleae
abruptly attenuate-awned, about equalling the akene.
B. Cleveland!, GRAY. Leaves linear, a line wide, obtuse, entire : involucral bracts 8 to 12,
plane : pappus-paleae only 2, sleuder-awued. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 22. San Diego, Cleve-
land. Too little known.
B. carnosa, GREENE. Leaves filiform, entire : involucral bracts about 7, with a strong cari-
nate midrib: pappus of 4 or 5 subulate-awned paleos. Bull. Torr. Club, x. 86. Bay of
San Francisco, in salt marsh at Vallejo, Greene.
B. platycarpha, GRAY. Leaves narrowly linear to filiform, some laciniate-pinnatifid : in-
volucral bracts 6 or 7, manifestly 3-uerved at base, middle nerve at length carinate-thickened :
pappus-pale* 5 to 7, slender-awued. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196, xix. 22. Burrielia platycar-
pha, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 97. Lower Sacramento and Byron Springs, Stillman, Greene.
2. DicuJiTA. Pappus of two forms both in ray and disk, i. e. of truncate or
muticous paleoe alternating with awned ones or naked awns, or wanting in some
species : receptacle, &c., of 1 : involucral bracts more obviously carinate-coucave
in middle, the concavity partly embracing subtended akene, disposed to be decidu-
ous with it at maturity of the fruit: heads not large (3 or 4 lines high) : leaves
from entire to laciniate-pinnatifid in the same species. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
ix. 196, & xix. 22. Dichceta, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 383; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c.
B. maritima, GRAY. Low and diffuse, glabrate: leaves oblong-linear, inch long, entire, or
lowest sparingly laciniate-toothed : head rather narrow : involucral bracts and short orbicu-
lar ravs 6 or 8 : pappus of 3 to 5 slender-subulate awns and at least as many small and
narrow laciniate squamellae or paleffi. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 196. Burrielia maritima, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358. Farallones Islands, off San Fraucisco, Grabcr.
Baeria. COMPOSITE. 327
B. Fremonti, GRAY, 1. c. Erect, slender, a span or two high, somewhat hirsute-pubes-
cent : leaves some narrowly linear and entire, the others palmately or pedately 3-5-parted
above into linear lobes : bracts of the broad involucre 10 to 12 : ravs as many or fewer, with
oval ligules seldom surpassing the disk : pappus of about 4 slender awns and as many or
more numerous narrow small paleae, or rarely none. Dichceta Franontii, Torr. in PI. Fendl.
102. Burrielia (Dickwta) Freinoutli, Benth. PI. Hartw. 317. Lower valley of the Sacra-
mento to San Francisco Bay ; first coll. by Fremont.
B. uliginosa, GRAY, I.e. A span to a foot or more high, at length loosely branched and
diffuse, villous-tomentose when young, commonly glabrate : leaves linear or ligulate (the
larger 4 to 10 inches long), laciniate-pinnatifid and the linear segments sometimes again
cleft, or the upper occasionally entire; involucral bracts and oblong exserted rays 10 to 13:
pappus sometimes none, commonly' of 2 or 3 stout chaffy awns, and as many or twice as
many shorter broad and truncate laciniate-fimbriate paleae. Dichicta nllijinosn, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 383 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 380. Wet ground or in shallow water, San
Francisco Bay to Santa Barbara ; first coll. by Coulter.
Var. tenera, GRAY. Depauperate, on drier soil, 2 to 6 inches high : leaves linear,
entire, or some of the lowermost laciniate : rays oval or oblong, little or not at all exceeding
the disk : paleae and awns each usually 2, the former very broad and quadrate, or splitting
into 2 or 3. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 22. Dtrluttu imclla, Nutt. 1. c j Torr. & Gray, I.e.
With the ordinary form : also at Tulare Station, Parry.
3. PTILO.MERIS. Pappus wholly of awned or of muticous and commonly
erose palete, or sometimes wanting : receptacle not muricate-roughened, rather
scrobiculate : involueral bracts in fruit carinate at centre outside, plicate-concave
within, and at length deciduous with the subtended akene, as in Dicliccta : heads
of the same : leaves all pinnately or lower ones bipinnately parted into linear
and attenuate divisions : not woolly, mostly somewhat glandular, diffuse. - - Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 23. Hymenoxys (Hook.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 380, not Cass.
Ptilomeris, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 382. Actinolepis Ptilomeris,
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 399 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 197, & Bot. Calif, i. 378.
Baeria Ptilomeris, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 21, 23.
* Rays 6 to 8, oblong, shovt-exsertecl : involucral bracts ovate-oval: receptacle either acutely or
obtusely conical, glabrous: heads small (barely 3 lines high): plants a span high, minutely
pubescent, obscurely if at all glandular, with filiform-linear divisions to the leaves: the two
following perhaps forms of one species.
B. affinis, GRAY. Pappus of 8 or 10 oblong or lanceolate paleae with laciuiate-setulose mar-
gins, fully equalling the corolla tube, some or most of them produced into an awn almost
equalling disk-corolla, or in the ray blunt and awnless. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 23. Ptilomeris
affinis, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 174. S. California, from Los Angeles to San Bernardino, Gambel,
Nevin, Parish.
B. tenella, GRAY, 1. c. Pappus of 6 to 10 short and firm quadrate or broadly cuncate paleae,
with the truncate muticous summit denticulate or nearly entire, not surpassing the tube of
the corolla. Ptilumeris tenella, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 173. Actinolepis tenella, Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 378, mainly. Los Angeles, California, Gambel, Parry.
* * Rays 10 to 15, elongated-oblong, exserted: involucral bracts oblong-lanceolate: receptacle
acutely conical, minutely and sparsely pubescent : plants minutely glandular-pubescent, diffusely
branched, a span to near a foot high, perhaps all varieties of one, the difference being mainly in
the pappus.
B. COronaria, GRAY, 1. c. Pappus of 8 to 12 lanceolate or oblong denticulate paleae, all
tapering into awns, little shorter than disk-corollas, or some in the ray awnless : ra\ s nearly
half-inch long. Ptilomcns coronuria & P. ariftnta, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 382.
Shortia Californica, Nutt. in garden catalogues. Ifi/meno.ri/s Cnlifornica, Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3828; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., with var. cnronaria. Ar.tinolepis (Ptilomeris) coronaria, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 197, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, Nuttall. Not since collected, but
common in cultivation, especially in France.
328 COMPOSITE. Baeria.
B. antliemoid.6S, GRAY, 1. c. More glandular, and with somewhat more filiform divisions
to the leaves : jiappus wanting. Pti/omeris (Ptilopsis) anthemoides, Nutt. I.e. Hi/menoxys
calva, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. Actinolepis (Pti/omeris) anthemoides, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.
San Diego, California, Nnttall, and near Julian City, Bolander.
B. mutica, GRAY, 1. c. Like the preceding, probably the pappose state of it : pappus of 6 to
8 quadrate-oblong paleas, the obtuse or truncate summit erose. Pti/omeris mutica, Nutt. I.e.
Hymenoxiis mutica, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Actinolepis (Ptilomeris) mutica, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.
Sail Diego, California, Nuttall, Cleveland.
142. SYNTRICHOPAPPUS, Gray. (SiJy, 0p, WTTTTOS, bristles of
pappus united.) Low and small California!! and Arizonian winter annuals,
floccose-woolly, mostly alternate-leaved, branched from the base ; with short-
peduncled heads terminating the branches ; flowers all yellow or rays sometimes
rose-red. Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 106, t. 15, Bot. Calif, i. 394, & Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 20.
S. Fremonti, GRAY, 1. c. About a span high, loosely floccose : leaves spatulate or linear-
cuneate, often 3-lobed at summit : involucre 3 lines high, of about 5 broadly oblong bracts :
rays 5, rather large : flowers all golden yellow : pappus bright white. Desert plains, S. E.
California, adjacent Nevada, S. Utah, and Arizona; first coll. by Fremont.
S. Lemmoni, GRAY. Smaller, slender, lightly woolly, glabrate in age: leaves spatulate or
linear, entire : involucre of 6 to 8 narrowly oblong bracts : rays small, rose-purple and white
or white-edged ; disk-corollas pale yellow : pappus none. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 20. A<-ti-
nolepis Lemmoni, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 102. S. E. California, on the Mohave Desert,
Lr.mmon. Summit of Cajon Pass, Parish.
143. ERIOPHYLLUM, Lag. ("Eptor, wool, <f>vXXov, foliage, the plants
woolly.) Mostly floccose herbs, rarely suffruticose (of W. N. America and
probably in northern parts of Mexico) ; with alternate or partly opposite leaves,
and peduncled or sometimes sessile heads ; the flowers wholly yellow, or one or
two with rose-purple rays, one rayless. --Nov. Gen. & Spec. 28; Dougl. in Bot.
Reg. t. 11G7; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 24. Eriophyllum & Phialis, Spreng.
Gen. 631. Tnchophyllum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 166; Hook. Fl. i. 315. Bahia, DC.
Prodr. v. 656, in part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 374, partly, not Lag. Actinolepis,
DC. Prodr. v. 655.
1. ACTINOLEPIS. Low and diffuse winter-annuals, with short-peduncled or
sessile heads only 2 or 3 lines high : involucral bracts few, distinct to the base,
herbaceous or chartaceous in age : anther-tips from ovate-lanceolate to linear-
subulate. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 24. Actinolepis, DC., Bentli. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 399 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198, & Bot. Calif, i. 377, excl. Ptilo-
meris.
* Heads sessile or nearly so in the forks, or at summit of branches, then subtended by a leaf or
glomerate, 2 lines lii^ r h, wholly yellow-flowered: receptacle flat or barely convex: anther-tips
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse : leaves small, spatulate, commonlv .3-lobed or 3-tootlicd at summit.
Actinolepis, DC. 1. c., founded on specimens with infertile disk-flowers.
E. multicaule, GRAY, 1. c. Whitened with rather close cottony wool, sometimes denudate
in age : stems slender, at length much branched, a span high, most of the internodes exceeding
the leaves: rays 3 to 5, obovate, a line long: akenes glabrate: pappus of 10 to 15 rather
firm narrowly subulate or almost aristiform paleae, or sometimes wanting in all or some of
the disk-flowers, especially when these are infertile ; then their style is only minutely forked
at the apex. Aclinolcpis multicaulis, DC. Prodr. v. 656 ; Hook. Ic. t. 325 ; Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound, t. 33. Southern California to Arizona, from Santa Barbara to Tucson, in low
ground ; first coll. by Coulter and Douglas.
Eriophyllum. COMPOSITE. 329
E. Pringlei, GRAY, 1. c. More loosely and copiously woolly, depressed, inch or two high,
flowering almost from the base : rays none : flowers all fertile : akenes villous : pappus of
about 10 much larger wholly silvery-scarious oblong-lanceolate and pointless erose pale.
(iravelly plains from the Mohave Desert in S. E. California to Tucson, Arizona, Palmer,
Lemmon, Pring/e, Parish.
* * Heads pedunculate, terminating the branches, 3 or 4 lines high: receptacle convex or conical:
plants 3 to 5 inches high, erect and at length diffuse, with mostly entire leaves.
* Rays about 5, inconspicuous: disk-flowers not numerous: anther-tips ovate-oblong, obtuse.
E. nubigenum, GREENE. Densely white-woolly: leaves lanceolate-spatulate (about half-
inch long) : heads short-peduncled, narrow : involucre of 5 oblong bracts : rays with oval
ligule, hardly exceeding the disk-flowers, yellow : receptacle with conical centre : pappus of
about 10 oblong or narrow nerveless and obtuse erose thinnish paleai, half the length of the
corolla, one third that of the akene. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. On Cloud's Rest,
above the Yosemite, at 9,000 feet, Mrs. Curran.
-t -t Rays 5 to 9, exserted and ample, oval or oblong: disk-flowers more numerous: anther-tips
narrow and slender: receptacle high-convex or obtusely low-conical.
E. "Wallace!, GRAY. Thickly clothed with cottony wool: leaves obovate or spatulate, occa-
sionally 2-3 toothed at apex : pappus of 6 to 10 short-oval or obovate obtuse and pointless
nerveless paleae, of firm texture and opaque: style-tips somewhat subulate-conical: corollas
all yellow. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. Bah/a Wallacei, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 105.
Artinolepis Wallacei, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198. Plains, from San Diego Co., Cali-
fornia (first coll. by W. A. Wai/ace), to adjacent Arizona and S. Utah. Avar, with pale purple
and white rays (Bahia rubella, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 95), S. E. California, Purr//.
E. lanosum, GRAY, 1. c. More thinly and floccosely woolly : leaves spatnlate-linear, entire:
pappus of about 5 oblong and rather firm nerveless and obtuse palese and as main- alternating
paleaceous awns of double the length : style-tips obtuse and sometimes with a minute cuspi-
date apieulatiou : rays white or rose-color. Burrielia (Dichata) lanosa, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep.
iv. 107. Act./nolepis lanosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198. Dry plains, S. E. California to
Arizona and S. Utah ; first coll. by Bigelow.
2. Ti?iciiOFiif LLU.VT. Larger, erect : heads when clustered small, when
solitary commonly rather large : involucral bracts of firm texture : rays and disk-
flowers golden yellow ; tube of corolla commonly glandular or hairy : anther-tips
ovate, mostly obtuse : akenes linear or cuneate-linear, glabrous or nearly so :
pappus of short opaque and firm nerveless and pointless palea?, sometimes very
small, rarely obsolete or wanting. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 25. Triclto-
phyllum, Nutt. 1. c. P/rialis, Spreng. 1. c., but involucre seldom gamophyllous.
* Suffrnticose or suffrutescent, leafy to the top, branching: heads small, compactly corymbosely
cymose, short-peduncled : ligules roundish-oval, only a line or two long : pappus of oblong-linear
paleue much shorter than the akene: leaves mostly lobed or divided, and the margins revolutc.
E. stcechadifolium, LAG. 1. c. Canescent with close-pressed pannose tomcntum, at length
partly dcuudate, 1 to 4 feet high from a woody base : leaves once or twice pinnuirly parted
into linear divisions and rhachis, or the upper linear with a pair of lateral lobes, or some of
them entire, upper face soon glabrate and green : heads 3 or 4 lines high, numerous in
rather loose paniculate clusters: involucre cylindraceous-campanulate ; its bracts 8 to 10,
linear-spatulate to narrowly oblong, tliinuish : receptacle convex, alveolate-toothed : rays
6 to 8 : palese of the pappus 8 to 12, the four over the angles of the akene rather longer. -
Helenium stcechadifolium, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Bahia artemisicefolia, Less, in Linn. vi. 253;
DC. Prodr. v. 657 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. B. strpchndifnHa, DC. 1. c. 656 (with wrong habitat,
the plant of Hasnke coming from Monterey, California) ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.
(with var. Californica). Lagasca's original appears to have been a branch of the form with
uppermost leaves entire. Coast of California, from San Francisco to Santa Barbara.
E. COnfertiflorum, GRAY, 1. c. Similarly white-woolly, a foot or two high, with slender
and more strict stems naked at summit : leaves small, of mostly cuneate outline, pinnately
or somewhat ternately once or twice 3-7-parted into narrow linear divisions : heads 2 lines
330 . COMPOSITE. Eriophyllum.
high, several or numerous in a compact cymose cluster, mostly short-peclunclecl or subsessile :
involucre oval or obovoid-oblong, of about 5 broadly oval thin-coriaceous bracts : receptacle
convex or low-conical in the centre, not alveolate : rays 4 or 5 : paleiu of the pappus 8 to 14.
Bahia conferti flora, DC. 1. c. 657 ; Torr. Gray, 1. c. Hills, California, common from near
the coast to the Sierra Nevada.
Var. trifidum, GRAY, 1. c. A form with small short leaves, simply 3-5-cleft into
oblong or short-linear lobes. B. trijida, Xutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray,
1. c. B. canfertiflora, var. IrifiJa, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. With the ordinary form. Autum-
nal specimens, coll. by Parish, on the San Bernardino Mountains, are tomeutose with longer
and looser wool.
Var. laxiflorum, GRAY, 1. c. Heads loosely fastigiate-cymose and mostly slender-
peduucled. Bahia tenuifolia, DC. 1. c. California, Doity/as (herb. DC.), Coulter. An
ambiguous form with larger heads and rays, coll. at San Bernardino, Parish.
* * Herbaceous, commonly and perhaps always perennials: heads larger, mostly solitary or
scattered and conspicuously pedunculate: receptacle from convex or low conical to flat (even in
the same species) : ligules 6 to 13, from quarter to half inch long, oblong or oval : leaves
variable.
) Akenes glabrous, glabrate, or sparsely appressed-pilose, not glandular.
E. CSespitosum, DOUGL. Floccosely white-woolly, many-stemmed from the root : leaves
in age with upper face often glabrate ; lower ones from spatnlate or cuneate to roundish in
outline, from iucisely 3-5-lohed to pinnately parted, or the upper varying to linear and entire :
' involucral bracts 8 to 12, oblong or oval: tube of disk-corollas mostly hirsute-glandular and
longer than the pappus, which is variable, sometimes very short, sometimes obsolete. Liiull.
Bot. Reg. t. 1167 (but the gamophyllous involucre of the figure is seldom found) ; Gray, 1. c.
Actinel/a lanata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 560. Helenium lanatum, Spreng. Syst. iii. 574. Trichaphyllum
lanatum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 167; Hook. Fl. i. 315. Ba/iia lanata, DC. Prodr. v. 657; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 375, incl. var. tenuifolia (which is not B. tenuifolia, DC., but merely the most
slender form of the present species). Moist or dry ground, common from Montana to Brit.
Columbia, and thence to S. California, under very various forms, which are indefinable as
species. Taking as the type the original of Pursh and Xuttall, with rather slender stems
a foot or more high, principal leaves somewhat palmately pinnatifid into narrow divisions, or
incisely cleft, and heads rarely half-inch high, the main divergent forms are :
Var. latif olium, GRAY, 1. c. The opposite extreme iu foliage : stems commonly
2 feet long, branched and lax when growing in shade : leaves thin, dilated, from rhombic or
cuneate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-5-lobed and incised or dentate, the lobes from oblong to
broadly lanceolate : peduncles comparatively short : rays 9 to 13 : corolla-tube either sparsely
or densely hirsute with gland-tipped hairs, much longer than the pappus, the rounded paleoe
of which do not exceed the breadth of the narrowly oblong-cuneate or narrower glabrous
akenes, commonly very short and forming a kind of crown, sometimes quite obsolete (as
occurs in other forms also). Bahia arachnoidea, Fisch. & Lallement, Incl. Sem. Hort.
Petrop. 1842; Gray, PI. Fendl. 100, & Bot. Calif, i. 382. B. IntifoUn, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 30.
Eriophyllum crespitosum, Bot. Reg. t. 1167, is nearly this. California, near the coast, in or
near Redwood forests, from Humboldt Co. to Santa Cruz. Bahia lanata, var. brackypoda,
Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., is a sea-shore form of this, with leaves thickish under exposure, heads
clustered and remarkably short-peduncled, and pappus larger. Forms connecting with var.
inteqrifolium occur in the Sierra, in groves of Sequoia gigantea.
Var. achillaeoides, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves pinnately parted or cleft, with the 3 to 5
divisions mostly narrow and laciniately incised or piunatifid : heads somewhat corymbosely
collected and rather short-peduncled : involucre hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high ; rays and
involucral bracts 9 to 13 : akeues sparsely pubescent or glabrate. Bahia achilhroidis,
DC. 1. c. B. lanata, var. achilla>oides, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, near the coast.
Var. grandiflorum, GRAY, 1. c. Rather strict and stout, densely woolly : leaves all
linear or the lower narrowly lanceolate or spatulate, laciniate-serrate or entire, or some
parted into a few narrowly linear divisions : heads solitary and long-peduncled : involucre
half-inch high, hemispherical, densely woolly, of 10 to 13 bracts : rays as many, large : akenes
usually somewhat pubescent: corolla-tube sparsely hirsute-glandular. Bahia lanata, Benth.
PI. Hartw. 317. B. lanata, var. grand! flora, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, valley of
the Sacramento. (Guadalnpe Island, off Lower California.)
Bahia. COMPOSITE. 331
Var. Jeucophyllum, GRAY, 1. c. Smaller, a span to a foot high, rather strict : leaves
narrow, entire or sparingly cleft or parted : heads solitary, long-peduncled : involucre cam-
panulate, 4 or 5 lines high, of about 8 oblong bracts : pappus in the typical plant of narrow
lanceolate palere, four of them twice the length of the others, but this is inconstant. Bahia
leucophylla, DC. 1. c. Brit. Columbia to N. California, and east to Idaho.
Var. integrifolium, GRAY, 1. c. Low, often dwarf, cespitose-tufted, 3 to 10 inches
high : leaves from narrowly spatulate or oblanceolate and entire to more dilated and 3-lobed at
summit, or at base and on sterile shoots cuneate and incisely lobed : heads rather long-pedun-
cled : involucre, &c., of the preceding, sometimes smaller and of only 6 bracts : palea? of the
pappus mostly of same length, about equalling the very glandular but not hirsute corolla-
tube : akeues glabrous, rarely somewhat glandular-atomiferous near the summit. 7V/-
chophyllum integrifolium, Hook. Fl. i. 316. T. multijlorum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 37.
Baliia intcijr/Jolia, DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Cot. Calif. 1. c. B. multijiora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. 1. c. B. leucophi/Ua, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., in part. B. cuneata, Kellogg in Proc. Calif.
Acad. v. 49, a form passing into the preceding. Rocky Mountains in Montana and
Wyoming to Brit. Columbia and along the higher portions of the Sierra Nevada, California,
south to San Bernardino Co.
H H Akenes like the corolla-tube glandular: stems less than a foot high, slender.
E. gracile, GRAY, 1. c. Loosely floccose-woolly : leaves so far as known all very narrowly
linear and entire (an inch or two long, half-line wide) : head on a long slender peduncle :
involucre nearly 4 lines high, campanulate, of about 10 oblong bracts: rays about 8: re-
ceptacle nearly flat, alveolate-dentate : akenes slender, 2 lines long : paletc of the pappus
oblong or quadrate, exceeding the breadth of the akcue. Bahia gracilis, Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 353; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif., in part. S. Idaho, on Snake River,
Tolmie. Not since seen.
E. Watsoili, GRAY, 1. c. Canescent with fine and close tomentum, fastigiately branched :
leaves cuneate or spatulate in outline, with tapering slender base or petiole, 3-lobed at sum-
mit : involucre 3 lines high, short-campanulate, of 6 or 7 oval bracts : rays 5 to 7 : receptacle
conical, naked : akenes shorter and thicker : pappus a crown of truncate laciniate-dentate
palere, decidedly shorter than the breadth of the akene. Buhia leucophylla, Eaton, Bot.
King Exp. 173, in part. B. yracllis, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., in part. N. Nevada, at Robert's
Station, at G,000 feet, Watson.
* * * Annuals, with leaves apparently all alternate, and small pedunculate heads terminating
the lax slender branches: receptacle conical: pappus a crown of small palea-, not lunger than
the breadth of the summit of the akene, sometimes very short or obsolete: style-tips conical.
E. ambiguum, GRAY, 1. c. Somewhat loosely floccose-woolly, or denudate : stems branch-
ing from the decidedly annual root, 3 to 10 inches high: leaves from spatulate to linear-
lanceolate (an inch or less long), entire, or 3-toothed or lobed, especially the broader
sometimes dilated-cuneate lowermost : involucre campanulate, 3 lines high, of 6 to 9 oblong-
lanceolate bracts, which are either distinct to the base or lightly coherent for two thirds their
length : rays 5 to 9, oblong or oval : tube of the corollas glandular-hirsute : akenes pubescent
or the inner ones glabrous. Lasthcnia (Monolopia) ainbiijini, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi.
547. Bahia Wallace!, Gray in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. vii. 145, not of Pacif. R. Rep. B. par-
viflora & B. (Pseudo-Monolopia) ambir/iia, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 382. S. E. California, near
Tejon, Xantus, Van Horn, Parry, and near Hot Springs, San Bernardino Co., Parish.
144. BAHIA, Lag. (Juan Francisco Bahi, Professor of Botany at Bar-
celona.) Suffruticose or mostly herbaceous plants (of Rocky Mountain district,
Mexico, and Chili), not lanate hut in some canescent; with opposite or sometimes
alternate leaves, and small or middle-sized pedunculate heads of yellow flowers
terminating the branches. Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 30 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 26. Stylesia, Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 377, founded on the
original BaMa. Species of Bahia, Less. Syn. 238 ; DC. Prodr. v. 65G ; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 402. Achyropappiis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 257, t. 300,
not Bieb. Species of Schkuhria & of Villanova, Benth. & Hook. Gen. 403, 404.
332 COMPOSITE. BaUa.
Amauria, Benth. Bot. Sulph., of Lower California, insufficiently known, is per-
haps an epappose Bahia.
1. Suffruticose (jB. ambrosioides, Lag., of Chili) or herbaceous from a per-
ennial sometimes lignescent root : palete of the pappus 4 to 8, obovate or spatu-
late, with rounded or truncate scarious summit, and thickened base or imperfect
costa : leaves dissected or cleft, the lower opposite.
B. oppositifolia, NUTT A span or two high, fastigiately branched and many-stemmed,
herbaceous to the base, very leafy up to the short-peduncled heads, cinereous with fine close
pubescence : leaves mostly opposite, petioled, pnlmately or pedately 3-5-parted into linear
divisions little broader than the margined petiole : head 4 or 5 lines high : bracts of the
involucre oblong or oval, comparatively close (the outer obscurely carinate-one-nerved) :
rays 5 or 6, oval, hardly surpassing the disk-flowers : akeues slender, glandular : pappus half
the length of the corolla-tube, the paleaj narrowly obovate, witli strongly opaque centre eva-
nescent near the summit. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 376; Gray, PI. Feudl. 99. Trichophi/ltum
oppositifoHum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 1G7. Sterile hills and plains, Nebraska to Colorado and the
borders of New Mexico.
B. absintllifolia, BEXTH. About a foot high from an herbaceous root or harely suffru-
tescent base, diffusely branched, tomentulose-canescent, and with sparsely corymbose-panicu-
late heads on slender peduncles : leaves opposite and the upper alternate, pedately or
sometimes pinnately 3-5-parted into narrowly linear or lanceolate divisions and lobes :
involucre more lax ; its bracts oblong-spatulate or lanceolate with narrowed base : rays 9 to
12, lanceolate-oblong, much exceeding the disk: akenes slender, pubescent : pappus nearly
equalling the proper corolla-tube, its paleas more dilated and broadly thiu-scarious above.
PI. Hartw. 18. Arizona, near Tucson, Palmer, Lemmon. (Forms almost as slender and
narrow-leaved as the plant of Northern Mexico.)
Var. clealbata, GRAY. Perhaps more lignescent at base, more whitened with fine
pannose tomeutum: leaves less divided, commonly only 3-cleft into lanceolate or linear-
oblong lobes, or some lower ones oblong-lanceolate and entire. PI. Wright, i. 121 ; Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 27. B. dealbata, Gray, PI. Feudl. 99. Dry plains, W. Texas to Arizona.
(Adj. Mex.)
2. Herbaceous from a perennial caudex : leaves all alternate and entire,
coriaceous: palete of the pappus about 10, linear-lanceolate, and with a distinct
excurrent or percurrent costa. Plafyschkuhria, Gray.
B. nudicaulis, GRAY. Cinereous-puberuleut and glabrate, upper part of the srapifortn
stem and involucre minutely glandular, a 'span or two high : leaves nearly all radiml, oval or
spatulate-oblong (an inch or more long), tapering into a slender petiole : heads solitary or
few and somewhat corymbosely paniculate, nearly half-inch high: involucre hemispherical,
of about 10 oblong bracts: rays 6 to 9, oblong : pappus fully half the length of the cuneate-
linear sparsely hairy akene ; the thin margins of the palere of the pappus erose, and the
short-excurrent awn barbellate-hispidulous. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Schkuhria (Platy-
schkuhria) integrifolia, Gray in Am. Nat. viii. 213, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 198, excl. var.
Wind River Mountains, N. W. Wyoming, Parry.
B. oblongifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Smaller : stems sparsely leafy almost to the 3-cephalous
naked inflorescence : leaves narrowly oblong : head only 4 lines high, narrow : palea; of the
pappus firmer, smoother, and with entire edges, little shorter than the glabrate akene.
Schkuhria integrifolia, var. oblongifolia, Gray in Am. Nat. 1. c. On the San Juan and Rio
Colorado, near their junction, S. E. Utah or adjacent Colorado, Newberry, Brandegee.
3. Annuals, with once or twice palmately or pedately divided leaves : akenes
mostly hirsute along the slender attenuate base, at least on the angles. Achyro-
pappus, PIBK.
* Leaves mainly opposite, at least all the lower ones, their divisions narrowly linear: pappus of
broad and very obtuse pale;e, scarious above, callous-thickened and opaque at base, as in 1 :
ray-flowers occasionally wanting. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Achyropqppus, HBK., DC.
Bahia. COMPOSITE. 333
B. Bigelovii, GRAY. Slender, a foot high, diffuse, strigose-puberulent : leaves 3-parted and
the divisions sometimes 2-3-parted into liuear-iilii'orm segments and lobes : peduncles elon-
gated, filiform : involucre hemispherical, 2 lines high ; its bracts 8 or 9, oval and taperin"- to
both ends, viscidly hirsute : rays as many, oblong : tube of disk-corollas hirsute with v.iscid
hairs ; throat broadly cyathifurm : palete of the pappus broadly cuneate-obovate, half the
length of the corolla-tube, callous-thickened only at base. Bot. Mex. Bound. 96 ; Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 1. c. Sclikuhria (Achyropappus) Bigdovii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. S. W.
Texas, in the valley of the Limpio, Biyelouo.
B. Neo-Mexicana, GRAY. A span or more high, minutely pnberulent : leaves 3-7-parted
into narrow linear divisions; uppermost little shorter than the slender peduncles: involucre
of about 10 sparingly pubescent spatulatc bracts : rays none : disk-corollas small, with glan-
dular tube, almost equalled by the obovate palese of the pappus, which are much thickened
at and near the base. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 27. Scltkuliria Neo-Mexicana, Gray, PI. Fendl.
96, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. AmblijOpappus Neo-Mexicanus, Gray, Pacif. R. Hep. iv. 106
Northern New Mexico and S. Colorado, Fendler, Biyelow, Parry, &c.
* * Loaves mainly opposite, with linear divisions: flowers perhaps white : palea; of the pappus
lanceolate and with a complete costa.
B. "WoodllOUsii, GRAY. Low, cinereous-puberulent : peduncles hardly longer than the
heads: leaves thiekish. 3-parted, and the middle divisions sometimes with a pair of lateral
lobes: involucre 3 lines high; its bracts 8 or 9, oblong-obovate, obtuse: rays 8 or 9, with
oblong ligules a line or two long, hardly surpassing the disk-flowers : palese of the pappus
8 to 10, with hyaline margins and a strong opaque costa, which reaches the acute apex.
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28. Achyropappus \Vooc1honsii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 546.
Schkuhria Woodhousii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. Northern part of New Mexico, Dr.
Wood/iouse.
* * * Leaves all or mostly alternate, naked-petioled, 2-3-ternately divided or parted; the divis-
ions from linear-spatulate to obovate, comparatively short : heads loosely cymose-paniculate at
the naked summit of the erect stems, hemispherical, yellow-flowered, with oblong or obovate
exerted rays: palete of the pappus oblong to narrowly lanceolate, with a distinct procurn-nt or
excurrent costa, or the pappus wanting: akenes tetragonal- clavate, or those of the ray slender
obpyramidal with 4 sides.
Tube of the disk corollas glandular but not hirsute; lobes ovate or oblong, shorter than the
dilated throat: pappus present.
B. pedata, GRAY. A foot or two high, cinereous-puberulent : leaves pedately divided, com-
monly into 3 petiolulate obovate or cuneate segments, of which the lateral are 2-parted and
the middle 3-7-lobed ; the lobes obovate or broadly oblong, short : heads 5 lines high : bracts
of the involucre oblong, obtuse, shorter than the disk: rays about 12, oblong : palese of the
pappus 10 to 12, spatulate-oblong, with costa vanishing near the obtuse or retusc summit.
PL Wright, i. 23, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28. Scfd-iilin'a (Achi/rojKip/nifi) pedata, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. S. W. Texas, on the Limpio and Eio Grande, Wriyltt, Biyelow.
B. biteraata, GRAY. More pubescent and slender : leaves biternatcly dissected into linear
and obtuse or somewhat spatulate segments and lobes, the primary ones slightly petiolulate :
heads 4 lines high: bracts of the involucre obovate: rays 8 or 10, broadly obovate: paleas
of the pappus 12 to 14, longer and narrower, about equalling the corolla-tube, those of the
outer flowers obovate and obtuse, with costa evanescent below the apex ; of the inner flowers
longer, elongated-lanceolate, and with costa excurrent into an awn-like cusp ; in intermediate
flowers of intermediate character. PL Wright, ii. 95, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Sdi/cu/tria
(Achyropappus) bfternatn, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 199. Borders of W. Texas and adja-
cent New Mexico, Wright, Bigeloic, Thurber. May pass into the preceding.
-1 -1 Tube of disk-corollas viscid-hirsute; the limb cleft into narrow lobes which are much longer
than the throat and little shorter than the tube: pappus none.
B. dirysanthemoides, GRAY. Taller and stouter, 1 to 4 feet high, puberulent or below
glabrous, above with the flowering branches and short peduncles glandular-pubescent and
viscid: leaves 1 -3-ternately divided or parted; the lobes from oblong and obtuse to nearly
linear: heads 5 or 6 lines high and broad: bracts of the involucre 16 to 20, crowded, from
oblong-lanceolate to obovate-oblong, most of them conspicuously acuminate: rays as rrmnv,
obovate-obloug : akenes obscurely striate on the four narrow faces, the whole apex covered
334 COMPOSITE. AmUyopappm.
by the base of the corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 28. Amauria ? dissecta, Gray, PI. Fendl.
104. Villanova chrysanthemoid.es, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 96. Along mountain water-courses,
Colorado to S. Arizona; first coll. by Fremont.
145. AMBLYOPAPPUS, Hook. & Am. ('A/i/3Xw, blunt, ira*?, pap-
pus.) -Jour. Bot. iii. 321 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 406. Aromia, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 395. Infantea, Remy, in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 257, t. 48.
Low annual (of Chili, and Schkuhria pusilla, Wedd., is perhaps a second species
in Bolivia), probably introduced into California.
A. pusillus, HOOK. & ARN. 1. c. A span or two high, nearly glabrous, balsamic-viscid,
pauiculately or corymbosely branched, with small short-peduncled heads tarminatiug the
branches : leaves linear and alternate, entire or lower piunately 3-5-parted and opposite :
involucre 2 lines high, equalling the yellowish flowers. Aromia tenuifolia, Xutt. 1. c. In-
fantea Chilensis, Rcmy, in Gay, 1. c. Around San Diego, California, and southward.
(Chili.)
146. SCHKtJHRIA, Roth. (Christian Schkuhr, of Wittenberg.) -
Slender and paniculately much branched annuals (Mexican and Andean), some-
what pubescent, never tomentose ; the small pedunculate heads of yellow (rarely
purplish) flowers terminating the branchlets : leaves alternate, or the lower
opposite, pinnately 3-7-parted or uppermost entire, the divisions and rhachis
filiform. Herbage sometimes minutely resinous-atomiferous and the leaves im-
pressed-punctate. Roth, Catalecta Bot. i. 116 ; Cass. ; Less., &c. Tetracarpum,
Moeuch, Meth. Suppl. 241. Schkuhria & ffopkirkia, DC. Prodr. v. 654, 660.
Schkuhria, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 403, in part, excl. Achi/ropappus, &c. Our
species, and S. Wislizeni of Northern Mexico, form a section (the genus Hop-
kirkia, DC.), with leaves more commonly only 3-parted and on the branches
entire, heads only 3-5-flowered, with a single ray-flower or none: obpyramidal
akenes in length only about double the width of the summit, their angles very
densely long-villous, some hairs also on the faces : scarious tips of involucral
bracts purple-tinged : sterns diffusely corymbose-paniculate.
S. Hopkirkia, GRAY. Pappus equalling the corolla; its paleae all alike, ovate-oblong, with
percurreut costa projecting as a cusp: faces of the akene conspicuously 3-nerved. PI.
Wright, ii. 94. Hopkirkia anthemidea, DC. Prodr. v. 660. S. Arizona, Wright, Lemmon.
(Northern Mex., Hanke.)
S. "Wrightii, GRAY, 1. c. Pappus shorter than the corolla; its paleae all obovate and obtuse
or erose-truncate, destitute of costa, merely thickened at very base : akenes rather less thick
and faces less striate. S. Arizona, Wright, T/iurber, Lemmon.
147. HYMEN6THRIX, Gray. (From fyufo membrane, Optt, bristle,
the pappus a combination of awn and thin palea.) - - Herbs of Arizona and
vicinity, glabrous or somewhat pubescent ; with probably annual or perhaps per-
ennial root, branching stems of 1 to 3 feet high, alternate leaves once to thrice
parted into linear divisions or lobes, and numerous corymbosely cymose heads
(about one-third inch high) ; the corollas yellow or white and purple, strikingly
different in the two species.
H. "W^islizeni, GRAY. Glabrous : lobes of the leaves often spatulate-linear and broadish :
heads radiate : involucre of comparatively narrow acutish and yellow-tinged bracts, hardly
any accessory ones : corollas yellow ; those of the disk with oblong lobes only half the length
of the narrowly obconical throat: style-tips pointless: akenes rather slender, barely pubes-
cent: pappus-awns narrowly margined helow, naked and hispidulous above. PI. ITendl.
Hymenopappus. COMPOSITE. 335
102, & PI. Wright, ii. 97 ; Eothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 168. Elver-bottoms, &c., S. Arizona
and New Mexico; first coll. by Wislizenus. (Adj. Mex.)
H. W^rightii, GRAY. Leaves with very narrow linear or almost filiform divisions, the
lower cauline hirsute : heads broader : involucre of obovate-oblong and very obtuse purple-
tinged bracts, and a few smaller narrow accessory ones : rays none : disk-corollas white or
purplish, 5-parted almost down to the narrow tube into oblong-linear widely spreading lobes :
style-tips with a slender-subulate cusp : akenes broader, villous : pappus of broader paleaj
and smoother awned tips. PI. Wright, ii. 97; Torr. iu Sitgreaves Rep. t. 6; Rothrock,
1. c. Along streams, S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c. (Lower California, Orcutt.)
148. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. (From v^v, membrane, 7^?,
pappus, the latter of hyaline palese.) North American and North Mexican
herbs (chiefly of the prairies and plains), perennial, biennial, or some perhaps
winter annuals, mostly floccose-tomentose and with sulcate-angled erect stems,
alternate 1-2-pinnatifid or parted leaves, the lower sometimes entire, and corym-
bosely cyniose or solitary pedunculate middle-sized heads of white or yellow
flowers. Leaves in some species evidently impressed-punctate. When the corolla
is deeply cleft the nerves of its lobes are deeply intramarginal. Fl. spring.
"L'Her. Diss. cum icon."; Michx. Fl. ii. 103; Cass. Diet. Iv. 266, 279; DC.
Prodr. v. 658 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 29.
* Lobes of the white corolla as long as the short -campanulate or crateriform throat; the tube long
and slender, much exceeding the short pappus : stamens with even the filaments mostly exserted :
akenes merely pubescent, clavate-obpyramidal, with much thickened summit and stipitiform
base: involucre of comparatively lax and partly white-petaloid bracts: heads corymbiform-
cymose and rather numerous, on short peduncles: comparatively Eastern species, biennials,
1 to 3 feet high.
-s Pappus of very small obovate or roundish nerveless paleae forming a crown, much shorter than
the breadth of the summit of the merely pubescent akeue, often minute, even obsolete: floccoso
or pannose tomentum thin, sometimes deciduous.
H. SCabiosa3US, L'llER. Leafy to the top, thinly tomentose : radical leaves pinnately
parted or occasionally entire, cauline irregularly 1-2-pinnately parted into broadly or nar-
rowly linear lobes : heads about 5 lines high : the broad involucre somewhat radiate-expanded,
its mainly white bracts roundish-obovate, at first surpassing the disk : akeues short-pubescent.
Michx. Fl. ii. 104; Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 372. Rotkiu Carolinensis, Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat.
i. 16, t. 1, & 111. t. 667. Sandy pine-barrens, Middle Florida to S. Carolina, and west to
Illinois and Texas.
H. COrymbosUS, TORR. GRAY. More slender, smaller, and glabrate, naked above :
lower leaves 2-pmnately and the small upper ones mostly simply parted into narrowly linear
acute divisions and lobes : heads 3 or 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre much smaller,
shorter than the flowers, obovate-oblong, the petaloid summit only greenish-white : akenes
puberulent. Fl. ii. 372. Prairies, Nebraska to Arkansas and Texas. The var. Nuttallii,
' Torr. Gray, as to plant in herb. Torr., belongs here, but the //. tenuifolius of Nuttall in
other herbaria is Pursh's species.
-1 -i Pappus of larger spatulate-obovate paleae, in length nearly equalling the breadth of the
summit of the villous-pubescent akene, partly traversed by a callous-thickened axis or obscure
costa.
H. artemisisefolius, DC. Pannosely or somewhat floccosely white-tomentose, or some-
what denudate in age : leaves from simply pinnatifid or lyrately few-lobed, and sometimes
quite entire (lanceolate or oblong), to bipinnately parted into broadly linear or narrowly
oblong obtuse divisions and lobes : heads 4 lines high : bracts of the involucre obovate-
oblong, about equalling the disk-flowers, dull white, lower half green. Prodr. v. 658 ; Torr.
Gray, Fl. ii. 372. Texas; first coll. by Berlandier.
* * Lobes of the corolla more or less shorter than the throat: pappus conspicuous, of spat u late or
narrow palese, which have a manifest costa or thicker opaque axis, this evanescent near or below
the obtuse or retuse apex: akenes villous: involucre greener, less petaloid.
336 COMPOSITE. Hymenopappus.
-! Stems leafv, from a biennial root a foot or two high : heads rather numerous and corvmbo?ely
cymose, on rather short slender peduncles : corolla-tube slender, throat short, and lobes rather
long.
H. flavescens, GRAY. Densely white-tomentose, sometimes glabrate in age : leaves once
or twice or eveu thrice piuuately parted ; the divisions or lobes from narrowly to rather
broadly linear : heads 4 or 5 lines high : bracts of the involucre rouudish-obovate or ovate,
with greenish-white or barely yellowish margins : corolla from yellowish to yellow, and
short-campauulate throat almost equalled by the lobes : akenes rather short-villous : pale*
of the pappus spatulate, usually only half the length of the slender corollu-tu.be. PI. Fendl.
97, & PL Wright, i. 121, ii. 94 (excl. the last var.); llothrock in Wheeler Exped. vi. 167,
where one form is printed " //. canesccns." H. robustus, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. G3,
stout specimens of the form with finely much divided leaves and somewhat reduced pappus.
Sandy plains and valleys, W. Texas and New Mexico to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
H. tenuifolius, Pcnsii. Lightly tomeuto.se, or soon glabrate and green : leaves rather
rigid, once or twice (or radical thrice) pinnately parted into very narrowly linear or fili-
form divisions, their margins soon revolute : heads only 3 or 4 lines high : involucre more
erect and close ; its bracts oblong-obovate, greenish with whitish apex and margins : corolla
dull white ; its lobes moderately shorter than the throat : palete of the pappus shorter than
the corolla-tube, oblong-spatulate : akenes long-villous. Fl. ii. 742; Nutt. Gen. ii. 139;
DC. Prodr. v. G58; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Plains, from Nebraska to Arkansas, Texas, and
apparently also in Utah.
-I H Stems clustered on a perennial caudex, leafy below, naked above, bearing few or solitary
comparatively large heads.
H. filif olius, HOOK. Tomentose-canescent, or somewhat denudate and glabrate : stems a
span to a foot high, sometimes scapiform : leaves nearly of //. tenuifolius, or of more filiform
rigid divisions : heads a third to half inch high : bracts of the involucre oblong or obovate-
oblong, largely green or else white-woolly, the tips whitish or purplish-tinged : corolla yel-
lowish-white or sometimes clear yellow, its reflexed lobes or teeth very much shorter than
the throat : akenes very long-villous : palete of the pappus equalling or much shorter than
the tube of the corolla, but commonly equalled by the villosity of the akene. Fl. i. 317,
but the pappus is not " extremely minute." If. jilifolius II. lutens, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil,
Soc. I.e.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. I.e. //. tenuifolius, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 173. Rocky
Mountain plains, from Nebraska and Montana to New Mexico, mountains of Arizona, and
southern borders of California. The i'orms referable to H. luteus are more white-tomentose,
have shorter and more crowded lobes to the leaves, and southward have almost scapiform
stems. Northeastern forms are greener, more leafy, and with smaller heads, approaching
H. tenuifolius.
# * * Lobes of the honey-colored or yellow corolla much shorter than the throat: akenes broad,
the faces almost destitute of nerves: pappus obsolete or wanting: root perennial: fl. July-Oct.
H. Mexicanus, GRAY. Densely floccose-tomentose, sometimes denudate in age, a foot or
two high from a thick root or caudex : radical leaves from lanceolate to spatulate, and from
entire to piuuately parted, the lobes entire ; upper cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, often
entire : heads few or several and loosely corymbose-paniculate, 4 lines high : bracts of the
involucre oval or ovate, green with yellowish tips : akenes slightly pubescent and glabrate.
-1'mc. Am. Acad. xix. 29. H. flavescens, var.? Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 94. Mountain
raviues, New Mexico, \Vri<jht, Greene, Rushy. (Mountains near San Luis Potosi, Mexico,
these certainly perennial, Schaffher.)
149. FLORESTfNA, Cass. (Probably dedicated to a female friend.) -
Slender annuals (of Mexico and its northern borders), leafy-stemmed, loosely
paniculately branched, pubescent and above beset with stipitate glands : all but
the lowest leaves alternate, petiolate, simply palmately or pedately divided into
entire segments, rarely entire : heads loosely paniculate, quarter-inch high :
flowers white or flesh-color, in summer. -- Bull. Philom. 1815, & Diet. xvii. 155,
t. 86 ; DC. Prodr. v. 655, excl. spec. Consists of the Mexican F. pedata. Cass.,
and the following.
Polypteris. COMPOSITE. 337
F. tripteris, DC. 1. c. Lowest leaves commonly ovate or oblong and entire ; others of 3
oval or oblong or the upper linear leaflets : tips of involucral bracts and flowers usually dull
white: anther-tips acutish. Gray, PI. Wright, i. 121. S. Texas; first coll. by Berlandier.
(Adj. Mex.)
150. POLYPTERIS, Nutt. (EtoXv'?, many, and Tn-epis, meant for TrrepoV,
wing ; many-winged or feathered, i. e. the pappus.) Southeastern N. American
herbs (entering Mexico), more or less scabrous-pubescent; with undivided and
mostly entire petiolate leaves, all or the upper alternate, and loosely corymbose-
cymose or paniculate and pedunculate heads of rose-purple or flesh-colored flowers,
in summer and autumn. Gen. ii. 131) ; Ell. Sk. ii. 314 (not of DC., which was
a Gaillardi(t) ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 377 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 30. Part of Palafoxia, Less., DC., &c.
1. Heads homogamous, middle-sized or small : bracts of the involucre her-
baceous up to the small sphacelate colored tip : corollas o-parted nearly down to
the slender tube : akenes narrowly obpyramidal : root annual. (Nearest to Flo-
restina.)
P. callosa, GRAY, 1. c. Slender, paniculately branched, a foot or two high: leaves linear,
slightly petioled : peduncles glandular: involucre turbinate, 10-12-flowered, quarter-inch
high, of 8 or 10 linear-oblong bracts : akenes minutely pubescent or glabrous : palese of the
pappus all short, obovate or roundish, with costate-thickened centre seldom reaching the
obtuse or erose and retuse apex, occasionally minute or wholly wanting. Stcv/a callosa,
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 121; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 46. Florestina callosa, DC. Prodr.
v. 655. Palafoxia callosa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 369. Low or dry ground, Arkansas to
Texas ; first coll. by Nuttall.
P. Texana, GRAY, 1. c. Stouter: leaves from lanceolate-linear to lanceolate-oblong (at
least below), distinctly petioled : peduncles less glandular : involucre eampanulate or broader,
20-30-flowered, 3 to 5 lines high, of 8 to 12 spatnlate-oblong bracts: palea; of the pappus
from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, with slender nearly complete or slightly excurrent
costa, sometimes almost as long as the akene, in the outer flowers often much shorter.
Palafoxia Texana, DC. Prodr. v. 124; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. lliver-bauks, Texas; first
coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.)
2. Heads heterogamous, larger, with palmately 3-lobed rays : disk-corollas
parted not quite to the filiform tube : bracts of the involucre herbaceous up to
the small and narrow sphacelate colored tip : aketies slender : root annual.
P. Hookeriana, GRAY, 1. c. Stouter, 1 to 4 feet high, above glandular-pubescent and
somewhat viscid : leaves from narrowly to broadly lanceolate, mostly 3-uerved below : invo-
lucre many-flowered, broad, half-inch or more high, of 12 to 10 lanceolate bracts in two
series, the outer looser and often wholly herbaceous, inner with purplish tips : ray-flowers
8 to 10, the deeply 3-cleft rose-red rays half-inch long, but sometimes reduced or abortive:
pappus in the ray a crown of 6 to 8 short and obtuse rather rigid spatulate palea?; in the
disk of narrowly lanceolate thin palero, traversed by an excurrent costa, attenuate at apex
into a slender point or short awn, nearly of the length of the akene. Stcvia sphacelata
(Nutt.). Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 214. Palafoxia Texana, Hook. Ic. PI. t. 148, not DC.
P. Hool-n-iana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 368 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5549, with var. subradiata,
a reduced state. Sandy plains of Nebraska to Texas. (Adj. Mex.)
3. Heads homogamous, rather large : corollas with the base of o-parted limb
forming a short-campanulate throat : involucre more imbricated and wliitish-
scarious, glabrous : akeues slender : root perennial. Polypteris, Nutt.
P. integrifolia, NUTT. Not glandular: stems 2 to 5 feet high, fastigiatcly corymbose at
summit, almost glabrous : leaves scabrous, lanceolate and obtuse, upper ones linear, lowest
spatulate-obloug to obovate : heads fully half-inch high, mauy-flowered : principal bracts of
22
338 COMPOSITE. Palafoxia.
the involucre obovate-spatulate, very obtuse, thin, maiuly whitish, some outer or accessory
bracts narrower and shorter, partly herbaceous : corollas white or flesh-color : palese of the
pappus little shorter than the akenes, linear-lanceolate, gradually attenuate, more or less
pointed by the excurrent tip of the strong costa. Gen. ii. 139; Ell. Sk. ii. 314, not DC.
Paleolaria fastigiata, Less. Syu. 156. Palafoxia fastlgiata, DC. Prodr. v. 125. P. inteyri-
folia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 269. Pine barrens, Georgia and Florida; first coll. by Dr.
Baldwin .
151. PAL AFtJXI A, Lag. (Jose Palafox, noted Spanish general.) Her-
baceous or suffruticose plants (of Mexico and the U. S. borders) ; with branching
stems, rather large scattered or loosely cymosely disposed pedunculate heads oi'
flesh-colored or whitish flowers ; the leaves linear to oblong, alternate, entire, the
lower short-petioled. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 26 (Elench. Hort. Madr. 1815); Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 31. Palafoxia in part, Less., DC., Benth. & Hook.
P. LATIFOHA, DC. Prodr. v. 125, of Southern Mexico, is unknown to us, and by its opposite
cordate leaves and obovate iuvolucral bracts is probably of some other genus.
* Anomalous species, connecting with Polypteris.
P. Feayi, GRAY. A foot or two high, suffruticose at base, very leafy to near the summit,
minutely scabrous- leaves short (little over inch long), oblong or ovate-oblong and rounded
at both ends, or uppermost lanceolate and acutish, thickish, 3-uerved at base : heads corym-
bosely cymose, over half-inch high : involucre campanulate, about half the length of the
flowers ; its bracts spatulate-liuear, at apex truncate-obtuse and somewhat purplish-sphace-
late : corollas with oblong lobes fully half the length of the cylindraceous throat: pappus
shorter than the corolla-tube and several times shorter than the glabrate akeue, of 8 oblong
rigid pointless lacerately scarious-edged paleae (comparable with those of some outermost
flowers of the following). Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59, xix. 31. Coast of S. Florida, in
saudv soil, Feat/, Chapman, Curtiss, no. 1507.
* * Genuine species, with narrow and paniculately scattered heads, narrowly linear involucral
bracts, these in age usually concave and applied to the subtended akenes.
P. linearis, LAG. 1. c. Flowering as an annual, but becoming perennial and frutescent,
strigose-ciuereous and partly hirsute or hispid, slender flowering branches sometimes
glauduliferous : leaves linear, or lower ones lanceolate, more or less canesceut: heads about
inch long, 15-30-flowered (or by depauperation 10-12-flowered) corolla-lobes oblong-linear,
half the length of the throat: pappus of 4 (sometimes 5) linear hyaline palere with strong
and rigid excurreut costa, and little shorter than the slender akeues, or sometimes 2 to 4
additional and shorter blunt ones, or in the outer flowers all reduced, short, and of firmer
texture, with imperfect costa, or abortive. DC. Prodr. v. 124; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2132.
Ageratum lineare, Cav. Ic. iii. 3, t. 205. Paleolaria carnea, Cass. Bull. Philom. 1816, & Diet.
P. leucophijlla, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 291, & Bot. Calif, i. 388, a shrubby form with
reduced pappus, from seeds of which were raised plants having nearly the ordinary pappus
of the species, which, although flowering as an herb with seemingly annual root along the
Mexican border, was originally described as shrubby. On the Colorado near Fort Yuma,
&c., S. California, and Arizona. (Mex.)
152. RIG-IOPAPPUS, Gray. (From p^ytos, stiffened, and 7ra7r7ro9, pap-
pus.) --Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 548, Bot. Calif, i. 387 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii.
406. Single but variable species.
R. leptodadus, GRAY, 1. c. Slender annual, a span to a foot high, minutely hirsute-pubes-
cent to almost glabrous, pauiculately or subcorymbosely branched : branches commonly
filiform, elongated, and leafless below, smooth, simple or proliferous, bearing solitary heads :
leaves all alternate, very narrowly linear, sessile, erect, entire, those of the branches near the
heads small and subulate : involucre 3 lines high : flowers yellow but often changing to pur-
ple or whitish : paleae rather than awns of the pappus from half to two-thirds the length of
the akene, 3 to 5, occasionally only 2 or 1, or rarely wanting. Dry ground, interior region
of Washington Terr, to the middle of California and Nevada ; first coll. by Lyall.
Chcenactis. COMPOSITE. 339
Var. longiaristatus. A small form : iuvolucre only 2 lines high : pappus of
(mostly 3) more slender awns, subulate-dilated at base, much longer thati the corolla, rather
longer than the akene. Rattlesnake Bar, California, Mrs. Curran.
153. CHJENACTIS, DC. (XaiW, to gape, and dim's, ray, the enlarging
orifice and limb of the marginal corollas in most species simulating a kind of
ray.) --Herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent (Western N. American) ; with alter-
nate mostly pinnately dissected leaves, and pedunculate solitary or sometimes
cymosely disposed heads of yellow, white, or flesh-colored flowers. Pappus more
commonly shorter or of fewer palete in the outer flowers. Akenes pubescent,
rarely glabrate. Prodr. v. 659 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 401; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 545, x. 73.
1. CIIJENACTIS proper. Pappus of entire or merely erose persistent paleae,
rarely obsolete : akenes more or less tetragonal or terete, slender.
# Corollas yellow, the marginal ones with enlarged throat and limb, somewhat unequally or as if
palmately 5-lobed: annuals, mostly winter annuals, flowering in spring.
H Pappus of 4 (rarely if ever '' 5 or 6 ") nearly equal narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate acut-
ish palete, at least the inner attaining to the throat of the corolla.
C. lanosa, DC. Floccosely white-woolly when young, flowering from near the base with
(3 to 8 inches) long naked peduncles, the earliest scapiform : leaves thickish, simply pin-
nately parted into a few narrowly linear (rarely again parted) lobes no wider than the rhachis,
or uppermost entire : heads half-inch high : involucral bracts nearly linear : marginal
flowers moderately ampliate, not surpassing the disk. Prodr. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
370; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 389. California, common from Monterey southward to San Ber-
nardino, &e.
C. glabriuscula, DC. Taller, stouter, more caulescent, a foot or more high, thinly floccose,
at length denudate, branching above, and with stout sometimes elongated peduncles bearing
solitary heads of two-thirds to three-fourths inch high : leaves with more numerous and
irregular lobes : bracts of the involucre broader, thickish, glabrate, obtuse : marginal corollas
with much ampliate and more palmate limb, surpassing the disk. Prodr. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c.
C. denudata, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 177. The var. mcyacephala, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 104,
is merely a larger form. California, from valley of the Sacramento southward.
C. tenuifolia, XUTT. Somewhat white-tomentulose when young, glabrate, loosely branched,
often diffuse, bearing scattered or paniculately disposed heads (a third of an inch high) on
short slender peduncles : leaves once or twice piriuately parted into irregular and small linear
or oblong or sometimes nearly filiform lobes : iuvolucral bracts narrow, rather rigid : limb of
marginal corollas short, not surpassing the disk. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 375; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. C.Jilifolia, Gray, PI. Fendl. 98, the most slender-leaved
form. On the sea-shore occurs an opposite extreme, with primary divisions of the leaves
pinnatifid into very short and thickish lobes. Coast of California, from Santa Barbara to
San Diego ; also San Bernardino.
H -t Pappus of very obtuse mostly unequal paleos, or obsolete.
C. heterocarpha, GRAY. Lightly floccose, soon denudate, a span or two high, simple or
sparingly branched : leaves pinnately or .sometimes bipiuuately parted into irregular and
unequal rather crowded and short divisions and lobes : heads half-inch high, mostly on rather
long peduncles terminating stem and branches : bracts of the involucre broadly linear or
sometimes wider : limb of the marginal flowers conspicuously ampliate, surpassing the disk :
pappus of inner flowers of 4 elliptical-oblong paleiB fully half the length of the corolla, and
with 4 or fewer alternate outer and roundish very short ones, hut these occasionally wanting ;
in the outermost flowers all shorter or very short. PI. Fendl. 98, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Var.
tnnaccti folia, Gray, 1. c. (C. tanacetifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 545), proves to be only
a stunted and condensed form. California, from the Upper Sacramento and Lake Co. to
San Bernardino Co. ; first coll. by Hartirci/.
C. Nevii, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. Dwarf, rather stout, puberulent, or leaves nearly
glabrous : peduncles short : marginal corollas little ampliate : pappus of a few minute deuti-
340 COMPOSITE. Chcenactis.
form vestiges : otherwise resembles the preceding, so far as an insufficient specimen shows.
Coll. iu Idaho, 1876, Nevius.
* * Corollas white or pale flesh-colored.
H Marginal ones with throat and limb manifestly enlarged, and unequally 5-lobed or even pal-
mately ligulate : bracts of the involucre linear, obtuse or acutish: pappus of 4 paleoe: winter
annuals.
C. Fremonti, GRAY, 1. c. Glabrate, the slight woolliness caducous, or glabrous, except
the puberulent or hispidulous peduncles, a foot or less high, rather stout : leaves thickish,
narrowly linear, many entire, some with 2 to 5 similar linear lobes : heads half or two-thirds
inch high, terminating rather simple erect branches: bracts of the involucre thickish, rather
acute, with prominent midrib : marginal corollas comparatively large and conspicuous, ligu-
lately palmate, not rarely developing a cuueate almost equally 4-5-cieft ligule (of 3 lines in
length) : palea? of the pappus linear-lanceolate, nearly equalling disk-corolla, with manifestly
thickened axis at base forming a vanishing costa. Desert of the Mohave and Lower Colo-
rado, California, and adjacent Nevada and Arizona, Fremont (imperfect specimen), Newberry,
Parish, L< i/u/ion, &c. Partly confounded in Cot. Calif, with the next.
C. stevioides, HOOK. & ARX. Floccose-tomeutose, glabrate in age, seldom a foot high,
freely and loosely branched, bearing numerous somewhat cymosely disposed heads (of half-
inch in height) on short slender peduncles : leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into short linear lobes,
uppermost rarely entire : bracts of involucre narrowly linear, obtuse, with obscure midrib:
marginal corollas with moderately ampliate unequally 5-lobed limbj not surpassing the disk :
palese of the pappus scarcely thickened at base, those of the inner flowers oblong-lanceolate
and shorter than the corolla, of the outer ones ovate or oblong, often unequal, sometimes
much shorter. Bot. Beech. 353; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 371 ; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 172.
Dry interior region, Utah and S. Idaho, to eastern side of Sierra Nevada and through
Arizona; first coll. by To! title.
C. brachypappa, GRAY. Resembles the preceding : leaves perhaps thicker : heads broader :
involucral bracts with prominent midrib: paleae of pappus alike in inner and outermost
flowers, quadrate or slightly cuueate, very truncate, not longer than the short proper corolla-
tube, barely one fourth the length of the akene. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 390, & Bot. Calif, i.
389. S. E. Nevada, in the Pahrauagat Mountains, Miss Scarls.
-1 -) Marginal corollas little enlarged, nearly regular: receptacle commonly with a few fimbriilae
or bracts in the form of setiform awns : bracts of the receptacle very narrowly linear, cuspidately
or setaceously acuminate: pappus of 4 palea;: winter annuals, minutely puberulent, with no
WOollilH'S.S.
C. carphoclinia, GRAY. A foot or less high, diffusely much branched, slender, bearing
numerous scattered heads (barely half-inch high) on short filiform peduncles : leaves 1-2-piu-
nately parted into almost filiform lobes : involucre 30-40-flowered : awns on the receptacle
5 to 10 among and nearly equalling the flowers, rigid, persistent : palea: of the pappus ovate-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, and little or moderately shorter than the inner corollas, or in
the outer much shorter, occasionally very short. Bot. Mex. Bound. 94, & Bot. Calif. I.e.
Arid districts, W. Arizona and S. Utah to S. E. California; first coll. by Gen. Thomas.
C. attenuata, GRAY. More slender, with narrow 15-20-flowered heads: ray-corollas hardly
at all enlarged : hardly any fimbriilae on the receptacle : palere of the pappus very short,
broadly obovate-cuneate and truncate: otherwise nearly like the preceding. Proc. Am.
Acad. x. 73, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Ehrenberg, Arizona, Janvier, through Canlxj.
H -i 4 Marginal corollas not larger than the others (or only slightly so in C. Xuntiann).
receptacle quite naked: involucral bracts pointless, narrowly linear, rather loose, the midrib
obvious: pappus of 4 conspicuous pale* and usually 2 to 4 small alternating outer ones: leaves
simply pinnately parted, with divisions entire or merely 1-2-toothed: winter annuals.
C. Xantiana, GRAY. Stout, often a foot or more high, tomentulose when young, some
glabrate : ascending simple branches terminated by large (three-fourths to inch long) solitary
many-flowered heads on thick often fistulous peduncles: leaves with a few narrowly linear
distant lobes, or some entire : corollas with short oval or oblong lobes a little bearded ex-
ternally, or in the margin rather broader and more spreading, but equal : anthers partly
exserted (in the manner of the genus) : pappus of 4 lanceolate paleaj little shorter than the
corolla, and of as many very short obovate or obcordate ones. Proc. Am. Acad. vL 545,
Chcenactis. COMPOSITE. 341
x. 74, & Bot. Calif, i. 390, with var. integrifolia, which is more slender, fewer-flowered, and
usually entire-leaved. C. glabriuscula, var. mec/aw/i/tiila. Gray, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
vii. 146, not Pacif. R. Ref . Eastern California and adjacent Nevada, from Tejou to Car-
son, &c., Dr. Horn, Anderson, Lemmon.
C. macrailtha, EATON. A span high, rather simply branched from the hase, canesceutlv
tomentulose, partly glabrate : leaves short, with linear or oblong-linear lobes usually ap-
proximate: heads 12-20-flowered, mostly short-peduncled, or the earlier on longer liahrd
peduncles from near the base of the stem : bracts of the involucre thinnish, more or less
tomeutose: corollas half to three-fourths inch long, narrow, externally puberulent, all alike;
the 5 short teeth linear-oblong, ascending or barely spreading : anthers whollv included in
the throat, the tips lanceolate : pappus of 4 linear-oblong palece barely half the length of the
corolla, and 2 to 4 very short cuucate-oblong ones, but these occasionally obsolete or wanting.
Bot. King Exp. 171, t. 18; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Hills in the desert region, W. Nevada
to S. Utah and the Mohave in California ; first coll. by Watson.
4 -1 -f -1 Marginal corollas not distinctly larger than nor different from the others -(the
lobes if slightly larger still regular): bracts of many-flowered involucre linear or somewhat
spatulate, obtuse, sometimes one or two loose and shorter outer ones: pappus of 8 to 14 mostly
equal and large obtuse paleaa : biennial, perennial, or suffrutescent plants: ft. summer. Mucn.-
carphus, Nutt.
C. Douglasii, HOOK. & ARX. Canescent with a fine somewhat floccose or pannose tomen-
tnm, or sometimes early glabrate, a span to a foot or more high from a biennial or more
enduring root : leaves mostly of broad outline and hipinuately parted into crowded short
and very obtuse divisions and lobes : heads from half to three-fourths inch long, in larger
plants several or numerous and corymbosely cymose : paleaj of the pappus from linear-
ligulate to narrowly oblong and from half to three-fourths the length of the corolla, or in
marginal flowers shorter and broader. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
C. Ltuiif/lasti & C. ar.l,illc folia, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 354; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. ;
Torr. in Stansb. Rep. t. 6. Hymenopappus Douylasii, Hook. Fl. i. 316; DC. Prodr. v. 658 ;
Macrocarphus Dumjlasii & A/, achillcafoUus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 376.
Dry plains and mountains, Montana to New Mexico, west to Washington Terr, and Cali-
fornia. From S. E. California, Palmer, an incomplete specimen of a peculiar large and
glabrate form, with sparser divisions to the leaves, and shorter spatulate-oblong paleas of
pappus. Very variable species.
Var. alpilia. Dwarf, 3 to 5 inches high, consisting of a rosette or thick tuft of leaves
with very approximate divisions, and naked or scapiform stems, bearing mostly solitary heads,
surmounting the subterranean branches of a multicipital perennial caudex or rootstock.
Alpine region of the Rocky and Cascade Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming, of the
Sierra Nevada, California, and north to Washington Terr. Seems distinct from the fol-
lowing.
C. NevadensiS, GRAY. Very dwarf, in small tufts surmounting filiform branches of sub-
terranean rootstocks, mostly growing in volcanic scoriic or ashes: leaves small (half to
barely inch long), densely white-woolly, crowded, obovate or flabelliform-cuneate in outline,
once or twice pinuatifid or parted into obovate or spatulate-linear lobes : peduncles inch or
less long, bearing a solitary rather narrow head. Bot. Calif, i. 391. Hymenopappus Neva-
densis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. Alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California,
from Shasta and Lassen to the sources of the San Joaqnin, Kellogg, Aluir, Lemmon, &c.
C. santolilioides, GREEXE, in herb. Subcaulescent perennial : leaves all crowded on
short tufted shoots from a slightly ligneous crown, white-tomentose, linear in outline, with
broadish rhachis thickly beset with small (line or so long) oblong obtusely few-lobed and
crispate divisions: peduncles scapiform, 4 to 6 inches high, simple or once or twice forked,
glandular and viscid : head half-inch high, rather narrow: pappus of 8 or 10 linear-ligulate
palete, a little shorter than the corolla. San Bernardino Mountains, above Bear Valley,
S. E. California, Parish.
C. suffrutescens, GRAY. Canescently tomentose, a foot or more high from decumbent
woody stems : leaves pinnatelv parted into 5 to 7 narrowly linear entire or rarely l-2-tootln.-d
divisions : heads solitary or scattered, on slender peduncles, three-fourths inch high : pappus
of 10 to 13 linear or narrowly ligulate-oblong palea; a little shorter than the corolla, or in
the outermost flowers considerably shorter. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 100. California, on the
342 COMPOSITE. Chasnactis.
\
rocky banks of the Sacramento, below Mount Shasta, Lemmon (perhaps a mistake as to
habitat) ; S. E. California, south of San Jaciuto Mountains, Parish.
2. ACAKPH^EA. Pappus of deciduous and fimbriate paleae, or wanting :
akenes obovate- or linear-clavate, hardly angled, blackish : involucre viscid :
corollas whitish or ochroleucous, all alike or nearly so, the marginal not obviously
ampliate: annuals. Acarphcea, Gray, PL Feudl. 98; characterized anew in
Proc. Arn. Acad. xix. 30.
C. artemisieefolia, GRAY. A foot or two high, paniculately branched, furfuraceous-
pubesceut, somewhat viscid, above glandular-hirsute, especially the naked summit and
peduncles and involucre of the loosely cymose-paniculate lieads : leaves 2-3-piunately divided
or parted into short linear or oblong lobes : involucre broadly campanulate, half-inch high,
many-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate-linear, acute : akenes linear-clavate, flattened, hardly at
all angled, the sides minutely impressed-striate ; epigynous disk small and obscurely annu-
late. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 74, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Ai-nr/i/ma artemisi.tcfolia, Gray, PI. Fendl.
98, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 95, t. 32. San Diego Co., California; first coll. by Coulter.
C. thysanocarpha, GRAY. Slender and low annual, paniculately branched, viscid-puber-
uleut, with some early deciduous villosity, sparsely leafy up to the subsessile small heads :
leaves narrowly linear, entire : involucre barely 3 lines high, of few linear-oblong and vis-
cidulous bracts, 7-10-flowered : akeues clavate-obovate, obscurely angled : pappus about half
the length of the corolla, of 8 or 9 nearly equal thin spatulate paleu.- which are erosely fim-
briate quite down to their unguiculate base, deciduous. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 30. Sierra
Nevada in Kern Co. 1 California, at 9,800 feet, Ruthrock, no. 343. Apparently depauperate
or unseasonable specimens of a peculiar plant ; coll. Sept.
154. HtJLSEA, Torr. & Gray. (The late Dr. G. W. ffulse, U. S. Army.)
Herbs, of the Sierra Nevada and its continuations, viscid-pubescent and bal-
samic-scented, most of the species when young floccose-woolly ; with alternate
mostly sessile entire or dentate or pimiatifid leaves, and solitary or scattered large
heads of yellow flowers, or rays sometimes purple ; in summer. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 98*; Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 77, t, 13 ; Bot.. Calif, i. 385.
* More or less floccosc-WDolly when young, and denudate in age: upper leaves reduced in size and
bract-like on the naked flowering branches or peduncles : root perennial, or in the first species per-
haps biennial.
H. Californica, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Robust, 2 feet or more high, leafy, bearing several
paniculately disposed heads, when young whitened by long and soft loose wool : leaves
entire or nearly so ; lower spatulate or Ungulate, uppermost ovate-lanceolate to linear : invo-
lucre two-thirds inch high and broad ; its bracts very numerous, linear, gradually acute,
villose-lanate : rays very many, with linear ligule half-inch long : paleaj of the pappus quad-
rate-oblong and somewhat equal, or the two over the principal angles longer, erose-denticulate
at summit. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 386. S. California, in mountains of San Diego Co., Parry,
and (near Campo, June, 1880), Parish, G. R. Vasey.
H. vestita, GRAY. Commonly a foot or less high from a rosette of pannosely white-tomen-
tose spatulate leaves (either entire or lyrately dentate, tardily somewhat denudate) ; the
flowering stems sometimes scapiform and nionocephalous, commonly sparsely leaved below
and bearing two or three slender pedunculate heads : involucre half-inch high, of mostly
broadly lanceolate viscid-pubescent bracts : rays little surpassing the disk-flowers, sometimes
shorter, or even wanting, yellow or changing to reddish : pappus of conspicuous and silvery
quadrate erose-toothed paleas, either nearly equal or two rather longer. Proc. Am. Acad.
vi. 547, & Bot. Calif, i. 387. (Forms have been distributed under the names of //. Purri/i,
Gray, and //. callicarpha, S. Watson.) S. E. California; volcanic hill south of Mono Lake,
Brewer, low, scapiform, with large head. San Jacinto Mountain, San Diego Co., 1882,
Parish. Mohave country, San Bernardino Co., Parry, 1876, form with dentate or almost
pinnatifid leaves. Also a more leafy and branched form, 2 feet high, with more deciduous
wool and rather longer rays, Parish.
Blennosperma. COMPOSITE. 343
Var. pygIYJ.sea. Depressed, rising only 2 inches high, the hend subsessile in the tuft
of leaves : rays saffron or rose-colored. San Bernardino Co., on the summit of Greyback
Mountain, Lemmon, W. G. Wright, and Bear Valley, Parish.
H. algida, GRAY. A span or two high from a deep perennial rootstock, the villous or cot-
tony wool caducous, viscid pubescence remaining : stem simple, stout, terminated by a solitary
short-peduucled large head : leaves liuear-lingulate, irregularly dentate, sometimes with
large salient teeth; lower crowded (2 to 5 inches long, quarter to half inch wide), upper
gradually smaller and sparser : involucre almost inch high and broad ; its bracts linear,
attenuate-acute, lax, villose-lanate and viscid : rays very numerous, linear, nearly half-inch
long, yellow : pappus short, not exceeding the breadth of the akene, equalled by its hairs ;
the palere deeply fimbriate-lacerate. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 547, Bot. Calif, i. 386. Cali-
fornia, on the higher summits of the Sierra Nevada, from Mount l)ana southward, Brewer,
Bo/ander, Muir, on Mount Whitney up to 13,700 feet, Rothroi-k.
H. nana, GRAY. A span high from long branching rootstocks rising through volcanic ashes
and scoriae, villous-lanate when young, viscid-pubescent : leaves crowded around base of the
thickish (inch or two long, or sometimes very short) monocephalous peduncle, oblong spatu-
late, pinnatifid or incised, mostly tapering into a margined petiole: involucre half-inch or
more high, of lanceolate bracts : rays about 30, yellow, broadly linear, nearly half-inch long :
paleaj of the pappus (either broad or apparently splitting into narrower ones) usually longer
than the breadth of the akene, equalled by its villous hairs, incisely or fimbriately lacerate.
Facif. R. Rep. vi. 76, t. 13, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Volcanic peaks of the Cascade Mountains,
Oregon, Neirherri/, Cusick, to Washington Terr., Siiksdivf.
Var. Larseni, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. More woolly even in age, and leaves somewhat
scattered on the flowering stems, even up to the head : rays smaller. California, in vulcanic
ashes on peaks of northern part of the Sierra Nevada, such as Shasta and Lassen ; first coll.
bv Lemmon and Larsen.
* * Apparently quite destitute of floccose wool from the first, but with some long and soft many-
jointed and viscidulous hairs: stems mostly simple, equably leafy to the top, bearing solitary or
somewhat racemosely disposed short-pedunculate heads: palese of the pappus conspicuous,
oblong or narrower, the two over the angles longer.
H. heterochroma, GRAY. Rather stout, sometimes over 2 feet high from an annual root :
leaves oblong, saliently dentate : involucre two-thirds or three-fourths inch high, of linear-
lanceolate attenuate-acute bracts : rays very numerous, 3 or 4 lines long, rose-purple, some-
times inconspicuous or obsolete : tube of disk-corollas hirsute : shorter palea? of the pappus
truncate-lacerate. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3fi9, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, from the Yo-
semite, Bo/ander, to the mountains of San Bernardino Co., Lemmon, Parish.
H. brevifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Slender, a foot high from an annual or possibly perennial root, the
stem or simple branches bearing a solitary comparatively small and narrow head : leaves
small (the largest inch and a half long), spatulate-obloug, denticulate : involucre half-inch
high, of linear rather loose bracts : rays only 10 or 12, 3 or 4 lines long, light yellow : paleaj
of the pappus rather entire. California, along the Merced in and near the Yosemite
Valley, Bolander, &c.
155. TRICHOPTlLIUM, Gray. (0p& Tpi X * hair, and im'Aw, feather
or plumage, the pappus-palere feathery-dissected.) Single species, yellow-flow-
ered winter annual ; fl. spring.
T. incisum, GRAY. Diffusely branched, low and spreading, loosely floccose-woolly, also
somewhat pubescent and glandular : leaves oblong-rhomboidal or cuneate-lanceolate, incisely
and acutely dentate, alternate or the lower opposite : heads scarcely half-inch high, on slen-
der peduncles terminating stem and branches. Bot. Mex. Bound. 97, Pacif. R, Rep. v. t. 5,
& Bot. Calif, i. 395. Psatht/rotes t'ncisa, Gray, PI. Thnrb. 322. - Arid district of the
Mohave, Lower Colorado, and Gila, W. Arizona and S. E. California ; first coll. by Fremont.
156. BLENNOSPERMA, Less. (BAewz, mucus, a-n-ep/jLa, seed; the
akenes developing copious mucus when wetted; that is, the club-shaped papilla'
then swell up through imbibition, open at the apex, or. else split into two valves,
and emit a pair of uncoiling filaments of extreme tenuity, in the manner of
344 COMPOSITE. Blennosperma.
Crocidium, to which this anomalous genus is perhaps most related.) Low and
small annuals, of two species, one Chilian, the other Californian. Less. Syn.
267 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 272 ; Remy in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. t. 48 ; Benth. &
Hook. Gc.ii. ii. 404. Apalus^ DC. Prodr. v. 507. Coniolhele, DC. 1. c. 531.
B. Califoraicum, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A span or two high, at length diffusely branched,
glabrous or nearly so, with pedunculate heads terminating the branches: leaves alternate,
pinuatelv parted into narrowly linear usually entire lobes: heads a third to half inch in
diameter when expanded : flowers pale yellow, with ligules 2 or 3 lines long, or the alternate
ones sometimes destitute of corolla : disk-flowers shorter than the involucre : style-branches
of fertile flowers broad. Contofhele Califuniica, DC. Prodr. v. 531. Moist ground, Upper
Sacramento to San Diego, California : fl. summer ; first coll. by Douglas.
157. ACTINELLA, Pers., Nutt. (Changed from Actinea, from <W ? ,
ray.) Low herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants (all American) ; the herbage
usually impressed-punctate and often resinous-atomiferous, bitter-aromatic, gener-
erally Chamomile-scented ; leaves all alternate and narrow or with narrow lobes ;
the heads of yellow flowers commonly slender-pedunculate. Pers. Syn. ii. 469
(Actinea, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 425, t. 61, a S. American form, somewhat
approaching Helenium, but not to be combined with Cephalophora, which is a re-
duced rayless Heleniuni) ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 173, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser.
vii. 378 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 381 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 31. Hymenoxys,
Cass. Diet. Iv. 278 ; DC. Prodr. v. 661. Actinella, Hymenoxys, and a part of
Cephalopkora, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 413-415.
A. (Pr.ATEir.EMA) PALMERI, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 109, xix. 31, is an outlying species,
of Northern Mexico, remarkable for its few and broad and nearly herbaceous iuvolucral bracts,
convex receptacle, and truncate laciniate palece of the pappus.
1. ETACTINELLA. Involucre of numerous herbaceous or nearly membrana-
ceous (not rigid) nearly equal and similar bracts, distinct to the base: receptacle
obtusely conical or hemispherical : heads mostly solitary on long or scapiform
peduncles, rarely sessile in the cluster of leaves : rays inclined to persist and turn
pale : akenes silky-villous : pappus of 5 to 7 hyaline paleae. Gray, 1. c.
* Winter annual or at most biennial, caulescent, entire-leaved: receptacle conical.
A. linearifolia, TORR. GRAY. Slender, a span to a foot high, sometimes strict and nearly
simple, generally diffusely branched, villous-pubescent and glabrate : leaves linear or the
lowest somewhat spatulate : peduncles filiform, a span long: head 3 lines high: rays 4 linos
long: palccE of the pappus ovate, abruptly acuminatc-awned. Fl. ii. 3S3. Hi/menoxi/s
linearifolia, Hook. Ic. t. 146; DC. Prodr. vii. 243. Texas and borders of Louisiana, in
sandy soil ; first coll. by Drummond. (Adj. Mcx.)
* * Perennials, mostly with multicipital caudex, commonly Innate in the axils of the radical leaves.
-H- Leaves except in one form of the first fpecies quite entire, all on the crowns of the caudex,
whicii bear a simple scapiform peduncle (or none): receptacle obtusely or low conical: involucre
villous-lauate: paletc of the pappus hyaline from broadly ovate to oblong, mostly traversed by
an indistinct costa. and usually produced at apex into an awn: well-formed heads 4 to 6 lines
hi,4'li, and rays as long.
A. scaposa, NKTT. In the typical form somewhat like the preceding in aspect, especially
when leafy along the base of the scape, loosely villous and glabrate, rather sparsely cu?spitose,
the branches of the caudex being slender and often ascending : leaves linear to lanceolate or
some of the earlier ones spatulate, not rarely laciniate-lobed : scape a span to a foot high.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 382. Ceplialophom (Actinella) scaposa,
DC. Prodr. v. 663. Gai//(inl,'>f I!ti'iHtriitini, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 161. A. lantiyinoxti,
Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 459. Rocky prairies, &c., Texas to New Mexico ; first
coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.)
Actinetta. COMPOSITE. 345
Var. liliearis, NUTT. 1. c. Leaves all narrowly linear and entire, more rigid. Texas
to New Mexico, and the borders of Colorado : broader-leaved and dwarf er forms very like
glabrate A. acaulis. (Adj. Mex.)
A. acaulis, NUTT. Densely cespitose, the branches of the cauclex short, thick, and crowded,
canescently villous or sericeous, sometimes more naked : leaves thickish, all entire, from
spatulate to nearly linear, commonly short (half-inch to 2 inches long), densely crowded <>n
the caudex: scape half-inch to 6 inches high: rays 3 to 5 inches long (rarely wanting).
Gen. ii. 173 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 174. A. hnmtn, Nntt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., a loosely villous form. Galardia acmilts, Pnrsh,
Fl. ii. 743. Cephalophora (Actlnclla) acaulis, DC. 1. c. Rocky Mountains and the bordering
plains and hills, Dakota to Montana, and south to New Mexico, W. Nevada, and Arizona.
Passes into
Var. glabra, GRAY, Man. ed. 5, 2G3. Leaves green, spatulate-lincar, from sparingly
villous or glabrate to nearly glabrous, even to the base and axils. A. g/ubra & A. Twrey-
ana, Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 382. Rocky hills and bluffs, Wyoming Terr, to New
Mexico and Utah. Also ou an ancient mound at Joliet, Illinois, Scamion, W. Boott, prob-
ably adventive.
A. depressa, TORR. & GRAY. Pulvinate-cespitose : leaves densely crowded on the very
thick dense branches of the caudex, spatulate-linear, half-inch long, cither sericeous-canescent
or glabrate : head strictly sessile, immersed among the loug-villous bases of the leaves.
PI. Fendl. 100, with var. pygmaia, a diminutive silky-canescent form. Mountains of W.
Colorado or E. Utah, Fremont, Ward, and the small variety, Raton Mountains, Gordon.
Perhaps a state of A. acaulis.
-t -I Leaves all quite entire, crowded on the caudex, also scattered along (he simple or sparingly
branched steins : peduncles slender: heads, &c., of the preceding subdivision.
A. argeiltea, GRAY. Commonly rather stout, a span to a foot high, silvery-canescent with
apprcssed silky pubescence : lower leaves spatulate and oblanceolate, uppermost linear: heads
4 or 5 lines high and rays 5 or C lines long, but sometimes of less than half this size : pales;
of the pappus 5, from broadly ovate or obovate to oblong, with manifest costa produced into
an awn which usually about equals the disk-corolla. PI. Feiidl. 100; Rothrock in Wheeler
Rep. vi. 173. Hills of New Mexico; first coll. by Fendler.
A. leptoclada, GRAY. A span or two high, more slender, sparsely and more loosely silky-
vilkms, glabrate, the narrower (sometimes all iiarrow-liuear) leaves and lower part of the
stems not rarely glabrous: heads usually smaller than of the foregoing. I'acif. R. Rep.
iv. 107. New Mexico and S. W. Colorado to Arizona? Bigelow, AY-<V/r//, Brandegee, &c.
+ -I- 4 Leaves mostly parted or dissected into narrow linear lobes, crowded on the thick com-
paratively simple caudex and scattered on the short flowering stems: heads large: bracts of the
involucre herbaceous but very woolly, loose: receptacle hemispherical: paleic of the pappus
5 or 6, elongated-lanceolate, attenuate into a subulate but hardly awnecl point, somewhat shorter
than the disk-corolla.
A. Brandegei, T. C. PORTEE. Leaves glabrate, with 2 or 3 lobes toward the upper part,
or some entire, narrowly linear, only 2 or 3 on the somewhat seapiform simple flowering-
stem (of a span or more in height) : head therefore conspicuously pedunculate, half-inch
high and wide : involucral bracts lanceolate : rays 12 to 16, 3 or 4 lines long. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xiii. 373. A. fjrandijlora, var. glubnitit, Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 76.
Alpine region of the Sangre de Christo and adjacent mountains of S. Colorado, Parry
(1867), Brandegee, Gray & Hooker.
A. graildiflora, TORR. & GRAY. A span or two high, very stout, floccose-woolly, tardily
somewhat glabrate in age: stem simple or branching below, leafy: leaves with petiole
scarious-dilated at base, lower ones 2-3-ternately or quinately parted, upper with 3 to 5
simple lobes : involucre about an inch broad, very woolly ; its bracts linear : rays 30 or more,
over half-inch long: plants generally growing singly and the caudex ou a perpendicular
root, as if biennial. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. HO ; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiii. 240. -
Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains from Montana to Colorado ; first coll. by Fremont.
A. ciiRYSAXTHEMofDES and A. INSIGNIS, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 32, of Mexico (large
and tall species, with much divided leaves, and at most biennial roots), rank next to .1.
grandiflora.
346 COMPOSITE. Actinella.
^ 2. HYMTENOXYS. Involucre double or of two distinct series of coriaceous or
rigid erect bracts, the outer more commonly connate at base : leafy-stemmed
herbs; ours all with ray-flowers. Gray, PI. Feudl. 101, & Proc. Am. Acad.
xiii. 373, & xix. 32. Ifymaioxys, Cass. Diet. Iv. 278 (founded on a rayless
South Amer. species; DC. Prodr v. 6G1 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 415.
* Simple-stemmed and monocephalous or nearly so, perennial: pappus-palese elongated and
pointed.
A. Bigelovii, GRAY. Habit of A. leptochida, loosely woolly, tardily glabrate : stems strict
and slender, 6 to 15 inches high from an apparently multicipital candex, terminated by a
single long-pedunculate head, rarely with one or two branches : leaves all very narrowly
linear, rigid, not perceptibly punctate, some of them with a pair of subulate lobes, the others
quite entire : head half-inch high: involucre hemispherical; its bracts all lanceolate, acute,
coriaceous, about 12 in each series, distinct ; those of the inner a little longer, scarious-
margined, and attenuate-cuspidate : rays about 12, half-inch long: receptacle obtusely low-
conical : palere of the pappus about 10, subulate-lanceolate, nearly equalling disk-corolla, with
more or less evident costa, gradually attenuate into an aristiform cusp. PI. Wright, ii. 97,
& Bot. Mex. Bound. 99. Pine forests in the mountains of New Mexico, Bigeloiv, Neicberry,
Palmer, Greene.
* * Stems brandling above and bearing numerous or several heads.
4 Most of the leaves entire, some 3-cleft : pappus of about 5 broad and truncate palere.
A. Rusbyi, GRAY. Green and glabrous or nearly so : stems a foot or more high from a
lignescent perhaps biennial root, strict, fastigiately branched at summit into a cyme of many
small (3 lines high) heads: leaves rigid, linear; upper cauliue all entire; lower and the
long and narrow radical ones some entire, some 3-cleft : outer involucre shorter than inner,
of 7 or 8 thickish subulate-lanceolate coriaceous bracts, connate only at very base : ligules
2 or 3 lines long, quadrate : palcre of the pappus rather firm, quadrate or broadly cuneate
and truncate, without costa, not surpassing the proper tube of the disk-corolla. Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 33. Grassy slopes of the Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rushy.
4 -1 Leaves all or mostly 1 3-ternately parted.
w- Paleaj of the pappus oblong or roundish, pointless, mostly thin and hyaline: heads rather large:
outer involucre more or less cupulate: rays laciniate at apex: root apparently perennial.
A. Vaseyi, GEAY. Nearly glabrous, a foot high : leaves once or twice 3 parted into linear
lobes : heads rather numerous and fastigiately evmose : involucre narrowly campanulate,
4 lines high; outer nearly equalling the inner, united high up into a 7-9-toothed cup : palete
of the pappus oblong or broadly lanceolate, more or less obtuse, about half the length of the
disk-corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 219, xix. 33. Organ Mountains, New Mexico, G. R.
Vasey.
A. Cooperi, GRAY. Puberulent, 2 feet or more high, paniculately branched above and with
more scattered heads : lower leaves twice ternately or quiuately and the upper simply 3-5-
nately parted into (mostly inch long) nearly filiform lobes of hardly more width than the
rhachis : involucre almost hemispherical; outer of 6 to 10 bracts which are united only
toward the base : paleas of the pappus ovate or quadrate-oblong, with very obtuse erose sum-
mit, not half the length of the disk-corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 394, xix. 33.
H- -H- Pales of the pappus ovate to lanceolate, attenuate into a slender point or awn, fully half
the length of disk- corolla.
A. biennis, GRAY. Mostly stout and a foot or more high from a tap root, probably never
more than biennial, cincreor.s-puberulent, sometimes more hoary, sometimes green and gla-
brate : leaves simply 3-5-parted into narrow linear lobes : heads loosely cymose, hemi-
spherical : involucre about 4 lines high; bracts of its outer series 12 to 14, plane or barely
carinate-thickened at base, nearly distinct : rays about as many, half to full inch long when
well developed, narrowly cuneate : palcse of the pappus ovate-lanceolate, from acuminate to
cuspidate. Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 373; also part of A. Richardsonii, Bot. Calif, i. 394, &c.
A. Richardsonii, var. cancsccns, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 175, a hoary and dwarf form. Arid
mountain districts of Utah, Nevada, and on the borders of California and Arizona, \Vatson.
Ward, Lemmon, Palmer, &c.
Selenium. COMPOSITE. 347
A. Richardsonii, NUTT. A span to a foot high, in tufts from a multicipital perennial
caudex, obscurely puberulent or nearly glabrous, woolly in the axils of radical leaves, fas-
tigiately cymose, polycephalous : upper leaves mostly once and lower twice ternately parted
into long and simple filiform-linear lobes, rather rigid : involucre campanulate, 2 or 3 lines
high, 6-9-augled ; the 6 to 9 bracts of the outer strongly carinate, united for the lower quur-
ter or third : rays broadly or sometimes narrowly cuneate, 2 to 4 lines long : palete of the
pappus attenuate-acuminate. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 379; Tyrr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray,
PI. Fendl. 101, with var. floribunda, a tall and full-flowered form. Picradenia Richardsonii,
Hook. Fl. i. 317, 1. 108. Plains, Saskatchewan and E. Oregon to Utah and New Mexico.
A. odorata, GRAY. Diffuse and at length much branched from an annual root, a span to
2 feet high, with scattered small heads terminating leafy branches : leaves once to thrice
ternately parted into filiform lobes, not rigid : involucre campauulate, rigid ; outer of 7 or 8
oblong bracts, united at base: paleas of the pappus aristately attenuate. PI. Feudl. 101,
PI. Wright, i. 122, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 33. Hiimenoxys odorata, DC. Prodr. v. 661 ;
Deless. Ic. iv. t. 42. Pkilozera mnltiflora, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 459. Open
ground, Texas to S. California; also sparingly in Kansas, where it is probably naturalized.
(Mex.)
158. HELENIUM, L. SNEEZE-WEED. (Ancient Greek name of Ele-
campane, or some other plant, which was said to be named after the wise Helenus,
son of Priam.) N. American and Mexican herbs, erect, mediocre or tall ; witli
alternate simple leaves, which are sometimes decurrent, commonly resinous-atom-
iferous (therefore bitter-aromatic) and impressed-punctate, and with pedunculate
heads of usually yellow or occasionally brownish-tinged flowers, produced in sum-
mer or autumn. DC. Prodr. v. 667; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 413, with the
synonymy (except Amblyolepis, and adding Hecub(ca) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
ix. 202. Helenium, Leptopoda (Nutt.), and Jfecubcea, DC. Prodr., to which
Cephalophora (Cass.), 1, DC., should be added.
1. OXYLEPIS. Rays fertile, numerous, long and narrow: disk-corollas with
moderately long proper tube : pappus of elongated palere : bracts of the involucre
numerous in two series, tardily reflexed in fruit: leaves not decurrent on the
stem. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205. Dugaldea, Cass. Oxylepis, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 87.
H. Hoopesii, GRAY. Slightly tomentose or pubescent when young, soon glabrate : stem
stout, 1 to 3 feet high, from a strong perennial root, leafy, bearing several or sometimes
solitary large heads : leaves thickish, entire, oblong-lanceolate, or the lower spatulate with
long tapering base, somewhat nervose : rays becoming inch long, tardily reflexed : disk half
to three-fourths inch high, hemispherical: receptacle in fruit ovoid-hemispherical: paleas of
the pappus ovate-lanceolate, long attenuate-acuminate, a little shorter than the corolla.
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 65, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205, & Bot. Calif, i. 392. Kocky Moun-
tains, Montana to New Mexico, Arizona, and Sierra Nevada, California; first coll. by
Thomas Hoopes.
2. EUHELENIUM. Rays fertile (rarely sterile, occasionally wanting), with
cuneate or oblong soon drooping rays : disk-corollas with proper tube very short
or reduced to a mere ring : paleas of the pappus not dissected : involucre com-
paratively simple and small, of slender linear or subulate often unequal bracts,
soon reflexed : plants from glabrous to puberulent, leafy-stemmed, mostly branch-
ing. Gray, 1. c.
* Root annual : leaves all filiform-linear, not decurrent on the stem or branches.
H. tenuifolium, NUTT. Glabrous, slender, fastigiately much branched, very leafy up to
the slender peduncles : leaves mostly entire : rays often half-inch long, much surpassing the
globular disk : receptacle depressed-hemispherical (a line and a half in diameter): paleae of
348 COMPOSITE. Hclenium.
the pappus ovate, abruptly tipped with a longer awn which equals the villous akene and
is little shorter than the disk-corolla. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 66; Hook. Comp. Hot.
Mag. i. 98; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 385; Meelian, Native Fl. ii. t. 10. River bottoms, &c.,
Arkansas to Mississippi, Florida, and Texas : becoming a naturalized weed throughout
Southern Atlantic States.
Var. badium, GRAY. Disk dull purplish brown (instead of yellow) : lower leaves
sometimes pinnately parted, the radical into .short linear or even somewhat oblong entire or
few-toothed lobes. Proc. Am'. Acad. xviii. 108. Texas, E. Hall, Reverchon, Palmer.
* * Root annunl, or at most biennial: leaves broader, at least some of them decurrent and form-
ing wings on the stem and branches: rays in several species occasionally particolored with
brownish-red.
H Pale:e of the pappus obtuse or at least pointless, destitute of costa.
-H- Rays present : disk and receptacle in fruit elongated.
H. quadridentatum, LABILL. Loosely paniculate: lower leaves incisely pinnatifid ;
upper lanceolate, entire : heads with oval disk becoming oblong, half-inch long, surpassing
the rays : receptacle cylindraceous-oblong : disk-corollas more commonly 4-toothed : pappus
of very short roundish-oval palerc. Act. Soc. Nat. Hist. Par. i. 22, t. 4; Lam. 111. t. 688;
Liudl. Bot. Reg. t. 598 ; DC. Prodr. v. 666. H. quadnpartitum. Link, Enum. ii. 338 ? Rurl-
beckia alata, Jacq. Ic. liar. t. 593. Tctrodns quadridentatus, Cass. Diet. Iv. 272. Low
ground, Carolina to Texas, near the coast ; adventive in ballast-heaps to Philadelphia.
(Mex.)
-H- -H- Rays present : disk globular.
H. elegans, DC. Strict, slender : leaves narrowly lanceolate and entire, or lowermost
broader and sometimes slightly toothed: heads of the smallest (2 or 3 lines high), with
brownish or purplish disk, equalled or surpassed by the pure yellow or particolored or some-
times largely brownish-purple rays : receptacle barely hemispherical : pappus minute, the
roundish-ovate paleae decidedly shorter than the breadth of the akeue. Prodr. v. 667. //.
microcephalum, var. bicolor, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 385. H. microcephalum, Curtiss, distrib.
1513. Moist ground, W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll. by Bcrlandier. (Adj. Mex.)
H. microcephalum, DC. Freely branching: leaves lanceolate or oblong, the lower den-
ticulate or repand-toothed : heads with yellow or fuscous disk (3 or 4 lines high) much sur-
passing or sometimes equalled by the rays : receptacle conical-ovate : palerc of the pappus
ovate, short, but nearly half the length of the akeue. Prodr. v. 667; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 202, in part. //. heterophyttum, DC. 1. c. as to Beiiand. 2113 from Revnosa, not of
char. //. Tt.rdiniin, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 460, to which aristate pappus is
wrongly assigned. Moist ground, Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex.)
H. amphibolum, GRAY. Stouter, freely branching : upper leaves lanceolate to linear and
entire; lower varying to oblong and toothed or laeiniate-pinnatifid : heads with fuscous-
purplish globose disk (3 or 4 lines in diameter), equalled or surpassed by the yellow rays:
receptacle more than hemispherical: palere of the pappus roundish and very small, as in
H. elegans. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 202. II. Me.ricaninn, DC. Prodr. v. 666, by the char.,
not HBK. Southern borders of Texas, on the Rio Grande, at Presidio and Eagle Pass,
Havard. (Adj. Mex.)
H. oodinium, GRAY. Freely branching, rather stout : leaves lanceolate, usually more or
less dentate or denticulate : heads with yellowish and fuscous ovate-globose disk (5 or 6 or
rarely 4 lines high), longer than the yellow rays : receptacle ovoid-conical (acutish or obtuse) :
palens of the pappus comparatively large, ovate, obtuse, often almost the length of the akene,
sometimes with traces of a costa or of a mucro. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 202. Southern
borders of Texas, along the Rio Grande, at Presidio and (with smaller heads) at Eagle Pass,
Ilavard. (Northern Mex.)
H- -H- -H- Rayless.
H. Thurberi, GRAY. Slender, puberulent, freely branched, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves mostly
linear-lanceolate, entire, the lowest broader and denticulate or rarely laciuiate : heads glo-
bose-ovoid, 3 or 4 lines high, fuscous: receptacle relatively large, broadly ovate: pappus of
ovate obtuse palese, about one third the length of the corolla and of the akene. Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 32. S. Arizona, Coulter (359, distributed as of California), Thurber (wrongly
referred to 77. pubendum in Bot. Mex. Bound.), Pringle, Lemmon.
Hdcnium. COMPOSITE. 349
H -) Palea? of the pappus acuminate, mucronately cuspidate, or awned, the costa commonly
manifest: heads with globose disk and semi- or sub-globose receptacle: herbage puberulent.
H. MEXICX.NUM, HBK. (//. rarium, Schracler), by some said to be perennial, has palere of
the pappus from apiculate to aristellate-acuminate. To it may belong Coulter's no. 357 (speci-
men too incomplete), ticketed "California," but probably belonging to his Mexican collection.
H. puberulum, DC. Mostly tall, freely branching, and witL long monocephalous pe-
duncles : leaves lanceolate or the lower broader, all entire : heads about half-inch in diameter :
rays one, two, or sometimes three lines long, equalling or exceeding the small involucre,
rarely obsolete : paleoe of the pappus ovate, short-awned, not half the length of the corolla.
Proclr. v. 667 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 385 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 393. H. pubescens, Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. 355, not Ait. //. Califarnicum, Link. Ind. Sem. Berol. 1840? H. decurrens,
Vatke, Ind. Sem. Berol. 1875. H. ]\J erica mi in, Gray, Pacif. E. Rep. iv. 107, probably.
Cephalophora decurrens, Less, in Linn. vi. 517; DC. Prodr. v. 663. Moist or wet ground,
California, common.
H. laciniatum, GRAY. A foot or two high, more cinereous: leaves lanceolate or linear,
piunatifid-dentate or laciniate, or the upper entire : heads 4 or 5 lines in diameter : rays as
in the preceding : involucre commonly more conspicuous : palese of the pappus more than
half the length of the corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 203, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. S. E. Cali-
fornia and adjacent Arizona, Coulter, c. (Adj. Mex.)
* * * Root perennial : rays sterile, either neutral or with abortive style and akene : ligules equal-
ling or exceeding the globular disk : receptacle ovate : leaves mostly narrowly decurrent on the
stem and branches: palere of the pappus aristate-acurniuate, hardly half the length of the disk-
corolla : heads on short slender peduncles.
H, nud.iil6ru.in, NUTT. Somewhat puberulent, 1 to 3 feet high, with leafy branches and
corymbosely disposed heads : leaves from narrowly lanceolate to oblong, entire, or the radi-
cal obovate or spatulate and dentate : rays half to three-fourths inch long, either pure yellow
or partly (sometimes wholly) brown-purple, once or twice the length of the brownish or
purplish disk: receptacle ovate, in age acutish, but sometimes rounder and very obtuse.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 203, excl. syn. H. parviflarum. H. midiflorum & //. micranthum,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 384. //. quadridentatum, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 98.
H. atropurpureum, Kuuth, Ind. Sem. Berol. 1845, 21, purple-rayed state. H. Seminariense,
Featherman in Louisiana Univ. Rep. 1871. Leptupodu brachypoda, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 388 ;
Curtiss, distrib., a very slender and small-rayed form. Low ground, N. Carolina and Illi-
nois to Arkansas and Texas ; and naturalized eastward. Hybridizes with //. autumnale.
H. parviflorum, NUTT. 1. c. Glabrate or glabrous, much branched and with scattered
small heads : leaves broadly lanceolate, with contracted base, sparingly denticulate, very
narrowly decurreut on the branches : disk and rays yellow, the former 3 or 4 lines in di-
ameter ; the latter 3 to 5 lines long, styliferous : receptacle short-ovate. Georgia, Nnttu/1.
(a specimen named by him is ticketed Alabama) ; in a swamp near Macon, J. Dminc/f Smith.
Seemingly quite distinct. Simple-stemmed and low specimens with larger heads, Delaware
Co., Penn., verge rather to H. autumnale.
* * * * Root perennial: rays fertile and conspicuous: stem or branches more or less winged
by the decurrent leaves: receptacle from half to two-thirds spherical: pappus with the palere
acuminate-aristate, not rarely somewhat lacerate or with one or two setifonn teeth.
-1 Heads corymbose at summit of very leafy stem and branches; the disk globose: leaves mostly
serrate or denticulate: flowering late.
H. autumnale, L. Nearly glabrous or minutely pubescent : stem narrowly winged, 2 to 6
feet high: leaves lanceolate to ovate-oblong: heads about half-inch in diameter, usually
equalled by the rays: pappus commonly half or two-thirds the length of disk-corolla. -
Spec. ii. 866 ; Lam. HI. t. 688 ; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 250 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. t. 26 ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 2994 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 384. H. lonf/ifotium, Smith in Rees Cycl. //. pumilum,
Willd. Enum. Suppl. 60, may be a common dwarf form. H. pnlescens, Ait. Kew. iii. 287.
//. canaliculatum, Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. ii. 213, t. 35, & //. tnlntlifnrum, DC. Prodr. v. 666, a
state with tubulose ligules. H. altissimum & If. co/iiuuttatum, Link, Ind. Sem. Berol. 1840.
H. (jrandiflorum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 384, larger-flowered form. //. montanum,
Nutt. 1. c. Wet ground, Canada to Georgia, Texas, and westward to Brit. Columbia and
Arizona ; the var. grandi [florum, with rays three-fourths inch long, only in the northwest.
350 COMPOSITE. Helenium.
-1 -t Heads solitary or few on long (sometimes foot long) peduncles, terminating the stem or
lax branches; disk depressed-globose or almost hemispherical: leaves en ire.
FT. Bigelovii, GRAY. Almost glabrous : stem simple or loosely branched, 2 or 3 feet high :
leaves from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate, the radical oblong-spatulate. elongated : pedun-
cles mostly slender : disk of the head three-fourths globose at maturity, two-thirds to three-
fourths inch in diameter, equalled by the rays : palese of the pappus ovate-lanceolate or
subulate and awn-pointed, considerably shorter than the corolla. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 107,
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205, & Bot. Calif, i. 39.3. Wet ground, California, not rare from Lake
Co. to San Bernardino Co. ; first coll. by Biyelow.
H. Bolanderi, GRAY. Somewhat furfuraceous-pubescent : stems stout, often simple, 1 or 2
feet high : leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, or lowest obovate : peduncles thick, commonly
upwardly enlarged and fistulous : disk of the head decidedly broader than high, inch or
more wide : rays often inch long : paleae of pappus lanceolate or subulate, with slender
awn, almost equalling disk-corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 358, ix. 204, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
Low grounds near the coast, northeastern part of California, Bolander, &c.
3. LEPTOPODA. Rays neutral, very numerous, mostly surpassing the linear
bracts of the involucre, cuneate, 3-5-cleft, yellow, as are also mostly the flowers
of the broad disk : pappus of thin-scarious wholly nerveless sometimes lacerate or
fimbriate palea3 : simple-stemmed perennials (sometimes biennials ?), from slender
or filiform rootstocks ; virgate stem continued into an unusually long solitary
peduncle, the apex of which is mostly turbinate-thickened under the large and
broad head : leaves narrowly or not at all decurrent. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
ix. 204. Leptopoda, Nutt. Gen. ii. 174; Ell. Sk. ii. 445; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
386, excl. 2.
* Receptacle ovate-conical and the disk semi- to sub-globose: involucre soon reflexed and the rays
(over half-inch long) drooping in the manner of Euhe lenium : nearly glabrous, with somewhat
elongated-lanceolate mostly entire cauline leaves, but no conspicuous radical tuft: akenes more
or less hairy on the ribs.
H. Curtisii, GRAY. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high : disk of the head half-inch in diameter,
surpassed by the rays : paleiB of the pappus almost entire, obovate, muticous, about one
third the length of the disk-corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Leptopoda integrifolia, M. A.
Curtis in Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 387, under L. brevifolia, var. Near Raleigh, N. Carolina,
M. A. Curtis.
H. fimbriatum, GRAY, I.e. Less slender: disk two-thirds or three-fourths inch broad,
equalled by the rays : paleze of the pappus broad, dissected from summit to beyond the
middle into many capillary bristles. Gaillardia Jimbriata, Michx. Fl. ii. 142. Leptopoda
fimbriata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. Low pine barrens, Florida and Texas.
* * Receptacle and disk depressed-hemispherical or flatter: involucre and rays merely horizontal
or tardily recurved : flowering stem usually from a rosulate cluster of radical leaves: cauline
leaves gradually diminished upward, the uppermost usually bracteiform and subulate, all some-
what fleshy.
"FT. Nuttallii, GRAY, 1. c. A foot or more high, -with nearly the foliage of the preceding
and head of the following : ovary and akene glabrous and glandular-atomiferous : paleas of
the pappus oval or oblong, more or less erose or lacerate, muticous, or some of them aristel-
late. Leptopoda Helenium, Nutt. Gen. ii. 174, excl. syn.? L. denticulata, Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 372. L. decnrrens, Macbride in Ell. Sk. ii. 446, form with denticulate leaves.
Damp ground, S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. incisum, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves incised or sinuate-pinnatifid in the manner of the
following. Leptopoda incisa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 387. Georgia, Le Contc.
H. vernale, WALT. Somewhat puberulent or tomentulose and viscidulous, a foot or two
high : principal leaves in a radical tuft, spatulate-lanceolate or narrower, 4 to 6 inches long,
from repand-denticnlate to incisely pinnatifid ; upper cauline small, linear-subulate and
bract-like : disk of the head two-thirds or three-fourths inch broad, yellow : akenes pubes-
cent : palese of the pappus obovate or spatulate, with la<-erat,e or fimbriolate-toothed summit.
Walt. Car. 210; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 205. Leptopuda jjuiivrula, Macbride in Ell.
Gaillardia. COMPOSITE. 351
1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., with var. pinnatifida. L. pinnatifida, Schweinitz ; Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Pine barren swamps, N. Carolina to Florida.
H. brevifolium, GRAY, 1. c. More glabrous: leaves shorter and entire or nearly so, lower
and radical spatulate : head smaller, with brownish or purplish disk : akenes pubescent :
paleas of the pappus nearly entire. Leptopoda brevifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. var. Pine barren swamps, N. Carolina to Alabama.
159. AMBLY6LEPIS, DC. (Composed of d/^Av's, blunt, and Ari S ,
scale ; from the pappus.) Prodr. v. 667. Single species, exhaling the odor
of Melilot in drying : fl. all summer.
A. setigera, DC. 1. c. Annual, a foot or so high, sometimes glabrous and very smooth,
sometimes villous with very long hairs rising from minute papilla, especially along the
margins of the leaves : stem loosely branching below, terminated by long monocephalous
peduncles : leaves membranaceous, bright green, entire ; radical oblong-spatulate with long
tapering base ; cauline oblong or ovate, with rounded or subcordate half-clasping base and
mucronate-acumiuate tip : head large : flowers all golden yellow : rays almost inch long,
3-4-lobed : paleas of the pappus 5, about half the length of the akene, broadly ovate, silvery-
scarious, entire and nerveless, very obtuse, or in some outer flowers short-acuminate. Gray,
PI. Wright, i. 121. Prairies of Texas; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
160. GAILLARDIA, Fougeroux. (M. Gaillard de Merentonneau.} -
N. American herbs (and one extra-trop. S. Arner.), chiefly of the Atlantic side ;
with alternate sometimes resinous-atomiferous and impressed-punctate leaves, and
ample and showy Scabious-like heads on terminal or sometimes scapiform pedun-
cles ; the flowers often fragrant, yellow or reddish-purple; in summer. -- Mem.
Acad. Sci. Par. 1786, 5, t. 1, 2; DC. Prodr. v. 651 ; J. Gay in Ann. Sci. Nat.
ser. 2, xii. 56. Galardia, Lam. Diet. ii. (1786), 590, & 111. t. 708 ; Michx. Fl. ii.
142; Nutt. Gen. ii. 175. Calonea, Buchoz, Ic. (1786), t. 126, ex DC. Vir-
gilia, L'Her. & Smith, not Lam. Guntheria, Spreng. Syst. iii. 356.
1. Style-branches tipped with short (in ours naked) appendage of only once
to thrice the length of the penicillate tuft : lobes of disk-corolla short and obtuse :
rays sometimes fertile, often none : akenes villous all over : winter annuals or ut
most biennials. -- Guntheria, Spreng. Syst. iii. 356, 449, and Cercostyh's, Less.
Syn. 239 ; an extra-tropical S. American species. Agassizia, Gray & Engelm.
Proc. Am. Acad. i. 50, & Jour. Bot. Nat, Hist. vi. 229.
G. COMOSA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 109, xix. 34, of Coahuila, Mexico, is a third spe-
cies of this section : it has truly fertile rays, exceedingly long hairs to the akene which nearly
cover the short-awned pappus and at length almost equal the disk-corolla, and very short soft
fimbnllai to the receptacle ; the head on a naked scape.
G. simplex, SCHEELE. Leaves all in a radical cluster or a few near the base of the simple
(foot or two long) monocephalous scape, commonly spatulate, from piimatifid to coarsely
dentate or some entire: head globose in fruit: involucre of about 2 series of short and
narrow bracts : flowers heliotrope-scented : rays none or imperfect and irregular and s(\ lil'cr-
ous, or but few fully developed and neutral: villous hairs of the akene little surpassing the
base of the large paleae of the pappus, these 6 to 11, their slender awns at length surpassing
disk-corolla. Scheele in Linn. xxii. 160. G. tnlereulald, Scheele, 1. c. 349, is apparently the
subcaulescent and more radiate form. Arjassizia suavis, Gray & Engelm. 1. c. Rocky
prairies of Texas ; first coll. by Lindheimer and Wright.
2. Style-branches tipped with a long hispid or hispidulous filiform append-
age : rays neutral, in first species sometimes wanting. Gaillardia, Foug.,
DC., &c.
352 COMPOSITE. Gaillardia.
# More or less pubescent or hirsute with many-jointed hairs, leafy-stemmed : leaves not coriaceous :
bracts of the involucre ^at least the outer and larger) mainly foliaceous and spreading, la, ceo-
late or narrower: disk-flowers apt to turn brown or dark-purple: villous hairs covering the
akene mainly at. its base or below the broad summit: palese of the pappus slender-awned.
-t FimbrilUe of the receptacle obsolete or reduced to very short soft teeth : corolla-lobes caudately
acuminate from a short bvoadish base.
G. lanceolata, MICHX. Minutely or somewhat cinereously pubescent, not hirsute, about
2 feet high from an annual or perhaps perennial root, virgately branched : leaves rather
small, from spatulate-lanceolate to linear, entire or slightly or sparsely serrate : outer bracts
of the involucre lax and herbaceous to the base : rays rather few and sparse, half or two-
thirds inch long, 3-cleft into narrow lobes and with slender tapering base, sometimes obsolete
or wanting : flowers sweet-scented : the disk commonly dark and the rays yellow or copper-
colored with dark veins. Fl. ii. 142; Gray, 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 365, not DC.
G alar dia bico/ur, Pursh, Fl. ii. 572 (excl. syn. and it cannot be Leysera Caroliniana, Walt.) ;
Nutt. 1. c. ; Ell. Sk. ii. 449. Poh/ptcris interji-ifolia, DC. Prodr. v. 659, excl. syu. Dry pine
barrens, S. Carolina to Florida, Kansas, and Texas.
i -) Fimbrillae of the receptacle setiform or subulate-aristiform, mostly surpassing the akenes.
H- Lobes or teeth of disk -corolla subulate-acute and usually tipped with a seta or cusp, externally
beset with long and beaded hairs : rays usually numerous and when well developed contiguous
or overlapping, short-cuneate at base: pappus aristate even iu the ray-flowers: bracts of invo-
lucre callous at base, more or less hirsute, as also the herbage.
G. aristata, PURSH. Perennial ; often 2 feet or more high : leaves of firm texture, lanceo-
late or broader, or lower spatulate, from entire to laciniate-dentate or siuuate-piunatifid :
rays all yellow, iu the largest heads inch and a half loug : setiform fimbrillae sometimes little
shorter than disk-corollas. Fl. ii. 573; Liudl. Bot. Reg. t. 1186; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2940,
& Fl. i. 315 ; DC. Prodr. v. 652 ; Gay, 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. G. bicolor, Hook. Fl. 1. c.,
excl. syn. G. bico/or, var. aristata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 175; Hook. Bot. Mag. sub t. 3368.
G. 7-ustica, Cass. Diet, xviii. 20; Desf. Cat. G. lanceolata, DC. 1. c., excl. syn. Plains,
Saskatchewan to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, south to S. Colorado, New Mexico, and even
the borders of California '?
G. pulchella, Fouo. 1. c. Annual, a foot or less high, diffusely branched at base : leaves
softer, from entire to pinnatifid : rays two-colored, lower part red-purple or darker, the upper
or teeth yellow, at most inch long : lobes of disk-corolla more attenuate : fimbrillae rather
stouter, hardly surpassing the mature akenes. Cass. Diet, xviii. 19; DC. 1. c. ; Gay, 1. c. ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. G. bicolor, Lam. Diet. ii. 590, & 111. t. 708; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1602 (as
to figure) ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3551 (var. Drummondii, integerrima). G. Drummondii, DC.
Prodr. v. 652. Virgilia helioidas, L'Her. ; Smith. Exot. Bot. i. t. 37. Plains, Louisiana,
Arkansas, and Texas to Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. picta. Form with somewhat succulent leaves, when growing near the sea-shore :
nmbrillae of the receptacle shorter and stouter, more or less subulate. G. bicolor, var. Drum-
mondii, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3368. G. picta, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 267 ; Gay, 1. c.
Texas, in low grounds. Common in gardens.
w- -M- Teeth of the disk-corolla short and broad, obtuse, pointless or obscurely apiculate : invo-
lucre more or less callous at base.
= Akenes destitute of villous hairs (glabrous or glabrate) at the upper part, and not overtopped
by the basal villi : nmbrill* of the receptacle setiform, equalling or surpassing the akeues : leaves
undivided.
G. amblyodon, GAY. Annual, a foot or two high, leafy to the top, mostly hirsute : leaves
oblong or the lower spatulate, all sessile by an auriculate base, denticulate or the upper
entire: bracts of the involucre hirsute-ciliate, outer with conspicuous erect callous base;
rays numerous and contiguous, oblong-cuneate, throughout brownish red or maroon-color, an
inch or less long: ray-pappus awuless. Ann. Sci. Nat. I.e.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 367 ;
Gray, Chloris Am. Bor. (Mem. Am. Acad. iii.) 32, t. 4; Meehan, Nat. Fl. ii. t. 46. Sandy
prairies of Texas; first coll. by Druinmond.
G. Mexicana, GRAY. A foot or less high from a perennial root, with the habit of G. lan-
ceolata, minutely pubescent, naked above, with long rather rigid peduncles : leaves lanceolate,
rather small, entire, or ths lowest cauliue and radical sparingly dentate or laciuiate : head
Flaveria. COMPOSITE. 353
rather small (disk barely half-inch in diameter): rays rather sparse and narrow, half-inch
or less long, yellow and brownish : teeth of disk-corolla oblong : akeues with rather short
and scanty villosity, surpassed by the numerous setiform fimbrillte. Proc. Am. Acad. xix.
34. G. pulchella, var., Gray, PI. Wriglit. i. 120, along with plants mentioned as G. lanceo-
lata. Hills of the Rio Trio, S. \V. Texas, Wr'ujhL (Adj. Mex. to San Luis.)
= = Akenes densely long-villous all over: fimbrillae subulate-setaceous: rays yellow: pedun-
cles scapifonn or from short leafy stems, 5 to 10 inches lung: some or even all the leaves pin-
natifid, but very variable.
G. pinnatifida, TOUR. Perennial, cinereous-pubescent : leaves sometimes linear or with
linear lobes, sometimes spatulate and sinuate or even entire: pappus-paleas lanceolate.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 214; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Plains, W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona;
first coll. by James. (Adj. Mex.)
G. Arizonica. Annual, greener : leaves less frequently pinnatifid and with only oblong
lobes : pappus-paleee obovate-obloug, very obtuse or retuse. High plains of S. Utah and
Arizona, Palmer, Parry, Greene, Pringle. Has been confounded with the preceding.
* * Glabrous or nearly so, thick-leaved, impressed-punctate, low, perennial from a stout multi-
cipital caudex: rays and disk-flowers both yellow: bracts of involucre more coriaceous, mostly
ovate or oblong and with short herbaceous tips: teeth of disk-corolla short, ovate, obtuse:
akenes moderately villous all over.
G. Spatliulata, GRAY. Hardly afoot high, leafy-stemmed, branched from the base : leaves
spatulate, entire, inch long, uppermost gradually smaller : head barely half-inch in diameter :
rays few and small : pappus with awns surpassing disk-corolla : fimbrillo: setaceous-attenuate,
shorter than the akenes. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 59. Rabbit Valley, Utah, Ward.
G. acaulis, GRAY. Leaves all clustered on the thick caudex, ovate and obovate, somewhat
spatulate, contracted into slender petioles, entire or sparingly dentate : scapes a span to a
foot high : head larger : rays more numerous, over half-inch long, rather narrow and with
narrow lobes: pappus with short awns not equalling the disk-corolla: fimbrillae subulate,
shorter than the akenes. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 73. S. W. Utah and adjacent Arizona, at
Mokiak Pass, c., Parry, Palmer.
161. SARTWELLIA, Gray. (In honor, now in memory, of Dr.
P. Sartwell.) Annuals (of the Texano-Mexican border), glabrous, a foot or two
high, leafy, fastigiately branched, and bearing very numerous small heads (only
2 lines high) of yellow flowers in corymbiform cymes ; the leaves all narrowly
linear or filiform, entire, rather fleshy, opposite, slightly connate at base. PI.
Wright, i. 122, t. 6, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 34. Two species.
S. Flaverise, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves nearly filiform : pappus a truncate cupule. S. W. Texas,
on the Pecos, &c., Wright, Tliurber, Havard.
S. MEXICANA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 107, xix. 34 (coll. Palmer in Northern Mexico),
has less filiform leaves, and a pappus of nearly distinct paleae, with which as many longer delicate
awns alternate.
162. FLAVERIA, Juss. (From. flavus, yellow; plants used to dye yel-
low.) Glabrous herbs (mainly tropical- American), mostly annuals ; with small
and fascicled or glomerate heads of yellowish or yellow flowers, and opposite
sessile leaves, the broader ones 3-nerved. Akenes mostly smooth and glabrous.
Gen. 186; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 409. Flaveria & Broteroa (Brotcra,
Spreng.), DC. Prodr. v. 635. Vermifuga, Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. 114, t. 24.
1. Involucre 4-1 5-flowered, composed of 3 to 5 principal bracts.
* Heads more or less clustered in broad and open naked-pedunculate compound terminal corymbi-
form cymes : leaves somewhat fleshy : involucre of 5 bracts : corollas except in the last species
nearly or quite glabrous.
F. chloreefolia, GRAY. Glaucous, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves entire, from ovate-oblong to
lanceolate, broadest (half to fully an inch broad) and connate or connate-perfoliate at base:
23
354 COMPOSITE. Flaveria.
heads about 12-flowered, 3 lines long : no ray. (A few flowers once seen with a pap-
pus of 4 thin paleaj!) PI. Fendl. 88, & PI. Wright. 114. Low grounds, on and near
the Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, Wright, Parry, Biydow. (Adj. Mex., Wislizenus, Gregg,
Palmer.}
F. longifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Rather stout, 1 to 3 feet high, pale: leaves from linear to lance-
olate, broadest or not narrowed at the closely sessile base, 2 to 5 inches long, entire or with
rare spinulose denticnlations : heads in very ample cymes, 10-15-rlowered, often 3 lines
long: no ray: bracts of the involucre broad. Gymnospermal oppositifolium, DC. Prodr.
v. 312. Not yet found on the Texan side of the Rio Grande. (Adj. Mex.)
F. linearis, LAG. Rather slender, a foot or two high : leaves from narrowly linear to
lanceolate, or sometimes lower oblong-lanceolate (and inch broad), all contracted above the
somewhat connate bases, sometimes denticulate : heads smaller and more glomerate, 5-8-
flowered, commonly uniligulate. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 33; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 3GO. F.ma-
ritima, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 285. F. teii/ii/'olin, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 81.
Selloa nudata, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 300 ; therefore Gymnosperma nudatum, DC. Prodr.
v. 312. Coast and Keys of S. Florida; first coll. by Ware. (Cuba & Bahamas.)
* * Heads in closer subsessile or short-pedunculate or fol lose-in volucrate chiefly terminal glomer-
ules: involucre of mostly 3 bracts, narrow, 3-5-flowered or some only 2-flowered, commonly
uniligulate: disk-corollas sparsely hirsute at base.
F. angustif 61ia, PERS. Erect, a foot or two high : leaves from linear to lanceolate, serru-
late or entire, lightly 3-nerved, sessile by broadish or little contracted base : ligule somewhat
exceeding the disk. Syn. ii. 489 ; DC. Prodr. v. 635 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 88. Miller ia angusti-
folia, Cav. Ic. iii. 12, t. 223. Alkaline ground, S. W. Texas to E. Colorado and New
Mexico. (Mex.)
F. CONTRAYERBA, Pers., is S. American, spreading to W. Indies, and possibly to within our
borders, has mostly oblong-lanceolate leaves contracted at base and conspicuously 3-uerved,
more glomerate heads, and ligule not exceeding the disk or wanting.
2. Involucre 1 -2-flowered, of 1 to 3 unequal bracts : heads densely glomer-
ate. Broteroa, DC., corrected from JBrotera, Spreng. in Schrad. Jour. Bot. (1800),
ii. 186, t. 5.
F. repanda, LAG. 1. c. Divergently branched annual: leaves obovate to oblong-lanceolate
with narrowed petiole-like base, strongly 3-uerved, acutely serrate : glomerules of many con-
fluent heads, sessile in the forks and iuvolucrate at end of the branches, outermost heads
commonly of a single short-ligulate flower. F. Contrayerba, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 114, not
Pers. Brotera Contrayerba, Spreng. 1. c. B. trinervata, Pers. Syn. ii. 498. B. Sprengelii,
Cass. Diet, xxxiv. 304. Naxenbergia trinervata, Willd. Spec. iii. 2393. Broteroa trinervata,
DC. Prodr. v. 636. S. W. borders of Texas, Wriglit. (Mex., &c.)
163. POBOPH^LLUM, Vaill. (Ildpos, a passage or pore, <u'AAov, leaf,
the foliage or involucre appearing as if punctate on account of the translucent
oil-glands.) Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants (of the warmer parts of America),
usually glaucous ; with alternate or opposite undivided leaves, and pedunculate
heads of yellow or purplish flowers. Oil-glands present in the involucre when
wanting in the leaves, in the form of dots or stripes. L. Hort. Cliff. 494;
Adans. Fam. ii. 122; DC. Prodr. v. G47, excl. 2, 3. Itfeinia, Jacq. Stirp. Am.
215, t. 127, not L.
* Annual, with bread crenate-repand leaves on slender petioles : bracts of cylindrical involucre
5: corollas purplish, with tiliform tube several times longer than the throat and limb: akenes
filiform or slender-fusiform.
P. macrocephalum, DC. A foot or two high : leaves roundish-oval to oblong (or some
of the lowest narrower), about the length of the petiole: peduncles enlarged above, clavate
and fistulous : head inch long : bracts of involucre obtuse : akeues much longer than the
pappus. Prodr. v. 468; Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 93. Rocky hills and ravines, Arizona,
Wright, T/turber, &c. (Mex.) "
Dysodia. COMPOSITE. 355
# * Perennial (as to N. American species), with narrow entire sessile leaves, glaucescent, much
branched, 1 to 3 feet high.
P. gracile, BENTH. Lignescent at base, with slender striate branches : odor pungent, "Fen-
nel-like " : leaves narrowly linear with tapering base, or uppermost filiform or subulate, or all
filiform : involucre cylindraceons, half-inch long ; its bracts 5, oblong or linear-oblong, obtuse,
scarious-margiued, often slightly purple-tinged : corollas dull white and purple, with tube as
long as the iiarrowish throat and short triangular-lanceolate lobes : akeues attenuate at apex,
rather longer than the pappus. Bot. Sulph. 29 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 399. P. Greggii, Gray,
PI. Wright, i. 120, in part, & ii. 94. Arid plains, S. W. Texas to San Diego Co., California.
(Lower Calif., Adj. Mex.)
P. SCOpariuin, GRAY. Shrubby at base, with slender rush-like branches: leaves thick and
firm, linear-subulate and filiform, narrow at base, mucronate-apiculate : involucre campanu-
late, 4 or 5 lines high, of 7 to 9 broadly lanceolate greenish bracts, one third to half shorter
than the mature pappus : corollas yellow, with very short obtuse teeth, and narrow throat
much longer than the proper tube (i. e. below the insertion of the stamens) : akenes not at-
tenuate at apex, fully equalled by the pappus. PI. Wright, i. 120, ii. 94, & Proc. Am. Acad.
xviii. 108. P. Grt'</(/ii, Gray, PI. Wright. 1. c., as to pi. Gregg, a stouter form. Rocky
banks and plains, S. W. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by Wright. W. borders of
Texas, Havard. (Adj. Mex.)
P. AMPLEXiCAtJLE, Engelm. in PI. Wright. 1. c., of adjacent Mexico, is stouter, less branched,
with solitary and larger heads, and fleshy-coriaceous leaves lanceolate, tapering from a partly
clasping base, all but the uppermost opposite : bracts of the involucre 8 to 10, half-inch long.
164. CHBYSACTlNIA, Gray. (Xpwo's, gold, <Ws, ray, from the
golden yellow rays, which distinguish the genus from the preceding.) PL Fendl.
93, & PI. Wright, i. 119. Single species, with resinous-aromatic odor.
C. Mexicana, GRAY, 1. c. Fruticulose, about a foot high from a stout base, much branched,
very leafy : leaves alternate, Heath-like, thick or almost terete, short-linear or filiform, with
narrowed base, cuspidate-mucronate, entire, with abundant round oil-glands : heads on slen-
der peduncles terminating the branches, a third of an inch high : bracts of the involucre
lanceolate, hardly longer than the akenes, usually bearing a single large and prominent
infra-apical oil-gland : disk-corollas with short proper tube and long cylindrical throat (in
the way of Poropkyllum scoparium and P. ampk:riranlc) : akenes shorter than the pappus.
Rocky ground, W. Texas and adjacent New Mexico ; first coll. by Gregg. (Mex.)
165. NICOLLETIA, Gray. (Memory of /. N. Ntcottet, astronomer and
explorer of the region between Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers.) Per-
ennial herbs ; with alternate leaves irregularly pinnately parted, and leafy branches
terminated by large heads of purple or flesh-colored flowers, or disk-corollas at first
yellow. Rep. Fremont 2d Exped. 315, PI. Wright, i. 119, & Bot. Calif, i. 398.
N. OCCidentalis, GRAY, 1. c. Stout, somewhat fleshy, a foot or two high : branches leafy
up to the head : leaves with numerous or several short lanceolate-subulate or linear setosely
tipped lobes: involucre three-fourths inch long, of 8 to 12 bracts: ligules oblong, little sur-
passing the disk. Sandy banks and plains of the Mohave Desert region, S. E. California;
first coll. by Fremont, who made his earliest exploration under Nicollet.
N. Edwardsii, GRAY. More slender, a span or two high: leaves attenuate-linear, few-
lobed : heads somewhat naked-pedunculate : involucre tnrbinate at base, half-inch long, of
8 or 9 bracts : ligules much exserted, elongated-oblong, dentate or denticulate at the truncate
summit, commonly half-inch long. PL Wright, i. 119, t. 8, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 93.-
Sandy banks and plains, S. W. Texas and adjacent New Mexico, Biyelow, Parry. (Adj.
Mex., Dr. Edwards, Palmer. Lower Calif., Streets.)
166. DYSODIA, Cav., as Dyssodia. (Auo-wSia, an ill smell.) Herbs or
suffrutescent plants, of N. America and Mexico, mostly strong-scented; with
alternate or opposite leaves, and solitary or rarely somewhat paniculate heads of
356 COMPOSITE. Dysodia.
yellow or orange flowers, sometimes turning purplish or reddish. Anal. Cienc.
Nat. vi. 334 ; Lag. Nov. Geu. & Spec. 29 (mainly) ; Cass. Diet. xxv. 396 ; DC.
Prodr. v. G39 (excl. 5 and incl. Clomenocoma & Lebetina, Cass.) ; Beuth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 409 (but not excl. Gymnoleena, DC.) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 37. Bcebera, Willd. Spec. iii. 2125.
1). ANTHEMIDIFOLIA, Beuth. But. Sulph., of Lower California, is of a peculiar section
{Bteberastrum, Gray, 1. c.), with simple and more open involucre, broad conspicuous rays, style-
branches nearly of Bcebera, and pappus with the paleaceous part more conspicuous, the lower
bristles on the sides much reduced iii size.
1. EUDYSODIA, Gray. 1. c. Involucre calyculate with some external loose
bracts : style-branches (at least in our species) tapering into slender-subulate
appendages : teeth of the corolla usually narrow : heads comparatively large,
pedunculate, and terminating naked branches : perennials ; ours obviously fru-
tescent at base, very glabrous, and with glabrous akenes which are shorter than
the pappus ; this of rather scanty bristles ; the receptacle minutely if at all fim-
brillate.
D. Cooperi, GRAY. Stout, a foot or two high : leaves all alternate, sessile, thickish, short
(the larger less than inch long), from broadly ovate to lanceolate, acute, spiuulose-dentate,
many with a pair of stipule-like small lobes at base, mostly glandless : head broad, inch
high : principal bracts of the involucre 20 to 30 distinct, subulate-acuminate ; accessory ones
small and subulate : rays little surpassing the disk orange or turning purplish. Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 201, & Bot. Calif, i. 398. Dry ravines of the Mohave Desert, S. E. California,
Coojier, Palmer, Lemmon, Parish.
D. porophylloid.es, GRAY. Stems 1 to 3 feet high from a woody base, with numerous
spreading sleuder branches: leaves partly alternate, 3-5-parted; the lower petioled and with
cuneate to lanceolate entire or incised divisions ; upper sessile and the divisions linear-subu-
late, not setigerous : head narrower, half to three-fourths inch high : principal bracts of the
involucre 14 to 20, linear, abruptly acute or mucrouate, commonly slightly united below:
rays few and inconspicuous, yellow. PI. Thurb. in Mem. Amer. Acad. v. 322, & Bot. Calif.
1. c. Dry hills and mesas, S. E. California and Arizona; first coll. by Thurber.
D. SPECIOSA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 163, is a species of Lower California, allied to the
preceding, with opposite trifoliate leaves, and mostly petiolulate leaflets.
D. CANCELLATA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 38 (Lebetina, Cass.), is a species very closely
related to D. porophylla, DC. (aud with similar abruptly short-appendiculate style-appendages),
but the pappus is anomalous in having an outer series of short and blunt and wholly naked
palece. Common in the northern part of Mexico, reaching so near the Texan border that it
may be expected within it..
2. BC&BERA, DC., excl. spec. Involucre regularly calyculate with accessory
bracts : style-branches with very short conical tips : corolla-teeth short, ovate :
palese of the pappus multicapillary : akenes pubescent : receptacle merely pubes-
cent or puberulent rathe' low herbs (the two Mexican species perennials, with
naked-pecluncled conspicuously radiate heads) ; all with opposite pinnately divided
leaves, and some pubescence.
D. chrysanthemoid.es, LAG. Much branched and ill-scented annual, leafy up to the sub-
sessile or short-pedunculate small heads leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into linear lobes:
involucre purplish-tinged or greenish, campanulate, of 8 or 10 scarious-tipped oblong bracts,
aud some linear loose accessory ones : rays few and inconspicuous, not surpassing the disk.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. 29 ; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 362. D. glandulosa, Cav. D. fas-
tiijiata, DC. 1. c., excl. syu. Tai/itcs /m/i/wsa, Vent. Hort. Cels. t. 36; Michx. Fl. ii. 132.
Bocberachn/santhemoides, Willd. Spec. iii. 2125. B.glandulosa, Pers. Syn. ii. 459. Alluvial
so\\ Minnesota to Louisiana and southwest to Arizona: now spreading eastward in the
Atlantic States as a weed. (Mex.)
Hymenatherum. COMPOSITE. 357
167. HYMENATHERUM, Cass. ('Y/xryv, membrane, dflifc, awn, the
paleo3 of the pappus awned.) Low herbs or suffruticulose plants (chiefly of the
Mexican borders), of various habit, mostly pleasant-scented ; with alternate or
opposite leaves, and small or barely middle-sized usually radiate heads of yellow
flowers. Cass. Bull. Philom. 1817, 1818, & Diet. xxii. 313; Gray, PI. Pencil.
88, & PL Wright, i. 115; Benth. & Hook. Gen. n. 410. Hymenatherum (excl.
2), Dysodia Aciphyllcea, & Gnaphaliopsis, DC. Prodr. Now adding Tliy-
mophylla, Lag. (slightly earlier published name, but obscure), & Lowellia, Gray,
with inuticous pappus. Vide Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 40.
1. ACIPHYLLJ:A, Gray. "Paleae of the simple pappus numerous (18 to 20),
above resolved into about 5 or the alternate ones into 3 capillary bristles, like
those of Dysodia (to which it makes transition) : heads sessile or nearly so at the
end of the woody branchlets : leaves entire, opposite. -- PL Wright, i. 115.
H. acerosum, GRAY, 1. c. Shrubby, a span to a foot high from a thick base-, rigid, exceed-
ingly branched : branches barely puberulent : leaves filiform-acerose, usually with shorter
ones fascicled in most of the axils : heads 3 or 4 lines high : involucre with copioiis large
oil-glands, subtended by uppermost pair of leaves or by a few shorter subulate foliaceous
bracts: rays oblong. D/jsodial (Aciphijllaa) acerosa, DC. Prodr. v. 641. Aciphyllita
acerosa, Gray, PI. Fendl. 91. W. borders of Texas to Arizona toward the Mexican boun-
dary, Wright, &c. (Mex.)
2. DYSODIOPSIS, Gray, 1. c., excl. spec. Paleje of the simple pappus only
10, rigid, not longer than the thickish akene, much shorter than disk-corolla,
some entire with a single awn, others with 3 aristate-subulate tips : heads loosely
foliose-calyculate : leaves alternate.
H. tagetoides, GRAY, 1. c. A rigid annual, and becoming perennial, glabrous, a foot or so
high, fastigiately branched at summit: leaves narrowly linear, 2 or 3 inches long, rigid,
laciuiatcly and spiuulosely dentate or almost piunatifid : heads indistinctly peduncled, less
than half-inch high : involucre rigid ; its bracts obviously imbricated, but connate almost to
the tip: rays oblong, conspicuous. Dysodia tagetoides, Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 361. Low
prairies, Texas ; first coll. bj Drummond.
3. EUHYMENATHERUM, Gray, 1. c. Paleae of the pappus 10 to 20, all or
the inner ones 1-3-aristate, and the awns about equalling or surpassing the disk-
corolla : heads naked at base, or with some small and scanty subulate accessory
bracts. (See also 4.)
* Rays inconspicuous and few, with ligule not surpassing the disk or the double and dimorphous
pappus; this of 10 rigid palese in each series, inner with stout awns.
H. Neo-Mexicanum, GRAY. A slender erect annual, a foot or less high, glabrous, fas-
tigiately branched above : leaves mostly pinnately parted into a few linear-filiform entire
divisions ; lower opposite, upper alternate : heads short-peduncled : involucre turbiuate, 3 or
4 lines high, of 5 to 7 oblong connate bracts, subtended by 2 to 4 filiform-subulate bractlets:
akenes appressed-villous at the attenuate base, shorter than the inner pappus, the oblong-
lanceolate palete of which are cleft into 3 scabrous rigid awns, the middle one longer ; those
of the short outer pappus oblong-spatulate, retuse. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 40. Adenophyllum
Wrightii, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 92. Hillsides, New Mexico, Wriijht.
# * Rays exserted and conspicuous, oblong: awns of the pappus capillary or slender-setiform.
-1- Most of the palere of the nearly homomorphous pappus 3-awned, lateral awns shorter: glabrous
leafy -stemmed herbs, either annuals or slender-rooted subperennials : upper leaves all alternate.
H. polychaetum, GRAY. Low, diffusely much branched from an annual root, leafy to
near the numerous short-peduncled heads: leaves not rigid, pinnately parted into several
short-filiform obtuse and pointless divisions: involucre barely 3 lines high, 10-16-toothed :
358 COMPOSITE. Hymenatherum.
pappus of 18 or 20 very narrow paleae, of 2 or 3 lengths, the smaller attenuate into a short
single awn, the larger into a much longer capillary awn, with a delicate short one at each
side of its base, or rarely an additional pair of setaa. PI. Wright, i. 116. Prairies, S. W.
Texas and New Mexico, Wright. (Chihuahua, adj. Mex., Thurbcr.)
H. "W^rightii, GRAY. Erect or diffuse, a foot or less high from a firm annual or perhaps
perennial root : branches rather simple, bearing few or solitary heads ou peduncles 1 to 3
inches long : leaves not rigid, narrowly linear or almost filiform (an inch or more long), setu-
lose-mucrouate, many entire, some with 1 to 3 small subulate lobes : involucre fully 3 lines
high, 16-20-toothed : palese of the pappus 10, all slenderly 3-awned from a short lanceolate
base; lateral awns with subulate base, half the length of middle one. PL Fciidl. 89, PI.
Liudh. ii. 229, & PI. Wright. 1. c. Prairies of Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &c.
H. teniTllobuni, DC. Diffusely branched and spreading from a seemingly annual but
sometimes more enduring root: branches a span to a foot long: heads on filiform (1 to 4
inches long) peduncles : leaves rather rigid, all pinuately parted into 7 to 11 subulate-filiform
setulose-mucrouate divisions (of only 2 to 4 lines in length) : involucre 3 lines high, about
12-toothed : palese of the pappus 10, more rigid, all nearly similar and bearing two lateral
and a middle longer stouter awn, the latter hardly longer than the lanceolate paleaceous por-
tion (which, however, sometimes splits away from the awn on each side), rarely one or two
smaller lateral setae or cusps. Prodr. v. 642. //. tenuifolium, Gray, PI. Wright. 1. c., not
Cass. S. Texas along and near the Rio Grande, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adj. Mex.)
-I -) All 10 palese of the pappus nearly similar and tapering into a single short awn, and the
larger mostly 2-setulose: leaves acerose.
H. Thurberi, GRAY. Habit and character of a more leafy-stemmed form of H. pentachcetum :
palese of the pappus not distinctly in two series, all narrowly lanceolate, alternate shorter
ones subulate-awn-poiuted, the others with awn rather shorter than the paleae, and a pair of
obscure or more manifest setulose teeth at its base. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 41. //. tenui-
foliuin, var. ? Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 93. Texas or adjacent New Mexico, on the Mexican
border near El Paso, Wright. Corralitas, Thurber. (Apparently also Northern Mexico,
Parry.)
-t -1 * Pappus manifestly double and dimorphous, of 10 scarious palea?; the 5 outer shorter,
spatulate or oblong, obtuse and pointless ; inner lanceolate or oblong, bearing a single awn, of
equal or greater length, between a pair of cusps or subulate or sometimes aristellate teeth.
H- Low and diffuse suffruticulose perennials, minutelv cinereous-pubescent or glabrate, not woolly,
much branched from the base: leaves rigid or rigidulous, pinnsitely parted into few or several
mostly filiform or acerose entire divisions, subulate or setulose-mucronate at tip: heads on elon-
gated lilifoim peduncles.
H. Hartwegi, GRAY. A span or two high, nearly herbaceous and glabrous : leaves chiefly
opposite, of few rather long filiform-acerose divisions: heads numerous: involucre rather
narrow, 2 lines high, almost naked at base : outer palese of pappus subcoriaceous, with trun-
cate summit obscurely denticulate. PI. Wright, i. 117. //. Berlandieri, Benth. PL Hartw.
18, not DC. W. Texas to S, Arizona, Wru/ht, Lemmon. (Mex.)
H. pentach&tum, DC. Decidedly suffruticulose, low, diffuse, cinereous-puberulcnt,
sometimes glabrate and rather shining, sometimes the foliage cauescent with short and fine
spreading pubescence : leaves rigid, upper alternate, divisions slender subulate-acerose : in-
volucre from broadly campanulate to hemispherical, 2 or 3 lines high : outer paleas of the
pappus thiunish, usually erose at summit. Gray, PL Wright, i. 117. //. pcntacluftum
(the outer pappus overlooked) & H. Berlandieri, DC. Prodr. v. 642. Dry hills, Texas (first
coll. by Berlandier) to Arizona and S. Utah : very variable. (Mex.)
H. Treculii, GRAY. Diffuse, nearly herbaceous, almost glabrous, with loose elongated leafy
branches and very scattered heads : leaves perhaps rather succulent, pectinately parted into
linear-subulate equal short (2 or 3 lines long) divisions, which are rather narrower than the
rhachis : involucre (3 lines high) and pappus of the preceding. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42.
S. E. Texas, Trtfcul, in herb. Mus. Paris.
-H- -H- Low and densely floccose-lanate and soft-leaved annual. Gnnphaliopsis, DC.
H. Gnaphaliopsis, GRAY. Depressed or diffusely spreading, clothed even to the involucre
with dense white wool in the manner of a Cudweed, leafy up to the sessile or short-peduncled
solitary heads : leaves mostly alternate, spatulate, entire, barely half-inch long : involucre
Tagetes. COMPOSITE. 359
quarter-inch high : rays oval, short : receptacle flat and wholly naked : palese of inner pappus
narrowly lanceolate. PI. Fendl. 90 (as //. gnaphalodes) & 115 ; PI. Wright. 1. c. Gnapkali-
opsfs micropoidcs, DC. Prodr. vii. 258. Hills and plains, S. Texas, Wriyht, Havard, &c.
(Adj. Mex. ; first coll. by Berlandier.)
4. THYMOPHYLLA, Gray. Paleas of the pappus 5 to 12, truncate and muti-
cous (yet in one species occasionally some are short-awned ! ), somewhat coriaceous,
distinct or cupulately connate. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Thymophytta, Lag.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. 25 ; Gray, PL Fendl. 91, & PI. Wright, i. 119, t. 7 ; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 410 (as Thymopkyllum).
* Fruticulose plants, with habit and character of the acerose-leaved genuine species of Hymena-
tltvrum, but white tomentose, and rays in one species wanting.
H. SETir6LiuM, Gray, 1. c. ( Thiimophylla setifolia, Lag. 1. c., on which the long imperfectly
known genus was founded), may possibly reach our limits. It has a canescent involucre, no
rays, and normally a pappus of 5 or 6 distinct quadrate paleae. But in some specimens of
Parry and Palmer's no. 516 occurs an inner alternating series of longer and narrower aristate
palcte, completely invalidating Lagasca's genus.
H. Greggii, GRAY. A span or two high in dense tufts : branches thickly leafy up to the
filiform glabrate peduncles : leaves white-tomentose, short, Heath-like ; lower 3-7-parted,
upper entire, setaceous : involucre campauulate, glabrous, naked at base : rays 10 to 12,
short, but distinctly exserted, sometimes wanting : paleas of the pappus united into an entire
truncate cup. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Thi/mojihi/lla Grefjyii, Gray, PI. Fendl. 92 (speci-
men apparently rayless), & PI. Wright, i. 109, t. 7, radiate. S. W. Texas, on the Pecos, &c.,
growing in large bunches, Wright. (Adj. Mex., Greg;/.)
* * Annual, wholly glabrous, wholly resembling //. polycheelum and its near allies, except the
pappus. Lowellla, Gray.
H. aureum, GRAY. A span or two high, erect or diffuse, much branched, bearing numer-
ous short-peduncled heads : leaves mostly alternate, pinnately parted into 7 to 9 linear-fili-
form pointless divisions: involucre broadly campanulate, 3 lines high : rays about 12, oblong,
3 lines long : pappus of 6 or 8 quadrate or oblong and erose-truncate paleie, in length little
exceeding the breadth of the akene. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42. Lou-dlia aurca, Gray, PI.
Fendl. 89, & PI. Wright, i. 118. Plains of Colorado to W. Texas; first coll. by Fendler,
next by Wright.
168. TAGETES, Tourn. (A name of the early botanists for the
" French " or " African Marigold " of the gardens, T. patula, and its larger
form, T. erecta, L. Fuschius says it was applied by Apuleius to the Tansy :
some derive the word from Tages, an Etruscan deity.) Mexican and S. Amer-
ican herbs, mostly annuals, strong-scented, branching ; with opposite and some-
times alternate leaves, in one species nearly entire, in most pinnately divided,
having copious oil-glands, bearing large and showy or small and comparatively
inconspicuous heads of mostly yellow or orange flowers, in cultivation some flame-
colored or reddish. Inst. 488, t. 278; L." Gen. ; DC. Prodr. v. 642; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 42.
T. LUCIDA, Cav., the species with simple and narrow sessile leaves, and cymose heads with
2 or 3 rather showy rays, may yet be found within our Mexican border. One of our two in-
digenous species has handsome exserted rays, the other has inconspicuous rays and the most
slender heads in the genus.
T. Lemmoni, GRAY. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high from a perennial root, lignescent at
base, rather slender, fastigiately branched, bearing numerous cymosely disposed heads on
slender short peduncles : leaves all opposite, 3-7-foliolate ; leaflets lanceolate-linear or some-
times lanceolate-oblong, with attenuate base, serrulate, not setiferous (an inch or two long),
sometimes a minute lower pair : involucre turbiuate-campanulate, 4 lines high : rays 6 to 8,
nearly half-inch long, obovate-oblong : lobes of the disk-corolla nearly beardless : pappus
360 COMPOSITE. Tagetet.
much shorter than the akene, of 1 to 3 subulate and one or two shorter truncate palese.
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 40, 42. S. Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains, Lemmon.
T. micrantlia, CAV. Slender, diffusely much branched, Anise-scented, a span to a foot
lii'i-h from an annual root, with loosely paniculate sleuder-peduncled heads: leaves linear-
nlfform, 3-5-parted, or some of the lowest undivided, not serrate : involucre fusiform, about
half-inch long, few-flowered ; rays 1 to 3, the oval pale yellow or white ligules only a line
long : akeues slender, glabrate, longer than the pappus of 2 oval or truncate tliiu palerc and
2 longer awns. Ic. iv. 31 , t. 352 ; DC. Prodr. v. 646 ; Gray, PL Wright, ii. 93. Dry ground,
New Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Rothrock, c. (Mex.)
169. PECTIS, L. (LTeKreo), to comb, the leaves of most species of the
genus pectinately setiferous. It is an ancient Latin name of some plant, appro-
priated to this genus by Linnaeus.) Herbs, all American, mostly low and spread-
ing, usually glabrous, heavy-scented ; with narrow opposite leaves conspicuously
dotted with round oil-glands ; and with mediocre or small heads of yellow flowers,
occasionally turning purplish, slender rigid bristles fringing at least the base of
the leaves, or rarely quite wanting.
1. EUPECTIS. Pappus of a few paleac or slender awns with or without a
dilated or chaffy base, or in some (and occasionally in all) of the akenes reduced
to a paleaceous crown, or to a few squamellag, or obsolete : base of the leaves
copiously setiferous. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 44. Pectis Pectidopsis &
Eitpectis, Gray, PL Wright, i. 83. Pectidopsis, Pectis (excl. spec.), and part of
Lorentea. DC. Prodr. v. 98-101.
* Pappus paleaceous, conspicuous: the palere (in ours 4 or 5 or 6 in the disk, 2 or 3 in the ray)
mostly prolonged into awns or subulate points : bracts of involucre 4 to G, broad or broadish :
ours annuals.
P. prostrata, CAV. Procumbent or prostate : leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-linear (sel-
dom inch long) : heads sessile or nearly so : disk-flowers 5 or 6 : palese of the pappus ovate-
lanceolate or narrower, thin, often unequal, short-awned. Ic. t. 324 ; DC. Prodr. v. 100;
Gray, PL Wright, i. 83. Chthonia prostrata, Cass. Diet. ix. 173. S. W. Texas to Arizona.
(Mex., W. Ind.?)
P. ciliaris, L. Erect or diffuse, sometimes a foot high : leaves linear-oblanceolate or nar-
rower, commonly inch long : heads nearly sessile : disk-flowers 4 to 8 : palese of the pappus
lanceolate-subulate tapering into a slender awn, more rigid and equal than in the preceding.
Spec. ed. 2, 1250. Coast and keys of S. Florida, Blodgett, Garber. (W. Ind.)
P. linif 61ia, LESS. Erect, diffusely branched, slender, a span to a foot high : leaves narrowly
linear, inch long: heads on minutely bracteate filiform (commonly inch long) peduncles:
involucre (2 lines long) of narrower bracts: paleaj of the pappus ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
abruptly long-awned, or some nearly awnless. Varies with peduncles not longer than the
head. Less, in Linnsea, vi. 709 (excl. syn.) ; DC. 1. c. 99 (excl. syn.) ; Griseb. F. Brit. W.
Ind. 378, not L. S. Florida, Blodyett, Garber, Curtiss, &c. ( W. Ind.)
* * Pappus pauciaristate; viz. of 1 to 5 or 6 upwardly scabrous (usually slender and setiform
but rigid) awns, at most dilated only at very b:ise, witli or without a short chaffy crown of con-
nate or separate squamdhe, sometimes reduced to this, the awns being absent: bracts of the
sbort-cylindraceous rather many-flowered involucre linear, at length with involute margins
partly surrounding outer akenes: low and much branched annuals, with slender narrow-linear
leaves, bearing a few bristles next the base.
H Heads subsessile or short -peduncled, more or less fastigiate or cymose at the end of the branches :
bracts of the involucre about 8.
P. tenella, DC. A span or more high : pappus of 3 to 6 slender awns, not much shorter than
the akeue : no squamellaj or crown. Prodr. v. 99 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 73. S. Texas,
Berlandier, Tlturber, Hacard. (Adj. Mex.)
P. angustifolia, TORR. A span or two high, lemon-scented : pappus a crown of 4 or 5
mostly connate squamellse, and not rarely one or sometimes two slender usually short awns
Pectis. COMPOSITE. 361
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 214; Gray, PI. Fencll. 61, PL Wright, i. 82, & Bot. Mex. Bound. I.e.
P. fastigiata, Gray, PI. Fendl. 1. c. Pectidopsis angustifolia, DC. I.e.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
62. Dry hills and plains, Texas to Colorado and Arizona ; first coll. by James. (Adj. Mex.)
^ ^ Heads scattered or solitary, on filiform (one or two inches long) peduncles terminating
stem and diffuse branches : involucral bracts obtuse, at length more or less infolding ray-akenes :
plants a span or two high: leaves shorter than or equalling the internodes, an inch or two long.
P. filipes, GRAY. Lemon-scented, at length much branched: leaves narrowly linear : invo-
lucre narrow, of 5 narrowly oblong bracts : ligules 2 lines long : pappus both in disk and ray-
flowers of 2 or 3 (rarely one) rigid subulate awns, shorter than or equalling disk-corolla, with
thickened bases and usually very short and blunt interposed squamelhv, sometimes all coro-
uiform-concreted, or some disk-flowers destitute of pappus. PI. Fencll. 62, & PI. Wright, ii.
G9. P- Jaliscana, Hemsl. Bot. Biol. Ceutr.-Am. in part, not of Hook. & Arn. (as Taliscana)
as was supposed. Common from S. W. Arizona (probably not California) to S. W. Texas;
first coll. by Coulter.
P. Rusbyi, GREENE, in herb. "Mint-scented": leaves linear, thickish : involucre campan-
ulate, of 7 to 9 oblong very obtuse bracts : ligules 3 lines long : pappus in ray-flowers of
two or more slender awns ; in disk-flowers a conspicuous crown of numerous setaceous-
pointed squamellffi more or less concreted at base : flowers more numerous than in the pre-
ceding. Beaver Creek, N. Arizona, liiisby.
.2. PECTOTHRIX. Pappus of numerous capillary bristles (at least in most of
the disk-flowers) and no palese. Gray, 1. c.
* Pappus barbellate-setose, uniserial, but occasionally reduced to a crown of squamellse: annual.
P. papposa, GRAY. A span to a foot high, diffusely or divaricately much branched from
the base : leaves very narrowly linear, elongated ( the larger 2 inches long, barely a line
wide), very few bristles at their base: peduncles once to thrice the length of the heads:
involucre of 7 to 9 linear bracts : akenes sparsely hispidulous with short capitate bristles :
pappus shorter than the disk-corolla, normally of 12 to 18 unequal capillary bristles, which
are strongly but rather sparsely barbellate, sometimes (especially in the ray) reduced to a
setulose or squamellate crown, or quite obsolete. PI. Fendl. 62; PI. Wright ii. 69. P.
tenella, Rothrock in Wheeler Eep. vi. 171, not DC. S. California, Arizona, Utah, and New
Mexico ; first coll. by Coulter.
* * Pappus of merely scabrous capillary bristles, with shorter outer ones more or less in a sepa-
rate series: ours perennial.
P. longipes, GRAY. Low and much branched from a perennial root, forming spreading or
depressed tufts : leaves crowded, linear, conspicuously setiferous at base : peduncles elon-
gated, often scape-like, 3 or 4 inches long: involucre campauulate, 3 lines high, many-
flowered, of 12 or 13 linear bracts: rays as many, 3 or 4 lines long: pappus of the ray-
flowers setosely 2-aristate ; of the disk multisetose, i. e. of 20 or 30 upwardly denticulate
capillary bristles, the longer equalling disk-corolla, and of some small more attenuate outer
Olies ._pl. Wright, ii. 70; Rothrock, 1. c., but root not annual. S. Arizona; first coll. by
Wriijht, Thiirber, &c.
3. PECTIDIUM. Pappus when developed of few (1 to 4 or 5) subulate and
rigid mostly corneous and persistent, awns, or reduced to a crown or vestige in
some flowers. Pectidium & Heteropectis, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 83.
* Diffuse low annuals, puberulent, with setiferous leaves: corneous divergent awns of the pappus
retrorsely barbed, in the way of Bldens. Heteropectis, Gray, 1. c.
P. Coulteri, GRAY. A span or less high, very diffuse, slender: leaves narrowly linear,
setiferous merely at base, only half-inch long : peduncles twice or thrice the length of the
head: involucre cylindraceous, 2 lines high, 10-20-flowered, of 5 linear-oblong bracts : serru-
late-hispid awns of the pappus 3 or 4 in the ray, 2 or 3 in the disk. PI. Feudl. 62. Ari-
zona (probably not California), Coulter, Palmer.
P. MITLTISETA, Benth. Bot. vSulph. 20 (Lower California, Hinds, Xantus), is larger, with
broader and serrulate leaves, all the teeth and the apex bristle-tipped ; outer akeues with 2 or 3
retrorsely hispid awns ; inner with a single awn and a short crown.
362 COMPOSITE. Pectis.
* * Erect and comparatively tall annual, with leaves sparingly if at all setiferous at base : akenes
all with 2 or 3 corneous and subulate diverging smooth awns (rarely an ascending denticula-
tion): rays small, turning purplish. Pectidium, DC.
P. punctata, JACQ. A foot or more high, paniculately branched, very smooth : leaves linear,
with copious small oil-glands : heads slender-peduncled, quarter-inch long : involucre cylin-
drical, few-flowered, of 4 or 5 narrow bracts, involute in age. Stirp. Amer. t. 128; L. Spec,
ed. 2, 1250 ; Griseb. 1. c. P. linifolia, L. Amaeii. Acad. v. 407, & Spec. 1. c., founded on pi. of
Browne and Sloane. Pectidium puncttttum, Less, in Linn. vi. TOG; DC. 1. c. 98. S. W.
Arizona, Palmer, Smart, Lemmon. Not yet seen from Florida, where it would rather be
expected. (W. Ind., S. Calif., Galapagos.)
* * * Erect and rather tall perennial, with leaves wholly destitute of bristles: pappus in some
flowers of one or two conspicuous erect and smooth paleaceous awns or rigid aristiform palea>,
and 2 or 3 rigid squamelloe, or sometimes all reduced to a crown of corneous squainelke, or
nearly obsolete : rays conspicuous, turning purplish.
P. imberbis, GRAY. "Wholly smooth and glabrous: stems a foot or two high, paniculately
branched, rather rigid and junciform, sometimes few-leaved : leaves narrowly linear, quite
entire, sparingly punctate with oil-glands : heads half-inch long, slender-pedunculate : invo-
lucre cylindrical, of 5 or 6 linear obtuse bracts, with margins strongly involute in age : rays
5 : disk-flowers 5 to 7, with lobes of corolla bearing a large dark glaud. PI. Wright, ii. 70;
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 172. S. Arizona, Sanoita Valley, Wright, Rotlirock, &c.
(Adj. Mex.)
TRIBE VII. ANTHEMIDE.E, p. 77.
170. LEUCAMPYX, Gray. (AeW/ATru^ with white head-band; the
circle of bracts of the head white-bordered.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 422;
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 77 ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 175, t. 12.
Single species.
L. Newberryi, GRAY in Porter & Coulter, I.e. Perennial herb, a foot or two high, with
the aspect and some of the characters of Hymenopappus (except the raj's), floccnlent-woolly,
glabrate in age: leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into filiform-linear segments: heads few or
several at the naked summit of the stem : involucre nearly half-inch broad : rays three-fourths
inch long, obscurely 3-lobed at summit, at first yellow, soon changing to cream-color or white :
akenes 2 lines long, turning black. Canons, &c., S. W. Colorado, Newberry, Porter, Bran-
degee. Also W. New Mexico, Loew.
171. ANTHEMIS, L. CHA.MOMILE. (Ancient Greek and Latin name
of Chamomile.) Herbs, usually with pinnately dissected leaves, and rather
large heads on peduncles terminating the branches ; disk-flowers yellow ; rays
white, rarely yellow, fertile, except in the first species. A large Old-World
genus, one or two species naturalized.
A. COTIJLA, L. (MAYWEED.) Annual weed, of the section MARUTA, has receptacle of the
head conical, destitute of bracts near the margin, bristly ones at the centre : rays mostly
neutral, white, sometimes abortive: akenes 10-ribbed, rugose or tuberculate : stem low:
leaves finely 3-pinnately dissected: herbage unpleasantly strong-scented, acrid. Spec. ii. 894 ;
Barton, Veg. Mat. Med. t. 14. Marutafrrtida, Cass. Diet. xxix. 174. M. Cotula, DC. Prodr.
vi. i3. Common in waste grounds and along roadsides ; fl. late summer and autumn. (Nat.
from Eu.)
A. ARVENSIS, L. (FIELD CHAMOMTLE.) Annual weed, not unpleasantly scented : leaves 1-2-
piimately parted into linear-lanceolate lobes : heads rather long-peduncled : bracts of invo-
lucre obtuse, whitish scarious : receptacle conical; its bracts lanceolate,, acuminate : rays
white : akenes with a very short slightly toothed margin in place of pappus. Engl. Bot.
t. 602; Fl. Dan. t. 1179; DC. Prodr. vi. 6. Old fields, sparingly established in the Atlantic
States, Oregon, &c. (Nat. from. Eu.)
Matricaria. COMPOSITE. 363
A. if6Bii,is, L., the officinal CHAMOMILE, a low perennial, with pleasant aromatic filiformly
dissected foliage, not uncommon in gardens, is said to be occasionally spontaneous, but rarely.
A. TINCTORI A, L., an erect herb, rather stout, with large heads, yellow rays, or occasionally
pale or partly white, and quadrangular akenes, has sometimes escaped from gardens.
1 72. ACHILLE A, Vuill. YAKRO w. (After Achilles.') Perennial herbs ;
with small and corymbosely cymose heads of white, yellow, or sometimes rose-
colored flowers, at least in the ray ; disk commonly yellow. -- Linn. Gen. no. GG1.
Ptarmica & Millefolium, Tourn. Ptarmica & Achillea, DC. Many Old- World
species, very few American, all perennial.
1. Heads rather narrow: receptacle at length elevated. Achittea, DC.
A. Millefolium, L. (MILFOIL or YARROW.) From villous-lauate to glabrate: stems
simple, a foot or two (on high mountains a span) high : leaves elongated and narrow in out-
line, sessile, bipinuately dissected into numerous small and linear to setaceous-subulate divis-
ions : heads numerous, crowded in a fastigiate cyme : involucre oblong ; its bracts pale or
sometimes fuscous-margined, or even wholly brownish : rays 4 or 5, about the length of the
involucre, white occasionally rose-color. Very variable; in grassy fields of Atlantic States
green and more or less glabrate, and with open foliage (perhaps introduced from Europe) ;
northward and on mountains mostly lauate (var. Janata, Koch), with divisions of the narrow
leaves much crowded; including A. gracilis & A. occidctita/is, Eaf. in DC. Prodr. vi. 24;
A. tomentosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 319. A. lanulosa, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 36; A. sefacea,
Schwein. in Long Exped. ii. 119. Form with dark involucre, A. Millefolium, var.nigrescens,
E. Meyer, PI. Labrad. ; A. borealis, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 149. Ptarmica borealis, DC. Com-
mon from Labrador to Alaska, south to Texas and California. (All N. hemisphere.)
2. Heads broader : involucre campanulate : receptacle low. Ptarmica,
Tourn., DC.
A. multiflora, HOOK. Villous-pubescent, soon glabrate: stem strict, 2 feet high: leaves
linear, closely pectinate-pinnatifid into lanceolate-subulate minutely denticulate lobes, the
sinuses extending fully half-way to the midrib : heads in rather a close cyme : rays 10 or 12,
very short and small, white. Fl. i. 318 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 409. A. Ptarmica, Richards.
in Frankl. Journ. 33. Saskatchewan to Fort Franklin and Behriug Strait ; first coll. by
Richardson and Drummond.
A. Ptarmica, L. (SXEEZEWORT.) A foot or two high, loosely branching above, bearing
more loosely disposed and pedunculate heads : leaves glabrous, linear, finely and closely ser-
rate : rays 8 to 12, comparatively large, roundish, white. Fl. Dan. 643; Eugl. Bot. 757;
Pursh, Fl. ii. 552. Ptarmica culgaris, Blackw. Herb. t. 256; DC. Prodr. vi. 23. "Open
dry swamps, Canada and New York," Pursh. The latter habitat unsupported. New Bruns-
wick, apparently indigenous in Restigouche and Kent Counties, Fowler. Locally naturalized
in Mass, and Michigan. (Eu., N. Asia.)
173. MATRICARIA, Tourn., L. (Xame given by the herbalists, from
mater or matrix, to herbs of reputed medicinal virtues.) - - Herbs, chiefly of
Europe and Asia ; with finely once to thrice dissected leaves, and pedunculate
heads, the disk-flowers yellow, those of the ray white, or occasionally (and in one
of our species constantly) wanting. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 427.
1. Akenes obpyramidal, with 3 strong and thick (lateral and facial) ribs.
Tripleurospermum, Schultz Bip. Chamamelum, Visiani ; Boiss., in part.
M. inodora, L. Nearly scentless, annual, an arctic form apparently biennial or perennial :
leaves 2-3-pinnately divided into filiform or narrow linear lobes : heads large : rays half to
three-fourths inch long : receptacle at length ovate : pappus a minute entire or 4-toothed
border. Fl. Suec. ed. 2, 297 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 52 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 412. Chrysanthemum
innlonim, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1253; Fl. Dan. t. 696; Schk. Haudb. t. 253. Pyrethrum inodorum,
Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 676 ; Hook. Fl. i. 320. Tripleurospermum inodorum, Schultz Bip. Tana-
364 COMPOSITE. Matricariu.
cet. 31. Arctic sea-coast to Alaska and the Hudson Bay country, commonly in a dwarf and
monocephalous form with blackish involucre (var. nana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., Chrysanthemum
grandiflorum, Hook., Pyrethrum inodorum, var. nanum, Hook. Fl. 1. c.), occasionally wanting
the ray, vnr. eligulata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 33. The common taller and branching European
form is naturalized in some parts of Canada and Maine. (Eu., Asia.)
2. Akenes more terete, with 3 to 5 slender often unequal or indistinct ribs,
the surface commonly developing mucilage when wetted.
M. CHAMOMILLA, L. Annual, a foot or two high, quite resembling Anthemis Cotula, aromatic :
heads 3 lines high, and rays of the same length : bracts of the involucre oblong, fuscous :
receptacle ovate-conical or oblong in age : akenes small, with an obscure border and usually
no distinct pappus; the inner face unequally 5-ribbed. Curt. Fl. Lond. v. t. 63; Schk.
Ilandb. t. 253. Waste grounds, S. New York and New Jersey. (Nat. from Eu. )
Var. CORONATA, GAY, ex Boiss. Akeues of the ray and commonly most of the disk
furnished with a conspicuous thin-scarious cleft and toothed and sometimes unilateral pap-
pus, not rarely surpassing the tube of the corolla. M. coronata, Gay in Koch, Fl. Germ,
ed. 2, 416. M. Courrantia, DC. 1. c. 72; Webb, Phyt. Cauar. ii. t. 89. M. pyrethroides, DC.
1. c., from Mex. Courrantia chamomHloides, Schultz Bip. in Webb, Phyt. Canar. ii. 278.
Cult, fields, S. Texas, Bigelow. (Adj. Mex.)
M. dlscoidea, DC. Annual, somewhat aromatic, glabrous, a span to a foot high, very
leafy : leaves 2-3-piunately dissected into short and narrow linear lobes : heads all short-
peduucled : bracts of the involucre broadly oval, white-scarious with greenish centre, hardly
half the length of the well-developed greenish yellow ovoid disk : receptacle high-conical :
akenes oblong, somewhat angled, with an obscure corouiform margin at summit, this occa-
sionally produced into one or two conspicuous oblique auricles of coriaceous texture. Prodr.
vi. 50; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 413. M. tanacetoides, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem, Petrop. vii. 52.
Santolina suaveolens, Pursh, Fl. ii. 520. Artemisia matricarioides, Less, in Linn. vi. 210.
Tanacetum matricarioides, Less. Syn. 265. T. suaveolens, Hook. Fl. i. 327, t. 110. T. puuc.i-
florum, DC. 1. c. 131, not Richards. Cotula matrirarioidcs, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 150. Lepi-
dotheca (Lepida?ithus) suaveolens, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 397. Open ground,
W. California to Unalaska and Behring Island, east to Montana, and becoming naturalized
in the Atlantic States near railroad stations. (N. Asia; nat. in N. Eu.)
174. CHRYSANTHEMUM, Tourn., L. (Old Greek name, Xpvo-ai-
OC/JLOV, i. e. golden flower.) Chrysanthemum & Leucanthemum, Tourn. Pyre-
thrum, Gaertu., &c. --Mostly an Old- World genus, only a small portion of the
species with yellow rays : n. summer.
C. SEGETUM, L. (CORN-CHRYSANTHEMUM or CORN-MARYGOLU of Europe), is a ballast-weed
at New York and Philadelphia, and is in fields at Oakland, California. This and C. CORO
NARIUM, L., are genuine Chrysanthemums, annuals, with golden yellow rays as well as disk-
flowers, and 3-sided or 3-winged ray-akeues.
C. SINENSE and C. INDICUM, L., of China and Japan, are the parents of the autumn-flowering
perennial Chrysanthemums of gardens and houses, and form a peculiar section of the genus.
C. ? NANUM, Hook. Fl. i. 320, is Blcnnosperrna Call for nicuin.
1. PYRETHRUM, Benth. & Hook. Herbaceous or suffruticulose perennials;
with comparatively large and broad heads, either solitary or loosely corymbose :
rays usually conspicuous: akenes all equably 5-10-costate. Pyrethrum, Ga?rtn.
Pyrethrum, Leucanthemum, Plagius, &c., DC. Tanacetum in part, Schultz Bip.
# Rays described as yellow, but perhaps white, short : leaves bipinnately dissected into many small
linear lobes.
C. bipinnatum, L. Slender, a span to a foot high from a creeping rootstock, villous or
glabrate, bearing usually a solitary head of half-inch diameter : rays obovate, little sur-
passing the merely convex disk : pappus a short crown. Spec. ii. 890 ; founded on Gmel.
Fl. Sibir. ii. 205, t. 85, f. 1. Pyrethrum bipinnatum, Willd. Spec. iii. 2160; DC. Prodr. vi. 60.
Tanacetum Kotzebuense, Bess., ex DC. 1. c. 131. T. bipinnatum, Schultz Bip. Tauacet. 48.
Saliva. COMPOSITE. 365
Cape Espenberg, Arctic Ainer., Eschsckollz. Yukon Valley, Alaska, L. M. Turner, a glabrate
form. (L\ Asia to Russ. Lapland.)
* * Rays white, elongated: heads solitary, mostly long-peduncled: leaves undivided or merely
pinnatiiid.
C. LEUCANTHEMUM, L. (Ox-EYE DAISY, WniTEWEEi).) Glabrous, a foot or two high from
a creeping base or rootstock, simple or sparingly branched : cauline leaves spatulate, and the
upper gradually narrower, becoming small and linear, piunately dentate or incised, partly
clasping at base ; radical broader, petioled : head broad and flat : rays inch long : pappus
none. Fl. Dan. 994; Engl. Bot. 601. Leucanthemum vul/jare, Lam. Fl. Fr. ii. 137; DC.
Prodr. vi. 46. Common weed in pastures and meadows through Atlantic States, &c. ; here
and there met with in similar situations quite to the Pacific. Occurs occasionally with
abortive, deformed, or tubular and laciuiate rays. (Nat. from Eu.)
C. arcticum, L. Nearly or quite glabrous, rather fleshy, a span to a foot high : leaves
cuueate, with long tapering base or petiole, crenately toothed or incised at summit, some-
times 3-5-lobed ; uppermost small and linear, nearly entire : bracts of the involucre broad,
brown-margined : rays nearly inch long : pappus none. Spec. ii. 889 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 526 ;
Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 33. Leucantkemum arcticum, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 412.
Coasts, Hudson's Bay and arctic shores to Arctic Alaska and islands. (Kamtschatka and
Japan to Lapland.)
C. integrifolium, RICHARDS. Villous when young : stem simple and scapiform from a
leafy tufted base, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves linear or slightly spatulate, entire : bracts of in-
volucre oblong, blackish : rays less than half-inch long : pappus none. App. Frankl. Journ.
ed. 2, 33; Hook, in Parry Voy. & Fl. i. 319, t. 109. Leucanthemum integrifolium, DC. 1. c. ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Arctic sea-coast ; first coll. by Parry and Richardson. (Arctic Asia.)
* * * Rays white, broad : heads globular-depressed, comparatively small, loosely corymbose-
cymose: leaves bipinnately parted or cleft.
C. PARTHENIUM, PERS. (FEVERFEW.) Much branched, puberulent, leafy: leaves thin, pin-
nately parted, and the oval or oblong divisions pinnatifid or incised and toothed : ravs oval
or obovate, 2 or 3 lines long (in cultivation sometimes all the disk-flowers changed into rays) :
pappus a minute crown. Benth. Brit. Flora, ed. 4, 250. Matricaria Partkenium, L. ; Fl.
Dan. t. 624. Hf. odorata, Lam. Pyrethrum Parthenium, Smith. Leucanthemum Parthcnium,
Godron ; Gray, Man. Tanacetum Parthenium, Schultz Bip. Roadsides and waste grounds,
sparingly in Atlantic States; escaped from cult. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. GYMNOCLINE, Benth. & Hook. (Gymnocline, Cass.). Consists of perennial
species, with small and corymbosely disposed rather narrow heads, resembling
Achillea except in the naked receptacle, and when discoid or nearly so making
transition to Tanacetum. An outlying member of this group is
C. BALSAMITA, L., with its rayless or discoid form, var. TANACETOIDES, Boiss. (COSTMARY,
MINT-GERANIUM, of the gardens), is beginning to escape to roadsides in a few places. It
is known by its sweet-scented herbage, barely serrate oblong leaves, and yellowish flowers ;
when the rays appear they are white. (Adv. from Asia.)
175. SOLIVA, Ruiz & Pav. (Dr. Salvador Soliva, of Spain.) Small
and depressed herbs, mostly if not all annuals and S. American ; with mainly
alternate and petioled pinnately dissected leaves ; the heads of greenish flowers
sessile in the axils or forks. Prodr. 113, t. 24. Solivcea, Cass. Diet. xxix. 177.
Gymnostyles, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. iv. 258, t. Gl.
S. sessilis, Ruiz & PAV. Villous, or the leaves glabrate ; these twice divided ; primary
divisions 3 to 5, petiolate, parted into 3 to 5 narrow lanceolate lobes : heads depressed : akencs
broadly obovate, thin-winged, the wings entire or sometimes pauduriform-excised near the
base, spinulose-pointed at summit, in some the wings reduced to an acute margin : persistent
style long and stout. Syst. 215; DC. Prodr. vi. 143. 6'. dnnr(t'n!itt, Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1. c. 403; Torr" Gray, Fl. ii. 425; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 406. <;,,/""">'.'// C/ii-
lensis, Spreug. Syst. iii. 500. Moist ground, coast of California, from Santa Barbara to
Mendocino Co. (Chili, whence probably introduced.)
366 COMPOSITE. Soliva.
S. NASTURTIIFOLIA, DC. 1. c. Much depressed, spreading, small: leaves glabrate, pinnately
parted into 5 to 9 oblong divisions of about a line in length ; these entire or the lower few-
toothed : heads globular : akenes small, very numerous, villous at apex, cuneate, the margins
much thickened and tuberculate-rugose : style short and slender. Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
Gymnostijles nasturtii folia, Juss. Ann. Mus. iv. 2(52, t. 61, f. 2. G. stolonifera, Nutt. Gen. ii.
185; Ell. Sk. ii. 473. A humble weed, near dwellings, coast of N. Carolina to Georgia.
(Nat. from Buenos Ayres.)
1 76. C6TUL A, L. (KoruA^, a small cup or disk.) Low herbs of the
southern hemisphere, one or two naturalized in the northern, strong-scented ;
leaves alternate, lobed or dissected ; flowers yellow c ours more or less perennial
by creeping base, or annual. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 428.
C. CORONOPIFOLIA, L. Somewhat succulent, nearly glabrous : ascending stems often a foot
high : leaves lingulate-linear, laciuiate-piunatifid, or uppermost entire, the base clasping or
sheathing : head much depressed, a third to half inch broad : female flowers a single row, on
flattened pedicels which lengthen in fruit, their akenes bordered with a thick spongy wing
and notched at both ends : disk-akenes with wing reduced to a thickened border. Lam. 111.
t. 700; Dill. Elth. t. 23; DC. Prodr. vi. 28. Wet ground, thoroughly established on the
coast of California, and on some water-courses iu the interior : a rare ballast-weed on the
Atlantic coast. (Xat. from S. Afr.)
C. AUSTRALIS, HOOK. f. Slender, diffusely branched, somewhat pubescent: leaves 2-piunately
dissected into linear lobes : heads small : female flowers in 2 or 3 rows, their akenes dis-
tinctly pedicelled; those of the disk less so. Fl. N. Zeal. i. 128; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 405.
Stromjylosperma australe, Less.; DC. 1. c. 82. Waste ground, coast of California. Kellogg,
Cleveland. Oregon, E. Hall. (Sparingly uat. from Australia.)
177. TANACETUM, Tourn. TANSY. (Name of the old herbalists, of
quite uncertain derivation.) Chiefly perennials, of the northern hemisphere,
strong-scented, alternate-leaved, yellow-flowered. Disk-flowers 5-toothed. Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 414.
1. Robust erect perennials, leafy to the summit: leaves 2-3-pinnately dis-
sected into very numerous divisions and lobes ; also with interposed small ones
on the main rhachis : pappus coroniform-dentate : receptacle flat, quite naked.
Eutanaceturn & Omalotes, DC. Prodr. vi. 128. 83.
T. VULGARE, L. (COMMON TANSY.) Acrid-aromatic, glabrous or somewhat pubescent, 2 or
3 feet high : divisions and lobes of the leaves decurrent-confluent, the teeth cuspidate-acumi-
nate : heads numerous and crowded in the corymbiform cymes, 3 to 5 lines broad, depressed-
hemispherical : ray-corollas terete, inconspicuous, with oblique 3-toothed limb. Escaped
from gardens to roadsides, &c., in Atlantic States and Canada. (Xat. from Eu.)
T. Huronense, NUTT. Comparatively sweet-aromatic, villous when young, sometimes gla-
brate, commonly a foot high: leaves with fewer interposed segments on the rhachis; lobes
and teeth narrowly oblong to linear, mucronate or acuminate: heads much fewer (1 to 5)
and larger ; the disk convex, half-inch broad : corollas of female flowers with a flattish tube
and a 3-5-lobed limb, which not rarely expands into a cuneate rather obvious ligule (thus
making a transition to Chrysanthemum and showing relationship to C. bipinnatum). Geu.
ii. 141 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 414. T. Douglasii, DC. Prodr. vi. 128. T. paudflorum,
Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 30: Hook. Fl. i. 327, not DC. T. borealc, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 401, not Fischer in DC., which is rather a form of T. vulgat'e.
Banks of streams, &c., N. Maine (Goodale), New Brunswick, and Lake Superior to Hudson's
Bay, west to Washington Terr, and Oregon on the coast.
T. camphoratum, LESS. Pleasantly camphoric-aromatic, villous-tomentose, at least when
young, glandular, robust, 1 or 2 feet high : pinna; and segments of the leaves much crowded ;
the latter oval or short-oblong, entire or crenately few-lobed, rounded-obtuse, at most callose-
apiculate, usually with revolute margins : heads several in a corymbiform cluster, short-
Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 367
peduncled, hemispherical, the flat or at length low-convex disk half-inch broad : disk-corollas
with flattened tube and 3 small lobes, not surpassing the disk-flowers, regularly 3-5-toothed,
not at all liguliform. Linnam, vi. 521. T. Huronense, Nutt, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., in
part ; Torr. & Gray, FL, in part ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 402. T. elegans, Decaisue in Fl. Serres,
ser. 2, xii. t. 1191. Omalanthus camphoratus, Less. Syu. 260; Hook. Fl. i. 321, as to pi.
Calif, only. Omalotes camphorata, DC. Prodr. vi. 83. Sea-beaches, San Francisco, Cali-
fornia ; first coll. by Menzies, next by Chamisso.
2. Low perennials : slender stems more naked above, bearing rather small
globular heads : leaves less dissected or entire : corolla of disk-flowers not oblique,
nor dilated at summit, regularly 2-4-toothed : akenes usually utricular : pappus
obsolete or none : receptacle convex or conical. Sphceromeria, Torr. & Gray,
1. c. 415. Sphceromeria, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 402.
* Herbaceous to the thickened root : leaves dissected : receptacle densely fimbrillate-hirsute.
T. potentilloid.es, GRAY. Silvery -sericeous : stems decumbent or ascending, a span to a
foot long, the naked summit bearing a few slender-peduncled somewhat corymbiform-panie-
ulate heads (of 3 or 4 lines in diameter) : radical leaves 2-3-pinnately and cauline 1-2-pin-
nately parted into rather few mostly linear lobes : bracts of the involucre roundish-ovate or
obovate. Proc. Am. Acacl. ix. 204; Bot. Calif. 1. c. Artemisia potentilloides, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 551. Eastern ranges of the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada,
Lemmon, Anderson.
* * Suffrutesceut at base, erect: leaves simply or pedately cleft or entire: receptacle not hirsute,
sometimes conical : heads only 2 lines broad. Sphceromeria, Nutt.
T. diversifolium, EATOX. Glabrous, very smooth, 8 to 15 inches high, leafy : leaves some
narrowly linear and entire, 1-nerved, some pinnately or pedately parted : heads several or
rather numerous in a corymbiform cyme, slender-peduncled: female flowers 8 or 10, with
3-4-toothed corolla. Bot. King Exp. 180, t. 19. Utah, iu the American Fork Canon;
first coll. by Watson.
T. canum, EATOX. Silvery with minute close tomentum, a span or two high : lower leaves
cuueate and 3-lobed or 3-cleft ; upper linear-lanceolate, mostly entire : heads few or several,
very short-peduncled or in clusters of 2 or 3 terminating the short branches of the cyme :
female flowers 4 to 8, with a truncate obscurely toothed corolla. Bot. King Exp. 179,
t. 19, f. 8-14; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 366. Nevada, in a canon of E. Humboldt
Mountains, Watson. Olanche Mountain, S. E. California, Rothrock.
T. Nuttallii, TORR. & GRAY. Silvery-cauescent, loosely cespitose, a span high : leaves
short, mostly broadly cuneate with tapering base, obtusely 3-5-lobed at the broad summit ;
those of the flowering stems usually oblong or linear and entire : heads few, somewhat panic-
ulate or loosely clustered, some of them slender-pedunculate : involucre very scarious.
Fl. ii. 415. SphdE.rom.eria arrjentea, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 402. Rocky Mountains
of N. Wyoming, Nuttall, Parry.
T. Capitatum, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Silvery-canescent, densely cespitose, a span high :
leaves simply or pedately 3-5-parted into linear lobes, or some of them only 3-cleft at sum-
mit: flowering stems scapiform or 2-4-leaved : heads 10 or more, sessile in a globose glom-
erule. Spliceromeria capttata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Rocky Mountains of N.
Wyoming, Nuttall, Parry.
178. ARTEMfSIA, Tourn., L. WORMWOOD, SAGE-BRUSH, MUGWORT.
(Ancient name of Mugwort, in memory of Artemisia, wife of Mausolus.)
Herbs and low shrubs (chiefly of the northern hemisphere, and most abundant in
arid regions), bitter-aromatic ; with alternate leaves, and small paniculately. dis-
posed heads, commonly nodding, at least when young ; the flowers yellow or
whitish, or turning brownish, usually sprinkled with resinous globules. Anthers
commonly tipped with subulate-acuminate appendages, in the manner of Am-
brosia, but not inflexed. Beaser in DC. Prodr. vi. 93. Artemisia, Abrotanum,
oc Absinthium^ Tourn.
368 COMPOSITE. Artemisia.
1. DRACUNCULUS, Bess. -Heads heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphro-
dite but sterile, their ovary abortive, and style mostly entire, peltate-peuicillate
at tip : receptacle not hairy. Oliyosporus, Cass.
* Akenes and flowers beset with long cobwebby and crisped hairs : spiuescent uudershrub.
Picrothamnus, Nutt.
A. spinescens, EATOX. Stout and densely branched, rigid, 4 to 18 inches high, villous-
toinentose : leaves small, pedately 5-parted and the divisions 3-lobed ; lobes spatulate : heads
globose, racemosely glomerate on short and leafy branchlets, which persist as slender spines :
bracts of the involucre 5 or 6, broadly obovate : female flowers 1 to 4 ; hermaphrodite-sterile
flowers 4 to 8, their corolla ventricose-campanulate from a narrow base. Bot. King Exp.
180, t. 19, f. 15-21 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 404. Pn-rolhamnus desertorum, Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 417; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 289. Whole desert region of Wyoming,
Utah, Nevada, and Idaho, reaching the borders of California; first coll. by Douglas (incom-
plete specimens), then Nuttull.
* * Akenes nearly glabrous: receptacle except in last species hemispherical or ovate: no spines.
-I Biennial herb: leaves all filiform.
A. caudata, MICHX. Glabrous, with one or more strict stems, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves 1-3-
pinuately divided into slender filiform lobes: heads small (a line in diameter), very numer-
ous in an ample elongated thyrsus. Fl. ii. 129; Nutt. Gen. ii. 144; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
417. Sandy ground, Canada to Texas near the coast, Illinois to Saskatchewan and Kansas.
-1 -i Perennial herbs, the last two or three species sometimes frutesceiit at base : heads many-
flowered.
-M- Leaves dissected.
A. Canadensis, MICIIX. A foot or two high from a perennial (or sometimes biennial?)
root : glabrous or mostly with at least the radical and sometimes all the leaves either sparsely
or canescently silky -pubescent : leaves mostly 2-piunately divided into narrow linear or
almost filiform but plane lobes, of thickish texture : heads 1 or 2 lines long, very numerous
in a compound oblong or pyramidal virgate panicle (in reduced specimens northward fewer
in a simple panicle) : involucre greenish, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Fl. ii. 129 (north-
ern form with heads 2 lilies broad) ; Nutt. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Besser, Dracuuc. 90, &
DC. 1. c., partly (mixed with A. caudata). A. peucedanifolia, Juss. Herb. ; Besser, 1. c. 29
(A. Canadensis ferula ceo-f olio, Vaill.), spec. Herb. Tourn., DC. 1. c. 99, excl. pi. Mitch.
A. campestris, Pursh, Fl. ii. 521 ? excl. syn. ; Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. A. desertorum,
in part, Bess, in Hook. Fl. A. commutata, Bess. Dracuuc. 68, & in DC. Prodr. vi. 98. A.
Pacifica, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 399 ? Rocky banks and plains, N. New England
to Hudson's Bay, west to the Pacific in Washington Terr., and south in the Rocky Mountain
region to New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. (N. W. Asia.)
A. borealis, PALL. A span or two high from a stout caudex : stems simple : leaves silky-
pubescent or silky-villous ; radical and lower 1-2-teruately or pinnately divided into linear
lobes; uppermost linear and entire or 3-parted : heads (2 lines broad) comparatively few,
crowded in a narrow (rarely compound) spiciform thyrsus with leaves interspersed: invo-
lucre pilose or glabrate, pale-fuscous to brownish. It. iii. 129, t. hh, f. 1 ; Bess. Dracunc.
78, & in DC. 1. c. 98; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. spithamaia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 522. A. i-iolacea,
Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 475. Arctic America, Labrador to Alaska, and Rocky Mountains to
Colorado in the alpine region. (Greenland, N. Asia.)
Var. "Wormskioldii, BESS. Taller, 10 to 16 inches high, with more numerous heads
in looser or compound narrower thyrsus. Dracunc. 83, & Hook. 1. c. 327. A. Groenlandica,
Wormsk. Fl. Dan. t. 1585, small specimen. Hudson's Bay and mountains of Lower Canada
(where it seemingly passes into A. Canadensis, in coll. Allen) to Washington Terr, and N.
Alaska. (Greenland, N. E. Asia.)
A. pedatifida, NUTT. Ccspitose, with a stout lignescent caudex, very dwarf, canescent
throughout with a fine and close pubescence : leaves chiefly crowded in radical tufts and on
the base of the (inch or two high) rather naked flowering stems, once or twice 3-parted into
narrowly spatulate or nearly linear obtuse entire divisions: heads (hardly 2 lines broad)
few, loosely spicately or racemosely disposed, canescently pubescent: heads 12-15-flowered ;
the hermaphrodite-sterile flowers with style barely 2-lobed at summit and no ovary. Trans.
Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 369
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 399 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 419. Arid grounds in the Rocky Mountains
of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho, Nuttall, Fremont (without flowers), Parry. Has been
wrongly referred to the following section of the genus.
A. pycnocephala, DC. A foot or two high, either herbaceous or with a woody base,
densely silky-villous, even to the involucre, robust : leaves 1-3-piuuately parted into rather
few and short linear or spatulate lobes: heads numerous (2 lines broad), glomerate in an
elongated and interrupted spiciform leafy thyrsus. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 404. A. pycno-
ceplialu & A. pachystachya, DC. 1. c. 99 & 114; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. pycnostaclnja, Nutt.
1. c., error in name. Oligosponis pycnocephahis, Less, iu Linn. vi. 524. Sea-shores, Cali-
fornia, from Monterey to Humboldt Co.; first coll. by Chamisso.
w- -H- Leaves mostly entire, occasionally some 3-cleft, or the lowest even more divided: base of
steins rather lignescent.
A. glauca, PALL. Minutely silky -pubescent or canescent, sometimes glabrate and glaucous :
stems strict, a foot or two high : leaves rather short, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate : heads
nearly of the next, into which it probably passes. Willd. Spec. iii. 1331 ; Bess. Dracunc.
55, & DC. 1. c. A. (jlauca, v&r.fastiyiata, Bess. 1. c. A. drucuiiculoides, var. incana, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 410. Saskatchewan and Minnesota, Drummond, Nicollet, Kennicott.
A. dracunculoides, PUKSH. Glabrous, wanting the scent and taste of A. Dracitncuhis,
which it much resembles : stems 2 to 4 feet high, either virgately or paniculately branched :
leaves narrowly or sometimes more broadly linear: he;uls very numerous in a compound
and crowded or open and diffuse panicle. I'ursh, Fl. ii. 742; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 416.
A. Dracunculus, Pursh, Fl. ii. 521. A. cernua, Nutt. Gen. ii. 143. A. inodora, Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. 150. A. Nuttnl/iana, Bess, in Hook. Fl., &c., shorter-leaved form, with lower
leaves more freely 3-cleft. Plains, Missouri to Saskatchewan and Brit. Columbia, aud from
Texas to Arizona and California. Polymorphous.
A. LEWISII, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 417, appears to be a fictitious species. The plant referred
to A. Santonica by Pursh is wholly obscure. The specimen in herb. Michaux, with no indication
of source, which Besser made a var. Americana of A. rariabills, Tenore, is without much doubt
European. The plant of Eugelmann, referred to by Besser in Liunrea, xv. Ill, is an imperfect
specimen, probably of A. Canadensis.
-i H H Suffruticose : heads very small and numerous, few-flowered.
A. filifolia, TORR. Minutely canescent, even to the 3-6-flowered involucre, 1 to 3 feet high,
with virgate rigid branches, very leafy : leaves all slender filiform, commonly 3-parted ; the
upper and those in axillary fascicles entire : heads crowded in an elongated leafy panicle:
receptacle small, not pilose. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 211 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 417; Torr. in
Marcy Rep. t. 12. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 397. Plains, Nebraska
to New Mexico and western borders of Texas ; first coll. by James.
2. EUARTEMISIA. Heads heterogamous ; the disk-flowers hermaphrodite and
fertile, with 2-cleft style. Abrotanum & Absinthium, Bess.
* Akenes oboA'oid or oblong, wholly destitute of pappus : receptacle beset with long woolly hairs.
Absinthium^ Bess.
A. SCOpulorum, GRAY. Herbaceous, a span or two high from a stout multicipital caudex,
silky-cauescent : stems simple, bearing 3 to 12 spicately or racemosely disposed hemispher-
ical (rarely solitary) heads: radical and few lower cauline leaves pinuately 5-7 -divided, and
divisions 3-parted into spatulate-linear lobes; uppermost simply 3-5-parted or entire: invo-
lucre 2 lines broad, villous, 18-30-flowered ; its bracts brown-margined: corollas hirsute at
summit.' Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 66 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 184. Alpine region of the
Rocky Mountains in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming ; first coll. by Parry, Hall & Harbour.
Var. monocephala, Gray, 1. c., is merely a form with single head.
A. frigida, WILLD. Herbaceous from a suffrutescent base, silky-canescent and silvery,
about a foot high : stems simple or brandling, bearing numerous racemosely disposed heads
in an open panicle : leaves mainly twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into linear
crowded lobes, and usually a pair of simple or 3-parted stipuliform divisions at base of the
petiole : heads globular, barely 2 lines in diameter : involucre pale, canescent, its outer bracts
narrow and herbaceous : corollas glabrous. Spec. iii. 1838 (Gmel. Fl. Sibir. t. 63) ; Pursh.
Fl. ii. 521 ; Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 462; Bess, in Hook. Fl. i. 321. A. sericea, Nutt. Gen. ii.
21
370 COMPOSITE. Artemisia.
143. A. virqata, Richards, in Fraiikl. Journ. Plains and mountains, Saskatchewan to Min-
nesota and W. Texas, west to Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, &c. (N. Asia.)
A. ABSINTHIUM, L. (WORMWOOD.) Frutescent, paniculately branched, 2 or 3 feet high,
hearing numerous small heads in leafy panicles : leaves 2-3-pinnately parted into lanceolate
or oblong obtuse and entire or sparingly incised lobes : involucre cauesceut, of one or two
loose and narrow herbaceous bracts and several roundish and scarious : corollas glabrous.
Spec. ii. 848; Engl. Bot. t. 1230. Absinthium rule/are, Lam. Fl. Fr. ; Giertu. Fr. t. 104.
Roadsides, escaped from gardens, Newfoundland to New England. Also Moose Factory,
Hudson's Bay. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Akenes broad or broadish and truncate at summit, commonly bearing a minute or even a
conspicuous squamellate or coroniform-dentate pappus, therefore having the character of Tana-
cetum, but the heads paniculate: receptacle glabrous or barely pubescent. (Here belongs
A. Australia, Less., of Hawaian Islands, as well as the anomalous A. Chinensis, L.) Ci-osso-
stephium, Less. Artemisia Tanaceum, Nutt.
A. Calif ornica, LESS. Shrubby, with habit of A. Abrotanum,4 or 5 feet high, paniculately
branched, minutely cauesceut or cinereous : leaves 1-2-pinnately parted into few filiform lobes
not wider than the rhachis, or uppermost entire : heads very numerous in leafy panicles :
involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, about 2 lines broad : akenes 3-5-ribbed, with a
minute squamellate crown at the broad summit. Linn. vi. 523; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech.
150; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 424 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 403. A. Fischeriana, Besser, Abrot. 21 ;
DC. Proclr. vi. 105. A abrotanoides, Fischeriana, & foliosa, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.
397, 399. California, along the coast, from San Francisco Bay southward and to Sail Ber-
nardino Co. ; first coll. by Menzies.
* * * Akenes obovoicl or oblong, with small epigynous disk, wholly destitute of pappus: recep-
tacle not villous. Abrotunum, Bess.
A. ABEOTANUM, L. (SOUTHERNWOOD), cultivated in old gardens, has become spontaneous in
a few places from New York southward.
A. PROCERA, Willd., a less shrubby and finer-leaved species, has escaped from gardens at
Buffalo, New York.
-i Annuals and biennials.
A. ANNCA, L. A tall and much branched glabrous species, native to Asia, with a very ample
and loose panicle of small heads, and leaves 2-piunately divided into oblong deeply pimiatifid
segments. Naturalized in waste places around Nashville, Tennessee.
A. bienilis, AVILLD. Wholly glabrous, inodorous and nearly insipid: stem strict, 1 to 3
feet high, leafy to the top, bearing close glomerules of small heads in the axils from toward
the base of the stem to the somewhat naked and spiciform summit: leaves 1-2-pinnately
parted into lanceolate or broadly linear laciuiate or incisely toothed lobes ; or the uppermost
small, sparingly piuuatifid and less toothed. Phytogr. 1794, 11, & Spec. iii. 1842 (excl.
hab. New Zeal.) ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 522 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 144 ; Bess, in Hook. Fl. ; DC. Prodr. vi.
120; Torr. Gray, 1. c. A. Hispanica, Jacq. Ic. Rar. i. t. 172, not Lam. Open grounds,
Hudson's Bay to Oregon and Colorado; also in Utah and S. California: common also from
Ohio and Tennessee to Missouri, probably by immigration, now spreading to the seaboard.
(Kamtschatka, N. India.)
H -I Perennials, some fruticulosc.
H- Heads many-flowered, collected in a single capitate glomerule or dense cluster: dwarf, arctic,
with leaves mainly in radical tufts. (Nearly related species.)
A. Senjavinensis, BESS. Cespitose-proliferous, very densely villous with long hairs,
which on the radical tufts conceal the foliage : leaves much crowded in the tufts, and scat-
tered on the flowering stems, cuneate or oblong, simply 3-5-cleft into oblong or lanceolate
lobes : heads in a dense villous glomerule, fuscous : involucral bracts sphacelate : corolla
glabrous. Abrot. 65 (as Scmarinuisis), Suppl. in Bull. Mosc. ix. 64, & DC. Prodr. vi. 116.
A. androsacea (characteristic name), Seem. Bot. Herald. 34, t. 6 (founded on A. ylomerata,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 125, not Ledeb.); Hook. f. Arct. PI. 331. Kot/ebue Sound,
Beechey. (Adj. Asia, Arakamtchetchene Island, Wright.)
A. glomerata, LEDEB. Silky-canescent with mostly close short pubescence : leaves usually
twice or thrice ternately parted and cleft into lanceolate or spatulate lobes : heads cymose-
glomerate, fuscous or pale : flowers sparsely pilose, at least the summit of the corolla.
Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 371
Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 564; Bess. Abrot. 63; DC. Prodr. vi. 116; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 423.
A. qlobularia, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 588, in part. A. leontopodioidcs & A. corijinbosa (form
with heads pedunculate), Fiseh. in Bess. Abrot. & DC. 1. c. Arctic Alaska, Seemann, Muir.
(Adj. Asia.)
A. globularia, CHAM. Cauescently pubescent : leaves once or twice ternately parted into
linear or broader lobes : heads globular- or somewhat racemiform-capitate, both involucre
and flowers dark purplish-brown, the latter glabrous. Cham, in Bess. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. A.
Senjavinensis, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 588, at least in part, not Bess. Perhaps an extreme arctic
form of A. Norveyica, as was suspected by Maxim. Diagn. PI. Jap., Dec. xi. 534.
Arctic Alaska and islands. St. Paul's Island, Mrs. Alacintyre. (Adj. Asia.)
T-r -H- Heads many-flowered, broad (2 to 5 lines in diameter), several or rather numerous and
loosely racemose or paniculate on mostly simple stems of a foot or less in height: subarctic and
subalpine, with dissected leaves and no cottony tomentum.
A. Richardsoniana, BESS. A span to near a foot high, with rather slender ascending
steins from a cespitose caudex : leaves silvery-canescent with fine very clo.se-pressed pubes-
cence ; radical twice ternately or quinately divided or parted into oblong-linear or narrower
lobes (of only 2 or 3 lines in length); cauliue sparse, mostly trifid : heads comparatively
small (2 lines high), several or rather numerous in a strict and simple racemiform inflores-
cence, fuscous : corollas pilose or sometimes glabrous. Suppl. 64, & DC. 1. c. 117 ; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 422. A. arctira & A. caspitosa, Bess, iu Hook. Fl. i. 323, 324. Arctic coast to
Bear Lake (Richardson, &c.), northern Rocky Mountains, and Mount Ranier, Washington
Terr., Tolmie. (From the char, probably A. heterophijl/a, Bess. Abrot., which is said to be
A. trifiircata, Steph. in Spreng. Syst. iii. 488, and to occur in Arct. Amer. as well as Arct.
Asia to Kamtschatka.)
A. Norvegica, FRIES. Rather stout, 5 to 25 inches (commonly a foot) high, from villous
or sericeous-pubescent to glabrate : leaves twice 3-7-uately parted into linear or lanceolate or
more dilated segments: heads large (commonly 4 or 5 lines broad), loosely racemose or
racemose-paniculate, most of them loug-peduncled : bracts of the involucre broadly brown-
margined : corollas yellow or turning brown, loosely pilose, rarely almost glabrous. Fries
iu Liljeb. Fl. 1815, Novit. ed. 1, 56, ed. 2, 265; Reicheub. Ic. Crit. i. 74, t. 89; Bess. Abrot.
76; DC. 1. c. A. rupcstris, Fl. Dan. t. 801, not L. A. Chamissoniana, var. saxatilis, Bess.
1. c. & Hook. Fl. i. 324. A. Richardsoniana, Gray, iu Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 239,
not Bess. A. arrtica, Gray, in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1803, 66. Alpine and subalpine region
of the Rocky Mountains, from lat. 62 to S. Colorado, Utah, and the Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia. (N/E. Eii.)
Var. Paciflca. Robust, glabrous or glabrate up to the heads, sometimes two feet
high: leaves broader ; their divisions from lanceolate to cuneate, commonly laciniate. A.
lonyepeduncidata, Rudolphi, ex Bess. Abrot. 77. A. arctica, Less, in Linn. vi. 213; Hook. &
Arn. Bot. Beech. 125; DC. Prodr. vi. 119; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 423. A. Chamissoniana,
Bess, in Hook. Fl. 1. c. (mainly), & Abrot. 77, t. 4, of which the largest and coarsest-leaved
form is his var. Ochotensis ! Arctic coast to the Aleutian Islands, &c., in various forms.
(Adj. E. Asia.)
A. Parryi, GRAY. Rather stout, a foot or less high, wholly glabrous, leafy up to the loosely
paniculate inflorescence of numerous short-peduncled heads : leaves 2-3-pinuately parted into
mostly linear thickish lobes : involucre 2 or 3 lines broad, its bracts greenish with brownish
margins and with the corollas glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361. Mountains of Colo-
rado, at Sangre de Cristo Pass, 11,000 feet, Parry, Brandeyee.
-H. -H. .H. Heads many-flowered, large and broad (4 lines long), in a racemose-glomerate and
thyrsoid inflorescence, white-tomentose as well as the herbage.
A. Stelleriana, BKSS. A foot or two high from a creeping lignesceut base, robust, densely
white-tomentose, the tomentum of the stem cottony : leaves obovate or spatulate in outline,
sinuately or incisely pinuatifid ; lobes obtuse : corolla glabrous : akenes a line and a half
long, oblong, not contracted at summit; the coat utricular. Abrot. 79, t. 5; DC. 1. c. A.
Chinensis, Pursh, Fl. ii. 521, not L. &c. This may be what Pursh saw in herb. Lambert,
from N. W. America, probably from Pallas. It is indigenous from Kamtschatka to Japan,
and not improbably on the American coast. Singularly, it grows wild in large tufts on
Lynn Beach, Massachusetts ! Also of Sweden, Fl. Dan. t. 3045.
372 COMPOSITE. Artemisia.
H- ++ -H- -H- Heads comparatively small (1 to 3 lines high and broad), variously paniculate,
12-many-flowered : flowers ulabrous : herbs, or occasionally suffrutescent at base, mostly whit-
ened (at least when young and on the lower face of the leaves) with cottony tomentum.
= Tall, with numerous amply paniculate heads, strict steins, and undivided elongated-lanceolate
or linear leaves (the lowest sometimes cleft), 3 to 7 inches long: involucre oblong.
A. serrata, NCTT. Stems 6 to 9 feet high, very leafy: leaves green and glabrous above,
white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or uppermost linear, all serrate with sharp narrow teeth,
pinnately veined, the earliest sometimes pinuately incised : heads rather few-flowered, less
than 2 lines long, greenish, hardly pubescent. Gen. ii. 142. A. Ludoviciana, var. serrata,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 420. Prairies and low grounds, Illinois to Dakota; first coll. by
Nuttall.
A. longifolia, NUTT. 1. c. Stem 2 to 5 feet high: leaves entire, at first tomentulose, but
usually glabrate above, white tomentose beneath, linear or linear-lanceolate (1 to 5 lines
wide), entire ; veins obsolete : heads usually cauescent, 2 or 3 lines long. Torr. Gray, Fl.
ii. 419, not Bess. Rocky banks, Minnesota and Nebraska to Saskatchewan and Montana;
first coll. by Nuttall, or by Lewis & Clarke, if perhaps A. integrifolia of Pursh.
= = Moderately tall or sometimes low: leaves various, more or less cleft or divided, or when
entire comparatively short, not filiform or very narrowly linear. Species of very difficult dis-
crimination.
a. Involucre canescently lanate-tomentose.
A. Ludoviciana, NUTT. A foot to a yard high, simple or with virgate branches, some-
times paniculate, completely and somewhat flocculently white-tomentose, or upper face of
leaves sometimes early glabrate and green : leaves from linear-lanceolate to oblong, some-
times nearly all undivided and entire ; commonly the lower with a few coarse teeth or
incisions, or 2-3-cleft, or irregularly 3-5-parted into lanceolate or linear entire lobes : heads
glomerately paniculate, not over 2 lines long : involucre campanulate or in fruit ovoid, 12-20-
flowered. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 420 (excl. var. serrata); Bess. Revis. Artem. in Linn. xv.
104; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 404. A. Ludoviciana (with incised or subpiunatifid leaves) & A.
gnaphalodes (with undivided leaves), Nutt. Gen. ii. 143. A. integrifolia, Pursh, 1. c., at least
in part, not L. A. Pursliiana, Bess. Abrot. 59, & Hook. Fl. i. 323. A. Douglasiana, Bess.
1. c., an entire-leaved less white-tomentose Western form. A. Ilookeriana, Bess. 1. c. ; the
plant taken to be this, of " Rocky Mts., Saskatchewan, &c., Drummond," in herb. Hook., but
not ticketed, is a tall and large-leaved form. Plains and banks, Saskatchewan to Texas,
east to Illinois and Upper Michigan, and west to Brit. Columbia, California, and Arizona.
The Wild Sage of Lewis & Clarke, at least in part. (Adj. Mex.)
b. Involucre not lanate (at least when fully developed), from pilose-pubescent or minutely canescent
to glabrate or glabrous: divisions of the leaves broad or narrow, but not filiform.
A. Mexicana, WILLD. Intermediate between preceding and following, paniculately
branched, 2 to 4 feet high, less tomentose : leaves narrow-lanceolate to linear, commonly at-
tenuate, some 3-5-cleft or parted ; radical cuneate, incisely piuuatifid or trifid heads very
numerous in an ample loose panicle, many pedicellate, 1 to 2 lines long : involucre campanu-
late, arachnoid-cauesceut or glabrate, largely scarious, 10-20-flowered. Spreng. Syst. iii.
490 ; Less, in Linn. v. 163 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 114; Bess. Revis. 1. c. 106. A. Indica, var. Mexi-
cana, Bess. Abrot. 56. A. vulyaris, var. Americana, Bess, in Linn. xv. 105. A. rulgarls,
var. Mexicana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 421. A. Ludociciana, in part, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 98.
A. cuneifolia? & A. Lindheimeriana, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 1G2, 163. A. Ludociciana, var.
Mexicana, forma tr-intifiilia, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 98, from New Mexico, &c., is a very narrow-
leaved variety, with strict panicle. Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona and S. W.
Nevada. (Mex.)
A. vulgaris, L. (MUGWORT.) Paniculately branched : leaves white with cottony tomen-
tum beneath, green and soon glabrate or glabrous above, usually bipinnately cleft or parted
and laciniate, and the lobes lanceolate or coarser; upper sometimes linear: heads numerous
and glomerate-paniculate, 2 lines long : involucre mostly oblong-campauulate, scarious,
sparingly arachnoid but usually glabrate. Michx. Fl. ii. 128; Pursh, Fl. ii. 522 ; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. 1. c., excl. var. Mericana. The common European form is apparently indige-
nous at Hudson's Bay, &c., and is naturalized in Canada (A. Indica, Canadensis, Bess, in
Hook. Fl.) and Atlantic States. (Eu., Asia.)
Artemisia. COMPOSITE. 373
Var. Tilesii, LEDEB. Robust, leafy to the very summit : heads glomerate, fuscous :
involucre broadly campanulate, arachnoid-cottony when young, but glabrate, many-flowered :
leaves coarsely cleft and laciuiate, the lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acute. Fl. Ross. ii. 586.
.1. Tilesii, Ledeb. Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 568; Bess. Abrot. 70; Less, iu Liuu. vi. 214; DC.
1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Arctic coast to Unalaska. (Adj. E. Asia.)
Var. Californica, BESS. Less branched or simple-stemmed, with more naked pani-
cle : heads of var. Tilesii or smaller, or at maturity sometimes oblong, glabrate. Bess, in
Linn. xv. 91 (founded on A. integrifolia, Less.) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 404. A. liderophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 400. A. Tilesii, var. cliitinr, Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 422. Northern Rocky Mountains to Alaska, south to the coast of California
and in the Sierra Nevada.
A. franserioid.es, GREENE. Habit of A. i-ulgaris, glabrous throughout, or minutely and
obscurely ciuereous-pubcruleiit : stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves comparatively
ample, green above, pale and barely ciuereous beneath ; lower bipiunately and upper simply
pinnately parted into lanceolate-oblong obtuse entire or 2-3-cleft divisions and lobes : heads
numerous, loosely racemose on the brandies of the leafy elongated panicle, 2 or 3 lines
broad: involucre greenish, glabrous, low-hemispherical, 30-40-flowered. Bull. Torr. Club,
x. 42. A. discolor, Torr. & Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 126; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi.
176, not Dougl. Roubideau's Pass, Mountains of S. Colorado, Gunnison. Piuos Altos
Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Mount Graham, Arizona, Rothrock.
A. discolor, DOUGL. A foot high, mostly slender, from alignescent slender caudex, glabrous
or glabrate except the lower face of the leaves : these white with close cottony tomeutum
(which is rarely deciduous), 1-2-pinnately parted into narrow liuear or lanceolate entire or
sparingly laciniate divisions and lobes : heads glomerate in an interrupted spiciform or vir-
gate panicle, 1 or 2 lines high : involucre hemispherical-campanulate, greenish and scarious,
glabrous or soon becoming so, 20-30-rlowered. Dougl. iu herb. Hook.; Bess. Suppl. &
DC. Prodr. vi. 109; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 404. A. Ludovidana & A.
Michauziana, Bess. Abrot. 38, 71, & iu Hook. Fl. 1. c., not Nutt. Mountains of Brit.
Columbia and Montana to Utah, Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada in California.
Var. incompta. A stouter form, with coarser and less dissected leaves, having
mostly broader (sometimes short-oblong) lobes, or the upper entire. A. incompta, Nutt.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 400. Rocky Mountains from Montana and Wyoming to Wash-
ington Terr., Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada in California.
== = == Not tall, sometimes low, herbaceous or suffrutescent at base : leaves or their divisions
narrowly linear, simple, small: heads 15-20-flowered, in a narrow thyrsoid or spiciform panicle.
A. Lilldleyana, BESS. A foot or two, rarely only a span high, slender, with thin floccu-
lent tomeutum soon deciduous, or persisting on the lower face of the mostly entire leaves
(these inch or less long, a line or much less wide, the lower occasionally with 2 or 3 small
lobes) : heads barely 2 lines high, loosely spicate on the simple stem or paniculate branches
of the inflorescence : involucre sparingly pubescent or glabrate, pale fuscous. Abrot. 35, &
in Hook. 1. c., described from herb. Liudl. A. pumila, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 399,
a dwarf state. Sandy banks of the Columbia River and its tributaries, Idaho, Oregon, and
Washington Terr., Douglas, Nuttull, Hall (distrib. as A. discolor?), Brandeyee. Also on the
sands of the sea-shore near the Straits of Juan de Fuca, Douglas.
A. "Wriglltii, GRAY. Cinereous or canescent with minute pubescence, or radical shoots
sometimes white-tomentose, 10 to 20 inches high, very leafy up to the strict virgatc panicle :
leaves pinnatelv 5-7-parted into very narrow liuear and by revolution filiform entire divis-
ions : heads numerous and crowded : involucre minutely cinereous-canescent, glabrate in
age. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 48. Plains of S. Colorado and adjacent New Mexico, Wright
(no. 1279, PL Wright, ii. 98, mention only), Palmer, Greene, Rothrork (no. 539), Brandegee.
= == = = Pinnately parted leaves mostly attenuate-filiform : heads simply and loosely race-
mose-spicate.
A. Prescottiana, BESS. Much branched from the base, a foot or two high, slender, gla-
brous or early glabrate . lower leaves cuneate-linear and incised or cleft at apex, slightly
tomentose beneath ; most of the cauline pinnately parted into 5 to 7 delicate filiform divis-
ions (of an inch or less long) : involucre glabrous, hemispherical, about 15-flowered. Abrot.
72, & in Hook. 1. c. " Quicksand River, near the Grand Rapids of the Columbia," Douglas.
374 COMPOSITE. Artemisia.
Described by Besser from herb. Liiidl., here from herb. Hook. A peculiar and little known
species, to which Douglas had applied the appropriate name of A. leptophylla.
H- -H- -H- -H- -H- Heads small and narrow, very few-flowered: flowers glabrous: stems woody
at base: habit of the following section.
A.. Bigelovii, GRAV. Silvery-cauescent throughout, a foot high: leaves from oblong- to
linear-cuueate, mostly 3-toothed at the truncate apex, about half-inch long : heads very
numerous and crowded in the oblong or virgate thyrsiform panicle, tomeutose-cauescent,
containing only one or two hermaphrodite and as many female flowers, all fertile. Pacif.
R. Rep. iv. 110. Rocky banks and callous, Colorado, on the Upper Canadian and Arkansas,
common where the latter leaves the mountains ; first coll. by Biyclow.
3. SERIPI-IIDIUM, Bess. Heads homogarnous, the flowers all hermaphrodite
and fertile : receptacle not hairy. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49.
* Anomalous species of Southwestern border, tall, mainly herbaceous, 3 to 5 feet high, with ample
and naked compound panicles; the heads nodding in anthesis, as is common in the genus.
A. Parish!!, GRAY. Frutesceut, ciuereous-puberulent : leaves linear and entire, below pass-
ing into elongated slender-spatulate and with 3-toothed apex : panicle a foot or two long,
loose: heads mostly pedicellate (-2 lines long): involucre obloug-campauulate, canescent,
6 7-flowered : akenes sparsely arachnoid-villous ! Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220. Interior
of Los Angeles Co., California, Parish.
A. Palmeri, GRAY. Wholly or nearly herbaceous, obscurely puberuleut ; but leaves white
beneath with close cottony tomeutnm, piunately 3-5-parted into long narrowly linear entire
lobes, their margins revolute : heads glomerate on the branches of the open panicle, hemi-
spherical, less than 2 lines in diameter : involucre greenish, about 20-flo \vered ; many of the
flowers subtended by scarious-hyaline bracts of the receptacle ! Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 79, &
Bot. Calif, i. G18. Jamul Valley, 20 miles south of San Diego, on the borders of California
and Lower California, Palmer, Miss Bird.
* * SAGE-BRUSH or SAGE-BUSHES, low shrubs, or fruticulose, canescent or silvery with very fine
and close tomentum : heads glomerate or strict in the paniculate or spiciform inflorescence, not
nodding even when young: corollas sometimes turning reddish.
4 Foliuse-sjricate : heads solitary in the axils, surpassed by the rigid leaves.
A., rigida, GRAY. A span to a foot high from a thick woody base or short stem, producing
a profusion of rigid and slender rather simple fastigiate branches, leafy to the very top :
leaves also rigid, silvery-canescent, filiform-linear, 3-5-parted or cleft, or some of the upper
and fascicled ones entire (even the lower rarely inch long), most of them subtending a sessile
head: involucre oblong to campauulate, 5-1 2-flowered, less than 2 lines long; bracts oval,
hyaline-margined. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. A. trijida, var. rigida, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 398. On high rocky ridges, N. E. Oregon and adjacent Idaho, NuttaU (without
flowers), Cusick.
i -t More naked-paniculate or thyrsoid, at least the upper heads or clusters exceeding the sub-
tending leaves; these not rigid.
H- Heads comparatively small and few-flowered, mostly oblong, one or two lines long: involucral
bracts rather firm in texture, well imbricated, the outer successively shorter: leaves seldom over
an inch long, mostly shorter.
.A. arbu.SCU.la, NUTT. Dwarf, a span or rarely a foot high, with a stout base and slender
flowering branches : leaves short, cuueate or flabelliform, 3-lobed or parted, with the lobes
obovate to spatulate-linear, sometimes again 2-lobed ; those subtending the heads usually en-
tire and narrow : panicle strict and comparatively simple and naked, often spiciform and
reduced to few rather scattered sessile heads : involucre 5-9-flowered. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 418; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 182; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 405.-
High mountains and elevated arid plains, Wyoming and Utah to Idaho and the Sierra
Nevada, California. Two forms, passing into each other (both coll. by Nitttall, &c.) ; one
with involucre more campanulate, 7-9-flowered; in the other oblong and only 4-5-flowered ;
sometimes the inflorescence simply spiciform, sometimes freely naked-paniculate.
A . tridentata, NUTT. 1. c. Larger, 1 to G (or even 12) feet high, much branched: leaves
cuueate, obtusely 3-toothed or 3-lobed, or even 4-7 -toothed, at the truncate summit, upper-
Petasites. COMPOSITE. 375
most cuneate-linear : heads densely paniculate : involucre 5-8-flowcred, its outer or accessory
tomentose-canescent bracts short and ovate. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton, 1. c. Plains and
also on the drier mountains, Montana to Colorado, Washington Territory, and eastern slope
of the Sierra Nevada, California, immensely abundant, the characteristic Sage-brush or Sagc-
icood of the region.
Var. angustifolia, GRAY. Leaves all narrow ; lower spatulate-linear, barely 3-toothed
at the roundish summit ; upper entire and more linear, a line or less wide : heads small :
shrub 3 or 4 feet high, with foliage too like that of the following species, but involucre of
A. tridcnfata. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 49. Arid plains, S. Idaho and W. New Mexico to
the Mohave Desert and the southern borders of San Diego Co., California.
A. trifida, NUTT. 1. c. A foot or two high, sometimes lower, much branched : leaves 3-cleft
and 3-parted ; the lobes and the entire upper leaves narrowly linear or slightly spatulate-
dilated : heads numerous in the contracted leafy panicle, or spicately disposed on its branches :
involucre 3-5-flowerecl, rarely 6-9-flowered, its outer or accessory bracts oblong to short-linear
or lanceolate. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 419 (excl. var.) ; Eaton, 1. c. Plains and valleys,
Wyoming and Utah to Washington Terr, and the Sierra Nevada, California.
f-i- -H- Heads somewhat larger and broader, .glomerate-paniculate, 7-1 4-flowered : involucre short-
campanuhite; inner bracts more scarious: steins low. suffruticose.
= Pubescence looser, furfuraceous-tomentose : inner bracts of the involucre narrow.
A. Bolailderi, GRAY. A foot or two high : leaves all narrowly linear, half a line wide,
acutish, entire, or some with one or two slender lobes : heads numerous, densely glomerate-
paniculate, 1 4-flowered, mostly equalled or surpassed by one or two linear-subulate herbaceous
accessory bracts. Proc. Am. .Acad. xix. 50. A. trijida, in part, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 405.
Mono Pass, in the eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, Do/under.
= = Canescent pubescence minute and very close: bracts of the involucre broad.
A. cana, Prusn. A foot or two high, freely branched, silvery-canescent : leaves lanceolate-
linear or narrower, somewhat tapering to both ends, an inch or two long, entire, rarely with
2 or 3 acute teeth or lobes ; margins not rcvolute : heads glomerate in a leafy contracted
panicle, 6-9-flowered, rarely 5-flowercd, usually with one or two linear subulate accessory
bracts. Fl. ii. 521 ; Bess.' in Hook. Fl. & DC. Prodr. vi. 105; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A. Co-
lumbicnsis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Plains, Saskatchewan to Montana, Dakota, and
Colorado; common only northward.
A. Rothrockii, GRAY. A foot or less high, less canescent or cinereous: leaves (inch or
less long) from cuneate and obtusely 3-lobed at dilated summit to spatulate-lanceolate or the
upper linear, sometimes all entire: heads (2 or 3 lines long), glomerate-paniculate, 9-12-
flowcred : proper bracts of the involucre all ovate or oval, glabrate. Bot. Calif, i. 618;
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 366, t. 13 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. A. tr(fida, Gray, 1. c.
405, in part. California, in the eastern and southern part of the Sierra Nevada, Rothrock,
Bolandcr, &c., and S. Utah, Ward, Parry.
TRIBE VIII. SENECIONIDE^E, p. 79.
179. TUSSIL.AG-O, Tourn. COLTSFOOT. (Tussis and ago, allays cough.)
- Single species, indigenous to Europe and Asia, naturalized in N. America.
T. FARFARA, L. Low perennial herb, cottony-tomentose ; with extensively creeping root-
stocks, sending up in earliest spring a scape beset with alternate lanceolate bracts, and
terminated by a head of yellow flowers ; later developing rounded- or angulate-cordate irregu-
larly dentate leaves on long and stout radical petioles, glabrate in age. Wet grounds, a
common weed in N. Atlantic States and Canada. (Nat. from Eu.)
180. PETASiTES, Tourn. BUTTER-BUR, SWEET COLTSFOOT. (ITeVao-os,
a broad-brimmed hat, alluding to the large and broad leaves.) --Perennial herbs,
of the northern temperate zone ; with thickish and mostly creeping rootstocks,
sending up scapiform and foliose-bracteate simple flowering stems, and ample
376 COMPOSITE. Petasites.
radical leaves on strong petioles, cottony-tomentose or glabrate ; the flowers
whitish or purplish, in spring. Gaertn. Fruct. ii. 406, t. 1G6; Grenier & Godr.
Fl. Fr. ii. 89; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 89G-901 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii.
438. Nardosmia (Cass.) & Petasites, DC. Prodr. v. 205, 20G.
1. No ligule to female flowers: an introduced plant. Petasites, DC.
P. vuLoAms, DESF. Rootstock very stout: leaves at maturity very large, round-cordate, an-
gulate-dentate and denticulate : heads racemosely disposed : flowers purplish. Tussitar/o
Petasites, L. In cult, and waste grounds, spreading in the vicinity of Philadelphia, C. E.
Smith. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. Female flowers with distinct ligules : rootstocks in ours slender and creep-
ing : leaves developing with or soon following the whitish blossoms, in spring.
Nardosmia, Cass. ; so named from the fragrant flowers of the original species.
P. sagittata, GRAY. Leaves from deltoid-oblong- to reniform-hastate, from acute to
rounded-obtuse, repand-dentate, very white-tomentose beneath, when full grown 7 to 10
inches long : heads short-racemose becoming corymbose : ligules equalling or shorter than
the disk. Bot. Calif, i. 407. Titssi/cn/o sar/ittata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 332. Nardusmia sac/ittata,
Hook. Fl. i 307, and apparently a part of N. fri/jida, Hook. Wet ground, Hudson's Bay
to Fort Franklin, west to the Rocky Mountains in Brit. Columbia, and south to those of
Colorado.
P. frigida, FRIKS. Leaves small (1 to 3 or 4 inches long), rounded- or oblong-cordate to"
reniform-hastate, sometimes even truncate at base, angularly or more deeply and sinuately
lobed, the lobes entire: heads few, corymbose. " Syll. 20," & Sum. Veg. Scand. 182.
Tussilago frigida, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. Gl, not of Pursh, whose plant from Canada and Xew
England is either fictitious or the succeeding species. T. cori/mbosa, R. Br. in Parry Voy.
& Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. Nardosmia anrjulosa, Cass. Diet, xxxiv 188. N. frigida
& N. corymbosa, Hook. 1. c., at least mainly. Arctic coast and west to Kotzebue Sound, the
Aleutian Islands, &c. (N. Eu. & Asia.)
P. palmata, GRAY. Leaves (7 to 10 or even 18 inches broad) round-reuiform in outline,
palmately 7-11-cleft to beyond the middle or deeper; the lobes oblong-lanceolate to oblong-
cuueate, laciniate-dentate : scape multibracteate, bearing rather numerous heads. Bot.
Calif, i. 407. Tussilano palmata, Ait. Kew. ii. 188, t. 2; Fursh, 1. c. Nurdosmia palmata,
Hook. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Wet woodlands, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada,
New England, and Wisconsin to Brit. Columbia and California. (E. Asia.)
181. GACALlOPSIS, Gray. (KaraXta, ancient Greek name of Colts-
foot ? and oi/rtr, likeness ; from resemblance, if not to the ancient Cacalia, at
least to that of Tournefort.) Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. Single known species.
C. Nardosmia, GRAY, 1. c. Robust perennial, a foot or two high, floccose-woolly, at length
glabrate : leaves considerably resembling those of Petasites palmata, alternate, long-petioled,
all but 2 or 3 radical, orbicular-cordate or flabellate, 5-9-cleft or rarely parted ; the lobes or
divisions rather broad, iucisely lobed or dentate : heads (an inch high) few or several, pe-
dunculate, corymbosely or racemosely disposed at the naked summit of the stem : corolla
pure yellow : flowers honey-scented. Cacalia Nardosmia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 361.
Adenostyles Nardosmia, Gray, 1. c. viii. 631, & Bot Calif, i. 301, following Benth. & Hook.
Open pine woods, California from Meudocino Co. northward (Bolander, Kelloya, Greene)
to Oregon and Washington Terr., Suksdorf, HowclL
182. LTJlNA, Benth. (Anagram of Inula, which this genus approaches.)
Hook. Ic. PI. t. 1139 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 438. Single species.
L. hypoleuca, BEXTH. 1. c. Herbaceous and simple-stemmed from a stout woody root-
stock, white with appressed tomentum : stems hardly a foot high, equably leafy up to the
corymbiform cyme of several small heads: leaves ovate or oval, alternate, sessile, entire,
inch or less long, nervose-veiny and reticulated, the upper face soon glabrate and green,
Psatiiyrotes. COMPOSITE. 377
involucre 4 lin^s high, nearly equalling the light yellow corollas. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
ix. 206, & But. Calif, i. 409. Cascade Mountains, on the border of Brit. Columbia, Lyall.
Yakima Co., Washington Terr., Brundei/ee.
Var. Californica, GRAY, 1. c. More densely woolly, and upper face of the leaves
tardily glabrate : corolla-lobes shorter. \V. California, on Chimney Rock, Meudociuo Co.
(and, according to the ticket, behind Santa Cruz), Kelloijy.
183. PEUCEPHYLLUM, Gray. (Ile^, the Fir, <^AAoy, leaf, from
some likeness in foliage.) Bot. Mex. Bound. 74; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 438.
Psathyrotes Peucephyllum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 20G. Single species.
P. Schottii, GRAY, 1. c. Shrub 2 to 10 feet high, glabrous but resinous-viscid and balsamic,
very much branched, rigid (the stem at base often 3 inches in diameter, including the rough
bark) : branches and brauchlets very leafy up to the terminal heads : leaves alternate and
some fascicled in the axils, nearly terete, half-inch to inch long, as it were acerose but bluut-
ish and not very rigid, minutely impressed-punctate ; the lower sometimes 3-parted : heads
barely half-inch high : corollas dull yellowish, with the teeth becoming fuscous . anthers in-
cluded or half-exserted. Psathyrotcs Schottii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot. Calif.
i. 409. Desert region of S. E. California and adjacent Arizona; first coll. by Schotl and
Newberry ; later by Parry, Lemmon, Pr ingle, &C.
184. PSATHYROTES, Gray. (^a^porT??, brittleness, from the brittle
stems and branches.) Low and pubescent or scurfy winter annuals (of Nevada
and Arizona) ; with round-cordate or ovate petioled leaves, and rather small heads
of yellowish flowers, sometimes turning purplish. -- PL Wright, ii. 100; Proc.
Am. Acad. vii. 303 ; also Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 206, & Bot. Calif, i. 409, excl.
2. Tetradymia Polydymia, Torr. in Emory Rep. 1848, 145. Bulbostylis
(Psat/iyrotus), Nutt. PI. Gamb. in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. i. 179.
1. Divaricately much branched, spreading or depressed, leafy; with solitary
heads in the forks, either erect or nodding on short or slender peduncles : corollas
more or less woolly at summit : style-branches glabrous, or with some very minute
pubescence at or toward the tip.
P. ramosissima, GRAY. Lanate, at least the stems and branches, and the young leaves
covered with dense and somewhat scurfy white tomentmn : leaves long-petioled, roundish,
subcordate or almost cuneate at base, coarsely crenate (half-inch wide) : outer bracts of the
involucre 5, spatulate-obovate, much larger than the inner, the upper part spreading and
foliaceous : corollas plainly yellow : akenes short-turbinate, densely long-villous. Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 363, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. P. cinnua, Gray, PI. Thurb. 323, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 102,
in part. Tetrad ymia (Polydymta) ramosissima, Torr. in Emory Rep. I.e. Gravelly hills
and rocks, along the Mohave and Gila, S. E. California and throughout adjacent Arizona ;
first coll. by Emory.
P. annua, GRAY. Furfuraceous-canescent or cinereous : leaves more dentate, seldom cor-
date, commonly wider than long : outer bracts of the involucre ovate-oblong or narrower,
less foliaceous, rather shorter than the inner, erect : corollas more slender, pule yellow,
changing sometimes to purplish : akenes oblong-turbinate, densely villous : pappus rather
less copious. PI. Wright, ii. 100, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Bulbostylis
(Psathyrotus) annna, Nutt. 1. c. Saline plains, Nevada, eastern borders of California,
S. Utah, and adjacent Arizona ; first coll. by Gamin I.
P. pilifera, GRAY. Minutely furfnraceous-tomentose : leaves dilated rhombic-obovate or
roundish with cuneate base, entire ; their margin and sometimes upper face and long petiole
beset with very long and soft (probably viscid) many-jointed hairs: heads narrower: outer
bracts of oylindraceous involucre oblong-linear, herbaceous only at summit: young akenes
oblong, short-hirsute : style-branches dorsally somewhat pubescent for some distance below
the truncate tip. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. Southern Utah, near Kanab, Mrs. Thompson,
Parry.
378 COMPOSITE. Psathyrotes.
2. Scapose, erect : corollas nearly glabrous throughout : style-branches flatter,
very obtuse, externally minutely hirsute over most of the back.
P. scaposa, GRAY. Leaves all at or near the base, ovate or roundish, almost entire, short-
petioled, at first loosely white-tomeutose, at length glabrate : scapes or naked peduncles
several, 3 or 4 inches high, bearing 3 to 7 corymbosely disposed heads, glandular-pubescent,
as also the campanulate involucre : bracts of the latter all somewhat herbaceous ; outer ones
broadly linear or barely oblong, equalling and not unlike the inner: akenes oblong-turbi-
uate, hirsute: pappus about half the length of the corolla. PL Wright, ii. 100, t. 13.
Borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, near El Paso, on the liio Grande, Wright.
(Adj. Mex.)
185. BAR,TLETTIA, Gray. (John fi. Bartlett, Commissioner of the
Mexican Boundary Survey, in which this plant was discovered.) PI. Thurb.
in Mem. Amcr. Acad. v. 324; Bot. Mex. Bound. 102. Single species.
"B. scaposa, GRAY, 1. c. Slender winter-annual, almost glabrous, flowering almost from the
base by monocephalous scapes of G to 9 inches high, and Inter by similar peduncles termi-
nating sparsely leafy branching stems : leaves sleuder-petioled, roundish or subcordate,
membranaceous, repand-dentate, some 3-5-lobed : head half-inch or less high : involucre
pubescent : flowers yellow : pappus rather fragile, little longer than the akene. New
Mexico, near El Paso, perhaps only below the Mexican boundary, Thurber, Scliott, G. IL
Vaseij. (Adj. Mex.)
183, CROCfDIUM, Hook. (Diminutive formed from KpoK-rj, loose thread
or wool, alluding to the wool which usually persists in the axils of the leaves.)
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 335, t. 118; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 448; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii.
440. Single species ; fl. early spring.
C. multicaule, HOOK. 1. c. Small winter annual, a span or two high, flocculent-woolly
when young, soon mostly glabrate, producing many simple stems from the tuft of obovate
or spatulate few-toothed sessile or short-petioled radical leaves : cauline leaves small, lanceo-
late to linear: head slender-pedunculate, rather small, but showy; the ray and disk deep
golden yellow. Plains and hills, British Columbia and Idaho to the northern part of Cali-
fornia ; first coll. by Douglas.
187. HAPLOESTHES, Gray. ('ATT/VOO?, simple, eV0ifc, garment, the
involucre of unusually few pieces.) -- PL Fendl. 109, PI. Wright, i. 125, & Bot.
Mex. Bound. 102. Single species.
H. Greggii, GRAY, 1. c. Somewhat fleshy, herbaceous or suffrutescent, a foot or two high,
fastigiately branched, glabrous, leafy up to the loose cymes of a few slender-pedunculate
naked heads: leaves all opposite, very narrowly linear or filiform, entire; the lower connate
at base : heads 2 or 3 lines high : flowers yellow : ligules 1 or 2 lines long. Saline soil,
S. E. Colorado and W. Texas to the Mexican border, Wright, Bigelow, Parry, c. (Adj.
Mex. ; first coll. by Gregg. )
188. LEPIDOSPABTUM, Gray. (Ar, a scale, and cnraprov, the
Broom plant.) Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 50. Single species.
L. squamatum, GRAY, 1. c. A rigid Broom-like shrub, 4 or 5 feet high; seedling plants
floccose-tomentosc and with spatulate entire alternate leaves of half-inch or more in length ;
but the primary branches and whole subsequent growth glabrous or nearly so, and beset
with small and thickish appressed green scales in place of leaves : heads terminal or more
commonly spicate-paniculate on the slender branchlets, 3 to 5 lines long : involucre very
glabrous, 10-18-flowered : corollas pale yellow. Linosyris sqnamata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 290. Tetrad i/mia (Lepidosparton) squamata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207, & Bot.
Calif, i. 408 ; var. Brarcri & var. Pa/meri are mere varying forms. Carphcphorus junceus,
Durand in Pac'f. II. Hep. v. 8, not Benth. Has been mistaken also for a Baccharis. Dry
Tetradymia. COMPOSITE. 379
hills and arid plains, from Los Angeles Co., California, to Arizona ; first coll. by Heermann
and by Brewer.
189. TETRADlTMIA, DC. (TerpaSv/tos, four together, the heads of the
principal species only 4-flowerecl.) -- Low and rigid shrubs (of the arid interior
of N. America), sometimes spinescent, canescently tomentose ; with alternate and
sometimes fascicled narrow and entire leaves, rather large cymose or clustered
heads of yellow flowers, and a copious white pappus. Prodr. vi. 540 ; Deless.
Ic. Sel. iv. t. 60 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 447.
1. EuTETRADtMiA. Involucre 4-flowered, of 4 or 5 bracts: pappus ex-
tremely copious : akenes either very villous, glabrate, or glabrous, varying even
in 'the same species : undershrubs, a foot or two high.
T. canescens, DC. Permanently canescent with a dense close tomentum, unarmed, fas-
tigiately branched : leaves from narrowly linear to spatulate-lanceolate, an inch or less long :
heads half to three-fourths inch long, most of them short-pedunculate. Prodr. 1. c. ; Deless.
Ic. iv. t. CO. Hills and plains, along with Artemisia iridentuta, N. Wyoming and Brit.
Columbia to New Mexico, Arizona, and eastern borders of California. Passes freely into
Var. inermis, GRAY, Bot. Calif, i. 408. A form with shorter and crowded branches,
shorter leaves more inclined to spatulate and lanceolate, and smaller heads. T. inermis,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 415 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. The commonest and almost the
only form eastward.
T. glabrata, GRAY. Whitened with looser at length deciduous tomentum, unarmed :
branches more slender, spreading : leaves at length naked and green, primary ones slender-
subulate, cuspidate, on young shoots appressed, half-inch long; those of fascicles in their
axils spatulate-linear, fleshy, pointless : heads mostly short-pedunculate : involucre often
glabrate: akenes as far as knowu very villous. Pacif. II. Hep. ii. 122, t. 5; Eaton, Bot.
King Exp. 193; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 408. Common in Utah and to the eastern borders of
California and S. E. Oregon ; first coll. by Beckwith.
T. Nuttallii, TORR. & GRAY. Pubescence and foliage of T. canescens, var. inermis, bearing
rigid divergent spines in place of primary leaves ; leaves of the axillary fascicles mostly
spatulate: heads more glomerate. Fl. 1. c. ; Eaton, 1. c. T. spinosa, Nutt. 1. c., not Hook.
& Arn. Utah and Wyoming or S. Idaho, Nuttall, Watson.
2. LAGOTHA'MNUS, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Involucre 5-9-flowered, of 5 or 6
broader bracts : proper pappus less copious, reduced nearly or quite to a single
series of bristles, which are covered by a false pappus of the extremely long very
soft and white woolly hairs which densely clothe the akene : shrubs 2 to 4 feet
high, at least the branches densely white-tomentose. Lagoihamnus, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 416.
T. spinosa, HOOK. & ARX. Branches divaricate, rigid, bearing rigid and straight or re-
curved spines in place of primary leaves : secondary leaves fascicled in their axils, small,
fleshy, liuear-clavate, glabrous or glabrate : heads scattered, pedunculate, fully half-inch
long : pappus of comparatively rigid capillary bristles, somewhat surpassing the wool of the
akene. Bot. Beech. 360; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Lagothamnus micro-
p/ii/llus& L. ambiguus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 416. S. Wyoming and Utah to
Idaho, E. Oregon, and along the southeastern borders of California to border of Arizona.
T. COmosa, GRAY. Branches erect, elongated : primary leaves linear, soft, floccose-tomen-
tose ; the earlier 2 or 3 inches long and 2 lines wide, plane ; those of the branches often fili-
form and deciduous, some of the upper changed to long and soft spines ; fascicled secondary
leaves wanting, or fewer and like those of T. spinosa : heads corymbose or glomerate at
the summit of the branches : pappus finer and more scanty, concealed by the long wool of
the akene. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60; Bot. Calif, ii. 458. N. W. borders of Nevada
(Lemmon), San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, California, Parr;/, Lemmon, Parish,
Cleveland,
380 COMPOSITE. Raillardella.
190. RAILLARDELLA, Gray. (Diminutive of Raillardia, an allied
Hawaian genus of shrubs.) Perennial and mostly scapose herbs of tlie Sierra
Nevada, California, intermediate between the Senecionidece and the Helenioidece.
Leaves entire, narrow : cauline alternate or none : head solitary, with yellow
flowers; in summer. -- Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 550 ( of Raillardia), & in Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 442 ; Bot. Calif, i. 41G.
1. Genuine species, with creeping rootstocks, producing rosulate clusters of
spatulate-lanceolate or narrower thickish leaves, and occasionally one or two
small ones near the base of the otherwise naked elongated simple scape, which
is terminated by the solitary (commonly inch long) head: pappus-bristles 15 to
20 or more, conspicuously short-plumose, white : no hirsute pubescence, but invo-
lucre and upper part of scape glandular.
R. argeiltea, GRAY, 1. c. Kootstoeks extensively creeping, somewhat liguescent : leaves
silvery with a silky tomeutum, inch or two long : scape 2 to 4 inches high : head narrow, in
depauperate specimens 7-S-flowered, but usually about 15-flowered: no rays. High Sierra
Nevada (9,000 to 11,000 feet) from the San Bernardino Mountains to Lasseu, Bran r,
Greene, Lemmon, &c.
R. scaposa, GI;AY, 1. c. Somewhat pubescent, but no tomeutum, glabrate : leaves 1 to 4
inches long: scape 4 to 10 inches high: involucre cylindraceous, in depauperate plants
10-12-fiowcTcd, in others 20-.30-nowered : corollas light yellow. Sierra Nevada above and
east of the Yosemite, at 8,000 to 9,000 feet; first coll. by Brewer aud Bolander ; the latter
found some specimens with incipient rays, connecting with
Var. Eiseni. A small form : heads witli 3 or 4 deformed rays. 1\. Eiseni, Kellogg
in herb. Calif. Acad. Mountains of King's liiver, Fresno Co., G. Eiscn.
R. Pringlei, GREENE. Kootstock stout and branching : leaves glabrous and smooth, thick-
ish, some obscurely denticulate, 3 or 4 inches long, 3 or 4 lines wide: scape 10 to 18 inches
high: involucre campanulate, about 40-flowered, of correspondingly numerous and more
distinct bracts : flowers orange-yellow, 6 to 10 of them conspicuously radiate : pappus-bristles
rather fewer (15 to 18) and rather less plumose than in the foregoing. Bull. Torr. Club, ix.
17. High mountains of N. California, west of Mount Shasta, Pringle.
2. Anomalous species, hirsute, leafy-stemmed, perhaps some of the central
flowers infertile.
R. Muirii, GRAY. About a foot high, roughish-hirsute, leafy below, sparsely so and bearing
stipitate glands toward the summit : leaves inch long, lanceolate-linear, acute, closely sessile ;
radical ones unknown : heads terminal and one or two lateral, half-inch high, wholly dis-
coid : involucre campanulate, hirsute, its narrow bracts distinct to the base : akenes oblong
with tapering base : pappus of 11 or 12 somewhat more aristiform and rather less plumose
bristles than in preceding species. Bot. Calif, ii. 618. In the Sierra Nevada, probably
southward, but station unknown, Muir. Too little known.
191. ARNICA, L. (Thought to be a corruption of Ptarmica.) Peren-
nial herbs, of the northern temperate and arctic zones \ with erect stems, either
quite simple or branching above, opposite leaves (or upper occasionally alternate),
and comparatively large long-pedunculate heads of yellow flowers; the rays
usually elongated, rarely wanting. Anthers yellow except in the last species.
Fl. summer. Ga-rtn. Fr. t. 173; Schkuhr, Handb. t. 248; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 449.
# Radical loaves roundish and sessile in mi ample rosulate cluster. Atlantic U. S.
A. nudicaulis, NTTT. Hirsute: stem robust, I to 3 feet high, simple and bearing few-
heads, or loosely paniculate with man}' : leaves denticulate or nearly entire; radical 2 to 5
inches long ; cauline only one or two remote pairs up to the infloresceTice, small, oval, closely
sessile: rays half-inch long. Gen. ii. 164; Ell. Sk. ii. 333; DC. Prodr. vi. 318; Torr. &
Arnica. COMPOSITE. 381
Gray, 1. c. A. Claytoni, Pursh, Fl. ii. 527. Doronicum acaule, Walt. Car. 205. D. nudicwde,
Michx. Fl. ii. 121. Piue barreus, &c., Penn. to Florida.
* * Radical leaves mostly cordate at base, on slender or sometimes winged petioles: rootstocks
slender and creeping. Pacific and Rocky Mountain species.
-I Rays wanting or rarely some rudiments: cnnline leaves sometimes by disjunction alternate,
some of them petioled, irregularly dentate: heads rather numerous, paniculate.
A. parvifiora, GHAY. A foot high, slender, pubescent, even the peduncles but slightly
glandular : leaves narrowly deltoid or oblong, truncate or abrupt at base, an inch or two
loug: involucre 4 or 5 lines high, about 20-flowered ; its linear bracts sparsely pubescent :
akeues not pubescent, minutely glandular. 1'roc. Am. A cad. vii. 3(5.3, & Rot. Calif, i. 415.
California, in Humboldt Co., Bvlander. Also at some station north of San Francisco
Bay, G. R. Vase//.
A. discoidea, BEXTI-I. A foot or two high, stouter, more or less villous and viscid : radi-
cal and lowest cauline leaves from ovate with truncate or abruptly cuneate base to cordate,
not rarely wing-petioled : involucre half-inch high, 30-50-flowered, usually very villous and
glandular; its bracts lanceolate or linear : akeues pubescent. PI. Ilartw. 319; Gray, Bot.
Calif. 1. c., with a part of A. cordifolia. Wooded hills iu the coast ranges of California, from
San Luis Obispo Co. northward to Washington Terr. ; first coll. by Hnrtweg. Northwardly
seems to pass into A. cordifolia.
H H Rays conspicuous and elongated, rarely wanting: cauline leaves all opposite, in one or
two or at most three pairs, broad, usually membranaceous, dentate or denticulate.
A. cordifolia, HOOK. A foot or two, or when alpine a span or two high, pubescent, or the
steins hirsute and peduncles villous : lower cauline as well as radical leaves long-petioled,
deeply cordate, yet sometimes only ovate ; upper cauline small, sessile : heads few, in smaller
plants solitary : involucre two-thirds inch long, pubescent or villous : rays commonly inch
long: akenes more or less hirsute. Fl. i. 331 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 450. A. macrophylla,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 407. Senccio Citminyii, Klatt in Abh. Nat. Hist. Gesellsc-h.
xv. 9, is either this or the next. Woods and high mountains, Brit. ( 'olumbia, and mountains
near Saskatchewan, to those of Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and eastern borders of the Sierra
Nevada, California.
Var. eradiata is an ambiguous form; with smaller and rayless heads, and oblong-
ovate at most subeordate leaves. E. Oregon, Montana, &c. Transition to A. Parri/i.
A. latifolia, BONG. Minutely pubescent or commonly glabrous, with smaller heads than
the preceding : only radical leaves cordate or subcordate and petioled ; cauline 2 or 3 pairs,
equal, ovate or oval, usually sharply dentate, closely sessile by a broad base, or lowest with
contracted base: akenes commonly glabrate or glabrous. Veg. Sitch. 147; Torr. & Gray,
I.e. A. Menziesii, Hook. Fl. i. 331, t. 111. Pine woods, Alaska and Brit. Columbia to
Oregon, and Rocky Mountains to Colorado and Utah ; first coll. by Mcnzies.
Var. viscidula. Viscidly pubescent : cauline leaves less broad at base : heads rather
larger : akenes pubescent. High Sierra Nevada, California, Greene, Prinyle. And a very
similar plant from Sitka.
* * * No cordate leaves; radical leaves petioled, tapering or sometimes abrupt at base: root-
stocks usually creeping and slender. Western and Northern species.
4- Leafy to the top: cauline leaves very seldom less than 4 pairs, and the upper not conspicuously
diminished: heads several or few, or in smaller plants solitary.
w- Heads all with rays half-inch or more long: plants a foot or two high: the species continent.
A. amplexicaulis, NUTT. Slightly pubescent or almost glabrous: leaves from ovate to
lanceolate-oblong, acute or acuminate, all the cauline sessile by a half-clasping base, saliently
and very acutely dentate: akenes hirsute-pubescent. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 408; Torr.
& Gray, 1. c. Woods and shaded rocks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Nuttull, Li/all, Wallace.
&c. Broad-leaved forms much resembling the preceding, except in more leafy stems and
want of cordate radical leaves : narrower-leaved forms nearly pass into the succeeding.
A. Chamissonis, LESS. From tomentulose- or villous-pubescent to nearly glabrous :
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or dentate, acute or obtuse ; lowest tapering
into a margined petiole, upper broad at base (sometimes ovate-lanceolate) .and somewhat
clasping: akeues hirsute-pubescent. Less, in Linn. vi. 238; DC. Prodr. vi. 317; Torr. &
382 COMPOSITE. Arnica.
Gray, 1. c, partly ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. A. mollis, Hook. Fl. i. 231 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. ;
Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 60, a form with comparatively few and mostly broad leaves. A. lanceolata,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. A. kit (folia, Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 458, & i. 415, in part,
almost glabrous broad-leaved form. Uualaska and Sitka to the Sierra Nevada, California,
and mountains of Utah and Colorado ; east to L. Superior, Mount Washington, and the
mountains of Lower Canada. A form with comparatively narrow leaves, N. Maine and
Lower Canada, Goodale, Allen, &c.
A. longifolia, EATON. Many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely puberulent : cauline leaves elon-
gated-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, entire or denticulate, somewhat nervose (3 to 6 inches
long), lower with narrowed bases conuate-vagiuate ; heads corymbosely disposed, short-
pednncled: akeues minutely glandular, not hairy. Bot. King Exp. 186. On rocks, in the
mountains, at 9,000 feet, from above Summit (Jones, Primjle) to Kern Co. (Rothrock) in
California, Clover Mountains, Nevada ( \Vatson), and Wahsatch Mts. (Jones) in Utah.
A. foliosa, NUTT. Tomeutose-pubesceut, strict: leaves lanceolate, denticulate, nervose;
upper partly clasping by narrowish base, lower witli tapering bases connate : heads short-
peduncled, rarely solitary : akeues hirsute-pubescent or glabrate. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
vii. 407 (excl. var. nana) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 416. A. Chamissonis, Torr. Gray, 1. c., in
part. A. montana, Hook. Fl. 1. c., in part. Wet meadows and mountain-sides, Saskatche-
wan to Oregon, N. California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, and in the Rocky
Mountains south to Colorado.
Var. incana, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. White with very soft floccose tomeutum. Wet
meadows, mostly in water, in the Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada ; first coll
by Brewer and Torre;/.
H- -w- Heads rayless : stems leafy even on the flowering branches.
A. viscosa, GRAY. A foot or less high, fastigiately branching, very viscid-pubescent :
leaves small (inch or less long), ovate-oblong, entire, closely sessile, but not connate at base :
involucre 4 lines high, considerably shorter than the (25 or 30) flowers : corollas pale yellow :
akenes glandular-hirsute. Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 374, & Bot. Calif, ii. 458. N. California,
on Mt. Shasta at 8,000 feet, Gray Hookei .
-t -t Less leafy: cauline leaves one or two (rarely three) pairs, and the upper mostly small.
H- Heads rayless, mostly 3 to 5 and rather short-pecluncled at the naked summit of the stem.
A. Parryi, GRAY. A foot or less high, slender, simple, somewhat hirsutely pubescent and
above glandular : leaves membranaceons, commonly denticulate ; radical oval to ovate-
oblong (1 to 3 inches long), abruptly or cuneately contracted at base into a short margined
petiole ; cauline remote : involucre hirsute and glandular, half-inch or less high : occasion-
ally some outermost corollas ampliate : akeues glabrous or with a few sparse hairs. Am.
Nat. viii. 213. A. angustifolia, var. discoidea, lat/folia, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii.
238. A. angustifolia, var. eradiata, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. Rocky Mountains,
from Colorado (on the borders of alpine region) to Wyoming, in the Wahsatch, Utah, and
west to Oregon and Washington Terr. ; first coll. by Parry.
-H- -H- Heads conspicuously radiate, solitary or very few, mostly long-peduncled.
= Anthers yellow, as in all the preceding species: tube of disk-corollas hirsute.
A. Nevadensis, GRAY. Half a foot high, puberulent, sometimes cinereous: leaves all
oval or oblong, mostly obtuse, entire or a few small denticulations (inch or two long), ob-
scurely tripliuerved or 3-nerved at base; radical roundish to obovate, either abruptly con-
tracted or tapering into slender petiole : involucre half-inch high : akenes minutely pubescent
and glabrate. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 55. Sierra Nevada, California. Lasseu's Peak, j\frs.
Austin, cinereous form, with rays almost inch long, bears resemblance to [V/iitnei/n. Peaks
south of Summit, at 9,000 feet, Prinyle, greener, roundish-leaved, with rays half-inch long.
A. alpina, OLIN. A span to 18 inches high, pubescent, hirsute, or at summit villous, strict,
simple and monocephalous, occasionally 3-cephalous: leaves thickish, from narrowly oblong
to lanceolate, or the radical oblong-spatulate and small uppermost linear, entire or dentic-
ulate, 3-nerved ; bases of the cauline hardly at all connate : akenes hirsute-pubescent, rarely
glabrate. "Murr. Syst. Veg., 1774" (according to Fries, but not found there), "Olin,
Monogr. Arnic. Upsaliae, 1799," ex Fries, Summ. Veg. Scand. 187 ; Wahl. Fl. Suec. ii. 530;
Gray,"Bot. Calif, i. 416. A. angustifolia, Vahl, Fl. Dan. t. 1524 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 317 ; Torr
Senecio. COMPOSITE. 383
& Gray, Fl. ii. 449. A. plantaginea & A.fulgens, Pursh, Fl. li. 527. Labrador and north to
the arctic coast, west to the Aleutian Islands, south to the Sierra Nevada, California, and to
Colorado in the Rocky Mountains; the southern forms comparatively large and broad-
leaved. (N. Eu., Greenland.)
Var. Lessingii, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c., perhaps from Kotzebue Sound, is a thinner-
leaved form, of lax habit ; the akeues only sometimes glabrous, and the anthers not " black-
ish." A. ulpina, Less, m Linn. vi. 235; Herder, PI. Radd. ii. 110. (X. E. Asia.)
= = Anthers black: leaves broad: head large, solitary. High Northwestern species.
A. Unalaschensis, LESS. Robust, a span or two high, hirsute or villous : leaves oblong,
mostly acutish and ooviously serrate or denticulate with subulate callous teeth : disk-corollas
glabrous or nearly so : akeues slightly hairy or glabrate. Linn. vi. 2.35 ; Herder, 1. c.
Uualaska, and other Aleutian Islands, Behriug Island, &c. ; first coll. by Chumisso.
A. obtusifolia, LESS. 1. c. Taller or longer-pedunculate, pubescent or glabrate : leaves
oblong or spatulate, very obtuse, almost or quite entire, nervose : disk-corollas " glabrous "
or upper part of the tube hispidulous : akeues glabrous : resembles A. nwntuna. Unalaska,
Chaniisso. Shumagiu Islands, Harrington,
192. SENECIO, Tourn. GROUNDSEL. (Old Latin name of Groundsel,
from senex, old man, in allusion to the hoary pappus.) One of the largest
known genera, very widely dispersed over the world, most of the species (all of
ours) herbs ; with alternate leaves, and yellow-flowered heads of middle or rarely
larger size : fl. spring and summer. Minute short hairs or papillae on the akenes
of most species swell and emit a pair of spiral threads when wetted. Before
wetting the akenes may be really or apparently glabrous, and after wetting be-
come canescent. Less. Syn. 391 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 340; Beuth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 446, partly. Arrangement wholly artificial.
S. CANADENSIS, L., Spec. ii. 869, and CINERARIA CANADENSIS, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1244 (to
which Nutt., Geu. ii. 165, gave the name of S. Kahnii), were said to be of "Canada, Kalm."
They are not so indicated in the Linnaian herbarium : both are probably South European
specimens. The first belongs to S. artemisicefolius, Pers. ; the second is a thinner-leaved form
of Cineraria maritima, L., the S. Cineraria, DC. CINERARIA CAROLINENSIS, Walt. Car. 207,
is undeterminable.
S. ciLiArus, Walt. Car. 208, is probably only Erigeron Canadense, L.
S. FLOCCIFERUS, DC. Prodr. vi. 426, is Malacothrix obtusa, Beuth.
S. CINERARIA, DC., the DUSTY-MILLER of house-cultivation, has been found wild on the
beach of San Francisco Bay, California, at Alameda.
S. JACOB^A, L., of Europe, has become a weed in some parts of Nova Scotia and Canada.
S. PALMERI, Gray, a peculiar frutescent species of Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, is
quite beyond our limits.
1. Perennials (one or two suffruticose) ; with pubescence, if any, of a tomen-
tose character, mostly floccose and when deciduous leaving the surface smooth and
naked, never viscid nor obviously hirsute.
* Heads an inch or distinctly over half-inch high, very manj'-flowered.
I Disk-corollas deeply 5-toothed : heads of the largest.
S. Rugelia, GRAY. Lightly floccose-tomeutose when young, soon glabrate : stems simple, a
foot high from a creeping rootstock, bearing 3 to 5 naked slender-pedunculate somewhat
racemosely disposed heads : leaves membranaceous ; radical and lowest cauline ovate, den-
ticulate, 2 to 5 inches long, long-petioled ; others small and few, bract-like, sessile : involucre
not calyculate, of about 12 linear-lanceolate thickish glabrous bracts: rays none: pappus
rather sordid. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. Rtigelia nndicaulls, Shuttlew. in coll. Rugel;
Chapm. Fl. 246. Woods, Smoky Mountains, N. Carolina and Tennessee, Rugel, Buckley.
Style-branches capitellate-truucate and pubescent at summit, and a few obscure minute
hairs on the back.
384 COMPOSITE. Senecio.
S. Pseudo- Arnica, LESS. Floccosely white-tomentose, more or less glabrate in age :
stem stout, 6 to 30 inches high, equably very leafy to top, bearing solitary or several
corymbosely disposed heads on stout bracteolate peduncles : leaves oblong-liugulate or the
lower spatulate, denticulate or dentate, 5 to 8 inches long, sessile by a partly clasping auric-
ulate base : involucre calyculate by few or several slender-subulate loose accessory bracts :
rays numerous, half-inch or more long: pappus dull white. Less, in Linn. vi. 240; Hook.
Fl. i. 334, t. 113 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 358; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 44G. Arnica waritima, L. Spec.
ii. 884 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 528. A. Doronicttm, Pursh, 1. c. Sea-beaches, &c., Newfoundland,
New Brunswick, and border of Maine to Labrador, and west to the Aleutian Islands.
(N. Asia.)
-i -i Disk-corollas merely 5-toothed. Rocky-Mountain and more Western species.
++ Heads radiate.
= Alpine species of the Rocky Mountains.
S. Soldanella, GRAY. Apparently glabrous from the first, a span high, somewhat succu-
lent : leaves mostly radical and long-petioled, from round-remform to spatulate-obovate,
denticulate or entire ; cauline one or two or none : head solitary, erect, two thirds to nearly
a full inch high : involucral bracts lanceolate and a very few calyculate ones : rays 6 to 10,
oblong, quarter-inch long. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad.
83. High alpine region, mountains of Colorado, Parry, Hall & Harbour, Coulter, &c.
S. amplectens, GRAY. Lightly floccose-woolly at first, soon glabrate, a foot or so high,
few-several-leaved, terminated by one or two long-pedunculate nodding heads : leaves thinner
than in the foregoing, from denticulate to conspicuously and sharply dentate ; radical ob-
ovate to spatulate, tapering into a winged petiole ; cauline as large or larger (4 to 6 inches
long), oblong or narrower, half-clasping or more, the upper by a broad base : involucre over
half-inch high, of linear bracts and a few loose calyculate ones : rays linear, inch long or
more, acute or acutely 2-3-toothed at tip. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 240, & Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1. c. Alpine and subalpine region, Rocky Mountains, Colorado ; first coll. by Parry.
Var. taraxacoides, GRAY. Only a span or two high, with fewer and smaller cauline
leaves ; these and the radical commonly spatnlate and with tapering base, not rarely lacini-
ately subpinuatifid : head smaller, even down to half-inch, and with rays of only the same
length. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 67; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 192. High alpine, in the
mountains of Colorado and Nevada; first coll. by Parry. The most dwarf forms are very
unlike the type.
= = Not alpine: scapiform stem low, strict and strictly monocephalous.
S. Actinella, GREENE. Floccosely white-tomentose, glabrate in age : simple stem 6 to 10
inches high, bearing several small and appressed linear bract-like leaves and an erect head of
two thirds of an inch in height : radical leaves in a rosulate tuft, obovate-spatulate, denticu-
late, subcoriaceous, an inch or more long including the cuneate narrowed base or short
winged petiole: involucral bracts subulate-linear : ravs 9 to 12, rather conspicuous, broadly
linear. Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. N. Arizona, near Flagstaff, Rusby.
= = Not alpine, with leafy steins a foot to a yard high, and several or few or sometimes
solitary erect heads. (Here S. Clarkinnus, if the heads were a little larger.)
S. "Whippleanus, GRAY. Probably floccose when young, sprinkled with less deciduous
araneose hairs: stem robust, apparently 3 or 4 feet high, naked above, with an ample loose
cyme : leaves ample (6 or 8 inches long), sinuately or laciuiately pinuatifid, the lobes few and
irregular ; cauline sessile : peduncles mostly elongated, naked : involucral bracts fleshy-
thickened, oblong-linear, abruptly acuminate ; a very few loose and small slender calvculate
bracts : rays half-inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54, without char. S. eurycep/iitlus, var.
major, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. (Bot. Whipp.) iv. 111. Lower Sierra Nevada, at Murphy's,
Culaveras Co., California, B'ujelow. Further specimens needed. The broad heads nearly
three-fourths inch high.
S. Mendocinensis, GRAY. Lightly arachuoid-floccose, soon glabrate : stem robust, 2 or 3
feet high, leafy below, naked above, bearing a corymbiforni cyme of several heads on
sparsely setaceous-bracteolate peduncles: leaves somewhat succulent, irregularly repaud-
denticulate to dentate ; radical and lower 3 to 6 inches long, oval to oblong-lanceolate, taper-
ing into margined petioles; upper lanceolate from a broad sessile base, above reduced to
Senecio. COMPOSITE. 385
subulate bracts : involucral bracts linear-subulate, and with several loose and slender calycu-
late ones: rays oblong, seldom half-inch in length. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif.
1. c. 413. Plains, Mendocino to Humboldt Co., California, Bu/ander, Kdloyy, Hurford.
S. Greenei, GRAY. Lightly floccose-tomentose, seldom a foot high, simple, bearing 1 to 3
short-peduncled heads: leaves (about incli lung) coarsely dentate; radical roundish, with
abrupt or somewhat cuneate base, coarsely crenate-dentate, sleuder-petioled ; cauline few,
sessile, upper lanceolate and entire, sometimes all small and bract-like : heads two-thirds inch
long : bracts of involucre linear, no outer calyculate ones : rays deep orange, half-inch or
more long : style-tips of disk-flowers conspicuously penicillate-margined and with a central
cusp. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75, & Bot. Calif, i. 412. Wooded mountain-side, near the
Geysers in Lake Co., California, Gre<;ne.
S. megacsphalus, NUTT. About a foot high, loosely floccose-woolly, tardily glabrate,
leafy : leaves entire, lanceolate, or the radical spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole,
and uppermost cauline attenuate, thickish (obscurely glandular under the wool?): heads
1 to 3, short-peduncled (8 lines to an inch high) ; involucre calyculate by some very loose and
setaceous-subulate elongated accessory bracts ; sometimes the true bracts and peduncles bear
a few hirsute hairs besides the loose wool : rays over half-inch long. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1. c. 410; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 438. Mountains of Idaho, Nuttall, Watson, and Rocky
Mountains, at 5,000 to 8,000 feet, near British Boundary, Lyall, Canlii/.
H- -H- Heads rayless, nodding: some sparse crisped hairs in place of tomentum : caudex hardly
any; the root a cluster of fibres.
S. Bigelovii, GRAY. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy up to near the racemiform or simply
paniculate inflorescence, pubescent with some sparse crisped hairs when young, and with
mere traces of arachnoid caducous wool, at length glabrate : leaves from elongated-oblong
to lanceolate, denticulate or more dentate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline
3 to 6 inches long, abrupt at base and naked-petioled, or tapering into a winged petiole or
partly clasping base; upper lanceolate with partly clasping base: heads in small plants few
or solitary, in larger ones several, nodding on their peduncles : involucre very broadly cam-
panulate ; its bracts lanceolate, thickish ; a few small and loose subulate accessory bractlets
at base. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. Ill ; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 83; Rothrock in Wheeler
Rep. 178. With var. Hallii, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1. c. (more sessile-leaved), and var.
monocephalus, Rothrock, 1. c. (smallest form). Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and
Arizona, at 8,000 to 10,000 feet; first coll. by Biyelow.
* * Heads middle-sized or small (half-inch or less).
-1 Nodding on the paniculate pedicels in anthcsis, rayless, a few loose setaceous or subulate bract-
lets at their base: very early glabrate or quite glabrous leafy-stemmed plants: leaves at most
dentate, all either petioled or attenuate at base.
S. Rusbyi, GREENE. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves very obscurely pruinose-puberulent
under a lens, ovate-lanceolate, callous-denticulate ; the lower (3 to 6 inches long) with abrupt
or truncate base and winged petiole with dilated and somewhat auriculate half-clasping in-
sertion ; upper cuueately contracted into the winged petiole; the small uppermost closely
sessile, attenuate-acuminate : heads (4 or 5 lines high) less nodding than in the next, almost
hemispherical. Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64, at least as to pi. Rushy. New Mexico, in the
Mogollon Mountains, Rusby. Apparently in Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon,
but specimens insufficient. Nearly related to the following : root nearly of the preceding.
S- cernuus, GRAY. Quite glabrous, usually more slender, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate
or the larger oblong-lanceolate, entire, denticulate, rarely with a few scattered coarser teeth,
all tapering at base into a barely margined petiole, or upper into a narrowed not clasping
base : heads (4 to almost 6 lines long) several or numerous in the panicle, most of them de-
cidedly nodding: involucre narrow-campanulate : flowers pale yellow. Am. Jour. Sci.
ser. 2, xxxiii. 10; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 82. Mountains of Colorado, wholly below
the alpine region ; first coll. by Parr//.
+- -i Heads erect, mostly radiate, occasionally rayless in same species.
H- Stem frutescent below.
S. Lemmoni, GRAY. Loosely much branched, early glabrate and smooth : main stems de-
cidedly woody : branches slender, spreading, very leafy below, nearly naked at summit,
25
386 COMPOSITE. Senecio.
bearing several or numerous loosely cymose slender-pedunculate heads : leaves somewhat
succulent, lanceolate, irregularly and sparsely dentate with salient teeth, attenuate below and
with a dilated cordate-clasping base, or the lower tapering into a naked petiole ; uppermost
small, linear, entire: heads 4 or 5 lines high : rays about 12; disk-flowers 20 or more.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220. Santa Cataliua Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon.
H- -H- Stems herbaceous, numerously leaf y to the top : leaves all rounded-subcordate and angu-
lately somewhat lobed, palinately veined and reticulate-venulose, petioled: heads small and
numerous in a compound cyme.
S. Hartwegi, BEXTH. Flocculent-tomeutulose when young, or nearly glabrous : stems 2 or
3 feet Irish from a somewhat tuberous rootstock : leaves chartaceo-membranaceous (2 to 4
O
inches broad, and petiole inch or two long), the margin with 7 to S short augulate lobes or
coarse teeth, and sinuses denticulate : veiulets minutely reticulated : heads 3 or 4 lines long,
crowded: involucre iiarro \v-campauulate, 12-20-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate, short : rays
few. PL Hartw. 18, form with leaves tomentulose beneath. /S'. Seemanni, Schultz Bip. in
Seem. Bot. Herald, 311, glabrous form. Canons, S. Arizona, near Fort Iluachuca, Lemmon.
(Mex.; of a Mexican type unlike any other N. American.)
H. -H. ++ Stems numerously and nearly equably leafy to the top : leaves pinnately veined, not con-
spicuously reticulated, from entire to laciniate-denlate, never divided or dissected, nor narrowly
linear: glabrous, or very early glabrate and smooth, seldom a vestige of wool at anthesis.
= Low, alpine: heads subsolitary, radiate.
S. Fremonti, TOUR. & GRAY. Many-stemmed from a thickish caudex, a span to a foot
high: leaves thickish, from rounded-obovate or spatulute to oblong (inch or sometimes
2 inches long), obtuse, obtusely or acutely dentate, sometimes even pinnatifid-deutate, lower
abruptly contracted into a winged petiole; uppermost sessile by broadish base: heads half-
inch high, short-peduncled, subtended by a few short loose bractlets : rays 3 to 5 lines long.
Fl. ii. 445. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains (first coll. by Fremont), from near
Brit, boundary to S. Colorado, Utah, and Lassen's Peak, California : passing to
"Var. occidentalis, GKAY. More slender, with rounder leaves and heads longer-
peduucled ; in high alpine stations becoming very dwarf, and flowering almost from the
grouud. Bot. Calif, i. 618. Sierra Nevada, California, at 10,000 to 12,000 feet, Rothrock,
&c. Also Rocky Mountains of N. Wyoming and Montana, at 7,000 to 8,000 feet, Lyall,
Parry, very dwarf.
= = Rather low, with numerous cymosely paniculate and small heads, always rayless.
S. rapifolius, NUTT. About a foot high : leaves ovate or oblong, throughout very sharply
and unequally dentate, rather fleshy ; radical tapering into a petiole, cauline mostly clasping
by a broad subcordate base : heads 3 lines high, about 15-flowered : involucral bracts 8 to 10,
narrowly oblong. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 409: Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 441. Rocky
Mountains, Wyoming, about the sources of the Platte, Nuttall, Fremont, &c.
= = = Tall, with corymbosely cymose and radiate heads : involucre setaceously few-bracteo-
late, campanulate or narrower: leaves nearly membranaceous.
S. triangularis, HOOK. Rather stout : stem simple, 2 to 5 feet high, bearing several or
somewhat numerous heads in a corymbiform open cyme : leaves all more or less petioled and
thickly dentate (sometimes minutely so, sometimes with long lanceolate-subulate and very
salient teeth), deltoid-lanceolate, or the lower triangular-hastate or deltoid-cordate, and upper-
most lanceolate with cuneate base : heads about half-inch high : involucre campanulate,
mostly 25-30-flowered ; the oblong-linear rays 6 to 12. Fl. i. 332, t. 115; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 441 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 189 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 414. 5. longidentatus, DC. Prodr.
vi. 428. Wooded districts in wet ground, Saskatchewan to Washington Terr., south to the
higher mountains of Colorado and through the Sierra Nevada, California.
S. Huachucanus, GRAY. Two or three feet high, somewhat branching: leaves ovate- to
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, minutely denticulate; lower cauline (4 to G inches long) taper-
ing into a winged petiole, upper partly clasping by a broad subcordate base: heads fastigi-
ately cymose, small, about 4 lines high : involucre cylindraceous-campanulate, 1 5-18-flowered :
the small rays 3 or 4. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. High bluffs near Fort Iluachuca, S.
Arizona, Lemmon.
S. serra, HOOK. Strict, 2 to 4 feet high, very leafy, sometimes simple and bearing rather
few somewhat large (half-inch long) heads, commonly branching at summit, then bearing
Senecio. COMPOSITE. 387
numerous corymbosely paniculate smaller heads: leaves (4 to 6 iuches long) all lanceolate
and tapering to both ends, sessile by a narrow base (or the lowest oblong-spatulate and taper-
ing into a short petiole), usually with whole margin thickly serrate or serrulate with very
acute salient teeth : involucre oblong-campanulate, 20-30-ttowered : rays 5 to 8, oblong-linear,
sometimes fully half-inch long. Fl. i. 332 (Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 441, as to name only, the
char, taken from S. longidentatus, DC., wrongly referred, and syu. belonging to S. triangu-
lar is) ; Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 08, under *S. Andinus? Mountains, from Wyoming
to Idaho and S. Colorado ; first coll. by Douylas, The form with the very serrate leaves of
the original of Douglas, but with much fewer and larger heads, mountains of Colorado,
frem<.>nt, Hull & Harbour, Parry, Rothrock (under S. Andinus). Passes into
Var. integriusculus. Heads smaller (usually only 3 or 4 lines high) and narrower,
fewer-flowered : leaves minutely serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire, sometimes all
entire or nearly so, generally shorter and .smaller, or broader and not acuminate. >S'. Andinus,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. 6'. lanceolatus,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 440, an entire-leaved form. Common from Wyoming to E. Oregon,
and in the mountains of Nevada and the borders of California; perhaps first coll. by
Nuttall.
H- -H- -H- -H- Stem not numerously but somewhat equably leafy up to the inflorescence : leaves
all entire or denticulate: involucre fleshy-thickened!
S. crassulus, GRAY. A foot or less high, glabrous apparently from the first: stem rather
stout, 5-7-leaved, bearing 3 to 8 pedunculate rather large (fully half-inch high) and thick
heads : leaves oblong-lanceolate, of rather firm texture, apiculate-acute, 2 to 5 inches long ;
radical and lowest cauline spatulate or obovate-obloug, narrowed into a short winged petiole ;
upper sessile by partly clasping or decnrrent base : involucre broadly campanulate, 40-50-
flowered, of 12 or more lanceolate to oblong fleshy-thickened but thin-edged bracts, the base
also much thickened, the whole becoming conical and multangular in fruit: rays about 8,
oblong. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 54. 5. intct/crriiitn.^, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c., & Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1863, 67, not Nutt. S. luqens, var. Hooker i, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 188, in
part. Snbalpiue, Kocky Mountains of Colorado (first coll. by Parr;/) to the Wahsatch in
Utah ( Watson), and in N. Wyoming, Parry.
-H- -H- -H- -M- -H- Stems either few-leaved or with the upper leaves (and sometimes most of the
cauline) reduced in size; the inflorescence therefore naked: none with narrow linear leaves
(except one scapose species).
= Plant tall and simple-stemmed, with a coarsely fibrous cluster of roots, perhaps not perennial :
leaves fleshy-coriaceous, all entire or barely denticulate.
S. hydrophllus, NUTT. Very glabrous and smooth, sometimes glaucous: stem robust,
2 to 4 feet high, strict: leaves lanceolate, with strong midrib and obsolete veins; radical
oblauceolate and stout-petioled, sometimes a foot long and nearly two inches wide ; upper
cauline sessile or partly clasping : heads numerous in a branching corymhiform cyme,
5 lines high, short-pedicelled : involucre narrowly campanulate, slightly bracteolatc ; its
bracts 8 to 12: disk-flowers 15 to 30; rays 3 to 6 and small, sometimes none. In water or
very wet ground, especially in brackish water, Montana to Brit. Columbia, south to Colo-
rado, and west to San Francisco Bay, California.
= = Plants mostly in chimps or tufts, or from tufted or creeping rootstocks.
a. Stems commonly robust, from a foot or rarely less to 3 or even 5 feet high, bearing mostly
numerous heads in a cyme: involucre sparingly calyculate: leaves from entire to dentate, only
in the last species at all laciniate, none really cordate nor with permanent toinentum. Western
species, none truly alpine.
1. Glaucous or glaucescent, apparently quite glabrous throughout from the very first: heads
many-flowered.
S. Cleveland!, GREENE. Stems rather rigid and slender, a foot or two high from firm
creeping rootstocks : leaves snbcoriaceous, entire, obtuse, witli veins almost obsolete, spat-
ulate or rarely obovate ; radical and lower cauline an inch or two long, tapering into
much longer slender petioles ; upper cauline few and smaller, with shorter petioles : heads
4 or 5 lines high : involucral bracts subulate-linear : rays 6 to 8 and short, sometimes fewer,
occasionally none. Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. Springy ground, Lake Co., California, Cleve-
land, Pringle.
388 COMPOSITE. Senecio.
S. Toluccanus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 110: apparently a com-
mon Mexican species.
Var. microdontus. About 2 feet high from a short rootstock or caudex : leaves
thickish and firm ; radical obovate to oblong, obscurely veiny, mostly acute, numerously
denticulate, 2 to 6 inches long, tapering into shorter wing-margined petioles ; cauliue sessile,
few and oblong-lanceolate toward the base of the stem, or commonly only one or two small
and bract-like ones on a scapiform stem, these subtending the rather few-headed branches
of the cyme: heads nearly half-inch high: iuvolucral bracts linear: rays to 10, conspicu-
ous. Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene. Mountains of 8. Arizona, Printjle,
Lemmon. Agrees with a specimen of coll. Seemaun, N. W. Mexico, but not well with S.
Toluccanus, \ax. modestus, Schultz Bip. in Bot. Herald, 211. Approaches, very smooth forms
of S. lugens.
2. Not glaucous, usually more or less woolly-pubescent when young 1 , and the wool sometimes tar-
dily deciduous, often quite glabrate and green at flowering time: heads many-flowered: rays
8 to 12, conspicuous.
S. illtegerrimus, NUTT. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the radical elongated-oblong, quite
entire or denticulate ; upper ones reduced and bract-like, attenuate-subulate from a dilated
base : heads several, umbellately cymose, commonly half-inch high : involucral bracts narrow,
acute or acuminate. Gen. ii. 165, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 439.
Dakota to Wyoming and Saskatchewan ; first coll. by Nutted!.
S. lugens, RICHARDS. Lightly floecose-woolly when young, in the typical form early gla-
brate and bright green . stem 6 inches to 2 feet high, few- aud small-leaved and naked above,
terminated by a cyme of several or rather numerous heads (these about 5 lines high) : radical
and lower cauliue leaves spatulate, varying to oval or oblong, either gradually or abruptly
contracted at base into a winged or margined short petiole, usually repand- or callous-den-
ticulate; upper cauliue lanceolate or reduced and bract-like: bracts of the campauulate
involucre lanceolate, with obtuse or acutish commonly blackish-sphacelate tips: rays 10 or
12, conspicuous. App. Frankl. Journ. ed. 2, 31; Hook. FL i. 332, t. 114; Torr. &. Gray, Fl.
ii. 439; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 188, var. Hookeri, chiefly, & var. Parryi. S. c(tiitj>< xt.'is,
Hook. f. Arct. PL 294, 332, partly. Cineraria pratensis, Herder, PI. Radd. ii. 127, in part.
Low or moist grounds, Subarctic America to Kotzebue Sound ? through the whole Rocky
Mountains to New Mexico, and west to California. In various forms.
Var. foliosus, GUAY, Bot. Calif, i. 413. Floccose wool usually persistent up to
{lowering, and vestiges remaining to near maturity : stem seldom over a foot high, stouter,
more leafy to near the inflorescence : leaves comparatively large, oblong to broadly lanceo-
late : heads often very numerous and crowded in the corymbiform cyme, then narrower :
tips of iuvolucral bracts conspicuously blackish. S. e.raltatus, Nutt., var. minor, Gray, Am.
Jour. Sci. 1. c. 406. S. lu/jcns, var. I'.nil tutus, Eaton, I.e. Mountains of Colorado aud Utah,
from base up to 10,000 or 12,000 feet ; first coll. by Parry.
Var. exaltatus, GRAY, 1. c. Lightly floccose when young, and not rarely with looser
and more persistent scattered hairs : stem stout, 1 to 3 or even 4 or 5 feet high : leaves
thickish ; radical longer-petioled, from spatulate-lauceolate to obovate or ovate, the broader
ones abrupt and sometimes even subcordate at base ; cauliue occasionally laciniate-deutate :
heads mostly numerous in the cyme. S. exaltatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 410;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Wet ground, Brit. Columbia aud Idaho to California, where it connects
with the next species.
Var. OCliroleuGUS. Rays yellowish-white : otherwise like broader-leaved forms of
the preceding, some radical leaves subcordate. 5. cordatus, Xutt. 1. c. 411, probably, but
color of flowers not noted. Open woods, on Columbia River, Klikitat Co., Washington
Terr., Suksdorf.
3. Like the preceding, but with fewer-flowered heads and fewer or no rays : upper leaves occa-
sionally incised.
S. aronicoides, DC. Robust, lightly floccose when young, and usually with some decid-
uous villosity, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves variable, from broadly ovate to oblong, repaud-den-
ticulate to coarsely dentate, or cauline sometimes pinnatifid-laciuiate : heads mostly smaller
thau in preceding, often only 10-12-flowered : rays when present only one or two ami short.
-Prodr. vi. 420; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 441 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 414. S. exaltatus, var.
Senedo. COMPOSITE. 389
uniflosculosus, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 1 1 1. Low grounds, common in California ; first coll.
by Douglas. Connects with S. lugcns, var. e.raltatus.
b. Stems low and simple, bearing a solitary or few comparatively large heads: involucre not at all
calyculate: leaves entire or merely dentate ; radical and lower ones spatulate to obovate. Arctic-
alpine species, loosely cottony-woolly, tardily glabrate.
S. Hookeri, TORE. & GRAY. Perhaps a less arctic variety of the next, bearing 3 to 5
closely corymbose heads, or a var. of S. campestris of the Old World, but ovaries and akeues
glabrous. Fl. ii. 438. S. integrifolius, Hook. Fl. i. 334, excl. syu. S. campestris, Hook. f.
Arct. PI. 395, partly. Cineraria integrifolia, Richards. 1. c. Arctic and Subarctic America
and high-northern Rocky Mountains, Richardson, &c.
S. frigidus, LESS. A span or two high, 3-5-leaved, bearing a solitary head, sometimes
2 or 3 : leaves spatulate, or the radical rounded-obovate and cauline lanceolate from a broad
or narrow sessile base, these sometimes dentate : involucre half-inch high, usually villous
with some purplish hairs, especially at the thickened base or summit of the peduncle: rays
rather numerous, becoming half-inch long: ovaries and akenes glabrous or sparsely hairy.
-Less, in Linn. vi. 239 ; Hook. Fl. i. 334, t. 1 12 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 445. Cineraria friyiila,
Richards. 1. c.; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 126; Herder, 1. c. 124. (' . atropurpurea, Ledeb.
ex DC., &c. Newfoundland i and Labrador, Arctic coast to Kot/.ebue Sound, &c. (N. E.
Asia.)
c. Stems low, only 2 to 6 inches high, scapiform: leaves clustered on the rootstock or caiulex,
entire or eremite; those of the scape few and very small, reduced to mere bracts: involucre
slightly calyculate. Rocky Mountain species, chiefly alpine or subalpine.
1. Leaves linear, not thick: akenes papillose-hirtellous.
S. Thurberi, GUAT. Leaves densely tufted on the branches of the multicipital cauclex,
about inch long, barely a line wide toward the apex, tapering into a slender base, entire or
nearly so, tomentose-cauesceut, tardily glabrate : scapes glabrate, 4 to 6 inches high, bearing
2 to 5 heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 7 to 10, 3 lines long. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863,
68. S. canus, var. pyymcBtts, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 103. Mountain-sides, Santa Rita del
Cobre, New Mexico, TJturber, B'gelow.
2. Leaves thick and coriaceous, tapering into a petiole, crowded on the multicipital caudex, nearly
veiuless, even the midrib obscure: akenes glabrous.
S. Werneriaefolius, GEAY. Woolly and cauesceut, tardily glabrate : leaves quite entire,
erect or ascending, from spatulate-liuear (2 or 3 inches long, including the petiole-like base,
by 2 or 3 lines wide) to elongated-oblong (inch long and half-inch wide) and short-petioled,
the margins sometimes rcvolute : scape a span high, rather stout, bearing 2 to 8 heads ; these
4 or 5 lines high: rays 10 or 12, oblong, 2 lines long, rarely few or wanting. Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 54. S. aureits, var. ivernericvfolius, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter &
Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 81. Mountains of Colorado, alpine, in coniferous woods near the
upper limit of trees, and in the alpine region, mostly on the upper waters of Clear Creek,
Hull & Harbour, Greene, Coulter, &c.
S. petreeus, KLATT. Glabrous or early glabrate : leaves from orbicular-obovate or oval
(a quarter to half an inch long) to cuueate-obloug (largest inch long), entire or 3-7-crenate-
toothed at the broad summit, abruptly petioled : scapes 1 to 3 inches high, bearing solitary
or several clustered heads ; these 4 or 5 lines high : rays 6 to 10, golden yellow, 3 lines long.
Abhand. Nat. Gesellsch. Halle, xv. (1881). S. aureus, var. alpinus, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci.
11. ser. xxxiii. 11 ; Porter & Coulter, 1. c. S. aureus, var. borealis, mainly, Gray, Bot. Calif, i.
412. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado (first coll. by Parry), of Utah
( Ward), and highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, California, Brewer, &c. Approaches the
preceding on one hand, and S. aureus, var. borealis, on the other.
3. Leaves round-cordate, crenate, purple-tinged beneath, slender-petioled, more or less clustered at
the base of the scape: akenes glabrous: plants very glabrous.
S. renif olius, PORTER. Two inches high from filiform creeping rootstocks : leaves thickish,
resembling those of Ranunculus Cymbalaria, rouuded-subcordate or reniform, only about
half-inch wide, coarsely 5-7-crenate : scape or peduncle little surpassing the leaves, bearing
a solitary comparatively large (half-inch long) head: rays about 8, oblong, 4 lines long.
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 83. High alpine region on Whitehouse Mountain, in Cen-
tral Colorado, at 13,000 feet, J. M. Coulter.
390 COMPOSITE. Senecio.
S. Cardamine, GREENE. Scapes a span or two high, slender, bearing solitary or 2 or 3
small (about 4 lilies high) heads, and below one or two very small oblong-cordate clasping
pinnatifid-deutate bract-like leaves : radical leaves orbicular-cordate, repand-crenate, thiimish,
inch or two in diameter, on long slender petioles : rays about 8, pale yellow. Bull. Torr.
Club, viii. 98. New Mexico, on the higher slopes of the Mogollou Mountains, Greene.
d. Stems low (2 to 6 inches high) and slender, 1-2-cephalous, few-leaved : leaves mostly lyrate-
piimatittd. High northern species.
S. resedifolius, LESS. Glabrous or soon glabrate : stems simple : earlier radical leaves
roundish or subcordate, crenate or creuately lobed, later ones lyrate-pinnatifid, sleuder-
petioled, all or the terminal lobes crenate-iucised : heads 4 or 5 lines high : involucre very
obscurely bracteolate : rays 5 lines long : style-branches commonly with slender cusp :
akenes either papillose-hirsute or glabrous. Less, in Linn. vi. 243 ; Hook. Fl. i. 333, t. 117 ;
Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 445. Cineraria li/rata, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 102; Reicheub. Ic. Bot.
Crit. ii. t. 101. From Great Bear Lake, &c., near the Arctic Circle, to Kotzebue Sound and
the Aleutian Islands. (N. Asia.)
Var. Columbiensis. Heads rayless: stems often sparingly branched and 2-4-
leaved. Mucklung River, British Columbia, Mr. Mackay.
e. Stems a foot or two high (or in reduced forms lower), bearing some leaves and corymbosely
cymose (only when depauperate solitary) heads: involucre sparingly or inconspicuously calycu-
late, or nearly naked at base: foliage various. Not arctic nor alpine, except perhaps one vari-
ety of S. aureus: usually some floccose tomentum, at least when young.
1. Leaves all entire, rarely a tooth or a few obscure denticulations, and narrowed at base.
S. fastigiatus, NUTT. Cinereous with a fine and close paunose tomentum, or glabrate :
stems strict, simple, 1 or 2 feet high, terminated by a fastigiate cyme of several heads, or
sometimes with branches terminated by single and rather larger heads : leaves lanceolate
or spatulate-lanceolate, obtuse, about 2 inches long ; upper often linear ; lower cauline and
the sometimes oblong radical tapering into slender petioles : heads 4 or 5 lines high : rays
conspicuous: akenes glabrous. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 410; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 439.
Plains of Oregon, Washington Terr., and adjacent Idaho ; first coll. by Nuttall.
Var. LayneSB. Stems disposed to branch, and the branches to bear 2 or 3 or some-
times solitary heads, of half-inch in height : leaves mostly apiculate-acute. S. Laynece,
Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. Sweetwater Creek, El Dorado Co., California, Mrs. K.
Layne-Curran.
2. Leaves from entire or serrate to pinnatifid in the same species, none pinnately divided : rays
occasionally wanting. Species of perhaps impossible limitation.
S. canus, HOOK. Permanently canescent with pannose tomentum, or at length flocculent,
but rarely at all glabrate : stems from a span to a foot or rarely 2 feet high : leaves some-
times all undivided or even entire, the radical and lower from spatulate to oblong or round-
ish-oval (half-inch to thrice that length) and slender-petioled, sometimes laciuiate-toothed
or pinnatifid (either the upper or lower ones, or both) : heads 4 or 5 lines high: akenes
very glabrous (in figure of Hooker hispidulous on the angles) : style-tips usually with central
cusp. Fl. i. 333, t. 116 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 412. S. integrifolius, Nutt.
Gen. ii. 165. Cineraria integrifolia minor, Pursh, Fl. ii. 528. S. Purshianus, Nutt. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 412. S. Howcllii, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 98. Rocky banks,
Saskatchewan and Dakota to the mountains of Colorado, west to Brit. Columbia, Oregon,
Nevada, and the Sierra Nevada as far as Kern Co., California. A notable and dubious
form, low and stout, with comparatively large heads and always undivided leaves, abounds in
the mountains of Colorado, at the upper limit of trees.
S. tomentosus, MICHX. Canesceut or cinereous with a close or at length floccose and
more or less deciduous wool: stems rather stout, commonly 2 feet high : leaves thickish, ob-
long, crenate or sometimes entire ; the larger radical ones ample, 5 or 6 inches long, on
elongated stout petioles and with stout midrib ; cauliue similar and smaller or lyrate-pin-
natifid, often few and small : heads, &c., of the next species : akenes always hispidulous, at
least on the angles. Fl. ii. 119; Ell. Sk. ii. 329; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 443. S. integri-
folius, var. heterophyllus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 165. Cineraria hetcrophi///a, Pursh, Fl. ii. 528.
Open or sparsely wooded moist ground, Delaware to Florida and Arkansas ; first coll. by
Michaux.
Senecio. COMPOSITE. 391
S. aureus, L. Very early glabrate, usually quite free from wool at flowering (in spring or
early summer) and a foot or two high from small rootstocks : radical leaves mostly rounded
and undivided, and cauline lanceolate and pinnatifid or laciuiate : most polymorphous species,
of which the typical form is bright green, 1 to 3 feet high, surculose by slender rootstocks :
leaves thin ; principal radical ones roundish, cordate or truncate at base, creuate-dentate (1 to
3 inches in diameter), on long slender petioles ; lower cauline similar, with 2 or 3 lobelets on
the petiole, or lyrately divided or lobed ; others more laciniate-pinnatirid and lobes often
incised; uppermost sparse and small, with closely sessile or auriculate-dilated incised base:
heads rather numerous, 4 or 5 lines high : rays 8 to 12, conspicuous, rarely wanting : akenes
quite glabrous. Spec. ii. 870 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 820 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 331 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 432 ; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 442; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 77, t. 15, the normal form. S. gracilis, Pursh,
Fl. ii. 529 ; DC. 1. c., a slender or depauperate form. S. fasttyiatas, Schweiu. in Ell. 1. c.
Swamps and wet banks, usually in shaded ground, Newfoundland to Florida, Texas, and
to Brit. Columbia and the Sierra Nevada, California.
Var. obovatus, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Radical leaves of thicker texture, rotund with
abrupt or truncate base, or obovate aud cuueate-contracted into a short margined petiole, or
the earliest in the rosulate tufts almost sessile and humifuse : otherwise as in the typical
form. S. obovatus, Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1999; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. S. Elliottii,
Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 443. a form with the early radical leaves more plantagiueous and very
short-petioled. More open aud moist grounds, Canada to Indiana aud Georgia, in the upper
country, characteristically developed southward.
Var. Balsamitae, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Less glabrate, not rarely holding more or
less wool until fruiting : depauperate stems a span or two, larger fully 2 feet high : principal
or earliest radical leaves oblong, sometimes oval, commonly verging to lanceolate, inch or
two long, serrate, contracted into slender petioles ; the succeeding lyrately pinnatifid : heads
usually rather small and numerous : akeues almost always bispidulous-pubescent on the
angles. S, Balsamitce, Muhl. 1. c. ; Pursh, 1. c. S. Plattensis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1. c. 413, a robust aud larger-leaved western form, verging toward S. tomentosus. S. aureus,
var. lanceolatus, Oakes in Hovey's Mag., & Torr. & Gray, 1. c., an attenuated form of this, or
of the type, growing in shady swamps. S. paitjirrculus, Michx. Fl. ii. 120, depauperate form.
Rocky or nearly dry ground, Canada to Texas, and northwestward to Brit. Columbia.
Var. compactus. A span or two high, in close tufts, rather rigid, when young
whitened with fine tomentum, glabrate in age : radical leaves oblanceolate or attenuate-spat-
ulate, entire or 3-toothed at apex, or pinnatifid-dentate, an inch or more long, thick and firm
at maturity ; cauline lanceolate or linear, entire or pinnatifid : heads rather numerous and
crowded iu the cyme, rather small : ovaries papillose-hispidulous on the angles. S. aureus,
var. borealis, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 125, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68, in part. N. W.
Texas ( Wright) to the base of the mountains iu Colorado, Hall & HarLour, Greene, &c. ;
mostly iu saline soil.
Var. borealis, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. A foot down to a span high, at summit bearing
either numerous or few heads ; these not rarely rayless : leaves thickish ; radical from round-
ish with abrupt or even truncate base to cuueate-obovate and cuneate-spatulate, half-inch to
inch long, slender-petioled ; cauline seldom much piimatifid : akenes glabrous. S. elonyatus,
pauciflorus, & Cymhalaria? Pursh, Fl. ii. 529, 530. &. aureus, var. foliosus, &c., Hook. 1. c.
S. aureus, var. borealis & var. discoidcus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. cymbalarioides & S. debilis,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 408, 412. Labrador to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, the high
Sierra Nevada in California, and mountains of Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, where are forms
undistinguishable from the following.
Var. croceus, GRAY. A span to a foot or two high, glabrous or early glabrate :
leaves somewhat succulent ; radical oblong to roundish, sometimes lyrate ; cauline very
various : heads usually numerous in the cyme : flowers saffron-colored or orange, at least the
rays, or these sometimes wanting. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68; Porter & Coulter, Fl.
Colorad. 82; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 190, & S. Fendleri of the same. S. aureus, var. undti-
lobatus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 411, in part. Wet ground, high mountains of Colorado, Utah,
Nevada, north to Montana, and sparingly in the Sierra Nevada ; first coll. by Parry, &c.
Var. Subnudus. Wholly glabrous or glabrale, slender, a span or two high, bearing
2 or 3 small cauline leaves and a solitary head, or not rarely a pair : radical leaves few.
spatulate or obovate, sometimes roundish, half-inch or less long, occasionally lyrate : cauline
incised or sparingly pinnatifid: rays conspicuous. 5. subnudus, DC. Prodr. vi. 428; Nutt.
392 COMPOSITE. Senecio.
1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Here perhaps S. C/jmbalaria, Pursh, Fl. ii. 530. Wet ground on
mountains, Wyoming to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, and sparingly in California. The most
depauperate form.
S. Fendleri, GRAY. Very canescent with panuose or floccose wool, in age tardily glabrate :
stems rather stout, 5 to 15 inches high, leafy, the larger plants branching: leaves oblong-
lanceolate or narrower; radical sometimes almost entire, more commonly like the cauline
sinuately pectinate-pinnatifid or even piimately parted, the short oblong divisions incisely
2-4-lobed: heads mostly numerous and crowded, small (3 or 4 lines high): rays rather
numerous: akenes and ovaries glabrous. PI. Feudl. 108, Pacif. Ii. Rep. iv. lll.&Proc.
Acad. Pliilad. 1. c. Dry ground, mountains of New Mexico and Colorado, at 6,000 to 8,000
feet, Fendler, Bigelow, Parry, &c.
S. Neo-MexicamiS, GRAY. More or less canescent with looser tomeutum, in age gla-
brate : stems robust, a foot or two high (often from a simple thiekish caudex), few-leaved,
simple or often branching above, and bearing loose cymes of comparatively large (often
half-inch) heads: leaves thiekish (inch or two long); radical oblong-obovate to spatulate,
with cuneate or tapering base, sometimes coarsely few-toothed only at summit, many lyrate-
pinnatifid, with few or several pairs of small lateral lobes ; cauline similar or more pinuatifid,
and the lobes incisely few-toothed: rays 12 to 16, in larger heads half-inch long: akenes
sometimes hispidulous-papillose, sometimes quite glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 55. Has
been variously referred to 5. F< iidlfri, to doubtful forms of 5. aureiis, &c. Mountains and
wooded hills of New Mexico, Fendler, Wright, Thurber, //</'///, Greene, &c. Arizona, Lr m-
inon, Prinnle. San Bernardino Mountains, California, Parish.
S. Arizonicus, GREENE. Lightly and loosely floccose-woolly when young, early glabrate
ami green : stems a foot or two high, sometimes from a thick perpendicular caudex : leaves
mainly in the radical tuft, thiekish, ovate to oblong-obovate (commonly 2 or 3 inches long),
dentate with mucronate teeth, often with rounded or snbeordate, but some with cuneate base,
with or without one or two pairs of small lobes on the petiole ; lower cauline leaves one or
two and usually lyrate-pinnatifid, upper very small and bract-like: heads loosely cymose,
5 or 6 lines high : rays 9 to 12, conspicuous. Bull. Torr. Club, x. 87. Arizona, Palmer,
Prinyle (referred to a form of S. aureus), Rusby.
3. Leaves all or mainly bipinnately dissected into narrow lobes. Atlantic species.
S. Millefolium, TORR. & GRAY. Early glabrate : stems slender, a foot or two high, bear-
ing a corymbose cyme of rather numerous heads : these 3 lines high : radical and cauline
leaves similar (or the earliest less dissected), the very numerous lobes linear-oblong or nar-
row (1 to 3 lines long), thiekish : small upper leaves narrow and more simply dissected : rays
few, a line or two long. Fl. ii. 444. Sides of precipitous mountains, Xorth and South
Carolina, especially at Table Mountain, S. Carolina, and vicinity; first coll. by Fraser.
4. Leaves mostly once pinnately divided or parted, and again lobed or incised. Pacific species.
S. Bolanderi, GRAY. Glabrous or early glabrate: stems weak and slender, 6 to 30 inches
high from slender creeping rootstocks : leaves thin and membranaceous, mostly petioled ;
early radical orbicular, subcordate, palmately 5-9-lobed or crenate-incised ; others pinnately
divided into 5 to 9 distinct leaflets, or upper lobes confluent with rounded terminal one, all
obtusely incised : heads several, loosely cymose, 4 or 5 lines high : rays 5 to 8, rather long.
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif, i. 411. Sandstone bluffs and in Redwoods, Mendo-
cino Co., California, Bolander, Rattan, to Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Kclloyrj, Iloicell.
S. euryceplialus, TORE. & GRAY. Floccose-woolly when young, sometimes early glabrate :
stems robust, 1 to 3 feet high, corymbosely branching above, bearing several or numerous
loosely cymose heads : leaves irregularly pinnately parted or the lower divided, radical
mostly lyrate ; divisions of the cauline from cuneate to linear-lanceolate, variously lobed or
incised, mucronately tipped : heads hardly at all calyculate, fully half-inch high, commonly
as broad, but sometimes half smaller: rays 10 to 12, the larger half-inch long. Gray, in
PI. Fendl. 109, & Bot. Calif, i. 411, excl. var. major, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 111. Low grounds,
California north of the Bay of San Francisco, and on Monte Diablo; first coll. by Fremont
and llnrtirea.
S. eremophilus, RICHARDS. Stems freely branching, leafy up to the inflorescence : leaves
mostly oblong in outline, laciniately pinnatifid or pinnately parted, the lobes usually incised
or acutely dentate : heads numerous in corymbiform cymes, 4 or 5 lines high, short-pedun-
Senecio. COMPOSITE. 393
cled : iuvolucre campanulate or narrower, minutely bracteolate ; proper bracts commonly
purple-tipped : rays 7 to 9, 2 or 3 lines long: akenes either minutely papillose-cinereous or
glabrous. App. Fraukl. Jouru. ed. 2, 31; Hook. Fl. i. 334; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 444 ;
Eatou, Bot. King Exp. 192. Shady moist ground, from Mackenzie River and Saskatch-
ewan, along the Rocky Mountains to those of New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona; first coll. by
Richardson. In canons of S. Arizona, a form with narrowest and even linear lobes to the
leaves, coll. L< mmou.
K- -M- -H- -H- -H- -H- Steins leafy, numerously or somewhat equably so un, to the top, all pin-
natfly lobcd or parted, or when entire narrowly linear.
= Leaves comparatively broad, pinnatiiid and laciniate : early glabrate if not glabrous.
S. Clarkianus, Gu.vv. Stems strict and simple, 3 or 4 feet high, striate-augled : leaves
lanceolate ; cauline 4 to 7 inches long, sessile, simply pinnatifid or laciniate-deutate ; the
salient lobes or teeth lanceolate or triangular, very acute : heads several, cymose or some-
what paniculate, fully half-inch high, short-peduncled : involucre of subulate-linear bracts,
and several more slender loose calyculate ones : rays 4 or 5 lines long, narrow. Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 362, & Bot. Calif, i. 413. Moist ground, in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 8,000
to 9,000 feet, Yosemite to Kern Co., Bolander, Rothrock, &c. ; first coll. at Clark's Ranch.
= = Leaves or their divisions from linear to filiform, or broader toward the base of the stems.
S. Douglasii, DC. Lignescent and sometimes decidedly shrubby at base, many-stemmed,
a foot or two or southward even 5 or 6 feet high, either white-tomentose or glabrate and
greeu : leaves thickish, sometimes all entire and elongated-linear (mostly 2 to 4 lines long
and 1 or 2 lines wide), more commonly pinuately parted into 3 to 7 linear or nearly filiform
entire divisions : heads several or numerous and cymose, from a third to half an inch high,
obscurely bracteolate, the proper bracts linear: rays 8 to 18, a third to half an inch long:
akenes canesceu,t with a fine strigulose pubescence. Prodr. vi. 429; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
443 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 411. A'. Reyioinontanu.t, DC. 1. c. (Monterey, California), & probably
S. stcechadiformis, DC. S. long'dobus, Benth. PI. Hartw. 18; Gray, PI. Fendl. 108. 8. fili-
folius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 414. S. Riiltlcllif, S.jilifolius, & S. spariloides, Torr.
& Gray, 1. c. S.fastir/iatus? Gray, PL Wright, ii. 99, a peculiar and abnormal broader-leaved
form. Open plains and hills, Nebraska to Texas, S. Utah, Arizona, S. California, and
northward near the Pacific coast to Lake Co.
2. Perennial ? viscidly pubescent : heads conspicuously radiate.
S. ParTyi, GRAY. Rather stout, a foot or two high, branching, sparsely leafy to the inflo-
rescence, pubescent with short and spreading and some longer viscid hairiness : root not
seen : leaves irregularly dentate, oblong or the lowest spatulate, auriculate-clasping at base :
heads cymose or somewhat paniculate, about half-inch long: involucre sparsely calyculate :
akenes strigulose-canescent. Bot. Mex. Bound. 103. S. E. California on the San Ber-
nardino and San Francisco Mountains, Leminon, Greene. First coll. within the Mexican
lines, on the Rio Grande in Chihuahua, below San Carlos, Parry.
3. Annuals or biennials.
* Indigenous species, of Southern range : heads conspicuously radiate: akenes seldom glabrous.
S. ampullaceus, HOOK. Lightly floccose or araneose-woolly when young, glabrate and
smooth : stem mostly stout, a foot or two high, leafy to near the summit : leaves all undi-
vided, repand-dentate or entire (1 to 6 inches long), ovate or oblong; lowest obovate with
tapering wing-petioled base ; upper mostly clasping with broad base : heads rather numerous
in naked loose cymes : involucre (4 lines high) calyculate-bracteolate, cyliudraceous, becom-
ing thickened and conoidal after anthesis : rays 7 to 9, oblong : alicucs canescent. Bet.
Mag. t. 3487 ; Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 440; Gray, PL Lindh. i. 42. Candy prairies, Texas ;
first coll. by Drummond.
S. Calif ornicus, DC. Early glabrate if not glabrous, slender, a foot or so high: leaves
lanceolate, linear, or the lower oblong, varying from denticulate to piuuatifid, the lobes short
and obtuse, all but the lowest auriculate-sessile or clasping at base (one or two inches long) :
heads several and loosely paniculate or cymose at the naked summit of the stem : involucre
broadly campanulate, 3 or 4 lines high, nearly naked at base : rays oblong, 3 or 4 lines long :
akeues canescent. Prodr. vi. 426; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 410. S. Coro-
394 COMPOSITE. Senecio.
nopus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; Torr & Gray, 1. c. ; a form with leaves deeply and
even doubly pinnatifid. Low ground, California, from Santa Barbara southward. (Lower
Calif.)
S. multilobatus, TOUR. & GRAY. Early glabrate arid smooth, a foot or two high from a
winter-annual or biennial root, naked and often branching above, hearing numerous corym-
bosely cymose heads : radical and lower cauline leaves lyrate, and the divisions dentate ;
upper piniKitely parted, their mostly numerous divisions narrowly cuneate, incised or 2-3-
lobed at the apex : involucre 3 lines high, nearly or quite naked at base: rays 3 or 4 lines
long: akeues slightly hispidulous or glabrate. PL Fendl. 109, excl. var. pi. Coulter, which
is probably .S'. Douglasii S. Tampican/is, Gray, PL Wright, ii. 89, perhaps also i. 109.
S. aareus, var. m/iltilobntits, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., partly. S. Utah, Arizona, and western
borders of Texas, Fremont, Wright, Palmer, &c.
S. lobatus, PERS. (BUTTER-WEED.) Lightly floccose-tomentose wheu very young, early
glabrous, very smooth, soft-succulent or tender : stem fistulous, 1 to 3 feet high, sometimes
depauperate and slender, commonly branching, and bearing compound or paniculate cymes :
leaves lyrately parted or divided, irregular and variable ; divisions from roundish to cuneate
or obloug, obtusely siuuate-lobetl or toothed : involucre barely 3 lines high, nearly naked at
base : rays 6 to 12 : akenes minutely hispidnlous on some of the angles. Syu. ii. 436 ; Ell.
Sk. ii. 332 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. S. (i/ratns, Michx. Fl. ii. 120, not L., &c. S. (jlabellus, Poir.
Diet. vii. 102. S. Carolinianus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 559. S. Mississ/ppianus, DC. Prodr. vi. 427.
S. densiflorus, Martens, Bull. Acad. Brux. viii. 67. S. Sch<r<-i>iit-.i<tni<>>, Nutt. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 411. S. imparipinnatus, Klatt in Naturf. Gesellsch. llalle. xv. Wet grounds,
in the low country, N. Carolina to Texas, common. (Adj. Mex.)
# * Indigenous, of northern range : heads obviously radiate: akenes glabrous : pappus elongated.
S. palustris, HOOK. Loosely woolly or villous with long and many-jointed hairs, iu age
sometimes glabrate : stem 6 to 20 inches high from an annual or biennial root, leafy, usually
stout : leaves broadly lanceolate, from sinuate-dentate to pinnatifid-laciuiate, cauline sessile
by a cordate or auriculate partly clasping base: heads crowded in a glomerate or corymbi-
form cyme, in flower only 4 lines long, and with short light-yellow rays, in fruit with pappus
half-inch or more long : involucre naked at base. Fl. i. 334 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 363 ; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 438. S. Kalmii, Less, in Linn. vi. 244, not Xutt., which is only a changed name
for Cineraria Canadensis, L. Cineraria palustris, L. Spec. ed. 2, 1243; Fl. Dan. t. 573;
Schkuhr, Ilanclb. t. 246. C. congesta, R. Br. in Parry, Voy., Richards., &c., only an arctic
and woolly condensed form, var. congestus, Hook. 1. c. Wet ground, N. Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Minnesota to the Arctic sea-coast, N. Alaska, &c. (N. Asia, EH.)
* * * Naturalized annual weeds from Europe : rays none or minute.
S. SYLvAricus, L. Slender, glabrate or somewhat pubescent, a span to a foot or more high :
leaves usually pinnatifid : heads 3 or 4 lines high, narrow, nearly naked at base, bearing a few
rays with inconspicuous ligule not surpassing the disk : akenes canescent. Engl. Bot.
t. 748 ; Fl. Dan. t. 869. Waste grounds, of sparing occurrence iu Nova Scotia and coast
of California. (Nat. from. Eu.)
S. VULGARIS, L. (GROUNDSEL.) Stouter, more branchy and leafy to the top, glabrate : leaves
incisely pinnatifid, the oblong or roundish lobes and the sinuses sharply toothed : heads
thicker, 4 or 5 lines high : tips of the iuvolucral bracts and the short calyculate ones at base
blackish: rays none: akeues canescently puberulent. Engl. Bot. t. 747; Fl. Dan. t. 513;
Pursh, Fl. ii. 528. Waste grounds and cult, fields, not rare on both the Northern Atlantic
and Pacific coasts. (Nat. from Eu.)
S. viscoses, L. Coarser, viscid-pubescent, strong-scented : leaves once or twice pinnatifid :
heads rather larger, more pedunculate : involucre sparingly and slenderly bracteolate at
base, its bracts not black-tipped : rays with inconspicuous ligule : akenes glabrous. Engl.
Bot. t. 32 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1230. Waste grounds on coast of New England, near Providence
and Boston. (Nat. from Eu.)
193. C AC ALIA, L. INDIAN PLANTAIN. (Ancient Greek name of some
Senecioneous plant, perhaps Coltsfoot.) Perennial herbs, not fleshy (some
shrubby in the tropics), natives of America and Asia in the northern hemisphere,
Cacalia. COMPOSITE. 395
with aspect mostly unlike Senecio. Leaves petioled. Our species all smooth,
glabrous, and akenes glabrous: fl. summer. --L. Gen. ed. 4, 362 (partly); DC.
Prodr. vi. 327 (with Psacah'um, & excl. 0, 4) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 51.
1. Involucre in ours of rather many bracts, calyculate with some small loose
ones, and many-flowered : corolla-lobes shorter than the throat : receptacle plane.
C. SUaveolens, L. Nearly glabrous : stem striate-angled, 3 to 5 feet high, leafy up to the
corymbiform cyme of numerous heads : leaves hastate and on margined or winged petioles,
or uppermost merely truncate or cuneate at base, acutely and often doubly dentate : proper
bracts of the involucre about 12 : flowers 25 to 30: corolla-lobes fully half the length of the
throat: style-branches capitellate-truncatc. Spec. ii. 835; Walt. Car. 195; Michx. Fl. ii.
90; Schkuhr, Ilandb. t. 230; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 434. Senecio suaveolens, Ell. Sk. ii. 328.
Moist and shaded ground, W. New England to Michigan and Illinois, and along the
mouiitaiu region to W. Florida.
C. IIASTATA, L., which reaches Kamtschatka, is said to have been collected in Sitka by four
collectors (see Herder in PL Radd. iii. 10SJ ; but Stewart's plant, named by Herder, is Pre-
nanthes aluta, and probably the others likewise.
2. Involucre of about 5 narrowly oblong or linear bracts and as many flow-
ers : receptacle commonly with a fleshy projection or 2 or 3 thickish fimbrilltc in
the centre : corolla-lobes longer than the throat : heads numerous in corymbose
cymes. Conophora, DC.
* Leaves merely lobed, peclately ribbed, veiny: plants glabrous and smooth.
C. reniformis, MUHL. Green, not at all glaucous: stem angled, 4 to 9 feet high: leaves
slightly angulate-lobed, repand-deutate, ample; radical dilated-reniform, often 2 feet wide;
upper cauliue subcordate or flabelliform : corolla parted down almost to the proper tube.
Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1735 (where the heads are wrongly said to be many-flow-
ered) ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 518; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 435. Rich and damp woods, Peiin. to
Carolina and Tennessee along the mountains.
C. atriplicifolia, L. Glaucous : stem terete, 3 to 6 feet high, naked at summit : leaves of
firmer texture, lobed or incised, but not dentate ; radical from round-reniform to subcordate-
ovate (larger inches broad) ; cauline angulate-cordate or triangular, or with cuneate base
and 3 to 7 laciniate lobes, to rhombic-lanceolate and entire in the uppermost : cymes open :
corolla-lobes fully twice the length of the throat. Spec. ii. 835 ; Walt. 1. c. ; Michx. 1. c. ;
Pursh, 1. c. ; Schkuhr, Haudb. t. 236; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 401, t. 59. C. atriplici/'olin, etc.,
Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 7, t. 15, f. 7. C. gic/antea, Nees & Schauer, Ind. Sem. Vratisl. 1841, &
Linusea, xvi. 216. Senecio atriplicifolius, Hook. Fl. i. 332, with var. reniformis. Moist or
dry ground, W. Canada and New York to Florida, west to Michigan and Illinois.
C. diversif 61ia, TORE. & GRAY. Not glaucous : stem striate, 2 or 3 feet high : corolla-
lobes a little longer than the oblong-campanulate throat : otherwise nearly as in the preced-
ing, into which it may pass. Fl. ii. 435. River swamps in Middle Florida, Chapman.
S. Carolina, Rarenel.
* * Leaves from sinuately dentate to entire, 3-7-nerved or triplinervcd : plants glabrous and
smooth: style-tips with or without a short setiform central cusp.
-i Corolla-lobes moderately longer than the oblong-campanulate throat.
C. Floridana, GRAY. Not glaucous : stem 3 or 4 feet high, rigid, striate-angled : leaves
thickish, ovate or oblong, obtuse, cuneate-contracted at base into a margined petiole, 3-5-
nerved from or near the base, obtusely dentate (cauline 2 or 3, and radical 5 or 6 inches long) :
cymes open, irregular. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 52. Coast of Florida, Palmer, Chapman.
i -l Corolla parted down almost to the proper tube: stems comparatively naked above, bearing
loose fastigiate-corymbose cymes.
C. OVata, ELL. Somewhat glaucous: stem terete: 3 or 4 feet high: leaves thinnish, from
oval, or radical broadly ovate, to oblong or upper cauline oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
entire or with a few irregular teeth ; uppermost sessile ; lower and radical nervose at base
and triplinerved above it, the nerves commonly diverging. Ell. Sk. ii. 310; Torr. & Gray,
396 COMPOSITE. Cacalia:
1. c. Damp woods, Georgia and W. Florida to Louisiana. It is impossible to determine
whether this or the next is Walter's C. ovata.
C. tuberosa, NUTT. Green, not glaucous : stem 2 to 5 feet high from " a napiform root "
or stock, striate-augled : leaves thickish, from oval to oblong-lanceolate, entire or denticu-
late, or rarely repaud-dentate, conspicuously 5-7-iierved from base, and the nerves parallel
and continued to the apex ; radical phmtagiueous, 3 to 8 inches long, contracted or tapering
at base into (sometimes foot long) petioles ; lower cauliue similar, upper comparatively few
and small. Gen. ii. 138; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 436. C. paniculata & C. j/teranthes, Raf.
Ann. Nat. 1820, 14. C. ovata, Walt. Car. 196? from char., not Ell. Wet prairies, c.,
W. Canada and Wisconsin to Alabama.
C. lanceolata, NUTT. Somewhat glaucous : stem terete, 2 or 3 feet high, slender : leaves
all lanceolate and lightly 3-5-nerved, or even linear and 1-3-nervcd, thickish, entire, some-
times 2 or 3 laciuiate teeth or small lobes : heads and cymes of the preceding or fewer.
Gen. 1. c.; Ell. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, I.e. C. hastata? Walt. 1. c. 195? Wet pine barrens,
&c., S. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
* * * Leaves decompound: stem and branches slightly pubescent: corolla divided down to the
proper tube into linear lobes somewhat exceeding it in length.
C. decomposita, GRAY. Stem slender, 3 feet high, floccose-woolly at base, naked and
panicnlately branched above, bearing numerous small (4 or 5 lines high) heads in open
corymbiform cymes : leaves large (radical 2 feet high including the petiole), 3 or 4 times
pinnately divided into linear chiefly entire lobes, the primary and secondary divisions more
commonly alternate: involucre about half the length of the (5 or 6) flowers. PI. Wright.
ii. 99. Senecio Grayanus, Hemsl. Biol. Ceutr.-Am. Bot. ii. 241. Mountains of S. Arizona,
Wriyht, Lemmon.
194. ERECHTfTES, Raf. FIREWEED. (Name of a Groundsel by Dios-
corides.) Coarse and homely annuals (Eastern American, and some in New
Zealand and Australia) ; with rank smell, alternate leaves, and cymosely or panio
ulately disposed heads of whitish or dull yellow flowers. DC. Prodr. vi. 294 ;
Benth. & Hook. Fl. ii. 443. Neoceis, Cass.
B. llieracifolia, RAF. Glabrous or with some hirsute pubescence: stem commonly stout,
1 to C feet high, silicate, leafy to top : leaves of tender texture, lanceolate or broader, sessile,
acute, acutely dentate, or some incised or pinnatitid, upper commonly with auriculate partly
clasping base : heads half-inch high, cyliudraceous, rather fleshy, setaceously bracteolate :
pappus white. DC. Prodr. 1. c ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 434. E. (hleracifolla,) prcealta, elon-
nata, &c., Raf. Fl. Ludov. & in DC. Senecio hieracifolius, L. Spec. ii. 866. Cineraria
(Janadensis, Walt. Car. 207 ? Moist woods and copses, a common weed in enriched soil, and
especially where woods have been recently burned away (fl. late summer), Newfoundland and
Canada to Louisiana. (Extends to S. Amer.)
TRIBE IX. CYNAROIPE^E, p. 81.
195. SAUSStTREA, DC. (Theodore, and his father Horace Benedict
Saussure, eminent Genevese naturalists.) Perennials of the northern temper-
ate and arctic zones ; with middle-sized heads of purple or violet-blue flowers.
Ann. Mus. Par. xvi. t. 10-13, & Prodr. vi. 532; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 471.
Ours all have the distinct and deciduous outer pappus of true Saussurea :
fl. late summer.
S. alpina, DC. 1. c. Low, 2 to 12 inches high, with few cymose-glomerate heads, loosely
arachnoid-tomeutose and glabrate : leaves from narrowly to oblong-lanceolate or even
broader, all narrowed at base, denticulate, sometimes entire : bracts of the involucre char-
taceo-membranaceous, acutish or acute, outer shorter : usually some setose chaff of the
receptacle among the flowers. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 452; Reicheub, Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 816,
Gnicus. COMPOSITE. 397
&c. ; Herder, PI. Radd. iii. 36. S. anyustifolia, DC. 1. c. S. monticola, Richards. App.
Frank. Jouru. ed. 2, 29. S. multijiora, Richards. 1. c., ed. 1. Mackenzie River to Arctic
coast and Kotzebue Sound. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. Ledeboiiri. More glabrate : leaves from sinuately or laciniate-dentate to
entire : involucre looser ; its bracts mostly attenuate-acuminate, less unequal, or the outer-
most prolonged to the height of the inner : chaff of the receptacle either sparse or wanting.
S. alpina, Hook. Fl. i. 303, in part. S. Ledcboun, Herder, 1. c. 41. S. snbsimtata, nuda, &
Tilcsii, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. GO, 61, G2. 5. sulsinuata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 35, t. 7. S. acumi-
nata, Turcz. in DC. 1. c. G3G, exactly S. nuda, Ledeb. 1. c. Xortheru Rocky Mountains in
the alpine region to Kotzebue Sound and Alaskan islands; in this country the commoner
form and manifestly passing into S. alpina. (Adj. Asia.)
S. Americana, EATOX. Tall, 2 or 3 feet high, leafy, lightly arachnoid when young, soon
glabrate, bearing numerous corymbosely cymosc heads : leaves membranaceous, denticulate
or dentate, ovate and oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate; radical and lower cauline sub-
cordate and on slender margined petioles (4 inches long) ; upper sessile with acute base ;
uppermost lanceolate : heads half to three-fourths inch long : involucre cylindraceous or
Bomcwhat turbinate, pubescent, 10-17-flowered; its bracts thin-coriaceous, 5-G-ranked, all
pointless and obtuse ; outer successively shorter, ovate : corollas " dark blue " or " purple " :
receptacle bearing more or less copious setiform chaff ["naked" according to Eaton].
Dot. Gazette, vi. 283. Mountains of Eastern Oregon, Custck, and Simcoe Mountains,
Washington Terr., T. J. Ilowell. Related to the W. Asiatic S. latlfoUa, Ledeb., and S.
grand ijlilia, Maxim., especially to the latter, which has an equally copious outer pappus.
196. ARCTIUM, L. BURDOCK. ("Ap/cros, a bear, from the rough invo-
lucre ?) Coarse and rank biennials, of the Old World, unarmed, except the
hooked tips of the involucral bracts forming the bur ; with large and roundish
mostly cordate leaves, the lower on stout petioles, and middle-sized heads of pink
or purplish flowers, in summer. -- Ben th. & Hook. Gen. ii. 4GG. Lappa, Tourn.,
Juss,, Giertn., DC., &c.
A. LAppA, L. Plant 3 to 5 feet high, with somewhat cymosely disposed heads : leaves mostly
green and glabrous above, whitish with cottony down beneath : in the larger form, var.
uAjus (Lappa major, Gaertn., Arctium ma jus, Sehktthr), the bur an inch or more in diameter,
its bracts all spreading and glabrous or nearly so. Common in waste or manured ground,
near dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. TOMENTOSUM (A. Dardana, Willd., Lappa tomcntosa, Lam.), a more woolly form ;
with bracts of involucre cottony-webbed. Rare in N. America.
Var. MINUS (A. minus, Schkuhr, Lappa minor, DC.), with smaller and only slightly
webby heads ; these more paniculate, and innermost bracts or awns of the bur erect. Varies
with laciniate leaves. Not uncommon. All the forms are vile weeds.
197. CARDTJUS, Tourn., L., partly. PLTJMELESS THISTLE. (Ancient
Latin name of Thistle.) Old World genus, one species locally naturalized.
C. NtJTANS, L. (Music THISTLE.) Biennial, 1 to 3 feet high, green: stem sinuately and
interruptedly winged : head solitary, nodding : corollas crimson-purple. El. Dan. t. 675;
Reicheub. Ic. Germ. t. 877. On the Susquehanna near Harrisburg, Perm. (Nat. from Eu.)
C. CRfspus, C. ACANTiiofoES, and C. PYCNOCEPIIALUS, L., occasionally appear as ballast-
weeds or waifs at seaports.
C. PECTI\ATUS, L. Mant. 279, grown in the Upsal Garden, from unknown source, said by
Willdenow to come from Pennsylvania!! seeds, but doubtless not American, is referred by
Sprengel to C. defloratus.
198. CNlCUS, Tourn., L., partly. PLUMED THISTLE. (Latin name of
Safflower, changed from KI/^KO?, of Dioscorides, applied by the herbalists and
early botanists to Thistles.) Stout herbs (of the northern hemisphere) ; with
sessile leaves, commonly with prickly teeth and tips, and large or middle-sized
398 COMPOSITE. Cnicus.
heads ; the flowers red, purple, or rose-color, rarely white or yellowish, in summer.
Many hybridize ! L. Gen. ed. 6, 409 (where the char, is pappus plumosus, and
in Spec. ed. 2, two years earlier, C. benedictus is referred to Gentaurea) ; Willd.
Spec. iii. 1662; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 468. Oirsium, DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 3, iv.
110, & Prodr. vi. 634, not Tourn.
1. Naturalized from Europe : one species with dioecious heads.
C. ARVENSIS, HOFFM. (CANADA THISTLE). Perennial and spreading by creeping root-
stocks, a foot or two high, corymbosely branching, usually glabrate and green : stem and
branches wingless : leaves lanceolate, pimiatifid and toothed, furnished with abundant weak
prickles heads loosely cymose, less than inch high, dioecious ; in male plant ovate-globular,
and flowers (rose-purple) well exserted; in female oblong-campanulate and flowers less pro-
jecting : bracts of involucre all appressed, short, and with very small weak prickly points :
only abortive anthers to the female flowers. Fl. Germ. iv. 180 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 506. Serratula
arvensis, L. Spec. ii. 820; Fl. Dan. t. 644. Carduus an-ensis, Curt. Fl. Loud. t. 57; Eugl.
Bot. t. 975. Cirshim arvense, Scop. Fl. Cam. ; DC. Prodr. vi. 643 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 408,
t. 61 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 842. Dreca arvensis, Less. Syu. 9. Meadows, pastures,
and waste grounds, from Newfoundland through the Northern and Middle Atlantic States :
too common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)
C. LANCEOLAxus, HoFFM. 1. c. (COMMON THISTLE of fields.) Biennial, 3 or 4 feet high, with
large heads (almost 2 inches high) terminating somewhat leafy branchlets, cottony-tomen-
tose when young, becoming green, more or less villous or hirsute: leaves lanceolate, deeply
pinnatifid and with lanceolate lobes, rigidly prickly ; upper face strigose-setulose ; base
decurrent on the stem into interrupted prickly wings : bracts of involucre arachnoid-woolly,
lanceolate and mostly attenuate into slender and rigid prickly-pointed spreading tips : flow-
ers rose-purple, hermaphrodite. Willd. Spec. iii. 1GGG ; Pursh, 1. c. Carduus lanccolatiis, L. ;
Engl. Bot. t. 107; Fl. Dan. t 1173. Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. ; Reichenb.
Ic. Fl. Germ t. 826. Pastures and waste grounds, Newfoundland and Canada to Georgia
(very common northward) ; also in Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.)
t
2. Indigenous species, all but one Alaskan species endemic, all or mostly
biennials.
* Bracts of the ovoid or hemispherical involucre appressed-imbricated and the outer successively
shorter, all with loose and dilated fimbriate or lacerate white-scarious tips. Echenais,
Cuss., DC.
C. Americanus, GRAY. A foot or two high, branching above : branches bearing solitary
or scattered naked heads : leaves white-tomentose beneath, lanceolate or broader, sinuately
pinnatifid, or some merely dentate, others piunately parted, weakly prickly : heads erect, inch
high: principal bracts of the involucre naked-edged or merely fimbriate-ciliate (not setose-
spinuliferous) below, and the dilated scarious apex as broad as long, fimbriate-lacerate,
tipped with barely exserted cusp or mucro ; innermost with lanceolate nearly entire scarious
tips: flowers ochroleucous : stronger pappus-bristles dilated-clavellate at tip. Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 56, without char. C. cnrlinoidrs, var. Americanus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 48,
& Bot. Calif, i. 420, excl. syn. Nutt., &c. Echenais carlinoides, var. nuians, Gray, Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1863, 69. Lower mountains of Colorado and New Mexico to the coast of California.
(A hybrid with C. unditlatus? with red-purple flowers and purplish tips to involucral bracts,
is from Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene.)
# * Bracts of the involucre mostly loose, not appressed-imbricated nor rigid, tapering gradually
from a narrow base to a slender-prickly or mut icons apex; outer not very much shorter than
the inner, wholly destitute of dorsal glandular ridge or spot,
-t Some with scariotis or fringed tip or margins, at least the innermost, slightly or not at all
prickly-pointed (except accessory leafy ones) : leaves not decurrent on the stem, moderately
prickly: Rocky Mountain and Western species.
C. Parryi, GRAY. Green, lightly arachnoid and villous when young, 2 feet or so high : leaves
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate: heads (inch high) several and spicatcly glomerate or more race-
mosely paniculate, more or less bracteose-leafy at base : accessory and outer proper bracts
or some of them pectinately fimbriate-ciliate down the sides, innermost with more or lesa
Cnicus. COMPOSITE. 399
dilated or margined mostly lacerate-fimbriate tips: corollas pale yellow; the lobes longer
than the throat: pappus of fine soft bristles, none of them obviously clavellate. Proc. Am.
Acad. x. 47; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 180. Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Utah,
at about 8,000 feet; first coll. by Parr//. Appears to hybridize with C. eriocephalus, c.
C. remotif olius, GRAY, 1. c. Loosely arachnoid-woolly when young, 3 to 8 feet high :
leaves from sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, more or less whitened by the loose tomentum be-
ueath even in age : heads (inch and a half high) pedunculate, scattered, naked or nearly so
at base : involucre lightly arachnoid and glabrate ; the bracts attenuate, the outer into a
weak small prickle ; the inner or some of them with a scarious (from broadly subulate to
ovate-lanceolate) entire or sparingly lacerate tip : corolla ochroleucous, its lobes much
shorter than the throat : pappus of coarser bristles, the strongest with conspicuously clavel-
late tips. Cardans reinotifolius, Hook. Fl. i. 302. Cirsium remotifolium, DC. ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 460. C. stenolepidum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 419. Along streams, Colum-
bia River, from the Yakima district, Washington Terr., to the coast, and to Mendocino
Co., California. Here no. 559 Kellogg & liar ford (not " Hall & Harbour"), doubtfully re-
ferred to C. Americanus in Bot. Calif, i. 421, a form most approaching the latter species.
-1 -f None of the involucral bracts with fimbriate or scarious-dilated tips, or obscurely so in the
first species.
w- Proper bracts nearly all tipped with a slender acicular prickle, also somewhat viscidlv long-
woolly: leaves narrow, well armed with prickles: stum a foot or two high, leafy: pappus-
bristles not clavellate-tipped. Rocky-Mountain species.
C. Hookerianus, GRAY, 1. c. Arachnoid white-woolly, hardly glabrate, stout : leaves pin-
natifid ; the short lobes rather distant, sparsely prickly ; base little or not at all decurrent :
heads few and sessile in a terminal cluster, or scattered, inch and a half high, somewhat
bracteose-leafy at base : proper bracts tapering from a broadish base into a rather rigid
subulate prickly point: corollas white or whitish. Cardans discolor, \ar.Jl. albis, Hook. Fl.
i. 302. Cirsium Hookerianum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 418. Upper wooded and
subalpiue region of the Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 48, Douglas, Bourgeau, &c.
C. eriocephalus, GRAY, 1. c. Loosely arachnoid-woolly and partly glabrate, very leafy:
leaves pinuatifid into very numerous and crowded and numerously prickly short lobes, the
base decurrent on the stem into prickly wings: heads (inch long) several, sessile, and
crowded in a leaf-subtended at first nodding glomerule ; the subtending leaves and the in-
volucral bracts densely long-woolly (or the inmost bracts glabrous), all very slender-prickly :
corollas light yellow or yellowish. Cirsium criocephalum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863,
69; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 196, excl. var. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, at the
head of Clear Creek and its tributaries ; first coll. by Parry.
H- -H- Proper bracts of the involucre tapering into an almost innocuous weak and short prickle or
soft point: leaves green both sides, glabrate, mostly membranaceous, not decurrent on the
stem, except the lower of the last species. Pacific species, with middle-sized or small heads.
C. edulis, GRAY, 1. c. Stem robust and somewhat succulent, 3 to 6 feet high, pubescent,
leafy to the top : leaves oblong or narrower, from slightly to deeply sinuate-pinuatifid, weakly
prickly-ciliate : heads (the larger inch and a half high) scattered or few in a cluster, usually
bracteose-leafy at base : involucre conspicuously arachnoid-woolly when young, partly gla-
brate in age : corollas dull purple or whitish ; the lobes much shorter than throat, filiform in
the dried state and capitellate-callous at apex ! Bot. Calif, i. 420. Cirsium, edule, Nutt.
1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Low grounds, British Columbia to W. California.
C. Hallii, GRAY. Glabrate and green : stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, moderately leafy :
leaves pinnatifid, the lobes and teeth rather strongly prickly : heads solitary and pedunculate,
or 2 or 3 in a small terminal cluster (inch or more high), more or less bracteose-leafy at
base : involucre sparingly arachnoid when young, soon glabrate, the attenuate tips of all but
the outermost innocuous : corollas rose-purple, varying to white ; the lobes linear, plane,
obtuse. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Oregon, Hall (310, was referred to C. edulis), to S.
California (San Bernardino Co., Lepimon, &c.) and S. Utah, A/rs. Thompson.
C. Kamtschaticus, MAXIM. Glabrate and green, leafy up to the naked and short-pedun-
culate (inch high) heads: leaves oblong-ovate or oval, from barely dentate to incisely pin-
natifid, 6 to 10 inches long, weakly prickly ; lower decurrent on the stem into narrow prickly
wings : iuvolucral bracts all attenuate-subulate from a narrow base, arachnoid-pubescent
400 COMPOSITE. Cnicus.
when young or glabrate : corolla-lobes narrowly linear, apiculate : larger pappus bristles
clavellate. Mel. Biol. ix. 310. Cirsium Kamtschaticum, Ledeb. in DC. Prodr. vi. 644, &
Fl. Ross. ii. 7.3G. Atkba, one of the Aleutian Islands, Lieut. Tamer. Said to be "7 feet
high": corollas whitish: anther-tips slender, as in pi. Kamts., and longer than in var.?
Grai/anus, Maxim., of Japan. ( Kamtschatka to Japan.)
H- -H- H-+ Proper bracts of the involucre not at all prickly, but the large (2 indies high) heads
conspicuously and numerously bracteose-leafy at base. Atlantic species.
C. horridulus, PURSII. Arachnoid when young, glabrate with age, 1 to 3 feet high, the
larger plants brandling and bearing several heads : leaves elongated-lanceolate, not decur-
reut, piunatifid, strongly prickly : head about 2 inches high, surrounded by a whorl of 8 to
30 linear or lanceolate numerously and strongly prickly leaves, which usually equal in length
the involucre of gradually attenuate weak-pointed minutely scabrous bracts : flowers pale
yellow, rarely purple (var. Ellioltii, Torr. & Gray). Fl. ii. 507; Ell. Sk. ii. 272; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40. C. spinosissimus, Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 438. Cirsium horridulum,
Michx. Fl. ii. 90; DC. Prodr. vi. 651. C. megacanthum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.
421, large form. Carduus spinosissimus, Walt. Car. C. horridulus, Pers. Syn. ii. 390.
Sandy or gravelly soil, New England, near the coast, to Florida and Texas.
# * * Bracts of the involucre moderately unequal or the lower not rarely about equalling the
upper, more rigid and imbricated at base, but most of them with more or less herbaceous spi-
nescent-tipped spreading upper portion, and no glandular dorsal ridge. Rocky Mountain and
Pacilic species.
-H- Heads (only inch high) few or several and sessile in a terminal cluster: stem leafy to the top.
C. Batoni, GRAY. A foot or so high, mostly simple, loosely arachnoid-woolly or glabrate :
leaves piunatifid or pinuately parted into short lobes, mostly very prickly, either green and
glabrate or remaining whitish-woolly beneath : involucre rather narrow, from araehnoid-
ciliate to glabrate or apparently glabrous ; its principal bracts erect, with broadish appressed
base, abruptly attenuate into the subulate-acerose slightly herbaceous spinescent portion,
outermost little shorter than the inner : corolla whitish, its lobes considerably shorter than
the throat. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Cirsium eriocephttliim, var. tewcephalum, C. folioium,
& C. Drummondi in part, Eaton in Bot. King Exp. 195, 196. Mountains of Utah (Uintah
and Wahsatch) and of Colorado, from 8,000 to 11,000 feet, also in Humboldt Mountains,
Nevada, Watson, Jones, Hall & Harbour, &c.
t >- Heads solitary terminating the stem or branches (involucre usually long-woolly when young,
but sometimes glabrate), hemispherical,
H- Middle-sized: flowers white or pale purple: anther-tips deltoid.
C. Andrews!!, GUAY. Probably tall, branching ; the loose wool deciduous except from the
heads : stem strongly striate : upper leaves laciniate-piuuatifid and with narrowly lanceolate
prickly lobes : bracts of the involucre with coriaceous oblong-ovate base, greenish at short
upper part, where it is abruptly contracted into an aristiform spinesceut appendage ; corollas
apparently whitish; the lobes fully twice the length of the throat. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 45,
& Bot. Calif, i. 420. W. California, Andreics, station unknown.
C. Calif ornicus, GRAY, 1. c. Tall and branching, with white wool more or less deciduous :
leaves from sinuately to deeply piunatifid, moderately prickly : principal bracts of the invo-
lucre with somewhat foliaceous and subulate spinesceut summit, sometimes very conspicuous,
sometimes smaller and attenuate more directly into the prickle : corollas cream-color, white,
or rarely purple ; lobes shorter than the throat. Cirsium Californicum, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep.
iv. 112. California, from the Stanislaus (where first coll. by Bigelow) to San Diego and
San Bernardino and adjacent Arizona. A variety of forms here assembled, some with
larger heads and more leafy-bracted involucre passing to the next.
H- -H- Large heads, the larger fully 2 inches bigh and broad : slender corolla-lobes considerably
longer than the throat: herbage and commonly squarrose involucre copiously white-woolly,
sometimes glabrate in age: anther-tips narrow and acuminate.
C. Neo-Mexicanus, GRAY, 1. c. Stout, 2 to 4 feet high: spinescent rigid tips to the
principal involucral bracts half to nearly full inch long : corollas from white to pale purple :
node on the style generally manifest and obscurely bearded : otherwise as the next, into
which it seems to pass. Cirsium Neo-Mexicanum, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 101. C. canescens,
Onicus. COMPOSITE. 401
Gray, PI. Fendl. 110, not Nutt. Plains of S. Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona; first
coll. by Fcndler, Wright, &c.
C. OCCidentalis, GRAY, 1. c. Mostly stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very white with thick coating
of cottony wool: leaves from sinuate-dentate to piunatitid, not very prickly: involucral
bracts sometimes narrow and herbaceous-acerose from a little dilated base, sometimes with
broader more coriaceous base, or the outer with lanceolate-subulate tips : corollas red or
crimson (the longer inch and a half long) : style destitute of node. Carduus occidt Utah's,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 418. Cirsium Coulteri, Gray, PI. Fendl. 110; Eaton in Bot.
King Exp. 195. S. Oregon and W. California to San Diego and the Mohave ; first coll.
by Coulter. Varies much in the size of the heads ; these in some plants only inch and a
half long, narrower, and involucre glabrate ; its outer bracts successively shorter, with
lanceolate-subulate squarrose green tips ; approaching C. Californicus and also the following
section.
* * * * Bracts of the involucre regularly and chiefly appressed-imbricated in numerous ranks ;
the outer successively shorter, not herbaceous-tipped or appendaged, except that the innermost
(which are all muticous or innocuous) are in one or two species obviously scarious-tipped.
-i Heads oblong or cylindraceous, showy (l to 2 inches long): flowers bright red or crimson-
pink: involucral bracts comparatively large, not at all glandular on the back; inner ones all
erect and purplish-tinged. Arizonian and Californian.
H- White with cottony wool, which is tardily if at all deciduous, 1 to 3 feet high.
C. Anderson!, GRAY, 1. c. Slender, rather lightly and loosely woolly : leaves lightly
prickly, sinuate-pinnatifid, rather sparse -. heads naked-pedunculate : involucral bracts com-
paratively loose and erect, all gradually attenuate from a narrow base ; outermost tipped
with a small weak prickle ; corolla bright pink-red ; its slender lobes about equalling the
throat: style considerably prolonged above the very obscure node. Dry hills, E. Califor-
nia, adjacent Nevada, and S. W. Idaho ; common along the Sierra south to the Yosemite and
Kern Co. ; first coll. by Anderson.
C. -A.riz6ni.CUS, GRAY, 1. c. More densely white-woolly, branching and leafy : leaves
sinuate or piunatih'd ; lobes prickly -pointed; heads more numerous, less peduncled: invo-
lucral bracts well imbricated, soon glabrate; outer coriaceous, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceo-
late, abruptly contracted into a rigid prickle of rarely over their own length, inner attenuate :
corolla crimson-purple or carmine ; its lobes twice the length of the throat : style produced
at tip to only 4 or 6 times its diameter above the manifest node. Cirsinm undidatum, var.,
Gray, PL Wright, ii. 101. Sandy or gravelly places, Arizona and S. W. Utah; first coll.
by Wright and by Thurler.
-H- -H- Green and glabrous or very early glabrate, 3 or 4 feet high.
C. Rothrockii, GRAY. Stout, branching, leafy to the top : leaves from incisely pinnatifid
to piunately parted, conspicuously prickly : heads rather thicker than in the foregoing :
involucre similar, but longer prickly (prickles sometimes even three-fourths inch long) :
corolla and style similar, or node of the latter less evident. Proc. Am. A cad. xvii. 220
(form noted l/y Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. under C. Arlzonicus). Canons of S. Arizona,
Rothrock, Lemmon.
-I -1 Heads broad, mostly large : flowers from rose-purple to white : involucre glabrous or early
glabrate, the light arachnoid wool caducous; its bracts rather large, chartaceous or coriaceous,
not at all glandular on the back, outer tipped with a short weak prickle or innocuous cusp,
innermost wholly unarmed and not rarely scarious-tipped.
w- Eastern species: leaves equally green both sides: anther-tips broadish.
C. pumilus, TORR. Somewhat villous-pubescent: stem stout, mostly simple, a foot or two
high (rarely taller) and bearing 1 to 3 large heads: leaves oblong or lanceolate, commonly
pinnatifid, copiously prickly and setose-ciliate : heads full 2 inches high, often leafy-bracteose
at base, arachnoid when young: involucral bracts mostly lanceolate : corollas rose-purple,
occasionally white, with lobes shorter than throat : flowers distinctly fragrant. Compend.
282; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 292; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40; Sprague, Wild Flowers, 138,
t. 32. Carduus odoratus, Muhl. Cat. 70; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 85. C. jmmthts, & var.
hystrix, Nutt. Gen. ii. 130. Cirshtm pumiliun, Spreng. Syst. iii. 375 ; DC. Prodr. vi. 651 ,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Open ground, Mass., near the coast, to Penn. and New Jersey.
26
402 COMPOSITE. Cnicus.
H- -H- Western species: leaves either green both sides or deciduously white-woolly beneath : invo-
lucral bracts plane : anther-tips narrow, very acute.
C. QUercetorum, GRAY. Lightly villous-arachiioid when young, soon glabrate : stem
stout, a foot or less high, bearing few or several thick heads : leaves mostly petiolate (the
larger a foot long), piuuately parted and the oblong divisions often 3-5-cleft, strongly or
weakly prickly ; involucral bracts thickish-coriaceous, closely imbricated in numerous ranks ;
outer only mucrouately cuspidate or with short prickle (outermost only about 3 lines long) ;
innermost obscurely scarious at tip : corollas purplish or whitish, the lobes equalling or
longer than the throat. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 40, & Bot. Calif, i. 418. Dry hills, at Oak-
land and vicinity, California, Kellocjg, Bolander, &c.
C. Drummondii, GRAY, 1. c. Green and somewhat villous-pubescent, or when young
lightly arachnoid-woolly (at least the lower face of the leaves), either stemless and bearing
sessile heads in a cluster on the crown, or caulescent and e; 7 eu 2 or 3 feet high, with solitary
or several loosely disposed heads : leaves from sinuate or almost entire to pinnately parted,
moderately prickly : larger heads fully 2 inches high : iuvolucral bracts thin-coriaceous or
chartaceous, mostly acuminate, weak-prickly pointed or innocuous, innermost with more
scarious and sometimes obviously dilated and erose-fimbriate tips : corollas either white or
sometimes rose-purple, with lobes usually shorter than the throat. Carduus pumilus, Hook.
FI. i. 302, excl. syn. Cirsium Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 459. From Fort Franldiu,
near the Arctic Circle, to the Saskatchewan, along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado and
Utah, west to Oregon, and south along the Sierras to S. California. Polymorphous and of
very wide range.
Var. acaulescens, GRAY, 1. c. Smaller, with heads (solitary or several on the crown,
encircled by the radical leaves) only inch and a half long, or less, and proportionally narrow :
outer iuvolucral bracts with a longer but rather weak prickle. Cirsium acau/e, var. Ameri-
canum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 68. Mountains of Colorado to the Sierra Nevada
in S. California.
C. foliosus, GRAY, 1. c. More woolly, usually also villous when young: stem stout, leafy
to the cluster of a few sessile heads, a span or two high : leaves commonly elongated, linear-
lanceolate, laciuiately dentate, arachnoid-tomeutose beneath : heads broad, inch and a half
high, leafy -bracteose : involucre nearly of the preceding : corollas pale or white, with lobes
equalling or longer than the throat. Carduus foliosus, Hook. Fl. i. 303. Cirsium foli-
osiun, DC. Prodr. vi. 654. Prairies of the northern Rocky Mountains, Drummond. Idaho,
Burke, Spa/ding.
C. SCariosiIS. White with cottony tomeutum, at least the lower face of the leaves : stem
about a foot high : leaves of lanceolate outline, mostly pinnately parted into lanceolate long-
prickly lobes ; upper face sometimes villous, sometimes only cottony and early glabrate :
heads nearly of preceding, 2 or 3 in a sessile cluster, or solitary on short leafy branches :
innermost bracts of involucre commonly with mure conspicuous erose or entire scarious tips :
corollas pale or white. Cirsium scar iosum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 420. Rocky
Mountain plains, Wyoming and Utah, Nulta/l, Ward, Palmer, &c. lias been referred to
C. Americanus and (in Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56) to C. foliosus.
H- +) -H- Species of Mexican border, with dense white tomentuni, smaller and obscurely cari-
nute outer involucral bracts, and blunt very scarious tips to the inner: anther-tips very acute.
C. Wheeleri, GRAY. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, white with close cottony wool, as is
the lower face of the leaves : these narrowly lanceolate or linear, sparingly laciniate-pinnati-
fid, glabrate and green above, slightly prickly : head solitary, nearly 2 inches high, naked at
base: outer involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, much appressed, carinate-thickened down the
middle of the back, abruptly tipped with a small weak prickle ; inner with conspicuous
scarious or scarious-edged and erose tip or appendage : corolla crimson-purple ; its lobes
much longer than throat. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Rocky Canon, south of Camp
Apache, Arizona, Rothrock, in Wheeler Exped., where it was referred to C. undulatus.
+ H -t Heads large of comparatively small flowers usually rose or flesh-colored : involucral
bracts closely appressed, coriaceous or thickish, commonly with a glandular or viscid ridge, short
line, or a broader spot on the back near the summit.
H- Canescent, at least, the lower face of the leaves white-tomentose, very rarely glabrate in age^
heads naked, solitary or scattered.
Cnicus. COMPOSITE. 403
= Leaves pinnately parted into narrow and linear mostly entire divisions : anther-tips attenuate-
subulate.
C. Pitcheri, TOKR. A foot or two high, with herbage persistently white-tomentose through-
ont: lower leaves a foot or so long, with divisions (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide)
either entire or some again pinnately parted into shorter lobes, weakly prickly-tipped ; the
winged rhachis not wider than the divisions : heads few or solitary, 2 inches high : involucre
glabrate ; the bracts rather small, viscid down the back, tipped with small short prickle :
corollas ochroleucous. Torr. in A. Eaton, Man. ed. 5, 180; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42.
Cirsium Pitcheri, Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 456. Sand-banks on the shores of the Great Lakes
from the head of Lake Michigan northwestward, and in Dakota, Suckle y ; first coll. by
Dr. Pitcher.
= = Leaves from undivided to pinnately parted, the lobes lanceolate or broader, disposed to be
white-tomentose above as well as below: prickle on cusp of the principal involueral bracts moru
or less rigid and pungent.
. Bracts of the involucre minutely scabrous-ciliolate.
C. Grahami, GRAY. Stem 3 to 8 feet high : leaves elongated-lanceolate (larger ones a foot
or more long), from repaud-dentate to sinuate and pinuatifid (sometimes delicately, some-
times strongly prickly), upper face at length glabrate and green : heads l to 2 inches high :
involucre glabrate and greenish ; the bracts lanceolate-subulate, tipped with a short rigid
cusp rather than prickle, the margins at least of the principal ones minutely scabrous-ciliolate :
corollas crimson-red : anther-tips attenuate-subulate. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. C. undu-
latus, var. Grahami, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 43. Cirsium Grahami, Gray, PI. Wright, ii.
102; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2885. Wet ground, Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Lemmon.
b. Bracts of the involucre smooth and naked, or else tomentose on the margins.
C. OciiroC31ltrus, GRAY. Resembles the next following species, usually taller, even to 6
or 8 feet high, the white tomentum mostly persistent : leaves commonly bnt not always
deeply pinnatifid and armed with long yellowish prickles: heads 1 or 2 inches high: princi-
pal bracts of the involucre broader and flatter, the viscid line on the back narrow or not
rarely obsolete, tipped with a prominent spreading yellowish prickle: corollas purple, rarely
white. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 57. C. undulatus, var. ochrocentrus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 43. Cirsium ochroccntrum, Gray, PI. Fendl. 110. Plains, &c., W. Texas to Colorado, the
eastern Sierra Nevada, and Arizona. (Adj. Mex.)
C. undulatus, GRAY. A foot or two high, persistently white-tomentose : leaves rarely pin-
nately parted, moderately prickly : heads commonly inch and a half high : principal bracts
of the involucre mostly thickened on the back by the broader glandular-viscid ridge, com-
paratively small and narrow, tipped with an evident spreading short prickle : corollas rose-
color, pale purple, or rarelv white; its lobes equalling or surpassing the throat in length:
anther-tips attenuate-subulate. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42, excl. var. ochrocentrus, & var. Gra-
hami. Carduns undulatus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 130. C. discolor, Hook. Fl., in part. Cirsium Dou-
glasii, DC. Prodr. vi. 643, excl. habitat. C. Hookerianum, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 253, not
Nutt. Plains, &c., from Lake Huron and Minnesota to Saskatchewan, west to Oregon,
south to Kansas and New Mexico.
Var. canescens, GRAY, 1. c., is merely a form with smaller heads, sometimes not
over an inch high, the leaves varying from ciliately spinulose-dentate to deeply pinnatifid.
Cirsium canescens & C. brevifohum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 421. Minnesota to New
Mexico and S. Utah.
Var. megacephalus, GRAY, 1. c. Stouter form, usually broader-leaved, with broad
heads 2 inches or more high Minnesota and Texas (where^coll. by Bcrlandicr) to Idaho.
C. Breweri, GRAY, 1. c. Usually both very white-tomentose and tall (5 to 10 feet high) :
leaves mostly elongated-lanceolate, conspicuously prickly : heads paniculate, sometimes very
numerous, subsessile, merely inch high, or when solitary inch and a half high : bracts of the
globular involucre much appressed, firm-coriaceous, the tip externally bearing an oval or
oblong greenish viscid-glandular spot ; outer ones ovate to oblong, abruptly tipped with a
rather slender spreading prickle : corollas pale purple or whitish, the lobes shorter than the
throat : anther-tips deltoid, merely acute. Springy soil, Sierra Nevada from Lake Tahoe
and Mendocino Co., California (first coll. by Anderson and Brewer), to E. Oregon, Cusick,
&c. Also, less white-woolly, San Juan, Monterey Co., Brewer, leading to the var.
404 COMPOSITE. Cnicus.
Var. Vaseyi. Perhaps a distinct species, only arachnoid-tomentose and greenish, even
glabrate iu age. California, in Plumas and Sierra Co., Lenimon, Mrs. Ames. A remark-
ably glabrate form, with involucral bracts obscurely glandular, and tipped with very short
prickle, growing iu dry soil exposed to the sun, Tamalpais, G. R. Vase/j. Also a robust form,
equally glabrate aud greeu, with the glandular spot on the involucral bracts conspicuous
and narrow : in salt marshes, Suisin Bay, Greene.
= = = Leaves in the s.nne species from undivided to pinnately parted, aud the lobes from
ovate to lanceolate, upper face soon glabrate and green: involucral bracts tipped with weak
setiform prickles or sometimes hardly any: anther-tips subulate, very acute: corolla flesh-
colored, rarely white.
C. altissimus, WILLD. Stem brandling, 3 to 10 feet high : leaves in the typical form
ovate-oblong or narrower, sometimes with merely spinulose-ciliate slightly toothed margins,
sometimes laciniate-cleft or sinuate, or lower ones deeply sinuate-pinuatirid, weakly prickly :
heads one and a half to two inches high : involucral bracts firm-coriaceous, abruptly tipped
with a spreading setiform prickle, the short outermost ovate or oblong: roots fascicled and
not rarely tuberous-thickened below the middle, in the manner of Dahlia. Willd. Spec iii.
1671 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 268 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 42. Carduus altissimus, L. Spec. ii. 824.
Cirsinm altissimum, etc., Dill. Elth. i. 81, t. 69. C. altissimum & C. diver si folium, DC. Proclr.
vi. 640. Borders of woods, and in open ground, common from New York to Wisconsin,
Florida, and Texas.
Var. filipendulus, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 56. Smaller, 2 or 3 feet high :
roots tuberiferous : leaves commonly deeply pinnatifid : heads few, only inch and a half high.
Cirsiumjilipendulum, Eugelm. iu Gray, Man. ed. 5, 2-73. C. Virginianum, \ax.S1 Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. Prairies and Live-oak thickets, Texas and Colorado. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. discolor, GRAY, 1. c. Stem 2 to 6 feet high, freely branching : leaves nearly all
deeply pinuatifid into lanceolate lobes, or those of upper leaves linear : heads fully inch and
a half high. C. discolor, Muhl. iu Willd. Spec. iii. 1670; Ell. 1. c. ; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2,
292. Carduus discolor, Nutt., Darliugt., &c. Cirsium discolor, Spreng. Syst. iii. 373 ; DC.
1. c. ; Torr. Gray, 1. c. Borders of fields and thickets, Canada and New England to
Illinois and Georgia.
C. Virginianus, PURSH. Stem slender, 2 or 3 feet high, simple or branching : leaves
narrow, varviug as in the preceding : heads more naked-pedunculate, only an inch long : in-
volucral bracts small and narrow, thinner, tapering into a very weak short spreading bristle-
like prickle, sometimes hardly any: flowers rose-purple. Fl. ii. 506; Ell. 1. c. Carduus
Virqiniunus, L. 1. c. ; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 99 ; Nutt. 1. c. Cirsium Virr/hiianiim, Michx. Fl. ii. 90 ;
DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 457, excl. last var. C. Texanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1862, imperfect specimen, apparently of this species. Pine woods and dry banks,
Virginia to Texas.
-H. -H- Green or with only light and thin arachnoid tomentum, this at length mostly deciduous:
involucre innocuous or nearly so. Atlantic species.
= Heads oulv inch high, loosely somewhat paniculate: principal bracts of the involucre con-
spicuously viscid-glandular on the back, more or less cuspidate-tipped : stems branching, 2 to 8
feet high-
C. Nuttallii, GRAY, 1. c. Early glabrate : stem slender, below winged by decurrence of the
leaves : these when young lightly arachnoid beneath and often villous with jointed hairs
above, deeply pinuatifid aud with narrow lobes, slender-prickly : heads rather narrow : invo-
lucre nearly glabrous, of very small and narrow thinnish bracts, the lower ones acicular-
mucrouate: corollas white or pale purple. Carduus ylaber, Nutt. Gen. ii. 129 ? but if so,
hardly from New Jersey. Cnicus glaber, Ell. Sk. ii. 270. Cirsium Nuttallii, DC. Prodr.
vi. G5i. i) r y ground, S. Carolina to Florida, toward the coast. Nearly related to C.
Virginianus.
C. "Wrightii, GRAY, 1. c. Robust and tall, with thin arachnoid wool tardily deciduous from
the ample (foot or more long) sinuate or pinnatifid weakly prickly leaves : heads in a naked
panicle, hemispherical : bracts of the involucre small; outer ones subulate, cuspidate-tipped :
corollas white, or possibly flesh-color : larger pappus-bristles strongly clavellate at tip.
Cirsium Wrightii, Gray, PL Wright, ii. 101. Near springs, S. W. Texas and E. Arizona,
Wright.
Centaurea. COMPOSITE. 405
= = Heads large, oblong or cylindraceous, commonly solitary and pedunculate: involucral
bracts comparatively large, gradually acuminate into a nuicronate cusp or \vt_-uk and short
prickle, glabrate, the viscid dorsal ridge narrow: corollas purple: leaves when young canes-
cently floccose-woolly beneath, oblong-linear or narrowly lanceolate.
C. repandus, ELL. A foot or two high, leafy : leaves mostly uiululate-lobulate, rather
densely prickly at margins : heads inch and a half long : involucre narrow-campanulate.
Sk. ii. 269; Gray, 1. c. Cirsium repandum, Michx. Fl. ii. 89; DC. Proclr. vi. G51. Carduus
repandus, Pers. Syn. ii. 386. C. Vinjiniuiuis, Walt. Car. 195 ? Dry pine barrens, N. Caro-
lina to Florida.
C. Lecontei, GRAY. Stem slender but rigid, commonly simple and bearing a single con-
spicuously pedunculate head (of full 2 inches in height) : leaves sparsely dentate or piimatifid-
lobulate, with scattered prickles : involucre cylindraceous. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 39. C'nicus
Virginianus, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 48. Cirsium Lcmntei, Ton-. & Gray, Fl. ii. 458.
Wet pine barrens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana; first coll. by LtConle.
==== = Heads inch and a half high, rather broad: involucre arachnoid-woolly; its principal
bracts broad and pointless. Atlantic species.
C. muticus, PURSII. Obscurely arachnoid when young and with some villosity : stem 3 to
8 feet high, branching above: leaves deeply pinnatifid, sparsely weak-prickly, glabrate : in-
volucre sometimes glabrate in age : bracts with broad and short viscid ridge or spot just
beneath the obtuse or acutish sometimes mucronulate apex, lowest ovate or oblong and very
short, innermost linear : flowers rose-purple. Gray, 1. c. C. gluthiosus, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2,
291, not Lam. Carduus muticus and perhaps C. ijhtbcr, Nutt. Gen. ii. 129. Cirsium muti-
cum, Michx. Fl. ii. 89; DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 458, excl. syn. of the var.?, which is
a more rigid form, growing in open ground. C. Bitjelovii, DC. 1. c. Low ground and
shady swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Florida, and Louisiana.
199. ONOPOBDON, Vaill. COTTON THISTLE. (Old Greek name, mean-
ing Asses' Thistle.) Large and stout biennials of the Old World, one sparingly
naturalized; fl. late summer. DC. Prodr. vi. 617. Onopordum, L.
O. ACANTHIUM, L. White with cottony wool: stem 3 to 9 feet high, branching, winged
throughout by decurreuce of the large oblong sinuate-lobed and prickly leaves ; wings sinu-
ate, very prickly : heads pretty large : involucre globular, arachnoid or partly glabrate ;
bracts rigid, subulate and prickly tipped, squarrose : corollas light purple or paler: pappus
fuscous, scabrous, not twice the length of the slightly rugose akene. Fl. Dan. t. 909 ; Eugl.
Bot. t. 907. Waste grounds near dwellings and roadsides in Atlantic States, not abundant.
(Nat. from Eu.)
200. StLYBUM, Vaill. MILK THISTLE. (SiXu/Sos, ancient Greek name
of an edible-stemmed Thistle, perhaps the present plant.) Single species.
S. MARIAXUM, G^ERTX. Prickly-leaved biennial or annual, glabrate or nearly glabrous ; with
ample sinuate or pinnatifid green leaves, blotched with white along the veins: corollas rose-
purple, deeply cleft. Escaped from gardens in a few places, also a ballast-weed, disposed to
be naturalized southward, especially in California: fl. summer. (Adv. from Eu.)
201. CENTAUKfiA, L. STAR THISTLE, &c. (Kevravpeiov, plant of the
Centaurs, name applied by the herbalists to two or three widely different genera.)
An immense genus in the Old World, one species only indigenous to N.
America, two or three in Chili. - - Centaurea &, Carbenia (Adaus.), Bcnth. &
Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 477, 482.
1. CARBENIA. Akenes terete, strongly many-striate, with lateral scar, the
corneous margin at summit 10-dentate : pappus double, each of 10 aristiform
bristles, outer longer and naked, inner short and fimbriolate : anthers with elon-
gated cartilaginous terminal appendages, which are connate to their blunt tips :
406 COMPOSITE. Centaurea.
head surrounded by large and leafy accessory bracts. Oarbeni, Adaus. Fam.
ii. 11G. Cfiicus, Gcertn., DC., not L.
C. BENEDTCTA, L. (BLESSED THISTLE.) Low and branching annual, hirsute or pubescent :
leaves prominently reticulated, siuuate-piuuatiftd or laciniate-deutate, the teeth or margins
weakly prickly ; lower attenuate at base ; upper narrowly oblong, partly clasping by broad
base: heads sessile, inch and a half high, equalled by the oblong involucral leaves: proper
involucre of thin-coriaceous bracts in few ranks, all or most of them abruptly tipped with an
aristiform or spinesceut and pectiuately prickly spreading appendage : receptacle very
densely setose with long and soft capillary bristles : corollas light yellow : longer bristles of
the pappus alternating with inner and with the teeth of the akcue. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1296 ;
Sibth. Flora Grasca, t. 906. Cnicus benedirtus, L. Spec. ed. 1, i. 826 ; Gasrtn. Fruct. ii. t. 162 ;
DC. Prodr. vi. 606 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 455. Waste grounds, at seaports and elsewhere
near dwellings, in the Southern Atlantic States and in California; not common. (Xat.
from Eu.)
2. CENTAUREA proper. Akenes more or less compressed or quadrangular :
pappus of indefinite (either scanty or numerous) bristles or narrow paleaa : invo-
lucre globular or ovoid.
* Old World species, sparingly naturalized, with comparatively small heads: scar or insertion of
akene lateral.
-1 Bracts of the involucre (or some of them) armed with a rigid spine or prickle, and also more
or less spinulose along its sides or base: cartilaginous appendages terminating the anthers
commonly elongated and connate: ours annuals, none with the marginal corollas enlarged.
Calcilrapa, Juss.
C. CALcfTRAPA, L. (STAR THISTLE.) Low, much branched, diffusely spreading, green, gla-
brate or hairy : leaves narrow, laciuiate-piunatifid ; uppermost somewhat involucrate-crowded
at base of the sessile heads : principal bracts of the involucre becoming corneous, armed with
a widely spreading very long and rigid spine, which bears 2 or 3 spiuules on each side at
base: corollas purple or purplish: pappus wanting. Eugl. Bot. t. 125; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 454. Sparingly established at seaports from New York southward, chiefly as a mere
ballast- weed. (Nat. from En.)
C. SOLSTITIALIS, L. Erect, a foot or two high, canescent with cottony wool : radical leaves
lyrate-piunatifid ; cauline lanceolate and linear, mostly entire, decurrent on the branches in
narrow wings : heads naked, somewhat pedunculate : intermediate bracts of the globular in-
volucre tipped with along spreading spine, having one or two spiuules at base; outermost
bearing a few small palmate prickles ; innermost only scarious-tipped : corollas yellow : pap-
pus double; outer of short and squamellate, inner of longer bristles. Eugl. Bot. t. 243;
Reicheub. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 795; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 421. Near San Francisco and San
Diego, California, sparingly introduced. (Xat. from Eu.)
C. MELITENSIS, L. Erect, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched, cinereous-pubescent, some-
what woolly at first : radical leaves lyrate-piuuatifid ; cauline lanceolate or linear, mostly
entire, narrowly decurrent on the branches : heads smaller, sessile or 1-2-leaved at base :
principal bracts of involucre bearing a spreading slender spine of about their own length,
which is pectiuately spiuulose towards its base ; innermost with simply spinesceut tip ; outer-
most usually with the central spine reduced and the spiuules palmate : corollas yellow :
pappus of very unequal rigid bristles or squamolla; : akeue lightly costate. Sibth. Flora
Gi-ieca, t. 909 ; Reicheub. Ic. Fl. Germ. xv. t. 796 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Fields, California
and Arizona, rather common. (Xat. from Eu.)
-i -i Bracts of the involucre unarmed, most of them terminated by a scarious discolored fimbri-
ate-ciliate or lacerate appendage. Jacea, Platylophtis, Cyanus, &c., Cass.
-w- Perennials, with rose-purple flowers: pappus obsolete.
C. NfKA, L. (KNAPWEED, HARDHEADS.) A foot or two high, branching, roughish-pubescent :
leaves lanceolate and entire, or lower sparingly toothed : most of the involucral bracts with
strongly pectinately ciliate-fringed blackish appendages, these only conspicuous : flowers all
hermaphrodite, marginal ones not enlarged or rarely so. Fl. Dan. t. 606; Eugl. Bot. t. 278.
Fields, Newfoundland to E. Xew England. (Nat. from Eu.)
Gochnatia, COMPOSITE. 407
C. JACEA, L. Heads usually larger: brownish appendages of the involucral bracts merely
lacerate : marginal flowers neutral and with enlarged palmate corollas, forming conspicuous
false rays: otherwise like the preceding. Fl. Dan. t. 519; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. xv.
t. 754, 755. Charlotte, Vermont, Pringle. Near New York, c., as a ballast-weed. (Nat.
from Eu.)
n- -w- Annual, with blue flowers, varying to white or purple: pappus of unequal bristles about
the length of the akene.
C. CYANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) .Slender, branching, a foot or two high, whitened when
young with floccose wool : leaves linear, entire, or lower toothed, sometimes pinnatifid : heads
naked on slender peduncles: involucral bracts rather narrow, fringed with short scarious
teeth: marginal flowers neutral, with much enlarged radiatiform corollas. Enl. Bot.
t. 277; Keichenb. 1. c. t. 768. Escaped from gardens sparingly in the Atlantic States.
(Nat. from. Eu.)
* * American species: heads large: scar or insertion of akene obliquely basal: bracts of invo-
lucre unarmed, the appendage conspicuously pcctiuate-fimbriate: anther-appendages distinct. -
Plectocephalus, Don.
C. Americana, NUTT. Annual, nearly glabrous : stem stout, commonly simple, 2 to 6 feet
high, striate-sulcate, thickened under the naked head : leaves entire or mostly so, oblong-
lanceolate, mucronate: involucre inch or inch and a half in diameter; its very numerous
bracts all with conspicuously fringed scarious appendages : flowers rose-color or flesh-color ;
the hermaphrodite ones forming a disk of 1 to 3 inches in diameter; the neutral marginal
ones (with their very narrow lobes an inch long) forming an ample ray : style filiform, entire
to the minutely 2-dentate stigmatic tip : pappus of copious similar but unequal bristles
longer than the akeue. Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 117 ; Barton, Fl. Am.-Sept. t. 50; Reichenb.
Ic. Exot. t. 132 ; Fl. Serres, iv. t. 327 ; Mcehan, Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 17. C. NuttaRii,
Spreng. Syst. iv. 298. C. Mexicana &, C. Americana, DC. Prodr. vi. 575. Plectocephalus
Americanus, Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 51. Plains of Arkansas and Louisiana to Ari-
zona; first coll. by Nnllall. (Adj. Mex.)
TRIBE X. MUTISIACE^E, p. 82.
202. HECASTOCLEIS, Gray. ("E/cao-ro?, each, /<Aao,, to shut up, each
flower in an involucre of its own). Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 220. Single
species.
H. Shockleyi, GRAY, 1. c. Low and glabrous shrub, with rigid branches, and rigid leaves
of two sorts ; cauline small, linear-lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped, and on the sides
usually a few spiniform teeth, also fascicled on axillary spurs ; floral ones 3 or 4 in a whorl
or cluster, larger (half-inch or more long) and oval or ovate, papyraceous, reticulated, mar-
gined with sparse slender prickles, forming a loose external involucre around a fascicle of
few or several sessile heads (these about 5 lines long and fusiform) : flower apparently dull
white. Esmeralda Co., W. Nevada, in an arid desert region, W. S. Shockley. By the style
and habit evidently Mutisiaceous rather than Cynaroideous.
203. GOCHNATIA, HBK. (F. C. Gochnat, of Strasburg.) American
shrubby plants ; with coriaceous leaves usually entire and tomentose beneath,
and white or whitish flowers. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 19, t. 309. Gochnatia
& Moquinia (at least in part), DC. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 490.
G. hypoleuca, GRAY. Rigid shrub, 6 to 8 feet high : leaves oblong or oval, very short-
petioled, commonly inch or more long, glabrous and bright green above, finely white-
tomeutose beneath (like an Olive-leaf) as also the brauchlets : heads in sessile somewhat
thyrsoid-paniculate fascicles, half-inch or less long : involucre cylindraceous, 5-7-flowered :
bracts ovate and oblong, outermost very short : flowers white, all hermaphrodite ! Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 57. Moqninia hypoleuca, DC. Prodr. vii. 23. Southern Texas, between the
Rio Frio and the Nueces, Palmer. (Adj. Mex. ; first coll. by Berlandier.)
408 COMPOSITE. CJiaptalia.
204. CHAPTALIA, Vent. (J. A. C. Chaptal, an eminent chemist.)
Perennial herbs (all American), chiefly stemless, low, and floccose-tornentose ;
with leaves in a radical tuft, persistently canesceut beneath, glabrate above ; scapes
naked ; heads at first nodding ; flowers white or purplish, or the rays rose-purple :
fl. spring and summer.
1. Akenes of female flowers merely attenuate into a neck; those of her-
maphrodite flowers all abortive : scapes elongated. Chaptalia, DC.
C. tomentosa, VENT. Leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, thickish, entire or retrorsely den-
ticulate, white beneath with dense matted tomentum : scapes a span to a foot high : rays
broadly linear, commonly purple: akenes glabrous. Hort. Gels. t. 61; Pursh, Fl. ii. 577 ;
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2257 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 41 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 464. Perdicium semi-
flosculare, Walt. Car. 204. Tussilago integrifolia, Miclix. Fl. ii. 121. Gerbcra Walteri,
Schultz Bip. in Seem. Bot. Herald, 313. Moist pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and
E. Texas.
2. Akenes of all the flowers fertile, and with slender usually filiform beak :
corollas of hermaphrodite flowers sometimes hardly bilabiate, of innermost female
flowers somewhat so: scapes elongated. -- Leria, DC.
C. ntltans, HEMSL. Leaves obovate or oblong, sometimes lyrate-siuuate, thin, beneath
white with more cottony or even arachnoid and partly deciduous tomentum : scapes a foot
or two high : rays small and narrow, little exserted : akenes pubescent or glabrate, the beak
as long as the body. Bot. Biol. Ceutr.-Amer. ii. 255. Tussilago nutans, L. Amcen. Acad.
v. 406 (Plum. ed. Burm. t. 41, f. 1). Leria li/rata, Cass. Diet. xxvi. 102. L. nutans, DC.
Ann. Mus. Par. xix. 68, & Prodr. 1. c. 42. Gerbcra nutans, Schultz Bip. 1. c. Wooded
grounds, Texas to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Am.)
205. PEREZIA, Lag. (Lorenzo Perez, of Toledo, pharmacist and writer
on materia medica in the sixteenth century.) --Perennial herbs, all American
(Texan, Californian, and southward, chiefly along the Andes), not lanate, except
at the base of the stem, mostly with reticulated leaves, often setulose-ciliate or
spinulose ; heads solitary or cymose or paniculate ; the corollas rose-purple to
white, rarely blue, never yellow. Amoen. Nat. i. 31 ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 110, &
PI. "Wright, i. 126 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 500. Perezia, Clarionea (Lag.
ined.), Homoianthus, Dumerilia (Less., not Lag., nor DC. Ann. Mus.), Proustia
Thclecarp&a, & Acourtia (Don), DC. Prodr., &c. Drosia, Cass. EUPEREZIA
(Perezia, Lag. 1. c., Clarionea & Homoianthus, DC.), of S. American species, is
distinguished by radiate heads, the corollas of marginal flowers having elongated
and conspicuously liguliform outer lip, the two lobes of the inner much shorter
and smaller.
ACOURTIA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 58, has flowers nearly or quite
homomorphous, the marginal corollas with 3-toothed outer lip hardly ever longer
than the two lobes of the inner : flowers commonly fragrant : involucre usually
naked at base : leaves coriaceous or papyraceous, reticulated : usually a tuft of
wool at base of the stem. Acourtia, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 203 ; DC.
Prodr. vii. Go. Perezia, Llav. & Lex. ; Less. ; DC. 1. c. 62. Dumerilia, Less.
& DC. 1. c. 66, not Lag., nor Cass. Of few Chilian, numerous Mexican, and the
following Texano-Californian species.
* A span or two high : heads (half-inch to inch long) single or few, 20-30-flowered : flowers purple.
P. runcinata, LAG. Acaulescent, scabrous-puberulent or glabrate: rootstocks apparently
short, sending down tuberous-thickened fascicled roots : radical leaves ruucinate-piunatifid,
Trixis. COMPOSITE. 409
4 to 8 inches long, thin-papyraceous ; lobes rounded, copiously fringed with spinulose teeth,
margiuecl-petioled : scapes naked, equalling the leaves, bearing solitary or a few pedunculate
heads : bracts of the involucre rather few in three series, lanceolate, setaceous-acuminate :
pappus rather sordid. Lag. in herb, ex Don ; Gray, PI. Fendl. 110, PL Wright. 1. c. Cla-
rionea rundnata, Don in Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi. 207 ; DC. 1. c. Dry ground, E. & S. Texas,
Wriyht, Hall, &c. (Adj. Mex.)
P. nana, GRAY. Leafy-stemmed, glabrous : rootstocks slender, creeping : first leaves small
and scale-like ; principal cauliue leaves firm-chartaceous, orbiculatc, dilated-obovate, or
ovate (inch or two long), coarsely spinulose-deutate, sessile or partly clasping the slender
stem : heads mostly sessile, solitary and terminal : bracts of involucre 3 or 4 series, thinnish,
acutish; the short outer ones ovate, innermost lanceolate, mucronulate : pappus white.
PI. Fendl. 111. Dry plains and rocky bluffs, S. W. Texas to Arizona, Wriyht, Palmer, &c.
(Mex., first coll. by Grec/<j.}
* * Taller, 1 to 3 feet high, branching, especially above, leafy up to the corymbiform polycepha-
lous inflorescence : leaves closely sessile by sagittate-cordate or sometimes truncate base, densely
and spinulosely denticulate: beads 5-15-flowered, narrow, half-inch or less long, subsessile and
fasciculate-crowded or short-pedicelled, quite naked at base: involucral bracts thinnish, not
very many, in only three series : flowers rose-purple and sometimes white in the same species :
pappus white, soft.
t Involucre 8-15-flowf red ; its bracts not attenuate-acuminate.
P. "Wrigiltii, GRAY. Glabrous throughout, or obscurely pubcrulent, but smooth : leaves
thin, oblong to nearly ovate (larger 4, smaller 1 or 2 inches long), often unequally or doubly
dentate: heads 8-12-flowered : involucral bracts all pointless and obtuse, or the narrow
innermost barely acutish: corollas pale rose to whitish. PI. Wright, i. 127, ii. 102; &
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. P. Ari~onica, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 422, a form of drier districts,
rather more rigid, the iuvolucral bracts all rounded-obtuse. P. Coulter! , Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xv. 40, as to pi. Parry & Palmer, no. 234. Eocky hills and ravines, 8. W. Texas to
8. Arizona; first coll. by Coulter, then by Wriyht. (Mex., Schajfner, Parry & Palmer.)
P. micro cephala, GRAY. Scabro-puberulent and minutely resinous-glandular: leaves
more chartaceous, oblong, commonly obtuse, finely and closely denticulate- heads 10-15-
flowered, larger than in preceding (over half-inch long when well developed) : involucral
bracts scaberulous on the back, abruptly acute or mucronate-acuminate : corollas rose-color.
PL Wright, i. 127, & Bot. Calif, i. 422. Acourtla microcephala, DC. Prodr. vii. 65. Cali-
fornia, ou hills back of Monterey ? (Donr/lits), Santa Barbara, and San Diego.
4 4 Involucre 5-6 flowered ; bracts attenuate-acuminate : fully developed heads half-inch long.
P. Thlirberi, GRAY. Scabro-puberulent, viscidulous-glandular : leaves firm-chartaceous,
oblong-ovate, denticulate and partly doubly dentate (larger 5 to 8 inches long) : involucral
bracts lanceolate, gradually tapering to a very acute point, scaberulous externally: corollas
sometimes deep rose-color, sometimes white. PL Thurb. iu Mem. Am. Acad. v. 324, &
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 59. S. Arizona, on rocky hills, Tkurber, Lemmon.
208. TRlXIS, P. Browne. (Tpio'<?, threefold, the corolla being trifid.)
American, chiefly subtropical, fruticose or perennial herbaceous plants ; with en-
tire or merely denticulate leaves, and paniculately or corymbosely cymose heads,
of moderate size; the corollas yellow or sometimes whitish. --Hist. Jam. 312;
Lag. Amocn. Nat. i. 35. Perdicium, L., in part.
T. angustifolia, DC. Suffruticose, fastigiately or corymbosely much branched, a foot or
two high, sericeous-puberulent, from subcanescent to glabrate, somewhat resinous-atomifer-
ous, leaf}' up to the heads : leaves sessile, rather rigid, from broadly to very narrowly lan-
ceolate, entire or denticulate with sparse nmcroniform teeth (2 or 3 inches long) : heads
simply fascicled or singly terminating leafy brauchlets, half-inch and more long, 9-12-flow-
ered, subtended by a few lanceolate or linear bracteiform leaves which do not exceed the 8
or 10 linear-lanceolate and equal proper bracts of the involucre; these in age gibbous and
indurated at base : receptacle copiously villous : corollas golden yellow ; outer lip of the
marginal ones quarter-inch long : pappus barely fulvous. Prodr. vii. 69 ; Gray, PL Wright.
i. 128, ii. 102. T. fr utescens, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 103, vars. T. Californica, Kellogg
410 COMPOSITE. Triads.
in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 182, fig. 53, with some seeming monstrosities. T. corymbosa, Gray
in Coll. Priugle, &c. ; but that species should have petiolate leaves and loosely corymbose
heads. Hills and cafions, S. W. Texas to Arizona, \Vriyltt, &c. Founded on Mexican
specimens with narrow leaves revolute when dry. (Mex.)
Var. latiu.SCU.la. Leaves lanceolate, plane, commonly glabrate and greener, from
4 to nearly 12 lines wide, thence varying into the narrow-leaved form. Gray, PI. Wright.
ii. 102. T. suffruticosa, Wats. Bot. Calif, ii. 459. Caucus, y. New Mexico to San Diego
Co., California, Wright, Palmer, Greene, Lemmon, &c.
T. FRUTESCENS, P. Browne, which the broad-leaved forms of the preceding species nearly
approach, was collected by Berlandier near Matamoras, but has not yet come from Texas.
TKIBE XL CICHORIACE^E, p. 83.
207. PHALACB6SERIS, Gray. (^aXa/cpo?, bald-headed, and o-epw, the
Greek name of some kind of Cichoriaceous plant). Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 3G4;
Bot. Calif, i. 423. Single species.
P. Bolailderi, GRAY, 1. c. Glabrous and acaulescent perennial, with thickish root : leaves
lanceolate, entire, clustered on the caudex, slightly succulent: scape perfectly naked, a span
to a foot high : solitary head half-inch high: flowers deep yellow, in summer. California,
in wet mountain meadows of the higher Sierra Nevada, Mariposa Co. ; first coll. by Torrey
and by Bolunder.
208. ATBICH6SERIS, Gray. ("A0pi without hair, and o-> ? , a Cicho-
riaceous plant.) Malacothrix Anathrix, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot.
Calif, i. 435. Single species.
A. platypll^lla. Winter annual, wholly glabrous, somewhat glaucous : leaves all or
chiefly in a rosulate radical tuft, broadly cuneate or obovate, mostly rounded at summit, ses-
sile, spiuulose-denticulate, somewhat veiny (inch or two long) ; those of stem reduced to
very small scattered bracts : stem slender, a foot or two high, at summit deliquescent iuto a
diffuse cymose panicle of few or numerous slender-pedunculate heads : involucre quarter-
inch high, about half the length of the corollas (these white or with purple base) : akenes
2 lines long, at maturity nearly equalling the narrow and open bracts of the involucre, white,
sometimes with 4 or 5 very thick corky ribs and much smaller alternate ones, sometimes
more terete and obscurely costate, the truncate summit wholly destitute of the border of
Malacothrix, its areola small: receptacle rather fleshy, scrobiculate. Malacothrix? pluty-
phi/lla, Gray, 1. c. Gravelly deserts of the Mohave, S. W. California, to the southern bor-
ders of Utah, Cooper, Palmer, Parry, Parish.
209. LiAMPSANA, Tourn. (Ancient Greek name, of obscure deriva-
tion ; but the Xa/juf/dva of Dioscorides and the Lapsana of Pliny, whose orthog-
raphy was followed by Linnreus, were Cruciferous plants.) Yellow-flowered and
leafy-stemmed branching annuals of the Old World, one sparingly naturalized :
fl. summer.
L. COMMT}XIS, L. (NirpLEAVORT.) A foot or two high, hirsutely pubescent or glabrate:
leaves ovate, repand-dentate, or lower lyrate and uppermost oblong : heads loosely paniculate :
involucre 2 or 3 lines high. Eoadsides, in a few places, Penn. to New England, more
abundant in Canada, also on the Columbia River. (Nat. from Eu.)
210. APC)GrON, Ell. ('ATroryon', beardless, i. e. no pappus.) Low annuals
of the Southern Atlantic States, glaucescent, mostly glabrous, a span to a foot
high, branching from the base, bearing scattered rather small heads on slender
peduncles : flowers yellow, in spring and early summer. Leaves variable, lan-
ceolate or lower oblong, from entire or repand to dentate, or radical lyrate-piii-
Krigia. COMPOSITE. 411
natificl, uppermost closely sessile, often seemingly opposite. Sk. ii. 207; DC.
Prodr. vii. 78 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 466.
A. humilis, ELL. 1. c. Peduncles naked, or rarely with some obscure glandular-bristly
hairs under the head : this in fruit only 2 lines high : corollas pure yellow, little longer than
involucre: akenes oblong-obovate. DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., in part. A. lyratum, Nutt.
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 71, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 424. Serinia cccspitosa, Raf.
Fl. Ludov. 149, cited in DC. 1. c. 261, should be either this or the next. Open ground, S.
Carolina to Texas aud Arkansas.
A. gracilis, DC. 1. c. Sometimes slender and strict, not rarely more robust than the pre-
ceding, often some bristly hairs on the stem and lower leaves : peduncles usually glandular-
hispid some way below the head; this commonly 3 lines high in fruit: corollas orange, con-
spicuously exserted, twice the length of the involucre : akenes rather thicker and obtuser at
apex, sometimes an obscure vestige of pappus ! A. humilis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.,
not Ell. Rocky prairies, &c., Texas; first coll. in a very slender form by Berlandier.
Grows with the preceding, keeping distinct.
A. TATi'iglitii. Resembling slender and narrow-leaved form of the preceding (such as Ber-
landier's original specimens) : rather diffuse : heads equally small : akenes larger and thicker
(over half-line long), little contracted at either end, and with comparatively large areola
(yet less than the full breadth of the akene), this bordered by obscure vestige of pappus.
Possibly a hybrid between A. gracilis and Krigia occidentalis. E. Texas, Wright, in fruit.
211. KK/lG-IA, Schreb. (David Krig, or Krieg, an early collector in
Maryland and Delaware.) -- Low herbs of Atlantic U. S., glabrous or somewhat
hispidulous ; with small or middle-sized heads of yellow flowers, terminating
slender naked peduncles or scapes ; these not rarely glandular-hispidulous at
summit: fl. in spring or summer. Gen. PI. 532, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 507.
Krigia & Cynthia, Don ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 467, 468.
1. CYMBIA, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Acaulescent annuals : bracts of the invo-
lucre 5 to 8, oblong-lanceolate, in fruit becoming broader and firmer, erect and
navicular-carinate, with a conspicuous midnerve, or sometimes 2-3-nerved : akenes
turbinate, mostly 5-paleaceous and 5-aristate.
K. occidentalis, NUTT. Scapes a span or more high, commonly glandular-hispidulous, at
least toward the summit : leaves obovate to lanceolate, entire, lyrately lobed or pinnatifid :
heads 2 or 3 lines high : akenes transversely rugulose : paleae of the pappus conspicuous,
rounded-obovate ; bristles or rather awns alternating with these and over the stronger angles
of the akene sometimes equalling it in length, sometimes not surpassing the palete, some-
times (var. mutica, Torr. & Gray) obsolete or wanting. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 104, &
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 427; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 468. K. nen-osa, Hook. Ic. PI. iii.
t. 227, & K. bettioides, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 257, normal form, with pappus-awns double the
length of the palese. Prairies of Arkansas and Texas ; first coll. by Nutt all.
2. EUKRI'GIA, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Acaulescent and subcaulescent winter
annual ; bracts of the involucre 9 to 18, thin, remaining narrow and nearly nerve-
less, reflexed after the fall of the narrowly turbinate somewhat 5-angular akenes :
pappus of 5 to 7 (commonly 5) roundish short palere, and of as many alternating
nearly capillary long bristles. Krigia,, Schreb., &c.
K. Virginica, WILLD. Varying much in size; often sparsely hispidulous : scapes 2 or 3
inches or at length a foot or more high, slender, not rarely caulescent below : leaves from
spatulate-obovate to lanceolate or linear, from few-toothed or entire to pinnately parted :
heads 3 or 4 lines high : pappus-bristles fully twice the length of the akene. Spec. iii.
1618. K. Virginica, dicfiotoma, & Caroliniana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 127. K. leptophi/l./a, DC. Prodr.
vii. 88, slender form. Hyoseris Virginica, L. Spec. ii. 809 ; Lam. Jour. Hist. Nat. i. 22,
t. 12; Walt. Car. 193; Michx. Fl. ii. 88. Hi/oseris Caroliniana, Walt. 1. c. ? Sandy
ground, Canada to Florida and Texas : fl. from spring to autumn.
412 COMPOSITE. Krigia.
3. CfNTniA. Caulescent or acaulescent perennials, glaucescent, compara-
tively large-flowered : involucre of the preceding section : akenes less turbinatf,
of 10 to 15 smaller and more squamellate oblong paleaj and 15 or 20 slender
capillary bristles. Cynthia, Don in Edinb. Phil. Jour. xii. o05 ; DC. Prodr.
vii. 8!) ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Adopogon, Neck. Elem. i. 55.
KL. Dandelion, NITT. Scapigerous, or at leugth leafy-stemmed only next the ground:
crown bearing oval or globose tubers on filiform stolons: leaves lanceolate or almost linear,
from denticulate to laciuiate-lobed or piunatifid : scapes 6 to 18 inches high, naked : head
about half-inch high. Gen. ii. 127; Ell. Sk. ii. 267. Tragopogon Dandelium,~Li. Spec. ed. 2,
ii. 1111. Hijuseris major, Walt. Car. 194. //. aiujnxt (folia, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. Troxinum
Dandelion, Fers. Syn. ii. 360. Cynthia Dandelion & C. Boscii, DC. Prodr. vii. 89. C. li/rntu,
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Fliilad. vii. 69. Kriyia Caroliniana, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 100, a
slender form. Moist ground, Maryland to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas.
K. montana, NI:TT. 1. c. Caulescent or subcaulescent from short cespitose rootstocks, not
tuberiferous : peduncles simple and naked, a span to a foot long: leaves from oblong to
linear, from entire to pinuatifid, thickish : head smaller than of the preceding. Ilyoxn-is
montana, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. Cynthia D<t million, var. y, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 469. C. Dan-
delion, Meehan. Nat. Flowers, ser. 2, ii. t. 35. Crevices of rocks, Alleghany Mountains
(Blue Ridge), N. and S. Carolina and Georgia; first coll. by Mifhnn.r.
K.. amplexicaulis, NI;TT. 1. c. Caulescent, not tuberiferous, glaucous : stem a foot or two
high, 1-3-leaved, bearing one or two or few somewhat umbellate heads on moderately long
peduncles : leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, repand and denticulate, or radical somewhat
lyrately lobed ; these contracted into winged petioles ; cauline partly clasping by a broad base :
heads a third of an inch high. Tragopogon Virginicum, L. Spec. ii. 789. Ifyoseris amplexi-
cauiis, Michx. Fl. ii. 87. //. biflora, Walt, Car. 194? II. prcnanthoides, "Willd. Spec. iii.
1618. Cynthia Virginica, Don, 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1 c. C. amplexicaulis, Beck, Bot. 168;
Darl. Fl. Cestr. 441. C. (h-ijfithli, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 69, with lower leaves run-
cinate-lyrate. Luthera Virginica, Schultz Bip. in Linn. x. 257. Moist banks, New York
to Minnesota and Colorado, south to Georgia.
212. CICHOBIUM, Tourn. SUCCORY, CHICCORY, ENDIVE. (Arabic
name Latinized.) Old World herbs .: fl. summer.
C. INTTBTJS, L. ( CHICCORY ) Deep-rooted perennial, more or less hirsute, at least below,
with rigid stout branches: radical leaves runciuate, cauline oblong or lanceolate, commonly
dentate; those of flowering branches mostly reduced and scale-like, subtending solitary or
clustered sessile heads, or some heads raised on a fistulous peduncle .- flowers showy, matu-
tinal, closing by midday, sky-blue, varying occasionally to purple or white. Roadsides,
common in E. New England, and in a few places westward. (Nat. from Eu.)
213. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt. (Sre^ai-r/, a coronal or wreath,
a division ; no particular application.) W. N. American perennials or an-
nuals, mostly smooth and glabrous; with branching or rarely virgate and often
rigid or rush-like stems, small or merely scale-like leaves on the flowering
branches, and usually paniculate small or middle-sized heads of rose-colored or
flesh-colored flowers, open only in early morning. -- Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.
427 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 722 ; P>enth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 533 (excl. Rafricsquia)
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 427. Jamcsia, Nees in PL Neuwied Trav. 16, not Torr. &
Gray.
1. ALLOSERIS, Gray. Heads large for the genus, about 12-flowered: invo-
lucre somewhat imbricated, the outer bracts being of 2 or 3 lengths: receptacle
alveolate, and the short alveoli fimbriolate-hirsute : pappus-bristles 12-20, short-
plumose for their whole length, sordid or almost fuscous. Proc. Am. Acad. vi.
552, Bot. Calif. 1. c., & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60.
Stephanomeria. CO M POS IT.E. 413
S. cichoriacea, GRAY I c. Perennial, 1 to 4 feet high, comparatively stout, when young
sometimes tomeutulose leaves resembling those of Chiccory, lanceolate, sparsely denticu-
late to ruucinate-laciuiate involucre half-inch high: heads sessile along naked brandies
mature akeiies short-linear, smooth, lightly and acutely 5-angled. Rocky hills and canons
through the southern portions of California, Di. Horn, Parish, Pringle.
2. STEPHANOMERIA proper. Heads 3-20-flowerecl : receptacle quite naked :
involucre slightly imbricated by having one or two intermediate bracts, espe-
cially in the earlier species, or only calyculate at base : pappus setose and plu-
mose throughout or only above the middle, the lower part of the bristle either
slender to base or sometimes paleaceous-dilated. Gray, 1. c. 61.
* Heads fully half-inch high, 10-20-flo\vered, somewhat corymbosely disposed,
i Terminating leafy steins and branches: pappus sordid or grayish, of 10 or 12 rather long-plu-
mose bristles: akenes smooth and even, with slender ribs or angles: plants a spaa to a foot high
from perennial roots, involucre obscurely imbricated, 10-12-flowered.
S. Parryi, GRAY. Rather stout, widely branched from the base: leaves thickish, deeply
runciuately pinnatifid , those of the flowering brauchlcts rather numerous up to the head,
small, somewhat spinulose-lobed : pappus-bristles rather stout, naked (and often united in
twos or threes) at base. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 61. Arid districts, near St. George, S.
Utah, Parry. Borders of the Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Palmer, Prinyle.
S. lactucina, GRAY. Rather slender, with erect branches, leafy up to the nearly naked
peduncles : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a few salient teeth : pappus-
bristles slender and plumose to the base. Proc. Am. Acad. vi 552; Bot. Calif. I.e.
Woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Mariposa Co. to Shasta, Newberry, Brewer,
Bolander, &c.
+. .)_- Heads naked-paniculate: pappus bright white : involucre merely calyculate.
S. Thurberi, GRAY. Simple-stemmed from a probably biennial root, a foot or two high :
leaves mainly at and near the base, ruucinate-pinnatifid, inch or two long ; those of the naked
stem and few corymbosely-paniculate branches reduced to linear-subulate or inconspicuous
bracts heads rather few : involucre narrow, 16-20-flowered . bristles of the pappus 20 to 30,
soft and slender, very plumose to base. PI. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 325, Bot. Mex.
Bound. 105. New Mexico and adjacent Arizona, Thitrler, Btgclow, Henri/, Greene, &c.
S ELATA, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 173, said to be probably perennial and blue-flowered, simple-
stemmed, 3 or 4 feet high, with very narrow linear leaves, about 10-flowered heads, involucre
(6-8-phyllous) and branches sprinkled with resinous dots, and plumose white pappus, coll. at
Santa Barbara, California, remains quite obscure.
* # Heads quarter to third inch high, or sometimes higher, narrow, mostly 5-flowered (flowers
from 3 to 6, occasionally 8 or 9), and with about the same number of involucral bracts: mature
akenes either smooth and even between the ribs, or rugose, or tubercular-thickened, sometimes
in the same species. Jamesia, Nees, 1. c.
*~- Perennials, paniculately or fastigiately branched from thick and tortuous roots or a lignescent
base, with striate and rush-like branches, small-leaved or nearly leafless above : pappus-bristles
not at all squamellate-appendaged or dilated at base.
S. runcinata, NUTT. Comparatively stout and rigid, a foot or two high, with spreading
branches : heads mostly 4 or 5 lines high and scattered along the branches : lower leaves
runcinate-pinnatifid, commonly lanceolate ; upper linear or reduced to scales: pappus dull
white, plumose only to near "the base. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 472; Gray, PL Ft-ndl. 112.
S. runcinata & S. keterophylla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Sue. 1. c., at least in part and by char ,
but poor specimens, seemingly confused with next. Prenanthes runcinata, James in Long
Exped. P.? pauciflora, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 210. Plains, Nebraska to Wyoming,
N. W. Texas, Arizona, and S. California; first coll. by James.
S. minor, NUTT. 1. c. More slender and with ascending branches bearing usually terminal
and smaller heads : cauline leaves all slender, often filiform : pappus white, very plumose
down to base. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Prenanthes? tenui folia, Torr. 1. c. Lygodesmia minor,
Hook. Fl. i. 205, t. 103 A. Jamesia pauciflora, Nees in Neuwied Trav. 516 (16). Plains
and mountains, from borders of Brit. America to those of Texas, Arizona, the Sierra Nevada
414 COMPOSITE. Stephanomeria.
in California, and Washington Terr. Generally of more northern range than the foregoing,
not throughout distinguishable, perhaps has been rightly combined with it.
S. myrioclada, EATOX. Very slender stems and tortuous filiform branches very numerous
and fastigiately crowded in an erect tuft, a foot or two high, terminated by scattered small
heads : leaves linear and very small : involucre 2 and 3 lines long (of 4 or 5 as well as "3 "
narrow bracts) and 3-5-flowered : akeues pluristriate at maturity: pappus white, its bristles
naked or merely hirsute below the middle or at the base. Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20. Dry
rocky ridges, Thousand Spring and Goose Creek Valleys, Nevada, Watson. Hawthorne,
Nevada, M. E. Jones.
i -t Biennial, or probably perennial with long and slender subterranean shoots: pnppus bright
white; the bristles long-plumose to base, which is not at all paleaceous-dilated.
S. W^ightii, GRAY. A foot or two high, slender, with single corymbosely paniculate stems :
cauline leaves mostly filiform and entire ; those of the radical tuft linear to spatulate and
laciniate-pimiatifid : heads nearly half-inch long, 5-flowered, sparse, pedunculate, terminating
slender branches : akeues smooth on the salient ribs and narrow intervals, contracted at
summit: pappus long-plumose. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 60. S. runcinata, var., Gray, PL
Wright, ii. 103, no. 1301. W. Texas, in pebbly bed of Howard's Creek, Wright (without
the elongated root or shoot), and adjacent New Mexico, Blgelow. Apparently same from
N. Arizona, Rusby, seemingly perennial from long and filiform subterranean shoots.
H- H 1 Annual, strictly erect: pappus white ; the bristles plumose to base, not paleaceous-dilated.
S. virgata, BENTH. Stem rigid, 1 to 4 feet high : heads 3 or 4 lines long, mostly subsessile
or short-peduncled, spicately or thyrsoidly disposed along the naked upper part of virgate
stem or similar branches, but sometimes more loosely paniculate on open branchlets: upper
leaves linear, small and entire ; lower oblong or spatulate, often sinuate or pinnatifid :
involucre 4-8-flowered, originally described as " 8-10-flowered " : akenes subclavate or ob-
long, rugose-tuberculate between the narrow ribs: pappus moderately plumose. Bot.
Sulph. 32; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. S. paniculata, chiefly, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 198,
t. 20, f. 5; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 428. Possibly (from habitat not improbably) 5. eluta, Nutt.
PI. Gamb. 1 73 ; but flowers not blue, and no resinous dots on involucre and branchlets.
California, common from San Bernardino and San Diego Co., to Oregon, east to Nevada and
Utah.
H -i H -i Annual, strictly erect : pappus grayish or fuscous ; its bristles short-plumose nearly
or quite to the more or less paleaceous or squamelliferous base.
S. paniculata, NUTT. Stem erect from an annual root, a foot or two high, bearing numer-
ous narrow 3-5-flowered heads in an elongated narrow or more open panicle, or else more
strictly disposed on virgate branches : leaves linear or the lower lanceolate : akenes nearly
of the preceding: pappus decidedly different. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 428; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. ii. 473. Plains of Idaho, and probably Northern Nevada, to E. Oregon, Nuttall,
Hall, Cusick, &c.
-i -) -t -t -I Annuals or biennials: bristles of the white or whitish pappus plumose above
but naked below the middle, at base more or less dilated or abruptly paleaceous, or else with
one or two adnate squamelke or bristly teeth at or near insertion: akenes thick-ribbed and
tuberculate-rugose at maturity : stems paniculately and often divergently branched, bearing
scattered squamulose-peduncled heads. Hemipt ilium, Gray, Bot. Calif., in part only.
S. exigua, NUTT. A foot or two high, with slender branches and branchlets, but stem not
rarely robust (therefore ill named from depauperate specimens) : radical and lower cauline
leaves pinnatifid or bipiimatind, those of the branches mainly reduced to short scales : invo-
lucre 3 to 5 lines long, with commonly 5 flowers, " 3 or 4 " when depauperate, rarely 6 or 8
in strong plants: bristles of the pappus 9 to 18, their more or less dilated and paleaceous or
thickened bases commonly a little connate in 4 or 5 phalanges and often 1-2-setulose on each
side. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 428 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 473 (attenuated form) ; Eaton,
Bot. King Exp. 198, t. 20, f. G, 7 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 428. Hemi/it ilium Bigelovii, Gray,
Bot. Mex. Bound. 105, a stout form. Interior of Wyoming to the Upper Rio Grande on
the border of Texas, west to Nevada and ft. California.
S. pentacheeta, EATON. A span or two or even 2 or 3 feet high, like the preceding, or
divaricately branched from the base: pappus of 5 or sometimes 7 bristles, all distinct to the
base, which is little dilated, plumose only above the middle. Bot. King Exp. 199, t. 20,
Tragopogon. COMPOSITE. 415
f. 8-10; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 63. Desert region, W. Nevada, Watson, Shockley.
Edge of desert at San Felipe, San Diego Co., California, Parish.
3. HEMIPTILITJM, Gray, 1. c., xix. 63. Heads 5-flowered, small : receptacle
naked : involucre merely calyculate : pappus of 4 to 6 narrow and rigid paleae
(rather than awns), not longer than the akene, sparsely short-plumose toward the
summit, fuscous. Hemiptilium, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 105, excl. spec.
S. Schottii, GRAY. Probably annual, with habit of S. paniculata or S. exigita, slender :
loosely paniculate, 3 lines long : involucre of 4 or 5 thinnish bracts and 2 or 3 small calycu-
late ones : ligules barely 3 lines long : akenes less than 2 lines long, rather narrow, 4-5-
augled, tapering very slightly from truncate summit to base, minutely scabrous between the
smooth angles. Bot. Calif, i. 427. llemiptilium Schottii, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c.
Arizona, on the Gila River, Schott. Not since collected.
214. CH^TAD^LPHA, Gray. (Xam/, bristles, and dSeX^, sister, the
bristles or awns of pappus as it were 5-adelphous.) Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 218 ;
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 182, t. 15. Single species.
C. Wlieeleri, GRAY, 1. c. Much branched from a perennial root, flexuous and fastigiate,
with aspect of Stephanomeria, or more of Li/godesmiu, a foot or two high : leaves narrowly
linear, entire, uppermost reduced to subulate scales : heads solitary terminating the branch-
lets : involucre half-inch and more high, somewhat exceeded by the pappus. W. Nevada,
on the borders of Arizona, Wheeler. Near Pyramid Lake, Lemnton.
215. RAFINfiSQUIA, Nutt, (Constantine S. Rafinesque Sehmalz, a
noted botanist.) Glabrous and branching slightly succulent and Sonchus-like
winter annuals (Californian and New Mexican), leafy ; with pinnatifid leaves, re-
duced on the flowering branches to herbaceous bracts : the heads rather large,
with showy white or rose-tinged flowers, mostly matutinal. Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 429 ; Gray, PL Wright, ii. 103, & Bot. Calif, i. 429.
B. Californica, NUTT. 1. c. Mostly robust, 2 or 3 feet high, paniculately branching, bear-
ing numerous heads : leaves oblong (larger 4 to 6 inches long) ; cauline partly clasping :
involucre thickened at base (half to three-fourths inch high), of 12 to 15 principal bracts and
some spreading calyculate ones : ligules comparatively short : beak of the akenes very slen-
der, as long as the body : pappus dull white. Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 34, figure not good.
Moist or shaded ground, common in California toward the coast: a smaller-flowered form
in N. W. Arizona, Palmer.
R. Neo-Mexicana, GRAY. A foot or less high., more slender, bearing few but larger and
more showy heads and much smaller leaves, the lower of these often runciuate : involucre
narrow, more cylindraceous, sometimes inch long, little thickened at base, of fewer bracts :
ligules large and conspicuous (half-inch and more long), white or tinged with flesh-color:
beak of akene more gradually tapering, therefore stouter, rather shorter than the body : pap-
pus bright white, of firmer bristles, the plume somewhat arachnoid. PL Wright. 1. c.
Sand-hills, &c., in the desert region, S. E. California to S. Utah and New Mexico on the Rio
Grande ; first coll. by Wright.
216. TRAGOP6G-ON, GOAT'S-BEARD, SALSIFY. (Tpayo?, goat, yw v,
beard.) Old World biennials or rarely perennials, glabrous ; with long taproot ;
entire and grass-like nervose leaves clasping at base ; long and stout peduncles
commonly thickened and fistulous under the large head ; the flowers yellow or
purple, closing at noon or earlier. Two species sparingly naturalized, one of
them cultivated.
T. PORRIF6LIUS, L. (SALSIFY, OYSTER-PLANT.) Commonly 2 or 3 feet high : peduncle
strongly clavate-thickeued and fistulous for 2 or 3 inches beneath the head, which becomes
416 COMPOSITE. Tragopogon.
3 inches high : flowers violet-purple, mostly surpassed by the involucre : outermost akenes
squamellate-muricate. Sparingly in fields and near dwellings, as an escape from cultiva-
tion in the Atlantic States, a naturalized weed iu California and Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.)
T. PRATENSIS, L. (GOAT'S-BEARD.) A foot or two, or the larger form a yard high: leaves
with broader base : peduncles little cularged except close under the head : flowers yellow,
equalling the involucre, sometimes longer. Sparingly found in fields, &.c., New England to
New Jersey and Wisconsin. (Nat. from Eu.)
217. ANISOCOMA, Torr. & Gray. ("Avio-os, unequal, KO/JL-T], tuft of hair;
frofn the pappus.) Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. Ill, t. 13 ; Eaton, Bot. King
Exp. 197 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 430. Single species.
A. acaule, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Low winter annual, glabrous, except a dense white tomen-
tum on the edges of the piunately lobed and often runciuate leaves : these all in a rosulate
radical cluster (inch or two long) : scapes numerous, naked, a span high : head about inch
high : ligules conspicuous, light yellow. Pterostephanus runcinattis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif.
Acad. iii. 20, f. 4, badly characterized. Dry plains and hills, of the eastern part of the
Sierra Nevada, from Sierra Co. to the Mohave, California, and adjacent Nevada ; first coll.
by Fremont.
218. HYPOCHCfcRIS, L. (A name of Theophrastus for some plant of
this tribe.) Old World and S. American herbs ; with yellow flowers ; one species
sparingly introduced.
H. GLABRA, L. Nearly glabrous; a rosulate tuft of oblong-spatulate sinuate-dentate leaves
from an annual root, sending up branching scapes a span to a foot high, bearing ii few
middle-sized heads : iuvolucral bracts lanceolate : outermost akenes truncate, inner slender-
beaked : bristles of the somewhat sordid pappus arachnoid-plumose, but naked at tip,
also some fine and shorter naked ones in an outer series. Fields, E. California. (Nat.
from Eu.)
H. RADICATA, L., which is hirsute and has all the akeues rostrate, is an occasional ballast-
weed, at Philadelphia and New York.
219. MICROSEBIS, Don. (Mpo's, little, o-epw, Endive or Lettuce; not
an apposite name for our larger species.) W. and S. American (but almost all
Californian) annuals, biennials, or some perennials, glabrous or merely furfura-
ceous-puberulent, acaulescent or subcaulescent ; with heads of yellow flowers
terminating naked scapes or elongated simple peduncles, commonly nodding before
expansion. Foliage very variable.-- Don in Phil. Mag. xi. 388 (1832); Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 207, & Bot. Calif, i. 423. Bellardia, Colla in Mem. Acad.
Taurin. xxxviii. 40, t. 34. Lepidonema, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sern. Petrop. 1835.
Fichtea, Schultz Bip. in Linn. x. 255. Calais, DC. Prodr. vii. 85 ; Gray,
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121. Pkyttopappus, F. Muell. in Linn. xiv. 507. Uropappus
& Scorzonella, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 426. Microseris & Scorzonella,
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 506, 533.
1. PTILOPHORA, Gray, 1. c. Pappus of 15 to 20 white and soft plumose
bristles with paleaceous base : akenes linear-columnar, of same diameter from
base to summit : stems more or less branching and leaf-bearing : perennials, with
fusiform biennial roots.
M. nutans, GRAY. Slender, a foot or so high: fusiform roots either fascicled or solitary:
leaves from entire and spatulate-obovate to pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes : heads
8-20-flowered, slender-peduncled : involucre cylindraceous, of 8 to 10 linear-lanceolate grad-
ually acuminate principal bracts and a few short loose calyculate ones : bristles of pappus
several times longer than the oblong scale at the base. Prgc. Am. Acad. ix. 208. Scorzo-
Microseris. COMPOSITE. 417
nella nutans (Geyer), Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 253. Plilophora nutans, Gray, PI. Fendl. 113.
Calais (Ptilophora) nutans, Gray, Pacif. II. Rep. iv. 112. Stephanomeria intermedia, Kellogg,
Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 39. Wet grassy grounds, borders of Brit. Columbia and Montana to
S. W. Colorado, Utah, and the higher Sierra Nevada, California : fl. spring.
M. major, GRAV, I.e. Stouter, often more than 2 feet high, apparently thicker-rooted:
heads larger, sometimes inch high : involucre of more lanceolate bracts imbricated in three
lengths: pappus rather less plumose: leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or sparingly laciniate.
Pti/o/>/iora major, Gray, PI. Fendl. 113. Calais major, Gray, Pacif. II. Rep. 1. c. 114.
Idaho, Utah, &c. ; first coll. by Spalding.
Var. laciniata, GRAY, 1. c. Lower : leaves pinnately parted and laciniate. Calais
graciloba, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. 1. c. W. Idaho, Spalding. Meudociuo Co., California,
Kellogg.
2. SCORZONELLA, Gray, 1. c. Pappus (somewhat sordid) of 5 to 10 atten-
uate bristles with paleaceous base, or of short paleos bearing long bristles, these
either subplumose or naked : akenes truncate at summit, slightly attenuate down-
ward only : involucre loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 series, many-flowered : peren-
nials or biennials, often branching from base and somewhat leafy-stemmed : root
fusiform. Scorzonella, Nutt., Benth. & Hook. 1. c.
* Pappus-bristles barbellate or short-plumose, not more than 4 times the length of the entire lan-
ceolate palea: akenes slender.
M. sylvatica, GRAY, 1. c. A foot or so high, not rarely simple and monocephalous : leaves
from broadly lanceolate to linear, laciniate-pinnatifid : head almost inch high : involucral
bracts mostly abruptly acuminate from an oval or oblong base : awn-like bristles of the
pappus (commonly 10) almost or quite plumose. Scorzonella sylvatica, Benth. PI. Hartw.
320. Calais (Anacalais) sylvatica, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 113. California, in woods of
the Sacramento and its tributaries, Hartweg, Uigelow, Kellogg & Harford.
Var. Stillmani, GRAY, 1. c. Sometimes several-stemmed from the base and with
leaves pinnately parted into long linear lobes : involucral bracts lanceolate and more gradu-
ally slender-acuminate: pappus-bristles (5 to 10) merely barbellate under a lens: akenes
smooth, obscurely costate. California, on the Sacramento, &c., Stillman, Bigelow. Near
San Francisco, Samuels, G. R. Vasey.
* * Pappus-bristles (10, sometimes 8) naked, barely denticulate or scabrous, entire or nearly so,
several or many times longer than the small palea: akenes columnar or rather slender: heads
large or middle-sized, with elongated ligules: involucre not reflexed at the fall of the akenes, its
bracts with loose and conspicuously acuminate or attenuate tips: stem sometimes scapiform,
often few-leaved and branching. Scorzonella, Nutt. (Foliage variable, as in the genus gener-
ally: species too nearly connected.)
-1 Heads and leaves of the largest.
M. procera, GRAY. Glaucous: stem robust, 2 or 3 feet high, branching: leaves chiefly
oblong and apiculate-acuminate, denticulate or entire, rarely laciuiate-lobed ; larger cauline
6 to 8 inches long and one or two wide ; radical oblong-lanceolate, commonly a foot long:
involucre a full inch or more high and broad ; outer bracts broadly ovate with abrupt ac la-
mination ; innermost lanceolate-acuminate : akenes nearly 3 lines long : paleas of the pappus
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, about one fourth the length of the awn. Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 64. M. laciniata, var. procera, Gray, Proc. 1. c. ix. 209, & Bot. Calif, i. 424.
Calais glauca, var. procera. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 364. Hillsides, W. California, from
Sonoma Co. northward to Klamath, Oregon, Torre//, Bolander, Kellogg, Kronkhite.
H -t Heads and leaves less ample and stem less robust, a foot or less to two feet high.
M. laciniata, GRAY. Rather stout, glaucesceut : leaves laciniate-pinnatifid into attenuate
lobes, or sometimes entire; radical 4 to 10 inches long: involucre an inch or less high; its
bracts as in the preceding, or nearly all with broad dilated base: akenes columnar, 2 lines
long : palea; of the pappus deltoid or triangular-ovate, not longer than breadth of the akene,
abruptly tipped by an awn or bristle 8 or 9 times longer. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209, excl.
var. procera. Ili/menonema? laciniatum, & perhaps also If."? glaucum, Hook. Fl. i. 301.
Scorzonella laciniata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 426. Calais (Scorzonella) laciniata,
27
418 COMPOSITE. Microseris.
Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 112 Alluvial ground, Washington Terr, and Oregon to N. W.
California ; first coll. by Douglas. Some forms are to be distinguished from the smaller of
the preceding by the pappus only.
M. leptosepala, GRAY. Slender, a foot or less high : leaves from linear to narrowly lan-
ceolate, and from entire to atteuuate-piunatifid : heads comparatively small and fewer-
flowered : involucre only half-inch high, of fewer bracts reduced almost to two series; outer
ovate or oblong with abrupt acumiuation, inner lanceolate-attenuate : akeues more slender :
pale* of the pappus (often only 8) ovate-lanceolate or narrower, a quarter or fifth of the
length of the akene, tapering from base gradually into the awn. Froc. Am. Acad. ix. 209,
Bot. Calif. 1. c. iu part only, & Froc. Am. Acad. xix. 64. Scorzonella leptosepala (& S. glauca),
Nutt. 1. c. Ht/menonema ? glaucum, Hook. 1. c. 1 Calais laciniata, Gray, Froc. Am. Acad.
viii. 208, pi. Hall. Low grounds and meadows, Washington Terr. & Oregon, along the
Columbia River, Garry ? Nuttall, Hall, Suksdorf.
M. Bolanderi, GRAY. Slender, a foot or two high : leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate
to somewhat spatulate, entire or with a few small salient linear lobes ; radical a span to a
foot long including the margined petiole : involucre half to two-thirds inch high ; its bracts
all gradually lanceolate-attenuate from a broadish base, or some small outermost ovate and
abruptly acuminate : paleas of the pappus (8 to 10) little exceeding the breadth of the akeue,
broadly ovate, mostly obtuse, abruptly tipped by the long slender awn. Froc. Am. Acad.
xix. 64. Calais Bolanderi, Gray, Froc. Am. Acad. vii. 365. Microseris leptosepala, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209, in part, & Bot. Calif, i. 425, as to Califoruiau plant. Swamps,
Mendocino and Humboldt Co., N. W. California, Blander, Kellogg, Rattan, Pringle. Appar-
ently same from Seattle, Washington Terr., A/ Vs. tin miners
# * * Pappus-bristles or awns 5, not over thrice the length of the palea, rising from an apical
cleft, rather strongly denticulate.
M. Parryi, GRAY. Furf uraceous-puberulent : leaves all radical, lanceolate, a span long,
from entire to laciniate-pinuatifid : scape 7 inches high : involucre campauulate, half-inch
high, of ovate and oblong and hardly acuminate bracts: ligules little exserted. Proc. Am.
Acad. ix. 209, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Calais Parn/i, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 122, & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 104. S. California, near San Diego, Pair;/. Known only from scanty and imper-
fectly developed specimens; perhaps not of this section.
3. CALAIS. Pappus of 5 scarious awn-tipped palece (in one species some-
times fewer or deciduous, and with only minute palea at base of the capillary
awn) : involucre either sparingly imbricated or merely calyculate, of thinnish
bracts, the principal ones lanceolate: acaulescent or subcaulescent annuals, with
leaves very variable in all the species, some narrow and entire, some laciniate-
toothed, some very commonly pinnatifid or parted into slender lobes. Calais,
DC. Prodr. vii. 85.
* Palea; of pappus' acutely bifid or bidentate at apex by early splitting away from the base of the
awn, which thus rises from the notch : akenes more or less slender and narrower upward, but not
rostrate, for the slender seed reaches nearly to the apex: acaulesceut, with slender scapes and
middle-sized or smaller heads. Calais Calocalais, DC. 1. c.
-) Awn very long in proportion to the palea; of the pappus.
M. macrochseta, GRAY, 1. c. Subcaulescent : scapes or peduncles sometimes even 2 feet
high: involucre narrow, 8 or 10 Hues high; its bracts attenuate-acuminate, outermost fully
half the length of the inner : forming akenes decidedly contracted toward summit : pappus-
paleoe thin, small, cleft quite to the middle from tlfe first, bearing a long and weak capillary
awn. Calais macroc.fucta, Gray, PI. Feudl. 112, & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 113. S. W. Idaho
(Spa/ding), and California along the coast from Sau Francisco (Bigelow) to San Diego
(Nuttall, Cleveland) ; but mature fruit still unknown.
) -t Awn short in proportion to the lanceolate paleae, which about equal the akene: larger heads
inch or more high: involucral bracts less acuminate, the few outer of variable length: scapes or
scapiforoi peduncles rising from a span to even 2 feet in height.
M. linearifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Peduncle more or less thickened upward and in strong plants
fistulous under the oblong head : leaves sometimes almost villous-pubesceut when young :
Microseris. COMPOSITE. 419
akene attenuate above almost into a beak : pappus silvery white ; very delicate awn barely
half the length of the more deeply notched palea. Calais linear (folia, DC. 1. c., excl. syn.
Urojjajipus lincurifolius & U. yrandi floras, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 425. Open low
grounds, throughout California, to Nevada, Arizona, aud New Mexico.
M. Lindleyi, GRAY, 1. c. Peduncle little or not at all thickened upward: akeue gradually
and slightly attenuate toward the summit : pappus sordid ; palea: bearing a stronger and
more exserted awn from a shallow notch, sometimes those of the marginal flowers villoua,
and their akenes pubescent. Calais Lindleyi, DC. 1. c., excl. syn. Uropappus Lindleyi &
U. heterocarpux, Nutt. 1. c. California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego; apparently
less common than the preceding.
* # Palese of the sordid or merely whitish pappus entire, surmounted by the awn, conspicuous
except in the second species: scapes slender, a span to 18 inches high : akenes mostly upwardly
scabrous on the 10 equal ribs, occasionally the outermost villous. Calais Eucalais, DC., &c.
-I Akenes attenuate-fusiform, the upper and slightly narrowed half not occupied by the seed!
M. attenuata, GREENE. Leaves mostly piunately parted into narrow linear lobes : scapes
a span or two high : involucre half-inch high, barely calyculate at base : pappus of the
length of the akenes (nearly 4 lines) ; the palea; oblong-lanceolate, about half the length of
the awn, externally cither lightly or conspicuously villous. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 05.
California, at Berkeley and hills north of Monte Diablo, Greene.
-f -t Akenes from slender-subclavate to turbinate, the cell filled by the seed.
i-i- Paleae of the pappus very small (not over half-line long) or obsolete, glabrous, and the slender
bristles fragile or deciduous.
M. aphantocarplia, GRAY, 1. c. Involucre merely calyculate : akenes (H to 2 lines long)
oblong-clavate, with usually some constriction or rounding of the summit, shorter than
the rigid capillary awns of the pappus: these merely deltoid-dilated at base, or hardly so.
Calais aphantocarpha, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 552. California, in Alameda and Contra
Costa Co. ; first coll. by Brewer.
Var. tenella, GRAY, 1. c. Depauperate in the original specimens : bristles of pappus
2 to 5, sometimes with manifest broadly -ovate palea at base, sometimes deciduous. Calais
(Ap/ianocalais) tenella, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 114, t. 17. Same range, and along the
Napa and Lower Sacramento ; first coll. by Birjelow & Fitch.
-H- -H- Palere of the pappus conspicuous, persistent.
= Akene (with truncate summit) little over a line long and the long-awned palese of the pappus
of not more than half its length, both glabrous: head small.
M. elegans, GREENE, in herb. A span to a foot high, slender : head in fruit less than half-
inch high : akenes tapering gradually from very summit to base : palea; of the pappus ovate-
deltoid or sometimes rather narrower, either obscurely emarginate or more attenuate into
a slender awn of about 4 times the length : sometimes a minute villosity covering the trun-
cate summit of the akene. California, common in Contra Costa Co., Hall, Lcinmon, Parry,
Greene, &c. Between M. aphantocarpha and M. B/gelovii.
= = Akenes 2 or 3 lines long, some of the outermost not rarely villous : palea? of the pappus
seldom shorter, in the same species and even in the same head disposed to be cither glabrous or
scabro-puberulent, or externally villous.
M. acuminata, GREENE. A span or two high: head in fruit about inch high: akenes
apparently all glabrous, slenderly somewhat fusiform-turbinate (obscurely contracted between
middle and summit), almost 3 lines long, not half the length of the pappus : palea; narrowly
lanceolate, gradually attenuate into a rather shorter awn. Bull. Torr. Club, x. 88. Calais
Dounlasii, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 113, not DC. California, on Mark West's Creek, Bigelow
(has passed for the following species; pappus nearly glabrous). Foot-hills of the Sierra
Nevada, Mrs. Curran, with palea; minutely silky-villous externally.
M. Bigelovii, GRAY. A span to a foot or more high : head half-inch or more high : involucre
inclined to be somewhat imbricated : akenes oblong-turbinate, not contracted under the trun-
cate summit, only 2 lines long; outermost sometimes villous: palea; of the pappus oblong-
to ovate-lanceolate, mostly if not always glabrous, or scaberulous, varying considerably in
size, only half or a third the length of the awn. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209. Calais Bige-
420 COMPOSITES. Microseris.
lovii, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 164, t. 17. Common in the district around San Francisco
Bay, California, and south to Tulare Co.; first coll. by Bigelow.
M. Douglasii, GRAY. Rather coarser : scapes 8 to 20 inches high : head broad : akenes
oblong-tnrbiuate, thickish, obviously contracted under the summit, nearly 3 lines long;
outermost usually white-villous : paleie of the pappus ovate to orbicular (2 lines high and
often as wide), firm-scarious, commonly imbricated or convolutely overlapping, abruptly
acute or retuse at the apex, a half or a third the length of the awn, sometimes glabrous,
sometimes densely villous outside. M. Douglasii & M. cyclocarpha, with var. eriocarpha,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 210. Calais Douylasii, DC. Prodr. vii. 85; Hook. & Am. Bot.
Beech. 361. C. c'jclortirpha, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 115, t. 18. C. eriocarpha, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 552. W. California, from Humboldt Co. to San Francisco Bay, and south-
ward ; perhaps first coll. by Douylas.
M. platycarpha, GRAY, 1. c. A span to a foot high, slender : head half-inch or less high :
proper bracts of involucre rather few and broad (oblong) : akenes turbinate, tapering grad-
ually from the broad summit to base; outermost densely short-villous : palese of the pappus
ovate, 2 lines long, somewhat longer than the akene, abruptly acuminate into a short awn or
cusp. Calais platycarpha, Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. 1. c. Hills around San Diego and San
Luis Rey, Parry, Cleveland, Prinyle, &c. (Lower Calif., Parri/, &c.)
4. NOTHOCA'LAIS. Pappus of 20 to 24 narrowly linear-lanceolate silvery-
white paleas, occupying two or more series, with obscure mid-nerve, very grad-
ually attenuate into a slender awn : akenes attenuate-fusiform : seed not reaching
to the tapering summit : bracts of the oblong-campanulate involucre narrowly lan-
ceolate, nearly equal, in about two series : perennial from a thick caudex. Inter-
mediate between Microseris and Troximon ! Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 65.
M. troximoides, GRAY. Acaulesceut or nearly so: leaves tufted on the caudex, rather
fleshy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4 to 6 inches long : scapes a span to a
foot high : involucre three-fourths inch high : ligules somewhat elongated : mature akenes
half-inch long : pappus somewhat longer, its almost setiform palea: a quarter of a line wide
below. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211. Wooded hills and open plains, Montana and Idaho
(first coll. by Spalding), Washington Terr, and Oregon to N. W. California.
220. LE6NTODON, L. partly, Juss. HAWKBIT. (Actor, lion, oSW?,
tooth, from the toothed leaves.) Low perennials of the Old World, one natural-
ized in N. E. America, belonging to section OPORINIA, Koch, having simple pap-
pus of a single series of plumose bristles, and the unopened heads not drooping.
L. AUTUMNALIS, L. (FALL DANDELION.) Short rootstock or caudex prsemorse : leaves
lanceolate, more or less pinnatifid, somewhat pubescent with simple hairs: scapes 5 to 15
inches high, sometimes simple, commonly once to thrice forked : peduncles clavate-thickened
under the pubescent much calyculate involucre: akenes all alike. Apuryia antumna/is,
Hoffm. Fl. Germ. iv. 113 ; Schk. Handb. t. 220 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 497. Oporinia autumnal is, Don
in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 309; DC. Prodr. vii. 108. In grassy grounds, Newfoundland to
E. New England and sparingly to Penn. ; fl. June to Nov. (Nat. from Eu.)
L. nispiDcs, L., with double pappus, the outer of short naked bristles, and L. HIRTUS, L.,
with both kinds of bristles plumose, and a paleaceous crown to outermost akeues, are sparing
ballast-weeds at the ports of New York and Philadelphia.
220 a . PICRIS, L. (Greek name for some bitter herb of this suborder,
from TUKpo';, bitter.) Leafy-stemmed and coarse herbs, chiefly biennials or annu-
als, and of the Old World, with aspect of the larger kinds of Hieracium, rough-
bristly, yellow-flowered. Beutli. & Hook. Gen. ii. 511. Picris & Helmintha,
Juss. Gen. 170.
P. HIERACIOIDES, TJ. Rather tall, hispid, and some of the bristles minutely glochidiate,
corymbosely branched leaves lanceolate or broader, with partly clasping base, irregularly
Malacothrix. COMPOSITE. 421
dentate : heads half-inch or more high : outer bracts of the involucre broader and spreading :
akeues oblong, with 5 broad ribs and little or no beak : pappus of unequal sparsely plumose
bristles, deciduous in a ring. Lam. 111. t. 648; Reicheub. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1375. Intro-
duced in a few places (as in Illinois, Hull), and as a ballast-weed. (Nat. from En.)
Var. Japonica, HEGEL. Very hispid with dark bristles, even to the involucre. P.
Jafionica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 299. P. Kamtschatica, Ledeb. Mem. Acad. 1814, & Fl. Alt. iv.
159. P. Davurica, Fischer & Hornem. Hort. Hafn. Suppl. 155. Sitka, Mertens, according
to Herder. (Occurs on Behriug Island, off Kamtschatka, as well as on the mainland,
Japan, &c.)
P. (HELMI'XTHA) ECIIIOIDES, L., of the Old World., is a ballast-weed of occasional appear-
ance near New York and Philadelphia : it is known by the ovate and subcordate foliaceous outer
bracts of the .involucre, 3 to 5 in number, and by the narrow inner ones becoming thickened at
base in age ; also by the slender beak to the akeue and a densely plumose pappus.
221. PINAROPAPPUS, Less. (rTirapo's, dirty, Trownros, pappus, this
being sordid or fuscous.) Syn. 143 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 99. Single species.
P. roseus, LESS. 1. c. Glabrous and glaucesceut deep-rooted perennial stems scapiform
with a few minute bracts, and monocephalous, or leafy below with a few naked branches,
slender, rather rigid : leaves lanceolate and entire, and some pinnatifid : involucre over half-
inch high : ligules conspicuous, rose-tinged or almost white. Tro.rimon /.'</ mtriunnm, Scheele
in Linn. xxii. 165. High and rocky prairies, Texas, Lindheimer, Writ/Id, &c. (Mex.)
222. CALYCOSERIS, Gray. (Ka\v a cup, alluding- to the shallow
cup at summit of akene, crepts, a Cichoriaceous plant.) New Mexican and Cali-
fornian winter annuals, low, branching from the base, glabrous below and glau-
cescent ; with leaves pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes, and showy rather
large heads terminating the branches ; the ligules elongated ; peduncles sparsely
or copiously hispid with tack-shaped glands. Fl. spring. PL Wright, ii. 104,
t. 14, Bot. Mex. Bound. 106, & Bot. Calif, i. 431.
C. Wrightii, GRAY. Flowers rose-color : akeues with thick and broad somewhat rugulose
ribs and thickish beak. PI. AV right. 1. c. t. 14. New Mexico from the Rio Grande to
Arizona and S. Utah ; first coll. by Wriyht.
C. Parryi, GRAY. Flowers yellow : alienes more slender, 5-angled by the acute ribs, with
narrower beak and smaller apical cup. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. ; Bot. Calif. 1. c. San
Diego Co., California, to S. Nevada and adjacent Utah ; first coll. by Parry.
223. MALACCJTHRIX, DC., extended. (MoXaKo's, soft, 6p& hair.)
W. N. American herbs, leafy-stemmed or sometimes scapose ; with pedunculate
heads usually nodding before anthesis : flowers yellow or white, sometimes becom-
ing purplish-tinged ; in spring and early summer. DC. Prodr. vii. 192; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. iL 485; Gray, PI. Fendl. 113; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 518;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. Calif, i. 432, excl. 3.
1. MALACOLEPIS, Gray, 1. c. Involucre very broad, of silvery-scarious bracts
with only a linear central portion green, regularly imbricated in several series ;
the short outer ones orbicular ; inner from oval to oblong-lanceolate : receptacle
bearing slender persistent bristles : corollas white, closed in sunshine, purplish-
tinged in fading : broad-leaved annual.
M. Coulteri, GRAY, 1. c. A foot or two high, rather stout, glabrous : leaves oblong or
spatulate, upper cauliiie ovate or cordate and clasping, sparsely laciniate-dentate : heads
terminating loose branches, short-peduucled, hemispherical, over half-inch high : akenes
acutely about 15-ribbed and 4-5-angled, the summit obscurely denticulate by projection of
the ribs : one or two stouter pappus-bristles more persistent. S. California, from the
Mohave desert to San Luis Obispo, c. ; first coll. by Coulter.
422 COMPOSITE. Malacothrix.
2. MALACOTHRIX proper. Involucre of narrow and acute or acuminate
bracts, only narrowly scarious-margined, much less imbricated : bristles on the
receptacle sparing, or fragile and deciduous, rarely none. Leptoseris, Leucoseris,
& Malacomeris, Nutt.
* Annuals: flowers light yellow, sometimes purplish in fading.
) Simply scapose, with solitary large head, about 3-serially imbricated involucre, and herbage
long-woolly when young. Malacotkrix, DC.
M. Californica, DC. Leaves once or partly twice laciniately pinnatifid iuto narrow linear
or almost filiform lobes, when young woolly with long and loose very soft hairs (whence the
generic name), as also is the base of the broadly campanulate (two-thirds inch high) invo-
lucre ; the outer bracts slender-subulate : delicate bristles of the receptacle generally present :
akenes narrow, lightly striate-costate, the acutish base with a small concave callus : outer
pappus of 2 persistent bristles and between them some minute pointed teeth : scape a foot or
less high, bractless or nearly so. Prodr. vii. 192 ; Gray, 1. c., excl. var. ijlabruta, Eaton.
Open grounds, California, from the Sacramento valley to San Diego ; first coll. by Douglas.
-1 -f Subcaukscent or more leafy-stemmed, more or less branching, early glabrate or glabrous:
involucral bracts nearly or wholly of two lengths; the outer (or calyculus) short, proportionally
broader and loose. Leptoseris, Nutt.
H- Heads comparatively large, and on elongated or the earlier on scapifonn peduncles: leaves and
their divisions long and slender, nearly as in the preceding species.
M. glabrata. Erect, or with ascending branches from the base, these leafy, often again
branching and bearing a few lateral as well as terminal heads : involucre fully half-inch
high, glabrous, or outer bracts sometimes tomentulose-cauescent when young : flowers, &c.,
as in M. Californica. M. Californica, var. glabrata, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 201; Gray,
Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. Torre yi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acacl. ix. 213, as to "slender narrow-leaved
form." Dry eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada, to S. E. Utah
and Arizona ; first coll. by Anderson.
H- -H- Heads smaller, with broadish campanulate involucre seldom less than half-inch high,
short-peduncled on the leafy usually spreading branches : lower leaves oblong, rather short,
pinnatitid, with short and dentate lobes; teeth and lobes commonly callous-mucronate: plants
a span to a foot high.
M. Torreyi, GRAY. Akenes linear-oblong, 5-angled by as many salient often almost wing-
like ribs, a much less prominent pair in each interval : outer pappus of 2 to 5 or sometimes
8 stouter persistent bristles, between the thickish bases of which are minute teeth : bracts of
the involucre acuminate : peduncles commonly with some sparse gland-tipped hairs. Proc.
Am. Acad. ix. 213, & Bot. Calif, i. 433. M. sonchoides, Torr. in Stansb. Kep. 392; Gray,
PL Wright, ii. 105, in part; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 201, not Torr. & Gray. Low grounds,
Utah to W. Nevada and S. E. Oregon, probably to California; first coll. by Stansbury.
M. sonchoides, TORR. & GRAY. Akenes linear-oblong, 1 5-striate-costate, somewhat angled
by 5 moderately stronger ribs, the summit with a 15-denticulate white border: no persistent
bristles : involucral bracts rather broader, merely acute : branches more diffuse : rhachis of
the principal leaves as well as lobes dentate. Fl. ii. 486; Gray, 1. c. Af. obtusa, Eaton,
1. c., in part. Leptoseris sonchoides, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 428. Plains of W. Ne-
braska to New Mexico, Nevada, and adjacent California and Arizona ; first coll. by Ntitta//.
M. Pendleri, GRAY. Akenes cylindrical, equably 15-costate, dark-colored ; the summit bor-
dered by a shallow cupulate crown, its margin entire, white within : no persistent pappus-
bristles or only one. PI. Wright, ii. 104, Bot. Mex. Bound. 106, Proc. Am. Acad. ix.
213. E. New Mexico to S. E. California, Fendltr, Bigelow, Wright, Lemmon, &c.
H- -H- -H- Heads small, numerous and loosely paniculate on slender erect and rather naked stem
and branches: involucre seldom over 3 lines high, narrower, fewer-flowered: the tips of the
bracts commonly sphacelate or purplish.
M. XANTi, Gray, 1. c., the only outlying species of the genus (Cape San Lucas, Lower Cali-
fornia, Xantns), is 2 feet high, with leaves mainly radical and lyrate-pinnatifid, panicle verv
naked, narrow involucre 4 lines high, akenes obtusely 15-ribbed, five ribs moderately stronger,
cupulate apex obtusely 5-toothed, outer pappus of 3 to 5 very slender persistent bristles.
Heads larger than in either of the following.
Glyptopleura. COMPOSITE. 423
M. Cleveland!, GRAY. Akenes oblong-linear, minutely striate-costate, 4 or 5 of the ribs
slightly more prominent : outer pappus of one persistent bristle and a conspicuous circle of
narrow white setulose teeth : leaves narrow, only some of the radical pinnatifid. Bot. Calif.
i. 433. From Antioch (Mrs. Curran) to Santa Barbara and Sail Diego in California (first
coll. by Cleveland) ; also mountains of Arizona.
M. obtusa, BENTH. Akenes obovate-oblong, obtusely angled by 5 rather prominent ribs,
the others delicate or obscure, the apex somewhat contracted and its border entire : no per-
sistent pappus-bristles : remains of tomeutum in axils of leaves, &c. : radical leaves thickish,
spatnlate-oblong, sinuate-dentate or pinnatifid; the teeth or lobes short-oblong, sometimes
very obtuse : corollas (white 1 ?) in dried specimens purplish-tinged. Gray, 1. c. Al.olitiimi,
& M. parviflora, Benth. PI. Hartw. 321. Senccio flocciferus, DC. Prodr. vi. 426. Cali-
fornia, from Monterey to Humboldt Co. and in the Yosemite ; first coll. by Douglas and
Hart we(j.
* * Suffrutescent-perennial: "flowers yellow." Malacomerls, Nutt.
M. incana, TORR. & GRAY. Low, white-tomentose : leaves in tufts on short basal shoots,
piunatifid, with short lobes : flowering branches scape-like, a few inches high, bearing one
or two rather large heads: involucre broadly campanulate : no persistent pappus-bristles.
Fl. ii. 486. Malacomerls incana, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.435. Island in the bay at
San Diego, California, Nuttall, who only has collected it, and in imperfect specimens.
* * * Somewhat suffrutescent and leafy paniculately branching perennials: flowers white
(changing to rose-color?): involucre broadly campanulate (nearly half-inch high), many-
flowered; the loose calyculate bracts numerous, subulate, passing into similar bractlets on the
peduncle: receptacle obscurely dentate-alveolate, no bristles detected: no persistent exterior
pappus-bristles. Leucoseris, Nutt.
M. saxatilis, TORR. & GRAY. Minutely tomentose when young, soon glabrate, somewhat
succulent, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulate, either entire or laciui-
ate-pmuatifid : heads terminating the paniculate branches- akenes narrowly oblong, 10-15-
costate, at maturity somewhat 4-5-angled by the stronger ribs : apex slightly contracted,
bearing a very short multidenticulate white border. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
M. saxatilis & M. commutata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., excl. syn. Senecio flocciferns. Leucoseris
saxatilis & L. California, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 440, 441. Hicracium? Califor-
nicum, DC. Prodr. vii. 235. Sonchits? Califomfctis, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 361. Coast
of California at Santa Barbara and southward ; first coll. by Coulter. Passes on the moun-
tains and in the interior district into
Var. tenuif 61ia. Early glabrate or glabrous : stems slender, not succulent, 2 to 4
feet high, with lung and slender loosely-paniculate branches, bearing slender-pedunculate
heads (of equal or smaller size) : leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, or on branchlets
almost filiform. M. tenuifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Leucoseris tcnui-
folia, Nutt. 1. c. Mountain-sides and canons, Santa Barbara to San Diego, also Tejou, San
Bernardino, and Arizona; first coll. by Coulter.
224. G-LYPTOPLEtTRA, Eaton. (r/Wro'?, carved, TrXeupa, side, from
the sculpturing of the akenes.) - - Winter annuals of the Utah-Nevada desert,
many-stemmed and depressed, forming flat and leafy tufts, only an inch or two
high ; with thickish and oblong runcinate leaves on margined petioles : heads
rather large for the size of the plant: fl. spring. Bot. King Exp. 207, t. 20;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 209, & Bot. Calif, i. 431.
G. marginata, EATOX, 1. c. Corollas white, turning pink in fading, little exserted : lobes
and mostly whole margin of the leaves densely scarious-fringed, this white border mainly cut
into short obtuse teeth, only pectinate-setiform on the leaves subtending the heads. West-
ern borders of Nevada, from the Truckee to Caudelaria ( Watson, Lemmon, Shockley), and to
the Mohave desert in California, Parish.
G. setulosa, GRAY, 1. c. Corollas yellow changing to pink, much exserted (half to three-
fourths inch) : white margin of the leaves less conspicuous, mainly composed of distinct sub-
ulate or acicular white teeth. St. George, S. Utah, to the Mohave desert, Parry, Palmer,
Parish, &c.
424 COMPOSITE. Apargidium.
225. APARG-f DIUM, Torr. & Gray. (Likeness to Apargia, a sort of
Dandelion.) Fl. ii. 474 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 4o9. Single species.
A. boreale, TORE. & GRAY, 1. c. Glabrous and slender perennial: leaves wholly radical,
linear lanceolate, entire or nearly so, thinnish : scapes at length a foot high : involucre half
to three-fourths inch high : corollas deep yellow, conspicuous. Apargia borealis, Bongard,
Veg. Sitch. 146. Leontodon boreale, DC. Prodr. vii. 102. Microseris borealis, Schultz Bip.,
ex Herder in PI. J\add. iii. (4), 28. Wet meadows aud bogs, Alaskan Islands (Mertens,
&c.) to Mendocino Co., California. Mature akeues not yet seen.
226. HIERACIUM, Tourn. HAWKWEED. (The Greek and Latin name,
from tepaf, a hawk.) -- A huge European genus, and with a moderate number of
peculiar American species ; perennial herbs, often with toothed but never deeply
lobed leaves ; heads in ours from small to barely middle-sized, paniculate, rarely
solitary ; the flowers yellow, in one species white, produced in summer and
autumn, usually open through the day. Frcelich in DC. Prodr. vii. 198; Fries,
Symb. Hist. Hier. (1848), & Epicrisis Hier. (18G2) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI.
ii. 516 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 65. Sections after Fries.
H. KALMII, L. The original in the Linnasan herbarium is some wholly undetermined plant,
probably not at all from Pennsylvania, nor from America, certainly not of this genus.
1. PILOSELLA, Fries. Involucre not distinctly calyculate nor regularly
much imbricate : pappus a single series of delicate bristles : akenes oblong, trun-
cate : natives of the Old World.
H. AURANTIACUM, L. Somewhat stoloniferous from the tufted rootstocks, long-hirsute and
above setose-hispid as well as setulose-glandular, the involucre especially with dark hairs:
leaves radical and near the base of the simple scape or peduncle: heads (four lines high) in
a naked cymose cluster: flowers deep orange-color to flame-color: pappus whitish. Jacq.
Fl. Austr. t. 410 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1112. Escaped from gardens to roadsides and fields in several
places, New England aud New York. (Nat. from Eu.)
H. PR.icAi/ruM, VILL. Glaucous, 2 feet or more high: stems scapiform, leafy only near tho
base, and there (as also the lanceolate leaves) sparsely beset with bristly hairs: heads rather
numerous in an open cyme: involucre about three lines high. A form of this appears to
be established, along fences and field borders, near Evans Mills and Carthage, N. New York,
L. F. Ward. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. ARCHIERA'CIUM, Fries. Involucre of the comparatively large heads
irregularly more or less imbricated : pappus of more copious and unequal bristles :
akenes columnar, truncate : chiefly natives of the Old World.
* Stem scapiform, or only with a leaf or two above the base.
H. MUR6RUM, L. The form called R. prcecox, Schultz Bip., or nearly: leaves thin, oval or
oblong, obtuse, iucisely dentate toward the subcordate base : scapiform stem a foot or less
high, bearing few or several cymose heads: involucre 4 or 5 lines high, dark-glandular.
Open woodlands near Brooklyn, New York, Merrimn. Also apparently in Lower Canada.
(Nat. from Eu.)
H. vulgatum, FRIES. Habit of the preceding, <,r more leafy: leaves from oblong to
broadly lanceolate, mostly acute at both ends, decurrent on the petiole : heads few, rather
smaller than in the foregoing. Novit. ii. 258, Symb. Hier. 115, & Epicr. 98; Eeichenh. Tc.
Fl. Germ. xix. t. 1526, 1527. H. sylvaticum, Smith (that of L. is rather //. murorum) ; FL
Dan. t. 1113; Schlecht. in Linn. x. 87. //. molle, Pursh, Fl. ii. 503, not Jacq. Labrador,
Kohlm.eis1.er, &c. Canada, on shores of the Lower St. Lawrence (Macoun), there perhaps
introduced. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.)
H. ALpfsuM, L., which has only a single large and dark-haired head, is in Greenland only,
beyond our range.
Hieradum. COMPOSITE. 425
* * Stem leafy to the top (a foot to a yard high), bearing short-pedunculate broad heads : invo-
lucre half-inch high, or sometimes smaller: no stolons or running rootstocks: no cluster of
leaves at base of the developed stems; cauline leaves all closely sessile : receptacle conspicuously
fimbrillate-deutate : ligules not ciliate.
H. umbellatum, L. A foot or two high, strict, bearing a few somewhat umbellately dis-
posed heads: leaves narrowly or sometimes broadly lanceolate, nearly entire, sparsely den-
ticulate, occasionally laciniate-dentate, all narrow at base : involucre usually livid, glabrous
or nearly so; outermost bracts loose or spreading. Fl. Dan. t. 680; Fl. Lond. vi. t. 58;
Richards. App. Fraukl. Journ. ed. 2, 29 ? in part; Fries, 1. c. H. Canadense, var. anr/nsti-
folium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 476, in part. //. macranthum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.
446. H. rigidum? Fries in Epicr. 134. N. shore of Lake Superior to the Rocky Moun-
tains, and northward. (Kamtschatka, N. Asia, En.)
H. Canadense, MICHX. Taller, robust, with corvmbosely or paniculately cymose heads:
leaves from lanceolate to ovate-oblong, acute, sparsely and acutely dentate or even laciniate,
at least the upper partly clasping and broad or hroadish at base : involucre usually pubes-
cent when young, glabrate, occasionally glandular; the narrow outermost bracts loose: pap-
pus sordid. Fl. ii. 8(1; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. //. riri/atin/t, fasc.iculatum, & macrophyllum,
Pursh, Fl. ii. 504. H. Kalmii, Spreng. Syst. iii. 646; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ; Torr. Compend'.,&c.,
not L. H. scabriusculum, Schwein. App. Long Exp. //. prenanthoides, Hook. Fl. i. 300, not
Vill. H. helianthifolium, Frcelich in DC. 1. c. 225. H. cori/mliosnm, Fries, Symb. Ilier. 185,
as to pi. Newfound!. 7 also //. auratnm, Fries, 1 c. 181, & Epicr. 124; these being thin-leaved
forms of shady places. Open woods in dry soil, Newfoundland ? and New England to Penn.,
north to the Mackenzie River, west to Oregon and Brit. Columbia, northwardly passing into
H. umbellatum. (Greenland, N. Eu., if also H. crocatum, Fries.)
3. STENOTHECA, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Involucre a series of equal bracts
and a few short calyculate ones, usually narrow and few-many-flowered : pappus
of more or less scanty equal bristles : akenes in a few species slender or tapering
to the summit. (Name therefore more applicable to the involucre than to the
akenes.) Fries, 1. c. Stenotheca, Monnier, Ess. Hierac. 71, there restricted to
species with attenuate akenes. Species of Pilosclla, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 18G2,
433-440.
* Atlantic species, all yellow-flowered and with sordid pappus.
-i Akenes columnar, at maturity not at all attenuate upward: panicle not virgate.
H- Heuls 15-20-flowered, narrow, cffuselv paniculate, on divergent or divaricate slender pedicels:
stem leafy, sometimes almost leafless in depauperate plants.
H. paniculatum, L. Slender, 1 to 3 feet high, usually leafy up to the sparse compound
panicle, nearly smooth and glabrous (except some villosity at base of stem), not glandular:
leaves thin, lanceolate or broader, tapering to both ends, sparingly denticulate or salient-
dentate : peduncles and pedicels filiform, an inch or more long : involucre 3 or 4 lines long,
of 8 to 14 narrow principal bracts. Spec. ii. 802; Michx. Fl. ii. 86; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
478. Open dry woods, Canada and New England to upper parts of Georgia and Alabama.
H. vcnosum, var. cmdcscens, Arvet-Touvet, and //. Sullivantii, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hicr.
(1881), 11, are seemingly depauperate forms of this.
-t-+ )-( Heads 15-40-flowered, narrow-campanulate or oblong, on erect or ascending slender pedi-
cels, in a naked and very loose corymbilurm-paniculate cyme.
H. venosum, L. (RATTLESNAKK-WEED.) Slender : stem leafless from a depressed radical
rosette, or 1-2-leaved above it, a foot or two high, glabrous or nearly so, branching above
into a lax corymbiform cyme of few or several heads : leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong,
mostly denticulate, subsessile, commonly purple-veined and sparsely setose-villous : involucre
4 lines long, 15-35-flowered (or even only 12-flowered), of 10 to 14 principal bracts and very
few bractlets, either glabrous or with the peduncles beset with some small glandular hairs :
akenes short, strictly columnar, even when young. Spec. ii. 800 (founded on the syn., but
the "scapo crassissimo" of Gronovius unaccountable); Willd. Spec. iii. 1570; Torr. & Gray,
1. c. ; Fries, 1. c. H. Gronovii, L. 1. c. 802, as to herb. & descr. (but not the Gronovian plant) ;
Willd. 1. c. ; Michx. 1. c., in part, the var. subuaulescens, Torr. Gray, 1. c. H. su-bnudum,
426 COMPOSITE. Hieracium.
Frcel. in DO. vii. 218, chiefly. StenotJieca venosa, Monnier, Ess. Hier. 72. Open pine
woods and sandy barrens, Canada arid Saskatchewan to Georgia and Kentucky.
H. Marianum, WILLD. Larger, 2 or 3 feet high, few-several-leaved, pilose-hirsute below,
branching at summit into a very open cymose panicle of several or numerous 20-43-flowered
heads : leaves obovate-oblong with tapering base ; radical erect or ascending, attenuate below
into petioles, rarely at all purplish-veiny : peduncles and pedicels commonly minutely whitish-
tomentulose, also usually the base of the involucre, at least when young, and beset with few
and sparse or more copious glandular bristles : akeues slender-columnar, with tapering sum-
mit when forming, but not so at maturity. Spec. iii. 1572, partly (& as to syn. 11. Marianum,
&c., Pluk. Mant. 102, t. 420, f. 2, whence the name); Frcel. in DC. Prodr. vii. 217. H.
Gronovii, var. subnudum, in part, & some of H. scabrum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 447. //. Caro-
linunmm, Fries, Symb. Hier. 145, & Epicr. 151. //. Rnrjelii, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier.
(1881), 11, by the char. Dry and open woods and clearings, New England to Penn. and
Georgia. Various forms almost fill the interval between the preceding and the following
species.
-H- -H- -H- Heads 40-50-flowered, thickish (and the tumid-campanulate involucre 4 or 5 lines high),
on shorter and rather rigid spreading pedicels, and somewhat crowded in a convex or barely
flat-topped cyme: no rosulate tuft of radical leaves at flowering time.
H. SCabrum, Micnx. Robust, 2 or 3 feet high, mostly leafy up to the inflorescence, hir-
sutely hispid below, glandular-hispid above: whole inflorescence and mostly base of invo-
lucre densely beset with dark glandular bristles and with some fine grayish tomentmn :
leaves obovate to spatulate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate, pubescent or hirsute, sessile by a
narrow base : akenes exactly columnar. Fl. ii. 86 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 504 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
476; Fries, 1. c. //. Marianum, Willd. 1. c, in part (as to one specimen); Bigel. Fl. Bost.
ed. 2, 288; Ell. Sk. ii. 263. Dry open woods, Canada to Lake Superior, Missouri, and to
Georgia.
4 -1 Akenes fusiform or with tapering summit: heads 15-30-flowered, on short and ascending
pedicels disposed in a narrow thyrsiform or almost virgate panicle: glandular-bristly hairs on
peduncles and cylindraceous involucre either scanty or numerous: radical leaves generally
present at flowering time, and destitute of colored veins, oblong-obovate, all more or less long-
pilose or setiferous, especially along the midrib beneath.
H. Gronovii, L. Stem strict, 1 to 3 feet high, leafy (3-12-leaved) below, continued nearly
through the virgate or thyrsiform panicle : pubescence mainly soft-setose, the stronger bristles
from papilla;: cauline leaves oval or oblong, closely sessile mostly by a broad base; lowest
and radical obovate or spatulate with attenuate base or short petiole : involucre 3 or 4 lines
long, 1 5-20-flowered : akenes fusiform, with gradually tapering beak-like summit: pappus
dirty whitish. Spec. ii. 802, as to pi. Grouov. (excl. remarks and pi. herb., which are of
//. venosnm) ; Michx. Fl. (var. foliosum) ; Monnier, Ess. Hier. 30; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 677,
not of Willd., Fru'l. in DC., &c. //. Marianum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 147, & Epicr. 152, not
Willd., except perhaps in small part. Stcnotlura Mariana, Monnier, 1. c. 72? S. xubnuda,
Monnier, 1. c. t. 2, f. 5 ; depauperate form (var. sulmiuhim, Torr. & Gray), with narrow pani-
cle reduced to a few heads. //. Gronovii, var. hirsutissimunt, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is the most
setose-hirsute form, with narrow panicle a foot or more long : and from that character, either
this or the next must be //. Pennsylvanicum, Fries, Symb. Hier. 150, & Epicr. 156; yet the
akenes described are like those of II. Mm-iinnun, Willd. Sandy ground, and open dry
woods, Canada? to Florida, Missouri, and Louisiana.
H. longipilum, Tonn. Stouter, leafy to near the middle of the stem, and with linear-
lanceolate or subulate bracts up to the narrow panicle : pubescence mainly setose and most
abundant; the bristles from a small papilla, upright, commonly half-inch to even an inch
long, fulvous or rufous, denticulate : leaves spatulate-oblong or upper lanceolate, thickish,
the radical commonly present in a tuft at flowering time : involucre 5 or 6 lines long, 20-30-
flowered, oblong-campanulate, and with short peduncles more or less tomentulose as well
as glandular: akenes fusiform, but much less tapering upward than in the preceding:
pappus at maturity fuscous. Hook. Fl. i. 298 (note) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 477; Fries, 1. c.
H. barbatum, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 70, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 446, not Tausch.
Open woods and prairies, Michigan to Nebraska and Texas.
Var. Spathulatum (Pilosclla spathulata, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1862, conjectured by
the author to be a variety of Hieracium scabrum), collected on Tuscarora Mountain, in the
ffieracium. COMPOSITE. 427
Alleghanies of Perm., Porter and Trnill Green, seems to be a depauperate form of the present
species, with stem naked and leafless except near the base, and bristly hairs not so long :
but heads in the specimens barely in blossom, and akenes unknown.
* * Rocky Mountain and Pacific species. (Involucre iu most cases less obviously double than in
the Eastern species; the calyculate bracts sometimes unequal or emulating the interior, or else
obsolete.)
-1 Crinite-hirsute with long and whitish or yellowish shaggy denticulate hairs, especially on both
sides of the entire leaves, on the branching leaf}- stems and panicle, and commonly but not
always on the involucre also: flowers yellow: akenes columnar and short, nut at all narrowed
upward, at most a line and a half long, shorter than the sordid pappus.
H. Scouleri, HOOK. Robust, a foot or two high : long and soft setose hairs commonly from
small papilla:: leaves lanceolate or spatulate-lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long) : panicle irregu-
lar or branching : heads half-inch high : involucre somewhat fnrfuraceous and glandular,
also sparsely or copiously beset with long bristly hairs : pappus whitish. Fl. i. 298, & Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 478, partly (some specimens of coll. Scouler distributed being //. cynoyios-
soides, and the plant from " Pennsylvania, Schweinitz," of Hooker, being H. Gronovii) ;
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 199. Montana to Oregon and Brit. Columbia, southeast to the
Wahsatch Mountains, Utah.
H. horridum, FRIES. Low (a span to a foot high), in tufts, branched from the caudex :
softer villous hairs not from papilla: : leaves Ungulate-lanceolate or spatulate-obloug, lowest
petioled : panicle corymbiforra-cymose, of numerous small and rather narrow heads : invo-
lucre 3 lines high, sometimes nearly naked, oftener beset with scattered and long bristly
hairs: pappus fuscous. Epicr. Hier. 154; Arvet-Touvet, 1. c. 19. II. Brewer i, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 553, & Bot. Calif, i. 440. On rocks, in the higher Sierra Nevada, California,
from Shasta to San Bernardino Co. ; first coll. by Bridges, next by Brewer.
II. RELICINUM, Fries, Epicr. 153, would seem to be only a taller and simpler-stemmed
form of the preceding, with widely open panicle and long-hirsute involucre. Described from
a specimen in herb. DC., from mountains of California, Bridges.
< -{ Crinitely long-villous with soft-woolly and blackish smooth hairs, which involve the heads,
&c., but are wanting to lower leaves ; no stellular pubc-cence and no glands: flowers yellow:
pappus fuscous.
H. triste, CHAM. A span or two high : stem simple, few-leaved, bearing solitary or mostly
2 to 4 somewhat racemosely disposed heads : radical leaves obovate to spatulate, entire,
green and glabrate, or with sparse pale hairs; cauline oblong, upper ones and stem more or
less villous-lauate : heads half-inch high : livid involucre and peduncles densely clothed with
the verv long dark-brown or partly grayish soft wool : akenes short-columnar. Cham, in
herb. Willd. ; Spreng. Syst. iii. C40 ; Frcel. in DC. Prodr. vii. 209 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
458, partly; Fries, 1. c. Aleutian Islands to Behring Strait; first coll. by Cltcimlsso and
Eschsc/io/tz.
H -I H Dark-hirsute (verging to naked) and somewhat glandular (also whitish with short
stellular-tomentum) on the involucre: leaves and lower part of scapiform stems not even p lose
(but glabrous or at most puberulent): flowers yellow: pappus sordid.
H. gracile, HOOK. Pale green, in tufts : leaves nearly all in radical clusters, obovate- to
oblcng-spatulate (1 to 3 inches long) and attenuate into petioles, entire or repand-denticu-
late : stems or scapes slender, 8 to 18 inches high, cinereous-tomeutulose above, bearing few
or several racemosely disposed livid heads, the lower linear-bracteate : involucre about 4
lines high, usually blackish-hairy at base in the manner of the preceding, but the hairs much
shorter than the head, also (as on the peduncles) some more setulose and glandular ones:
akenes short-columnar. Fl. i. 298; Fries, 1. c., not of Frcel., which is later. //. arctictim,
Frcel. in DC. Prodr. vii. 209. //. Hooker i, Steud. Nomen. ed. 2, 763. //. triste, in part,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 478. 77. triste, var. grrtn!e, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 441. Alaska (Norfolk
Sound, ex Frcelich), Brit. Columbia, Northern Cascade and Rocky Mountains, and south
to those of Utah and Colorado. Passes into
Var. detonsum. A span to nearly a foot high, with rather smaller heads : dark hir-
sute hairs wholly wanting, or only some smaller ones on the involucre. 77. triste, var. deton-
sum, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Mountains of Brit. Columbia to those of Colorado, and alpine
region in the Sierra Nevada, California, at some stations accompanying the typical form.
428 COMPOSITE. ffieracium.
JT- -i -i -t Not crinite (yet sometimes scattered bristles on the involucre and panicle), but at
least the radical leaves and base of stem sparsely or even thickly setose-hirsute with long
spreading hairs.
H- Flowers white: stems leafy and in larger plants loosely branching, depauperate or subalpine
plants even scapose : involucre 18-30-flowered : akenes linear-columnar (only a line and a half
long), not at all narrowed upward: pappus sordid: leaves entire or denticulate.
H. albiflorum, HOOK. A foot to a yard high, smaller plants with 'simple and larger with
compound open corymbiform-paniculate cyme : leaves oblong, thin (2 to 4 or larger 5 to 6
inches long), upper with usually narrowed sessile base, lower tapering into petiole : involucre
narrow-campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high, of linear-lanceolate bracts, pale or livid, mostly gla-
brous or nearly so, not rarely a few bristly hairs. Fl. i. 298; Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 479 ;
Fries, Symb. Hier. 143; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 440. Open dry woods, Rocky Mountains,
from lat. 56 to Colorado and Utah, and Brit. Columbia to mountains of S. California; first
coll. by Dnimmond. H. Vancoucerianum, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. 10 (at least specimens
coll. Lyall distributed from Kew as "H. Scouleri"), is of this species, and doubtless white-
flowered.
H- -H- Flowers yellow: stems more or less leafy, except in var. of If. cynoglossoides: involucre
15-30-flowered, oblong -campanulate, of rather numerous narrow and acute or acutish bracts:
akenes columnar, not at all tapering upward, not over a line and a half long: pappus from sor-
did to dull white.
= Leaves or many of them salient-dentate: pappus whitish.
H. argutum, NUTT. A foot or two high, slender, hirsute with long shaggy hairs at base of
stem, glabrous or merely puberulent above and throughout the very lax diffuse naked pani-
cle : leaves numerous at and near the base of the stem, broadly lanceolate (or radical oblong-
spatulate), acute or acuminate, tapering into margined petioles, larger ones 4 inches long,
half or two-thirds inch wide, each margin with 4 or 5 salient triangular teeth; upper ones
linear and entire, much reduced in size (1 to 3 lines wide) : peduncles elongated and with
the involucre more or less dark-glandular, sometimes a few scattered dark hairs. Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. vii 447. Hills behind Santa Barbara, California, Nut tall (specimen not
seen), Hothrock, who found it in Bartlett's Canon, young, color of flowers uncertain; Santa
Lucia Mountains, Parr//, an almost naked-stemmed form with radical leaves merely dentic-
ulate, the involucre and peduncles less glandular and more scurfy -pubernlent ; corollas cer-
tainly yellow. Also coll. by Hccnke? if Pilosclla arc/uln, Schultz Bip. in Flora, 1802, 438.
H. Parish!!, GRAY. Leafy up into the narrowly oblong panicle, puberulent above, with no
glandular hairs or stipitate glands: lower leaves shaggy-hirsute (along with base of stem),
elongated-lanceolate (5 to 8 inches long, half-inch or more wide), tapering to the base or
margined petiole, with 5 to 8 salient teeth to each margin ; upper leaves linear-lanceolate,
entire, those subtending lower branches of panicle (2 inches long) little shorter than they :
peduncles seldom much longer and often shorter than the heads : involucre pale, granulose-
puberulent. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. C7. Rock-crevices, San Bernardino Mountains, S. E.
California, Parish.
= = Leaves all entire, or merely repand, or slightly denticulate.
H. Rlisbyi, GREENE. Leafy-stemmed, 2 feet or more high, bearing numerous compound-
paniculate heads: stem hirsute below, above smooth and glabrous up to the rather short-
peduncled heads : leaves all elongated-oblong ; cauline little diminished in size upward (3 or 4
inches long), quite entire, mostly half-clasping at base : involucre 3 lines high, pale, barely
puberuleut : akenes short-columnar, blackish: pappus sordid. Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 69. Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby.
Var. W^riglltii, GRAY, 1. c. More robust and branching: bristles of the stem truly
hispid from papilliform base : branches and even peduncles setulose-hispidulous, and the latter
obscurely glandular : sometimes a few small bristles near the tips of the involucral bracts :
pappus dull white. Crepis ambigi/a, Gray, PI. Wright, i. 129, not PI. Fendl. W. borders
of Texas, between the Limpio and the l\io Grande, Wright.
H. cynoglossoides, ARVET. Stem a foot or less high (either from naked base or more
commonly a radical tuft of leaves), simple, 2-several-leaved, bearing few or several cymosely
disposed heads, setose-hirsute or hispid at base, either hispidnlous or glabrous above : leaves
lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, at least the lower conspicuously setose-hirsute ; upper some-
Sieracium. COMPOSITE. 429
times glabrous : involucre 4 or 5 lines high, glandular, sometimes as also peduncles glandu-
lar-hispidulous : akenes rather short-columnar: pappus whitish. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 68. //. Scouleri, Hooker, in herb. & distrib., partly; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 478, & Gray,
Bot. Calif. 1. c., mainly, not Hook. Fl. //. cynoglossoides, Arvet-Touvet, Spicil. Hier. 20,
founded on undeveloped specimen of Parry's N. Wyoming coll. no. 188. E. Hall's Oregon
coll. 523 consists of this and //. Scouleri mixed. N. W. Wyoming and Montana (Porter,
Parri/) to Washington Terr, and Oregon (first coll. by Tolmie, &c.) ; also Siskiyou Co., Cali-
fornia, Greene, passing to
Var. nudicaule, GKAY, 1. c. Leaves all in the radical tuft, or only one or two very
small and bracteiform on the (8 to 12 inch high) glabrous scape. Northern Sierra Nevada,
California, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin, the latter on Lassen's Peak.
H- -:-{- -w- Flowers apparently yellow, only 5 to 15 in the narrow and diffusely paniculate heads:
involucre eylindraceous, not at all glandular (4 lines high), "f 7 to broadish-liiiear and obtuse
principal bracts and 2 or 3 short oues: akenes comparatively large, ftillv 2 lines long, chestnut-
brown, slightly or at maturity not perceptibly tapering to the summit: pappus dark-fuscous :
loaves obovate-spatulate, all in a radical tuft at base of the loosely branching (span to foot high)
scapes.
H. Bolaiicleri, GRAY. Radical leaves sparsely or densely long-hirsute, no other pubescence,
scapes and involucre smooth and glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 365, Bot. Calif, i. 440,
& 1 'roc. Am. Acad. xix. 68. Mountains of California, Humboldt Co., Bolundcr. Near head-
waters of the Sacramento, Pringle. Sierra Co., Lemmon. Only Bolauder's specimen has
akenes narrowed upward.
H. Greenei, GRAY. Radical leaves villous-hirsnte, also canesceut-tomentose on both sides
with stellular pubescence: scape with peduncles and involucre cinereous-tomentose. Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 60. Pine woods of Scott's Mountains, Siskiyou Co., N. California, Greene.
H- -H- -(-! -H- Flowers yellow, 20 to 30 in the oblong heads: akenes fusiform, tapering gradually
to a narrow summit, fully as long as the white or whitish and softer pappus: stems scapiform,
bearing one or two small leaves toward the base and subulate bracts subtending peduncles
or simple branches of the panicle: leaves of radical tuft obovate to spatulate, obtuse, entire or
minutely denticulate, contracted into short wing-margined petioles. CLionoracium, Schnltz
Bip. in Bouplandia, 18G1. Crepidifpermum, Fries, Symb. ZTeteropleura, Schultz Bip. in Flora,
1SG1, 434. (Transition to Ci'i-pis.)
H. Pring'lei, GRAY. Strictly scapose, completely destitute of setose hairs and of glands .
leaves wholly rosulate, very villous-lanate both sides, obovate (2 or 3 inches long) : scape very
slender, a foot or more high, minutely soft-pubescent, as also the involucre, loosely paniculate
above, bearing few (4 or 5 lines long) and scattered heads : forming akenes somewhat nar-
rowed upward : young pappus soft, bright-white. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 69. S. Arizona,
on Santa Rita Mountains, Pringlc, Lemmon. Specimens too young.
H. Fendleri, SCIIULTZ BIP. Subscapose, not rarely one or two leaves toward base of the
simple or paniculately branching stem, sparsely setose-hirsute, not at all lanate, not gland-
ular or only obscurely so on the peduncles: radical leaves spatulate or broader; caulinc
verging to lanceolate, reduced above to linear bracts : heads few and racemiform-paniculatc,
or more numerous and corymbosely disposed, rather long-pedunculate : involucre half-inch
high, of 16 to 24 linear bracts and some short ones, puberulent or glabrate, with or without
scattered setose hairs : akenes 2| to fully 3 lines long, tapering from near the base to sum-
mit (at maturity the alternate nerves usually thicker than the others), sometimes reddish, at
length commonly blackish: pappus copious, soft, sordid-whitish. Bonplandia, ix. 173;
Gray, 1. c. Crrpis ambiijva, Gray, PL Fendl. 114. New Mexico, Fcndlcr, Wright, G. R.
Va so/. Colorado, Parr//, Hall & Harbour.
Var. discolor, GRAY, 1. c. Radical leaves (sometimes large, roundish, and over 2
inches broad) purple beneath: pappus nearly pure white. Santa Rita and Huachuca
Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle, the latter distributed as Hicracium erythrospermum ,
Greene, ined., which is the following.
Var. Mogollense, GRAY, 1. c. Leaves narrower, hardly if at all purple-tinged .
bristly hairs disposed to be shorter: peduncles minutely and sparsely glandular-setulose : in-
volucre smaller (only 5 lines high): immature akenes reddish: pappus pure white. //.
brevipilum, Greene in Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 64, first distributed as " Ilieracium er
mum." Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusbij.
430 COMPOSITE. Hieracium.
H- -H- -W- -H- -H- Flowers white or flesh-colored: akcnes slender-columnar, hardly narrowed
upward, about the length of the bright wl/ite soft pappus: stem leafy. (Transition to Crepis.)
H. cameum, GREENE. Wholly glabrous and smooth except below : stem slender, 2 feet or
more high, loosely paniculate-branched, glaucescent, its base and the oblong or lanceolate
subsessile radical leaves beset with long villous-setiform hairs : cauliue leaves narrowly-lance-
olate to linear, entire, very smooth, some of the lower sparsely piliferous : heads scattered in
the corymbiform or irregular panicle : involucre campanulate, 4 or 5 lines high, pale, of
narrow linear-lanceolate bracts, 15-20-flowered : corollas light rose-color: akenes 2 lines
long. Bot. Gazette, vi. 184; Gray, 1. c. 69. Mountains of New Mexico, Greene. Also
coll. by Bigclow or Wriyht. Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon.
H. Leninioni, GRAY. Villously or hirsutely setose throughout up to the racemiform close
thyrsus : stem simple, 2 feet or more high, very leafy : leaves thiuuish, lanceolate-oblong,
denticulate with callous or glandular teeth ; canliue partly clasping, acute ; lowest oblong-
spatulate, 4 to 7 inches long, tapering into winged petioles; those of radical cluster wanting :
heads numerous and crowded in the oblong thyrsus, 4 lines high, 12-20-rlowered: involucre
glabrous or nearly so, not glandular, not longer than the canescently puberulent peduncles ;
its principal bracts narrowly linear, greenish-livid, obtuse : corollas short, seemingly white :
akenes hardly 2 lines long, slender, obscurely if at all narrowed upward when mature but
obviously so when younger : pappxis less copious than in the preceding, bright white.
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 70. S. Arizona, at Bear Spring, Cave Canon, near Fort Huachuca,
Lemmon. A species of Mexican type, of the group Thyrsoidea of Fries.
H. ABSCISSUM, Less., a Mexican species (with habit of //. Lemmoni, but less leafy), probably
also including II. thyrsoidcinn, Fries, is said, in Fries, Epicrisis, 150, to come from " Texas ad
Malpays de la Jiyas' (an unrecognized locality), and from "Alabama."
227. CREPIS, L. (Name used by Pliny for some now unknown plant,
from KprjTTLs, a boot or sandal.) Chiefly a European genus, of annuals or peren-
nials, with soft white pappus and narrow-necked or beaked akenes, some, with
truncate or merely upwardly attenuate akenes ; the involucre apt to be thickened
at base, and leaves to be pinnatiCd. Flowers in all ours yellow. Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 47; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 513.
* Annuals or hardly biennials, sparingly introduced from Europe : akenes bcaklcss or nearly so:
bracts of involucre thickening and becoming more or less rigid at base after anthe.-i-.
C. vfnExs, L. A foot or two high, erect or ascending: leaves from dentate to laciniate-pin-
natifid, spatulate to lanceolate ; cauline with sagittate somewhat clasping base : heads
slender-peduucled, small: involucre 3 or 4 lines high: akenes oblong, 10-striate, smooth,
slightly and about equally contracted at both ends. Yill. Fl. Delph. iii. 142. C. jwlymor-
phn, Wallr.; DC. Prodr. vii. 1G2, mainly. Mnlai-otliri.c crt.ji<>/tli.x, Gray, Pacif. H. Rep. xii.
49, & Crr-pis Cooper i, Grav, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 214, a small and diffuse somewhat naked-
stemmed form, with scattered heads. At landings and near towns on the Columbia River,
Oregon and Washington Terr., probably at first a ballast-weed. (Nat. from Eu.)
C. TECTORTM, L. Usually more slender: leaves narrow, less or not at all sagittate at base :
akenes fusiform, with gradually attenuate summit, upwardly scabrous on the ribs. A
ballast-weed at New York Harbor. Iu fields at Lansing, Michigan. (Xat. from Eu.)
C. BTEXNIS, L. Generally larger, more pubescent or hirsute, leafy -stemmed : leaves ruucinate-
pinnatind, or 'some of the lower spatulate and barely dentate; cauline with sagittate-dentate
base: involucre 4 to G lines high, broadly campanulate, somewhat cauesceutly pubescent and
hispidulous : akenes oblong with narrower summit, 13-striate, smooth. Engl. Bot. t. 149;
DC. Prodr. vii. 1G3 (excl. var. Ann r/ctniu) ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 1439. Waste grounds,
Vermont, Prinrjlr. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Perennials, indigenous westward or northward : akenes beakless or short-beaked.
+- Low or depressed, branched from base, glaucescent and wholly glabrous, bearing numerous
clustered and narrow short-peduncled heads: involucre cylindrical, 8-14-flowered, of 8 to 10
smooth and narrowlv linear obtuse equal bracts, in a single series (unchanged in fruit except by
thickened midrib close to the base in C. nann), and 3 or 4 short calyculate ones at base: akenes
Crepis. COMPOSITE. 431
narrow, 10-striate, the summit with a more or less dilated disk bearing the soft deciduous pap-
pus. Younyia, Ledeb., &c., not Cass.
C. nana, RICHARDS. Forming depressed tufts on slender creeping rootstocks : leaves
diielly radical (iucli or two long, including petiole or attenuate base), obovate to spatulate,
entire, repand-dentate, or lyrate, commonly equalling the clustered scapes or stems : heads
in fruit half-inch high or nearly : akeues linear, unequally costate, obscurely contracted
under the moderately dilated pappiferoua disk. App. Fraukl. Journ. ed. 2, 92; Hook.
App. Parry Voy. 397," t. 1, & Fl. i. 297 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 488. Hlerucium, etc., Gmel. Fl.
Sibir. ii. 20, t. 7. Prenanthes pygmaa, Ledeb. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 553. P. polymor/iha,
Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iv. 144. Barkhausia nana, DC. Prodr. vii. 156. Yoitngia pyytmea, Ledeb.
Fl. Ross. ii. 838. Arctic coast aud islands, ami alpine mountain summits south to Colorado
and the Sierra Nevada in California. (X. Asia.)
C. elegans, Hooic. Many-stemmed from a perennial tap-root, a span to a foot high,
diffusely branched : leaves entire or nearly so; radical spatulate, cauline from lanceolate to
linear: heads smaller or narrower than in the preceding: akenes linear-fusiform, miuutelv
scabrous on the equal narrow ribs, attenuate into a short slender beak, which is discoid
dilated at summit. Fl. i. 297 ; DC. Prodr. vii. 172 ; Torr. Gray, 1. c. Barkhausia elegans,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 435. Saskatchewan district to Dakota and Montana; first
coll. by Drummond.
+- -l More robust and taller, with scapiform or few-leaved stems and larger heads: akenes
thicker, not discoid-dilated at the insertion of the pappus.
-H- No furfuraceous or canescent pubescence: foliage mostlj- glabrous: involucre campanulate,
many-flowered; its bracts lanceolate or linear, acute, Ihlle thickened below after flowering:
thick root possibly biennial, probably perennial: heads few or several and loosely corymbosely
cymose: pappus not remarkably copious. Crepidium, Nutt.
C. glaiica, TOUR. & GRAY. Usually scapose, a foot or two high, glaucescent or glaucous :
radical leaves from obovate-spatulate to lanceolate, from entire to laciuiate-pinuatifid : invo-
lucre 4 lines high, glabrous or nearly so, as also the peduncles: akenes oblong, with slightly
narrowed summit, strongly and evenly 10-costate. Fl. ii. 488 ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 203 ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 430. Crepidium ylaucum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 43G. Moist
and saline ground, Saskatchewan and Nebraska, Utah and Nevada. Probably Arizona
(Rutlirock), but specimen too young and leafy, and peduncles sparingly hispidulous-glandu-
lar. Crepidium caulesccns, Nutt. 1. c., is probably a somewhat leafy-stemmed form.
C. ruiicinata, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Not glaucous or slightly so, a foot or two high: radi-
cal leaves obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, from repand to runcinate-pinnatifid with short
lobes or teeth; cauliue none, or small and narrow at the forks : involucre half-inch high or
smaller, pubescent, often hirsute, sometimes (with peduncles and upper part of scape)
glandular-hispidulous : akeues narrowly oblong, moderately narrowed upward, somewhat
evenly 10-costate. C. Unmis, var., Hook. Fl. i. 297, not L. C. bicnn/s, var. Americana,
DC. Prodr. vii. 1G3. Hieracium runcinatuin, James in Long Expcd. i. 453 ; Torr. in Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ii. 209. Crepidium runcinatuin, Nutt. I.e. Saskatchewan to Montana and
south to Colorado and Utah, in subalpine swamps; first coll. bv James.
C. Anderson!, GRAY. Not glaucous, a foot or more high; leaves laciniately pinnatifid or
dentate, but not runcinate : involucre half to three-fourths inch high, cinereous-pubescent, of
broader and firmer bracts, more imbricated, outermost oblong- to ovate-lanceolate : akenes
fusiform, unequally S-10-costate, tapering into a short but manifest beak. Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 553, & Bot. Calif, i. 436. Eastern Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada,
in low grounds : a form with a cauline leaf or two in uplands ; first coll. by Anderson.
-H- -K- Furfuraceous- or cinereous-pubescent, at least the foliage, sometimes also hirsute, deep-
rooted perennials, more or less leafy-stemmed: akenes oblong to fusiform, beakless, 10-12-eos-
tate : pappus of very copious bristles, persistent: bracts of involucre at length with more or
less thickened or carinate midrib, at least the base: leaves usually laciniate-pinuatifid. Crtpis
Leptoiheca & Psilochenia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 437, but false character of akenes
of the latter, and outer flowers not sterile. Species dillicult.
= Principal bracts of the narrow involucre and flowers 5 to 8 : no hirsute pubescence: pappus
moderately copious and soft.
C. acuminata, NCTT. 1. c. Minutely ciuereously-puberulent below, but green: stem slen-
der, 1 to 3 feet high, 1-3-leaved, bearing a fastigiate or corymbiform cyme of numerous
432 COMPOSITE. Crepis.
small heads : leaves elongated, slender-petioled, ohiong-laneeolate in outline, laciniate-pin-
natifid, tapering to both ends, the apex usually into a lanceolate or linear tail like prolonga-
tion (of 2 or 3 inches in length) ; the lobes also mostly linear-lanceolate, rarely short: invo-
lucre uarrow-cyliudraceous, a third to half inch long, rarely over G-flowered, theiunoresceuce
smooth and glabrous : the few calyculate bractlets minute and often tomentulose : akenes
at maturity fusiform, considerably longer than the pappus, lightly striate-costate, moderately
attenuate at summit. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 489 ; Torr. in Stansbury Hep. 392, t. viii. (akene
too rostrate) ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 204, hardly of Gray, Bot. Calif. Dry ground, Mon-
tana and Wyoming to E. Oregon, southward to Utah and mountains of S. E. California;
first coll. by NuttalL
C. intermedia. Habit and foliage of the preceding, or less tall, more ciiiereous-puberulent,
usually with fewer heads : involucre half-inch or more long, canescently pubernleut ; its bracts
in age more carinate by thickened midrib, the calyculate ones less minute: akeues acutely
10-costate at maturity, oblong-fusiform, slightly attenuate upward, longer than or equalling
the pappus. C, acuminata, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., partly. Kocky Mountains in Colorado
to the Sierra Nevada, California, and north to the interior of Washington Terr, and borders
of British Columbia. Appears to pass both into preceding and following.
Var. gracilis. A very slender form, with rhachis and apical prolongation as well as
lobes of tbe leaves attenuate-linear. C. occidenlalis, var. gracilis, Eaton, Bot. King Exp.
203, mainly.
Var. pleurocarpa. Leaves runciuately dentate, or subpinuatifid, or some entire, not
prolonged at apex : akenes merely oblong, hardly narrowed upward, shorter than the pappus,
very salieutly 10-costate. Mountains about headwaters of the Sacramento, N. California,
Pringle, coll. 1881, taken as a well-marked species : but the coll. 1882, distributed as " C. pleu-
rocarpa, Gray," accords both as to leaves and akenes with C. intermedia.
= = Principal bracts of involucre 9 to 24 and flowers 10 to 30: pappus exceedingly copious and
pluriserial, rather harsher.
C. OCCidentalis, NUTT. Often hirsute as well as canescent, rather robust, a span to a foot
or so high, commonly leafy-stemmed and branching : leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader
in outline, variously laciniate-pinnatifid or incised, apex seldom much prolonged : heads few
or several, mostly on stout peduncles : involucre half to two-thirds inch high, oblong-cylin-
draceous to campanulate, canesceut: akenes (4 or 5 lines long, longer than the pappus)
usually with tapering summit and acute ribs. Jour. A cad. Thilad. vii. 29 ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. 488 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 435. Psilochenia occidentalis, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c.
Plains of Nebraska and Wyoming to Washington Terr., and south to the mountains of
Colorado and California. Varies widely, as into
Var. COStata, GKAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Low and stouter form, with broader heads, and
no hirsute pubescence : involucre oblong, of 10 to 14 bracts: akenes thicker, oblong, some-
times hardly at all narrowed at summit and more saliently costate. Utah, on Stansbury
Island, Wutson.
Var. Nevadensis, KELLOGG. Stout, a span or two high, hirsute as well as canes-
cent, or cauescent only: leaves broad, disposed to be laciniately bipimiatifid : heads solitary
or few, on stout peduncles : involucre campanulate; its principal bracts 16 to 20: akenes
gradually narrowed to summit. C. occidental is, var. Xertidt-nsis & var. siibtirnulis, Kellogg,
Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 50. Var. cosfata in part, & var. Nerndensis, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c.
High Sierra Nevada, California, Kc./lor/i/, Lemmon, &c.
. Var. crinita, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Stout, a span to a foot high, barbately and
above somewhat viscidly hirsute even to the involucre ; this from broadly campanulate to
oblong, 20-30-flowered : akenes (as far as seen) oblong, strongly costate, obscurely narrowed
at summit. Sierra Nevada from Sierra Co., Lemmon, Mrs. Amfs, to Siskivou Co., Greene.
Also collected by the Wilkes Expedition, in Washington Territory, or perhaps rather N.
California.
228. PBENANTHES, Vaill. (Uprjv^, drooping, avOrf, blossom.)
Perennial herbs, the original ;i European species, with loosely paniculate heads,
few-nerved akenes, and soft bright white pappus. But the American species all
belong to the following well-marked subgeuus,
Prenanthes. COMPOSITE. 433
1. N/BALUS, Enrll., with more contracted inflorescence, dull-colored flowers,
more nerved akenes (only in the last species tapering at summit), and stiffer
sordid pappus. (North American & North Asiatic.) Nabalus, Cass. Diet, xliii.
281 ; Hook. Fl. i. 293 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 480. ffarpalyce, Don, in Edinb.
Phil. Jour. vi. 305, not DC. Fl. late summer and autumn.
* Heads 20-35-flowered, comparatively broad, corymbosely paniculate: leaves mostly wing-
petioled.
P. crepiclinea, MICHX. Minutely pubescent or partly glabrous : stem stout, 5 to 9 feet high,
branching above, leafy up to the short branches of inflorescence : leaves ample, ovate-deltoid,
or radical hastate and uppermost oblong, acutely or laciniately dentate : involucre half to
two-thirds inch long, oblong-campanulate, sparsely hirsute: flowers ochroleucous : akenes
finely 12-15-costate, four or five of the ribs stronger: pappus sordid. Fl. ii. 84. liar paly ce
crepidinu, Don ex Steud. Ntibulus crcpidincus, DC. Prodr. vii. 241 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 483.
Rich soil, Peuu. and western borders of New York to Illinois and Kentucky ; first coll. by
Michuux,
* * Heads 8-15-flowered, narrow, crowded or sometimes scattered in an elongated racemiform or
thyrsoid-virgate inflorescence which terminates the simple (1 to 5 feet high) stem : cauline
leaves sessile; radical and lower tapering into winged petioles, not cordate or deltoid ; all simply
pinnately veined: root usually fusiform-thickened or tuberous, simple or palmately branched.
-) Thyrsus hirsute or pubescent: heads little or not at all drooping, on pedicels much shorter than
the involucre, 12-14-flowered: akenes at maturity about 15-nerved, somewhat angled by four or
five of the nerves being stronger: stems leafy up to the strict thyrsus: leaves ordinarily only
denticulate, lower spatulate-oblong to obovate.
P. aspera, MICIIX. I.e. Minutely scabrous-pubescent or below puberulent : upper leaves
lanceolate, not clasping: thyrsus a foot or two long: involucre roughish-hirsute : flowers
yellowish cream-color. P. Illinoensis, Pers. Syn. ii. 36G ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 500. Chondrilla
Illinoensis, Poir. Suppl. ii. 331. Nabalus Illinoensis, DC. Prodr. vii. 242. N. asper, Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. Prairies and barrens, Ohio and Kentucky to Iowa and Louisiana; first coll. by
Michaux.
P. racemosa, Micnx. 1. c. Leaves and stem glabrous and glaucous: upper cauline leaves
lanceolate to ovate, partly clasping, the broader ones by cordate or auriculate base: thyrsus
a span to 2 feet long: involucre rather loosely hirsute: flowers purplish. Harpabjce race-
mosa, Don ex Steud. ; Beck, Hot. 1G8. Nabalus racemosus, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
Moist or low ground, N. Maine and Canada, also New Jersey, to Saskatchewan and the
Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado ; first coll. by Michaux.
Var. pinnatiflda. Large: leaves all lyrately or laciniately pinnatifid. N. race-
mosiis, var., Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Ilackensack Marshes, New Jersey, Carey.
-I -) Thyrsus and whole plant smooth and glabrous : heads pendulous and more pedicellate, in a
looser racemiform thyrsus, S-12-flowcrcd: akenes about 5-nerved or angled, the intermediate
nerves obscure.
P. Mainensis. About two feet high, leafy up to and into the panicle : leaves nearly those
of P. racemosa, but thinner and less glaucous ; the radical ovate, commonly with abrupt or
rounded base ; upper subtending clusters of the interrupted narrow thyrsus : heads all droop-
ing both before and after anthesis, resembling those of the following species. Shore of the
St. John's River, at St. Francis, N. Maine, Priiir/le. Growing with or near P. racemosa.
And a looser form of the latter, "very common on the St. John's River," Coodalc, is some-
what between the two; so that this may be a hybrid of P. racemosa with P. scrpcntaria.
P. virgata, MICIIX. 1. c. Glaucescent, very smooth, 2 to 4 feet high, very strict: radical
and lower leaves oblong-lanceolate, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid or pinnately parted, and divis-
ions sometimes lobed or few-toothed ; upper not clasping, decreasing to linear-lanceolate-
and entire, and to small subulate bracts of the naked and slender (1 or 2 feet long) race-
miform inflorescence: flowers whitish or pale flesh-color: pappus sordid-stramineous.
Willd. Spec. iii. 1533; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell. 8k. ii. 258. P. autumnal is, &c., Gronov. Fl. Virg. ;
Walt. Car. 193. P. simplex. Pursh, 1. c. llnrpali/ce virgata, Don ex Steud.; Beck, 1. c.
Nabalus vlrnatus, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Moist ground in pine barrens, New Jersey
to Florida, in the low country.
28
434 COMPOSITE. Prenanthes.
# # * Heads 5-18-flowered, sometimes racemose, usually paniculate, commonly pendulous:
leaves diverse, but the cauline nearly all petioled; lower and radical or some of them cordate, or
hastate, or truncate at base: root mostly fusiform-thickened or tuberous, as in the preceding:
akenes obscurely or minutely striate and sometimes 3-4-costate or angled.
-1 Involucre cylindraceous, distinctly calyculate with very short and ovate to triangular-subulate
appressed scale-like bracts: principal bracts with their covered margins white-scarious in dried
specimens. Species variously called WHITE LETTUCE, LION'S-FOOT, RATTLESNAKE-ROOT,
GALL-OF-TIIE-EARTH.
H- Pappus cinnamon-brown: stem tall, generally purplish.
P. alba, L. Glabrous, often glaucescent, 2 to 5 feet high, rather stout : leaves sometimes all
deltoid-hastate and nearly dentate, ou slender winged petioles, or uppermost oblong with
tapering base, or most of them 3-5-lobed or parted : inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate : invo-
lucre 8-12- (rarely 5-) flowered, commonly purplish-tinged: flowers dull white: pappus
reddish-brown. L. as to Hort. Cliff. & Syu. Pluk., not of herb.; Michx. Fl. ii. 83, in part
(not of herb, proper) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1079 ; Pursli, Fl. ii. 499 ; Bigel. Fl. Bo.st. ed. 2, 286.
P. rulticiinda, Willd. Spec. iii. 2537, excl. syn. ; Pursh, 1. c. P. suavis, Salisb. Parad. Loud.
t. 85. P. Miamensis, ovata, & proteophylla, Riddell, Syu. W. PI., to be divided between this
aud following species. Harpalyce alba, Don ex Steud. ; Beck, 1. c. Nabalus trifoliolatus,
Cass. Diet, xxxiv. 95. N. snarls, DC. 1. c. 241. N. albus, Hook. Fl. ii. 294, chiefly; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. ii. 480, excl. var. Open oak-woods aud sandy or gravelly ground, Canada and
New England to Saskatchewan, Illinois, and the upper country of Georgia, &c.
-w- -H- Pappus sordid straw-color or whitish: leaves diversely variable, assuming all the forms
of the preceding species.
P. serpentaria, PURSH. Commonly 2 feet high, glabrous or a little hirsute-pubescent :
stem sometimes purple-spotted, rather stout : inflorescence corymbosely thyrsoid-paniculate ;
the heads mostly glomerate at summit of ascending or spreading flowering-branches or pe-
duncles : involucre green, rarely purplish-tinged, 8-12-flowered : flowers purplish, greenish
white, or ochroleucous. Fl. ii. 409, t. 24; Ell. Sk. ii. 261. P. alba, L. Spec., as to PI.
Gronov. ; AValt. Car. 193; Ell. Sk. ii. 259. Harpalyce serpentaria, Don, 1. c. ; Beck, 1. c.
Nabalus trilobatus, Cass. Diet. 1. c. ? N. serpentarius (Hook. 1. c.), N. trilubatus, N.
Fraseri, DC. 1. c. (N. ylaucus, Prenanthes glanca, Raf. Fl. Lud. 57, & Eso]>on glaucum, Raf.
1. c. 149, has no foundation.) Open grounds, commonly in sandy or sterile soil, New Bruns-
wick and Canada to Florida.
Var. nana. Stem more simple aud strict, 6 to 16 inches high, smooth and glabrous :
inflorescence contracted; often sessile or snbsessile clusters of heads in the axils of most of
the cauline leaves: involucre livid-greenish. P. alba, var. nana, Bigel. Fl. Bost. 1. c.
Nabalus nanus (also N. serpentarius, var. la-i-is), DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. A form with
leaves pedately parted into narrow divisions is probably JV. tri/'o/iolatus, Cass. Mountains
of N. New England to Canada, S. Labrador, and Newfoundland.
Var. barbata. Sometimes hirsutulous-pubescent : leaves from oblong to deltoid-
hastate, from denticulate to sinuate-lobed, upper not rarely sessile : involucre sometimes
sparingly and sometimes copiously beset with bristles. P. crcpiilima. Ell. Sk. ii. 259, not
Michx. Nabalus integrifolius (Cass. 1. c. 96, with " subsagittate " leaves), & X. Fraseri in part,
DC. 1. c. N. Fraseri, var. integrifolius & var. barbatns, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 481. N. (&
Prenanthes) Roanensis, Chickering in Bot. Gazette, v. 155, vi. 191, a mountain form, a span
to a foot high, with most of the leaves hastate-deltoid, and bristles on the involucre copious
and conspicuous. Mountains of N. and S. Carolina to Alabama; apparently first coll. by
Fraser, then by Macbride; the high mountain form by Chickering ou Roan Mountain. Oc-
casionally a few of these setose hairs are found on the involucre of ordinary P. serpentaria,
and in this variety some heads are almost destitute of them.
P. altissirna, L. Commonly 3 to 7 feet high, slender, not glaucous, glabrous or nearly so
(in open ground sometimes purple-stemmed and hispidulous !) : leaves thin, disposed to be
hastate, deltoid, or cordate, sometimes ovate, and denticulate or dentate ; lower not rarely from
3-lobed to pedately 5-parted : panicle elongated and loose, very commonly subsessile clusters
in the axils of many cauline leaves : involucre narrow-cylindrical, greeuish, always glabrous,
5-6-flowered : flowers greenish-ochroleucous. Spec. ii. 797, from char., syn. Pluk. (Aim.
t. 317) & Vaill., and perhaps herb. (P. alba, L. herb., specimen from Kalm, is either this or
Lygodesmia. COMPOSITE. 435
P. scrpentaria.) Harpalyce alttssima, Don, 1. c. ; Beck. 1. c. Nabalus altissimus, Hook. Fl. i.
294 ; DC. I.e. ; Torr. & Gray, I.e., with named varieties, ot-atus, cordatus (N.cordatus, Hook.,
Prenanthes twefata, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 25), deltoidcus (N. deltoideus & N. cordatus, DC.
1. c., Prenanthes deltoidtus, Ell. 1. c.), & disscctus, all too transitional for preservation. Woods
and shaded banks, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, Pennsylvania, and to the mountains of
Georgia.
H n Involucre campanulate-oblong, of livid or greenish bracts nearly or quite destitute of
scariuus margins, imperfectly calyculate by 2 or 3 irregular and loose linear accessory bracts,
less pendulous than in the preceding: pappus sordid-whitish: plants glabrous or a little
pubescent.
P. Boottii. A span or two high, simple, several-leaved, bearing 7 to 15 racemosely disposed
heads : leaves deltoid-oblong and obtuse, or somewhat hastate and the upper acute, on mar-
gined petioles, uppermost lanceolate, all entire or denticulate, the lamina only an inch or so
long : involucre half-inch long, of 10 to 15 obtuse and rather unequal proper bracts, 10-18-
flowered : flowers dull white. Prenanthes alba, var. nuna, Bigel. Fl. Bost. I.e., in part.
Nalalus Boottii, DC. Prodr. vii. 241 ; Torr. Gray, 1. c. 482. Alpine region, mountains of
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and N. New York ; first coll. by Boutt and Biijelow.
P. alata. A foot or two high, the larger plants branching : leaves hastate-deltoid, acute or
acuminate, sharply and irregularly dentate, abruptly contracted or some of the upper ciuie-
ately decurreut into winged petioles, or small uppermost narrower and sessile by a tapering
base : heads loosely and somewhat corytnbosely paniculate : involucre of 8 to 10 bracts, 7-15-
flowered : flowers purplish : akeues slender, 3 or almost 4 lines long, at least sometimes with
tapering summit! Sonclnts hastatus, Less, in Linn. vi. 99; Bong. Veg. Sitch. 146. Nabalus
alatus, Hook. Fl. i. 294, t. 102 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 483. Mulyedium hastatum, DC. Prodr.
vii. 250. Uualaska and other Aleutian Islands to Oregon ; first coll. by Chamisso, &c.
(Adj. Asia.)
Var. sagittata. Leaves sagittate or hastate, with the basal lobes mostly slender and
prolonged: heads in a virgate panicle: involucre narrower, pale green (not livid), very
glabrous, subtended by more numerous slender calyculate bracts : immature akenes little
over 2 lines long, not tapering at summit. Rocky Mountains, N. Montana, in Jocko Canon,
Watson. Upper Flathead, L'anby & Saryent.
229. LYGODESMIA, Don. (Airyos, a pliant twig, and Seoy^, bundle,
from the vimiiieous fasciculate stems of the typical species.) N. American herbs,
mostly smooth and glabrous ; with usually rush-like rigid or tough stems, linear or
scale-like leaves, and terminal or scattered heads which are always erect ; the
flowers pink or rose-color, produced in spring or summer. Don, in Edinb. Phil.
Jour. vi. 305; DC. Prodr. vii. 198; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 484; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. 530; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217. Genus somewhat polymorphous.
1. Erect perennials, with striate-angled junciform stems and branches, not
spinescent, and terminal solitary heads : akenes slender, terete, almost filiform,
slightly tapering to summit, 4-8-uerved or at maturity nerveless : pappus soft and
copious, whitish or sordid.
L. jlincea, Dox, 1. c. Fastigiately much branched from the deep-rooted base, about a foot
high : leaves persistent, small, somewhat uervose ; lower lanceolate-linear from a broadish
base, inch or two long ; upper reduced to small subulate scales : involucre at most half-inch
long, 5-flowered : ligules a quarter or third of an inch long. Hook. Fl. i. 295, t. 103 ; Torr.
& Gray, 1. c. Prenanthcs jitncea, Pursh, Fl. ii. 498 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 123. Plains of the Sas-
katchewan and Minnesota to the Eocky Mountains, New Mexico, and even in Nevada,
Watson.
L. grandiflora, TOER. & GRAY. Stems separate or few from the root, simple below, a
span to a foot high ; the larger plants leafy, corymbosely branched above, and bearing few
or numerous short-pedunculate heads : leaves all entire, of firm and thickish texture, linear-
attenuate, 2 to 4 inches long, only the very uppermost reduced to scales : involucre fully
three-fourths inch long, 5-10-flowered: ligules of equal length, showy, rose-red. Fl. ii. 485.
436 COMPOSITE. Lygodesmia.
L. juncea, var. dianthopsis, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 200, the well-developed and taller form,
leafy to the top. Erythremia grandiflora, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 445, dwarf form.
Gravelly hills or slopes, W. Wyoming (first coll. by Nutlall), Utah about Salt Lake (first
coll. by Stansbury), and S. Utah.
L. aphylla, DC. 1. c. Stems mostly solitary from the root, slender and quite rush-like,
2 feet or so high, naked or nearly so, once or twice forked above, and bearing solitary long-
peduucled heads : leaves rather fleshy, chiefly radical or near the ground, filiform, elongated,
entire, or with one or two rare teeth ; upper reduced to minute scales at the forks : involucre
(mostly 10-flovvered) and rose-colored ligules each two-thirds to three-fourths inch long.
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 251. Prenanthcs aphylla, Nutt. Gen. ii. 123 ; Ell. Sk. ii. 261.
Erythremia aphtjlla, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. 446. Dry pine barrens, S. Georgia
and Florida; first coll. by Baldwin.
Var. Texana, TORR. & GRAY, 1. c. Stouter : leaves more numerous, from filiform
and usually with 2 or 3 lateral lobes to linear (2 lines broad) and sparingly piuuately lobed,
also some smaller leaves on the stem: some Texan specimens nearly like those of Florida.
Rocky hills and plains, Texas; first coll. by Berlandier, Drummond, &.K.
2. Diffuse and spinescent perennial, with flexuous branches not striate-angled :
pappus rigidulous, whitish, of unequal bristles. Pleiacanthus, Nutt.
L. spinosa, NUTT. 1. c. Stems slender and rigid, low, much branched from an indurated
and matted-woolly base, otherwise glabrous : branchlets divergent, spinescent, bearing
minute scales in place of leaves and lateral very short-peduncled heads : lower canline leaves
linear, entire, thickish, above soon reduced to scales : involucre 3-5-flowered ; its proper bracts
not more numerous, rather loose, lanceolate ; the unequal and more imbricated calyculate
ones comparatively broad and large : akenes much shorter than the pappus, not at all nar-
rowed upward, 4-5-costate. Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 200; Gray, Bot.
Calif. 441. Gravelly hills and plains in the arid district, S. Idaho to S. Nevada and the east-
ern borders of Calif oruia ; first coll. by Nuttall.
3. Paniculatelj branched annuals, not spinescent : pappus white and soft.
L. rostrata, GRAY. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, striate, leafy, corymbose-paniculate : leaves
narrowly linear, attenuate to both ends, entire, obscurely 3-nerved ; cauline 3 to 7 inches
long, barely 2 lines wide ; uppermost slender-subulate : heads numerous, on scaly-bractcolate
erect peduncles : involucre over half-inch high, 8-9-flowered, of as many very narrowly linear
bracts and a few short calyculate ones : rays small and narrow, probably purplish : akenes
slender-fusiform, 4 or 5 lines long, distinctly attenuate at summit but not truly rostrate, 5-8-
striate, longer than the soft rather dull-white pappus. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 217. L. juncea,
var. rostrata, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 69. Plains along the eastern base of the
Rocky Mountains, from the Saskatchewan (Cypress Hills, Macuun) to Wyoming and Colo-
rado, where first coll. by Uall & Harbour.
L. exigua, GKAY, 1. c. A span or two high, effusely paniculate from the base, bearing
numerous small heads terminating short-filiform divergent branchlets or peduncles : branches
not striate: radical leaves spatulate or oblong (about inch long), from nearly entire to run-
ciuate-pinnatifid ; cauline small and entire, soon reduced to minute bracts : involucre oblong,
2 lines high, 4-5-flowered, of as many narrowly oblong bracts and one or two very small
calyculate ones : akenes not 2 lines long, gradually tapering from the truncate summit to
base, broadly 4-5-costate, or rather narrowly 4-5-sulcate, somewhat longer than the bright
white pappus. Prenanthcs exiijua, Gray, PI. Wright, ii. 105. Stony hills, S. E. New
Mexico, Wright. S. W. Utah, Parry, Palmer. Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Parish.
230. TB6XIMON, Nutt. (Probably from rpwyw, rpoifo/iai, to chew, of
no obvious application to this, or to the factitious genus, partly Krigia, partly
Scorzonera, for which Gaertner coined the name.) N. American with one or
two S. American herbs, acaulescent or nearly so, with a cluster of sessile or sub-
sessile radical leaves, and simple scapes bearing a head of yellow or rarely purple
flowers, in summer. Occasionally in one species some chaffy bracts among the
Troximon. COMPOSITE. 437
flowers. Nutt. in Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 127; Beuth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 522;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 215, Bot. Calif, i. 437, & Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 71.
Troximon & Macrorkynchus (Less.), DC., Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 489, 491.
1. EUTROXIMON. Akenes more or less linear, beakless, or tapering gradually
into a short and thickish beak, on which the nerves or ribs of the body are pro-
longed to the apex : pappus rigidulous : perennial from a strong caudex.
* No beak to the akene, its moderately short contracted summit of the same texture as the body
and equally 10-costate: involucral bracts somewhat equal, all tapering to a slender acuininatioii,
the outer from an oblong or ovate-lanceolate base, glabrous : corolla yellow : root perennial.
T. alpestre, GRAY. Dwarf from an elongated rootstock or caudex, glabrous : leaves diverse
(2 or 3 inches long), narrowly spatulate or lanceolate and pinnately lobed or incised, or
parted into narrow linear divisions: scape 2 or 3 inches high, weak: involucre canipanulate,
7 or 8 lines high; the bracts in about 2 series: akenes 2^ lines long, equalled by the slender
uniform pappus-bristles. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 70, 71. On Mount Paddo, Washington
Terr., Suksdorf, 1880. Summit of Cascade Mountains, Oregon, L. F. Henderson.
T. CUSpidatum, PURSII. Glaucescent, tomentulose when young, a span or two or the
scape at length a foot high from a thickened caudex : leaves entire, elongated linear-lanceolate
and upwardly linear-attenuate, thickish, often uervose, mostly tomentulose-ciliate (2 to 5
lines wide) : involucre about inch high ; its bracts in 2 or 3 series : akeues 3 or 4 lines long
when mature, rather shorter than the unequal rigidulous pappus. Fl. ii. 472 ; Torr. & Gray,
1. c. ; Gray, M:in. 277, & Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 215. T. marginatum, Nutt. 1. c. Prairies of
"W. Illinois and Wisconsin to Dakota ; first coll. by Nut tall and Bradbury. Stronger pap-
pus-bristles gradually and slightly widened toward the base.
* * Akenes with apex tapering gradually into a rather stout and nerved beak which is shorter
than the body. Nothotroximon, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., partly.
T. barbellulatum, GREENE in herb. Slender, not glaucous : leaves linear-lanceolate,
laciniate-pinnatlfitl into a few short and narrow lobes, or some entire : involucre narrow,
over half-inch high, rather few-flowered ; its 10 to 12 bracts nearly equal, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, glabrous : flowers yellow: akenes with the beak (of fully half the length of the fusi-
form body) 3 lines long, about the length of the soft distinctly barbellulate pappus. Castle
Lake, near Mount Shasta, California, C. II. Dwinette, from Greene.
T. glaucum, NUTT. Usually a foot or two high, rather stout, pale or glaucous, either
glabrous or with loose pubescence : leaves linear to lanceolate, from entire to sparingly
dentate or sometimes laciuiate, 4 to 12 inches long: involucre commonly an inch high and
many-flowered ; its bracts lanceolate or broader ; outer series shorter, often pubescent, or
even villous : akenes with the beak 5 or 6 lines long, longer than the pappus, the copious and
rather rigid bristles of which are (as in most species) only denticulate-scabrous. Nutt. in
Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 128 ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1667 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Macro-
rhynchtis ylauctis, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 204. Grassy plains, Saskatchewan and Dakota to
Brit. Columbia, and mountains of Utah and Colorado; first coll. by Nuttall and Bradbury.
Var. parviflorum. A small and slender form : leaves only 2 to 6 inches long : scape
a span to a foot high : head smaller and narrower. T. parviflorum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soc. vii. 434. Macrorhynchus cynthioides, Hook Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 256 ? Plains of Ne-
braska and Wyoming to the mountains of New Mexico.
Var. laciniatum, GRAY, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Dwarf (a span or two high), with the
small heads of the preceding variety, varying to larger, glabrous or glabrate, when young
often cinereous-pubescent throughout : rays sometimes purplish externally or in fading :
leaves mostly of lanceolate outline and laciniate-piunatifid. Mountains of Colorado and
New Mexico to the higher Sierra Nevada, California. Larger forms pass into the next.
Var. dasycephalum, TORR. & GRAY. Commonly robust, with large and broad
heads; the involucre inch broad as well as high, and from villous to cinereous-pubescent,
sometimes early glabrate : receptacle not rarely bearing a few chaffy bracts among the flow-
ers : leaves from elongated-lanceolate to oblong-spatulate (the broadest even inch and a
half wide), from entire to laciniate or rarely pinuatifld : scape from a span to 2 feet high.
Ammogeton scorzonennfolium, Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gcett. 1833; DC. Prodr. vii. 98.
Troximon glaucum, Richards. App. Frank! Jour. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. 3462. T.pumilum, Nutt.
438 COMPOSITE. Troximon.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., a dwarf form. T. taraxacifolium, Nutt. 1. c., a larger form.
Dakota to Saskatchewan and to near Arctic coast, south to the mountains of Colorado, west
to the Sierra Nevada and Washington Terr, on the mountains. Passes through smoother
and narro wish-leaved forms to the type of this polymorphous species.
2. MACRORHYNCHUS. Akenes with a slender and mostly filiform nerveless
beak and soft pappus. Macrorhynchus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. c. Trochoseris,
Endl. Gen., & Poepp. & Endl. JS T ov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 50, t. 2G3. Troximon in
part, Stylopappus, Cryptopleura, & Kymapleura, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii.
430, 434.
* Perennials, with akcne acute or tapering at summit
) Into a ber.k not longer or little longer than the cylindraceous or narrowly fusiform body.
T. aurantiacum, HOOK. Loosely soft-pubescent and glabratc : leaves from linear-lan-
ceolate to spatulatc, thiunish, entire, or sparingly laciniate-dentate, occasionally piuuatifid :
scape from a span to a foot or more high : involucre oblong to campanulate, 7 to 9 lines
high ; its bracts from broadly to narrowly lanceolate and acute, or outer and looser ones
oblong and obtuse : flowers orange, commonly changing to brownish red or purple : akeues
thickish, 3 or 4 lines long, and the firm beak only 2 or 3 lines long: pappus somewhat rigid-
ulous. Fl. i. 300, t. 101. T. rusenm, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., a small form. Macro-
rhynchus aurantiacus, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1837 ? M. troximoides,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 491. Mountain prairies and banks of streams, northern Rocky Moun-
tains to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, perhaps California, and mountains of Colorado.
Var. purpureum, GRAY. Leaves apparently thickish, laciuiate, and with the purple-
tinged involucre very glabrous or glabrate: " flowers purple." Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 72.
Macrorhynckus purpureus, Gray, PL Fendl. 114. Along Santa Fe Creek, New Mexico,
Fendler. A similar form in mountains of Colorado.
T. gracilens, GRAY, llesembles slender forms of preceding : leaves mostly entire, flaccid,
from lanceolate to nearly linear, or some narrowly spatulate : scape 10 to 18 inches high :
head and Lnvolucral bracts narrow : flowers deep orange : akenes fusiform-linear, 3 or 4 lines
long; the very slender beak 4 or 5 lines long: pappus soft, but not flaccid. Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 71. Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington Terr., Lijall, Nevius,
Suksdorf, Brandegee. Rocky Mountains in N. Wyoming, Forwood.
Var. Greenei, GRAY, 1. c. A dubious form, smaller: leaves narrowly linear, with a
few linear lobes. N. California, in Scott Mountains, Siskiyou Co., in dry open ground at
about 7,000 feet, Greene.
T. Nuttallii, GRAY. Resembles broad-leaved forms of T. f/laucum, robust: leaves thickish,
from spatulate to lanceolate, from sparingly dentate to pinnatifid, a span to near a foot long
(the thick midrib uervose when dry): scape 6 to 20 inches high: head broad, an inch or
more high: involucre more or less pubescent: flowers yellow: thickish akeue and beak each
3 or 4 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 210, Bot. Calif, i. 438 (excl. pi. Nevius). Sti/lo-
piil>pns elatits, Nutt. I.e. 433. Macrorhynchus clatus, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. M. grundiflorus,
Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 206. Troximon aurantiacum, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., as to C'alif.
plant. Low or moist ground, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada in California to S. Utah ;
perhaps first coll. by Nuttall.
T. apargioides, LESS. Low and tufted from a multicipital lignesccnt caudex, glabrate :
leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire or with a few salient teeth or lobes, or pinnatifid
with sparse linear divisions : scapes a span or two high : head half-inch high : involucre
campanulate; outer bracts at least pubescent: akenes and beak each H to 2 lines long:
pappus soft, dull white. Linurca, vi. 594; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c., partly. Sandy soil on
and near the coast, San Francisco Bay, c., California; first coll. by Chamisso.
H -t Beak slender-filiform or almost capillary, 2 to 4 times the length of the short-fusiform or
oblong akene (this rarely over 2 lines long) : pappus soft and fine, rather flaccid : llowers all yel-
low. Stylopappus, Nutt. 1. c.
H- Pappus about the length of the beak, whiti>h.
T. humile, GRAY. Leaves hirsutely pubescent, from spatulate and repand-dentate or lyrate-
pinuatifid to lanceolate or broader in outline and piuuately parted into linear lobes : scapes
Troximon. COMPOSITE. 439
from a span to a foot high, .slender: involucre permanently villous with apparently some-
what viscid hairs : ligules exserted : closed head in fruit from half-inch to hardly inch high :
filiform beak only about twice the length of the whitish akene. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 72.
Lrontodon hirsutum, Hook. Fl. i. 296, therefore Taraxacum hirsutum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii.
494, ex char. Barkhausia Lc.ssinyii, Hook. & Aru. Bot. Beech. 145, excl. syu. Macro-
rhynchus Lessingii, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 361, excl. syu., for it is not Lessing's plant described in
Linusea. M. liumilc, Benth. PL Hartw. 320, a small form. M. Harfordii, Kellogg, Proc.
Calif. Acad., a larger form. Troximon apargioides in part, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. California
near the coast, from Monterey to Washington Terr. Variable in size, the flowering head
sometimes nearly as large as iu T. grandtjionun.
H- -H- Pappus much shorter than the almost capillary beak, usually bright white.
T. laciniatum, GRAY, 1. c. Smooth and glabrous, or with sparse soft pubescence : leaves
elongated-lanceolate, lacmiate-dentate or commonly deeply pinuatifid into linear lobes :
scapes a foot or two high : involucre glabrous or glabrate, or base of the outer of the lan-
ceolate bracts tomentose : closed head in fruit not over inch high : akene 2 and beak 5 to 7
lines long. Stylopappus laciniatus (original specimen, and one like it from Vancouver's
Island, Lijall, small and with small immature heads, but apparently of the species) and
especially var. loiiyifolius, Nutt. 1. c. Macrorhynchus laciniatus, & var., Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
Troximon grand (forum, var. tenuifolium & var. laciniatum, Gray, Bot. Calif. I.e. Low
ground, Brit. Columbia to Oregon, and California to San Francisco Bay or nearly.
T. grandiflorum, GRAY. Leaves hirsutcly or cinereous-pubescent, or glabrate, spatulate to
lanceolate, sinuate-dentate to laciniate-pinnatifid, or even pinnately parted : scapes stout, a
foot or two high : involucre broad, usually well imbricated; the bracts lanate or tomentose
when young, often glabrate in age : ligules short : head iu fruit an inch to inch and a half
high: akene 2 and capillary beak 6 to 8 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 216, & Bot.
Calif. 1. c., excl. vars. Stylopappus tjrandijlorus, Kutt. 1. c. Macrorhynchus grand ijloru ft,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Plains and moist hillsides, Washington Terr, to S. California, toward
the coast. Some forms seem to pass into the preceding.
* * Perennial, wi.h habit of the last preceding species : akene abruptly long-beaked from a
broad truncate summit.
T. retrorsum, GRAY, 1. c. Villous-tomentose when young: loaves pinnately parted into
linear-lanceolate usually retrorse lobes, the terminal lobe long and narrow, all callous-tipped :
scapes about afoot high: involucre narrowly oblong, 1-1 to 2 inches high when mature; its
narrow linear bracts hardly surpassed by the soft white pappus : ligules short : akene 3 lines
and filiform beak about an inch long. Macrorhynchus retrorsns, Benth. PI. Hartw. 0;
Gray, in Wilkes Exp. xvi. 373. M. anrjustifvlins, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 47.
Open pine woods, California, from Mendocino and the Upper Sacramento to mountains of
San Bernardino; first col], by Pickering & Brackenridge, then by Hurtwftj. Also in S. \V.
Idaho, Nevius.
* * * Annual*, slender, mostly low, occasionally subcaulescent : flowers yellow. JfncwJiyn-
chtis. Less. Syn. 137, but "aclienium plano-obcompressuni " is erroneous. Kymapleura in
corrig. (MacrorJiynchus in text) & Cryptopleurn , Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil Soc. vii. 430.
T. heteropliylluiP, GREEXE. Somewhat villoscly or hirsntely pubescent, or glabrate:
leaves from spatulate to linear-lanceolate, denticulate to pinnatifid : scapes a span or two
(rarely a foot) high: involucre oblong-campanulate, half to three-fourths inch high; its
bracts erect, lanceolate or narrower; outer decidedly shorter than the glabrous inner ones,
more or less pubescent with simple or gland-tipped hairs (not villous) : akenes various but
at most 2 lines long, usually fusiform ; filiform beak fully 3 lines long, mostly longer than
the white or whitish pappus. Bull. Torr. Club, x. 88; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 72.
T. Chilmsc, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 21 fi, & Bot. Calif, i. 439. Macrorhynchus heterophyllus
& Cryptopleura Californica, Nutt. 1. c. M. Californicus & .If. heterophyllus, Torr. & Gray, Fl.
ii. 493,. M. Chilensis, Hook. Loncl. Jour. Bot. vi. 256. Open and low ground throughout
California, at least near the coast, to Brit. Columbia, and cast to Utah. Varies mainly iu
the akenes ; these generally glabrous, occasionally outer ones- pubescent or hirsute ; some-
times all alike and from 10-striate to acutely 10-costate; sometimes the outer ones more
acutely or even alately costate, and passing into the following forms described by Nuttall,
even taken as of different and peculiar genera, but they are rather conditions than varieties
440 COMPOSITE. Troximon.
Var. Kymapleura, GREENE, 1. c. Outermost and sometimes all of the akenes thicker
and blunter or truncately obtuse by the development of the ribs into wings, which become
sinuously undulate, covering the whole surface. M. (Kymapleura) heterophyllus, 2mtt. 1. c.,
changed in corrig. to Kymapleura keterophylla. Common in California, with other forms.
Var. Cryptopleura, GREENE, 1. c. Some marginal akenes becoming utricular
and lightly nerved, enlarging to almost a line in diameter. Cryptopleura Californica, Nutt.
1. c. With other forms, less common.
231. TARAXACUM, Ilaller. DANDELION, ?'.. DENT DE LION. (Ta-
pacro-oj, to stir up, alluding to medicinal virtues.) --Perennials, of the northern
hemisphere, sending up in spring, from a rosulate cluster of runcinate-pinnatifid or
lyrate radical leaves, naked fistulous scapes, which elongate with and after anthesis
of the showy head of yellow flowers : involucre reflexed at maturity of the fruit,
which, with the expanded pappus, raised on the elongated beak, is displayed in a
globose body. The common and only North American, but very polymorphous
species, is the following.
T. officiliale, WEISER. Root vertical : leaves from spatulate-oblong to lanceolate, from
irregularly dentate to runcinate-pinnatifid : akenes oblong-obovatc or narrower, squamulose or
spinellose-muricate toward the summit, abruptly contracted into a conical or pyramidal apex,
which is prolonged into a filiform beak of twice or thrice the length of the akene. In the
ordinary form of the fields the iuvolucral bracts are obscurely or not at all cornieulate, and
the calyculatc bracts are linear, elongated, and recurved ; leaves usually lobecl. Weber (not
Wiggers) Prim. PI. IIol.st.5G; Vill. Dauph. ; Koch, Fl. Germ., &c. T. Dcns-leonis, Dcsf.
Fl. Atl. ii. 228 ; DC. Prodr. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 494. Lf.ontodon Taraxacum, L. L. offici-
nal!*, Withering. L. vu/yarc, Lam. Common everywhere in fields and yards, an intro-
duction from Europe: perhaps nowhere here indigenous, but it comes even from. Modoc
Cu., California. (Lu., Asia, &c.)
Var. alpinum, KOCH. Outer iuvolucral bracts ovate to broadly lanceolate, spread-
ing, none conspicuously coruiculate. Leontodon alpinus, Iloppe. Taraxacum latilobum, DC.
Prodr. vii. 494 ? Labrador to Brit. Columbia, and southward along higher mountains to
Colorado, Utah, and California.
Var. glaucescens, KOCH. Outer involucral bracts lanceolate to linear, loosely
ere.-t or spreading, inner ones and sometimes outer with a coruiculate appendage below the
tip : leaves generally glaucesceut. T. corniculatum and T. ceratopharum, L)C. 1. c. Leontodon
cera/opltornm, Ledeb. Ic. Fl. Alt. t. 34. Unalaska, &c. (Adj. Asia, Greenland.)
Var. li.vid.UHl, KOCH. Outer involucral bracts ovate to ovate-lanceolate, all apt to be
dark-colored in drying, obscurely or not at all coruiculate: leaves from denticulate to runci-
nate-dcntate, sometimes pinnatifid. T. palustre, DC., &c. T. lanceolatum, Poir. T. nwn-
tanuin, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 430, not Meyer & DC. Lconlodon llcidns, Walds. &
Kit. Rocky Mountains, south to New Mexico, north to Arctic coast and islands, and the
Aleutian Islands, in various forms. (N. Asia, Eu., Greenland.)
Var. SCOpulorum. Minute: leaves and scape an inch or less long: head 3 or in fruit
even 5 lines high, narrow, few-flowered : outer involucral bracts lanceolate, rather loose;
inner somewhat coruiculate. T. IfEvigatum, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1803, 70. Highest
alpine region of the llocky Mountains in Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Brandcfjce.
T. PHYMATOcARPUM, J. Vahl in Fl. Dan. t. 2297, of Greenland, is near var. llcldum, but
the akcne is broad and its beak shorter.
232. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. (Hypo's, flame-colored, irainros, pappus.)
Atlantic N. American and adjacent Mexican herbs; with leafy or sometimes
scapiform stems, undivided or pinnatifid leaves, and rather large slender-peduncu-
late heads of golden yellow flowers, produced in late spring and summer. Prin-
cipal bracts of the involucre always more or less corniculate behind the tip, in
the manner of certain forms of Dandelion. Prodr. vii. 144 (excl. 8. African
sp.) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 495; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 523.
Lactuca. COMPOSITE. 441
* Scapose, monoceplmlous, perennial \>y roundish tubers.
P. SCapOSUS, DC. 1. c. Ilirsutulous-pubescent, low and simple : globular tuber (three-
fourths inch in diameter) sending up a slender caudex, bearing at the surface of the ground
a cluster of pinna tifid leaves and scapes of a span or two high : the latter simple and naked,
sometimes a bract or small leaf near the base : head seldom an inch high in fruit : calyculate
bracts of involucre short and small, subulate ; principal ones obscurely corniculate at tip;
flowers citron-yellow : pappus fulvous. P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I.e.
430; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. ; Engelm. &, Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 42. Barkhuusia (jmndi flora, Nutt.
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 69. Prairies of Arkansas and Kansas; first coll. by Pitcher.
Texas; first coll. by Berlandier.
* * More or less leafy-stemmed and branching: heads moderately long-pedunculate.
-1 Leaves diversely pinnatifid, laciniate, sinuate-dentate, or some upper ones entire.
P. Carolinianus, DC. Annual or biennial, freely branching, 2 to 5 feet high, nearby
glabrous, but peduncles and involucre mostly ciuereous-puberulent : upper leaves when undi-
vided usually elongated lanceolate and gradually attenuate to the tip : flowers very bright
yellow: fruiting heads fully inch high: calyculate bracts setaceous-subulate, loose, half or
a third the length of the principal ones ; these conspicuously corniculate at the apex :
pappus rufous. Torr. &, Gray, 1. c. ; Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., with var. inaximns.
P. multicaulis, Curtiss, Distrib. N. Am. PI. 1623, not DC. Leontodon Carolinianum, Walt.
Car. 192. Scorzonera pinnatifida, Michx. Fl. ii. 89. Chondrilla Ueriyalu, Pursh, Fl. ii. 497.
Barkhnusia Caroliniana., Nutt. Gen. ii. 126; Ell. Sk. ii. '251. Dry ground, Maryland to
Florida, Arkansas, and Texas.
P. nmlticaulis, DC. 1. c. A foot or two high from a thickened apparently perennial root
(but flowering first season), less leafy, at length many-stemmed from base and diffuse or
ascending : leaves seldom large: head in fruit two-thirds to three-fourths inch high: calycu-
late bracts of involucre short and subulate : pappus rufous or fulvous. Texas (first coll. by
Berlandier), New Mexico (Newberri/, Greene, liitshi/), and Arizona (Lc.mmon), the latter a
dwarf and very narrow-leaved form: (Mex., where P. pauciflorus aud even P. Scsseanus
are probably forms of it.)
-i 4 Leaves all undivided, narrow: stems junciform.
P. Rotlirookil, GR.VY. Glabrous, or involucre obscurely puberulent : stems 1 to 3 feet
lii^'h, slender, erect from a thickened perennial root : leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear,
entire or merely denticulate (3 to 9 inches long, 1^ to 4 lines wide) ; radical ones spatulate-
lanccolate : calyculate bracts of involucre short and subulate : head iu fruit only two-thirds
inch high : pappus sordid-whitish. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 80; Kothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi.
101, t. 14. Mountains of S. Arizona, Ilothrock, Lcmmon.
233. CHONDKiLiIjA, L. (Name by Dioscoriclcs, of unexplained mean-
ing, for some gummiferous plant.) Old World herbs, perennials or biennials ;
with virgatc or rush-like stems and branches, leafy below, and small heads of
yellow flowers ; one species introduced.
C. JUNCEA, L. Hirsute towards the base, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous above : lower leaves runci-
uate ; upper linear and entire, those on the long slender branches reduced to linear-subulate
bracts : heads scattered or in small clusters and nearly sessile along the branches : akenes
somewhat clavate, bearing a circle of scales at base of the filiform beak. Old fields and
banks, S. Maryland and N. Virginia, common about Washington. (Nat. from Eu.)
234. LACTtJCA, Tourn. LETTUCE. (Ancient Latin name, from lac,
milk, referring to the milky juice.) --Mostly tall herbs (of the northern hemi-
sphere) ; with leafy stems, and paniculate middle-sized or small heads of yellow,
blue, or sometimes whitish flowers, in summer. Involucre in ours glabrous and
smooth. --Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 524, excl. 5, 6. Lactuca & Mulgedium^
Cass., DC., &c.
442 COMPOSITE. Lactuca.
1. SCARIOLA, DC. Akenes very flat, orbicular to oblong, abruptly produced
into a filiform beak of softer texture, which bears the soft white pappus on its
dilated apex : involucre cylincTraceous or in fruit conoidal, glabrous : ours biennials
or sometimes annuals.
* Introduced: heads G-12-flowered : akenes several-nerved, margined.
L. ScAEfoLA, L. Strict, 2 to 6 feet high, glaucous-green, glabrous except lower part of stem,
which lias stiff bristles : leaves becoming vertical by a twist, lanceolate to oblong, with spinu-
lose-denticulate margins, sometimes sinuate-toothed, sometimes pinnatifid ; midrib beneath
beset with weak prickles rather than bristles ; base sagittate-clasping : panicle open : heads
small : flowers pale yellow : beak about the length of the obovate-oblong striate-nerved
akene. Waste ground, becoming common in Atlantic States near towns and habitations.
(Nat. from Eu.)
* * Indigenous: heads 12-20-flowered: akenes blackish, obscurely scabrous-rugulose, lightly one-
nerved on the middle of each face, sometimes with obscure nerves toward the distinct thin mar-
gins; the beak a little shorter or longer than the body : most of the cauline leaves partly clasping
by a sagittate or auriculate base.
f Involucre irregularly calyculate, but little imbricated, hardly over half-inch long. Species seem-
ingly confluent.
L. Canadensis, L. (FIRE-WEED, WILD LETTUCE, TRUMPET-WEED.) Glabrous, glati-
cesceut : stem strict, 4 to 9 feet. high, very leafy up to the elongated narrow panicle: leaves
mostly siuuate-pinuatifid, G to 12 inches long, with margins entire or sparingly dentate, and
midrib naked or rarely some sparse bristles: involucre half-inch or less high: flowers pale
yellow: akenes broadly oval, rather longer than the beak. Spec. ii. 796; Gray, Man. 280.
L. CaroUniana, Walt. Car. 193'? L. longifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 85. L. donguta, Muhl. in
Willd. Spec. iii. 1523 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 252 ; Hook. Fl. i. 296 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.', var. longij^in.
Galathenium elongatum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 443. Sonchus pallidns, Willd. Spec,
iii. 1521; Pursh, 1. c., founded wholly on cliar. of Lnrfnra Canadensis, L. Rich moist
grounds, Nova Scotia and Canada to Saskatchewan, south to the upper part of Georgia.
. Specimens from a grain-field in Sierra Valley, California, probably introduced with grain.
L. integrifolia, BIGEL. Glabrous, less leafy, 3 or 4 feet high, loosely branched above, or
heads loosely paniculate : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate (larger 7 to 10 inches long,
1|- to 3 inches broad), whitish beneath, denticulate, sometimes quite entire, all undivided,
midrib naked : involucre barely half-inch long : flowers yellow or purplish-tinged : akenes
oval, longer than the beak. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 287; DC. 1. c. 137, not Nutt. L. sarjittifolia,
Ell. Sk. ii. 253. L. elongctta, var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. Canadensis, var. inte-
grifolia, Gray, Man. 1. c. Galathenium integrifolium and partly G. salicifolium, Xutt. 1. c.
Open grounds, New England to Illinois and Georgia.
L. hirsuta, MUHL. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, rather few-leaved, often reddish, the naked
summit paniculate-branched or bearing a loose panicle of heads, the base commonly hirsute:
leaves hirsute on both faces, or glabrous except the hirsute or hispid midrib, mostly runci-
nate-pinnatifid, with narrow rhachis; cauline 3 or 4 inches long: involucre rather over half-
inch long: flowers yellow-purple or dull red, or sometimes whitish: akeues oblong-oval,
about the length of the beak. Cat. & in Nutt. Gen. ii. 124. L. sanguima, Bigel. Fl. Bost.
ed. 2, 287. L. elongata, var. sanguinea & var. nlhi flora, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. Canadruxif,
Gray, Man. I.e. Galathenium sanguinnnn, & G. Floridanum, Nutt. 1. c. Dry and open
ground, E. Massachusetts to Louisiana and Texas.
L. graminifolia, MICHX. Perhaps perennial, glaucescent and glabrous, or merely hispid
on the midrib beneath, or hirsute in the manner of the foregoing species : stem slender,
2 or 3 feet high, terminating in a naked loose panicle of comparatively large heads: leaves
elongated-linear or linear-lanceolate (4 to 12 inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide), rather rigid,
entire, or with spreading or deflexed lobes, or the radical spatulate-lanceolate and pinnatifid :
involucre 6 or 7 lines long, with outer bracts broader and more imbricated : flowers purple
or pale blue, varying to white or yellow: akenes elliptical-oblong, longer than the beak.
Fl. ii. 85; Ell. Sk. ii. 253; DC. Prodr. vii. 134; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. L. elo</af<i, var. gnniii-
nifolia, Chapm. Fl. 252. L. graminea, Spreng. Syst. iii. 659. Galathenium graminifolium
& G. salicifolium in part, Nutt. 1. c. Dry and fertile soil, S. Carolina to Florida and Texas ;
also New Mexico and Arizona.
Lactuca. COMPOSITE. 443
-1 -t Involucre more imbricated, commonly three-fourths inch high; outermost and intermediate
bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate.
L. LiUdoviciana, DC. Glabrous, leafy to the open panicle, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves all
oblong and auriculate-clasping, 3 or 4 inches long, siiiuate-pinnatifid, somewhat spinulosely
dentate, more or less bristly-ciliate, more or less hispidulous-setose on the midrib beneath:
peduncles squamose-bracteolate : flowers yellow : akeues oblong-oval, about equalled by the
filiform beak. Prodr. vii. 141; Torr. & Gray, I.e. Sonchus Ludovicianus, Nutt. Gen. ii.
125. Gulathcnium Ludovicianum, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Moist or dry banks of
lakes and streams, Dakota, Nuttall, Geyer. Iowa, Arthur. Black Hills of the Platte, Hay-
den. Ivio Limpio, S. W. Texas, Bigelow.
2. LACXucXsTRUM. Akcncs lanceolate-oblong, flat, marginless, tapering
into a beak nearly like that of the preceding section, but not longer than the
breadth of the body : root perennial : involucre well imbricated, glabrous.
Li. pulcliella, DC. A foot or two high, very glabrous, glaucescent, leafy up to the open
corymbiform panicle : leaves from linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, entire or runciuate-
deutate, or some lower ones pinnatifid ; cauline sessile, with base not auriculate-clasping, dis-
posed to be vertical : branches of the loose panicle and peduncles squamose-bracteolate :
involucre two-thirds inch high, 15-20-flowered ; its outer bracts ovate-lanceolate: flowers
bright blue or violet-purple : akenes barely 2 lines long, striate-nervose ; the tip of short
beak soft and usually whitish. Prodr. vii. 134; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 442. L. integrifolia,
Nutt. Gen. 1. c., not Bigel. Sonchus jiii/chi-l/its, Pursh, Fl. ii. 502. S. Sibiricus, Richards.;
Hook. Fl. i. 293, not L. Mulgedium pnh-ln-lliun, Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 497. M. pulchclliim &
M. heterophfillitm, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 441. Alluvial ground, Upper Michigan
to the Hudson's Bay region in lat. 60, south to New Mexico, west to Brit. Columbia and
mountains of Nevada and adjacent California.
3. MULGKDIUM. Akenes thickish, oblong, with some strong ribs and nerves,
contracted at summit into a stout short beak mainly of the texture of the body,
or into a mere (even obscure) neck under the dilated pappiferous apex : involucre
(glabrous, 15-25-flowered) and habit of Scar tola, or more branching: glabrous
biennials or annuals, with or without some hairs or weak bristles on the mid-
rib and veins beneath, commonly with bluish flowers. Here characterized for
the American species only of Mulgedium, Cass. (Agathyrsus, Don), leaving the
older name, CicerUta, Wallr., for the Old World species of less affinity to true
Lactuca.
* Flowers light blue : pappus bright white : cauline leaves on margined or winged petioles, not
clasping nor auriculate at insertion: heads loosely paniculate.
L. Ploridana, G/ERTN. Stem 3 to 7 feet high : leaves deeply lyrate-pinnatifid ; lobes
simply or doubly dentate, lateral ones ovate, terminal dilated-deltoid and acuminate: invo-
lucre half-inch long : akenes acuminate into a manifest beak. Gacrtn. Fruct. ii. 262, name,
but the akenes figured, t. 158, probably from herb. Banks, are of L. leucophina. Sonchus
Floridanus, L. Spec. ii. 795; Willd. Spec, iii. 1520; Michx. Fl. ii. 85, in part; Ell. Sk. ii.
225. Muhjedium lyratum, Cass. Diet, xxxiii. 297. M. Floridanum, DC. Prodr. vii. 249;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 498, excl. vars. Arjalhi/rsns Floridanus, Beck, Bot. 171. ( nthtthenium
Floridamnn, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. I.e. 443. Alluvial ground and along streams,
Penn. to Illinois, Florida, and Texas.
L. acuminata, GRAY. Leaves from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both
ends, or cauline not rarely sagittate or hastate, sharply and sometimes doubly serrate, occa-
sionally some of the lower cleft at base, forming a pair of lateral lobes : involucre 5 lines
high : akenes beakless and with hardly a neck : otherwise nearly like the preceding. Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 73. L. rilfosa, Jacq. Hort. Schcenbr. iii. t. 367 ; Beck, Bot. 170, but the plant
mostly glabrous or nearly so. Sonchus acumina/iis, Wilkl. Spec. iii. 1521; Ell. 1. c. S.
Floridanus, Michx. 1. c., in part. Mti/f/ed/um urmnhintmn, DC. 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
Borders of woodlands, New York to Illinois and Florida.
444 COMPOSITE. Sonchus.
* * Flowers bluish to yellowish or whitish: pappus sordid or fuscous : upper cauline leaves sessile
by a mostly narrowed but auriculate or partly clasping base : hsads in a pyramidal more crowded
panicle. Mulyedium Ayalma, DC. 1. c., in part.
L. leucophsea, GRAY, 1. c. Stem 3 to 12 feet high, stout, leafy up to the panicle: leaves
ample, sinuately or runciuately piuuatifid, coarsely aud irregularly or doubly dentate: invo-
lucre oblong, 5 lines high . akenes narrowed at summit into a short but manifest neck.
L, Canadensis flore leucophceo, Tourn. Sonchus a/pinns, L., as to char. ( of Smith, Ic. Ined.
t. 21), & S. Canadensis, L., as to habitat, owing to transposition by Linnaeus. S. spicatus,
Lam. Diet. iii. 401, excl. syn, Walt. S. racemosus, Lam. 1. c. 400. *. biennis, Mceuch,
Meth. 545. S. leitroplm HX, Willd. Spec. iii. 1520, excl, syn. Walt. S. Floridanus, Ait. Kew.
iii. 116, from fruit of which is probably that of Lactuca Flondana, Gsertn. t. 158. S. acumi-
nai/is, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 290. S. pallidus, Torr. Compeud. 279. Agathyrsus leucophceus,
Beck, Bot. 170. Mulgedium leucophaeum, DC. 1. c. , Nutt. 1. c. ( Leucomela) ; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. ii. 499. M. multiflorum, DC. 1. c. S<m<:hns mnltiflorus, Desf. Cat. (and so Galathenium
multiflorum, Nutt. 1. c.) is, from sessile cauline leaves, probably this species. Moist grounds
and border of woods, Newfoundland to Canada, Iowa, mountains of Carolina and Tennessee,
and northwestward to coast of Oregon and Brit. Columbia.
Var. integrifolia. Leaves undivided (simulating those of L. acuminata, but sessile),
or the lower sinuate-pinnatifid. Mitli/edium leucophcBum, var. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray,
1. c. Ohio, Lea. Canton, Illinois, Wolf.
L. MACROPHYLLA, Sonchus macroplti/lltts, Willd., is not known in this country, and is doubt-
less an Old World species.
L. ALi-fxA, Sonchus a/pinus, L., is not American. For an account of the early confusion
between this aud L. leucophcea, see the latter species, supra, and Torr. Gray, Fl. ii. 500.
235. SONCHUS, Tourn. SOW-THISTLE. (The ancient Greek name.)
Herbs of the Old World, some species now widely diffused, the following natu-
ralized in N. America. Stems leafy : leaves somewhat spinulosely or ciliately
dentate : flowers yellow, in summer : pappus white.
* Coarse annual weeds, of cultivated soil and around dwellings; with mostly runcinately or
lyrately pinnatitid leaves, of tender texture, beset with soft spinulose scrratures; upper cauline
auriculate-clasping, and lobes ovate or oblong: heads about half-inch high, somewhat corym-
bose-paniculate, on short peduncles ; these sometimes setose-glandular: akciics flat, thin-edged,
oblong-obovate.
S. OLERACEUS, L. Leaves with soft or hardly spinulose teeth ; auricles of the cauline ones
acute: akenes striate-nerved and transversely rugulose-scabrous. Common in yards and
gardens. (Nat. from En.)
S. ASPER, VILL. Teeth of the leaves longer and more prickly ; auricles of the clasping
base rounded : akeues smooth, 3-nerved on each side, margined. Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 501,
with syn. 5. Caro/itiiatuts, Walt. Car. 192; Ell. Sk. ii. 255. S. spinulosus, Bigel. Fl.
Bost. ed. 2, 292. More common westward and southward, widely dispersed, even to
remote districts.
* * Slender annual; wi h leaves pinnately parted into narrow lobes.
S. TENERRiMCS, L. A foot or two high, with rather few and scattered pedunculate heads,
glabrous: lobes of the leaves mostly linear or narrowly lanceolate, somewhat spinulosely
denticulate: akenes narrow, thickish, rugose-scabrous. 6'. tenuifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. vii. 438. San Diego, California, Nuttall, Orcutt. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * * Strong-rooted perennial, with deep yellow flowers : akenes thickish.
S. ARVEXsis, L. Rootstocks creeping: stems 2 feet high, naked at summit, bearing fewer
several and corymbosely paniculate showy heads . leaves runcinate-pirmatifid or some undi-
vided, denticulate-spinulose, cauline partly clasping at base: peduncles and involucre more
or less glandular-bristly: head almost inch high: akeues oblong, about 10-costate, rugulose
on the ribs. On shores and banks of streams, in several places in N. Atlantic States, and
Salt Lake City, Utah. (Nat. from Eu.)
SUPPLEMENT TO VOL. I. PART II.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
RUBIACE^E.
26. GALIUM. P. 35, add, after the mention of Asperula :
SHERAKDIA ARVENSIS, L., according to Macouu, has been found wild in several places in
Canada.
G. DASYcARPUM, Nees, PI Neuwied Trav 11 (510), collected on the Missouri at the mouth
of the Yellowstone, and briefly described, is wholly obscure. It is likened to G. boreale. The
following is a somewhat anomalous species, perhaps to stand after G. rnultiflorum.
G. Catalinense. Herbaceous perennial, hispidulous-puberuleut or glabrate, unarmed:
steins erect, 3 or 4 feet high, mostly simple with short flowering branches which little sur-
pass the larger leaves; its nodes usually with a tumid ring- leaves in fives or fours, narrowly
oblong, obtuse, nmcrouate, one-nerved (rarely by the union of two leaves 2-nerved), either
sessile by a contracted base or short-petioled ; at the insertion within bearing some obscurely
glandular bristle-shaped appendages : flowers on short slender pedicels, perhaps polygamous :
corolla white (2 lines in diameter) : young fruit sometimes naked and smooth, sometimes
beset with soft and straight bristles of about the length of the body. Island of Santa Cata-
liua off Los Angeles, California, W. S. Li/on.
COMPOSITE.
To the Synopsis of Genera add, at the end of the Inuloidece, p. 59 :
63 \ DIMERESIA. Heads 2-flowered, homogamous. Involucre 2-phyllous. Pappus plu-
mose, early deciduous.
TRIBE VIII. SENECIONIDE^, p. 79. An additional division is required for an
outlying genus, viz. : -
Style-branches attenuate : involucre imbricated : often some chaffy bracts on the receptacle.
Subtribe Liabece, Benth. & Hook.
178 : . BEBBIA. For the characters see p. 453.
13. BRICKELLIA, Ell.
B. Nevinii, GRAY. (Next to B. mtcrojiJu/Iln, p. 106.) White-tomentose, almost as in B. in-
cana, frutescent : leaves ovate or oval (larger ones only half-inch long) : heads 30-40-flowered :
outer bracts of the involucre resembling the small rameal leaves, equally tomentose : other-
wise nearly like B. microphylla. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 297. S. California, near Newhall,
Nevin.
446 SUPPLEMENT.
17. CARPHEPHORUS, Cass. The section 2. KUHNIOIDES, and the
species under it to be suppressed. Vide 163 1 , Hebbia, p. 453.
24. PENTACH^STA, Nutt.
P. aiirea, NDTT., p. 120. Add syn. : P. paleacea, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 189. The "tri-
angular palea at base " of the pappus-bristles is evident in most specimens, from Nuttall's
onward.
P. Lyoni. Hirsute, at least the margins of the plane linear or spatulate-linear leaves, 4 to 7
inches high, with the sparing ascending branches leafy np to the head or short peduncle :
involucre hirsute; its bracts linear-lanceolate and of nearly equal length, green, with narrow
scarious margins: pappus-bristles 9 to 11 or commonly 12! S. California, at San Pedro,
Los Angeles Co., and. Catalina Island, \V. S. Li/on. An anomalous species, evidently allied
to P. aurea, notwithstanding the involucre and the more numerous pappus-bristles, which
are repugnant to the generic name.
27. CHRYSOPSIS, Nutt.
C. graminifolia, NUTT., p. 121. A probable synonym is Erigeron Carolinianum, Walt.
Car. 205.
C. gOSSypina, NDTT., p. 122. Here may belong Erigeron squarrosum, Walt. 1. c. But
C. gossypina, Nees, PL Neuwied Trav. 14, must be C. villosa.
C. Wri.gh.tii. AMMODIA, near C. Breweri, p. 124. Pubescent with fine soft hairs: bracts
of the involucre all partly herbaceous, and the inner nearly equalling the flowers : corollas
with limb slightly hairy outside : stigmatic portion of the style-branches not much longer
than broad, several times shorter than the subulate-linear appendage : outer pappus scanty
and obscure ; inner extremely copious. S. California, on the San Bernardino Mountains,
at 11,500 feet, W. C. Wright.
30. APLOPAPPUS, Cass.
A. Orcuttii, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 297, an extra-limital species of Lower California,
connects the rayless A. sguarrosus, p. 125, with the radiate Pyrrocomoid species. And the
following connects these with the Arnicella group.
A. Howellii. Before A. uni floras, p. 128. A span or two in "height, branching from base
into ascending few-leaved monocephalous stems, sericeous-tomeutose, glabrate in age : leaves
all narrowly lanceolate and acnte, entire, or rarely a deuticulation : head and involucre nearly
of A. uniflorns, the bracts of the latter of equal length- and rather obtuse : style-appendages
long and slender in the manner of A. carthamoidcs : akenes also elongated (oblong-linear)
but pubescent, nearly as long as the rigid pappus. On Stein's Mountain, S. E. Oregon,
June, 1885, flowell, Cusick.
A. spinillosus, DC., p. 130. Add syn. : Siderantlius spinulosiis, "Eraser ex Steud."; Nees,
PL Neuwied Trav. 15 (515).
A. JUNCEDS, Greene, Bull. Acad. Calif, i. 190, S. W. border of California, is one of those
forms intermediate between A. gracilis and the polymorphous A. spinnlosus.
34. LESSlNG-IA, Cham. P. 161, add : Pappus not rarely of awns rather
than capillary bristles (especially in depauperate heads), then correspondingly
fewer and sometimes irregularly concreted at base in pairs or phalanges. The
species are polymorphous and not readily limited.
L. ramulosa, GRAY, p. 162. Tack-shaped glands abound on the margins of the leaves
whenever these .are rigid : pappus-bristles inclined to unite at base into five phalanges.
Var. adenophora. Tack-shaped glands conspicuous, even on involncral bracts:
heads only about 8-flowered : pappus of few bristles in 5 paleaceous-aristiform phalanges, or
COMPOSITE. 447
some of these reduced to a rigid awn. L. adenophora, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 190.
Colusa Co., California, Mrs. Layne-Curran.
Li. leptoclada, GRAY, p. 162. Pappus of fewer and more rigid bristles in the reduced forms,
such as the
Var. Hlicrocephala, GRAY, the most attenuate form, with only 5-flowered or even
3-flowered small heads. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 351, & Bot. Calif, i. 308, with var. tenuis.
L. nemaclada, Greene, 1. c. 191. Not uncommon.
L. nana, GRAV, var. caulescens, p. 163. Add syn. : L. Parryi, Greene, 1. c. Almost ex-
actly the typical plant (which also occurs in the same region), except that, in addition to the
subradical heads, some elevated 3-4-cephalous shoots have developed.
48. ASTER. P. 172, &c. The following omitted names to be added in
their places, chiefly as synonyms.
A. INTYBACEUS, Kuntli & Bouche, Adn. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1845, & Ann. Sci. Nat.
ser. 3, v. 358, according to an original specimen, is A. Tartaricus, L. f., wrongly taken for
North American.
A. SALSUGINOSUS, Less, in Linn. vi. 124 (not Richards.), is A. Sitriricus, L., fide Herder.
A. GRAVEOIJSNS, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 294, is a syn. of A. obiongffolius,
Nutt., on p. 178.
A. PUBESCENS, Nees, Syn. Ast. 16 (A. heterophyl/us, var. Nees, Ast. 55), is a form of A. sagitti-
folius, Willd., p. 182.
A. PINIFOLIUS, Nees, Syn. Ast. 29 (referred to A. Tradcscanti in Nees, Ast. 103), seems to
be A. i>o!>//>Iiij//nx, Willd , p. 184.
A. AUGUSTUS, Nees, Syu. Ast. 26 (referred, along with A. rigidulus, Syn. Ast. 29, to A. belli-
dijlorus in Nees, Ast. 97, seems to be a cultivated form of A. paniculatus, Lam., p. 187.
A. EMINENS, Nees, Ast. 87, is a mixture. The leading form is either A. junceus, Ait. (cited
by Nees as a synonym), or A. paniculatus, to which some of the varieties seem to belong; the
var. /.cevigatus is our A. Novi-Bt/yii, var. kecigatus (to which his synonym points) ; other forms
are more obscure.
A. LUXURIANS (Spreng. Syst. iii. 538), Nees, Ast. 538, is a broad-leaved form of A. Novi-
Bd/jii.
A. UMBELI/ATUS, Mill., should have the svn. supplied : Dcellingeria umbel/ata, Nees, Ast. 178,
a broad-leaved form.
A. VIRGATUS, Nees, Syn. Ast. 27 (not Ell.), is a form of A. Novi-Bel/jii, L., p. 189.
The above determinations from Nees were derived from a set of cultivated Asters supplied
by Nees to Hohenacker (either directly or indirectly), thence to Dr. Klatt, who obligingly gave
them to the author.
A. HAYDENI, Porter in Hayden, Geol. Rep. 1871 (published 1872), 485, is a syu. of A. pul-
cheilus, Eaton, p. 201.
49. ERfGERON, L. On p. 214, after E. Bloomeri, add: -
B. nudatus, GRAY. Like E. Bloomcri, but quite glabrous and smooth: leaves thickish,
narrowly spatulate-linear, obtuse, much shorter than the simple (span high) monocephalous
scape : involucre of thickish and green lanceolate bracts somewhat in two series : akenes
obovate-oblong, sparsely pubescent: pappus whitish, simple. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 297.
Dry hillsides, Waldo, S. W. Oregon, Howell.
E. glaucUS, KER, p. 208. Here probably belongs E. squarrosits, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii.
misc. 44. No specimen has been found in the herbarium of Lindley.
E. pumilus, NUTT., p. 210. Add syn.: E. sulcatus, Nees, PI. Neuwied Trav. 13, according
to the character.
E. Chrysopsidis, GRAY, p. 210. Rays vary from yellow to cream-color and even white,
according to Suksdorf.
448 SUPPLEMENT.
E. inornatus, var. angUStatus, GRAY, p. 215. Add syn. : E, anfjustatns, Greene, Bull.
Calif. Acad. i. 88 : perhaps a distinct species, but appears to connect with var. viscidulus.
E. Oreganus, GRAY, p. 21 6. On both sides of the Columbia Eiver, up to and beyond the
Cascades, Mrs. Barrett, Suksdorf. Truly perennial, forming a stout caudex and strong root,
not stoloniferous ; the rosulate tufts appressed to the bare rocks, which it affects
E. PhiladelphicUS, L., p. 217. In California the rays are commonly paler, not rarely white.
56. PSILOCAFvPHUS, Nutt. P. 228, add after line 4: Very few or
commonly no empty involucral bracts. Species revised as follows :
* Leaves all (even those subtending the heads) tapering below, and midrib not prominent: herb-
age and (small) heads canescent with close wool: fructiferous bracts not over a line long.
P. tenellus, NUTT. At length much depressed, the woolliness cottony and becoming floccu-
lent : leaves spatulate, a quarter or rarely half an inch long : akenes (half-line long) obovate-
oblong. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 341; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 266. California,
common in low grounds throughout the western part of the State.
P. Oreganus, NUTT. 1. c. More erect and silky-lanate : leaves nearly linear, attenuate
below, half-inch long: akenes oblong-cyliudraceous. (On p. 228 partly confounded with
the preceding.) Along and near the Columbia River, Oregon and Washington Terr., Xut-
tall, Howell, Suksdorf, Mrs. Barrett.
* * Leaves little and those subtending the heads seldom at all narrowed at base; the midrib of
the latter (in dried specimens) comparatively strong: herbage and especially the heads loosely
floccose-lanate, least so in the first species.
P. elatior. Erect and caulescent, or at length with branches spreading, 3 to 6 inches high,
commonly robust, and with large (3 or 4 lines broad) very leafy-subtended heads, lightly
arachnoid-woolly, the wool of the fructiferous bracts shorter and mostly close : leaves lanceo-
late- or subspatulate-linear, sometimes an inch long: akenes cyliudraceous. P. Oreganus,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 390. P. Oreganus, var. elatior, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 336, & Svn.
Fl. supra, 228. On the Columbia River, from the Willamette to Hood River, E. Hall,
Kellogg & Harford, Suksdorf. Also, Boise City, S. W. Idaho, Wilcox, ambiguous between
this and the preceding.
P. brevissimus, NUTT. Dwarf, with solitary or few and very woolly heads : leaves oblong
or lanceolate, 2 to 5 lines long, seldom surpassing the developed heads : akenes cylindrical
or slightly clavate. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. vii. 340, excl. syn. ; exceedingly depauperate
specimens from the banks of the Columbia River, Nuttall. Also " California," Kel/oyg &
Harford, no. 417, less depauperate, half-inch high or more. N. California, in fields on Chico
Creek, Gray, 1885, half-inch to two inches high, with large and very woolly terminal head
or glomerule of heads ; the akeues a line long ! The scarious beak to the fridltiferous bracts,
which Nuttall thought to be wanting in his exiguous specimens, is small and deciduous.
P. globiferus, NUTT. Branched from the base and spreading or prostrate : leaves linear
or narrowly spatulate, becoming glabrate ; uppermost little surpassing the very woolly heads :
akenes obovate-oblong, scarcely over half a line in length. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c., excl.
syn. Coast of California, from Santa Barbara (Nuttall, &c.) to Los Angeles (Kevin) and
San Diego, Cleveland.
P. CuiLfcfSiS (Micropus yloltiferus, Bertero, DC. Prodr. v. 460, and Bezanilla Chilcnsis,
Remy in Gay, Fl. Chil. iv. 110, t. 46, f. 1) has somewhat similar akeues, but mainly ovate
leaves.
63 '. DIMER^SIA. New genus, to be appended to the Inuloidece, on
p. 59 and p. 237: (Name Ai/xep?/?, of two parts or members.) Heads 2-flow-
ered, homogamous ; the flowers hermaphrodite ; the involucre of two herbaceous
oblong concave bracts, a little united at base, each subtending and almost enclos-
ing a flower. Corolla tubular, regular, 5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at base, the
narrow auricles little extended. Style-branches narrowly linear, obtuse, not ap-
COMPOSITE. 449
pendaged ; the bordering stigmatic lines extending to and around the naked apex.
Akenes clavate-pyriform, glabrous, many-striate, with small epigyuous areola
bearing a pappus of 20 stout and long-plumose bristles in a single series, these
united at base in a ring and early deciduous together.
D. Howellii. An acaulescent and depressed little herb, from an apparently annual tap-
root, somewhat woolly but early glabrate ; the thickish and obovate or oval entire and 35-
ncrved leaves all crowded in a rosulate tuft at the surface of the ground, bearing among and
between them, on very short and crowded branches, numerous small subsessile heads in a
depressed tuft: flowers purplish or flesh-color. On Stein's Mountain in 8. E. Oregon,
June, 1885, T. Howell, and rather later, Cusick.
68. MEL AMPCDIUM, L. P. 239, at end of genus, add : -
* * * Coarse and broad-leaved annual: akene wholly enclosed in its indurated bract: ray and
disk-corollas yellow.
M. PERFOLIATUJI, HBK. Mostly glabrous, divergently branched, bearing slender peduncles
in the forks : leaves large, rhombic-ovate, serrulate, contracted below as if into a winged
petiole, the bases of the pairs connate around the stem, forming a kind of cup : fructiferous
bracts lanate-obovate, compressed, smooth and unarmed, except a few small tubercular points
at and near the apex. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iv. 274; DC. Prodr. v. 520. A/chia perfofinta,
Cav. Ic. i. 10, t. 15. Wedelia perfoliata, Willd. Polymnia perfoliata,Poij:. Waste grounds
in Los Angeles, California. (Nat. from Mex.)
70. SlLPHIUM, L. After S. perfoh'afnm, p. 240, add :
* ** Stem square, but branches terete: leaves not cupulate-connate; cauliue petioled, all opposite.
S. brachiatum, GATTINGER. Stem (3 to 5 feet high) and very slender brachiate branches
smooth, glabrous, glaucous : leaves somewhat hispidnlous-scabrous, thin ; cauline hastate- or
deltoid-lanceolate (4 to 8 inches long), slightly dentate, on rather long and barely margined
or naked petioles ; those of the branches small and very distant, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, en-
tire ; uppermost reduced to small bracts: heads small (half-inch or so high), on long and
slender peduncles : involucral bracts ovate : rays 6 to 8 : akenes ovate-orbicular, narrowly
winged, with barely emarginate summit. Bot. Gazette, ix. 192 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
297. S. E. Tennessee, on the Cumberland Mountains near Cowan, Gattinyei; coll. 1867.
S. AsteriSCUS, L., p. 241. Add the following:
Var. angustatum. A slender form, hispid : leaves oblong-lanceolate ; all the cauline
(except the much reduced uppermost) tapering at base into more or less of a petiole : akenes
obovate-orbicular. Chattahooch.ee, Florida, A. H. Curtiss.
82. FRANSERIA, Cav.
P. tenuifolia, GRAY, p. 250. Add syn. : Ambrosia tenw folia, Gren. & Godr. Fl. Fr. ii. 305
(but fruit wanting in spec. Cosson), not of Spreng. Syst., if that is rightly taken by Baker
in Fl. Bras, vi/ 3 150, t. 49, for a coarse-leaved annual plant, apparently too like A. polystachya.
Three species of the southwestern borders now to be added to the section ACANTIIOLJENA,
viz :
F. COrdifolia, GRAY. (Ed. 1, 445.) Herbaceous, with merely suffrutescent base, erect,
2 or 3 feet high, cinereous-puberulent : leaves thin, roundish-cordate or subcordate, obscurely
3-5-lobed, serrate, an inch or two long, slender-petioled, sometimes one or two small appen-
dages or lobes at or near the summit of the petiole : heads loosely paniculate on slender
rather naked branches : fertile involucre 2 or 3 lines long, minutely granulose-puberulent,
bearing 4 or 5 short and stout subulate spines. S. Arizona, in the mountains near Tucson,
Pringle, Parish.
450 SUPPLEMENT.
F. flexuosa, GRAY. Widely branched from a woody base, canescently puberuleiit or gla-
brate in age : branches slender, flexuous : leaves coriaceous, short-petioled, deltoid-lanceolate
and laciniate-dentate, or upper lanceolate with cuueate base, feather-veined, the tapering tip
and coarse teeth somewhat sphmlose : heads naked-paniculate on the branches : fertile invo-
lucres pubescent, armed with 7 or 8 stout-subulate and widely spreading straight spines,
2-3-flowered. Proe. Am. Acad. xx. 298. Canon Cautillas, within the borders of Lower
California, Orcutt.
P. chenopodifolia, BENTH. To stand between F. dtltoidea and F. eriocentra, habit of the
former : leaves broadly ovate or subcordate, rather slender-petioled, crenate-serrate, rarely
somewhat incised, an inch broad, minutely white-tomentose, upper face glabrate: fertile in-
volucres glomerate, subglobose, 2-3-flowered, tomeutose-lanate, but the numerous subulate
divergent spines naked. Bot. Sulph. 26. All Saints Ba/, in Lower California, Orcutl.
Hinds found it farther south, at Bay of Magdalena. Probably may reach the U. S. border.
101. G-YMNOL6MIA, HBK.
G. triloba, GRAY, p. 2G9, has a thick perennial root, and should be transferred to the second
division, after G. tenttifolia.
G. encelioides, GRAY, and the division under which it stands, are to be suppressed, as also
Viguiera tephroJes, p. 271. See Hclianlhus, infra.
104. HELlANTHUS, L. After H. deUlis, p. 273, add :
H. tephrodes, GRAY. Annual, strigose-canescent, or the stem and branches more loosely
hispidulous: leaves ovate lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obscurely denticulate or entire (an inch
or two long), soft strigose-canescent both sides, rather long-petioled : heads short-peduncled :
involucre 4 or 5 lines high, of oblong-lanceolate acute bracts : rays broadly oblong : bracts
of the receptacle nearly entire and glabrous: akenes linear-oblong, thickish, silky -hairy at
least above : pappus of two oblong or linear caducous small and thin palete, which some-
times do not surpass the hairs of the akeue. Bot. ilex. Bound. 90, & Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
298. Viguiera nivea, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 354, excl. syn. V. tephrodes, Gray, & Gi/mnolomia
encelioides (Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 4), Gray, supra, 269, 271. Southern borders of California
and Arizona about the head of the Gulf, Scltott, Parish. (Adj. Sonora, Prinqle.)
H. Oliveri, GRAY. Perhaps next H. Par/shii, p. 277, tall and stout (10 or 12 feet high),
leafy to the top, remarkable for its soft-villous and even tomeutose pubescence and no rough-
ness: leaves all alternate, lanceolate (4 to 7 inches long), tapering to an acute point, and at
base into a short and margined petiole, nearly entire, obscurely triplinerved near the base :
involucre also villous, of linear-subulate bracts, not surpassing the disk : rays an inch long :
palese of the pappus subulate from a broad base. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 299. S. Califor-
nia, in low grounds between Los Angeles and Santa Monica, J. C. Oliver.
H. DEALsAxus, Gray, p. 280. Collected in excellent specimens by E. L. Greene, 1885, on
Cape San Quentiu, Lower California; the foliage very silvery and soft with the dense panuose
tomeutnm. From the habitat, the Encelia-like aspect, and the whole description, this is evi-
dently Encella nicea, Beuth. Bot. Sulph. 27, the new specimens with peduncles even longer than
described, and the bracts of the involucre come near to ovate-lanceolate. The small and narrow
paleaa of the pappus are so very caducous from the ovary that Beutham overlooked them.
107. HELI ANTHfiLL A, Torr. & Gray.
H. Californica, GRAY, p. 285. Add syn. : If. Neradensis, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 90,
the state with small awns and intermediate exiguous squamellaj more developed ; but traces
of both are found in the original of coll. Bigelow, sometimes whole pappus obsolete from
the first.
118. BALDWlNIA, Nutt.
B. Uniflora, NCTT., p. 302. Add syn. : Viguiera glandulosu, Bertol. Misc. Bot. vii. 45.
COMPOSITE. 451
122. MADIA, Molina.
M. Yosemitana, PARRY, p. 304. Add syu. : M. Rammii, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 90,
the larger and fully developed form, sometimes 18 iuches high (occurring aloug the western
base of the Sierra Nevada), the original of Parry being the most depauperate.
124. HEMIZ6NIA, DC.
H. citriodora, GRAY, p. 307. Add to syn. : Madia citriodora, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, Ix.
63, & Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 91. To habitat add : Hood River, Oregon, Mrs. Barrett, Klickitat
Co., Washington Terr., Suksdorf. Instead of the statement about Madia anomala, add :
H. anomala. More hirsute and viscid than the preceding, destitute of soft villous pubes-
cence, not at all lemon-scented : rays "3 to 5, greenish-yellow" : bracts of receptacle uncon-
nected : akenes of disk and ray similar, larger than in related species (2 lines lung), turgid
oval, obscurely gibbous, subterete, very obtuse or retuse at both ends, wholly destitute of
terminal apiculatiou and of basal stipe or callus, not at all angled, or in ray-akenes a very
obscure ventral ridge. Madia anoi/ui/a, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 91. California, on
hills and mountains in El Dorado and Lake Co., Mrs. Lai/ne-Cnrran. The akeues confirm
the reference of the preceding species with the present one to Euhemizonia.
H. Streets!!, GRAY, mentioned on p. 307, to be introduced on p. 308, before H. cori/mlioan.
Erect or ascending, at length much branched, 5 to 15 inches high, more or less hirsute, desti-
tute of (/lands, usually very leafy up to the numerous corymbosely crowded heads : leaves
linear, obtuse, short (the larger only inch and a half long), entire or with a few coarse short
teeth: heads 3 or 4 lines high : involucral bracts short and linear; those of the receptacle
15 or more in a circle, slightly united below : rays 14 to 20 : disk-flowers numerous : akenes
of the ray rugose-tuberculate at maturity, indistinctly triangular, with a prominent upturned
beak; those of the disk sterile, bearing a pappus of about 10 subulate-linear palete of half
the length of the corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 162, from dwarf or early specimens.
Islands of California, Santa Catalina, Li/on, San Clemeiite, Nevin & Li/on. (Lower California
on San Benito Island, Dr. Streets.)
127. LAYIA, Hook. & Am.
L. heterotridia, HOOK. & ARN., p. 315. Pubescence all short and fine; hispid or hirsute
hairs none or few in the original specimens, but moderately developed in a form which is
distinguished from L. glandulosa, chiefly by the want of crisped wool to the pappus.
Var. major. Robust, the copious pubescence all short : heads and rays large : pappus
more or less deciduous from the disk-akenes in a ring at maturity (which the original of the
species also shows). L. graveolens, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 92. California ; near An-
tioch, Kflhyrj, and Tehachapi Pass, Mrs. Layne-Ciirran.
137 1 . CROCKERIA, Greene. Next to Eatonella, p. 323. (Dedicated
by the discoverer to Charles Crocker, Esq., of San Francisco, one of the most
liberal promoters of botanical exploration in California and adjacent regions.)
Habit, involucre, flowers, and receptacle essentially of Lasthenia Hologymne.
Akenes oval-obovate, very flat and the plane sides nerveless, glabrous ; margins
with a distinct filiform nerve, and very densely ciliate with short and pyriform or
clavate rather rigid more or less glandular hairs ; apex truncate. Pappus none.
C. chrysantha, GREENE, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 93. A span or two high from a slender
annual root, nearly glabrous, not at all woolly : leaves all opposite, linear, entire : heads a
quarter-inch high: involucre nearly hemispherical, shorter than the disk ; the 12 to 14 ovate
bracts cupulate-connate to the middle : rays and numerous disk-flowers golden yellow, and
quite like those of Lasthenia glabrata. To refer the plant to that genus seems impractica-
ble. Valley of the San Joaquin, California, in alkaline soil near Lake Tulare, April 15,
1884, E. L. Greene.
452 SUPPLEMENT.
138. MONOLOPIA, DC.
M. major, DC., p. 323. Add : Regel, Gart. Fl. xx. 162, t. 690.
139. L ASTHENIA, Cass.
L. glabrata, LIXDL., var. Coulteri, p. 325. Add syn. : L. Coulteri, Greene, Bull. Calif.
Acad. i. 192.
141. BAERIA. At close of EUBAERIA, p. 32G, add: -
B. Palmeri, GRAY. Paleaa of the disk-flowers mostly 5, all alike, ovate, firm, attenuate into
a stout awn, erose-laciniate or denticulate; those of the ray-flowers commonly awuless or de-
pauperate or obsolete : otherwise nearly like a large form of B. gracilis. Hot. Calif, i. 376,
& Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 22, where it is not well placed in the section Diclutta. Guadalupe
Island, off Lower California, Palmer, Greene, extra-limital.
Var. Clementina. Heads rather smaller : pappus alike and awnetl in ray and disk-
flowers, the paleae sparingly erose-laciuiate or only denticulate ! On San Clemente, off
Southern California, Nevin & Lyon, 1885. An ambiguous form.
143. ERIOPHlTLLUM, Lag., TRICHOPHYLLOI, p. 329, add:
E. Nevinii. Stem about 3 feet high, decidedly woody below : leaves comparatively large,
equally white-tomentose both sides, twice pinnately parted into narrow and very obtuse seg-
ments and lobes : corymbiform and compound cymes naked-peduncled, of very many and
much crowded heads : bracts of the involucre mostly 3-4-nerved : receptacle wholly naked :
rays not surpassing the disk-flowers : pappus of 4 to 6 often unequal paleae. Island of
San Clemeute, off San Diego, California, on rocks overhanging the sea, Nevin & Lyon, April,
1885. Near to E. stcechadifolium.
E. CSespitosum, DODGL., p. 330. Add syn. : Egletes Calif ornicus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif.
Acad. i. 56.
144. BAHIA, Lag.
B. "Woodhousii, GRAY, p. 333. Rediscovered at Albuquerque, New Mexico, by Marcus
E. Jones.
153. CH^ENACTIS, DC.
C. heterocarpha, GRAY, p. 339, var. CUrta. Pappus of only 4 oval or broadly oblong
pales-, either equal or one of them longer, but not over a third or fourth of the length of the
corolla. Ventura Co., California, in the upper part of the Santa Clara Valley, Gray & Far-
lmi\ 1885.
C. Nevii, GRAY, p. 339. Now collected in good condition in John Day's Valley, S. E. Ore-
gon, by Hove!/. Plants rather slender. Akenes terete, clavate, surmounted by a short and
thickish obscurely denticulate crown, which is an epigynous disk rather than pappus.
C. Cusickii. Of the white-flowered division having marginal flowers enlarged, very low,
diffusely branched, floccose-tomentulose, soon glabrate : leaves rather fleshy, all entire, spatu-
late-linear : peduncles short : bracts of the involucre broadly linear, midrib obscure : pappus
of 10 linear-oblong nearly equal paleae, about the length of the tube of the corolla Sandy
hills of the Malheur, Baker Co., E. Oregon, 1885, Cusick.
C. SUffrutescens, GRAY, p. 341, includes two species, both suffrutescent perennials. The
char, of this is: Tomentose-canescent : branches simple from a decumbent ligneous stem,
erect, bearing a solitary long-peduncled head : leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear
entire lobes : head nearly an inch high: paleaj of the pappus 10, oblong-Ungulate. Proc.
Am. Acad. xvi. 100, & Syn. Fl. 1. c. in part, distinguished in Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 299.
Sand-washes of the Upper Sacramento, California, near Mount Shasta, Lemmon, 1879.
COMPOSITE. 453
C. Parishii, GRAY. Minutely canescent : stems branching from a suffrutescent base and
bearing few heads : leaves pinnately parted into short and partly entire linear lobes : heads
hardly over half an inch high : paleae of the pappus 13 to 15, linear. Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
299. On the southern borders of California, south of the San Jacinto Mountains, Parish,
1882, and near Hanson's Ranch below the boundary, Orcutt, 1884.
167. HYMENATHERUM, Cass. Add on p. 357 : -
2 ! . HETEROCIIROMEA. Palere of the simple pappus 10, little shorter than
the slender akene and the disk-corolla, lanceolate, resolved above into 5 or 7 awns,
the central one longer, and the lateral successively shorter : rays white !
H. COncinnum. Depressed and spreading from the annual root, mostly glabrous, glau-
cesceut : leaves chiefly alternate, thickish, pinnately parted into narrowly linear obtuse and
pointless divisions : heads sessile and clustered at summit of the short leafy branchlets : in-
volucre 12-14-toothed,. nearly naked at base : rays 10 or 12, the showy oblong ligules (2 lines
long) bright white ; the disk-flowers yellow. Arizona, on the mesas near Tucson, 1884,
Princjle. A handsome species, anomalous for its heterochromous flowers ; and hi other re-
spects serving to connect the first two sections with true Hymenatherum.
178. ARTEMISIA, Tourn.
A. SCOpulorum, GRAY, p. 369. Strike out var. monocephala, and add :
A. Patterson!. More dwarf and white-tomento'se, but sometimes glabrate in age : leaves
3-5-parted or cleft, or uppermost entire : heads much larger and broader, solitary or 2 to 5,
40-50-flowered : corollas glabrous : receptacle extremely long-woolly. A. scopulorum, var.
monoce/ihala, Gray. Lower alpine region of the Kocky Mountains in Colorado, first coll. by
Parry in 18G2, and noted as distinct, and now well distinguished by Patterson.
189. TETRAD YMI A, DC. EUTETRADTMIA, p. 379, add : -
T. stenolepis, GREENE. Very white-tomentose with appressed wool, armed with long and
slender leaf-spines ; also bearing from narrowly spatulate to linear-subulate primary leaves :
heads full)- half-inch long, 5-flowered, bracteate with one or two small narrow leaves : bracts
of the involucre linear or broader, rigid and thick : akenes pubescent when young ; pappus
copious, rather rigid. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 92. S. E. California, at Tehachapi Pass and
Antelope Valley, Mrs. Layne-Curran, J. C. Oliver. Habit of the second, but characters of
the first section of the genus.
190 1 . BEBBIA, Greene. (Michael S. Bebb, of Illinois, specially notable for
his knowledge of Willows.) Heads homogamous, 20-30-flowered ; flowers all her-
maphrodite and fertile. Involucre campannlate, shorter than the disk ; its bracts
imbricated in two or three series, oblong or ovate, appressed ; outermost short
ones nearly herbaceous ; inner partly or wholly scarious and obscurely nervose
when dry, a few of the innermost among the outer flowers. Receptacle other-
wise naked, flat. Corolla with short proper tube and elongated upwardly enlar-
ging throat, 5-toothed ; the teeth ovate, spreading, hispidulous outside. Style-
branches slender and produced into indistinct subulate hispidulous appendages.
Akenes somewhat turbinate, hirsute, obsoletely 5-nerved and many striate. Pap-
pus of 15 to 20 rigid short-plumose bristles in a single series. Greene in Bull.
Calif. Acad. i. 179. Carphephorus, Kuknioides, Gray, p. 113.
B. juncea, GREENE, 1. c. Shrubby at base, fastigiately much branched, a yard or less high ;
flowering branches rush-like, herbaceous or mainly so, mostly leafless and alternate, bearing
solitary or scattered heads : leaves few or sparse ; lower opposite, oblong to linear, the lar-
454 SUPPLEMENT.
ger often laciniate and petioled ; upper small and linear, or reduced to subulate minute
scales: flowers golden yellow, sweet-scented (somewhat as in those of Acacia Farnesiana).
Carphephores junceus, Beuth. & p. 113. B. utriplicifolia (Carphephorus atriplicifolius, Gray,
1. c.) of Lower California is probably the same, and var. aspera, Greene, 1. c., is a commo'n
hispidulous state. Rocky places, in canons, &c. in the arid regions of Arizona and S. E.
California (Lower Calif., first coll. by Hinds). Evidently an outlying representative of the
subtribe Liabece.
192. SENECIO, Tourn.
S. aureus, Var. Balsamitae, p. 391. Add syn. : S. ceratopkyllus, Nees, PI. Neuwied
Trav. 12.
S. Neo-Mexicanus, GRAY, p. 392. S. Austins, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 93, is
probably a form of this, from the northeastern borders of California, in Modoc Co., J)/?-s.
Austin.
S. Lyoni. (Next after 5. eremopliilus, p. 393.) Obscurely stiff rutescent, and somewhat
succulent, early glabrate except the persistent dense tufts of wool in the axils : leaves once
or twice prinnately parted into linear obtuse segments and lobes, glabrous above, minutely
woolly-pubescent beneath : peduncle bearing a few pedicellate heads (these 4 to 6 lines
high and radiate): pedicels and involucre sparingly subulate-bracteolate. Island of San
Clemeute, off S. California, on cliffs by the sea, Nevin & Lyon, April, 1885.
S. Calif ornicus, DC. Growing in sand along the sea-shore (San Diego and southward) it
becomes succulent and dwarf, when it is S. amnmpltilus, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 193.
At the end of the genus, p. 394, add :
* * * * Indigenous winter-annual : heads with few and minute ray-flowers, or none.
S. Mohavensis. Glabrous, branching from the base, leafy up to the loose corymbiform
panicle: leaves soft and thickish, ovate or oblong, sinuate-dentate or sparingly incised, cau-
linewith auriculate or cordate-clasping base: heads slender-pednncled, 4 lines high: involucre
narrow-campanulate, 18-20-flowered; calyculate bracts few and inconspicuous: ray-flowers
when present mostly difformed and biligulate, not surpassing the disk: akeues canesceut.
S. E. California in the Mohave region, near the Colorado, Lemmon. (Also within the bor-
ders of Sonora, Mex., Pr ingle.)
213. STEPHANOMERIA, Nutt.
S- COronaria, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 194, Santa Lucia Mountains, Brandegee, by the
character seems too like S. exirjua, Nutt , p. 414.
219. MICR6SEBIS, SCORZONELLA. At end, p. 418, add: -
M. Howellii, GRAY. A foot or more high from a fusiform root, slender, bearing solitary
or 2 or 3 heads: leaves (only 2 or 3 lines wide) elongated-linear and attenuate, some bearing
a few attenuate refracted lobes ; involucre half-inch high, narrow, 1 5-20-flowered ; its bracts
all acuminate ; inner oblong-lanceolate and all nearly equal; outer much shorter and mostly
ovate: akenes 3 lines long, narrower at base : pappus of 8 or 10 conspicuous and firm lance-
olate palese, which nearly equal the length of the akene and bear a denticulate-scabrous awn
of hardly greater length ! Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 300, where by some mistake the pappus
is quite wrongly described. Waldo, S. \V. Oregon, June, 1884, Ilowell. Ambiguous be-
tween the sections Scorzonella and Calais, with pappus-palere of the latter, except in number,
but perennial or biennial from a fusiform root, and the habit of a slender M. leptosepala.
223. MALAC6THBIX, DC.
M. Coiilteri, GRAY, p. 421. Anthesis vespertine or matutinal, the heads closed at
midday.
M. insularis, GREENE. Intermediate between Mcdacolepis and Malacothrix subsection
Malacomeris, annual, glabrous, a foot or two high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, laciniate-pinna-
COMPOSITE. 455
tifid, the lobes almost linear : involucre well imbricated, less than half-inch high ; outermost
bracts ovate, innermost linear, all scarious with green or purplish tip and centre : corolla
yellow : receptacle almost destitute of bristles : akeues 15-ribbed, five of the ribs angulate-
prominent : one or two stronger pappus-bristles persistent. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 194.
S. California, on Coronados Islands, off San Diego, Greene.
M. foliosa. Between J\f. obtusa and M. inainu, p. 423, with habit of M. saratilis, but an an-
nual, with much smaller heads of yellow flowers, glabrous : stem a foot or two high, erect,
much branched, very leafy even to the branchlets : leaves lanceolate, most of them laciniate-
pinnatifid, 2 to 4 inches long, uppermost linear-attenuate : heads short-pecluncled, 3 to 5 lines
high : bracts of the involnare lanceolate, rather obtuse : akeues somewhat equally 10-costate :
pappus wholly deciduous, leaving neither bristles nor crown. Island of San Clemente, off
Southern California, Nevin & Lijon, April, 1885. Connects the Leucoseris of Nuttall with
his Leptoseris.
M. saxatilis, TORK. & GRAY, p. 423. Under this may be more than one species, not only
the M. tenuifotia, Torr. & Gray, but also a larger-flowered one, M. altixsima, Greene, Bull.
Calif. Acad. 1. c., of mountains of Kern Co., Mrs. Lai/ne-Curran, said to be annual (but not
seen here) : probably same from Ojai, Peckham. But the characters are not yet clear.
226. HIEBACIUM, Tourn.
H. longipilum., TORR., p. 426. Cancel the var. spathulatum, which should be trans-
ferred to
H. Marianum, WILLD., var. spathulatum. A mountain form, with leaves all or
mainly radical and unusually barbate-hispid. Pilosella spathulata, Schultz Bip. in Flora,
1862. Tuscarora or Two-top Mountain, Perm., Porter and Trail!. Green.
H. Brandegei, Greene, Bull. C'alif. Acad. i. 194. Santa Lucia Mountains, Brander/ee, fide
Greene, which we have not seen, appears to be the same as the plant of the same distiict,
coll. G. R. Vasey (not Parry as stated), and referred to //. argutum, Nutt., on p. 428.
INDEX.
NAMES of orders are in CAPITALS; of suborders, tribes, &c., in SMALL CAPITALS; of admitted
genera and species, in ordinary Roman type; of synonyms, as also of subgeuera, sections, and all species
merely referred to, in Italic type.
Abrotanum, 369.
Absinthium, 369.
vulgare, 370.
Acamptopappus, 54, 124.
Sliockleyi, 124.
sphserocephalus, 124.
Acantkolcuna, 25U.
Acanthospermum, GO, 239.
australe, 239.
Brasilum, 239.
hispi'lum, 240.
humile, 240.
xanthioides, 239.
Acanthoxant/iium, 253.
Acarphcea, 342.
artemisicejblia, 342.
Achcsta, 288.
Aeliillea, 78, 363.
borenlis, 363.
qracilis, 363.
lanulosa, 363.
Millefoliiim, 363.
multiflora, 363.
occidentatts, 363.
Ptarmica. 363.
tomentosa, 363.
Achyraclucna, 69, 312.
moll is, 312.
Achyrcea, 124.
Ackyropappus, 332.
Wuodhousei, 333.
Aciphyllma, 357.
acerosa, 357.
Acmella occidentnlis, 258.
repens, 258.
Acoma dissectum, 301.
Acosmia, 263.
Acvurtirt, 408
microcephala, 409.
Actinea, 344.
Actinella, 75, 344.
acaulis, 345.
argentea, 345.
bisnnis, 346.
Bigelovii, 346.
Brandcgei, 345.
chrysanthemoid.es, 345.
Cooperi, 346.
depressa, 345.
glabra, 345.
grandiflora, 345.
insignis, 345.
lanata, 330, 345.
lanuginosa, 344.
leptoclada, 345.
linearifolia, 344.
odorata, 347.
Palmeri, 344.
Richardsonii, 347.
Richardsonii, 346.
Rusbyi, 346.
scaposa, 344.
Torreyana, 345.
Vaseyi, 346.
Actinaphoria, 129.
Actinolepis, 328.
anthemoides, 328.
coronaria, 327.
lanosa, 320.
Lemmoni, 328.
multicaulis, 328.
mutica, 328.
nicea, 323.
tenella. 327.
Wallacei, 329.
Actinomeris, 67, 289.
/^r, 287.
alba, 289.
alternifulia, 289.
helianthoides, 288.
heterophylla, 288.
lonyifolia, 287.
nudicaulig, 288.
oppositifi/lia, 288, 289.
paucijlora, 288.
squarrosa, 289.
Wriyhtii, 288.
Actinospermum, 302.
anrjustif: Hum, 303.
ADENOCAULE/E, 59.
Ailenocaulon. 59, 237.
bicolor, 237.
Adenophyllum Wrightii, 357.
Arfenostyles Nardosmin, 376.
Ailnpoijon, 412.
Adoxa, 7, 8.
Moschatellina, 8.
sElhulin, uniflora, 92.
Agaristrt, 290, 300.
cnlliopsidea, 300.
Agassizia, 351 .
suavis, 351.
Agnihyrsus, 443.
Floridanus, 443.
leucopkceus, 444.
Ageratum, 51, 03.
altissimum, 101.
ccelestinum, 93.
conyzoides, 93.
corymbosum, 93.
lineare, 338.
littorale, 93.
mnritimum, 93.
Mexicanum, 93.
punctatum, 92.
Wrightii, 92.
Alarcunia anyustifolia, 268
helenitiides, 2~67.
Alcinu perfoliata, 449.
Aldama uniserialis, 256.
Alloseris, 412.
Alymniit, 2-';S.
Amauria, 332.
(//&s< (.<<(, 334.
Amblyolepis, 76, 351.
setigera, 351.
Amblyupappus, 73, 334.
Neo-Mcxicanus, 333.
pusillus, 334.
Ambrosia, 63, 248.
n/>xi/nthi/'olia, 249.
acanthicurpa, 251.
aptera, 240.
artemisia-folia, 249.
bidentata, 249.
cheirantliifolia, 249.
confertiflora, 250.
curanopifoKn, 200.
crithmif'olia, 250.
elatior, 249.
fruticiisa, 250.
glandulosa, 2"iO.
'heterophylla, 249.
hispida, 250.
integrifolia, 249.
Linflheimeriana, 250.
longistylis, 249.
longistylis, 250.
paniculata, 249.
Perurlann, 250.
Pitch fri, 246.
psilostachya, 250.
pumila, 250.
tenuifulia, 250, 449.
tomentosa, 251.
trifida, 249.
AMBKOSIE/E, 62.
Ami'llastrum, 172.
Amellus Citrohnirinus, 256.
spinulosus, 130.
rtllosus, 123.
Ami'la </r<icUit, 306.
kirsuta, 306.
Ammodia, 124.
Orer/ana, 124.
Ammogeton
scorzonercefolium, 437.
Amphiachyris, 53, 116.
458
INDEX.
dracunculoides, 116.
Fremoiiui, 110.
Amplitjjuppits Frt-inontii, 116.
AnacataL, 417.
Amid* ti iplL rtf. 204.
Auaphalis, 50, 233.
margaritacea, 233.
Ancistrucarplius, 227.
fiiagineus, 228.
Angelandra, 244.
Amsocarpus Bulanderi, 305.
madiuides, 304.
Anisocoma, 8u, 410.
acaule. 416.
Anutis lanceolata, 26.
Aiitennaria, 58, 231.
alpina, 232.
aljjijta, 231.
argentea, 232.
Carpatkica, 232.
dimorpha, 231.
dioiea 233.
flagellaris, 231.
GL-veri. 231.
hyperborea, 233.
abradorica, 232.
luzuloides, 232.
margai-itacea, 233.
microeephala, 232.
inonoceplt</lii, -I.}-!.
piirrij'ulitt, 233.
plantaginea, 233.
plantaginifolia, 233.
raceniosa. 233.
stenophvlla, 231.
ANTIIKMIDE.E, 77, 362.
Anthemis, 78, 302.
arveiiMs, 302.
Cotula, 302.
nobilis, 303.
repens, 258.
tinctoria, 363.
Apalus, 344.
Apargia autumnalis, 420.
boreitlis. 424.
Apargidiian, 80, 424
boreale, 424.
Aparine, 35.
Aphanostephus, 55. 163.
Arizonicus, 163.
Arkansanus, 164.
humilis, 164.
pilosus, 163.
ramosissinuis, 163.
ramoisus, 104.
Riddtllii, 103.
Aphantochteta, llii.
exilis, 120.
Aplodiscus. 125, 142.
Aplopappus, 54, 125, 446.
acanlis, 132.
nlpif/cnva, 201.
apari^ioiclcp, 127.
arenarius, 130.
armcrioides, 152.
aureus, 121).
baccJt oroides, 160.
Berboridis, 120.
blephariphyllus, 205
Bloomeri, 134.
Brandegei, 132.
cancscem:, 123.
cartlmmoides, 126.
crrrinus, 134.
ciliatus, 125.
croceus, 128.
cuiieatus, 133.
dtucuideus, 143.
divaiicatus, 130.
ericoides, 133.
JlurijKr, 108.
Freuiouti, 128.
graeilis, 130.
Greenei, 135.
gymnocephalus, 205.
Hcenkei, 170.
Hallii, 120.
hivtus, 127.
Hookcrianu?, 131.
Howellii, 440.
integrifblius, 128.
inuloides, 128.
laneuulatus. 129.
lanceolatus, 127.
lauuginosus, 131.
laricifolius, 133.
Jinearifolius, 132.
linearifoliits, 222.
Lyalli, 131.
j, i net- us, 440.
Macroncma, 135.
-Mi>i;.<\aii, 143.
iiiollia, 135.
niimactis, 133.
multicaulis, 129.
nanus, 134.
Nuttallii, 125.
Orcultii, 440.
Palineri, 133.
paniculntus, 127.
Parryi, 131.
pinifolius, 134.
phyllocephalus, 130.
pygiiiii-iis, 131.
rai/cniosus, 126.
ramulosus, 142, 223.
resinosus, 134.
rubiginosus, 130.
sphcerocephalus, 124.
spiiuilosus, 130, 446.
siiuarrosus, 125.
stenophyllus, 132.
suffruticosus, 135.
1< nuicaulis, 129.
tortifoliiis, 173.
iiniliorus, 12S.
Watsoni, 134.
Whitneyi, 127.
Aplostephium canum, 170.
Apogon, 84, 410.
graeilis, 411.
huniilis, 411.
I iir<i tus, 411.
Wrightii, 411.
ArcMeracium, 424.
Arctium, 82, 3fl7.
Barduna, 307.
I.aj.pa, 307.
majus, 307.
i/i in UK, 307.
Arctof/eron, 200.
Ariiyrorhfctfi. bipinnatifida, 244.
Armuni'i, 281.
Arnica, 81, 380.
alpina, 382.
amplexicaulis, 381.
angustifolio , 382.
Chaniissonis, "81.
Chnmifson>*, 382.
Claytoni, 380.
cordi folia, 381.
discoidea, 381.
Doronicum, 384.
foliosa, 382.
/Wf, ( ns, :,.S3.
'lanceolata, 382.
latii'ulia, 381.
latlfoliit, 382.
longifolia, 82.
marropltylLt. 81.
moliis, 582.
Nevadensis, 382.
nudicaulis, C80.
obtusifolia. 383.
Parrvi, 382.
parviflora, 381.
plant:: ' i,,t : , 383.
Unalii: i-ln ni i>, 383
vi>cosa, 582.
Arnicella, 128.
Aru/niii. ttnuij\:lin, 334.
Arrhenachim , 221.
Arrow-wood, 10. 225.
Avlfinisia, 78. 667.
abrutanoldes, 370.
Abrotanum, 370.
Absinthium, 370.
andrusucea, 370.
annua, 370.
arbuscula. 374.
arctica, 371.
biciinis, 370.
13i;,'i luvii, 374.
Bolanderi, 375.
boreal is, 308.
ccespitcsu, 371.
Caliibrnii."!, 370.
campest-i'is, 308.
cana, 375.
Caiiadensis, 308.
capillif'olttt, 07.
caudata, 308.
cci/iutt, 300.
Chamissonictna, 371,
Cliintnsis, 371.
Columbiensis, 375.
cummutata, SG8.
corymbosa, 371.
ciintij'olia, 372.
desertorum, 368.
discolor, 373.
Douglasiana, 372.
dracunculoides, 369.
Drncunculuf, 360.
(iliiolia, 3i;0.
Fischeriana, 370.
J'oliosa, 370.
franserioides, 373.
frigida, 369.
glauca, 369.
globularia, 371.
glomerava, 370.
gnaphalodes, 372.
Grcenlandica, 3G8.
Inttrn/ili ylln, 371, 373.
Hitprtnica, 370.
Hookeriana, 372.
incomptn, 373.
Jnt/lcn, var., 372.
inodora, 36'J.
intrr/rifcli'1, 372, 373.
leptophylla, 374.
INDEX.
459
leontopodioides, 371.
Lewisii, 3G9.
Lindheimeriana, 372.
Lindleyana, 373.
loiigepeiiunculata, 371.
longifolia, 372.
Ludoviciana, 372.
Ludoviciana, 373.
matricarioides, 364.
Me.xicana, 372.
Michauxiana, 373.
Norvegica, 371.
Nuttafliana, 369.
pachystachya, 369.
Paclficn, 308.
Palnieri, 374.
Parisliii, 374.
Parryi, 371.
Patterson!, 453.
pedatilicla, 368.
peuccdanijblia, 368.
Plattensis, 369.
potenlilloides, 367.
Prescottiaua, 373.
procera, 370.
pumila, 373.
Purshitni't, 372.
pycnocephala, 369.
pycnost/tchya, 369.
Richardsoniana, 371.
rigida, 374.
Rothrockii, 375.
rupestris, 371.
Santonica, 369.
scopulorum, 369, 453.
scopalorum, 453.
Semavinensis, 370.
Senjavinensis, 370.
Senjavinensis, 371.
sencea, 369.
serrata, 372.
spinescens, 368.
spithamcea, 368.
Stelleriana, 371.
TVfcjs/*, 373.
tridentata, 374.
trifida, 375.
trifida, 374, 375.
trif'urcuta, 3 7 1.
variab'dis, 369.
violacea, 368.
viryata, 370.
vulgavis, 372.
Wrightii, 373.
Artichoke, 82, 280.
Artorhiza, 265.
Asperula odorata, 35.
Aster, 56, 172.
abbreviatus, 194.
acuminatus, 199.
acuminatus, 194.
adnatus, 180.
adscendens, 191.
adscendens, 192, 193.
adulterinua, 189.
cestivus, 188, 189, 192.
afaius, 180.
O^MS, 198.
alpigenus, 201.
alpinus, 173.
amethystinus, 185.
amtznits, 195.
amplexicnulis, 178, 180, 183.
amplus, 194.
amygdalinus, 196, 197.
Andersonii, 201.
Andinus, 191.
angustus, 204.
anyustus, 447.
anomalus, 181.
annuus, 172, 219.
areiiarioides, 201.
aryenteus, 179.
aryutuSj 189.
artemisiceflorus, 187.
asperrimus, 178.
aspei'uc/lntus, 212.
asperulus, 181.
attenuatus, 183.
auritus, 180.
azureus, 181.
Baldwinii, 182.
bellidiflorus, 188.
bicolor, 146.
biennis, 179, 185, 206.
bi floras, 176.
bifrons, 187.
Bigelovii, 205.
blandus, 195.
blepharophyllus, 202, 205.
Bloomeri, 178.
Bonari&nsis, 208.
boreniis, 188.
fiostoniensis, 185.
bracteolatus, 191.
brumalis, 189.
c<zrulcscens, 188.
ccesvitusus, 190.
Californicus, 208.
campestris, 178.
Canbyi, 193.
canescens, 206.
caricifolius, 202.
carneus, 188, 192.
carnosus, 202.
Carolinianus, 179.
Chamissoiiis, 190.
Chapmani, 201.
C/iilensis, 190.
chrysanth emoides, 206.
ciliatus, 172.
cillatus, 180, 185.
tiliolatw, 182.
Collinsii, 172.
Coloradoensis, 205.
commutatus, 185.
concinnus, 183.
concinnus, 178.
concolor, 180.
confertus, 183, ]95.
consanguineus, 196.
conspicuus, 177.
conyzoides, 171.
cordifolius, 182.
cordifolius, 174, 128.
coridifolius, 186.
corn(folius, 197.
Cornuti, 194.
corymbosus, 174.
Curtisii, 177.
Cusickii, 195.
cyaneus, 183.
denudatus, 191.
dichotomus, 197.
diffusus, 186.
dl/usus, 186, 187, 199.
discoideus, 144.
divaricatus, 172, 174, 197, 199,
divergent, 186. [203.
diversifolius, 181.
Douglasii, 192.
Douijlasii. 193, 194.
dracunculoides, 188.
Druniinondii, 182.
duinosus, 185.
dumosus, 184, 186.
Durandii, 190.
elegans, 200.
eleyans, 176, 184, 199.
Eliiottii. 194.
dorfes, 100.
eminens, 188, 189, 190, 447.
Engelmanni, 199.
ericsefolius, 198.
L'rirnides, 184.
ei-icoides, 185, 186.
eryngiifolius, 173.
Espenberyensis, 176.
exilis, 203.
exscapus, 168.
falcatus, 185.
fulcutus, 190, 191.
Fendleri, 178.
jilaginifolius, 170.
Jirmus, 195.
Jitxuosus, 202.
Jloribundus, 189.
fpliaceus, 193.
foliolosus, 186.
fratjUis, 186, 187.
Fremonti, 191.
frondosus, 204.
fflabellus, 184.
(jliibriusculus, 200.
ylacialis, 201, 208, 209, 211.
glaucescens, 183.
glaucus, 200.
gracilentus, 183.
gracilis, 176.
graminifolitis, 216.
grandiflorus, 178.
grandiflorus, 174.
graveoiens, 447.
Greenei, 188.
gvmnocephalus, 205.
I-iallii, 191.
Haydeni, 447.
hebecladus, 185.
Herveyi, 175.
hespei'ius, 192.
heterophyllus, 182, 447.
hiemalis, 189.
/; irsHticaulis, 187.
Inrttllus, 182.
hispidus, 195.
horizontalis, 187.
It u mills, 197.
hyssopifolius, 172.
inibiicatus, 201.
incanus, 206.
infirmus, 197.
integrifoliiis, 177.
intybaceus, 447.
junceus, 188.
junceus, 188.
Kingii, 178.
Kumleini, 179.
Icevigatus, 183, 189.
Isevis, 183.
Lamarckianus, 188.
lanceolatus, 188.
latffoli.us, 175.
laxifoUus, 188, 189, 192.
/azws, 188, 189.
leucanthemus, 187.
460
INDEX.
ledifolius, 199.
ledophyllus, 200.
Lemmoui, 199.
linariifolius, 197.
Lindleyanus, 182.
Km/alms, 172, 202, 204.
longifolius, 188.
lonfjifolius, 18'J, 190, 192.
lucid-us, 195.
lutescens, 199.
luxurians, 447.
niacrophyllus, 175.
Marytandicus, 171.
Menziesii, 190.
micropjiyllus. 180.
mirabilis, 175.
miser, 172, 183, 186, 187.
modestus, 179.
montanus, 176, 179.
multiceps. 179.
multirtorus, 185.
multiftonts, 186, 191.
mutabilis, 172.
mutalllis, 183, 189.
mutatus, 179.
JVeem, 190.
nemoralis, 199.
Nbvse-Anglise, 178.
Novi-Belgii, 189, 447.
Novi-Belgii, 192.
nudifiorus, 176.
NuttalUi, 178, 191.
obliquus, 188.
oblon^ifolius, 178, 447.
obovatuf, 196, 197.
occidental]*, 192.
onustus, 188, 389.
Oolentanr/iensi?, 181.
Oreganus, 192.
pallens, 194.
Palmeri, 203.
paludosus, 174.
paniculatus, 187, 447.
paniculatus, 181, 182, 189.
Panyi, 200.
parviflorus, 207.
pnrviflorus, 187.
patens, 180.
puttntifsimuf, 180.
Pattersoni, 205.
Patter soni, 200.
patulus, 194.
paiiciflorus, 202.
pauciflorns, 184.
pendulus, 180.
Pennsylvanicus, 183.
peregrinus, 196.
phlogifolius, 180.
phvllolepis, 179.
pitosus. 184, 185.
pinifolius, 447.
poli'tus, 183.
polyphylliis, 184. 447.
Porterij 184.
prcealtus, 188, 189.
pnecox, 182, 194.
prenanthoides, 194.
Prescottii, 176.
ptarmicoides, 198.
pubescens, 447.
pulchellus, 201, 447.
pulcherrimus, 197.
puniceus, 195.
puniceus, 194.
purpuratus, 183.
pygmseus, 196.
raceniosus, 186.
radula, 176.
radula, 177, 190.
radulinus, 177.
ramulosus, 185, 191.
recurvatus, 187, 188.
Reevtsil, 184.
reticulatus, 197.
Richardsonii, 176.
riyidus, 172, 197.
nyidulus, 188.
riparius, 202.
roseus, 178.
rubricaults, 183.
sagittifolius, 182, 447.
sarjittifolius, 181.
salicifolius, 188.
salicifolius, 188, 189.
saliynus, 188.
salsuginosus, 196, 208, 209,
Sayanus. 179. [447.
scubtr, 181.
scabrosus, 172.
scandens, 179.
scoparius, 185.
scopulorutn, lt'8.
secundiflorus, 186.
sericeus, 179.
scruti/uis, 189.
Shastensis, 174.
Shortii, 181.
Sibiricus, 176, 447.
.<//y-/< .r. 188, 192.
solidayineus, 171 .
solidaginoides, 171.
Sonoyce, 202.
sparsiflorus, 186. 202.
spathulatus. 191.
speciosus, 176.
spectabilis, 176.
spectdbilis, 190.
spinosus, 203.
spiuulosus, 174.
spi.irius, 178.
squarrosus. 180.
squarrulosus, 189.
stenomeres, 198.
stenopkyllus, 188.
strictus, 176, 188.
subasper, 188.
fubspicatus, 193.
subulatus, 204.
subulcitus, 203.
surculosus, 176.
tanacetifolius, 206.
tardiflorus, 1H4.
tardiflorus, 189.
tenuifolius, 202.
tenuifolius, 184, 186, 187,188.
tkyrsiflortis, 190.
riVesii, 196.
tomentellus, 170.
tortifolius, 173.
tortifollus, 172.
Townshendii, 205.
Tradescanti, 187.
Tradescanti, 18G, 188, 194.
Trtpolium, 202.
turbinellus, 183.
umbellatus, 196, 447.
Uitalasckenns, 179, 196, 208.
undulatus, 181.
undulatus, 180.
uniflorus, 199.
tircpliyllus, 182.
Vcrnus, 172, 216.
versieolor, 183.
villosus, 184.
vimineus, 186.
vimineus, 183, 194, 195,
virgatus, 183.
rii-fjatus, 184, 447.
vire/ineus, 189.
Watsoni, 201.
Wrightii, 173.
Xyloi-rhiza. 200.
ASTEROIDE^;, 52, 114.
Astraniliium integrifolium, 163.
Astropoltum, 203.
Aihanasia gramimfolia, 303.
hastatrt, 257.
paniculata, 289.
Irinervia, 303.
Atrichoseris, 84, 410.
platyphylla, 410.
Aurelia, 117.
amplexicaulis, 118.
decurrens, 119.
BACCHAEIDEjE, 57.
Baccharis, 57, 221.
Alamani, 225.
angustifolia, 222.
Bigelovii, 224.
brachyphylla, 223.
cceruhscens, 225.
consanr/mnea, 222.
Douglasii, 224.
Emorvi, 222.
fcetida, 226.
glomeruliflora, 222.
(jlomerulijlora, 222.
glutinosa, 224.
ylutinosa, 225.
Hasnkei, 224.
halimifolia, 222.
Havardi, 224.
juncea, 221.
pilularis, 222.
pilularis, 223.
Phif/rcen, 225.
Plummera?, 224.
ptarmiccefolia, 224.
pteronioides, 223.
ramulosa, 223.
salicifolia, 222.
salicina, 222.
salicina, 223.
sarothroides, 223.
Seemanui, 221.
sergiloides, 223.
sessiliftora, 222.
Texaia, 222.
thesioides, 224.
veneta, 143.
viminea, 225.
viscosa, 226.
Wrightii, 222.
Baeria, 72. 325.
aftinis, 327.
anthcmoides, 328.
carnosa, 326.
chrysostoma, 325.
Cleveland], 326.
coronaria, 327.
curta, 326.
debilis, 325.
Fremont i, 327.
gracilis, 326.
INDEX.
461
leptalea, 325.
macrantha, 325.
maritima, 320.
mutica, 328.
Palmeri, 452.
platvcarpha, 320.
tenella, 327.
uliginosa, 327.
Bahia, 73, 331.
absintliifolia, 332.
achillceoides, 330.
ambigua, 331.
ambrosioides, 332.
arachnoidea, 330.
artemisicefolia, 329.
Bigelovii, 333.
biternata, 333.
chrysanthemoides, 333.
confertiflora, 330.
cuneata, 331.
dealbata, 332.
yracilis, 331.
integrifoUa, 331.
lanata, 330.
latifolia, 330.
leucophylla, 331.
mulUflora, 331.
Neo-Mexicana, 333.
nudieaulis, 332.
oblongifolia, 332.
oppositifolia, 332.
parviflora, 331.
pedata, 333.
rubella, 329.
stcBchadifolia, 329.
tenuifolia, 330.
trifida, 330.
Wallace!, 329. 331.
Woodhousii, 333, 452.
Bahiopsis Ian tta, 271.
Baileya, 71, 318.
mnltiradiata, 318.
pauciradiata, 318.
pleniradiata, 318.
Baldwinia, 68, 302.
multiflora, 302.
uniflora, 302, 450.
Balsamorrhiza, 66, 205.
Bolanderi, 266.
Careyana, 265.
deltoldea, 266.
glabrescens. 266.
helianthoides, 266.
hirsuta, 266.
Hooker! , 266.
incana, 206.
macro pliyl la, 266.
sagittata, 265.
terebinthacea, 266.
Barkhnusia Caroliniana, 441.
elegans, 431.
grandiflora, 441.
Lessinr/ii, 439.
nana, 431.
Barrattia, 283.
calm, 283.
Bartlettia, 80, 378.
scaposa, 378.
Bebbia, 445, 453.
juncea, 453.
Bedstraw, 35.
Bellardin, 416.
Bellis, 55, 103.
integrifolia, 163.
Mexicana, 163.
perennis, 163.
xanthocomoides, 163.
Berlandiera, 01, 242.
incisa, 243.
* longifolia, 242.
lyrata, 243.
pumila, 243.
subacaulis, 243.
Texana, 242.
tomentosa, 243.
Berth elotia, 225.
Betckea, 44, 46, 47.
major, 47.
samolifolia, 47.
Bezanilln^ 228, 448.
Bidens, 68, 295.
arguta, 298.
Beckii, 298.
Bigelovii, 297.
bipinnata, 297.
Calif ornicn, 297.
cernua, 290.
chrysanthemoides, 296.
connata, 296.
ferulcefolia, 298.
fceniculi folia, 298.
frondosa, 290.
nracilis, 302.
helianthoides, 290.
heterophylla, 298.
heterosperma. 297.
Humbokltii, 298.
Lemmoni, 297.
leucantha, 297.
longifolia, 298.
nireri; 297.
petiolata, 296.
pilosa, 297.
procera, 297.
quadnarisiata, 296.
striatn, 297.
tenuisecta, 297.
tripartita, 296.
Bigelovia, 54, 135.
acradenia, 142.
albida, 137.
arborescens, 141.
Bigelovii, 137.
Bolanderi, 136.
brachylepis, 141.
cerummosa, 138.
Cooperi, 141.
coronopifolia, 142.
coronopifolia, 143.
depressa. 137.
d iff usa, 141.
Douglasii, 139.
dracunculoides, 139.
Drummondii, 142.
Engelmanni, 137.
graveolens, 139.
Greenei, 138.
Hartwegi, 143.
Howarcli, 136.
intricatn, 203.
lanceolata, 140.
leiosperma, 139.
juncea, 138.
Mcnziesii, 143.
Missouriensis, 139.
Mohavensis, 138.
Nevadensis, 136.
nudata, 141.
paniculata, 138.
Parishii, 141.
Parryi, 136.
pluriflora, 142.
pulchella, 137.
rupeslris, 133.
tpathitlata, 133.
teretifolia, 138.
tnduitatfi, 143.
uniliffulata, 154.
Vaseyi, 140.
veneta, 142.
virgata, 141.
viscidiflora, 140.
Wrightii, 142.
Biotia, 174.
commixta, 175, 176.
coi-ymbosa, 174.
glomerata, 175.
tatifolia, 175.
macrophylla, 175.
Schreberi, 175.
Biazing Star, 109.
Blennosperma, 60, 343.
Caiifornicum, 344.
Blepharipappus, 09, 304.
glandulosus, 314.
saber, 304.
Blepharizotua, 312.
Blepharodon, 129.
Bluebottle, 407.
Bluets, 24.
Bcebera, 356.
chrysanthemoidts, 356.
glandulasa, 356.
Boeberastrum, 356.
Bolnphyta, 245.
alpina, 245.
Bolop/tytum, 245.
Boltonia, 50, 166.
asteroides, 166.
diffusa, 160.
glastifolia, 166.
latisquama, 166.
Bombycilcena, 227.
Boneset, 99.
Borrvria, 33.
Domingensis, 34.
micrantha, 34.
parviftora, 34.
subulatti, 33.
Borrichia, 66, 205.
arborescens, 265.
frutescens, 205.
Bouvardia (> 19, 23.
angustifolia, 24.
coccinea, 24.
hirtella, 24.
Jacquini, 24.
ovata, 23.
quatemifblia, 24.
splendens, 24.
ternifolia, 24.
triphylla, 23.
Brachyachyris, 115.
EttthamicB, 115.
Bracliyactis. 204.
ciliata, 204.
frondosa, 204.
Brachychaeta, 53, 54, 161.
cordata, 161.
Brachycome xantliocomoides, 166.
Bracfiyris, 115.
Californica, 115.
divaricata, 115.
dracunculoides, 116.
Euthamias, 115.
462
INDEX.
microcfpliala, 115, 116.
ovatifolia, 161.
pamculata, 115.
ramosissima, 116.
Braclburia, 53, 120.
hirtella, 120.
Brauntria, 258.
Breea arvensis, 398.
Brickellia, 51, 103.
atractyloides, 104.
baccharidea, 106.
betonierefolia, 107.
brachyphylla, 108.
Calif oruica, 106.
cordifolia, 105.
Coulteri, 105.
Cumin gii, 124.
cylindracea, 107.
dentata. 106.
Fendleri, 96.
floribunda, 105.
frutescens, 108.
grandJflora, 105.
Greenei, 104.
hastata, 104.
Sncana, 104.
laciniata, 106.
Lemmoni, 107.
Unenri folia , 140.
linifolia, 104.
kngifolia, 108.
mierophylla, 106.
Mohavensis, 104.
multiflora, 108.
Nevinii, 445.
oblongifolia, 104.
oligantbes, 107.
parvula, 107.
Pringlei, 107.
renfformisy 106.
Riddellii, 108.
Rusbyi, 106.
simplex, 105.
spinulosa, 108.
squamulosa, 108.
tenera, JOG.
Wislizeni, 107.
Wrightii, 106.
Wnghtii, 105.
Brotera Contrayerba, 354.
Sprengelii, 354.
trinervata, 354.
Broteroa trinervata, 354.
Ba.lbo.itif Us, 104.
annua, 377.
Californica, 10G.
Cavanillesii, 100.
deltoides, 100.
microphylla, 106.
oliganthes, 107.
Buphthalmumant/ustifolium, 303.
arborescens, 265.
frutescens, 205.
helianthoides, 255.
repens, 265.
sagittatvm, 266.
Burdock, 397.
Bur-Marigold, 295.
Burrielia, 72, 324.
chrysostoma, 325.
Fremonti, 327.
grncilis, 326.
hirsnta, 326.
Innosn, 329.
leptalea, 325.
longifolia, 326.
mantima, 326.
microglossa, 324.
nivea, 323.
parviflora, 326.
platycarpha, 326.
tenerrima, 326.
Bush Honeysuckle, 18.
Butter-bur, 375.
Butter-weed, 394.
Button Snakeroot, 109.
Cacalia, 81, 394.
atriplicifolia, 395.
cord (folia, 94.
decomposita, 396.
diversifolia, 395.
Floridana, 395.
yigantea, 395.
hastata, 395.
liastata, 395, 396.
lanceolata, 396.
Nardosmia, 376.
ovata, 395.
on<a. 396.
paniculata, 396.
pterantlies, 396.
reniformis, 395.
suaveolens, 395.
tuberosa, 396.
Cacaliopsis, 79, 376.
Nardosmia, 376.
Cachimilla, 225.
Ccenotm, 220.
Ca/a/s, 418.
aphantocarpha, 419.
Bigelovii, 419.
Bolanderi, 418.
cyclocarvha, 420.
JJoufflasii, 419, 420.
eriocarpha, 420.
glauca, 417.
graciloba, 417.
laciniata, 417, 418.
Lindlfyi, 419.
lineanfolia, 419.
macrochceta, 418.
major, 417.
nutnns, 417.
Parryi, 418.
platycarpha, 420.
sylvatica, 417.
tenella, 419.
Cafea aspera, 257.
oppositifolia, 257.
Calliachyns Fremonti, 313.
CaVinstrum, 175.
Callichroa, 315.
Douglnsii, 316.
platyglossa, 315.
CfilUylossa Douglas!!, 316.
Calliopsis, 290.
Atkinsoniana, 291.
bicolor, 291.
cardaminefoHa, 291.
Drummondii, 291.
palmntn, 293.
7*056 rt, 290.
tinctoria, 291.
Calocalais, 418.
Calonert, 351.
Calostelma, 109.
Calycadenia, 310.
cephalotes, 312.
Fremonti, 312.
is, 311.
multiglandulosa, 31s.
paucijiora, 311.
plumosa, 312.
tenella, 311.
truncata, 311.
villosa, 311.
Calycoseris, 86, 421.
'Parryi, 421.
Wrightii, 421.
Calymmandra, 229.
Candida, 230.
Calyptrocarpus vialis, 289.
Canada Thistle, 300.
CAPRIFOLIACEJE, 7.
Caprifolium, 16.
dracteosum, 18.
ciliosum, 16.
Douglasii, 17.
flavum, 17.
Fraseri, 17.
hispidulum, 18.
glaucum, 18.
gratum, 18.
occidentale, 16.
parviflorum, 18.
pubescens, 17.
sempervirens, 16.
Carbenia, 405.
Cavdoon, 82.
CARDUINE^E, 82.
Carduus, 82, 397.
acanthoidcs, 397.
altissimits, 404.
arvensis, 398.
crispus, 397.
discolor, 399, 403, 404.
J'oliosus, 402.
f/^6?r, 404, 405.
norridulvs, 400.
lanceolatus, 398.
mitticus, 405.
nutans. 397.
occidentalis, 401.
odoratus, 401.
pectinatus, 397.
pumilus, 401, 402.
pj'cnocephalus, 397.
remotifolius, 399.
repnndus, 405.
spinosissimus, 400.
undulatus, 403.
Virginianus, 404, 405.
Carminatia, 51, 103.
tenuiflora, 103.
Carphephorus. 52, 112.
atriplicifolius, 113.
bcllidifolius, 113.
corymbosus, 113.
junceus, 113.
junceus, 378.
Pseudo-Liatris, 113.
tomentosus, 113.
Carphochsete. 52, 109.
Bigelovii, 109.
Cartesia centanroides, 88.
Carthamus Icevis, 88.
Catesba?a, 20, 28.
parviflora, 28.
Cntomenia, 286.
Centaurea, 82, 405.
Americana, 407.
Americana, 88.
benedicta, 406.
Calcitrapa, 406.
INDEX.
463
Cyanus, 407.
Jacea, 407.
Melitensis, 406.
Mexlcana, 407.
nigra, 406.
Nuttallli, 407.
solstitialis, 406.
Centauridium Drummondii, 125.
CENTAURINE.E, 82.
Centrocarpha anstata, 260.
granaiflora, 201.
trilobd, 259, 260. _
Centrospermum humile, 240.
xanthioides, 239.
Cephalanthus, 20, 29.
occidental is, 29.
salicifolius, 29.
Cephalophora acaulis, 345.
decurrens, 349.
scaposa, 344.
Ceratocephqlus, 296.
Cercomeris, 249.
Cercostylis, 351.
Chsenactis, 74, 339, 452.
achillecefolia, 341.
artemisisefolia, 342.
attenuata, 340.
brachypappa, 340.
carphoelinia, 340.
Cusickii, 452.
denudata, 339.
Douglasii, 341.
JUifoUa, 339.
Fremonti, 340.
glabriuscula, 339.
glabriuscula, 341.
heterocarpha, 339, 402.
lanosa, 339.
macrantha, 341.
Nevadensis, 341.
Nevii, 339, 452.
Parishii, 453.
santolinoides, 341.
stevioides, 340.
suffrutescens, 341, 452.
tanacetifolia, 339.
tenuifol'ia, 339.
thysanocarpha, 342.
Xantiana, 340.
Chsetadelpha, 84, 415.
Whecleri, 415.
Chcetantliera asteroides, 165.
ChcBthymenia, 317.
Chsetopappa, 55, 165.
asteroides, 165.
modesta, 165.
Parryi, 165.
Chamcedapkne, 31.
Cltamcemelum. 363.
Chamomile, 302, 363.
Chaptalia, 83, 408.
nutans, 408.
tomentosa, 408.
Chiccory, 412.
Chiococca, 21, 30.
parvifolia, 30.
racemosa, 30.
Chlonoraciam, 429.
ChlcEnolobuspycnostachyus, 226.
virqatus, 226.
Chondr'illa, 87, 441.
fllinoensis, 433.
juncoa, 441.
Icevigata, 441.
Chvrisiva, 247.
Chrysactinia, 77, 355.
Mexicana, 355.
Chrysanthemum, 78, 364.
arcticum, 365.
Balsamita, 365.
bipiiinatum, 364.
Carolimanum, 166.
(jrandiflorum, 304.
Indicum, 364.
inodorum, 363.
integrifolium, 365.
Leucanthemum, 365.
nanurn, 364.
Parthenium, 365.
segetum, 364.
Sinense, 364.
CJirysastrum, 144.
Chrysocoma acaulis, 91.
coronopifolia, 97.
dracunculoides, 139.
(/if/ante a, 90.
graminifolia, 90, 161.
graveolens, 139, 142.
nauseosa, 139.
nudata, 141.
tomentosa, 89.
virgata, 141.
Chrysogonum, 61, 243.
Diotostepkus, 243.
Virginianum, 243.
Chrysoma, 161.
pumila, 160.
solidayinoides, 161.
uniliyulata, 154.
Chrysomelea, 292.
lanceolata, 292.
Chrysopsis, 53, 121, 440.
"acaulis, 132.
attrt, 198.
alpina, 198.
amyydalina, 196.
aryentea, 121.
asptra, 121.
Bolanderi, 123.
Brcweri, 124.
caispitosa, 132.
cawei-ccM.?, 123, 213.
coronopifolia, 200.
decumbens, 122.
dentafa, 122.
divaricata, 130.
echioides, 123.
falcata, 123.
foliosn, 123.
gossypina, 122, 446.
frammitblia, 121, 446.
irtellx, 210.
hispida, 123.
hutnilis, 197.
hyssopifolia, 122.
Lamarcldi, 130.
linarit folia, 197.
Mariana, 122.
TOoZ/is, 123.
obovata, 197.
oligantha, 121.
Oregana, 124.
pilo'sa, 124.
pinifolia, 121.
scabra, 121.
scabrella, 122.
Sfssiliflora, 123.
trichophj'lla, 122.
villosa, 122.
Wrightii, 446.
Chrysostemma tripteris, 294.
C/( rysothamnopsis, 136.
Chrysothamnus, 136, 137.
depressus, 137.
dracunculoides, 139.
lenceolatus, 140.
pumilus, 140.
speciosus, 139.
viscldiflorus, 140.
Ckihonia prostrata, 360.
CICHOIUACE.E, 83, 410.
(.'it/horiuin, 84, 412.
Intybus, 412.
Cindwiia Caribcea, 23.
Caroliriiana, 23.
Jamaicensis, 23.
CmCHONACE^E, 19.
Cineraria atropurpurea, 389.
6'oadisw, 383, 394, 396.
Carolinensis, 383.
conyesta, 394.
frigida, 3S9.
keierophylla, 390.
inleyrij'olia. 389, 320.
Lewisu, 211.
^rt(/a, 390-
mai-iiima, 383.
palustris, 304.
pralensis, 388.
Cirsium, 398.
acaule, 402.
altissimum, 404.
arveKse, 398.
Bigelovii, 405-
brevifolium, 403.
Calijfornicum, 400.
canescens, 400, 403.
Coulteri, 401.
discolor, 404.
diaersifolium, 404.
Douglasii, 403.
Bnimmondii, 400, 402.
edule, 399.
eriocepkalum, 399, 400.
jilipendulum, 404.
foUosum, 400, 402.
Grahami, 403.
ffoo&erianum, 399, 403.
horridulum, 400.
Kamtschaticum, 400.
laK.ceolatu.rn, 398.
Lecontei, 405.
megacanthum, 400.
mut.icum, 405.
Neo-MexicaKKm, 400.
Nuttcdlii, 404.
orhrocentrum, 403.
Pitcheri, 403.
pumilum, 401.
remoti folium, 399.
repnndum, 405.
scarios&m, 402.
sfenolejridum, 399.
Tfxannm, 404.
wndulaium, 401, 4()3.
Virginianum, 404.
Wnrihtii, 404.
Clappia, 70, 317.
cntrcmtiaca.) 317.
sua-dsefolia, 317.
Clarionet!., 408.
rnncinata, 409.
Clarif/era, 104.
brachyphylta, 108.
dentata, 108.
464
INDEX.
Riddettii, 108.
Cleavers, 35.
Clomtnocoma, 356.
Clot-bur, 252.
Cuicus, 82, 397.
altissimus, 404.
Americauui*, 393.
Andersoni, 401.
Andrewsii. 400.
Arizonicus, 401.
arvensis, 398.
benedictus, 406.
Breweri, 403.
California, 400.
carlinoiiles, 398.
Drumuiondii. 402.
Eatoni, 400. '
edulis, 399.
eriocephalus, 399.
foliosus, 402.
glaber, 404.
alutiawsus^ 405.
Grahami, 403.
Hallii, 399.
Hookerianu?, 399.
horridulus, 400.
Kamtschaticus, 399.
lanceolatus, 398.
Lecoiitei, 405.
niuticus, 405.
Neo-Mexicanus, 400.
Xuttallii, 404.
occideutalis, 401.
ochroceiitrus, 403.
Pan-yi, 398.
Pitched, 403.
puiuilus, 401.
quevcetoruna, 402.
remotifolius, 399.
repandiis, 405.
Rothrockii, 401.
scariosus, 402.
spiaasissimaiSf 400.
undulatus, 403.
Virginianus, 404.
Viryinianm, 405.
Wheeleri, 402.
Wrightii, 404.
Cockle-bur, 252.
Ccehstina, 93.
ageratoides, 93.
ccerulea, 93, 102.
corymboaa, 93.
maritima, 93.
COFFEACE^B, 20.
Coinogyne carnosn, 317.
Coleosanthtis, 104.
Coltsfoot, 375.
Compass-plant, 242.
COMPOSITE, 48, 445.
Cone-flower, 259.
Coniothele Californica, 344.
ConocHrtium, 102.
beinnicum, 102.
ccelestinum, 102.
dicJiotomum, 102.
dissectum. 102.
rifjidtnn, 95.
Conophora, 395.
Conyza, 57, 221.
Altaica, 204.
ambigua, 221.
ampiexicaulis, 226.
anguftifolia, 226.
a&ieroides, 171.
bifoliata, 172.
bifrons, 226.
camphoratu, 226.
Carulinensis, 226.
Coulteri, 221.
Coulteri, 220.
linif'olia, 171.
Marylandica, 226.
pycnostachya, 226.
sinuata, 221.
subdecurrens, 220, 221.
uliyinosa, 226.
virgnta, 226.
CONYZE^E, 57.
Conyzopsls, 204.
Coral-berry, 13.
Cureocnrpiis heterocarpus, 301.
parthenioides, 301.
Coreoloma, 290.
COEEOPSIDE.E, 67.
Coreopnidts, 292.
Coreopsidium, 291.
Coreopsis, 68,' 289.
a CM to, 289.
a/ato, 287.
#i, 297.
alternifolia, 289,
nmbiffua, 295.
angustifolia, 290.
angustifolia, 273.
arifuta, 295.
anstata, 295.
aristosa, 295.
aspera, 290.
Atkinsoniaua, 291.
aurea, 294.
aurea, 295.
auriculata, 293.
auriculata, 293.
idens, 296.
bideutoides, 295.
BojjMniana, 292.
caUiopsidea, 300.
cardaminefolia, 291.
coronata, 292.
coronata, 294, 295, 297.
cras&f'itliti. 292.
delphinlfolia, 293.
delphinifolia, 2H4.
dichotoma, 290.
rtiscoidea, 295.
dirersifolia, 291. 293.
Drummondii, 291.
j!!'i folia, 301.
tit xicaulis, 290.
gladiata, 290.
grandiflora, 292.
Harveyana, 2'.i2.
heterophylla, 292.
integrifolia, 290.
involucrata, 295.
lanceolatn, 2H2.
latifolia, 294.
Leavenworthii, 291.
leucantha, 297.
leucanthema, 297.
linifolta, 290.
lonc/jpes, 292.
major, 294.
maritima, 300.
m<z, 295.
nudata. 290.
oblongifoKa., 292.
(Emleri, 294.
palmata, 293.
parviflora, 298.
paucijiora, 293.
perfoliata, 296.
prcecux, 293.
procera, 289.
pubescens, 293.
rosea, 290.
senifolia, 293.
stellata, 294.
tenuifolia, 293.
tinctoria, 291.
trichosperma, 295.
(i-//?fZ, 301.
tripteris, 294.
verticillata, 293.
werffci7&ito, 293.
TFrayi, 294.
Corethrogyne, 56, 170.
Californica, 170.
detonsa, 170.
filagiiiifolia, 170.
iin-iiiut, 170.
obovata, 170.
spathulata, 170.
tomentella, 170.
rirgata, 170.
Corn Marvgold, 364.
Corn Salad, 44.
Corvisartia, 236.
Cosmidiuin Burridgeanum, 301.
jilifolium, 301.
rjracile, 302.
simplicifolium, 302.
Cosmos, 68, 298.
bipinnatus, 298.
caudatus, 298.
parviflorus, 298.
Costmary, 365.
Cotton-Kose, 230.
Cotula, 78, 366.
a^a, 250.
australis, 366.
coronppifplia, 366.
matricarioides, 3fi4.
Courrantia cliamomilluides, 364.
Cranberry-Tree, 10.
Crtjjidiu/n caulescens, 431.
glaucum, 431.
runcinatum, 431.
Creptii !.</>i. nn urn, 429.
Crepis, 86, 87, 4:;o.
acuminata, 431.
acuminata, 432.
ambiijua, 428 429.
Anderson!, 431.
biennis, 430.
biennis, 431.
Cooperi, 430.
elegans, 431.
glauca, 431.
intermedia, 432.
nan a, 431.
occidentalis, 432.
occidentalis, 432.
pleurocarpa, 4-')2.
polymorpha, 430.
runcinata, 431.
tectorum, 430.
virens, 430.
Crinitnria Jrumih's, 204.
viscidiflora, 140.
Crituniii kt///nia, 103.
Crocidium, 80, 378.
multicaule, 378.
Crockeria chrysanthaj 72, 451.
INDEX.
465
Crossostephium, 370.
Cruciata, 35.
Crusea, 22, 32.
allococca, 33.
subulata, 33.
Wrightii, 33.
Cryptopleura, 439.
Califormca, 440.
Cryptostcmma calendulacea, 82.
Cudweed, 234.
Cup-plant, 240.
Cyanus, 406.
Cyelachasna, 245.
xanthiifolia, 246.
Cylindrocephala, 94.
Cymbia, 411.
Cynara, 82.
CYJfAROlDEvE, 81, 306.
Cynthia, 412.
aniplea-icaulis, 412.
Boscii, 412.
Dandelion, 412.
Grijjithii, 412.
lyrata, 412.
Virginica, 412.
Dandelion, 420, 440.
Demetria glutinos'i, 119.
spathulata, 117.
Dent de Lion, 440.
Diaperia, 229.
Candida, 230.
Drummondii, 229.
multicaulis, 229.
prolifera, 229.
Dichseta, 326.
Fremontl, 327.
tenella, 327.
uliyinosa, 327.
Dicluetophora, 55, 165.
campestris, 166.
Dicoria, 63, 248.
Braudegei, 248.
canescens, 248.
Dicranocarpus, 60, 237.
parviflorus, 237.
Diervilla, 8, 18.
Acadiensis, 19.
Canadensis, 19.
humilis, 19.
Jwtert, 19.
sessilifolia, 19.
Tournefortii, 19.
triiida, 18.
Ditleria, 205.
asteroides, 206.
canescens, 206.
coronopifbli r i, 210.
divaricata, 206 .
yracilis, 130.
incana, 206.
pulverulenta, 20'3.
sessiliftura, 206.
spinutosa, 130.
viscosa, 206.
Dimeresia, 445, 448.
Howellii. 449.
Diodia, 22, 34.
qlabra, 34.
hirsuta, 34.
teres, 35.
tetracocca, 33.
telrafjonn, 35.
tricocca, 33.
Virgiuiaua, 35.
Virginica, 35.
Diodonta, 294.
aristosa, 295.
aurea, 295.
bidentoides, 295.
coronata, 295.
involucrata, 295.
leptophylla, 295.
?wiii, 295.
Dlomedea, 281.
Diotostephus repens, 243.
Diplopappus alias, 198.
alpinus, 198.
amygdalinus, 196, 197.
canesctns, 214.
cornifolius, 197.
dS/s, 21'J.
ericoides, 133, 198.
jilifolius, 213.
graminifolius, 121.
grandifiorus, 214.
'/tispidus, 123.
incanus, 206.
leucophyllus, 170.
linariifolius, 197.
linearis, 213.
lutcscens, 199.
Marianus, 122.
obovatus, 197.
occidentalis, 215.
pinnatifidus, 130.
rlfj'ulus, 197.
scaber, 121.
serlceus, 121.
trichophyllus, 122.
umbellatus, 196.
villosus, 123.
Diplostelma bellioides, 165.
Diplostephium acuminatum, 199.
amygdalinum, 196.
boreale, 197.
canum, 170.
cornifolium, 197.
dichotomum, 197.
llnariifolium, 197.
obovatum, 197.
umbdlatum, 196.
Diplothrix, 253.
acerosa, 254.
DIPSACACE^E, 47.
Dipsacus, 47.
fullonum, 48.
sylvestris, 48.
Distasis concinna, 210.
heterophylla, 165.
modtsta, 165.
Distreptus, 88.
Dithrix, 320.
Dockmackie, 10.
Doellingeria, 196.
amygdalina, 197.
cornifolia, 197.
obovata, li)7.
ptarmicoides, 198.
Donla. 117.
ciliata, 125.
glutinosa, 118, 119.
inuloides, 117.
lanceolata, 129.
squtirrosa, 118.
uniflora, 128.
Doronicum acaule, 381.
fflutinosum, 119.
loevi folium, 216.
nuclicaule, 381.
30
ramosum, 219.
Dracopis, 263.
ampltxicaulis, 263.
Dracunculus, 368.
Dufresnia, 44.
Dugaldea, 347.
Duhamdia, 28.
Dumerilia, 408.
Dunantia Achyranthes, 257.
Dysodia, 77, 355.
acerosa, 357.
anthemidifolia, 350.
cancellata, 35ii.
chrysanthemoides, 356.
Cooperi, 356.
fastigiata, 356.
ylandulosa, 356.
porophylloid.es, 356.
speciosa, 356.
in f/etioides, 357.
Dysodlopsis, 357.
Eatoaella, 72, 322.
Cotigclonii, 323.
nivea, 322.
Echenais car/inoides, 398.
Echinacea, 65, 258.
angustit'olia, 258.
atrorubens, 259.
pallida, 258.
purpurea, 258.
sanguinea, 258.
serutina, 258.
Echinomeria cipetala, 274.
Eclipta, 64, 256.
alba, 256.
brachypoda, 256.
erecta, 256.
integrifolia, 163.
procumbens, 250.
prostrata, 256.
Eyletes Arkansana, 104.
CalifornicuS) 452.
humilis, 164.
ramosissima, 164.
Elecampane, 236.
Elephantopus, 50, 88.
Carolinianus, 88.
e la tits, 88.
nudatus. 88.
nudicauhs, 88, 89.
scaber, 88, 89.
tomeutostis, 88.
Elepliantosis, 88.
Encelia, 67, 281.
albescens, 281.
argophylla, 284.
Califbrnica, 282.
calva, 283.
conspersa, 281, 282.
eriocephala, 282.
exaristata, 283.
farinosa, 282.
frutescens, 282.
halimifolia, 281.
microcephala, 284.
microphvlla, 281.
niwa, 282, 450.
nudicaulif, 283.
scaposa, 282.
subaristata, 283.
viscida, 282.
Enceliopsis, 283.
Kudive, 412.
Eugelmannia, 61, 244.
466
INDEX.
pinnatifida, 244.
Texana, 244.
Enula Campana, 236.
Erechtites, 81, 306.
elonyata, 396.
hieracifolia, 396.
prcealtti, 396.
Ereicotis, 27.
Eremiastrum, 56, 171.
bellioides, 171.
Ericameria, 132.
difusa, 141.
ere eta, 134.
microphglla, 133.
nana, 134.
resinosa, 134.
Eriyerastrum, 196.
Erigeridittm, 216.
Erigeron, 56, 207, 447.
acris, 219.
alpinus, 219.
alpinus, 207, 220.
ambiguus, 219, 221.
Andersonii, 201.
anyustatus, 448.
annuus, 218.
argentatus, 212.
Arizouicus, 218.
armerisefoliuSj 220.
o^per, 209.
asperugineus, 212.
Bellidiastrum, 217.
bellidifolius, 21G.
Set/richiij 219.
Bigelovii, 210.
Bloomed, 214.
Jionariensis, 221.
Brandegei, 210.
Urazoensis, 218.
Breweri, 215.
casspitcsus, 214.
Cttspitosiis, 212, 214-.
camphoratus, 226.
Canadensis, 221.
canescena, 213, 214.
canus, 212.
Caroliniantis, 161, 446.
Chiysopsidis, 210, 447
eiliatus, 204.
cinereus, 218.
compositus, 211.
concinnus, 210.
corymbosiis, 214.
Coulteri, 209.
decumbens, 215.
decumbens, 215.
delphinifolius, 215).
delphinifolms, 219.
discoideus. 221.
divaricattis, 221.
diraricirtus, 218.
divergens, 218.
diver gens. 217.
Doufjlasii, 215.
Drcebachensis, 220.
Eatoni, 214.
elongatus, 220.
eriocephalus, 207.
eriophyllus, 220.
fijjfolius. '213.
flagellaris, 217.
fiorifer, 168.
foliosus, 215.
glabellus, 209.
ylabratus, 220.
glandulosus, 212.
glandulosus, 121.
glaucus, 208, 447.
grandiflorus, 208.
arandijiorus, 208, 209.
heterophyllus, 219. .
hirsutus, 210.
liiapidus, 208.
Howellii. 209.
hyssopifolius, 216.
incomptus, 218.
inornatus, 215, 448.
integrifolius, 216, 219.
Kamtschaticus, 220.
lanatus, 207.
leiomerus, 211.
Lemmoni, 216.
linifolius, 220.
lonchopkyllus, 220.
lonyipes, 217.
niacranthus, 209.
maritimus, 208.
miser, 216.
modestus, 218.
Muirii, 207.
multiftorus, 203.
nanus, 212.
Neo-Mexicanus, 219.
wervosws, 121.
Nevadensis, 214.
nttdatus, 447.
nudicaulis, 216.
nudiflorus, 218.
iu'liroleucus, 213.
ochroleucus, 210, 214.
Oreganus, 216. 448.
pamculatus, 221.
Parishii, 212.
pedatus, 211.
peuceplij'llus, 213.
Pbiladelphicus, 217.
Philadetphicus, 217, 219, 448,
pilosus, 122.
poliospermus, 210.
Pringlei, 211.
pulcMhts,W7, 209,216,217.
purailus, 210, 447.
piirnilus, 213.
purpureuf, 217.
pusillus, 221.
quercifolius, 217.
quercifolius, 218.
racemosus, 220.
radicatus, 211.
repens, 2)7.
Rusbyi, 217.
salsuginosus, 208.
salsuginosus, 209.
scnposus, 217.
speciosus, 209.
stjitarrosus, 208, 446, 447.
stenophyllus, 213.
stenophyllus, 201, 213, 215.
strict us, 221.
strigosus, 219.
ulrii/osus, 210, 218, 219.
subdecurrens, 220.
subdecurrens, 221.
sulcatus, 447.
supplex, 215.
toner, 212.
tennis. 218.
tnlidus, 211.
uniflorus, 207.
ursiuus, 211.
Utahensis, 213.
vernus, 216.
Eriocarpum grindelioides, 126.
Eriopappus glandulosus, 314.
Eriophyllum, 72, 73, 328, 452.
ambiguum, 331.
ca?spitosum, 330, 452.
cont'ertiflorum, 329.
gracile, 331.
lanosum, 329.
multicaule, 328.
Nevinii, 452.
nubigenum, 329.
Pringlei, 329.
stajchadifolium 32!).
Wallacei, 329.
Watsoni, 331.
Erithalis, 21, 30.
fruticosa, 30.
odorifera, 30.
Era odea, '2 1,31.
littoralis, 31.
Erythr&mia aphyHa, 436.
grand iflora, 436.
Esopon ylaucum, 434.
Espejoa, 317.
Espeletia a?nplexicaulis, 267.
helianthoides, 266.
sagittata, 266.
Eublepkaris, 290.
Eucephalus, 199.
a^M, 198.
elef/ans, 200.
ericoides, 198.
ylaucus, 200.
EUIN'ULEJE, 59.
EUPATORIACE.E. 50, 91.
Eupatoriophalacron, 256.
Eupatorium, 51, 94.
ageratifolium, 100.
ayeratifolium, 101.
ag'eratoides, 101.
album, 98.
altissimum, 99.
altissimum, 101.
(ti)ibiyuum, 97, 98.
amcenum, 96.
aromaticum, 101.
Berlandieri, 100, 101.
betonicum, 102.
Bigelovii, 96.
Brickdliu, 105.
Bruneri, 96.
calocephalum, 95.
casim' folium, 98.
cea not hi folium, 101.
ccelestimtm, 102.
compositifolium, 97.
concinnum, 95.
conyzoides, 95.
cordatum, 101.
cordiforme, 101.
coronopifoliuui, 97.
crassifolii/m, 97, 102.
Cubense, 101.
cuneatum, 100.
cuneifolium, 98.
dissectum, 102.
divergens, 95.
dubium, 96.
falcatum, 96.
Fendleri, 96.
foeniculaceum, 97.
f&niculoides, 97
floribundum, 95.
INDEX.
467
Frascri, 101.
fusco-rubrum, 96.
glandulosum, 98.
fflastifolium, 114.
ylaucescens, 98.
grand iflorum, 105.
Greggii, 102.
Hartwegi, 102.
heteroclinium, 95.
hyssopifolium, 98.
iucarnatum, 101.
ivffifolium, 95.
IcBvigatum, 96.
lanceolrttum, 99.
leptophyllum, 97.
leucolcpis, 98.
Lindkeimerianum, 100.
lineari/'olium, 98.
luteum, 102.
maculatum. 95, 96.
Marrubium, 99.
Maximilitmi, 95.
melissoidcs, 101.
mikanioides, 97.
multinerve., 100.
obnvatum, 99.
obscurum, 95.
occidentale, 100.
odoratum, 95, 101.
oliyanthes, 107.
Oreyanum, 101.
ovatum, 99.
Parry i, 96.
parvijlorum, 97, 98, 99.
paupcrculum, 102.
perfoliatum, 99.
j)ilosum, 99.
pmnatifidum, 97.
pubfscens, 99.
punctatum, 96.
purpureum, 95.
pycnocephalum, 100.
racemosum, 97.
resinosum, 100.
Rothrockii, 102.
rotundifolium, 99.
Sabeanum, 95.
sagittatum, 94.
salnicefolium, 100.
scabridum, 99.
scandens, 94.
Schiedeanum, 100.
semiserratum, 98.
serotinum, 97.
sessilifolium, 99.
solidaginifolium, 97.
Sonorce, 100.
speciosum, 109.
stigmatosum, 98.
suaveolens, 101.
ternifulium, 9G.
teucrifolium, 99.
torti folium. 98.
trifoliatiim, 95.
truncatum, 99, 100.
urliccefolium, 101.
verbetuej'oliuin, 99.
verticillatum, 95.
villosum, 100.
violaceum, 102.
Wrightii, 100.
Euphrosyne ambrosicefilia, 240.
xanthiifolia, 240.
Eurybia commixta, 175.
corymbosa, 174.
glomerata, 175.
Schreberi, 178.
Jussiaii, 175.
mao'ophylla, 175.
Euthamia, ItiO.
graminifolia, 160.
occidental/is, 160.
tenuifoliri, 161.
Euthamiopsis, 141.
Evax, 58, 228.
Candida, 230.
caulescens, 228.
multicaulis, 229.
prolifera, 229.
Everlasting, 233, 234.
Exostema, 19, 23.
Caribseum, 23.
Exostemma, 23.
Fedia, 44.
amarella, 45.
chenopodifolia, 45.
Fagopyrum, 45.
longifolia, 46.
Nuttallii, 46.
olitoria, 44.
patellaria, 46.
radiata, 45.
stenocarpa, 45.
umbilicata, 45.
PToof/A'jaMrt, 45.
Feverwort, 12.
Fichtea, 416.
FILAGINE.E, 57.
Filaginopsis D.rummondii, 229.
multicaulis, 229.
Filago, 58, 230.
Arizonica, 230.
Californica, 230.
depressa, 230.
Gallica, 230.
Germanica, 230.
pai-uula, 230.
repens, 231
Tcxana, 231.
Fireweed, 396.
Flaveria, 76, 353.
angustifolia, 354.
chloraifolia, 353.
Contrayerba, 354.
linearis, 354.
longifolia, 354.
mantitna, 354.
repanda, 354.
tenuifolia, 354.
FLAVEUIEJS, 76.
Fieabane, 207.
Florestina, 74, 336.
callosa, 337.
tripteris, 337.
Flourensia, 66, 281.
cernua, 281.
corymbosit, 281.
laurit'oiia, 281.
thurifera, 281.
Flv Honeysuckle, 15.
Franseria, 63, 250, 449.
albicauliis, 251.
ambrosioides, 252.
artemisioides, 252.
bipinnatilida, 251.
Chamissonis, 251.
chenopodiifolia, (251, 252,)
cordifolia, 449. [450.
cuneij'olia, 251.
deltoidea, 251.
discolor, 251.
dumosa, 251.
eriocentra, 251.
liexuosa, 450.
Hookeriana, 250.
ilicifolia, 252.
Lessinyll, 251.
montana, 251.
pumila, 250.
tenuifolia, 250, 449.
tomentosa, 251.
Fuller's Teasel, 48.
Gaillardia, 76, 351.
acaulis, 353.
acaulis, 345.
amblyodon, 352.
aristata, 352.
Arizonica, 353.
bicolur, 352.
comosa, 351.
Drummondii, 352.
lanceolata, 352.
Mexicana, 352.
pictn, 352.
pinnatiflda, 353.
pulchella, 352.
pulckella, 353.
JR&meriana, 344.
rustica, 352.
simplex, 351.
spathulata, 353.
tuberculata, 351.
Galardia, 351.
Galatella gra mini folia, 216.
nemoralis, 199.
obtuslfolla, 171.
Ga'lathemum elongatum, 442.
Floridanum, 442, 443.
graminifolium, 443.
mteyrifolium, 442.
Ludovicianum, 443.
multijliirum, 444.
sallclfollum, 442, 443.
sanguineum, 442.
Galinsoga, 69, 303.
parviflora, 303.
GALIXSOGE/E, 68.
Galium, 23, 35, 445.
acutissimum, 40.
Andrewsii, 41.
Anglicum, 36.
angustifolium, 39.
Aparine, 30.
Arkansanum, -!8.
asperrimum, 39.
asprellum, 39.
Hermudianum, 37.
Bermudiense, 37.
bifolium, 36.
Sloomeri, 40.
Bolanderi, 41.
boreale, 38.
borealv, 37.
brachiatum, 37, 39.
Brandegei, 38.
Califoriiiciun, 41.
Catalinense, 445.
circaezans, 37.
Clctytoni, 38.
concinnum, 38.
cuspldatum, 39.
dasycarpum, 445.
Fendleri, 41.
468
INDEX.
hispidulura, 42.
kispidum, 42.
hypolrichium, 40.
Kamtschaticum, 37.
lanceolatum, 37.
latifolium, 38.
Littell'd, 37.
margaricoccum, 41.
Malthewsii, 40.
micranthum, 39.
micropliyllum, 41.
Mollugo, 35.
multiflorum, 40.
Nuttallii, 41.
obovatum, 37.
obtusum, 38.
Purisitnse, 36.
parviflorum, 39.
Pennsylvanicum, 39.
pilosum, 37.
proliferum, 37.
pubens, 40.
jjit/ictittuiit, 37.
puncticulosum, 40.
pttrpurcum, 37.
Eothrockii, 39.
rubioides, 38.
septentrionale, 38.
spinulosum, 39.
stellatum, 40.
strictum, 38.
sitaveolens, 39.
sujfruticosum, 41.
7\x(inum, 36.
Texense, 36.
tinctorium, 38.
Torreyi, 37.
tricorne, 36.
trifidum, 38.
trifloruin, 39.
uncinulatum, 36.
uniflorum, 41.
Vaillantii, 36.
verum, 35.
virgatum, 36.
Wrightii, 39.
Gall-of-the-earth, 434.
Gamochceta, 230.
Garberia, 52, 112.
fruticosa, 112.
Gardenia florida, 29.
clusicefolia, 29.
Randia, 29.
Genipa, 20, 29.
clusia-folia, 29.
Georgia Bark, 23.
Geraia, 281, 282.
canescens, 282.
Gerbera nutans, 408.
JJW^H, 408.
Glyptopleura,' 86, 423.
marginata, 423.
setulosa, 423.
GERBEEE^E, 83.
GNAPHALIE.E, 58.
Gnaphaliopsis micropoides, 359.
Gnaphalium, 59. 234.
aiienum, 232.
alpinum, -2-'i'2.
Americanum, 236.
Arizonicum, 234.
Calif ornicum, 235.
Carpathicum, 232.
Ckamissonit, 236.
Chiiense, 235.
conoideum, 234.
decurrens, 235.
dimorpkum, 231.
dioicum, 233.
falcatum, 236.
Ji'laginmdes, 230.
(jossypinum, 235.
'hyemale, 236.
leucocephalnm, 235.
luteo-album, 235.
margaritaceum, 233.
microcephalum, 234.
Norvegicum, 236.
obtustfolium, 234.
palustre, 235.
Pennsylmnicum, 236.
plantagineum, 233.
plantaginifoliiim, 233.
polycephalum, 234.
purpureuni, 236.
pusillum, 236.
ramosissiruuin, 235.
rectum, 236.
spathulatum, 236.
spicatum, 236.
Sprengelii, 234.
Sprengelii, 235.
stachydifoliwfa, 236.
strictum, 235.
supinum, 236.
sylvaticum, 236.
sylvaticum, 236.
uliginosum, 238.
ustulatiim, 236.
virgatwm, 220.
Wrightii, 234.
Goafs-beard, 415, 416.
Gochnatia, 83, 407.
liypoleuca, 407.
GOCHNATIE.E, 83.
Golden-rod, 143.
Greenella, 55, 164.
Arizonica, 164.
discoidea, 1G4.
Grindelia, 53, 116.
angustifolia, 117.
Arizonica, 118.
aryuta, 118.
coronopifolia, 117.
costata, 117.
cuneifolia, 118.
discoidea, 119.
glutinosa, 119.
grandijtora, 118.
hirsutula, 117.
humilis, 119.
humilis, 119.
integrifolia, 117.
iniegrifolia, 118.
inuloides, 117.
lanceolata, 118.
latifolin, Hit.
microcephala, 117, 318.
nana, 119.
nuda, 118.
Oregana, 118.
Pacified, 119.
robusta, 119.
rubricaulis, 117.
squarrosa, 118.
squarrosa, 119.
stricta, 117.
subdecurrens, 118.
Tcxann, 118.
virgata, 118.
Groundsel, 383, 394.
Guardiola, 60, 237.
platyphylla, 237.
Guettarda, 21, 29.
ambigua, 30.
Blod/jett'ii, 30.
ellipt'ica, 30.
scabra, 30.
Gum-plant, 116, 119.
Guntheria, 351.
Gutierrezia, 53, 115.
Berlandieri, 116.
Califo_rnica, 115.
divaricata, 115.
eriocarpa, 116.
Euthamise, 115.
Lindheimeriana, 116.
linearifolia, 115.
Unearifolia, 115.
microcephala, 115.
microphylla, 115.
spha-rocephala, 115.
Texaiia, 116.
Gj-mnocline, 365.
Gijmnolasna, 356.
Gymnolomia, 66, 269.
encelioides, 2<i9, 450.
multiflora, 269.
Porteri, 269.
tenuifolia, 269.
triloba, 2G9, 450.
Gymnopsis, 209.
umserialis, 256.
Gymnosperma, 52, 114.
corymbosum, 114.
multiflorum, 114.
nudatum, 354.
oppositif'olium, 354.
scapanum, 114.
Gymnostyles Chiltnsis, 365.
nasturtiifolia, 366.
stolonifera, 366.
Gynema, 225.
dentata, 226.
viscid a, 226.
Gyrophyll^tm, 293.
Halea Ludoviciana, 256.
repanda, 256.
Texana, 256.
Hamelia, 20, 28.
coccinea, 28.
patens, 28.
Haploesthes, 80, 378.
Greggii, 378.
Eaplopappus, 125.
Hardheads, 406.
IlarjicEcai-pus exif/uuf, 306.
madai-ioides, 306.
Harpalium, 270, 271.
rigidum, 275.
flarpa/yce, 433.
/6, 434.
altissima, 435.
crepidina, 433.
racemosa, 433.
serpentaria, 434.
virgata, 433.
ffartmannia, 307.
ciliata, 316.
corymbosa, 308.
fasciculata, 309.
pungcns, 308.
Hawkbit, 420.
Hawkweed, 424.
INDEX.
469
Hecastocleis, 83, 407.
Shockleyi, 407.
Hectorea villosissima, 121.
Hecubcea, 347.
He Jy otis acerosa, 27.
angustifolia, 26.
auricularia, 28.
Boscit, 27.
ccerulea, 24.
cnlycosa, 26.
ciliolata, 26.
yentianoides, 24.
ylomerftta, 28.
#/, 28.
humifusa, 26, 27.
lanceolata, 26.
longifolia, 26.
minima, 25.
rotundifolia, 25.
rubra, 25.
serpyllijblia, 24.
stenophytta, 26, 27.
umbellata, 26.
Virginiea, 28.
Heleastruin, 173.
album, 193.
paludosum, 174.
HELENIE^E, 72.
HELENIOIDE,E, 70, 317.
Helenium, 76, 347.
altissimum, 349.
amphibolum, 348.
atropurpureum, 349.
autumnale, 349.
Bigelovii, 350.
Bolanderi, 350.
brevifolium, 351.
Caltfornicum, 349.
canaliculatum, 349.
commutatum, 349.
Curtisii, 350.
decurrens, 349.
elegans, 348.
fimbriatum, 350.
grandiflorum, 349.
Hoopesii, 347.
lanatum, 330.
longifolium, 349.
Mexicanum, 349.
Mexicanum, 348, 349.
micranthum, 349.
microcephalum, 348.
montanum, 349.
nudiflorum, 349.
Nuttallii, 350.
ooclinium, 348.
parviflorum, 349.
pubcrulum, 349.
pubescens, 349.
pumilum, 349.
quadridentatum, 348.
quadridentatum., 349.
quadripartitum, 348.
/Seminariense, 349.
stceckadifolium, 329.
tenuifolium, 347.
Thuvberi, 348.
tubulijlorum, 349.
varium, 349.
vernale, 350.
He.lvpta grandiftora, 255.
Helianthella, 67, 283.
arjjjophyjla, 283.
Californica, 285.
Douglasii, 285.
grandiflora, 285.
Intifolin, 270.
Mexicana, 284.
microcepbala, 284.
Nevadensis, 450.
nudicaulis, 283.
Parryi, 284.
quinquenervis, 284.
tenmfolia, 285.
uniflora, 285.
uniflora, 284.
HELIANTHOIDE.E, 59, 237.
Helianthus, 66, 271, 450.
altissimus, 276.
angustifolius, 273.
animus, 272.
argophyllus, 272.
anstatus, 288.
atrorubens, 274.
atrorubtns, 274, 275.
Bolanderi, 272.
Californicus. 277.
canescens, 276.
cernuus, 281.
ciliaris, 274.
cinereus, 275.
cinereus, 279.
crassifblius, 275.
cucumerijblius, 273.
dealbatus, 280, 450.
debilis, 273.
decapetalus, 280.
dentatus, 270.
dijfusus, 274.
divaricatus, 279.
divaricntus, 278.
diversifolius, 279.
doronicoides, 279.
doronicoides, 280.
Douglasii, 278.
Dowc/lianus, 275.
erythrocarpus, 272.
exilis, 273.
Floridanus, 273.
frondosus, 280.
giganteus, 276.
gijjanteus, 273, 277.
0i>w, 276.
gracilentus, 277.
grosse-serratus, 276.
heterophyllus, 274.
heterophytlus, 275.
hirsutus, 279.
hispidulus, 279.
Hookerianus, 268.
integi-ifolius, 272.
laetiflorus, 275.
Isevigatus, 278.
tezs, 255, 279, 296.
lenticularis, 272.
Lindheimerianus, 273.
longifplius, 278.
lonr/ifblius, 2<iS.
macrocarpus, 272.
macrophyllus, 280.
Maximilian!, 277.
microcephalus, 278.
Missouriensis, 275.
Missuricus, 274.
mollis, 276.
moZ/zs. 280.
multiflorus, 272, 280.
neglectus, 279.
Nuttallii, 277.
occidentalis, 275.
Oliveri, 450.
orgyalis, 273.
ova'tus, 272.
Parishii, 277.
parviriorus, 276.
patens, 272.
paucitiorus, 272.
petiolaris, 272.
prcecux, 273.
prostratus, 280.
jjubesceris, 276, 279.
pumilus, 275.
quinquenervis, 284.
radula, 274.
rigidus, 274.
scaberrimus, 272.
scaberrimus, 275.
Schweinitzii, 278.
silphioides, 274.
sparsiflorus, 274.
spathulatus, 276.
syuarrosiis, 276.
strumosus, 279.
strumosus, 278, 279, 280.
subtuberosus, 276.
tenuifolius, 280.
tephrodes, 450.
tephrodes, 271.
tliurifer, 281.
tomentosus, 276.
tracheliifolius, 280.
tracheliifulius, 278.
tricuspis, 275.
truncatus, 279.
tubceformis, 272.
tuberosus, 280.
tuberosus, 276.
Hellochroa amosna, 258.
elatiur, 258.
furcata, 258.
Linnceana, 258.
Helio-meris m-ultiflora, 269.
tenuifolia, 269.
Heliopsis, 64, 254.
aunua, 255.
Balsamorrhiza, 266.
bupbthahnoides, 255.
buphthalmnides, 255.
cawescen.?, 255.
gracilis, 255.
laevis. 254.
parvifolia, 255.
scabra, 255.
terebinthacea, 266.
Helminthn, 420.
ffelot/yne, 93.
Hemiachyris Texnna, 116.
Hemiamorosia, 250.
Hemiptilium, 415.
Bigelovii, 414.
Scnotti.i, 415.
Hemixanthidium, 250, 251.
Hemizonella, 69, 306.
Durandi, 306.
minima, 306.
parvula, 306.
Hemizonia, 69, 306.
angustifolia, 308.
anc/ustifolia, 311.
baisamifera, 308.
cephalotes, 312.
citriodora, 307, 451.
Cleveland!, 307.
eongesta, 307.
conyesta, 314.
470
INDEX.
corymbosa, 308.
decumbens, 309.
Douglasii, 311.
fasciculata, 309.
jilipes, 313.
iMtchii, 308.
floribunda, 309.
fremonti, 312.
frutescens, 307.
glomerata, 309.
Heermanni, 310.
hiyrida, 311.
Kelloggii, 309.
Lobbii, 310.
luzuhefolia, 307.
macradenia, 308.
macradenia. 310.
macrocephala, 308.
mollis, 311.
multicaulis, 309.
mnltiglandulosa, 312.
oppositifolia, 312.
paniculata, 309.
Parry i, 308.
pauciflora, 311.
plumosa, 312.
pungens, 3p8.
ramosissima, 310.
rudis, 307.
sericea, 307.
spicata, 311 .
Streetsii, 307, 451.
tenella, 310.
truucata, 311.
virgata, 310.
Wheeled, 307.
Wrightii, 309.
Herba Impia, 230.
Hesperastrum, 174.
Hesperevax, 228.
HcterochcKta, 207.
Heterochromea, 453.
HETEROCHROME.E, 54.
ffeterodonta, 295.
ffeteroffyne, 253.
Heteropectis, 301.
H ' elerophania, 231.
lit teropleiira, 429.
Jleterospermct, 299.
Heterospermum, 68, 299.
dicranocarpum, 237.
pinnatum, 299.
tagetinum, 299.
Heterotheca, 53, 120.
Chrysopsidis, 121.
jtoribunda, 121.
grandiflora, 121.
Lamarckii, 120.
Lamarckii, 130.
It it if oil a, 121.
leptoylossa, 121.
scabra, 121.
Hieracium, 80, 424.
abscissum, 430.
albiflorum, 428.
alpinum, 424.
arcticum, 427.
argutum, 428.
aurantiacum, 424.
aura turn, 425.
barbatum, 426.
Bolanderi, 429.
Brandegei, 455.
brtripil-um, 429.
Brewtri, 427.
Californicum, 423.
Canadense, 425.
Canadense, 425.
carneum, 430.
Carolinianum, 426.
corymbosum, 425.
cynoglossoides, 428.
erytlirospermum, 429.
fasciculatum, 425.
Fendleri. 429.
gracile, 427.
Greeuei, 429.
Gronovii, 426.
Gronovii, 425, 426, 427.
helianthifolium, 425.
Hookeri, 427.
horrid um, 427.
Kalmii, 424.
Kalmii, 425.
Lemmoni, 430.
longipilum, 426, 455.
macranthum, 425.
macrophyllum, 425.
Marianum, 426, 446, 455.
Marianum, 426.
TOoJ/e, 424.
murorum,424.
paniculatum, 425.
Parishii, 428.
Pennsylvanicum, 426.
praealtum, 424.
prcecox, 424.
prenanthoides, 425.
Pringlei, 42!).
pusillum, 207.
relicinum, 427.
ricjidum, 425.
Rugelii, 426.
runcinatum, 431.
Rusbyi, 428.
scabriusculum, 425.
scabrum, 426.
scabrum, 426.
Scouleri, 427.
/ScowZeH, 429.
subnudum, 425.
Sullivantii, 425.
sylvaticum, 424.
thyrsoideum, 430.
triste, 427.
<rwe, 427.
umbellatum, 425.
Vancouverianum, 428.
venosum, 425.
venosum, 425.
viraatum, 425.
vulgatum, 424.
High Cranberry, 10.
High-water Shrub, 247.
Hobble-bush, 9.
Hofmeisteria, 51, 93.
pluriseta, 93.
Hologymne, 324.
Douglasii, 323.
1/lntiratn, 324.
Holozonia, 313.
/fo>es, 313.
HOMOCHROME^, 52.
f/omoianthus, 408.
Homopappus, 120.
nrf/titus, 127.
glomeratus, 127.
inuloides, 128.
multiflorus, 129.
paniculatits, 127.
racemosus, 127.
spathulatus, 149.
squarrosus, 125.
Honeysuckle, 141.
Hupkirkia anthemoides, 334.
Horse-Gentian, 12.
Houndstongue, 113.
Houstonia, 20, 24.
acerosa, 27.
angustifolia, 26.
ca?rulea, 24.
ciliolata, 20.
coccinea, 24.
fasciculata, 27.
j'ntiicosa, 26.
humifiisa, 25.
LinntEi, 24, 25.
longifblia, 26.
minima, 25.
patens, 24.
pubescens, 26.
purpurca, 26.
pusilln, 24.
rotundifolia, 25.
r ubra. 25.
rupestris, 26.
serpyllifolia, 24.
subviscosa, 25.
tenuifolia, 26.
varians, 26.
Wrightii, 26.
Hulsea, 75, 342.
algida, 343.
brevifolia, 343.
Californica, 342.
caliicarpha, 342.
heterochroma, 343.
nana, 343.
Parryi, 342.
vestita, 342.
Hydrocarpcea, 298.
Hymenatherum, 77, 357, 453.
acerosum, 357.
aureum, 359.
Berlandieri, 358.
concinnum, 453.
Gnaphaliopsis, 358.
gnaphalodes, 359.
Greggii, 359.
Hartwegi, 358.
Neo-Mexicanum, 357.
peiitachaetuin, 358.
polychsetum, 357.
setifolium, 359.
tagetoides, 357.
tenuifolium, 358.
teiuiilobum, 358.
Thurberi, 358.
Treculii, 358.
\Vriirluii, 358.
Hymenoclea, 63, 248.
monogyra, 248.
Salsola, 248.
Hymenonema glaucum, 417, 418
laciniatum, 417.
Hymenopappus, 74, 235.
artemisisefolius, 335.
corymbosus, 335.
Douglasii, 341.
filifolius, 336.
flavescens, 336.
luteus, 336.
Mexicanus, 336.
Nevadensis, 341.
robustus, 336.
INDEX.
471
scabiosseus, 335.
tenuifolius, 330.
tenuifolius, 336.
Hvmenothrix, 73, 334.
Wislizeni, 334.
Wrightii, 335.
ijs, 346.
Californica, 327.
calm, 328.
(inearifulin, 344.
mutica, 328.
odorota, 347.
ffyoseris amplexicaulis, 412.
anuustifulia, 412.
Mflora, 412.
Caroliniana, 411.
major, 412.
montana, 412.
prcnanthoides, 412.
Hypochceris, 85, 416.
glabra, 416.
radicata, 416.
f ant lie, 197.
Indian Currant, 13.
Indian JPIantain. 394.
Infantia Chihnsis, 334.
Innocence, 24.
Inula, 59, 236.
argentea, 121.
divaricata, 130.
ericoides, 198.
falcitta, 122.
glandulosa, 122.
glutinosa, 119.
gossypina, 122.
qra mini folia, 121.
Helenium, 236.
Mariana, 122.
scabra, 121 .
serrata, 117.
subaxillaris, 121.
IXULOIDEJE, 57, 225.
Iron-weed, 89.
Isocarpha, 65, 257.
oppositifolia, 257.
Jsocoma vernonioides, 143.
Jsopappus, 130.
divaricatus, 130.
ffookerianus, 131.
Iva, 62, 245.
ambrosirefolin, 246.
angustifolia, 247.
annua. 246.
axillaris, 247.
ciliata, 246.
dealbata, 246.
foliolosa 247.
frutescens, 247.
Hayesiana, 247.
imbricata, 246.
microcephala, 247.
monophylla, 249.
Nevadensis, 247.
pnniculata, 246.
xanthiifolia, 246.
Jxora Americana, 24.
ternifolia, 24.
Jacea, 406.
Jamesia, 412, 413.
pauciflora, 413.
Jaumea, 70, 317.
carnosa, 317.
70.
Jerusalem Artichoke, 280.
Joe-Pye Weed, 95.
Kaliiactis, 265.
Keerlia, 55, 164.
bellidifolia, 164.
effusa, 165.
ramosa, 164.
skirrobasis, 164.
Kelloggia, 22, 31.
galioides, 32.
Kleinia, 317, 354.
Knapweed, 406.
Kutixia, 31.
Krigia, 84, 411.
amplexicaulis, 412.
beltioides, 411.
Caroliniana, 411, 412.
Dandelion, 412.
dichotoma, 411.
leptophylla, 411.
niontana, 412.
nervosa, 411.
occidentalis, 411.
Virginica, 411.
Knhnia, 51, 103.
Critonia, 103.
eupatorioides, 103.
frutescens, 103.
fjlutinosa, 99, 103.
'leptophylla , 103.
mncrantha, 103.
Maximiliani, 103.
paniculata, 103.
rosmarinifolia, 103.
Schaffneri, 103.
suaveolens, 103.
Kuhnioides. 113.
Kymapleura, 439.
a, 440.
LABIATIFLOR^:, 50, 82.
Lactuca, 87, 441.
acuminata, 443.
alpina, 444.
Canadensis, 442.
Canadensis, 444.
Caroliniana, 442.
elongata, 442, 443.
Floridana, 443.
Floridana, 444.
graminea, 443.
graminifolia, 442.
hirsuta, 442.
integnfolia, 442.
integrifolia, 443.
leucopha?a, 444.
Ion gi folia, 442.
Ludoviciana, 443.
macrophylla, 444.
pulchella, 443.
sagittifolia, 442.
santjuinea, 442.
Scariola, 442.
villosa, 444.
Lactucastftim, 443.
Lac/atea, 200.
Lagophylla, 70, 313.
congesta, 314.
dichotoma, 313.
filipes, 313.
glandulosa, 313.
ramosissima, 314.
Lagothamnus, 379.
ambiguus, 379.
microphyll.us, 379.
Lampsana, 84, 410.
communis, 410.
Laphamia, 71, 319.
angustifolia, 319.
bisetosa, 320.
cinerea, 319.
dissecta, 321.
halimifolia, 319.
Lemmoni, 319.
Lindheimeri, 320.
megacephala, 320.
Palmeri, 320.
peninsularis, 319.
rupestris, 319.
Stansburii, 320.
Lnppa major, 397.
minor, 397.
tomentosa, 397.
Lapsana, 410.
Lasianthcea, 286.
Lasthenia, 72, 324.
ambif/ua, 331.
Californica, 324.
Coiilteri, 4.">2.
glaberrima, 324.
glabrata, 324, 452.
obtusifolia, 324.
T.aurestinns, 9.
Layia, 70, 314, 451.
Calliglossa, 316.
carnosa, 315.
chrysanthemoides, 316.
Douglasii, 316.
elegans, 315.
Fremont!, 316.
gaillardioides, 315.
glandulosa, 314.
graveolens, 451 .
heterotricha, 315, 451.
Jonesii, 316.
Neo-Mexicana, 314.
pentacha?ta, 315.
platyglossa, 315.
Leachia, 291.
lanceolata, 292.
trifoliata, 293.
Lebetina, 356.
Leiqliia, 270.
bicolor. 273.
lanceolata, 285.
longifolia, 278.
uniflora, 284. 285.
Leontodon, 85, 420.
alpinus, 440.
autumnalis, 420.
boreale, 424.
CaroUnianum, 441.
ceratophorum, 440.
hirsutuni, 439.
hirtns, 420.
hispidus, 420.
liridus, 440.
officinaiis, 440.
Taraxacum, 440.
vulgar c, 440.
Lepachys, 66, 203.
angustifolia, 264.
columnaris, 204.
peduncularis, 264.
pinnata, 263.
pinnatijida, 264.
serrata, 2G4.
Lepidanthus, 364.
Lepidaploa, 89.
472
INDEX.
Lepidonema, 410.
Lepidospartum, 80, 378.
squamatum, 378.
Lepidostephanus madioides, 313.
Lepidutheca suaveolens, 364.
Leptoclinium fruticosum, 1 12.
Leptogyne, 225.
Leplopoda, 350.
bracln/poda, 349.
brevijblia, 350, 351.
decurrem, 350.
denticulata, 350.
Jimbriata, 350.
Helenium, 350.
incisa, 350.
inte.gr if olia, 350.
pinnatifida, 351.
puberula, 350.
Leptoseris, 422.
Californica, 423.
saxatilis, 423.
sonchoides, 422.
Leptosyne, 68, 299.
Arizonica, 301.
Bigelovii, 300.
Californica, 299.
calliopsidea, 300.
Douglasii, 299.
gigantea, 300.
heterocarpa, 301.
maritima, 300.
Neicberryi, 299.
parthenioides, 301.
Stilhnani, 299.
Leptotlieca, 431.
Leria lyrata, 408.
nutans, 408.
Lessingia, 54, 161, 440.
aaenophora, 447.
Germanorum, 102.
glandulifera, 102.
leptoelada, 162, 447.
nana, 163, 447.
nemaclada, 447.
Parryi, 447.
ramu'losa, 102, 446.
virgata, 162.
Lettuce, 441.
Leucampyx, 78, 302.
Newberryi, 302.
Leucanthemum arcticum, 305.
inter/ I'ij'ai/ ii nt, 365.
Parihenium, 36u.
vulgare, 305.
Leucocoma, 172.
Leucopsidium Arkansanum, 104.
humile, 104.
Leucopsis, 123.
Leucoseris, 422.
tenuifolia, 423.
Leystra Caroliniana, 352.
Liatris, 52, 109.
acidota, 110.
aspera, 110.
bMidifoUa, 113.
Boykini, 110.
brachystachys, 111.
Chapmaiiii, 112.
corymbosa, 113.
cylindracea, 109.
cylindrica, 110.
aubta, 111.
elegans, 109.
Jlexuvsa, 110.
fruticosa, 112.
Garberi, 112.
gracilis, 110.
graminifolia, 111.
graminifolia, 110.
heterophylla, 110.
intermedia, 109.
IcBirigata, 112.
lanceolata, 111.
macrostachyn, 111.
mucronata, 110.
odoratissima, 113.
oppositifolia, 95.
paniculata, 113.
pauciflora, 112.
paucifti'sculosa, 112.
pilosa, 111.
propinqui. 111.
pumila, 111.
punctata, 110.
pyenostaehya, 110.
radians, 109.
resinosa, 110, 111.
scariosa, 110.
secunda, 112.
sessiliftora, 111.
sphceroidea, 110.
spieata, 111.
squamosa, 113.
squarrosa, 100.
squarrulosa, 110.
stricta, 110.
tenuifolia, 112.
tomentosa, 113.
iimbellata, 90.
virr/ata, 111.
Walteri, 113.
LiorLiFLOiuE, 50, 83.
Lindheimera, 61, 244.
Texana, 244.
Liunsea, 7, 13.
borealis. 13.
Linosyris, 130.
albicaulis, 1"0.
arborescens, 141.
Siqelovii, 138.
Bolanderi, 136.
carnosa, 202.
ceruminosa, 138.
coronopifolia, 142.
dentata, 14:3.
depressa, 137.
Drummondii, 142.
graveolens, 139.
'heterophylla. 142.
hirtella, 142^
ffowardi, 130.
humilis, 204.
lanceolata, 140.
Mexicana. 143.
Parryi, 130.
pluri flora, 142.
pulchella, 137.
ramulosa, 223.
serrulata, 140.
Sonoriensif, 141.
squamata, 378.
teretifolia, 138.
Texana, 222.
viscidiftora, 138, 139, 140.
WriijJttii, 142.
Linsecomia fflauca,274.
Lion's-foot, 434.
Lipochceta Texana, 280.
Lofifia subulata, 230.
Lonicera, 8, 14.
. 30.
albiflora, 18.
Brf.we.ri, 15.
cserulea, 15.
Californica, 18.
Canadensis, 15.
Caroliniana, 16.
ciliata, 15.
ciliosa, 16.
ciliosa, 18.
conjugialis, 15.
Ditrdlla, 19.
dioica, 17.
Douglasii, 17.
dumosa, 18.
flava, 17.
/n?;a, 17.
hirsuta, 17.
hispidula, 18.
glauca, 17.
grata, 17.
GoW, 17.
intermedia, 16.
interrupla, 18.
involucrata, 16.
Ledebourii, 16.
micropji ylla , 18.
ILociniana, 10.
oblpngifolia, 15.
occidentalis, 16.
parrijlora, 17.
pilosa, 18.
pubescens, 17.
sempervirens, 16.
subspicata, 18.
Sullivantii, 17.
Symphoricarpos, 13
'J'artarica, 16.
Utahensis, 13.
velutina, 15.
villosa, 15, 17.
Viryiniana, 10.
LOXICERE^E, 7.
Liiphochcena, 204.
Lorentea, 254, 300.
Lowcllia aurea, 359.
Luina, 79, 376.
hypoleuca, 376.
Lutkera Virginia!, 412
Lygodesmia, 87, 435.
aphylla, 436.
exigua, 436.
grandiflora, 435.
juncea, 435.
juncea, 436.
minor, 413.
rostrata, 430.
spinosa, 436.
Afachceranthera, 204.
canescens, 205, 206.
grandiflora, 125.
parvijtora, 207.
scti'jera, 206.
S/tasttnsis, 174.
tanacetifolia, 206.
Macrocarplius
achiUecefoltus, 341.
Douglasii, 341.
Macrohoustonia , 24.
JIacronema, 135.
discoid ea, 135.
suffruticosa, 135.
Macrorliynchus, 438.
angustifolius, 439.
INDEX.
473
aurantiacus, 438.
Californicus, 439.
Chilensis, 440.
cynlhioides, 437.
etatus, 438.
fflaucus, 437.
grandiflorus, 438, 439.
Harfordii, 439.
heterophyllus, 439.
humile, 439.
laciniatus, 439.
Lessingii, 439.
purftureus, 438.
retrorsus, 439.
troximoides, 438.
Madaria, 304.
corymbosa, 305.
elegans, 305.
racemosn, 305.
Madariopsis, 305.
Madaroglossa. 314.
angu&tifolia, 314, 315.
carnosa, 314.
elegans, 315.
heterotricha, 315.
hieracioides, 315.
hirsuta, 315.
Madder, 35.
Madia, 69, 304, 451.
anomala, 307, 451.
. Bolanderi, 304.
capitata, 305.
citriodora, 307. 451.
dissitiflora, 305.
elegans, 305.
filipes, 306.
glomerata, 306.
mellosn, 305.
Nuttallii, 304.
radiata, 305.
Rammu, 451.
sativa, 305.
stdlata, 305.
viscosa, 305.
Yosemitana, 304, 451.
MADIE.E, 69.
Madorella dissitiflora, 305.
racemosa, 305.
Malacolepis, 421.
Malacomens, 423.
incana, 423.
Malacothrix, 86, 421.
altissima, 455.
Californica, 422.
Californica, 422.
Cleveland!. 423.
commutata, 423.
Coulteri, 421, 454.
crepoides, 430.
Fendleri, 422.
folinsa, 455.
glabrata, 422.
incana, 423.
insularis, 454.
obtusa, 423.
obtusa, 422.
parvlflorci; 423.
platyphylla, 410.
saxatilis, 423, 455.
sonchoides, 422.
sonchoides, 422.
tenuifolia, 423.
Torreyi, 422.
Torreyi, 422.
Xanti, 422.
Mallnstoma acerosa, 27.
Maryacola parvula, 93.
Marsh Elder, 247.
Marshallia, 68. 303.
angustilolia, 303.
eaespitosa, 303.
lanceolata, 303.
hitifolia, 303.
Schreberi, 303.
Maruta Cotula, 362.
fcetida, 362.
Matricaria, 78, 363.
asterioides, 166.
Chamornila. 364.
coronata, 364.
Courrantia, 364.
discoidea, 364.
glastifbiia, 166.
modora, 363,
odorata, 365.
Parthenium, 365.
pyrethroides, 364.
tnnacetoides, 364.
^fatth^ola, 29.
scabra, 30.
Mayweed, 362.
Meffolastrum, 173.
MELAMPODIB^E, 60.
Melampndium, 60, 238. 449.
rt ust rale, 239.
cinereum, 239.
cupulatum, 239.
hispidum, 239.
' leucanthum, 239.
longicornu, 239.
perfoliatum, 449.
ramosissimum, 239.
Melananthera, 257.
Melanthera, 65, 257.
angustifolia, 257.
deltoidea, 257.
linstatn, 257.
lanceolata, 257.
Linncei, 257.
microphylla, 257.
pandurceformis, 257.
Iriloba,, 257.
urticcefolia, 257.
Jficra geratum, 92.
Micropus, 58, 226.
amphibolus, 227.
anflustijolius, 227.
Californicus, 227.
Graynna, 227.
minimus, 229.
Microseris, 85, 416.
acuvninata, 419.
aphantocarpha, 419.
attenuata, 419.
Bigelovii, 419.
Bolanderi, 418.
borealis, 424.
cyclocarpha, 420.
Douglasii, 420.
elegans, 419.
Howellii, 454.
laciniata, 417.
leptosepala, 418.
leptosepala, 418.
Lindleyi, 419.
linearifolia, 418.
macrochcEta, 418.
nutans, 416.
Parryi, 418.
platycarpha, 420.
sylvatica, 417.
troximoides, 420.
Mikania, 51, 94.
artemisioides, 97.
convolvulacea, 94.
cordifolia, 94.
gonoclada, 94.
menispermoidea, 94.
pubescens, 94.
rubiginosa, 94.
scandens, 94.
suaveolens, 94.
Milfoil, 363.
Milk Thistle, 405.
.'{[/llcria angustifolia^ 354.
MlLLERIE.E, 59.
Jiint Geranium, 365.
Mist-flower, 102.
Mitchella, 22, 31.
repens, 31.
undulata, 31.
jrifrncarpitim, 32.
Afitracarpum, 32.
Mitracarpus, 22, 32.
breviflorus, 32.
linearis, 32.
Jr<->l!nn risci.iftt, 225.
Afonachcena, 247.
Monolopia, 72, 323.
bahhefulia, 324.
f/labrata, 324.
gracilens, 323.
Heermaiini, 323.
lanceolata, 323.
major, 323, 452.
minor, 323.
Monoptilon, 55, 165.
bellidiforme, 165.
Mimothrix Stansburii, 320.
Moqulnin kypoleuca, 407.
Morinda, 2l, 29.
Roioc, 29.
Mugwort, 367, 372.
Mulyedium, 443.
acuminatum, 444.
Floridanum, 443.
hastatum, 435.
heterophyllum, 443.
leucophceum, 444.
lyratum, 443.
multiflorum, 444.
pulchellum, 443.
MUTISIACE.E, 82, 407.
Myrstiphyllujn, 30.
Nabalus, 433.
alalns, 433.
aZ6s, 434.
altissimus, 435.
asper, 433.
Boottii, 435.
cordatus, 435.
crepidineus, 433.
deltoideus, 435.
Fraseri, 434.
fflaucus, 434.
Jllinoensis, 433.
integrifolius, 434.
nanus, 434.
racemosus, 433.
Roanensis, 434.
serpentnrius, 434.
tnfoliolatus, 434.
trilobatus, 434.
virgalus, 433.
474
INDEX.
Nardosmia angulosa, 376.
corymbosa, 376.
friijida, 376.
paimata, 376.
sagittata, 376.
NASSA'UVIE.E, 83.
Nauenbert/ln trinervala, 354.
Neocis, 398.
Nicollftia, 77, 355, 446.
Edwardsii. 355.
occidentalis, 355.
Nipplewort, 410.
Nothocalais, 420.
Obeliscaria columnar is, 264.
piiinnta, 264.
pulcherrima, 264.
Tagetes, 264.
Odontocarpha, 115.
(V{/', 230.
Oldenlandia, 20, 27.
acerosa, 27.
angustifolia, 27.
Boscii,*27.
ccerulea, 24.
glomerata, 27.
Greenei, 27.
IMe?, 28.
humifusa, 26.
penttindra, 28.
purpurea, 26.
rotundifolia, 25.
rubra, 25.
serpyllifolia. 24.
subviscosa, 25.
unifora, 28.
Oligogyne Tampicana, 280.
Otigosporus, 308.
pycnocephalus, 369.
'
Olocarpha, 308.
Omalftnthus camphoratus, 367.
Omalotts camphoratus, 367.
Omalotheca, 231, 236.
sup inn, 236.
Onopordon, 82, 405.
acantliium, 405.
Onopordum, 405.
Oporinia, 420.
aut/imnalis, 420.
Oritrophium, 175.
Orthomeris, 198.
Osmadenia tenella, 311.
Osmia, 94.
Osteospermum Uvedalia, 238.
Ox-eye Daisy, 365.
Oxylepis, 347.
Oxytenia, 62, 248.
acerosa, 248.
Oxytripoliinn, 203.
Oxyura chrysan/hemoidcf, 310.
Oyster-plant, 415.
Palafoxia, 74, 338.
callosa, 337.
fastii/iatn, 338.
Feayi, 338.
Hookeriana, 337.
integrifolia, 338.
latiJFoha, 338.
leucophylla, 338.
linearis, 338.
Texana, 337.
Paleolaria ccirnea, 338.
fastigiata, 338.
Paltoma, 281.
grandifliira, 281
serratifolia, 289.
Pappochroma, 200.
Pappothrix, 319.
Partheniastrum, 244.
Parthenice, 62, 245.
mollis, 245.
Parthenium, 02, 244.
alpimim, 245.
argentatum, 245.
Hysterophorus, 244.
incanum, 244.
integrifolium, 245.
lobatum, 244.
lyratum, 244.
ramosisslinum, 245.
Partridge-berry, 31.
Pittrinia ceratophylla, 43.
lonyifolia, 43.
Pectidium, 361.
punctatum, 362.
Pcctidopsis angustifolia, 361.
Pectis, 77, 360.
angustifolia, 360.
ciliaris, 360.
Coulteri, 361.
fastirjiata, 361.
filipes, 361.
imberbis, 362.
Jaliscana, 361.
linifolia, 300, 302.
longipes, 301.
multiseta, 301.
papposa, 361.
prostrata, 360.
punctata, 302.
Eusbyi, 361.
tenella, 300.
<ene/Z, 361.
Pectothrix, 361.
PcntachcBta, 53, 119, 446.
alsinoides, 120.
ajifutntochceta, 120.
aurea, 120, 446.
exilis, 120.
aracilis, 120.
Lyoni, 446.
Pentodon, 6, 28.
Halei, 28.
Pentotis, 28.
Peramipus hirtus, 259.
Perdicii/ni, 40!t.
semiflosculare, 408.
Perezia, 83, 408.
Arizonica, 409.
Coulteri, 409.
microcephala, 409.
nana, 409.
runcinata, 408.
Tliurberi, 409.
Wrightii, 409.
Pericome, 71, 322.
caudata, 322.
Ferity Ie, 71, 320.
Acmella, 322.
aglossa, 322.
California, 321.
Calif arnica, 321, 322.
coronopifolia, 321.
dissecta, 321.
Emoryi, 321.
Fitchii, 321.
incana, 320.
leptoglossa, 322.
microglossa, 322.
, 321.
Parryi, 322.
plumigera, 321.
PEKITYLE^E, 71.
Persoonia angustifolia, 303.
lanceolata, 303.
Intifulia, 303.
Petasites, 79, 375.
frigida, 376.
paimata, 376.
sagittata, 376.
vulgaris, 376.
Peucepliyllum, 79, 377.
Schottii, 377.
Plicenactis, 207, 208, 209.
Phcethusa Americana, 287.
bore alls, 287.
Phalacroclinc, 225.
Pkalacroloma, 207, 218.
acutifolium, 219.
Beyrichii, 219.
obtusifolium, 219.
Phalacroseris, 84, 410.
Bolanderi, 410.
/'//mfe, 328, 329.
Philozera mult/flora, 347.
Pkyllacrocephala, 94.
Phyllactis obovata, 42.
Phyllopappus, 124, 416.
Pkyllotheca, 123.
Picradenia Rlchardsonii, 347.
Picris, 85, 420.
Davurica, 421.
echioides, 421.
hieracioides, 420.
Japonica, 421.
Kamtschatica, 421 .
Picrothamnus desertorum, 368.
Picrotus, 246.
Pilosella, 424.
arguta, 428.
spathulata, 426, 455.
Pinaropappus, 85, 421.
roseus, 421.
Pinckneya, 19, 23.
pubens, 23.
pubescens, 23.
Pinknea pubescens, 23.
Pityopsis, 121.
art/entea, 121.
fatcata, 122.
graminifolia, 121.
pinifolia, 122.
Pin gins, 364.
Plateilema, 344.
J'/nti/i-iir/xea, 296.
Platylophus, 406.
Pltitysch kuh rla, 332.
Plectocephalus Americanus, 407.
Plectritis, 46.
brachys'emon, 47
capitata, 47.
conyesta, 47.
macrocera, 46.
major, 47.
samoli folia, 47.
Pluchea, 57, 225.
bifrons, 220.
borealis, 225.
camphorata, 226.
fcetida, 226.
glabrata, 226.
Marylandica, 226.
petiolata, 226.
purpurascens, 226.
INDEX.
475
PLUCHEINE/E, 57.
Plummeni, 51), 237.
floribunda, 237.
Polyactidium, 2U7, 219.
Polyactis, 207, 219.
Puli/dymia, 377.
Polymnia, 60, 238.
Canadensis, 238.
Caroliniana, 243.
perfoliata, 449.
Tetragonothi-ca, 255.
Cvedalia, 238.
Polymniastrum, 2 : J8.
Poly pappus sericeus, 225.
Polypteris, 74, 337.
callosa, 337.
Hookeriana, 337.
integrifolia, 337.
integnfolia, 352.
Texana. 337.
Porophyllum, 76, 354.
amplexicaule, 355.
gracile, 355.
Greygii, 355.
macvocephalum, 354.
Prenanthes, 87, 432.
alata, 435.
alba, 434.
alb.i, 434, 435.
altissima, 434.
aphylla, 436.
aspera, 433.
autumnalis, 433.
Boottii, 435.
cordnta, 435.
crepidinea, 433.
crepidinea, 434.
deltoidea, 435.
exigua, 436.
glauca, 434.
fllinoensis, 433.
juncea, 435.
Mainensis, 433.
Miamensis, 474.
ovuta, 434.
pauciflora, 413.
polymorpha, 431.
proteophylld, 434.
pyymten, 431.
racemosa, 433.
Boanensis, 434.
rubicunda, 434.
runcinata, 413.
serpentaria, 434.
simplex, 433.
suavis,^ 434.
tenui folia, 413.
Prionopsis, 125.
Chapmanii, 174.
cilia ta, 125.
Proustia, 408.
Psacalium, 397.
Psathyrotes, 80, 377.
annua, 377.
intisa, 343.
pilifera, 377.
ramosissima, 377.
scaposa, 378.
Pseudo-Bahia, 323.
Pseudo-Monolopia, 331.
Psilactis, 56, 170.
asteroides, 171.
brevilingulata, 171.
Coulteri, 171.
Psilocarpcea, 296.
Psilocarphus, 58, 228, 448.
brcvissimus, 448.
brevifsimus, 228.
Chilensis, 448.
elatior, 448.
globiferus, (228,) 448.
ylobiferus, 228.
Oreganus, 228, 448.
tenellus, 228, 448.
Psilochcena, 431.
occidentalis, 432.
Psilustrophe ynaphaliodes, 318.
Psychotria, 21, 30.
chimarroides, 31.
lanceolala, 31.
nervosa, 31.
oligotricha, 31.
ru/'eseens, 31.
tenuifolia. 31.
undata, 30.
Psychotrophum, 30.
Ptannica borealis, 363.
vulyttris, 363.
Pterocaulon, 57, 226.
pycnostachyuni, 226.
virgatum, 226.
Pteronin Caroliniana, 109.
Pterophyton, 287.
Ptilomens. 327.
ajftnis, 327.
anthemoides, 328.
aristata, 327.
coronaria. 327.
mutica, 328.
teneZ/rt, 327.
Ptilonella scabra, 304.
Ptilophora, 416.
major, 417.
nu/ans, 417.
Pugiopappus, 300.
Bitjelovii, 300.
Breweri, 300.
calliopsideits, 300.
Pulicaria annua, 219.
Pyrethrum, 364.
bipinnatum, 364.
inodorum, 363.
Parthenium, 365.
Pyrochceta, 170.
Pyrrhopappus, 87, 440.
Carolinianus, 441.
grandiflorus, 441.
multicaulis, 441.
multicaulis, 441.
pauciflorus. 441.
Rothrockii, 441.
scaposus, 441 .
Sesseanus, 441.
Pyrrocoma arrjvta, 127.
carthamw'des, 126.
foliosa, 128.
glomerata, 127-
yr'uuhlioides, 125.
Menziis/i, 143.
paniculata, 127.
racemosa, 127.
radiata, 126.
Rafinesquia, 85, 415.
California, 415, 446.
Neo-Mexicana, 415.
Ragweed, 248.
Kaillardella, 81. 380.
argentea, 38U.
i, 380.
Muirii, 380.
Pringlei, 380.
scaposa, 380.
Baillardia, 380.
Rancaqua, 324.
Randia, 20, 28.
aculeata, 28.
elusive folia, 29.
latifolia, 29.
mziw, 29.
Xalapensis, 29.
Ratibida columnaris, 264.
sidcata, 264.
Rattlesnake-root, 433, 434.
Itelbunium, 35, 40, 41.
microphytlum, 41.
polyplocum, 41.
Rhabdocaulis, 290.
Rhinactina, 200.
Rhyncholepis, 227.
Richardia, 22, 32.
pilosa, 32.
scabra, 32.
Richnrilsonia sc<ibra, 32.
Riddellia, 71, 317.
arachnoidea, 318.
Cooperi, 318.
tagetina, 317.
RIPDELLIE^E, 71.
Rigiopappus, 74, 338.
leptocladus, 338.
TJof'oc, 29.
Rosfdesia, 104.
Rosin-weed, 240, 241.
Rutltia Carolinensis, 335.
Rubia, 35.
Broivnei, 42.
peregrinn, 42.
tinctoria, 35.
Widteri, 42.
RUBIACEYE, 19.
Rudbcckia, 65, 259.
ofoto, 348.
alismaefolia, 261.
amplexicaulis, 263.
amplexifolia, 263.
anyuKtij'olia, 273.
apetala, 274.
aristata, 259.
aspera, 261.
atrorubens, 259.
bicolor, 260.
bupleuroides,259.
Californica, 262.
ckrysomela, 261.
columnaris, 264.
digitata, 2G2, 264.
discolor, 260, 261.
fulgida, 260.
futgida, 261.
ylobosa, 264.
yracilis, 260.
grandiflora, 261
Heliopsidis, 261.
Heliopsidis, 261.
heterophylla, 263.
hirta, 260.
hupiila, 258.
laciniata, 262.
Icevigata, 262.
maxima, 262.
Mohrii, 259.
mollis, 261.
montana, 263.
476
INDEX.
nitida, 262.
oi-cidentalis, 263.
odorata, 260.
oppositi/blia, 255.
pallida, 258.
perjbliatu, 253
pinna t a, 264.
Porteri, 269.
purpurea, 258.
quinntn, 262.
radula, 274.
rupestris, 260.
serotinn, 258, 260.
spathulata, 201.
spathulata, 263.
speciosa, 261.
speciosa, 258.
striyasn, 260.
subtomentosa, 260.
Tayetes, 264.
tomentosa, 260, 264.
triloba, 259.
Rugdia nudicaulis, 383.
Sage-brush, 367, 374.
Sage-bush, 374.
Salsify, 415.
SAMBUCE^E, 7.
Sambucus, 7, 8.
Canadensis, 8.
flauca, 9.
umilis, 9.
melanocarpa, 8.
Mexicana, 9.
nigra, 9.
pubens, 9.
pubescens, 9.
racemosa, 8.
velutina, 9.
Santolinn suarcolens, 364.
Sanvitalia, 64, 254.
Aberti, 254.
acini foli'i, 254.
angustifolia. 254.
ocymoides, 254.
procumbens, 254.
tragicefotta, 254.
viltosn, 254.
Sartwellia, 76, 353.
Flaveria?, 353.
Mexicana, 353.
Saussurea, 82, 396.
acuminntn, 397.
alpina, 396.
Americana, 397.
angustifolia, 397.
Ledtbuuri, 397. .
monticola, 397.
7?!/rfa, 397.
subsinuata, 397.
Scabiosa atropurpurea, 47.
Scabious, 47.
Scariola, 442.
Schkuhria, 73, 334.
Bigelovii, 333.
biternata, 333.
Hopkirkia, 334.
integrifolia, 332.
Neo-Mexicnna, 333.
pedata, 333.
pusilla, 334
Wislizeni, 334.
Woodkousii, 333.
Wrightii, 334.
Sclerocarpus, 64, 256.
exifjuus, 306.
gracilis, 305.
unisenalis, 256.
Sclerolepis, 51, 92.
verticillata, 92.
Scorzonella, 416, 417.
(dauca, 418.
laciniata, 417.
leptosepala, 418.
nutans, 417.
sylvatica, 417.
Scorzonera pinnatifida, 441.
Selloa ylutinosa, 114.
nudata, 354.
Senecio, 81, 383.
Actinella, 384.
ammophilus, 454.
amplectens, 384.
ampullaceus, 393.
Andinus, 387.
Arizonicus, 392.
aronicoides, 388.
atriplicifolius, 395.
aureus, 391.
ftwrews, 389, 394.
Austince, 454.
Balsamitse, 391.
Bigelovii, 385.
Bolanderi, 392.
Californicus, 8!13, 454.
campestris, 388, 389.
canus, 390.
canus, 389.
Cardamine, 390.
Carolinianus, 394.
ceratophyllus, 454.
cevnuus, 385.
ciliatus, 221, 383.
Cineraria, 383.
Clarkianup, 393.
Cleveland!. 387.
Coronopus, 393.
crassulus, 387.
Cumingii, 381.
Cymbtaaria, 391, 392.
cymbalarioides, 391.
rfefiiVzs, 391.
densiflorus, 394.
Douglasii, 393.
EUuittii, 391.
elongatus, 391.
eremophilus. 392.
eurjcephalas, 392.
eurycephalus, 384.
exaltatii?, 388.
fastigiatus, 300.
fastigiatus, 391, 393.
Fendleri, 392.
Jilifolius, 393.
flocdferus, 383, 422.
Frenionti, 386.
r//"^< //(/, 394.
Grayanus, 396.
Greenei, 385.
Hartwegi. 386.
hieracifuHus, 396.
Hookeri, 389.
Howellii, 390.
Huachucanus, 386.
hydrophilus, 387.
impanpinnatus, 394
integerrimus, 388.
integerrimiis, 387.
integrifuliits, 389, 390
Jacobsea, 383.
ti, 383, 394.
lanceolatus, 387.
Laynece, 390.
Lemmoni, 385.
lobatu, 394.
longidenlatus, 386.
longilobus, 393.
lugens, 388.
luyens, 387.
Lvoni, 454.
lyratus, 394.
megacephalus, 385.
Mendocinensis, 384.
Millefolium, 392.
Mississippianus, 394.
Mohavensis, 454.
mnltilobatus, 394.
Neo-Mexicanus, 392, 454.
obovatus, 391.
Palmeri, 383.
palustris, 394.
Parryi, 393.
pauciflorus, 391.
pauperculus, 391.
petrasus, 389.
Plattensis, 391.
Pseudo-Arnica, 384.
Purshianus, 390.
rapifolius. 386.
Regiomontanus, 393.
renifolius, 389.
resedifolius, 390.
Riddtllii, 393.
Rugelia, 383.
Rusbyi, 385.
Schweinitzinnus, 394.
Seemanni, 386.
serra, 386.
Soldanella, 384.
spartioides, 393.
stceckadiformis, 393.
suaveolens, 395.
sti/mudus, 391.
sylvalicus, 394.
Tampicanus, 394.
Thurberi, 889.
Toluccanus, 388.
tomentosus, 390.
triangularis. 386.
viscosus, 394.
vulgaris, 394.
werneriaefolius, 389.
Whippleanus, 384.
SENECIONIDE^, 79, 375.
Sericocarpus, 56, 171.
conyzoides, 171.
Oregonensts, 172.
rigidus, 172
solidagineus, 171.
tortifolius, 172.
Sericophyllum, 121.
Serinia ctzspitosa, 411.
Seriphidium, 374.
Serratula arvensis, 398.
Carolinensis, 91.
compta, 111.
f/lauca, 89.
Novcboracensis, 89.
pihisa. 111.
pr<K(ilta, 89.
scariosa, 110.
speciosa, 109.
spicata, 111.
squnrrosa, 109.
Seven-Years' Apple, 29.
INDEX.
477
Shortia California, 327.
Sid eran thus spinulosits, 4-18.
Silphium, 61, 240, 449.
albiflorum, 242.
asperrimum, 240.
Asteriscus, 241, 449.
Asteriscus, 243.
atropurpureum, 241.
betonicifolium, 242.
brachiatum, 449.
compositum, 241.
conjunctum, 240.
connatum, 240.
dentatum, 241.
datum, 242.
erythrocaulon, 240.
gracile, 241.
gummtfertim, 242.
Hornemanni, 240.
integrifolium, 240.
kevigatum, 240, 241.
lanceolatum, 241.
laciniatum, 242.
laciniatum, 241.
nudicaule, 241.
NuttalUanum, 243.
pumilum, 243.
perfoliatum, 240.
pinnatlfidum, 242.
radula, 240.
reniforme, 242.
retfculatum, 241, 243.
scaberrimuni, 240.
scabrum, 240, 241.
speciosum, 240.
splcatum, 242.
subacanle, 243.
tetragonum, 240.
trifoliatum, 241.
ternatum, 241.
temifolium, 241.
terebinthinaceum, 242.
tomentosum, 243.
Simsia, 283.
CflJvfl, 283.
caraescew*, 282.
exaristata, 283.
frutescens, 282.
lagascasformis, 283.
lanceolata, 285.
scaposa, 282.
suoaristata, 283.
Sneezewort, 363.
Snowberry, 13, 30.
Solidago, 54, 143.
rtZ&a, 146.
altissiina, 151, 153, 157.
ambigua, 143, 140.
amplexicaulis, 153.
amplexicaulis, 100.
angvlata, 152.
anyusta, 145
angustifolia, 150.
aryentea, 145.
arguta, 154.
arguta, 145, 155.
aspera, 153.
asperata, 152, 153.
asperula, 153.
axillaris, 145.
^4307-ica, 149.
bicolor, 146.
Bigelovii, 146.
Boottii, 154.
brachyphylla, 154.
Buckleyi, 147.
ctesia, 145.
Californica, 158.
Call formed, 147.
Canadensis, 157.
carinata, 141).
caruosa, 14'J.
Chapmani, 151.
cilinris, 155.
cinerascens, 158.
C/ete, 143.
compacta, 147.
conferta, 158.
confertiflora, 148.
confertiflora, 144.
continis, 14!).
cordata, 101.
corymbosa, 159.
corymbosn, 144, 148.
Curtisii, 140.
decemflorn, 158, 159.
diffusa, 141.
Drummondii, 159.
f/i/rt, 143.
e/rt<, 144, 157.
Elliottii, 153.
elliptica, 143.
elliptica, 153.
elongata, 157.
elongata, 153, 156.
eminens, 157.
erec/!rt, 144, 140, 152.
Jistidosn, 151.
flabellata, 145.
Jlabelliformin, 145.
flavpv'irens, 150.
Jlexicaulis, 145.
jragrans, 143, 150.
FranUi, 152.
fuscata, 144.
Gattingeri, 156.
genistoides, 1 50.
giaantea, 150.
glaberrima, 155.
ylabra, 156.
glomerata, 147.
glutinosei, 148.
gracilis, 145.
gracillima, 150.
gramini folia, 101.
r/randijlnra, 144, 151).
Guiradonis, 151.
Jiirsuta, 140.
hirta, 153.
hispida, 146. 158.
Houghtoni, 100.
humilis, 148.
humilis, 153.
incana, 158.
integerrimn, 149.
inte f/rifolia, 1^9.
iuncea, 155.
Iceviyata, 149.
lanata, 146.
lanceolata, 160.
lancifolia, 145.
lateriflora, 143, 153, 187.
latifolia, 145.
latifolia, 143.
latissimifolia, 143.
Leavenworthii, 156.
Itiocarpa, 147.
lepitla, 157.
leptocephala, 101.
limonijolia, 149.
Lindheimeriana, 147.
linoides, 150, 154.
lithospermifolia, 144, 149-
livida, 144, 145.
long! folia, 157.
macrophylla, 147.
macrophylla, 145.
Marslialli, 150.
Mexicana, 149.
Missouriensis, 155.
Missouriensis, 150.
oHts, 157, 158.
monticola, 140.
Muhlenbergii, 155.
multi-flora, 153.
multiradiata, 147.
nana, 158.
neglecta, 154.
nemoralis, 158.
nitida, 100.
Novebomcensif, 143, 14y.
mitans, 157.
obovnta, 150.
occidenfalis, 100.
odora, 150.
Ohioensis, 159.
patula, 152.
pauciflora, 144.
pauciflosculosa, 161.
petiolaris, 144.
petiolnris, 140, 147. 149, 152.
158.
pilosa, 151.
pilosa, 153.
Pi/clicri, 156.
procera, 157.
pubens, 146.
puberula, 150.
puberula, 158.
pulvendenta , 150.
puncticulata, \'\\.
pyramidata, 151.
radula, 158.
recurvata, 144, 145.
recurvata, 153.
refleza, 157.
retrorsa. 151.
Riddellii, 100.
rigida, 159.
ngidula, 153.
rotundifoUn, 159.
rngosa, 153.
rupestris, 156.
salicinn, 152.
Sarothrce, 115.
scaberrima, 159.
scaSrff 152, 153, 157.
scnbrida, 157.
Scliraderi, 145.
scmpervirens, 149.
sempervirens, 149, 1 >-2.
serotina, 150.
serotina, 155.
Shortii, 156.
sparsiflora, 159.
spathulata. 148.
speciosa, 152.
speciosn, 147.
spectabilis, 151.
fphacelata, 101.
spiciformis, 14!).
spithamica, 147.
squarrosa, 144.
squarrosa, 144.
stricta, 149.
478
INDEX.
stricln, 148, 152, 157.
tenuifolia, 101.
Terra-Nova-, 154.
thyrsoidea, 147.
Tolniicana, 151.
tortifolia, 151.
uliginosa. 151.
uliginosa, 154.
ulmifolia, 153.
ulmi/blia, 159.
velutina. 158.
verna, 152.
verrucosa. 143, 155.
villosa, 151, 153.
viminea, 146, 149.
Virgaurea, 148.
Viryaurea, 147, 148.
vlrgatit, 150.
Virqiniana, 153.
Soliva, 78, 365.
daucifolia, 365.
nastu'rtiifolia, 366.
sessiiis, 366.
Solivcea, 365.
Sonchus, 87, 444.
acurninatus, 444.
alpinus, 444.
arvensis, 444.
asper, 444.
bicnnis, 444.
Californicus, 423.
Canadensis, 444.
Cdi-cillninmis, 444.
Floridanvs, 443, 444.
liattntus, 435.
leucophceus, 444.
Luiliirii-'/nriiis, 443.
macrophyllw, 444.
multiftorus, 444.
olcrareus, 444.
pnllldus, 442, 444.
pulchellus, 443.
raccmosus, 444.
Sibiricus, 443.
spicatus, 444.
spinvlosus, 444.
tenerrimus, 444.
tenuifolius, 444.
Row-Thistle, 444.
Sparganopkorus verticillatw, 92.
Spermacoce, 22, 33.
Chapmanii, 34.
flim/ina, 35.
glabra, 34.
nirtii, 34.
involucrata, 33.
parvitlora, 34.
podocephala, 34.
Portoricensis, 34.
pyr/nned, .'!4.
subulata, '!!.
tenuior, 34.
tet-ra cot-fid, 33.
Virr/inidna, 35.
Spliceromeria arr/entea, 367.
cfijiitdta, 367.
Bpilanthes. 65, 258.
NuUalUi, 258.
occidentafif, 258.
Pseudo-Acmella, 322.
repoiivS, 258.
SpttantliHS, 258.
fyririiliin/tu-s, 323.
Stcchelina elegant, 109.
Starkea pinnata, 130.
Star Thistle, 405.
Stanvort, 172.
tittmrospermum, 32.
Stemmodontia scaberrima, 286.
STELLATE, 23.
Stenactis, 207, 219.
ambiyua, 219.
annua, 21'J.
JSeyricliii, 219.
(/wiia, 219.
ylauca, 208.
speciosa, 209.
stngosa, '219.
wrna, 216.
Stenotheca, 425.
Mariana, 426.
subnuda, 426.
wewosa, 426.
Stenotua, 131.
acaulisj 132.
armenoides, 1 32.
ccespitosus, 132.
flprifer, 168.
linfdfi/'oliiis, 132.
multiccmlis, 129.
pyymwus, 131.
Stepliananthus, 221.
Stephanomeria, 84, 412.
cichoriacea, 413.
coronaria, 454.
elata. 413.
exigua, 414.
fieterophylla, 413.
intermedia, 417.
lactucina, 413.
minor, 413.
myrioclacla, 414.
paniculata, 414.
Parrj-i, 413.
pentacliseta, 414.
runcinata, 413.
Thurbcri, 413.
Schottii, 415.
virgata, 414.
Wriglitii, 414.
Stcvia, 51, 91.
amabilis, 91.
angustifolia, 92.
callosa, 337.
canescens, !J2.
ivcejblia, !.)2.
Lcmmoni, 92.
macella, 91.
micrantha, 91.
Plummcriv, 92.
punctata, 92.
palicifolia, Ji2.
splinct'Irttti; 337.
rirgata, 92.
Stick-tight, 296.
Stokesia, 50, 88.
cyanea, 88.
Strigta, 103.
Stranyylozperma nuslrale, 366.
>Stniniplia, 21, 31.
niaritima, 31.
Stylesia, 331 .
Stylimnus, 225.
Stylocline, 58, 227.
acauhs, 229.
filaginea, 228.
gnaphalioidos, 227.
micropoides, 227.
Ktylnpnppus, 439.
s, 438.
grandiftorus, 439.
lacimatus, 439.
Succory, 412.
Sunflower, 271.
tiuprago, 109.
Sweet Scabious, 47.
Symphiotrichium unctitosum, 189.
Symphoria conylmnerata, 13.
tlungata, 14.
glomerata, 13.
IteteropJ/ylla, 14.
occidtntalis, 13.
racemosa, 13.
Symphpricarpos, 7, 13.
ciliatns, 14.
longiflorus, 14.
mollis, 14.
montanits, 14.
occidentalis, 13.
oreophilus, 14.
parviflorus, 13.
racemosus, 13.
rotundifolius, 14.
spicatus, 13.
vulgaris, 13.
Sj-nedrella, 67, 289.
vialis, 289.
Syntrichopappus, 73, 328.
Fremonti, 328.
Lemmoni, 328.
Tagetes, 77, 359.
Lemmoni, 359.
lucida, 359.
micrantha, 360.
papposa, 356.
TAGETINE^E, 76.
Tanacetum, 78, 366.
bipinnatum, 364.
boreale, 366.
camphoratum, 300.
canum, 367.
capitatum, 367.
diversifolium, 307.
Douyldsii, 366.
elei/ans, 367.
Huronense, 366.
ffuronense, 367.
Kot:.i Inn use, 364.
matricarioides, 364.
Nuttallii, 367.
Parthemum, 365.
pnuciflorum, 304, 366.
potontilloides, 307.
sitdreolens, 364.
vulgare, 366.
Taraxacum, 87, 440.
ceratophonan, 440.
cornic/ilatiim, 440.
Dens-Leonis, 440.
hirmtum, 439.
Icevigatum, 440.
lanceolat-um, 440.
Idtil >bum, 440.
montanum, 440.
ofticinale, 440.
pttlustre, 440.
phymatocarpum, 440.
Tarweed, 304, 306.
Teasel, 47.
Tessnrin borealts. 225.
Tttracarpum, 334.
Tetradymia, 80, 379, 453.
canescens, 379.
comosa, 379.
INDEX.
479
glabrata, 379.
inermis, 379.
Nuttallii, 379.
ramosissima, 377.
spinosa, 379.
squamala, 378.
stenolepis, 453.
Tetrayonosperma lyratlfotium,
Tetragonotheca, 64, 255. [25G.
helianthoides, 255.
Ludoviciana, 256.
Texana, 256.
Tetrodus quadritlentatus, 348.
Thelecarpoea, 408.
Thelesperma, 68, 301.
ambiguum, 301.
filifoiium, 301.
graeile, 302.
longipes, 302.
simplicifoHum, 302.
subnudiim, 302.
subsimplicifulium, 302.
Therolepta, 303.
Thistle, 397.
Thorough-wort, 94, 99.
Thymelea, 31.
Thymophylla, 359.
Gree/r/ii, 359.
setij'olia, 359.
Thymophyllum, 359.
Tick seed, 289.
Tinker's-weed, 12.
Tithonia, 60, 271.
aryophylla, 284.
Tliurberi, 271.
tubceformis, 271.
Tollatia chrysanthemoides, 316.
Townsendia, 56, 166.
Arizonica, 169.
conclensata, 167.
eximia, 167.
Fendleri, 167.
florifer, 167.
Fremontii, 169.
glabclla, 169.
grand itiora, 167.
incana, 169.
Mexicana, 169.
Parryi, 167.
Rothrockii, 168.
scapigera, 168.
sericca, 168.
spathulata, 169.
strigosa, 169.
strir/osa, 168.
Watsoni, 168.
Wilcoxiana, 168.
Wrightii, l73.
TragantheSj 97.
Tragopogon, 85, 415.
Danddium, 412.
porrifolius, 415.
pratensis, 416.
yirginicum, 412.
Trattemckia angustifolla, 303.
lanceolata, 303.
latlfolla, 303.
Trichocoronis, 51. 92.
rivularis, 93.
Wrightii, 92.
Trichopkyllum, 329.
integrifolium, 331.
lanntum, 330.
multiflorum, 331.
oppositifolium, 332.
Trichoptilium, 75. 343.
incisum, 343.
Tridux i/aillardioides, 315.
Trilisa, 52, 113.
odoratissima, 113.
paniculate, 114.
Trimorphcea, 219.
vulgaris, 220.
Triosteospermum, 12.
Triosteum, 7, 12.
angustifolium, 12.
ma jus, 12.
minus, 12.
perfoliatum, 12.
Tripleurospermum, 363.
inodorum, 363.
Ti-iph/iappus, 196.
Tnpoliurn anjjustum, 204.
caricifohum, 202.
conspicuum, 201, 203.
divaricatum, 203.
frondosum, 204.
imbricatum, 201.
occidentale, 1U2.
Oreyanum, 192.
paludosum, 174.
fubidntum, 202, 203, 204.
Trixis, 83, 409.
anu'iistifolia, 409.
Cdlifornica, 409.
corymbosa, 410.
frutescens, 410.
frutescens, 410.
suffruticosa. 410.
Trochoseris, 438.
Troximon, 86, 87, 436.
alpcstre, 437.
apargioides, 438.
apargio'ides, 439.
aurantiacum, 438.
aurantiacum, 438.
barbellulatum, 437.
CJiilense, 439.
cuspidatum, 437.
glancum, 437.
gracilens, 438.
grandiflorum, 439.
granrliflorum, 439.
heterophyllum, 439.
humilc, 438.
laciniatum, 439.
marginatum, 437.
Nuttallii, 438.
parviflorum, 437.
pumuum, 438.
retrorsum, 439.
Jtcemerianum, 421.
taraxacifolium, 438.
Trumpet Honeysuckle, 16.
Trumpet Weed, 95.
TUBULIFLOR^E, 49.
Tuckermanniit, 300.
giyantea, 300.
maritima, 300.
Tulocarpus, 237.
Tussilago, 79, 375.
corymbosa, 376.
Farfara, 375.
jrigida, 376.
inteffrifolia, 408.
nutans, 408.
palmata, 376.
Petasites, 376.
sagittata, 376.
Twin-flower, 13.
tfropapptis, 416.
grandiflorus, 419.
heterocarpus, 419.
Lindley!, 419.
iinearij'olius, 419.
Uvedalia, 238.
Vaccinium album, 16.
Valeriana, 42.
Arizonica, 43.
capitata, 43.
ciliata, 43.
dioica, 43.
edulis, 43.
locust a, 44, 45.
pauciflora, 43.
scandeus, 44.
Sitchensis, 43.
sorbifolia, 44.
sylvatica, 43.
VALERIANACE.E, 42.
Valerianella. 42, 44.
amarella, 45.
anomala, 47.
aphanoptera, 47.
ccerulea^ 44.
chenopodifolia, 45.
congesta, 47.
Fagopyrum, 45.
longirlora, 46.
macrocera, 46.
Nuttallii, 46.
olitoria, 44.
patellaria, 46.
radiata, 45.
rhombicarpa, 44.
samolifolia, 47.
stenocarpa, 45.
triguftra, 45.
unwilicata, 45.
Woodsiana, 45.
Vanilla-plant, 113.
Varilla, 65, 257.
Mexicana, 257.
Texana, 257.
Venegasia, 70, 317.
carpesioidcs, 317.
Verbesina, 67, 286.
ffZ6, 256.
Coreopsis, 289.
encelioides, 288.
helianthoides, 288.
heterophylla, 288.
laciniata, 287.
longifolia, 287.
microptera, 287.
nudicaulis, 288.
occidentalis, 287.
paniculata, 287.
Phcethtisn, 287.
podocepJidln, 286.
polycephflln, 287.
Siegesbeckia, 287.
Texana, 287.
villosa, 287.
Virginica, 287.
Warei, 288.
Wrightii, 287.
Verbesinaria, 286.
VERBESINE/E, 64.
Vermifugci, 253.
Vernonia, 50, 89.
altissima, 90.
angusti folia, 90.
Arkansana, 89.
480
INDEX.
Baldwinii, 90.
corymbosa, 90.
fasciculata, 90.
Jamesii, 90.
Lettermani, 90.
Lindheiineri, 91.
Noveboracensis, 89.
oligophvlla, 91.
ovalijulia, 90.
prcealta, 89, 90.
sealer rima, 91.
sphceroidea, 90.
tomentosn, 89.
VERNONIACE.E, 50, 88.
Viburnum. 7, 9.
acerifolium, 10.
ace?-i folium, 10.
alnifolium, 10.
cassinoides, 11.
cassinoides, 12.
densiflorum, 10.
dentatum, 11.
dentatum, 10.
edule, 10.
ellipticum, 10.
qrandiflvrum, 10.
Icevigatum, 12.
Lantana, 10.
lantanoides, 9.
Lentago, 12.
molle, 11.
nudum, 11.
obovatum, 12.
opuloides, 10.
Opulus, 10.
Oxycoccus, 10.
pauciflorum, 10.
prunifolium, 12.
pubescens, 11.
pyrifolium, 11, 12.
Rannesquianum, 11.
scabreUinn, 11.
squamatum, 11.
Tinus, 9.
trUitbum, 10.
viUosum, 11.
Viguiera, 66, 270.
brevipes, 270.
canescens, 270.
cordifolia, 270.
deltoidea, 271.
dentata, 270.
fflandulosa, 450.
helianthoides, 270.
laciniata, 270.
lanata. 271.
iaa;o, 270.
microcline. 270.
niwn, 271, 450.
Parishii, 271.
reticulata, 271.
te phi-odes, 271, 450.
Texana, 270.
tomeuiosa, 271.
trlquetra, 270.
Villanova bip'mnntifida, 244.
chrysanthemoides, 334.
Virrja-aurea, 144.
Virr/aurea, 144.
Virgilia, 351.
helioides, 352.
Wayfaring Tree, 9.
Wetlelia, 66, 204.
carnosa, 205.
hispitla, 286.
perfoliata, 449.
^e/a, 18.
White Lettuce, 434.
Whiteweed, 365.
Whitneya, 71, 318.
dea'lbata, 318.
Wild Coffee, 12.
Wirtgenid Texana, 286.
Wolf-berry, 13.
Woodbine", 14.
Woodruff, 35.
WbodviUea, 207, 208.
calendulacea. 208.
Wormwood, 367, 370.
Wyethia, 66, 267.
amplexicaulis, 207.
angustifolia, 208.
Ai'izonica, 267.
coriacea, 268.
glabra, 267.
helenioides, 267.
helianthoides, 267.
longicaulis, 267.
mollis, 268.
ovata, 268.
reticulata, 268.
robusta, 208.
scabra, 208.
Wythe-rod, 11.
Xanthidlum ambrosioides, 252.
discolor, 251.
rhombophyllum, 251.
tenuifolium, 250.
XnntMopsis, 252.
Xanthisma, 54, 124.
Texanum, 124.
Xanthium, 63, 252.
Americanum, 252.
Oanadense, 252.
Carolinense, 252.
echinatum, 252.
macrocarpum, 252.
maculatum, 252.
spinosum, 253.
strumarium, 252.
Xnntho, 324.
Xanthocephalum, 53, 114.
Benthamianum, 114.
gymnospermoides, 114.
sericocarpum, 114.
Wrightii, 114.
Xtinthocoma, 114.
Ximenesia, 288.
encelioidis, 289.
Xylorrhiza glubriuscula, 200.
villosa, 200.
Xylosteon, 14.
Xylosteum ciliatum, 16*
involucratiun, 16.
oblonr/i folium, 15.
Solorns, 15.
Tartaricitm, 15.
villosum, 15.
Yarrow, 363.
Youngia pygmcea, 431.
Zexmenia, 67, 285.
brevifolia. 286.
hispida, 280.
liispidula, 289.
podocephala, 286.
Texana, 286.
Zinnia, 63, 253.
acerosa, 254.
anomala, 253.
bicuspis, 253.
grandiflora, 253.
intermedia, 253.
juniperifolia, 253.
leptopoda, 253.
mulhflora, 253.
pauciflora, 253.
pumila, 253.
revoluta, 253.
tenuijiora, 253.
ZlNNIE^E, 63.
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA:
BY ASA GRAY, LL.D.,
F.M. R S.& L.S. Lend., R.I.A. Dubl., Phil. Soc. Cambr., Roy. Soc. Upsala, Stockholm, Gottingen, Edinb. ;
Roy. Acad. Sci. Munich, &c. ; Corresp. Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg,
Roy. Acad. Berlin, and Acad. Sci. Instil. France.
FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTAJSY) IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
VOL. II. PART I.
GAMOPETAL^: AFTER COMPOSITE.
SECOND EDITION.
bg tfa Smithsonian ^Institution,
NEW YORK:
IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR, AND COMPANY.
LONDON : WM. WESLEY, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND,
AND TRUBNER & CO.
LEIPSIC: OSWALD WEIGEL.
JANUARY, 1886.
PREFACE.
THIS volume commences where the Flora of North America by Torrey
and Gray stopped, thirty-five years ago, namely at the close of the great
order of Composite; and the present part comprises the remaining
Gamopetalse. It is intended to complete this Synoptical Flora in two
volumes, of about 1200 pages each ; the first to cover the ground which
was gone over in the work referred to (now wholly out of print as well
as antiquated), that is, to contain the orders from Ranunculaceee to Com-
positse, newly elaborated. The next ensuing part of the present volume
will be devoted to the Apetake and Gymnospermse, and the final portion
to the Monocotyledones and the Vascular Cryptogamia.
Botanists will need no particular explanation of thj3 plan of this work.
Geographically it comprises the United States and all the North Amer-
ican continent and islands northward, Greenland excluded. The series
of Natural Orders adopted is that of Bentham and Hooker's Genera
Plantarum. The generic characters are given synoptically, but with
essential completeness, at the beginning of each order. The characters
of sections of genera, when of comparatively high rank, are designated by
the sectional mark () and printed in the larger type ; and those of
first importance, such as may be termed subgenera, are distinguished by
having a substantive name. Subsections, and also primary divisions
when of low rank, are in small type. Such subdivisions are very freely
made, for convenience of analysis and to save repetition of identical
phrases under the included species ; and they are preferred to artificial
keys to the species, because enabling these to be grouped more naturally.
If somewhat less facile for rapid determination, they are more ex-
haustive and less liable to mislead ; and they permit the ultimate specific
v i PREFACE.
characters to be more simply diagnostic. In monotypic genera, it has
been found more convenient to give the details under the species, in
the form of a specific character. Throughout the work, from the order
down to the species or variety, the endeavor is to avoid repetition of
statement.
The names of introduced species, sufficiently established to claim a
place in our flora, are printed in small capitals, as are such adventitious
or extraneous species as require mention.
In the accentuation of generic, sectional, and specific names, no
attempt is made (as in the Manual of Botany of the Northern United
States and other works) to mark the quality of the accented vowel, but
only to designate the syllable upon which the principal accent falls.
Compactness being essential, only the leading synonymy and most
important references are given, and these briefly. All deficiency in this
respect will be amply supplied by the Bibliographical Index to North
American Botany, prepared at the Harvard University Herbarium
by Sereno Watson, and now in course of publication by the Smith-
sonian Institution. The first part of this most important adjunct to the
present work, which is just issued, gives the full bibliography of the
Polypetalse (the subject of the first volume of Torrey and Gray's Flora
of North America, published in 1838 and 1840), with revision, critical
corrections, and additions np to the present time. Its continuation may
be expected to proceed pari passu with this Flora.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY HERBARIUM,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, April 10, 1878.
IN this edition many corrections have been made upon the electro-
type plates ; but larger ones are given in the Supplement, along with
additions of new material and the re-elaboration of old. Page 68 and
pages 389-392 have been reconstructed, and a full Index is added.
January 1, 1886.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
GOODENIACE^E 1
LOBELIACE^E 1
CAMPANnLACE,E 9
ERICACEAE 14
LENNOACE^E 50
DlAPENSIACE.E 51
PLUMBAGINACE.E 53
PRIMULACE^E 55
MYRSINACE^E . 64
SAPOTACE.E 66
EBENACE^E 69
STYRACACE.E 70
OLEACE^E 72
APOCYNACE^E 79
ASCLEPIADACE.E 85
LOGANIACE^; 106
GENTIANACE.E 110
POLEMONIACE^; 128
PAGE
HYDROPHYLLACE^; 152
BORRAGINACEJE 177
CONVOLVULACE^E 207
SOLANACE^; 224
SCROPHULARIACE^E 244
OROBANCHACE^E 310
LENTIBULARIACE.<E 314
BlGNONIACE^E 318
PEDALIACE.E 320
ACANTHACE.E 321
SELAGINACE^E 332
VERBENACEJE 332
LABIATE 341
PLANTAGINACEvE 388
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS
ENUMERATION OF GAMOPETALJE
INDEX
393
463
471
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
DIVISION II. GAMOPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS
CONTINUED AFTER COMPOSITE.
ORDER LXXIV. GOODENIACE^E.
SHRUBBY or herbaceous plants, chiefly with alternate leaves and no proper
stipules, most resembling Lobeliacece, especially in having the corolla cleft down
between two of the lobes more deeply than between the rest ; but without
milky juice, the anthers separate, and a cup-like indusium around and at first
enclosing the stigma. Mainly Australian and Oceanic, one or two species of
the following genus reaching or overpassing the northern tropic.
1. SC-<?EVOLiA, L. (Diminutive of scava, a left-handed person; application
obscure.) Calyx adnate to the 2-celled ovary ; the limb 5-cleft or a mere border
around the base of the epigynous 5-lobed corolla, the tube of which is cleft down
one side to the base ; its lobes valvate-induplicate in the bud. Stamens 5,
epigynous, or lightly connected with the base of the corolla, alternate with its
lobes, distinct. Ovules solitary or a pair in each cell, erect. Fruit drupe-like,
or when dry nut-like. Flowers in axillary cymes, or sometimes solitary.
L. Mant. 145 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 539.
S. Plumieri, Vahl. Low and shrubby, with fleshy obovate entire leaves, woolly-bearded in
the axils, otherwise smooth : livnb of the calyx a truncate border : corolla white, an
inch long; the tube as long as the lobes, very woolly inside. Lobelia, Plum. Ic. t. 165;
Catesb. Car. i. t. 79. Seashore, S. Florida. (W. Ind., S. Afr., S. Asia.)
ORDER LXXV. LOBELIACE^E.
Herbs (out of the tropics), the juice usually milky and acrid, with alternate
simple leaves, no stipules, racemose inflorescence, and perfect 5-merous flowers ;
having the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, epigynous irregular corolla and sta-
mens, the latter as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and
2 LOBELIACE^E. Nemacladus.
usually both syugenesious and inonadelphous. Limb of the calyx divided down to
the ovary, which is wholly inferior or sometimes a large part free ; its lobes generally
persistent. Corolla (with the stamens) inserted just where the calyx becomes
free from the ovary, its lobes mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, commonly
deeper cleft or completely split down between two of the lobes, the cleft mostly on
the upper side (next the axis of inflorescence) in the open blossom, but becoming
so by a twist ; in the early bud the cleft looks toward the bract. The 5 petals
occasionally disposed to separate from below upward, and the limb to be bilabiately
irregular. Filaments generally free from the corolla, sometimes more or less ad-
herent to its tube : anthers 2-celled, introrsely dehiscent, firmly united around the top
of the style into a ring or short tube (except in an anomalous tribe). Ovary
2-celled with placentae projecting from the axis, or sometimes 1-celled with 2
parietal placentas. Style entire : stigma commonly 2-lobed, girt with a rim of
hairs. Ovules and seeds mostly indefinitely numerous, small, anatropous. Embryo
small or narrow, straight, in the axis of fleshy albumen. (Too near the Cam-
panulacece, and nearly passing into them, therefore united by recent authors ; but
as there are two dozen genera, agreeing in the indefinite inflorescence, irregular
corolla, and mostly in the syngenesious anthers, it seems best to retain the order.)
TRIBE I. CYPHIE^E. Anthers entirely separate, merely surrounding- the stigma.
1. NEMACLADUS. Calyx partly or wholly free. Corolla bilabiately irregular; lower
lip 3-, upper 2-lobed or parted. Filaments monadelphous above the middle: anthers oval,
glabrous. Style incurved at tip : stigma capitate, 2-lobcd, obsoletely annulate. Capsule
2-celled, 2-valved from top, 20-40-secded.
TRIBE II. LOBELIE^E. Anthers syngenesious. CoixxLla truly gamopetalous, at least
above, in ours distinctly bilabiate, two lobes turned away from the other three.
* Corolla open down to the base on one (the apparently upper) side.
2. LOBELIA. Calyx-tube short. Corolla with tube commonly straight; the lobe each
side of the cleft erect or turned backwards ; the three others larger and somewhat combined
to form the spreading or recurved (apparently) lower lip. Stamens free from the tube of the
corolla, monadelphous except near the base. Capsule thin-walled, 2-celled, many-seeded,
loculicidally 2-valved at the top or free upper part.
* * Corolla with a closed tube : capsule wholly inferior.
3. PALMERELLA. Calyx-tube turbinate ; the lobes slender. Corolla with an elongated
linear and straight tube, not at all dilated at the throat ; the short limb abruptly spreading;
two lobes small, spatulate-linear and recurving ; the three larger obovate or oblong and
slightly united at base. Filaments more or less adnate to the corolla up to near the throat,
then monadelphous and free, or farther adnate on one side only : anthers oblong; the three
larger naked; tl>e two shorter tipped with a tuft of very unequal stout bristles. Stigma,
ovary, and probably capsule as in Lobelia.
4. LAURENTIA. Calyx-tube turbinate or oblong. Corolla with its tube as long as the
limb, which is like that of Lobelia. So are the stamens, pistil, &c. Capsule short,
2-valved at the summit.
5. DOWNINGIA. Calyx-tube very long, stalk-like. Corolla with a very short tube, and an
ample bilabiate limb; lips spreading, the larger 3-lobed and broad; the two distinct divi-
sions of the smaller narrower. Anther-tube incurved: one or both of the shorter an-
thers tipped with a stout bristle-like point; the others naked. Ovary at first two-celled.
Capsule very long and linear, crowned with the foliaceous and linear calyx-lobes, terete
or 2-3-angled, early becoming 1-celled with 2 parietal and many-seeded filiform placenta,
remaining closed at the narrow apex, dehiscent longitudinally by from one to three long
fissures or valves.
1. NEMACLADUS, Ivutt. (A r /;ju, a thread, and xP.<5o b -, branch, from the
very slender stem and branches.) -- Two small annuals a span high, at length
excessively branched and diffuse : leaves minute ; the radical obovate ; cauline
reduced to subulate bracts : pedicels capillary, racemose on zigzag branches :
corolla flesh-color. Gray in Jour. Linn. Soc. xiv. 28.
Lobelia. LOBELTACE^E. 6
N. ramosissitnus, Ntltt. Glabrous, except the minutely pubescent tuft of radical
leaves : calyx 5-clef t ; its tube turbinate, adnate to the lower third of the ovary and round-
ish capsule, which does not exceed the rather unequal lobes: corolla short (a line long),
soon separating into 3 or 5 parts or petals : filaments monadelphous above : seeds oblong-
oval. PI. Gamb. (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii.), 254 ; Torr. Mex. Bound. 108, t. 35. -
Gravelly or sandy soil, California to New Mexico.
N. longiflorus, Gray. Radical leaves more canescent : calyx '5-partecl, free from and
much shorter than the narrow oblong capsule, its lobes equal : corolla narrower, firmly
gamopetalous, fully 3 lines long, 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx : filaments long-mona-
delphous : seeds short-oval. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60. S. California, Wallace, Lemmon.
2. LOBELIA, L. (Commemorates Matthias de l'0bel, latinized Lobelius, an
early Flemish herbalist.) Ours herbs, flowering in summer, some of them showy ;
common in the Atlantic, almost absent from the Pacific United States. Tube
of the corolla more or less disposed to split up in age into three pieces or into
its five petals ; at least the two shorter anthers with a bearded tuft at tip.
1. MOMOCHI'LUS, A. DC. Lips of the corolla somewhat equal; one of them
3-toothed, the other 2-parted : flowers long-peduncled from the axil of leaves
or large leafy bracts, in ours red and yellow : perennials.
L. laxiflora, HBK., var. angustifolia. Tall and branching: leaves lanceolate or
even linear, 3 or 4 inches long, denticulate : peduncles 2 to 4 inches and corolla an inch
long: calyx-lobes hardly longer than the tube. L. persiciefolia, HBK., not Lam. L.
CavaniUesii,Marl.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3000. Damp ground, just below' the Mexican
border of Arizona, north of Arispe, Thurber. (Mex.) A form intermediate in the breadth
of the leaves between the var. and the L. Cavanillesii, Cav. Ic. t. 518, or the plant culti-
vated as Siphocampylus bicolor. Anthers sometimes long-hirsute externally, sometimes
nearly naked.
2. EULOBELIA. (Eiilobelia, Hemipoyon, & ffolopogon, Benth. & Hook.)
Larger lip of the corolla 3-parted or o-cleft and spreading or dependent ; tho
other two lobes either erect or turned backward: flowers racemose or spicatc.
* Flowers bright red, large and showy, on erect or ascending pedicels in a virgate raceme : larger
anthers naked at tip: perennial from slender offshoots, the flowering plants dying throughout in
autumn.
L. cardinalis, L. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.) Minutely pubescent or glabrous: stem 2 to 4 feet
high, commonly simple : leaves from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, tapering to both
ends, irregularly serrate or serrulate : lower bracts leafy : tube of calyx and capsule hemi-
spherical, much shorter than the subulate linear lobes : tube of the corolla about an inch
long: seeds oblong, rugose-tuberculate : the intense red of the corolla varying rarely to
rose-color or even white. Bot. Mag. t. 320; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 48. Wet ground, New
Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, Florida, and the borders of Texas.
L. splendens, W^illd. More slender, glabrous or nearly so : leaves lanceolate or almost
linear, glandular-denticulate, all but the lower sessile : seeds less tuberculate : otherwise
very like the preceding. Hort. Berol. t! 86, the corolla-lobes larger and longer than in
wild specimens. L. Texensis, Raf. Ann. Nat. (1833) 20. Wet grounds, Texas and through
New Mexico and Arizona to southern borders of San Diego Co., California, Palmer.
Also Mexico. Lobes of the corolla in our plant (as in many Mexican) only 3 to 6 lines
long. Anthers sometimes a little hairy on the back.
* * Flowers blue or partly white, sometimes varying to white : tips of the three larger anthers
naked or short-bearded, or rarely with a tuft like the other two.
H Flowers rather large (tube of the corolla half or over a third of an inch long), spicate-racemose :
capsule short and broad: stems leafy: plants perennial, mostly by offsets.
-H- Leaves short and small (about half an inch long), thickish, very numerous up to the inflores-
cence, and passing into foliaceous bracts.
L. brevifolia, Nutt. Glabrous or minutely pubescent : stem virgatc and simple, a foot
or two high : leaves rather fleshy, strongly toothed, mostly 2 lines broad ; the lowest
LOBELIACE^;. Lobelia.
obovate or spatulate ; the upper oblong-linear, often crowded and widely spreading or
reflexed, sometimes even pinnatifid-toothed, the teeth callous : spike-like raceme few -
many-flowered : short pedicels mainly appressed and equalled by the short foliaceous
bracts : calyx-lobes lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, strongly and pectinately toothed,
auriculate-appendaged at base, fully half the length of the puberulent tube of the corolla :
anthers all hairy above, but only the two shorter with conspicuous beard at tip : capsule
very short. A.DC. Prodr. vii. 377; Bertol. Misc. x. 28. L. crussiuscula, Hook. Comp.
Bot. Mag. i. 100. Open pine barrens, Louisiana, Alabama, and Florida; flowering late.
Tube of the corolla nearly half an inch long.
H- -H- Leaves rather large and broad (1 to 5 inches long), from ovate to broadly lanceolate,
numerous; the upper passing into foliaceous bracts: lip and upper part of the tube of the corolla
glabrous within.
L. syphilitica, L. Somewhat pubescent with scattered hairs : stem rather stout, very
leafy, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves thinnish, lanceolate or oblong and tapering to both ends,
irregularly serrate or repand-denticulate (the larger 5 or 6 inches long) : spicate raceme
leafy below, a span to a foot long : calyx-lobes mostly hairy or ciliate, moderately shorter
than the tube of the corolla, the sinuses conspicuously appendaged by deflexed auricles :
larger anthers wholly naked at tip. Dill. Elth. t. 242 ; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 597 ; Bot. Reg. t. 537.
L. ylandulosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 63. Wet grounds, Canada to Georgia, Louisiana,
and west to Kansas and Dakotah. Runs into some varieties: var. Ludovidana, A.UC., is a
south-western smoother form, with thickish leaves : there are also garden hybrids. Auricles
of the calyx sometimes reaching the base of the ovary, sometimes short. Corolla bright
light blue, rarely varying to white or purple ; its tube broader than in the following,
half an inch long.
L. puberula, Michx. Soft-pubescent with very short and fine hairiness, 2 feet high:
leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse and an inch or two long, pale or slightly
hoary, callous-denticulate or more toothed; the upper passing into ovate foliaceous lower
bracts of the strict and virgate spike-like raceme : flowers mostly crowded, becoming
horizontal on the short appressed pedicels : calyx-lobes lanceolate, little shorter than the
tube of the corolla (about 4 lines long, rarely shorter in proportion); the auricles at the
sinuses short and rounded, commonly very short, often inconspicuous: larger anthers
minutely short-bearded at tip: ovary generally hirsute. Fl. ii. 152. L. anurna, Ell. ?
A.DC. Prodr. vii. 377, not Michx. L. glandulosa, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 14.
Damp sand}' grounds, New Jersey to Illinois, Florida, and Texas. Passes insensibly into
Var. glabella, Hook. (Bot. Mag. t. 3292, not of Ell.): a greener form, with slender,
more glabrous, and usually more naked virgate spike, glabrous calyx, &c., and flowers
more secund. L. glandulosa, var. obtusifolia, A.DC. 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. x. 29. N. Carolina
to Florida and Texas.
L. amtiena, MidlX. Green and glabrous throughout, or nearly so : stem 1 to 4 feet
high, in the larger plants leafy to the virgate raceme : leaves thinnish, oblong-lanceolate
or narrower, mostly tapering to both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, irregularly serrate or den-
ticulate ; the upper passing into conspicuous lanceolate or linear bracts ; these often glan-
dular-denticulate, and the foliaceous lower ones equalling the flowers : calyx-lobes long
and very slender, little shorter than the narrow tube of the corolla, from filiform- to
linear-subulate, commonly quite entire, little widened and not auriculate at base: larger
anthers wholly naked or merely puberulent at tip: ovary glabrous: lobes of the large
lip of the corolla broadly ovate. L. syphilitica, WnM. Car. 218; Juss. Ann. Mus. xviii.
t.l, f. 1. L. puberufa, var. alabella, Ell. Sk. i. 267. L. glandulosa, var. r/labrn, A.DC. 1. c.
L. cnlorci/a, Don, Brit. Fl. Gnrd. n. ser. t. 180, and L. hortrnsis, A.DC. 1. c., are a hybrid
form of this. Deep swnmps, N. Carolina to Florida. Raceme a span to a foot long ;
tube of bright blue corolla half an inch long. Calyx-lobes sometimes with a few teeth ;
the sinuses absolutely naked, or sometimes obscurely bordered. To this belongs
Clayton's plant referred by Gronovius to L. Cliffbrtiana, L.
Var. obtusata. Cauline leaves oblong, obtuse, and almost entire : ppicate raceme
virgate and naked : calyx-lobes subulate, shorter, only half the length of the tube of the
corolla: larger anthers densely very short-pubescent at tip. L. amccna, Chapm. Fl., in
part. Middle Florida, Chapman.
Var. glandulifera. A foot or two high, often slender and sparsely leaved, below
sometimes hirsute-pubescent; leaves from oval to lanceolate-oblong, an inch or two long,
Lobelia. LOBELIACEJL 5
mainly obtuse and the margins beset with glandular salient teeth : raceme secund, slender
and loosely or few-flowered : bracts mostly shorter than the calyx ; these and the slender
calyx-teeth beset with slender gland-tipped teeth or lobes : sinuses of the calyx sometimes
decidedly auriculate- appendaged : anthers as in the preceding var. or more hairy. L.
(jlandulosa, A. DC. in part. Moist grounds, S. Virginia to Florida and Alabama. These
three forms clearly run together.
H- -H- -H- Leaves long (2 to 5 inches) and narrow ; the upper few and sparse : lip of corolla pubes-
cent at base: usually a pair of glands or small glandular bractlets toward the base of the short
pedicel.
L. glandulosa, Walt. Glabrous, or sometimes stem sparsely and often the calyx-tube
densely hirsute : stem slender, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves thick and smooth, bright green,
lanceolate or linear (l to 4 lines wide), callous- or glandular-denticulate : raceme or spike
loosely few-many-flowered, secund, often as it were long-peduncled : bracts linear and
subulate, more strongly glandular-toothed: calyx-lobes subulate, half the length of the
tube of the corolla, bearing few or numerous salient gland-bearing teeth o* lobes, or occa-
sionally quite entire ; the sinuses not aurieulate-appendaged : tube of the light blue corolla
5 or 6 lines long : anthers all bearded at the tip. Ell. Sk. i. 265; A. DC. 1. c. (excl. vars.) ;
Chapm. Fl. 254. L. crassiuscnla, Michx. Fl. i. 252; Nutt. Gen. ii. 76. Pine-barren swamps,
S. Virginia (Ballet/) to Florida: fl. autumn.
.]__ .<__ Flowers smaller or small : tube of the corolla not exceeding 2 or 3 lines in length.
H- Stem scape-like and mostly simple, hollow: leaves all or mainly in a rosulato cluster at the
base, fleshy: bracts of the raceme shorter than the pedicels: lobes of the calyx subulate and
entire, the "sinuses naked or nearly so: fibrous-rooted and mostly aquatic very glabrous peren-
nials, with pale blue or whitish flowers half an inch long.
L. paludosa, Nutt. A foot or two or even 4 feet high : stem in the larger plants some-
times branching above and bearing several few-many-flowered racemes : leaves flat, from
linear-spatulate to oblong, repand-denticulate or entire (1 to 9 inches long), sometimes
scattered along the lower part of the stem : corolla pubescent at the base of the lip inside.
A. DC. 1. c. 376. In water (but foliage emerged), Delaware to Florida and Louisiana.
L. Dortmaiina, L. Scape a span to a foot high, naked except a few fleshy bracts :
leaves in a radical tuft, linear, fleshy, terete, hollow and with a longitudinal partition :
raceme loosely few-flowered: lower lip of the corolla almost naked. Fl. Dan. t.30. Bor-
ders of ponds, often immersed, New England to Penn., and to subarctic Amer. (Eu.)
H. H-J. Stem leafy, mostly simple, strict, and continued into a more or less pedunculate and elongated
virgate and naked spike-like raceme: leaves from lanceolate to obovate, barely denticulate or
repand: lip prominently 2-tuberculate within at base.
= Flowers or at least the capsules horizontal, secund, scattered in the slender raceme, large for the
section, the tube of the corolla 3 to 2 lines long.
L. Ludoviciana, Gray. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high (from a perennial? root), slender:
leaves lanceolate, acute, or the lowest spatulate and obtuse, merely denticulate, thickish,
an inch or two long (not over 4 lines broad), all with tapering base and the lower petioled :
raceme loosely 5-20-flowered : flowers commonly puberulent : corolla half an inch long :
calyx with nearly hemispherical tube ; its lobes ova.te-lanccolate, or rather cordate-lan-
ceolate, being rounded auriculate at the sinuses (their margins entire or obscurely few-
denticulate), only half the length of the tube of the corolla, and hardly longer than
the capsule : larger anthers densely hirsute at and near the summit, but with no bearded
tuft. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60. Wet prairies, W. Louisiana, Hale. Texas near Houston,
Lindheimer. Tube of the corolla fully a quarter of an inch long : barely a trace of pu-
bescence on the base of the lip. The five short auricles at the sinuses of the calyx broad
and entire. Intermediate, as it were, between L. pahidosa and the following.
L. appendiculata, A. DC. Nearly glabrous, or the strong angles of the slender stem
above scabrous, a foot or two high from an apparently annual or biennial root, not rarely
branching: leaves thin, mostly denticulate or repand, an inch or two long, obtuse, the
lowest obovate, the others oval or oblong and mainly sessile by a broad base : spike-like
raceme very slender, several-many-flowered : corolla a third of an inch long : calyx with
turbinate tube ; its lobes linear-acuminate from a broader base, minutely hispid-ciliate,
equalling the tube of the corolla, their bases sagittately extended into the deflexed auricles,
which are sometimes subulate and all 10 distinct, but more commonly united partially or
wholly into 5 lobes which not rarely cover the tube : base of capsule hemispherical, much
G LOEELIACE/E. Lobelia.
shorter than the calyx-lobes : larger anthers slightly hirsute on the back, but naked at tip.
Prodr. vii. 376. Moist grounds, W. Louisiana, Arkansas, and E. Texas: flowering
early. Tube of the bluish corolla 2 to 2 lines long. Calyx-appendages, as in all these
species, very variable.
=- = Flowers or at least the fruit-bearing pedicels ascending, mostly very numerous and hardly
secund in the elongated and virgate spike-like raceme: tube of the corolla barely 2 lines long":
upper leaves passing into bracts in the stronger plants : calyx-lobes loose and spreading in flower.
L. leptostachys, A. DC. Calyx-tube short-turbinate and in fruit becoming, hemi-
spherical, the sinuses each with a pair of subulate or linear strictly cleflexed appendages,
which mostly soon equal or even exceed the tube; otherwise as the next. Prodr. vii. 37(3.
Sandy dry soil, Ohio to Illinois and Missouri, and Virginia to Georgia: fl. early summer.
L. spicata, Lam. Puberulent: stem virgate, 1 to 4 feet high (from a biennial ? root) :
leaves pale, barely denticulate, obtuse ; the radical and lowest obovate, 1 to 4 inches long ;
the upper spatulate, gradually smaller, and at length linear-oblong or lanceolate and bract-
like: spike-like raceme from 3 to 18 inches long: tube of the calyx turbinate; the lobes
subulate or linear-subulate and shorter than the tube of the (light blue, pale, or rarely
white) corolla ; the sinuses not appendaged. Diet. iii. 587. L. Claytoniana, Michx. Fl. ii.
153. L. pallida, Muhl. Cat., Ell., &c. L. goodenioides, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 30. L. nivea,
Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 15, white-flowered form. Gravelly or sandy and mostly dry soil, N.
New England to Saskatchewan, Louisiana and Arkansas : fl. through summer.
Var. parviflora, a small form, with calyx-lobes broadly subulate, and pale corolla
only 3 lines long. L. pallida, Muhl.? Swamps, Lancaster, Penn., Porter: fl. June.
Var. llirtella, a western form, with somewhat scabrous pubescence, and minutely
hirsutely ciliate bracts and calyx-lobes, the latter subulate-linear and fully as long as the
tube of the corolla. Chiefly towards and beyond the Mississippi.
-H- -M- -H- Stem very leafy, simple and strict, continued into a very Icafy-bractcd spike: leaves
and bracts laciniate-toothed : lips of the corolla of nearly similar lobes, smooth and naked : seeds
with a very smooth and even coat.
L. fenestralis, Cav. Annual or at most biennial, 2 or 3 feet high, near'}- glabrous, or the
sharp decurrent angles of the stem hairy : leaves oblong or lanceolate, all the upper partly
clasping and acuminate, passing into the similar bracts of the long spicate inflorescence,
these mostly exceeding the crowded flowers : calyx-tube obovate ; the lobes linear and
mostly with some slender teeth : tube of the corolla 2 lines long, surpassing the stamens
and style: larger anthers short-bearded at tip. Ic. vi. 8, t. 512; Lindl. Eot. Reg. xxiv.
t. 47. L. pectinatu, Engelm. in Wisliz. Rep. 108. S. W. Texas to Arizona and Mexico.
H- -H- -H- -H- Stems leafy, often paniculate! v branched : flowers looselv racemose: sinuses of the
calvx not appendaged : mainly biennials or annuals.
= Cauline leaves chiefly linear, entire or merely denticulate: capsule not inflated.
a. Tube of the corolla fully 3 lines long: perennial from filiform rootstocks.
L. gruina, Cav. Puberulent or glabrous : stems nearly simple, slender, a foot or two
high: leaves all lanceolate or linear, acute, denticulate, an inch or two long: raceme
mostly slender-peduncled and few-flowered: calyx-lobes slender-subulate, shorter than the
tube of the corolla. Arizona, in the Sierra Blanca, at 7000 feet, Rothrock. Flowers smaller
than in Mexican specimens ; the tube of corolla only 3 lines long. (Me.x.).
6. Tube of the bright blue (rarely varying to white) corolla not over 2 lines long; the two superior
lobes small and narrow: plants mainly glabrous, slender and erect: inflorescence disposed to
become paniculate.
L. Boykini, Torr. & Gray. Perennial : stem a foot or two high from a creeping root-
stock, fistulous, mostly simple : leaves all small and scattered, filiform or nearly so, an inch
or less long and above reduced to setaceous bracts : filiform pedicels rather longer than the
flower, spreading: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, spreading, very much longer than the
short tube, which in fruit is rounded at base: mature capsule half superior: seeds short-
oval, rough-rugose. A. DC. Prodr. vii. 374; Chapm. Fl. 255. Pine-barren swamps in
shallow water, S. Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, beginning to flower in May.
L. Canbyi, Gray. Perennial from offsets ? or annual, 2 feet high, the larger plants pani-
culately branched above, obscurely puberulent, scabrous or nearly smooth : leaves linear,
remotely denticulate-glandular, an inch or two long, a line or two wide : racemes elongated,
often leafy at base : pedicels naked, erect or ascending, shorter than the bracts or the
flower: calyx-lobes subulate-linear, denticulate-glandular, hardly longer than the wholly
Lobelia. LOBELIACE.E. 7
inferior oblong-turbinate capsule: seeds oblong-obovate, rugose-reticulated. Man. eel. 5.
284. Wet swamps, New Jersey, Delaware, and S. Carolina : fl. late summer. Corolla
about 4 lines long. Capsule 2 lines long.
L. Kalmii, L. Biennial or perhaps perennial from small rosulato offsets, a span to a foot
or more high, often paniculately branching, glabrous and smooth or below slightly hairy :
radical and lowest cauline leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, and the upper linear, an inch
or two long : racemes loosely and mostly few-flowered, often leafy at base or panicled :
pedicels equalling or longer than the flowers, mostly 2-glandular or minutely bracteolate
above the middle: calyx-lobes subulate, a little longer than the broadly turbinate tube:
capsule shorter and blunter at base than in the preceding, or even roundish, wholly inferior :
seeds oblong, reticulated. Bot. Mag. t. 2238. Wet banks, Lower Canada and Hudson's
Bay to L. Winnipeg, and to S. New York and Penn., but rare southward.
L. Nuttallii, Roem. & Schult. Annual, or at most biennial, very slender, a foot or two
high, simple or sparingly and loosely branched above: leaves an inch or less in length; the
radical ones oblong or oval ; the others from lanceolate to linear, denticulate-glandular :
racemes slender : pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower ; the
minute bractlets, if any, near the base : calyx-lobes subulate, considerably shorter than the
tube of the pale blue corolla: capsule short and broad, obtuse or rounded at base, half
superior : seeds obovate-oval, roughish, these as well as the flowers only half the size of
those of L. Canliyi. Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 240. L. nmciUs, Nutt. Gen. ii. 77. L. Kalmii, var.
(/raci/is, Bart. Fl. i. t. 34. Moist pine barrens, New Jersey and Penn. to Georgia. Whole
corolla 3 or at most 4 lines long. To this belongs the Rapuntium minimum flore pallido
cwrutco ; Clayt., Gronov. Fl. Virg. ed. 2. 134.
= = Leaves chiefly ovate or oblong and more or less serrate or toothed: root annual: stems
branching.
a. Capsule not inflated, partly or sometimes mainly superior: pedicels of the pedunculate raceme
slender: leaves mostly petioled.
L. Cliffortiana, L. Glabrous or slightly and minutely hairy, a foot or so high : leaves
ovate or slightly cordate, obtusely toothed or repand, petioled, or the upper lanceolate and
sessile : pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers : calyx-tube obconical ; the lobes subulate
and shorter than the tube of the corolla : capsule ovoid, obtuse, nearly the upper half free :
seeds oval, very smooth and shining. Hort. Cliff, t. 20, & Sp., excl. syn. Gronov. ; Michx. Fl.
ii. 152 ? (Therefore L. Micltauxii, Nutt. Gen.?) Occasionally met with in the S. Atlantic
States, in waste or cult, grounds : probably introduced from Trop. Amer.
Var. Xalapensis differs in the fully two-thirds free and rather more oblong capsule
(which does not, as in L. micrantha, much exceed the calyx-lobes), and the stems are weaker
or diffuse. L. Xa/apensis, IIBK. Peninsula of Florida (Canby, E. Palmer, &c.) ; perhaps
introduced from W. Ind. and Mex.
Var. brachypoda, a remarkable and distinct form, with cauline leaves from obovate-
spatulate to lanceolate, and pedicels (2 or at most 3 lines long) rather shorter than the
flower or the capsule, which is that of genuine L. Cliffortiana. L. Bcrlandieri, Torr. Mex.
Bound. 107, hardly of A.DC. S.W.Texas, Wright, Parry. Adjacent parts of Mexico,
Berlandier, &c. (No. 3177 of the latter may be L. Berlandieri, A.DC., but is from Mata-
moras, not Tampico : it has long filiform pedicels and seems to be a depauperate form of
the true L. Cliffortiana.}
L. Feayana, Gray. Slender, a span high, diffusely branched from the base, glabrous
throughout: leaves small (a quarter to half inch long), repand-denticulate, roundish or
obovate, or the small uppermost spatulate or lanceolate and sessile: raceme loosely 4-10-
flowered : pedicels as long as the flower, twice or thrice the length of the subulate bract :
calyx-tube and capsule broadly obconical ; the latter two-thirds inferior, its free apex about
the length of the subulate calyx-lobes ; these only half the length of the tube of the bright
blue corolla : anthers glabrous (except the bearded tips of the shorter ones) : seeds oblong,
with a rough cellular coat. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60. E. & S. Florida, Dr. Feay, Dr. E.
Palmer, Mrs. Treat. Tube of the corolla under 2 lines long. Pedicels 2 to 4 lines long.
b. Capsule inflated, wholly inferior, longer than the pedicels: leaves sessile.
L. inflata, L. (INDIAN TOBACCO.) Pubescent, a foot or two high, brandling above, and
the spike-like but loose racemes paniculate : leaves ovate or oblong (an inch or two long),
obtusely toothed, veiny ; the upper forming foliaceous bracts : uppermost bracts linear-
8 LOBELIACE^:. Pulmerella.
subulate as long as the pedicels : corolla pale blue or whitish, 2 lines long, hardly sur-
passing the subulate-linear calyx-lobes : turgid capsule oval, 4 lines long, glabrous, trans-
versely veiny between the ribs : seeds oblong, roughish and reticulated. Act. Ups. 1741,
23, t. 1 ; Schk. Handb. t. 269 ; Barton, Med. t. 16 ; Bigelow, Med. t. 19 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 63.
Open rather dry grounds, Hudson's Bay to Saskatchewan, and to Georgia and Ar-
kansas. Herbage very acrid, formerly much employed in empirical medicine ; an acrid-
narcotic poison.
3. PALMERELLA, Gray. (Named for the discoverer, Dr. Edward
Palmer.} A single species. - - Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 81, & Bot. Calif, i. 619.
P. debilis, Gray, 1. c. A glabrous apparently perennial herb : stems simple or branched
above, 2 feet high, slender and rather weak or spreading, very leafy : cauline leaves lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, about 2 inches long, entire or remotely denticulate, very
acute ; the uppermost passing into foliaceous or at length slender-subulate bracts of the
few-many-flowered raceme: pedicels rather slender: lobes of the calyx slender or seta-
ceous-subulate, much longer than the tube, about half the length of the tube of the blue
corolla. In the Tantillas Canon, just below San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Corolla-
tube whitish, three-fourths of an inch long, tomentose within, in age disposed to split up
from below as in most Lobelias, and the filaments then separating, the sinus between the
small lobes completely closed, and the filaments most adnate on that side: three larger
lobes deep violet-blue, 3 or 4 lines long. Mature fruit not seen.
Var. serrata, Gray ; a form with inflorescence and tube of the corolla somewhat
pubcrulent ; all but the upper leaves acutely serrate ; the lowest broader, spatidate and
obovate. Bot. Calif. 1. e. ; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 1877, t. 16. Valley of Ojai Creek,
Ventura Co., California, Iivt/irock.
4. LAURENTIA, Micheli. (In honor of M. A. Laurenti, Professor at
Bologna early in the 18th century.) --Low herbs, with the aspect and characters
of the small species of Lobelia, excepting the closed tube of the corolla : flowers
blue. Mainly S. Europe, Africa, and S. America : some have ovary almost free.
-A.DC. Prodr. vii. 409 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 549. PortereUa, Torr. in
Hayden Rep. 1872, 488.
L. carnosula, Benth. Annual, rooting in the mud, glabrous, 1 to 5 inches high, rather
succulent : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire, sessile, a quarter to half inch long : flowers
axillary and above corymbose or racemose, long-pedicelled : calyx-lobes somewhat foliaceous,
linear, obtuse, equalling the oblong-obconical or clavate tube, and also that of the corolla :
seeds elongated-oblong, smooth. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 444. Lobelia carnosula, Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. 362. PortereUa carnosula (carnulosa), Torr. 1. c. ; Parry in Am. Nat. viii. 177.
Muddy borders of ponds and streams, from California in the Sierra Nevada to Utah and
Wyoming. Limb of corolla deep blue with a white or yellowish throat ; three larger lobes
round-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long ; the other two small and lanceolate.
5. DOWNtNG-IA, Torr. (In memory of A. J. Downing, distinguished in
landscape gardening, pomology, and horticulture.) -- Low and mostly showy-
flowered annuals (of Oregon, California, and one in Chili) ; with entire and ses-
sile slightly succulent small leaves, tlie upper passing into bracts to the axillary
sessile flowers, which, on account of the very long and slender calyx-tube and
ovary, seem to be racemose or corymbose. Corolla blue, with white or yellowish
throat or broad blotch on the large lip. Capsule sometimes twisted. Seeds oblong,
very smooth. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 116; Benth. & Hook. I.e. Clintonia, Doug!.;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1241.
D. elegans, Torr. Stems a span to a foot long: leaves from ovate to lanceolate, acute
(4 to 10 lines long) : larger lip of the corolla moderately 3-lobed, the other lobes lanceolate :
seeds short-oblong. Cfintom'a eler/ans, Dougl. ; Lindl. Bot. Keg. 1. 1241. C. con/mhosa, A.DC.
Prodr. vii. 347, a more leafy form. Wet ground, N. California to Washington Terr., and
Downingia. CAMPANULACE^J. 9
Nevada to Idaho. Large lip of corolla a fourth to half inch long and broad. Capsule
often 2 inches long.
D. pulchella, Torr. Mostly lower or weaker-stemmed : leaves more linear and obtuse :
large lip of the corolla deeply 3-lobed ; the other two lobes oblong-ovate : seeds elongated-
oblong. Cltntonia puk-hella, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1909; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2. t. 412. Wet
banks, California, nearly through the State, and in the borders of N. Nevada and Oregon.
Large lip of corolla much broader than long (9 or 10 by 5 or 6 lines) ; all the lobes intense
blue ; the large centre mostly white. Very like the preceding ; both cultivated as orna-
mental annuals.
ORDER LXXVI. CAMPANULACE.E.
Herbs, with bland milky juice, alternate simple leaves, no stipules, and regular
5-merous flowers ; the tube of the calyx adnate to the 2-5-celled many-ovuled
ovary ; the corolla and 5 stamens (alternate with its lobes) inserted where the
calyx becomes free, or the latter adnate merely to the base of the corolla ; fruit a
many-seeded capsule, rarely baccate. Calyx persistent, usually divided down to
the ovary. Corolla valvate, induplicate, or rarely imbricate in the bud. Stamens
mostly distinct : anthers with 2 parallel cells, introrse. Style one, almost always
pubescent or puberulent for some distance below the 2 to 5 introrse stigmas.
Ovules anatropous, on placentre projecting from the axis. Seeds small, usually
smooth. Embryo straight in the axis of fleshy albumen. Flowers often showy ;
the corolla commonly blue or in the same species white, and withering rather than
deciduous. In fertilization proterandrous ; the anthers opening in the bud, dis-
charging their pollen upon the style, where it accumulates upon the collecting
hairs or pubescence ; the stigmas (then firmly conniving) maturing and diverging
much later, receiving only pollen conveyed from flower to flower by insects.
TRIBE I. SPIIEX'OCLE^E. Corolla imbricated in the bud, bearing the short sta-
mens. Style destitute of collecting hairs. Flowers simply spicate, centripetal.
1. SPHENOCLEA. Flowers all alike. Calyx with 5 roundish lobes ; the short tube ad-
nate almost to the depressed summit of the ovary. Corolla short-cam panulate, 5-lobed,
deciduous, bearing the stamens on the lower part of its tube. Style very short : stigma
capitate-2-lobed. Capsule globular and cuneate at base, 2-celled, with stipitate placentae,
circumscissile just below the calyx-lobes, which fall with the lid. Seeds very numerous,
oblong.
TRIBE II. CAMPANULEJ3. Corolla mostly valvate or induplicate in the bud, and
stamens free or adnate to its very base. Style below the stigmas clothed with pollen-
collecting hairs. Inflorescence mostly centrifugal, sometimes centripetal.
# Capsule opening by a perforation at the apex within the calyx.
2. GITHOPSIS. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Tube of the calyx club-shaped,
strongly 10-ribbcd, adnate up to the very summit of the ovary; limb of 5 long and linear
foliaceous lobes. Corolla tubular-campanulate 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the
base : anthers long, linear. Ovary 3-celled : stigma 3-lobed. Capsule club-shaped, cori-
aceous, crowned with the rigid calyx-lobes of its own length, strongly striate-ribbed, many-
seeded, opening when the persistent base of the style falls away by a round hole in its
place. Seeds fusiform-oblong. Annual.
* * Capsule dehiscent by one or more small valvular openings on the sides, usually over
a partition, rarely disposed also to split septicidally.
3. SPECULARIA. Flowers in Amer. species dimorphous ; the earlier ones smaller, with
undeveloped corolla, and close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx-lobes in these flowers com-
monly 3 or 4, in the ordinary corolliferous flowers 5, narrow : calyx-tube more or less elon-
gated and narrow, usually prismatic. Corolla short and broad, rotate when expanded
or nearly so, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Anthers linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3, some-
times 2 or 4. Capsule prismatic or elongated obconical, or cylindraceous ; the valvular
openings either near the summit or near the middle. Annuals.
10 CAMPANULACE^J. Sphenoclea.
4. CAMPANULA. Flowers all alike and corolliferous. Calyx-lobes 5, narrow, its tube
short and broad. Corolla campanulate or nearly rotate, 5-lobed or 5-parted. Filaments
dilated at base : anthers oblong or linear. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. Cap-
sule mostly short, opening on the sides or near the base by 3 to 5 small uplifted valves or
perforations.
* * * Capsule bursting indefinitely on the sides by the giving way of the thin walls.
5. HETEROCODON. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of Specularia. Calyx with
large and leaf-like ovate lobes, 3 or 4 in the earlier, 5 in the later flowers, much longer
than the obpyramidal tube. Corolla open campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens, style, &c., as in
Campanula. Capsule 3-celled, o-angled, very thin and mernbranaceous. Seeds numerous,
oblong, obscurely triangular. Annual.
1. SPHENOCLEA, Gaertn. ( g^V, a wedge, and xAaw, to shut up, the
bases of the crowded capsules becoming wedge-shaped by mutual pressure.) A
single species, native of tropical Africa or Asia, dispersed over the warmer parts
of the world.
S. ZEYLANICA, Gasrtn. Glabrous and somewhat succulent annual, a foot or more high :
leaves entire, from obovate to lanceolate, tapering into a petiole : flowers closely sessile in
a dense terminal pedunculate spike, small, each subtended by a short bract and pair of
bractlets : corolla white, a line or so wide, slightly exceeding the calyx. S. Ponuatlum,
A. DC. Prodr. vii. 548. Pongatium Indicum (Juss.), Lam. Low grounds, nat. in Louisiana.
2. G-ITHOPSIS, Nutt. (From the resemblance of the calyx to that of
Githago, the Corn Cockle.) -- Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 258 ; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 559 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. 446. Single species.
G. specvilarioid.es, Nutt. Small annual, 2 to 10 inches high, hirsute or glabrate : leaves
small, linear-oblong, coarsely toothed, sessile : flowers simply terminating the stem or
branches, or becoming lateral, strictly erect : corolla bine : rigid capsule tapering into a
very short and stout peduncle. G. calyciiia, Benth. PI. Hartvv. 321. G. pttlchcllu, Vatke* in
Linn, xxxviii. 714. Open grounds, California, toward the coast, and Oregon. Calyx-
lobes from near half to three-fourths inch long, rigidly 1-nerved, sometimes few-toothed.
The form named G. calycina has short corolla, exceeded by the long calyx-lobes ; the G.
pulchella, longer corolla surpassing the calyx-lobes.
3. SPECULARIA, Ileister, A.DC. (Speculum Veneris, i. e. Venus's
Looking-Glass, an early popular appellation of the common European species.)
Annuals, with leafy slender stems, and sessile or short-peduncled flowers, 1-2-
bracteolate, terminal or in the axils of the leaves. Corolla blue or purplish. The
American species, differing from those of the Old World chiefly in the dimorphism
of the flowers, are not to be generically separated.-- Triodatiis (not Triodalhts),
Raf., founded on specimens with only the close-fertilized flowers yet appearing.
Dysmicodon, section of Specularia, Endl., but the true character unnoticed. Dys-
micodon fy Campylocera, Nutt. 1. c.
1. CAMPYLOCERA, Gray. Flowers dimorphous. Stigmas 2 to 4. Capsule
slender, straight or curved, occasionally twisted, in the close-fertilized flowers
at least disposed to split longitudinally into valves, sometimes by abortion one-
celled. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 82. Campylocero, Nutt. 1. c.
S. leptocarpa, Gray. Minutely hirsute and roughish or nearly glabrous: stems (a
span or two high) virgate, mostly simple or branched from the base : leaves lanceolate:
flowers closely sessile in their axils : stigmas 2 or 3 : cells of the ovary as many,
or in the lower close-fertilized flowers only one with a parietal placenta: calj'x-lobes
of the lower flowers 3: capsules nearly cylindrical (half to three-fourths inch long, only a
line thick), inclined to curve and rarely to twist, opening by one or two uplifted valves
near the summit; the lowest also often spliting longitudinally from the summit: seeds
oblong. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. C'ampylocera leptocarpa, Nutt. 1. c. Specularia (Campanula)
Campanula. CAMPANULACEJ3. 11
Linsecomii, Buckley, Proc. Acacl. Philad. 1861, 460. Arkansas to W. Texas and Colorado.
Leaves an inch long or less. Expanded corolla half to three-fourths inch wide.
S. Lindlieimeri, Vatke. * Larger than the last: stems erect or diffuse (1 to 3 feet long),
paniculately branched above : leaves oblong-lanceolate or the lower oblong or spatulate :
flowers subsessile or short-peduncled, commonly terminating branchlets : stigmas 3 or 4 : cells
of the ovary as many : calyx-lobes even in close-fertilized flowers 5, about the length of
the ovary : capsules angular, narrowed to the base, mostly straight, not twisted, opening
by 2 or 3 downwardly turned or irregularly bursting small valves below the summit, and
afterwards somewhat disposed to be septicidal : seeds almost orbicular, flattened. Linn,
xxxviii. 713; Gray, 1. c. Campanula Coloradoense, Buckley, 1. c. W. Texas, on the Colo-
rado and Guadaloupe, &c. Larger leaves two inches long. Expanded corolla sometimes
an inch broad.
2. DYSMICODON, Endl. Flowers dimorphous. Capsule rather short, straight,
not disposed to split. Dysmicodon, Nutt. 1. c.
S. biflora, Gray. Stem slender, mostly simple or branched from the base, minutely and
retrorsely serrulate-hispid on the angles : leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, or the upper re-
duced to lanceolate bracts, sparingly somewhat crenate : flowers sessile, singly or in pairs
in the axils : the lower and close-fertilized ones with 3 or 4 short subulate or ovate calyx-
lobes ; the upper with 4 or 5 longer lanceolate-subulate calyx-lobes shorter than the
developed corolla : capsule oblong and cylindraceous or slightly fusiform, obscurely ribbed,
the 2 or 3 valvular openings close under the calyx : seeds lenticular. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. e.
Campanula biflora, Ruiz. & Pav. Fl. Per. ii. 55, t. 200, f. 6. C. Montcridensls, Sprcng. ? C. Lu-
doviciana, Torr. ined. C. intermedia, Engelm. in Nutt. 1. c. Dysmicodon Californicum &
D. ovatum, Nutt. 1. c. Specidaria ovata, Vatke', 1. c. Open grounds, often with the next,
S.Carolina to Texas and Arkansas ; also in California. Leaves half an inch or less in
length, the uppermost shorter than the flowers. (S. Am.)
S. perfoliata, A.DC. Stems commonly stouter and simple (8 to 20 inches high), very leafy
throughout, hirsute or hispid on the angles, sometimes smoother : leaves round-cordate
and clasping, mostly crenate, veiny : flowers sessile singly or clustered in the axils : calyx-
lobes of the close-fertilized flowers 3 or 4 and short, of the later and corolliferous flowers
as long as the ovary : capsule oblong or somewhat obconical ; the 2 or 3 valvular open-
ings at or below the middle: seeds lenticular. Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 428, t. 65. Campanula
perfoliata, L. ; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Sp. t. 265. C. ampkxicaulis, Michx., &c. Di/smicodon
perfoliutiim, Nutt. 1. c. Open gravelly ground, Canada to Texas, Utah, and Oregon.
(Hex., &c.)
4. CAMPANULA, Tourn. BELL-FLOWER, HARE-BELL. (Italian Cnm-
pana, a bell.) Flowers mostly showy or pretty and blue or white, in summer.
Seeds smooth. A very large genus, dispersed over the northern hemisphere, but
scanty in North America. Ours all have a 3-celled ovary, and all but one on our
north-western borders have naked sinuses to the calyx. "Canterbury-bells" of
the gardens, C. Medium, represents the section with reflexed appendages in the
sinuses of the calyx, covering the tube, and the cells to the ovary as many as
lobes to the corolla.
1. Calyx with deflexed appendages at the sinuses more or less covering the
tube : our species perennial and the stigmas and cells of the ovary 3.
C. pilosa, Pall. Stems an inch to a span high, 1 -flowered, when young woolly-pubescent :
leaves mainly radical, from ovate to spatulate-lanceolate, crenate ; the cauline from lan-
ceolate to linear : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate : corolla an inch or more long, open-cam-
panulate, internally soft-bearded ; its tube longer than the lobes and surpassing the calyx.
Roem. Sch. Syst. v. 148 ; Ledeb. Ic. t. 200 ; Herder in Radde, Reis. iv. 6. C. dasijantha,
Bieb. Cauc. ; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. i. t. 85; A.DC. Camp. t. 10, f. 4. C. FiiHam'ttna, Roem. &
Sch. 1. c. C. Altaica, A.DC. 1. c. 229, t. 10, f. 3. Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and northward.
(Kamtschatka and Siberia.)
12 CA M P AN U LACKS!. Campanula.
2. Calyx wholly destitute of appendages at the sinuses : stigmas and cells of
the ovary 3, rarely varying to 4 or even 5.
* Style not longer than the corolla, straight: root perennial in 'all the North American species.
* Openings of the capsule near its summit : low and mostly one-flowered, arctic-alpine or subalpine.
C. lasiocarpa, Cham. An inch to a span high, rather slender : leaves denticulate or
laciniate with subulate salient teeth ; the radical spatulate or oblong, mostly acute, and
slender-petioled ; cauline few and lanceolate or linear: calyx-tube obconical, villous ; its
lobes lanceolate-linear, laciniate-toothed : corolla between half and an inch long, broadly
oblong-campanulate, glabrous within ; its tube twice the length of its lobes and surpassing
the calyx : capsule turbinate. Linn. iv. 39 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 28. C. altjida, Fischer in A. DC.
Camp. 338, t. 11, f. 4. Summit of high northern llocky Mountains (Dntmmond) ; N. W.
Coast and Islands. (Kamtschatka.)
C. uniflora, L. Chiefly glabrous, 1 to 4 inches high: leaves small (an inch or less long),
entire or nearly so, thickish ; the lowest spatulate or oblong, obtuse, uppermost linear :
flower small (4 to lines long), rather slender-peduncled : calyx-tube often pubescent, nearly
as long as the lobes, which are from fully to half the length of the bluish corolla : capsule
cylindraceous or clavate (half inch long). Fl. Lapp. t. 9; Fl. Dan. t. 1512. Arctic-
regions from Labrador to Aleutian Islands, and south to the Colorado Rocky Mountains.
(N.W. Eu., N.E.Asia.)
f H Openings of the capsule at or near its base.
H- Rather coarse and large, pubescent, many-flowered European species, escaped from cultivated
ground and rparinyly naturalized near the Northern Atlantic coast.
C. RAPUNCULOIDES, L. Minutely roughish-pubescent : stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or at
length branching : leaves more or less eremite and acuminate ; the lower and radical ones
cordate and long-petioled ; upper lanceolate and passing into bracts of the loose virgate
mostly one-sided true raceme : corolla oblong-campanulate deeply 5-lobed (an inch long),
blue: capsule globular, nodding on a short pedicel. Fl. Dan. t. 1327. Roadsides and
fields, Canada to Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)
C. GLOMERATA, L. Pubescent, a foot high : leaves serrulate ; the lowest and radical cor-
date-oblong and slender-petioled ; the others closely sessile, ovate-lanceolate or oblong :
flowers sessile in a few terminal and upper axillary clusters, exceeding the leafy bracts :
corolla (an inch long) oblong-campanulate: capsule erect, opening near the base. Fl.
Dan. t. 1328. Roadsides, E. Massachusetts: rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
H- -H- Slender or low species, with filiform rootstocks, mostly glabrous, one-several-flowered (in-
florescence centrifugal): peduncles or pedicels slender,
= When several racemosely disposed on the simple smooth stem: capsule nodding: radical leaves
roundish or ovate and often cordate, at least on sterile shoots. (HAKE-HELLS.)
C. Scheuchzeri, Vill. Stem a span to a foot high, 1-4-flowcred, more commonly 1-
flowered : cauline leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, sessile, not rarely denticulate ;
lowest cauline spatulate : flower-bud nodding : campanulate corolla half to three-fourths
inch long, little or moderately exceeding the slender linear-subulate calyx-lobes. Prosp. 22
(1779), & Dauph. ii. 503, t. 10; Koch, Syn. 538. C. linifolia, Willd. ; A.DC. 1. c., &e., in
part, not Lam. (1785). C. duliia, A.DC. Camp. 286. C. Laiysdorffi/uia, Gray in Am. Jour.
Sci. xxxiv. 254. Alpine and subalpine or subarctic, Newfoundland and Labrador, and
Alaska ; Rocky Mountains down to Colorado, A//r//, E. Hull. The latter specimens strictly
1-flowered, with the base or lower part of the leaves hirsute-ciliate, and calyx-lobes spar-
ingly denticulate. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. heterodoxa. Stems more diffuse and leafy : cauline leaves from lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate (2 or 3 to even 5 lines wide), often sharply denticulate, nearly all tapering
into margined petioles ; the radical round-cordate or ovate (sometimes an inch in diameter) :
corolla two-thirds to a full inch long: slender calyx-lobes more spreading or even reflexed,
especially in fruit. Vest in Roem. & Sch. Syst. v. 98 ; Bong. Sitk. 144. C. Langsdorjjiiutu,
Fischer. C. llnlfolla, var. Lanysdorffiana, A.DC. Camp. 279, in part. C. linij'nliu, var. hctero-
do.r<i, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 888. C. pratensis, A.DC. 1. c. 287 ? excl. var. Newfoundland,
Pijlaie; Alaska and islands to the Shumagins.
C. rotunclifolia, L. Stems diffuse or erect, a foot or two long, or sometimes dwarfer,
1-9-flowered: orbicular or cordate slender-petioled leaves only on radical shoots; cauline
Campanula. CAMPANULACE^E. 13
leaves linear : flower-buds erect on the slender pedicel : campanulate corolla from half to
even an inch long: calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate. Fl. Dan. t. 855 & 1030. L'.petiolata,
A. DC. 1. c., is apparently this rather than the foregoing. Rocky banks through the sub-
arctic regions, and common northward, ranging south to the Alleghany Mountains, New
Mexico, and the northern borders of California. Calyx-lobes from a third to half the
length of the bright blue corolla, and erect or spreading ; or sometimes nearly equalling it,
almost filiform, and widely spreading after the flower opens. (Eu., N. Asia.)
= = Peduncles when several cymose or paniculate, erect in blossom and fruit: angles of the
weak stem and midrib or margins of leaves commonly retrorsely scabrous: flowers small.
C. aparinoid.es, Pursll. Stem a foot or two high, almost filiform, equally leafy to the
top ; its sharp angles rough with almost prickly short retrose bristles : so also the midrib
beneath and the margins of the lanceolate or linear sessile leaves : Mower-buds drooping:
corolla open-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft (the lobes 2 lines long or less) : calyx-lobes tri-
angular, short, about equalling the tube of the pale blue or whitish corolla. Fl. i. 159.
C. eriuoidis, Muhl., Nutt., &c., not L. Wet grassy grounds, Canada to Georgia, and from
the Saskatchewan to the mountains in Colorado. Leaves varying from linear, and 20
lines long by one wide, to lanceolate-oblong, less than an inch long and 3 lines wide.
C. Floriclana, "Watsoil, in herb. Glabrous and smooth throughout : stems filiform,
simple or sparingly branched, a span high; leaves from oblong to linear-lanceolate, re-
motely serrulate, almost sessile, about half an inch long : flowers few, terminating the
stem or branches : corolla 5-parted, blue, somewhat rotate ; the divisions ovate-lanceolate,
equalled by the slender lanceolate-linear smooth and spreading calyx-lobes. E. and S.
Florida: Pease River, Dr. Feay ; and Indian River, &c., Dr. E. Palmer. Calyx lobes 2 to
at length 4 lines long.
C. linnaeif 61ia, Gray. A span to a foot high, simple or sparingly branched at summit :
leaves from roundish to ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenately serrate, nearly sessile, half inch or
less long ; the margins and the sharp angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate : flowers
solitary terminating the branches: corolla pale blue, campanulate, 5-cleft (barely half inch
long), its tube somewhat exceeding the broadly lanceolate calyx-lobes, which are retrorsely
ciliolate like the leaves: capsule globular. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 306, & Bot. Calif, i. 448.
Wa/ilenberi/ia Californica, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 1-38 ? Swamps, Mendocino Co.,
California, Bol/tndtr, &c.
* * Style filiform and straight, exceeding the narrow campanulate corolla: capsule hemispherical
or short-turbinate, the openings near the middle or base: leaves sharply or laciniately serrate:
root perennial : inflorescence centrifugal,
H Racemiform. Pacific species.
C. Soouleri, Hook. Glabrous or a little pubescent, stems slender, a span to a foot or so
long, at length spreading, often branching: leaves from ovate to lanceolate, mostly taper-
ing at base into a margined petiole: flowers more or less panicled, on long filiform pedicels:
corolla oblong in the bud, rather longer than the slender calyx-lobes, somewhat deeply
5-cleft (4 lines long) ; its lobes ovate-oblong. A.DC. Camp. 312; Hook. Fl. ii. 28, t. 125.
Open coniferous woods, Puget Sound to the mountains in N. California.
C. prenan.thoid.es, Durand. Glabrous or roughish-puberulent : stems more erect, a
foot or two high : leaves more numerous and shorter (half to an inch or so long), more
copiously and sharply serrate, from ovate-oblong to lanceolate ; the cauline mainly sessile :
flowers racemose, scattered or clustered, generally numerous, short-pedicelled : corolla
slender-cylindrical in the bud, twice the length of the slender calyx-lobes (5 or lines
long), almost 5-partcd ; its lobes narrowly lanceolate and 2 to 4 times the length of the
tube. Jour. Acad. Phihul., n. ser. ii. 03; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 448.
C. Jil [flora, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 5. C. /?."-//, Regel, Animad. PI. Hort. Petrop.
1872, 6. Coniferous woods and open grounds, California, along the coast from Monterey
to Mendocino Co., and through the northern part of the Sierra Nevada. Capsule thin-
walled, and with broad and retuse base.
+ 1 Effusely paniculate. AHeghany species.
C. divaricata, MicllX. Glabrous : stems paniculately branched, 1 to 3 feet high, slender :
leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, strongly or laciniately serrate in
the middle, slightly petioled (2 or 3 inches long) : panicle very open and compound : filiform
pedicels as long as the flowers : corolla pale blue, campanulate, barely 3 lines long ; its
14 CAMPANULACE^S.
lobes and the subulate calyx-teeth considerably shorter than its tube. C.flexuosa, Mich.v.
Fl. i. 109, appears to be only a low form of this from the higher mountains. Rocks and
banks, along the Alleghanies from Virginia and E. Kentucky to Georgia.
* * * Long- liliform style declined and upwardly curved, much exceeding the rotate corolla: cap-
sule oblong-clavate, sessile, erect; the openings close to the summit : inflorescence truly spicate
(centripetal): root annual or at most biennial.
C. Americana, L. Sparsely hairy or almost glabrous : stem mostly simple, a yard or
two high : leaves thin and large, ovate and ovate-lanceolate or the lowest cordate, petioled ;
upper passing into bracts of the elongated and loosely many-flowered virgate spike : corolla
white or blue, almost 5-parted; its lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, half an inch long,
exceeding the divergent subulate-setaceous calyx-lobes : capsules half an inch long.
C. oblit/iia, Jacq. Schocub. t. 336. C. acumiiiata, Michx. Fl. i. 103. C. dcclii/ata, Moench.
C. lllinoensls, Fresenius, a branched state with paniculate leafy spikes, which is not uncom-
mon. Shaded low ground, W. Xew York to Iowa, south to Georgia, and Arkansas.
C. PLANIFLORA, Lam. (C. nitida, Ait.), long ago described from cultivated specimens,
vaguely attributed to North Americans wholly unknown in the wild state; apparently allied
to C. persiccefolia, L., and not N. American.
5. HETEROCODON, Nutt. ("Ercpos, different, and xwflwr, a bell, from
the two kinds of campauulate flowers.) A single species, near Campanula, to
which Bentham joins it. --Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 255.
H. rariftorum, Nutt. A delicate little annual, sparsely hirsute : stems filiform, diffusely
spreading, leafy, branching: leaves orbicular with cordate partly clasping base (a fourth
to half inch long), coarsely many -toothed : flowers solitary, terminal and lateral, also axil-
lary ; the later ones only with well-developed pale blue corolla, which barely exceeds the
ovate and sparingly toothed foliaceous calyx-lobe <; these one to three lines long. Shady
and grassy places, Vancouver's Island to California and Nevada, along the coast ranges
and the Sierra Nevada.
ORDER LXXVII. ERICACEAE.
Trees, shrubs, or some perennial herbs, with simple and undivided leaves des-
titute of stipules and commonly alternate, symmetrical (4-5-merous) and perfect
flowers, either regular or occasionally irregular, stamens free or nearly free from
the corolla and as many or more commonly twice as many as its lobes or petals,
the anthers 2-celled and in most opening by pores (in many awned or otherwise
appendaged), the pollen composed of 4 united grains (except in the fourth suborder
and a part of the third), and the style single. Calyx imbricated or sometimes
valvate in the bud, free and the corolla and stamens hypogynous, except in the
first suborder. Corolla not rarely 5- (or 4-) petalous, in the bud imbricated or in
some convolute. Anthers introrse, or in the Pyrolincce primarily and normally
extrorse, but in anthesis introrsely inverted! Ovary 4-10-celled (or the cells
rarely 3 or 2 and fewer than the petals), with placenta; in the axis (a tribe of
Mouotropece excepted) ; the ovules numerous, generally very numerous, sometimes
solitary, anatropons. Stigma not rarely girt with a ring, entire or merely lobed ;
only in Clethra is the apex of the style 3-cleft. Fruit capsular, baccate, or dru-
paceous. Embryo small or minute, in fleshy albumen ; the cotyledons small and
short or undeveloped. (Ericacece^ Vacciniacece, Pyrofaccce, & Mouotropece of
authors, all merging into one large family.)
SUBORDKR I. VACCINIEJE. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary (or to the
greater part of it), which in fruit is baccate, either a true berry or drupaceous,
crowned with the calyx-teeth. Corolla always gamopetalous, and with the disk
ERICACEAE. 15
epigynous. Anthers erect, introrse ; the cells partly separate or prolonged at
apex into a tip or a tubular appendage, where they open by a pore or chink.
Pollen-grains compound, of four united grains. Stigma not indusiate. Seeds
with a close and firm coat. Shrubby or sutt'rutescent, with scaly buds : leaves all
alternate.
* Ovary wholly inferior : herbage not aromatic.
1. GAYLUSSACIA. Ovary 10-celled, 10-ovuled. Fruit baccate-drupaceous, with 10
seed-like nutlets.
2. VACCINIUM. Ovary 45 celled, or by false-partitions from the back of these cells
8-10 celled : ovules numerous. Fruit a berry ; its cells several-many -seeded.
* * Ovary at first one third to one half superior: herbage aromatic as in Gaulthcria.
3. CHIOGENES. Ovary and white berry 4-celled, many-seeded. Corolla short-campanu-
late, 4-clef t. Stamens 8 : anthers awnless, 4-cuspidate at apex.
SUBORDER II. ERICINE^E. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla gamo-
petalous, rarely polypetalous or nearly so, hypogynous. Disk generally annular
or 8-10-lobed. Anthers upright, introrse. Pollen-grains compound. Shrubs or
small trees.
TRIBE I. ARBUTEJE. Fruit fleshy, either baccate or drupaceous. Corolla urceo-
late or globular, 5-toothed or rarely 4-toothed, deciduous. Stamens twice as many
as the corolla lobes, included. Buds scaly. Leaves alternate.
4. ARBUTUS. Anthers compressed, bearing a pair of reflexed awns on the back, each
cell opening at the apex anteriorly by a terminal pore. Ovary 5- (rarely 4-) celled, ripen-
ing into a granular-coated and many-seeded berry, with firm endocarp.
5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Ovary 4-10-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, in fruit
forming a drupe with as many seed-like nutlets or a solid stone.
TRIBE II. ANUROMEDE^E. Fruit a loculiciclal chiefly 5-celled and many-seeded
capsule ; the valves usually bearing the partitions, which separate from the per-
sistent placentiferous axis or columella. Corolla gamopetalous, deciduous. Stamens
twice the number of the corolla-lobes (mostly 10), more or less included. Leaves
mainly alternate.
* Anther-cells opening through their whole length, not appendaged : stigma 5-lobed ; the
lobes adnate to a surrounding ring or cup.
6. EPIG-.5CA. Calyx of 5 nearly distinct and strongly imbricated dry and scarious sepals.
Corolla salver-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 10, mostly equalling the tube of the corolla: fila-
ments filiform : anthers linear-oblong, blunt.
* * Anthers opening only at the top : stigma usually entire,
-t Calyx becoming fleshy and baccate in fruit, enclosing the small capsule.
7. GAULTHERIA. Calyx 5-cleft ; its lobes imbricated. Corolla ovate-urceolate to cam-
panulate. Stamens 10: filaments dilated towards the base: capsule deeply umbilicatc ;
placentae ascending.
-i -i Calyx unchanged and dry under the capsule.
H- The lobes or sepals valvate or open in the bud, never overlapping.
8. ANDROMEDA. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed or 5-lobed.
Ovary and capsule 5-celled, umbilicate : placentae borne on the summit or middle of the
columella ; the seeds pendulous or spreading in all directions.
-H- -H- Sepals or calyx-lobes more or less imbricated, at least in the early bud.
= Corolla cylindraceous or conical-urceolate, 5-toothed : anthers fixed toward their base :
leaves piano, usually large and broad : capsule not thickened at the dorsal sutures.
9. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx short, early open, naked at base. Corolla mimitcly canes-
cent. Anthers linear, unappendaged, narrower than the broadly subulate filaments ; the
cells opening by a long chink. Capsule ovoid-pyramidal : placentae on the short columella
at the base of the cells. Seeds all ascending or erect, scobiform, with loose reticulated
coat extended at each end much beyond the linear nucleus. Bracts and bractlets minute
and deciduous.
16 ERICACE^;.
10. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx slightly or in one section much imbricated. Filaments sub-
ulate : anthers oblong, obtuse, blunt ; the cells opening by a terminal pore or chink, either
pointless, or 2-mucronate, or sometimes 1 2-awned from the apex : filaments subulate.
Capsule depressed-globose, 5-lobed ; valves mostly thin, entire ; placentas borne on the
summit or upper part of the columella. Seeds pendulous or in all directions ; the coat
various but usually loose.
11. CASSANDRA. Calyx of rigid and much imbricated ovate sepals, subtended by a
pair of similar bractlets. Filaments subulate (glabrous): anthers awnless ; the cells
tapering into a tubular beak, which opens by a pore at the apex. Capsule depressed-
globose : pericarp in dehiscence separating into two layers ; the chartaceous epicarp locu-
licidally 5-valved ; endocarp cartilaginous, at length 10-valved ; sutures not thickened;
placentas on the summit of the short columella. Seeds imbricated in 2 rows, compressed
and obtusely angled ; the smooth and shining coat much thickened on the side next the
placenta.
= = Corolla open-campanulate, 4-5-lobed or parted : anthers short, fixed nearly by their
apex : fruticulose and heath-like, with small thick or acerose mostly imbricated leaves.
1 2. CASSIOPE. Calyx ebracteolate, of ovate imbricated sepals. Anther-cells each open-
ing by a large terminal pore, and tipped by a slender recurved awn. Capsule globose or
ovoid, 4-5-valved ; the valves 2-clef t. Seed-coat thin and close.
TRIBE III. ERICE^E. Fruit a loculicidal or sometimes septicidal 4 5-celled capsule.
Corolla gamopetalbus, marcescent-persistent; the lobes convolute in the bud. Sta-
mens twice the number of the corolla-lobes (8, rarely 10). Heath-like leaves com-
monly opposite or verticillate.
13. CALLUNA. Corolla campanulate, 4-parted, shorter and less conspicuous than the
4 concave colored sepals, both scarious and persistent. Anthers with a pair of auriculate
appendages on the back ; the cells opening by a long chink. Ovary 8-angled : ovules
numerous, pendulous : style filiform. Capsule globose-4-angular, septicidally 4-valved.
TRIBE IV. RIIODODEXDRE.ZE. Fruit a septicidal capsule ; the valves (except in
Leiophyllum, &c.) in dehiscence separating from the persistent plaeentiferous colu-
inella. Corolla deciduous, its lobes or petals chiefly imbricated in the bud. Anthers
destitute of awns or appendages. Stigma not rarely surrounded by a ring or
border. (Rhodorcce Don, name changed by Maximowicz, because Rhodora falls
into Rhododendron.}
* Anthers opening by a pore or chink at the apex of each cell.
-i Corolla gamopetalous : scaly leaf-buds none: flowers from the axils of coriaceo-foli-
aceous persistent (seldom scale-like or scarious) bracts, or rarely from those of ordinary
leaves: filaments and style filiform: capsule globular, 4-5-valved from above.
14. BRYANTHUS. Corolla from campanulate to ovoid, 4-6-lobed ; the lobes simply
imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 10, straight. Leaves heath-like, alternate but crowded.
15. KALMIA. Corolla crateriform or saucer-shaped, with a short narrow tube, 5-lobed,
10-saccate below the limb. Stamens 10; the short anthers lodged in the sacs of the
corolla in the bud, so that the filaments are strongly recurved when this expands. Cap-
sule tardily septieidal. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, flat.
-!__ .)__ Corolla gamopetalous : buds, at least flower-buds, scaly-strobilaceous ; the thin or
scarious scales caducous or deciduous: capsule 4-5-valved (or sometimes more) from
apex to base : seeds usually (but not always) scobiform, having the loose coat product d
or appendaged at both ends : calyx often much reduced or obsolete.
16. MENZIESIA. Flowers usually 4-merous. Corolla from globular-urceolate to cylin-
draceous, 4-toothed or lobed. Calyx bristly-ciliate. Stamens included, mostly 8 : filaments
subulate: anthers mostly linear-sagittate; the cells opening by an oblique pore or short
chink. Style included: stigma truncate. Capsule short.
17. RHODODENDRON. Flowers almost always 5-merous. Corolla various (but not con-
tracted at the orifice), lobed or cleft, or even parted, often somewhat irregular. Stamens
sometimes as few as the corolla-lobes, more commonly of twice the number, usually de-
clined : filaments filiform or slender-subulate: anthers short; the cells opening by a ter-
minal orbicular pore. Style filiform : stigma capitate or somewhat lobed.
-i_ -i H Corolla polypetalous or very nearly so: filaments filiform: seeds scobiform or
linear: placenta borne on the summit of the persistent columella.
18. LEDUM. Calyx 5-lobed or parted, small. Petals oval or obovate, widely spreading.
Stamens 5 to 10. 'Capsule oval or oblong, 5-celled, 5-valved from the base upward ; the
columella slender. Flowers umbellate or corymbose from separate strobilaceous buds.
ERICACEAE. 17
19. BEJARIA. Calyx 4 5-lobed. Petals obovate or spatulate, somewhat erect. Stamens
12 or 14. Capsule depressed-globose, (5-7-lobed, 6-7-valved from above; the eoluniella
short. Flowers (in ours) racemose: no strobilaceous buds.
* * Anthers opening longitudinally from the apex nearly or quite to the base of the
cells: corolla of distinct petals, or in Loist'leuria 5-clef f : no thin-scaly strobilaceous
buds: leaves entire: capsule 3-5- (rarely 2-) valved from above.
-i Low and small-leaved evergreens : coriaceous persistent leaves mostly opposite : flowers
small, corymbose or fascicled : pedicels subtended by coriaceous foliaceous persistent
scales or bracts : calyx 5-parted : style and slender filaments not declined : anthers
globose-didymous : seeds oval, with a thin close coat.
20. LEIOPHYLLUM. Petals 5, obovate-oblong, spreading. Stamens 10: filaments and
style filiform, exserted. Placenta} borne on the middle of the columella, but carried
away with the '2 or 3 valves in dehiscence.
21. LOISELEURIA. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5 : filaments
and style stout-filiform and included. Capsule 2-3-valved, and valves at length 2-cleft ;
the placenta} left on the columella.
-i -t Erect shrubs, with deciduous alternate leaves : flowers larger, from leafy shoots of
the season : anthers oblong: filaments flat and subulate or linear: style long, more or
less declined and incurved, thickened at the apex and annulate around the discoid
stigma : placentas persistent on the short columella : seeds with a loose cellular or
fungous coat.
22. ELLIOTTIA. Petals (3 to 5) mostly 4, long and narrow. Stamens as many or twice
as many : filaments short. Flowers in conspicuous terminal racemes or panicles.
23. CLADOTHAMNUS. Petals 5, oblong, spreading, equalled by the somewhat folia-
ceous sepals. Stamens 10 : filaments dilated below. Capsule o-(i-celled, depressed-glo-
bose. Flowers solitary, terminating short leafy branches or sometimes axillary.
SUBORDER III. PYROLINE^E. Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla poly-
petalous, hypogyiious, deciduous. Anthers erect and extrorse in the bud, with
apex often pointed, emarginate or 2-horned at base, where each cell opens by a
pore, in anthesis mostly introrsely resupinate on the filament, so that the really
basal pores become apical and the point or apex basal. Disk obsolete or obscure.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule. . Seeds with a loose cellular coat. Sepals and petals
imbricated in the bud ; the former persistent. (Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 61.)
TKIUK I. CLETIIRE^E. Shrubs or trees. Pollen-grains simple. Ovary and cap-
sule of the 5-merous flower 3-celled. Stigmas 3, distinct, over the placentae. Em-
bryo cylindraceous, as in Ericinece.
24. CLETHRA. Petals 5, obovate or obcordate. Stamens 10: anthers sagittate and
pointed, after inversion obsaggitate, the diverging lobes opening by a chink or large pore.
Style filiform, persistent, commonly 3-clcft at the apex : stigmas thickish and truncate.
Capsule globose or 3-lobed, 3-valved, and the valves at length 2-cleft ; the many-seeded
porrect placenta; remaining attached to the upper part of the columella.
TRIBE II. PYROLE.E. Herbs or nearly so, from perennial slender rootstocks,
glabrous, with evergreen foliage, one species leafless. Pollen-grains compound.
Cells of the ovary and capsule as many as the petals or sepals (5, or rarely 4):
valves of the capsule remaining attached to the columella. Seed-coat very loose
and cellular, enclosing a small nucleus. Embryo very minute.
* Stems leafy: flowers corymbose or sometimes solitary: stigma orbicular-peltate, barely
5-crenate, concealing the very short obconical style, which is immersed in the umbili-
cate summit of the ovary and capsule: the latter dehiscent from above downwards :
valves not woolly on the edges.
25. CHIMAPHILA. Petals 5, widely spreading, regular, orbicular, concave. Stamens
10: filaments short, dilated and mostly hairy in the middle.
* * Scape naked or leafy only at base : style mostly elongated.
26. MONESES. Flowers solitary, sometimes 4-merous, regular. Petals widely spreading,
orbicular. Stamens 10, or sometimes 8: filaments subulate, naked. Style straight : stigma
large, peltate, and with 5 or sometimes 4 narrow (at first erect, at length radiating) lobes.
Valves of the capsule not woolly on the edges.
2
18 ERICACEAE.
27. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme, 5-merous. Petals concave or incurved and more or
less converging. Stamens 10, often declined : filaments subulate, naked. Style often de-
clined or turned downward : stigma 5-lobed or toothed and annulate. Capsule depressed-
globose and 5-lobed, umbilicate at apex and base, dehiscent from the base upward ; the
edges of the valves cobwebby when opening.
SUIIORDEU IV. MONOTROPE^E. Calyx free from the ovary. Pollen-
grains simple. Capsule loculicidal. Herbaceous root-parasites or saprophytes,
scaly, destitute of all green herbage, one closely related to Pyroleee, one to Eri-
cinecB, the others more peculiar. (Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370.)
TUIBK I. EUMOXOTROPPLE. Ovary 5-celled, or sometimes 4-celled ; the pla-
centae projecting from the thick central columella.
* Anthers extrorsc, in flower becoming introrsely pendulous : corolla none.
28. ALLOTROPA. Calyx of 5 roundish sepals, marcescent under the capsule. Stamens
10: anthers didymous, on long and slender filaments: cells opening by a chink from the
apparent apex to the middle. Disk none. Style short : stigma large, peltate-capitate.
Capsule globose. Seeds scobiform, linear.
* * Anthers introrse or introrsely pendulous from the first : corolla gamopetalous, and
with the calyx persistent or marcescent,
-) Globular-ovate, with 5 short recurved lobes or teeth : anthers 2-awned.
29. PTEROSPORA. Calyx deeply 5-parted. Corolla globular-urccolate ; the lobes con-
volute or mostly so in the bud. Stamens 10, included : filaments subulate-filiform : anthers
ovate-didymous, introrse, erect, or in bud horizontal-inflexed, fixed near the base, there
dorsally 2-awned : the slender awns deflexed ; the cells opening lengthwise. Disk none.
Style short : stigma 5-lobed. Capsule depressed-globular, 5-lobed. Seeds broadly winged
from the ape.\.
-f 1 Corolla campanulate, with barely spreading lobes, rather fleshy : anthers muticous :
seed-coat reticulated, but conformed to the nucleus : sepals 5, oblong, erect, nearly equal-
ling the corolla, persistent : filaments slender.
30. BARCODES. Stamens 10, shorter than the cylindraccous-campanulate corolla : anthers
linear-oblong, erect, inserted above the base; the two eells strictly combined throughout,
the whole apex opening by a large introrsely oblique terminal pore. Disk none. Ovary
low-conical and 5-lobed: style columnar, rather long: stigma capitate and somewhat
5-lobed. Capsule dcpressed-5-lobed. Seeds oval and with a small conical protuberance
at the apex.
31. SCHWEINITZIA. Stamens 10, hardly shorter than the oblong-eampanulate corolla,
this 5-gibbotis at base: anthers short, somewhat didymous, introrsely pendulous, being
attached dorsally near the apex ; the saccate cells opening by the whole apex as a large
pore. Disk 10-crenate. Ovary globose-ovate: style short and thick: stigma large,
5-sided, umbilicate.
* * * Anthers innate or transverse on the apex of the filament, opening across the top ;
the cells more or less confluent: corolla 4-5-petalous and with the sepals or bractlcts
tardily deciduous.
32. MONOTROPA. Sepals of 2 to 5 lanceolate bract-like scales. Corolla of 4 to erect
and oblong or spatulate scale-like fleshy petals, which are gibbous or saccate at base.
Stamens twice the number of the petals : filaments filiform-subulate : anthers somewhat
reniform ; the valves moderately or very dissimilar. Disk 8-12-toothed ; the teeth deflexed.
Style columnar, tubular: stigma funnelform, with obscurely crenate margin. Capsule
ovoid ; the eolumella very thick and fleshy. Seeds innumerable, very small, scobiform ;
nucleus minute in the loose-cellular elongated coat.
TRIBE If. PLEURICOSPOREJE. Ovary one-celled or spuriously 4-5-celled; the
4 or 5 placentae parietal and 2-lamellate. Disk none or obscure: anthers linear or
oblong, erect, introrse, fixed by the base to the long and slender filaments, opening
longitudinally.
33. PLEURICOSPORA. Calyx complete, of 4 or 5 oblong-lanceolate scale-like sepals,
their margins fimbriate-laciniate. Corolla of 4 or 5 oblong and fimbriate-lacerate plane
petals, resembling but rather shorter than the sepals. Stamens 8 or 10, glabrous : fila-
ments ligulate-filiform : anthers linear, apiculate; the cells opening from base to apex
into two equal valves. Ovary ovate, strictly one-celled : style columnar: stigma depressed-
capitate or somewhat funnelform. Capsule fleshy ' Seeds obovate, with a smooth or
polished close coat.
Gaylwsacla. ERICACEAE. 19
34. NEWBERRYA. Calyx incomplete, of 2 bract-like entire sepals. Corolla tubular-
urceolate, 45-lobed, marcescent. Stamens 8 or 10: filaments filiform, long-hairy above the
middle: anthers oblong ; the cells opening from apex to base into two unequal valves.
Ovary ovate, contracted at apex into a long style, tipped with a depressed-capitate urn-
bilicate and pervious stigma: placenta? 4, with broad divergent lamella?, which meet at
adjacent edges, ovnliferous on both sides, giving the appearance of four exterior cells
surrounding a central larger one.
1. G-AYLUSSACIA, HBK. HUCKLEBERRY. (In honor of a distin-
guished French chemist, Gay-Lussac.) --Shrubs (of Eastern N. and S. America) ;
with either evergreen or deciduous leaves, commonly glandular or resinous-atomi-
ferous, flowers in lateral racemes from separate scaly buds, bracteate and often
bracteolate pedicels, reddish or greenish or white corolla, and edible fruit,
Flowering in spring; fruit ripe in summer, blue or black. -- Torr. Fl. N. Y.
i. 448 ; Gray, Chloris (Mem. Am. Acad. iii.), 51, & Man. Bot. Decachcena, Torr.
& Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 43 (1841). Decamerium, Nutt. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 260 (1843).
1. Leaves thick and evergreen, somewhat serrate, destitute of resinous atoms.
G. brachycera, Gray. Very smooth and glabrous, the young parts barely puberulent,
a foot high or less: branches angled: leaves oval (half to full inch long) : racemes in the
axils, short, almost sessile, of few crowded flowers : bracts and bractlets scaly, caducous :
corolla cylindraccous-campanulate, white or flesh-color, 2 lines long : anthers slightly
pointed, shorter than the ciliate filament. Man. ed. 1, 259. Vacclnimn brack i/cerum, Michx.
Fl. i. 234. V. Imxijbfutm, Salisb. Farad, t. 4 ; Bot. Mag. t. 928 ; Bot. Cab. t. 048. Wooded
hills, Alleglianics, from Perry Co., Penn. (Baird), to Virginia. Sussex Co., Delaware, A.
Commons. Leaves like those of Dwarf Box.
2. Leaves deciduous, entire, more or less sprinkled with minute resinous or
waxy atoms : racemes from axils of the former year.
* Leaves thickisli and almost coriaceous, green both sides, the upper face shining: bracts foli-
aceous and persistent : anthers with filiform tubular appendages longer than the cells and
almost equalling the corolla.
G. dumosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high from a creeping base, somewhat hairy
and glandular : leaves obovate-oblong or lanceolate-spatulate, veiny, conspicuously inu-
cronate : racemes loose : bracts oval, as long as the slender 2-bracteolate pedicels : ovary
either glandular-pubescent or hairy : corolla campanulate, white or rose-red: fruit black,
mostly pubescent, watery and rather insipid. Gray, Man. 1. c. (>. liirtcl/a, Torr. Fl. N. Y.
i. 448. Vucclniinn dtniiostim, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 112; Bot. Mag. t. HOG; Dunal in DC. Prodr.
vii. 506. V. frondostim, Michx. 1. c., not L. Decamerium dnmosnm, Xutt. 1. c. Sandy
swamps, Newfoundland, and along the coast to Florida and Louisiana ; southward espe-
cially passing freely into
Var. hirtalla, Gray, 1. c. Branchlets and especially racemes and ovary, and some-
times the leaves, glandular-hirsute or hispid. G. hirlr/la, Klotzsch in Linn. xiv. 43. Vuc-
ciniiiin hirtellitm, Ait. Kew. ed. 2, ii. -'357 ; Dunal, 1. c. Chiefly Southern States.
* * Leaves thinner, dull or paler: bracts much smaller, deciduous.
* Branches slender and widely spreading ; flowers in very loose racemes, on long filiform pedi-
cels: corolla between globular and campanulate. greenish-purplish, 2 lines or less in length.
G. frondosa, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, or puberulent when young, from :} to feet
high, with light gray branches : leaves oblong or oval-obovate, obtuse or retuse, pale,
whitish and very veinv beneath : bracts tardily deciduous : anthers with rather long
tubular tips: fruit dark blue and glaucous, sweet and edible (BLUE TANGLE or BLUE
HUCKLEBERRY). Vaccinium frondosum, L. ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 140. ]'. rcmistiim, Ait. Kew.
ed. 1, ii. 11. V. (flaucum, Michx. 1. c. V. decamerocarpon, Dunal, 1. e. excl. syn. Wang.
Decamerium frondosum, Nutt. 1. c. Low and shaded grounds, coast of New Hampshire and
mountains of Penn. to Kentucky, Louisiana, and Florida.
"Var. tomentosa, a form with foliage and shoots tomentose-pubescent. Vaccinium
tomentosum, Pursh, ined. Georgia, Enslin. E. Florida, Dr. E. Palmer.
20 ERICACEAE. Vaccinium.
G. ursina, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves green and
membranaceous, lanceolate-obovate or oblong, acuminate (2 to 4 inches long), loosely
veiny: bracts rather scaly, caducous: anthers with very short tips: fruit reddish, turning
black, insipid (BEAR HUCKLEBERRY). Gray, Chloris, 49, t. 10; Chapm. Fl. 258. Vac-
cinium ursinnin, M. A. Curtis in Ainer. Jour. Sci. xliv. 82. Moist woods, confined to the
mountains of the southern part of North Carolina and adjacent parts of South Carolina,
Curtis, Buckley, &c.
-K- -) Branches erect : flowers short-pedicelled in short sessile racemes: corolla ovate-conical and
5-angular, becoming campanulate or cylindraceous, reddish, as are the scale-like caducous
ovate bracts.
G. resinosa, Torr. & Gray. A foot to a yard high, rigid, glabrous or minutely pubes-
cent, when young very clammy : leaves yellowish-green, from oval to lanceolate-oblong,
commonly obtuse, mucronulate, of rather firm texture and paler beneath when mature :
racemes secund, drooping, 5-8-nowered : corolla 2" or 3 lines long : anthers with tubular
tips : fruit black, rarely varying to white, without bloom, pleasant (the common HUCKLE-
BERRY or BLACK HUCKLEBERRY of the market). Vaccinium resinosuin, Ait. Kew. 1. c. ;
Michx. Fl. i. 232 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1238. V. parriflornm, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 125. Andromeda
baccuta, Wang. Amer. Ill, t. 30, fig. 69. Dscamerium ri'si/io.nim, Nutt. I.e. Rocky wood-
lands and swamps, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and south to Upper Georgia. The
only species in the northern Mississippi States, where it is rare.
2. VACCINIUM, L. BLUEBERRY, BILBERRY, or sometimes HUCKLE-
BERRY, and CRANBERRY. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs or sutiruticose plants
(chiefly of the northern hemisphere), with either deciduous or evergreen leaves ;
the flowers white or reddish, either solitary in the axils, or in racemes or fascicles,
mostly nodding. Corolla small, of thinnish texture, and various in form. Sta-
mens 8 or more, commonly 10 : filaments usually hairy or ciliate : anthers awned
on the back or awnless, opening by a terminal hole or slit of the tubular apex of
each cell. Flowers in spring: berries ripe in summer or autumn, sweetish or
sometimes acid, mostly edible. Vaccinium & Oxycoccus, Pers. ; Benth. & Hook,
Gen. ii. 573, 575. The following are excluded, viz. :
V. MUCRONATUM, L., which was founded, not on " one of the Mespilus or Pyrus tribe," as
Smith opined, but on a fruiting specimen of Nemopanthes Canadensis.
V. ALBUM, L., founded on a specimen of Lonicera ciliuta, from Kalm, who sent it as a Vac-
cinium with white berries.
V. LIGUSTRIXUM, L., founded on a specimen of Andromeda paniculata, also from Kalm.
V. GLABRUM, Wats. Dendr. Brit. t. 125, d., probably Gaylussacia resinosa.
V. OBTUSUM, Pursh, from Oregon, collected by Menzies, probably Gaitltheria Myrsinites.
V. nuMirusuM, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1831, 8, probably also Gaultlieria Myrsinitcs.
1. BATODKNDRON, Gray. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed : anthers
tipped with long and slender tubes, and 2-awned on the back : ovary and (hardly
edible or mawkish) berry spuriously 10-celled (ripening in autumn) : leaves decidu-
ous, but of rather firm texture: flowers a.xillaiy and solitary or in leafy-bracted
racemes, slender-pedicelled : bractlets minute or none. Chloris, 1. c. 52.
# Flower articulated with it pedicel: anthers included : berry black, many-seeded. (Balodendron,
Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., ser. 2. viii. 261.)
V. arboreum, Marshall. (FARKLE- or SPARKLE-BERRY.) Shrub 6 to 25 feet high,
with spreading brandies, glabrous or somewhat pubescent : leaves thinnish-coriaceous, very
smooth and shining above, reticulate-veiny, obscurely glandular-denticulate or entire, from
obovate or round-oval to oblong: flowers profuse, axillary along the branches and leafy-
racemose: corolla white, moderately 5-lobed : awns of anthers more than half the length
of the tubular tips : berry globose, small, with a dry rather astringent pulp. Arbust. 157 ;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. 1. 1885. F. dijfusum, Ait. ; Bot. Mag. t. 1G07. V. niucronatum, Walt., not L.
Vacdnium. ERICACEAE. 21
Batodendron arboreum, Nutt. 1. c., & Sylv. iii. 43. Sandy soil, Florida and Texas to N.
Carolina and S. Illinois. There is an unusually narrow-leaved form in Texas.
* # Flower not articulated with the pedicel : anthers much exserted: berry greenish or yellowish,
ripening 1 few and proportionately large seeds. (Picrucoccus, Nutt. 1. c.)
V. stamineum, L. (DEERBERRY.) Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with divergent branches,
minutely pubescent, or at length glabrous : leaves pale and dull or glaucous, especially
beneath, from oval to lanceolate-oblong : ovary glabrous : flowers nearly all axillary :
corolla dull purplish or yellowish-green, deeply 5-cleft : awns of the anthers very much
shorter than the elongated tubes : berry large, pear-shaped or globular, mawkish. Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 203. V. elevatum, Solander; Dunal, in DC. 1. c. 507 (excl. var.) V. album,
Pursli, Fl. i. 28, not L. Picrococcus stamineus, elevatus, & Floridanus, Nutt. 1. c. Dry woods,
Maine to Michigan and south to Florida and Louisiana: rare west of the Alleghanies.
( V. Kunthianum, Klotzsch, the V. stamineum, HBK. t. 353, has much shorter anther-tubes, and
a hairy ovary.)
2. CYANOCOCCUS, Gray. (BLUEBERRY.) Corolla from cylindraceous to
campanulate-oblong or ovoid, 5-toothed : filaments hairy : anthers included, awn-
less : ovary and berry completely or incompletely 10-celled by a spurious par-
tition or projection from the back of each carpel : berry blue or black with a
bloom, juicy, sweet and edible, many-seeded: flowers (white or rose-color) in
fascicles or very short racemes, developed with or a little before the leaves from
large and separate scaly buds, short-pedicelled : scaly bractlets as well as bracts
mostly caducous or deciduous. (Atlantic North-American with one exception.)
# Evergreen leaves coriaceous : bracts of firmer texture, reddish, and tardily deciduous.
V. nitidum, Andr. Diffusely much branched and very leafy, a foot or two high : leaves
thick-coriaceous, shining, at least above, slightly veined, from obovate to oblanceolate-
oblong, a fourth to half inch long, obscurely denticulate and glandular: calyx-teeth and
almost persistent bracts roundish and very obtuse : corolla rose-red or turning white, rather
short and broad (2 lines long) : berry " somewhat pear-shaped, black." Bot. "Rep. t. 480;
Dunal in DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 259. Low pine barrens, Florida and Georgia. Near to or
passing into the next.
V. Myrsinites, Lam. A span to 2 feet high, much branched : branchlets, &c., when
young puberulent : leaves from obovate and obtuse to oblong-lanceolate and acute or spat-
ulate, often cuspidate, from a third to a full inch long, sometimes denticulate, moderately
coriaceous, mostly shining above, dull or paler and sometimes glaucous underneath, more
veiny : bracts from ovate to lanceolate, less persistent ; calyx-teeth acute or acutish :
corolla at length cylindraceous, 2 or 3 lines long, soon white: "berry globose, blue."
Diet. i. 73 ; Michx. Fl. i. 233; Pursh, Fl. i. 290 (with vars. /ancerJutiini and oMiisinn) ; Dunal,
I.e.; Chapm. 1. c. V. nitidmn, var. decumbens, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1550 ? Sandy pine
barrens, Florida to Louisiana and N. Carolina.
Var. glaucum. A low form, with small leaves dull or glaucous above and very
glaucous beneath, at least when young. New Orleans ? (Dninniiond) to Alabama, &c.
* # Leaves thinner, deciduous : scaly bracts more deciduous.
-) Corolla when developed cylindrical or cylindraceous. Southern species, the leaves far south-
ward sometimes persisting until flowering the next spring.
V..form6sum, Andr. Two or 3 feet high: leaves ovate or oblong, entire (an inch or
two long), smooth and bright green above, either glabrous or pubescent beneath, of firmer
texture than in the others of the section : flower-clusters loose: calyx and tardily decidu-
ous bracts red or reddish: corolla rose-red, 4 or 5 lines long. Bot. Rep. t. 97. Georgia
or Florida, " Win. Yonnr/," James Reed: specimens by the latter with flower-clusters in the
axils of persistent leaves. Related to large-leaved forms of the preceding, and may
probably pass into the next.
V. Virgatum, Ait. Low, or a yard or so high, more or less pubescent : leaves from
ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, usually acute or pointed and
minutely serrulate, thinnish, lucid at least above, commonly an inch or so in length : flower-
clusters sometimes virgate on naked branches : bracts more deciduous : corolla rose-color,
22 ERICACEAE. Vacdnium.
3 or 4 lines long: berry black, sometimes with a bloom. Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 12 ; Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 181; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 0-322. V. lirjustrinum, Pursh, not L. V. fuscatum, Ker.
Bot. Reg. t. 302 (not Ait.), a form with deep rose-colored flowers, and red pedicels and
bracts, approaching V.formosum. Swamps, Florida to S. Carolina and Louisiana.
Var. tenellum, a low form, mostly small-leaved, with nearly white flowers in shorter
or closer clusters : corolla barely 3 lines long and less cylindrical. V. lenellum, Ait. Kew.
1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 260. r. yalezans, Michx. Fl. i. 232. V. yaliformis, Smith in Rees. Cycl.
Virginia to Arkansas and southward.
Var. parvif olium, a peculiar form, with leaves half to three-fourths inch long, entire
or nearly so, mostly oblong and obtuse ; stem slender, 3 to 8 feet high : flowers also small.
V. myrtilloides, Ell. Sk. i. 500, not Michx., nor Hook. V. Elliottii, Chapm. 1. c. S. Caro-
lina to Arkansas and Louisiana. An ambiguous form.
H -1 Corolla shorter and broader, from ovate-urceolate to at most oblong-campanulate, white or
obscurely rose-colored.
H- Ovary and berry glabrous, as in the genus generally: scarious bracts and bractlets earlv de-
ciduous. (Edible BLUEBERRIES or BLUE HUCKLEBERRIES.)
V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. Dwarf, a span to a foot or more high, with green and
warty stems, mostly glabrous, and branches : leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong, green
and somewhat shining both sides, glabrous, or not rarely hairy on the midrib beneath, dis-
tinctly serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth : flowers very short-pedicelled : corolla cam-
panulate with orifice slightly contracted, barely 24- lines long: berries ripening early, large
and sweet, bluish-black and glaucous. Diet. i. 72 ; Michx. Fl. i. 223 ; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3434; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 201. V. mi/rtt'1/oides, Michx. 1. c. V. tenellum, Pursh, Fl. i. 288,
not Ait. V. ramiihsnm & V. Innnile, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 20 ? V. mulliflorum, Wats. Dendr.
Brit. t. 125 ? Dry hills and woods, from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and southward
to New Jersey and Illinois; commoner northward. The lowest and earliest-fruited of the
blueberries.
Var. angustifolium, Gray, 1. c. ( I*. <w/^s7//u/;w, Ait. 1. c.), a more dwarf form, a
span or less high, with lanceolate leaves. 1". salicii/nm, Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 310, not
Cham. Labrador and Hudson's Bay, Newfoundland, and alpine region of the White
Mountains of New Hampshire.
V. Canadense, Kalm. A foot or two high, with branchlcts and both sides of the
elliptical or oblong-lanceolate entire leaves downy with soft spreading pubescence : flowers
few in the clusters : corolla shorter (2 lines long), greenish-white, and more open-cam-
panulate : otherwise as in the preceding. Richards, in Frankl. ed. 2, 12 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 32,
& Bot. Mag. t. 3446. V. nllmin, Lam. 1. c., not L. Swamps or low woods, Hudson's Bay to
Bear Lake and the northern Rocky Mountains, south to N. New England, mountains of
Penn. and Illinois. Named by Kalm in herb. Leche, now in herb. Banks.
V. vacillans, Solander. A foot or a yard high, glabrous : branchlets yellowish-green :
leaves obovate, oval, or broadly oblong, entire or nearly so, pale or dull, commonly glau-
cous, at least beneath: flowers in rather loose clusters: corolla oblong-campanulate or
with obscurely narrowed orifice, 2 or 3 lines long, .about the length of the pedicel : calyx-
lobes proportionally large and roundish : berries bluish-black with a bloom, ripening later
than the common low blueberries. Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 445. V. virr/atnm,
Bigclow, not Ait. I'. Pe.tmsyf.vaTii.cum, Torr. Fl. N. U. S. i. 410, excl. char., not Lam.
Dry or sandy woodlands and rocky places, New England to N. Carolina and Missouri.
Flowers generally on the leafless summits of the twigs, more greenish or yellowish than
those of the next, and apt to be tinged with red. The commoner species of the Northern
and Middle States west of the Alleghany Mountains.
V. COrymbosum, L. Tall, f> to 10 feet high : branchlets 3'ellowish-green turning brown-
ish : leaves from ovate or oblong to elliptical-lanceolate : flowers more commonly race-
mosely than corymbosely disposed on the naked twigs : corolla from turgid ovate- to
cylindraceons-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, commonly shorter than the pedicels, 3 or 4
times the length of the lax calyx-lobes : berries blue-black with a copious bloom (except
in one var.), ripening later than the preceding. Smith in Rees Cycl. no. 13; Gray, Man.
I.e. V. disoinorpfiHin, Michx. 1. c. Swamps and low woods, from Newfoundland and
Canada through the Atlantic U. S. to Louisiana, but rare in the Mississippi region. The
typical form of this, the common TALL BLUEBERRY or BLUE HUCKLEIJERRY, is minutely
Vaccimum. ERICACEAE. 2o
more or less pubescent when young, sometimes perfectly glabrous (var. ylabrum, Gray,
Man.), and commonly soon becoming so; the leaves with naked entire margins. There
are numerous gradations between the following forms :
Var. amcenum, Gray, a form with ciliate-serrulate or bristly-ciliate leaves, rather
bright green both sides: pubescence slight or sparse. Man. ed. 5, 29:2. V. amcenum, Ait.
1. c. ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 138 ; Bot. Keg. t. 400. V. corymbosum, var. fuscatum, Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3433? T'. Marianum, grandlflorum & elonyatum, Wats. Dendr. Brit.? Mainly in
the Middle Atlantic States.
Var. pallidum, Gray, 1. c., a pale and very glaucous or glaucescent form, with or
without some pubescence, generally low ; otherwise nearly as in the preceding. F. pal-
lidum, Ait. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 262. V. albiflorum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3428. F. Con-
slabhvi, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 42; Chapm. 1. c. Common through the Alleghanies
southward, mostly on the tops of the higher mountains, and 2 to 4 feet high.
Var. fuscatum, a tall form, with the mature and entire leaves fuscous-pubescent
beneath: flowers virgately somewhat spicate on the naked flowering twigs. V. fuscatum,
Ait. 1. c. Alabama and Florida to Arkansas and Louisiana.
Var. atrococcum, Gray, 1. c., the most distinct form, with the permanently and at
length rusty pubescent leaves of the foregoing, but with a more diffuse habit, rather
smaller flowers, and berries purplish-black, without any bloom. F. fuscatum, Gray, Man.
ed. 1, 262. V. disocarpitin, Bigelow, Bost. ed. 2, 151. Common from N. England to Perm.
H- -H- Ovary and berry glandular-hirsute : bracts less scarious and more persistent.
V. hirsutum, Buckley. A foot or two high : branchlets, entire ovate leaves, and even
the ovoid-campanulate corolla pubescent with soft and short persistent spreading hairs :
style hairy: hirsute berries bluish-black. Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 175; Chapm. 1. c. Moun-
tains of Cherokee Co., N. Carolina, Buckley. Rare and little known : the local name is
BEAU HUCKLEBERRY.
3. EUVACCINIUM, Gray. (BiLBEKKY.) Corolla from ovate to globular and
more or less urceolate, 4-5-toothed, rose-color or nearly white : filaments glabrous :
anthers 2-awned on the back, included : ovary and berry 4-5-celled, with no false
partitions: leaves deciduous: flowers on drooping pedicels, solitary or two to
four together, developing with or soon after the leaves.
* Flower* 2 to 4 in a fascicle, or sometimes solitary, from a distinct scaly bud, in the manner of
Cynniiciiccus. more commonly 4-meroiis and 8-androus: leaves quite entire, and usually almost
sessile : limb of the calyx deeply 4-5-parted : berries blackish-blue with a bloom.
V. uliginosum, L. A span to a foot or two high, much branched, glabrous or minutely
pubernlent : leaves thickish, mostly pale or glaucescent, obovate, oval, or oblong-cuneate,
obtuse or retuse, reticulate-veiny, especially beneath, half inch or more long: corolla ovate-
or globular-urceolate : berry proportionally large, sweetish. Fl. Dan. t. 581 ; Reichenb.
Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 11GS. V. jmbescens, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1516. V. yuultherioides, Bigel. -
Arctic America to the alpine region of the mountains of New England, New York, and
shore of Lake Superior, westward to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) In our northern
regions low, in Oregon sometimes even 4 feet high.
Var. mucronatum, Herder. Depressed-cespitose: leaves small, bright green
both sides, conspicuously reticulated, usually roundish, abruptly mucronate or cuspidate.
Alaska and Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits.
V. OCCidentale, Gray. A foot or more high, glabrous: leaves thinner, glaucescent,
obscurely veiny, from oval to obovate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish (half to
three-fourths inch long) : flower mostly solitary from the scaly bud : corolla oblong-ovate
(1 or 2 lines long) : berry small, barely 3 lines in diameter. Bot. Calif, i. 451. Sierra
Nevada of California at 5-7000 feet, from Mariposa to Mt. Shasta, and Uinta Mts., Utah.
V. salicinum, Cham. Depressed-cespitose: leaves cuneate-Ianceolatc and acuminate
(4 to 8 lines long), tapering into a kind of petiole, bright green, coarsely reticulated beneath,
entire: flowers solitary: "corolla cylindraceous-urceolate, 3 lines long." Spreng. Syst.
Cur. Post. 147, & Linn. i. 525 (not Aschers. in Flora, 1860, 369). Unalasolika, in moss,
Chamisso. Perhaps this is only a remarkably narrow-leaved form of V. uliginosum, var.
mucronatum.
24 ERICACEAE. Vacdnium.
* * Flower? solitary in the earliest axils, usually 5-merous and 10-androus : calyx less or very
slightly lobed.
i Dwarf and cespitose : branches not angled.
V. CEespitosum, Michx. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 to 6 inches high : leaves from obo-
vate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or rarely acutish, thickly serrulate, bright green both sides,
reticulate-veiny (one to three-quarters inch long): corolla ovate or ovoid-oblong: berry
proportionally large, blue with a bloom, sweet. Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 12(5 ; & Bot. Mag. t.
3420. Hudson's Bay and Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire, and Colorado Rocky Mountains to Alaska.
Var. arbuscula. Erect and a foot high, much branched : leaves obovate, thicker,
little exceeding half an inch in length : flowers and berries rather smaller. Sierra
Nevada, California, in Plumas Co., Mrs. Austin. In Oregon passes into the ordinary form
and into the following.
Var. CUneifolium, Nutt. A span to near a foot high, bushy : leaves spatulate-
cuneate and with rounded apex, passing in one form (var. angustifolium, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 393) to spatulate-lanceolate and acute ; the earliest not rarely entire. Mem.
Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 262. Mountains of Colorado and Utah to California, British
Columbia, and east to Lake Superior.
-1 -1 Low: branches sharply angled and green: leaves small.
V. Myrtillus, L. (WHORTLEBERRY, BILBERRY.) Afoot or less high, glabrous : leaves
ovate or oval, thin, shining, serrate, conspicuously reticulated-veiny, and with a prominent
narrow midrib (in ours half to two-thirds inch long) : limb of calyx almost entire: corolla
globular-ovate: berries black, nodding. Schk. Ilandb. t. 107 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. I.e.
t. 11GO; Hook. Fl. ii. 33. V. myrtilfaides, Watson, Bot. King Exp. 209, not of others.
Rocky Mountains, extending as far south as Colorado and N. E. Utah, and north-west to
Alaska. (Eu., Asia.)
Var. microphyllum, Hook. 1. c. ; a remarkable diminutive form, 3 to G inches
high : leaves 2 to 4 lines long : corolla proportionally small, a line long : berries at first
"light red." Higher Rocky Mountains, south to Colorado and Utah, and in the Sierra
Nevada, California, down to 7000 feet.
H -1 H Mostly taller or tall, with spreading branches.
V. myrtilloid.es, Hook. (Gray). Glabrous or glabrate, 1 to 5 feet high: branchlets
slightly angled: leaves ovate or oval and oblong, sharply serrulate, membranaceous, green
both sides, but not shining, loosely reticulate-veiny, an inch or two long, the larger or later
mostly acute or acuminate : limb of calyx entire : corolla depressed-globular or se'mi-
globose-urceolate (nearl}' 2 lines long and broad, yellowish or greenish-white with a purple
tinge): pedicel erect in fruit: berry purplish-black, rather acid. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 291.
V. myrtilloides, partly, Hook. Fl. ii. 32, & Bot. Mag. t. 3477 (excl. syn. Ait., c. and var.
ntjidnm}, not Michx.! (which is T". Pennsylcanicum, var. angustifolium). V. membranaceum,
])ougl. ined. ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 377, the larger-leaved coast form ( V. myrtiUoides,v&r.
membranaceum, Hook. 1. c.). Damp woods, Lake Superior to the coast of Oregon and
British Columbia. There is nothing to prevent the retention of this specific name,
going back only to Hooker, and excluding the original of Michaux.
V. OValifolium, Smith. Glabrous and glaucescent, 4 to 12 feet high, straggling:
branchlets more or less angled : leaves oval, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, merely
mucronulate, entire or with a few irregular serratures, pale or glaucous, at least beneath
(one or two inches long): corolla globose-ovoid: pedicel nodding in fruit: berries blue
with a bloom. Rees Cycl. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 33, t. 127; Gray, Man. 1. c. V. Chamissonis,
Bong. Sitk. 525. Woods, Lake Superior (on the south shore, Robbins), and Oregon to
Unalaschka. (Japan.)
V. parvifolium, Smith, I. c. Glabrous, glaucescent, 6 to 12 feet high and straggling :
branches and branchlets slender, sharply and conspicuously angled, green, articulated:
leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or rounded at both ends, pale and dull, especially beneath,
entire, one to three-quarters inch long : calyx 5-lobed : corolla globular : pedicel nodding
in fruit : berries light red, rather dry, hardly edible. Hook. 1. c. t. 128. Shady and low
woods, northern part of California, near the coast, to Alaska and Aleutian Islands.
4. VITIS-ID^E'A, Koch. Corolla, ovary, &c., as in the preceding section :
filaments hairy : anthers awnless (at least in ours) : leaves coriaceous and per-
Vacdnium. ERICACEAE. 25
sistent : flowers in short racemes or clusters from separate buds : bracteate and
2-bracteolate.
* Flowers 5-merous, 10-androus.
V. ovatum, Pursh. Erect evergreen shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, rigid : branchlets pubes-
cent : leaves thick and firm, very numerous, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute,
minutely and acutely serrate, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides, an inch or so
long ; the veins obscure or hidden : flowers in short and close axillary clusters : bracts and
bractlets deciduous : corolla campaimlate, 2 lines long, rose-color or flesh-color, barely
[ thrice the length of the triangular acute reddish calyx-lobes: berries reddish turning
black, small, sweetish. Fl. i. 290 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. i:354. V. lanceolatum, Dunal in DC.
1. c. 570, a narrow-leaved form. Metagonia (Pyxothamnus) ovata, Nutt. I.e. Vancouver's
Island to Montevey, &c., California, on hills near the coast.
V. crassifolium, Andr. Procumbent, the trailing slender stems 2 or 3 feet long,
glabrous or nearly so : leaves small, a quarter to half inch long, from oval to narrowly
oblong, sparsely mucronate-serrulate or entire, shining: flowers few and almost sessile in
small axillary clusters : bracts scaly-coriaceous, persistent: corolla globose-campanulate,
nearly white : anther-cells barely pointed at apex : berries black. Bot. Rep. t. 105 ; Bot.
Mag. t. 1152 ; Chapm. Fl. 259. V. carnosum, Pers. Syn. i. 479. V. myrtifolium, Michx. Fl. i.
229. Metayonia myrtifolia, Nutt. 1. c. Sandy bogs, N. Carolina to Georgia, near the coast.
Habit of Cranberry.
* * Flowers 4-merous, 8-androus.
V. Vitis-Ideea, L. (COWBERRY, MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY.) Almost glabrous, tufted, 3
inches to a span or more high from creeping stems : leaves crowded, obovate or oval,
emarginate (a quarter to over half inch long), shining above, paler and bristly dark-dotted
beneath ; tlie margins revolute, entire or obscurely serrulate : flowers crowded in a short
and terminal secund and nodding raceme: bracts reddish, nearly persistent: corolla white
or rose-color, open-campanulate, rather deeply 4-lobed : berries dark red, acid and bitterish,
edible when cooked (a fair substitute for cranberries). Fl. Dan. t. 40; Lodd. Bot. Cab.
t. 610. V. punrtulnm, Lam. Round the Arctic circle, south to the coast and mountains of
N. New-England, and LakeWinipeg; on the western coast south to British Columbia.
(Greenland to Japan.)
5. OXYCOCCUS. ( Oxycoccus, Pers.) ' Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-parterl ; the
lobes linear or lanceolate-oblong and reflexecl : anthers exserted, awnless, with
very long terminal tubes : ovary and berry 4-celled, destitute of false partitions :
flowers axillary and terminal, nodding on long filiform pedicels, appearing in early
summer ; fruit maturing in autumn.
* Erect shrubs, with deciduous membranaceous leaves and berries of Euvaceinium, but corolla of
true Oxycoccus: flowers solitary in the axils: pedicel braetless but minutely 2-bracteolate at base:
corolla conical-rostrate in the bud, deeply 4-cleft : filaments villous. ( V. Japonicum of Miquel is
a very nearly related Japanese species.) Vacdnium Oxycoccoides, Benth. & Hook.
V. erythrocarpon, Michx. Divergently branching shrub, 1 to 4 feet high, slightly
pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, finely serrate with bristle-
tipped teeth, thin, bright green both sides, veiny, acute or merely obtuse at base (H to
3 inches long) : pedicel about half the length of the leaf: corolla flesh-color (about half
inch long) : berry light red, turning nearly black at full maturity, watery, slightly acid. -
Fl. i. 227. Oxi/coccus erectus, Pursh, Fl. i. 264. 0. eri/throcarpus, Ell. Sk. i. 447. --Damp
woods in the higher Alleghanies, Virginia to Georgia.
* * (CKAXUFIMSY.) Trailing and creeping lignescent plants, with filiform stems, and small per-
sistent leaves with entire revolute margins and the lower face whitened: filiform pedicels 1 to 4
from a terminal scaly bud, erect, and bearing a flesh-colored or pale rose-colored flower nod-
ding from its apex : corolla conical-cylindraceous in the bud, deeply 4-parted : filaments puberu-
lent : berry red and acid. Oxycoccus (Pers.), Benth. & Hook.
V. Oxycoccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.) Stems very slender, creeping: leaves ovate,
acute, 2 to 4 lines long ; the margins much revolute : pedicels 1 to 4 in a fascicle from a
terminal and not proliferous thin-scaly bud : filaments commonly fully half the length of
the anthers : berry globose, a quarter to a third of an inch in diameter, often spotted when
20 ERICACEAE. Vaccinium.
young. Fl. Dan. t. 80. Oxycoccus pcdustris, Pers. I.e. 0. vulgar is, Pursli, 1. c. Sclidlera
Oxi/coccus, Roth. Sphagnous swamps, around the subarctic zone, from Newfoundland
and Labrador south to mountains of Pennsylvania, to the Saskatchewan district, and to
Alaska. (Greenland to Japan.)
V. macrocarpon, Ait. (LARGE AMER. CRANBERRY.) Stems stouter, 1 to 4 feet long,
and with more ascending branches : leaves oblong or narrowly oval, obtuse, a third to half
inch long ; the margins less revolute ; veins evident : pedicels several and somewhat race-
mose, the firmer scaly bracts separating as the bud develops above into a proliferous leafy
shoot : filaments one third the length of the anthers : berry ovoid or oblong, half to three-
fourths inch long (variable in shape and size, much larger than in the preceding). Ait.
Kew. ed. 1, ii. 13, t. 7 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2806; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2, t. 30. V. Oxycoccus,
var. oblongifolius, Micjix. 1. c. Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pursh, 1. c. ; Bart. Fl. i. t. 17. Bogs,
&c., Newfoundland to N. Carolina, through Northern States and Canada to Saskatchewan.
Said by Hooker to abound at the mouth of Columbia River 1
3. CHlOG-ENES, Salisb. CREEPING SNOWBERRY. (From /fair, snow,
and j'fVoc, offspring, in allusion to the snow-white berries.) Flowers very small
and inconspicuous, solitary in the axils of the small Thyme-like leaves, on short
nodding peduncles ; a pair of large ovate persistent bractlets under the calyx.
Tube of the latter adnate to the lower half of the ovary, or rather more ; the
limb 4-parted. Corolla little exceeding the calyx, 4-cleft, greenish-white. Sta-
mens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed disk : filaments very short and broad :
cells of the anther ovate-oblong, separate, neither awned on the back nor pro-
duced into tubes, but each minutely 2-pointed at the apex, and opening by a large
chink down to the middle or lower. Style columnar. Berry globular, crowned
by the 4 short calyx teeth, largely inferior, the calyx-tube being now almost
wholly adnate. Seeds rather numerous, obliquely obovate, with a close and iirrn
coriaceous minutely reticulated coat. Genus naturally related rather to Gauhheriu
and Pernettya than to l r <tcc!n!.u)ii, except in the adnation of the calyx.
C. hispidula, Torr. & Gray. A slender trailing or creeping evergreen, with the habit
of Cranberry, the aroma and taste of Wintergreen or Sweet Birch: filiform branches
strigose-hispid : leaves ovate, with rounded or obtuse base and revolute margins, thick-
coriaceous, '2 to 4 lines long, short-petioled, glabrous, except the scattered rusty bristles of
the margins and lower surface: bractlets foliaceous and almost equalling the flower:
white berry also minutely bristly, slightly spicy but otherwise insipid, ripe late in summer.
Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 450, t. 68; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 202. C. sa-jyij/lifnUu, Salisb. Trans. Ilort.
Soc. Lontl. ii. 94. Vacchiimn /lixjiiditlum, L. (excl. syn.) ; Michx. Fl. i. 228, t. 23. Arbutus
fi/iformis. Lam. Diet. i. 228. A. t/ti/ini/'olin, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 72. Oxi/coccnshispidiilws,PeTS. ;
Nutt. Gen. i. 251. Ganlllieria srrpullifoliu, Pursli, Fl. i. 283, t. 13 (bad). (">. his/>i<ln/a, Muhl.
Cat. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 30. Glycyphylla /</x/>i</'t/<i, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. P/mlerocar/ms
serptillifohiis, G. Don, Syst. iii. 841 ; Dunal in DC. 1. c. 577 ; Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 67 (char,
had). Sphagnous swamps and damp woods, Newfoundland to the northern Rocky Moun-
tains, and in the Atlantic States south to the cooler parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
thence along the Alleghanies to North Carolina.
C. JAPONICA, a second species (C. his/iidiila, Miquel), the representative in Japan, has
obovate or oval leaves, all acute or tapering at base.
4. ARBUTUS, Tourn. (Classical Latin name.) Low trees or shrubs (of
S. Europe and W. America fr'om Oregon to Mexico) ; with evergreen and cori-
aceous alternate petiolate leaves, and white or flesh-colored small flowers in a
terminal cluster of racemes or panicles. Bracts and bractlets scaly. Calyx small,
5-parted. Corolla from globular to ovate. Ovary on a hypogynous disk : ovules
crowded on a fleshy placenta projecting from the inner angle of each cell. Style
rather long : stigma obtuse. Berry more or less eatable.
Arctostaphylos. ERICACEAE. 27
A. LAURIFOLIA, L. f. Suppl. 238, may be Primus Caroliniana, but is indeterminable.
A. LANCEOLATA, Lam. Diet. i. 227, is possibly the same, but has no valid foundation, having
been described solely from a sterile branch of some cultivated shrub of uncertain origin.
A. ACADIENSIS, L., founded on a phrase cited from Tournefort, which cannot be found, is
wholly obscure.
A. Menziesii, Pursh. (MADRONA.) Tree 80 to 100 feet high, with trunk a foot or two
in diameter in northern habitats, a shrub in its southern : bark close and smooth by exfoli-
ation, turning brownish-red: leaves oval or oblong, entire or serrulate, paler beneath, 3 to
5 inches long : spicate racemes minutely pubescent: corolla globular, white : berries dry,
somewhat drupaceous, hardly eatable, orange-color. Hook. Fl. ii. 3u' ; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 42,
t. 95; Newberry in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 23, fig. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 452. A. pmnra, Dougl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1753. A. lanrifoHa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 07 (small-leaved Mexican form),
not L. f. A. Te.raua, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 18(51 ; Vasey, Cat. Forest Trees,
U. S. 17, the small-leaved form of Texas and Mexico, possibly distinct, but apparently a
mere form of the Pacific species. Puget Sound and southward through the coast-region
of California to Arizona? and W. Texas. (Mex.)
5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. BEARBERRY, MANZANITA. (Com-
posed of KQxrog, a bear, and o"7WpP./y, grape or berry.) --Shrubs or small trees ;
with alternate leaves, and small mostly white or rose-colored flowers, chiefly in
racemes, spikes, or panicles, both bracteate and bracteolate. Flowers nearly as in
the preceding genus, but less rarely 4-merous, and ovules solitaiy in the cells,
which become bony nutlets or combine into a few several-celled stone ; the drupes
somewhat bitter or astringent, or in California!! species subacid and more or
less edible. Leaves in the erect species almost always more or k-ss vertical by a
twisting of the petiole. Fl. spring. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110 ; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 581.
1. ARCTOUS. Flowers preceding the thin and deciduous leaves: fruit juicy.
A. alpina, Sprensf. Depressed or prostrate and tufted, rising little above the ground,
glabrate : leaves obovate with a tapering base, conspicuously rugose-reticulated, ciliate
when young : flowers few in a fascicle from a terminal lax-scaly bud : drupe rather large,
black, containing 4 or 5 stones. Syst. ii. 287; DC. Prodr. vii. 584. Arbutus alpina, L. ;
Fl. Dan. t. 73 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2030. Arctic America, south to Newfoundland and alpine
summits in New England ; also northern Rocky Mountains and Aleutian Islands. (Arctic-
alpine round the Old World.)
2. UVA-URSI. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, in erect species inclined to be
vertical, and the bark mahogany-color : drupe smooth, mealy ; its nutlets separate
or separable, or irregularly coalescent : bracts persistent and usually becoming
rigid. Xerolotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 267. Dapknido-
stap/iylis, Klotzsch in Linn. xxiv. 80.
* Depressed-trailing or creeping, green, glabrous or minutely pubescent, no bristly hairs: flowers
rather few in simple small clusters, 2 lines long: ovary and reddish fruit glabrous: nutlets 1-
nerved on the back.
A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. (BEARUEKRY.) Leaves oblong-spatulate, ret use, an inch or less
long, tapering into a petiole: fruit insipid. A. nfficinalis, Whinner, Koch. Arbutus Uva-
ursi, L. Fl. Lapp. t. 6; Bigel. Med. Bot. t. G. Daphnidostaphylis Fe<l!t-'i-!<i<i, Klotzsch in
Linn. xxiv. 81. Rocky or sandy ground, Penn. to New Mexico, N. California, and north
to the arctic circle. (Arctic-montane Eu. & Asia.)
A. Nevadeiisis. Leaves obovate or oval to lanceolate-spatulate, cuspidate-mucronate,
thicker, abruptly petioled : berries subacid. A. punyens, var. (small Manzanita), Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 453. Sierra Nevada, California, common at 8-10,000 feet. Rising only a
few inches, or at most a foot above the surface of the ground, from rigid procumbent main
stems: apparently there are no transitions into A. punyens, which is sometimes found at
the same altitudes.
28 ERICACEAE. ArclostajiJii/los.
# * Erect low shrubs, with mostly clustered short racemes or spikes: flowers only a line or two
long: leaves half inch or at most an inch long.
A. pumila, Nutt. A foot or less high, tomentulose : leaves pale, oblong-obovate, obtuse
or retuse, sometimes obscurely mncronulate, entire, short-petioled : fruit unknown.
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. vii. 200 ; Gray, But. Calif. I.e. DaphnidoslaphyHs pumila,
Klotzsch, I.e. Monterey, California, Nutt all, Rich. Not yet met with by recent col-
lectors.
A. Hookeri, Don. A foot or two high, diffuse, puberulent or glabrate : leaves green,
ovate or oval, cuspidately mucronate or acuminate, sometimes spinulose-denticulate, slen-
der-petioled : fruit glabrous, 2 lines in diameter, reddish. Syst. iii. 836. Arbutus punrjens,
Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech, 144. Andromeda ? venulosa, DC. Prodr. vii. 007. Xerobotrt/s
venulosus & Arctostaphylos acutu? Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1. c. A. punrjens, partly,
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 453, into which it may pass. But the smaller forms seem quite distinct,
and the drupes are very small. Monterey, &c., California.
A. nuilimularia, Gray. A foot or two high, nearly glabrous, excepting scattered setose
bristles on the branches and short petioles, very leafy : leaves mostly broadly oval with
both ends rounded or the base slightly cordate, usually entire, bright green : fruit unknown.
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 306, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Mendocino plains, California, Bolander.
* # * Erect shrubs or low trees, with short clustered racemes: flowers 3 or 4 lines long and drupes
4 or 5 lines in diameter, yellowish turning reddish : leaves 1 to 3 inches long.
A. Anderson!!, Gray. Long and spreading bristles copious on the branchlets,&c. (along
with fine pubescence) : leaves thin, bright green, glabrous, lanceolate-oblong to ovate-lan-
ceolate, with a sagittate or cordate base, sessile or very short-petioled, conspicuously
spinulose-serrulate or rarely entire : drupes depressed, densely clothed with exceedingly
viscid-tipped bristles. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Santa Cruz, California,
under Redwoods, Anderson.
A. tomentosa, Dougl. Tomentose or pubescent when young, and the branchlets, &c.,
usually bristly : leaves pale, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, entire or sparingly
spinulose-serrulate, petioled ; the base acutish, rounded or subcordate : ovary hirsute : drupes
minutely puberulent or becoming glabrous. (Runs into endless forms, of which one has
narrow-oblong and rather small leaves, acutish at base, apparently connecting with the
next species.) Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1791. A. cord/folia, Lindl. I.e. Arbutus tomentosa, Pursh.
Fl. i. 282; Hook. Fl. ii. 36, t. 130, & Bot. Mag. t. 3320. Andromeda? bmcttosa, DC. Prodr.
vii. 607. Xcrvlivtn/s tur/tcntosus, cordifolius, 6c artjut.nx, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 11. ser.
viii. 268. Drv hills, from Puget Sound to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. The
berries are used in California in iufusiou for a subacid driuk. Nutlets 8 to 10, either all
separate or some united in pairs.
A. pungens, HBK. Glabrous or minutely tomentose-pubescent, 3 to20 feet high : leaves
thick and rigid, green or glaucescent, oblong-lanceolate to round-ovate, commonly mucro-
nate-cuspidate, entire, obtuse or rounded at base, slender-petioled : pedicels glabrous :
drupes smooth and glabrous : nutlets thick-walled, carinate or thickened on the back,
sometimes firmly coalescent. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 278, t. 259; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2937 ;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t. 17 ; Torr. in Emory Rep. t. 7 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 453, in part.
Daphnidostapkylis /ninr/ens, Klotzseh, 1. c. Arizona and S. Utah to California. (Mex.)
Var. platypliylla, the commoner MAXZANITA in California, especially northward,
reaching Oregon, Nevada, and Utah : leaves pale or glaucescent, oblong to orbicular, 1 to 2
inches long, commonly muticous. Arctostaphylos tjlauca, Watson, Bot. King, 210, &c., not
Lindl. A. punrjens, Gray, 1. c., partly.
3. XYLOCOCCUS. Leaves coriaceous and evergreen, entire : drupe not warty,
ovoid-globose, witli a thin pulp and a thick completely solid woody or bony 1-6-
celled putamen. -- Xylococcus, Nutt. 1. c. vii. 258.
A. glauca, Lindl. Erect, 8 to 24 feet high, wholly glabrous except the glandular-pubes-
cent slender pedicels : leaves, &e., as of A. punrjens, var. ]i/<iti//>hi/lla, or paler : drupes half an
inch or more in diameter, minutely glandular, sometimes viscid, with a thin flesh around
the solid mucronate-apiculate stone : seeds and cells 4 to 0, or by abortion fewer, very
small in proportion to the size of the putamen. Bot. Reg., tinder 1791 ; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 454 California, commoner from Monterey southward. Except by the larger and solid
drupe hardly distinguishable from the common glaucous variety of A. pungens.
Epigcea. ERICACEAE. 29
A. bicolor, Gray. Shrub 3 or 4 feet high : leaves petioled, not vertical, oblong-oval,
thin-coriaceous, pinnately-veined, 1 or 2 inches long, white-tomentose beneath, as are the
ovate obtuse bracts and much imbricated sepals: pedicels very short: corolla rose-color,
3 or 4 lines long: filaments filiform: drupe 3 or 4 lines in diameter. Proc. Am. Acad.
vii. 366, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Xt/lococcus bicolor, Nutt. I.e. San Diego Co., California, Nuttall,
Cooper, Cleveland, &c. Fl. February.
A. Cleveland!. More pubescent : leaves sessile, narrower, acuminate, margins more
revolute : inflorescence leafy : bracts and sepals acute : corolla 4 lines long, equalled by
the pedicels : fruit unknown. (When the fruit becomes known,it may refer this recently
discovered species to the following section.) Potrero, San Diego Co., California, Cleve-
land. Fl. Sept.
4. COMAROSTAPHYLIS. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen : drupe with granulate
or warty surface and a solid few-celled putamen.-- Comarostaphylis, Zucc.
A. polif 61ia, HBK. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, glabrous : leaves linear-lanceolate, pale
beneath : flowers in a loose terminal raceme or panicle : calyx-lobes triangular and acute :
corolla reddish, ovoid: drupe dark purple, small. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 277, t. 258; Torr.
Mex. Bound. 108. California, on the southern boundary, and Mexico.
6. EPIG--<9ilA, L. MAYFLOWER. (Formed of 'cm, upon, yj/, the earth, from
the mode of growth.) Prostrate or somewhat creeping ; the short slender stems
barely shrubby, rusty-bristly, leafy only toward the summit of the flowering
shoots ; the leaves petioled, alternate, thin-coriaceous, veiny, pale green, persistent,
round-oval or elliptical, mostly cordate, entire. Flowers in earliest spring, almost
sessile in a short and close terminal cluster, bracteate and 2-bracteolate ; the
somewhat scale-like persistent bracts equalling the calyx. Sepals ovate-lanceolate
and acuminate, nearly scarious and often purplish. Lobes of the corolla oval,
either quincuncially imbricated in the bud or imbricate-con volute. Capsule
depressed-globose and somewhat 5-angled, bristly, thin-walled. Seeds numerous
on the much-projecting placenta?, round-oval, with a close and thin reticulated
coat. The flowers are heteromorphous and inclined to be direcious or dio3cio-dimor-
phous. Those with fully polliniferous anthers seldom set fruit: their stigmas short,
erect, slightly projecting beyond the margin of the 5-toothed ring (to the teeth of
which they severally are adnate) ; the style sometimes longer than the stamens
and projecting, sometimes shorter and included. Fully fertile flowers on other
plants ; their style (as in the former sort sometimes long and exserterl, sometimes
shorter and included) with stigmas elongated and much surpassing the ring, short-
linear, glutinous, radiately divergent ; their stamens either slightly polliniferous,
or reduced to abortive filaments, or even wanting. -- Gray, Man. ed. 5, 293, &
Amer. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xii. 74.
E. repens, L. (MAYFLOWER, TRAILING ARBUTUS, GROUND LAUREL.) Flowers mostly
numerous or several in the cluster, spicy-fragrant: corolla rose-color to almost white,
bearded inside ; its tube more or less exceeding the calyx. Lam. 111. t. 367; Andr. Bot.
Rep. t. 102; Bot. Reg. 3, t. 201 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 384. Gravelly or sandy wood-
lands in the shade of evergreens, Newfoundland westward to Saskatchewan, and south to
Kentucky and Florida. (The other and very nearly related species is E. Asiatica, Maxim.,
of Japan.)
7. G-AULTHERIA, Kalm, L. AROMATIC WINTERGREEN. (Dedicated by
Kalm to " Dr. Gaulthier " of Quebec, whose name, as appears from the records,
was written Ga.ulti.er. The genus therefore should not be written Gualtheria,
(Scop.,&c.), nor Gualteria, Gautiera, &c., as by others. If changed at all, the right
30 ERICACE^). GauWieria.
orthography would be Gaultiera.) Shrubs or almost herbaceous plants (Asiatic
and American) ; with broad evergreen leaves, shining above, and usually spicy-
aromatic in flavor, axillary white or rose-colored nodding flowers in early summer,
succeeded by red or blackish u berries," consisting of the at length baccate calyx
enclosing the capsule. Cells of the anthers opening by a terminal pore, and
commonly tipped with two points or awns. Stigma truncate or obtuse, entire.
Disk 10-toothed or of 10 scales. Ovary and capsule depressed, umbilicate, com-
monly 5-lobed : placentas ascending, although often borne toward the summit of
the short columella. Seeds very many, with a close shining coat. Pedicels or
calyx bracteolate.
* Corolla short- campanulate, 5-lobed : filaments glabrous : apex of the anthers obscurely 4-pointed.
G. Myrsinites, Hook. Cespitose-procumbent or depressed, a few incites high* leaves
orbicular or ovate, denticulate with minute bristle-tipped teeth (half inch to inch and a
half long): pedicels solitary in the axils, very short, 3-5-bracteolate : fruit scarlet, with
pine-apple flavor. Fl. ii. 35, t. 129. Vaccinium hiuii/J'ii.vtiii, Graham in Edinh. Phil. Jour.
18:51, 8. Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward and in Utah, and northern borders
of California, to Brit. Columbia. One form glabrous or nearly so, with small round leaves ;
another with rusty hirsute hairs on the stem and calyx, and larger ovate leaves.
* * Corolla ovate or urceolate, 5-toothed : filaments hairy : anthers 4-awned at the summit.
G. procumbens, L. (WINTERGREEX, CHECICERBERRY, BOXBERUV.) Nearly glabrous
and as if herbaceous: slender but ligneous stems extensively creeping, generally under-
ground, sending up flowering shoots a span high : leaves crowded towards the top, obovate
and oval, mucronate, more or less serrulate with bristly-tipped teeth : pedicels mostly soli-
tary in the axils, 2-bracteolate close under the calyx : fruit red, this and the foliage
aromatic-tasted, with flavor as of Sweet Birch, but warmer. Lam. 111. t. 307; Andr. Bot.
Rep. t. 316 ; Bigelow, Med. Bot. ii. 27, t. 12 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1966. Gaiitiera /irociimbens, Torr.
Fl. N. Y. i. 433. Low woods under evergreens, Newfoundland to L. Superior and sub-
arctic Amer., and through the Atlantic States southward to upper Georgia.
G. Slialloil, Pursll. (SALAL.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with rather stout spreading
stems : branches, pedicels, and even the corollas glandular-hairy or pubescent : leaves
ovate or obscurely cordate, acuminate, strongly serrulate (2 to 4 inches long) : racemes
from large both terminal and axillary chartaceous-scaly buds, elongated, many-flowered,
secund : scaly bracts persistent : pedicels 2-bracteolate below the middle : corolla large for
the genus (3 or 4 lines long), viscid : fruit purple becoming black, eaten by Indians under
the name of "sJiaUon" (Lewis & Clark) or s<ilnl. F\. i. 284. t. 12; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 2843, & Fl. ii. 35; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1411. Shady woods, Brit. Columbia along and
near the coast to the mountains behind Santa Barbara, California.
8. ANDROMEDA, L. (Fancifully named in allusion to the fable of An-
dromeda. See the poetical account by Linna'us, under the original species, in
Fl. Lapp. 126.) Shrubs; with evergreen or deciduous and broad or rather nar-
row mostly petioled leaves, and umbellate-fascicled or paniculate racemose flowers,
in spring or early summer; all of the northern hemisphere. Calyx naked at
base, usually very early open in the bud, 5-parted or of nearly separate sepals,
the edges of which do not overlap even at the base. Corolla white or rose-color.
-Gray, Man. ed. 2, 253, & ed. 5, 295. Andromeda, Zenobia (Don), Pieris
(Don), & Lyonia (Nutt), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 587.
1. EUANDROMEDA. Corolla globose-urceolate : calyx small, deeply 5-parted,
early open : filaments bearded and not appendaged : anthers short ; each cell
surmounted by a slender ascending awn : placenta? attached next the summit of
the columella: seeds turned in all directions, oval, with a smooth and shining
crustaceous coat. Andromeda, Don, DC., Benth. & Hook.
Andromeda. ERICACEAE. 31
A. polif olia, L. Shrub a foot or so high, glabrous and glaucous : the firm-coriaceous
and evergreen Kosemary-like leaves from linear to lanceolate-oblong, with strongly revo-
lute margins, white beneath: flowers (early spring) in a small terminal unibul : pedicels
from the axils of ovate persistent scaly bracts, naked. Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f. 3; Fl. Dan. t. 54.
.-1. rosinar'uiifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 25)1. A. (/la/wo/ilii/llit, Link, Enum. i. 394. Wet bogs, &c.,
from New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and on the Pacific side from Norfolk Sound to the
arctic coast. Capsule in the American specimens more or less depressed, in the European
higher than broad. (Eu., N. Asia.)
2. ZKXUUIA. Corolla open-campauulate, obtusely 5-lobed: calyx barely 5-
IKirted. thickish, with the thin margins valvate in the early bud : filaments naked,
abruptly dilated at base : anthers lanceolate ; each cell surmounted by a pair of
slender ascending awns : capsule depressed-globose, obtusely 5-lobed, and some-
what carinate at the dorsal sutures : placenta? on the middle of the very short
columella : seeds oval, angled, with a rather soft minutely reticulated coat.
Zenobia, Don, &c.
A. speciosa, MicIlX. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, glabrous, often glaucous : leaves cori-
aceous, but deciduous, oval or oblong (an inch or two long), commonly crenulate or
sparsely serrulate, reticulate-veiny : flowers in umbel-like fascicles from axillary buds,
mostly racemose on naked branches of the preceding year : pedicels naked, drooping :
calyx-lobes triangular, short: corolla white (a third of an inch high and wide). Varies
from bright green to chalky-white with a dense glaucous bloom. Fl. i. 250; Pursh, Fl. i.
294; Lodd. Cab. t. 551. A. nittda, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 970. A. atssiiu'/olia nuda, Vent. Cels.,
1. 60. Zenobia speciosa, Don, 1. c. The follosving relate to the var. pulaerulenta, Michx., i. e.
the white glaucous form : Andromeda pulverulenta, Bartr. Trav. 476, with plate ; Sims, Bot.
Mag. t. 667. A. cassinefolia pulverulenta, Vent. Malm. t. 79. A. dealbata, Lindl. Bot. lleg.
t. 1010, a state with corolla 5-parted. Low pine-barrens, Florida to N. Carolina.
3. PORTUXA. Corolla ovate-urceolate, 5-toothed : calyx deeply 5-parted;
the lobes firm-coriaceous and thick-edged, ovate-lanceolate, strictly valvate in the
bud : filaments not appendaged : anthers oblong ; the cells each with a slender
deflexed awn on the back at the junction with the filament: capsule globose, not
thickened at the sutures : placenta? borne on the summit of the columella : seeds
mostly scobiform : flowers in axillary and terminal racemes, formed during the
preceding summer, remaining naked until early the following spring, when the
(white) blossoms unfold: pedicels minutely bracteate and 2 3-bracteolate : leaves
coriaceous, evergreen. Portuna, Nutt. 1. c. Pieris Portuna & Phillyreoides,
I.cnth. & Hook. 1. c. (Here also belong A. Cubensis, Griseb., A. Japonlca, Thunb.,
and A.formosa, Wall.)
A. floribunda, Pursh. Shrub 2 to feet high, very leafy : young branchlets, &c.,
strigose with rusty or dark hairs : leaves thinnish-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, acute or
acuminate, minutely serrulate and bristly-ciliate, rounded at base, somewhat glandular-
dotted beneath (2 inches long) : racemes crowded in a terminal short panicle, densely
flowered : corolla (3 lines long) strongly 5-angled and at base 5-saccate, twice the length of
the calyx: seeds linear-oblong with a very loose cellular coat, large, all pendulous from
the summit of the cell. Fl. i. 293; Bot. Mag. t. 156(3; Bot. Reg. t. 807. A. (Leucothoe)
Montana, Buckley in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172. Leucothoe. floribunda, Don, 1. c. Zenobia
floribunda, DC. 1. c. Portuna floribunda, Nutt. 1. c. Moist shaded hills, in the Allegha-
nies, Virginia to Georgia.
A. phillyreif 61ia, Hook. Shrub a foot or two high, nearly glabrous : branches slender,
alternately leafy and scaly-bracteate : leaves firm-coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate-oblong,
obtuse, more or less serrulate or few-toothed near the apex (an inch or two long) : racemes
solitary and axillary, loosely 4-12-flowered : bracts deciduous : corolla ovoid, not angled,
twice the length of the calyx : seeds small and short, borne on all sides of the placentae,
which occupy the middle of the cells of the depressed-globular umbilicate capsule; the
32 ERICACEAE. Andromeda.
minutely reticulated coat conformed to the nucleus. Ic. PI. t. 122 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx.
t. 36; Chapni. Fl. 262. Pieris plullyreifolia, DC. Prodr. vii. 599. Wet pine barrens, W.
Florida, especially Apalachicola.
4. PIERIS. Corolla from ovate-urceolate to cylindraceous, 5-toothed : calyx
of 5 nearly distinct and early open sometimes herbaceous sepals : filaments nar-
row, usually pubescent or ciliate, 2-setose or 2-toothed at or below the apex (these
teeth or awn-like appendages spreading or recurved, rarely obsolete) : anthers
oblong, awnless : dorsal sutures of the 5 -angular capsule with more or less of
a thickened ridge (sometimes separating in dehisceuce) : placentae usually borne
about the middle of the columella and of the cells : seeds scobiform or oblong
and with a loose thin coat. Pieris 1 & 4, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Original
Pieris, Don, is Asiatic, with racemes chiefly terminating leafy branches ; and the
seeds pendulous. The two American, of subsection MAUIA (Pieris Maria, Benth.
& Hook.), bear the flowers in axillary umbels or fascicles, the pedicels scarious-
bracteate and bracteolate at base ; and the placentas as low as the middle of the
columella; the seeds therefore in all directions. All combine into one subgeuus
iu structure of flower, capsule, and bisetose filaments.
* Leaves thick-coriaceous and evergreen : sepals thickish aud rigid, purplish : flowers honey-
scented, in early spring.
A. nitida, Bartr. (FETTER-BUSH.) Very glabrous, 2 to 6 feet high, and with acutely
triangular branches : leaves Myrtle-like, rigid, bright green, very shining above, punc-
ticulate beneath, ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, entire, the minutely revolute edge
bordered by an intramarginal nerve : flower-clusters in the axils of the persistent leaves of
the preceding year : corolla ovoid-cylindraceous with contracted orifice (3 or 4 lines long,
from white to rose-red) : filaments nearly glabrous, bearing the setiform small appendages
close to the summit : style abruptly fusiform-thickened above the middle : capsule ovoid-
globose, little exceeding the calyx. Bartram, Cat. & in Marsh. Arbust. (1785) 8; Walt.
Car. 137 ; Michx. Fl. i. 252. A. luclda, Lam. Diet. i. 157 (1783), not Jacq. A. conacea, Ait.
Kew. ed. 1 (1789), ii. 70; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1095. A. Mariana, Jacq. Ic. Rar. Hi. t. 465,
not L. A. marginata, Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. 188, t. 40. A. myrtifolia, Salisb. A. obovata,
Raf., a form with smaller and rhombic-obovate obtuse leaves. Lyonia marginata, Don.
Leucothoe coriacea, DC., excl. syn. A. rhomlioidalis ? L. marginata, Spach. Low pine barrens,
N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana. (Cuba: A. lacustris, C. Wright.)
* * Leaves almost membranaceous, deciduous: flowers (late spring or summer) consequently on
leafless branches of the previous year, in the manner of Zenobia: sepals thinner, larger, and
nearly foliaceous, deciduous with the leaves! (Leucothoe Mui-ia, DC.)
A. Mariana, L. (STAGGER-BUSH.) Glabrous or slightly pubescent, 2 to 4 feet high :
leaves oblong or oval, obtuse or acute at both ends, entire, loosely veiny (1 to 3 inches
long) : fascicles of nodding flowers racemose on naked shoots : corolla cylindraceous-eam-
panulate with slightly narrowed orifice, white or pale rose-color (almost half inch long) :
filaments hairy outside; their very small setose appendages below the summit, occasionally
obsolete or wanting : capsule ovate-pyramidal, truncate at the contracted apex ; the pla-
centaj low down. Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1579 ; Duham. 1. c. t. 37 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 206.
A. pulchella, Salisb. Lyonia Mariana, Don, 1. c. Leucothoe Mariana, DC. 1. c. Low grounds,
Rhode Island to Florida along the low country ; also Arkansas and Tennessee. Foliage
taid to be poisonous to lambs and calves.
5. LYONIA. Corolla from globular to urceolate, pubescent or glandular :
calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft ; the valvate lobes early open, short : filaments flat,
pubescent; these and the short anthers both destitute of appendages or awns:
capsule as in the preceding section, i. e. with ribs at the dorsal sutures which are
more or less separable in dehiscence : placentae on the apex of the columella
and at the top of the cells : seeds all pendulous, narrow, scobiform, having a loose
Leucothoe. ERICACEyE. 33
and thin cellular-reticulated testa : flowers (small and white) racemose or fascicled:
bracts minute and deciduous. Lyonia, Nutt. Gen. i. 2G6 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 587.
* Lepidotc-scurfy, not pubescent : flowers fascicled in the axils of persistent coriaceous leaves.
A. ferruginea, Walt. Low shrub, or taller and arborescent : leaves rigid, cuneate-obo-
vate, rhombic-obovate, or cuneate-oblong, entire, with revolute margins ( 1 or 2 inches long),
smooth and shining above, or obscurely lepidote when young, grayish or fcrrugincous-
lepidote beneath, much exceeding the flower-clusters: capsule oval-pentagonal, barely
2 lines long. Car. 138; Michx. Fl. i. 252; Vent. Malm. t. 80. A. ferruijinea & A. riyida,
Pursli, Fl. i. 295; Lodd. Cab. t. 430. Li/onia fernujinea & L. rii/ida, Nutt. 1. c. Michaux's
two forms are pretty well marked, viz. var. arborescens, with narrower less reticulated
leaves, usually crowded; and vnr.fruticosa, with sparser leaves conspicuously reticulated,
mostly cuneate-obovate or rhomboidal. To this belongs A. rliomboidulis, " Veill." in Duham.
Arb. cd. nov. i. 192, therefore Leucothoe rhomboidalis, Don, 1. c. Sandy pine barrens,
S. Carolina to Florida. ( W. Ind. & Mex. ? )
* * Somewhat pubescent, but not scurfy : leaves deciduous : flowers racemose-panicled.
A. ligustrina, Muhl. Shrub 3 to 10 feet high, much branched: pubescence minute:
leaves from obovate or broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong (1 or 2 inches long), thinnish,
obscurely serrulate or entire : racemes few-leaved at base, or mainly from separate buds
(in summer), crowded in naked or leafy panicles : pedicels either scattered or fascicled :
corolla globose, barely 2 lines long: capsule globular : seeds oblong, obtuse at each end.
Ell. Sk. i. 490; Torr. Fl. 421; Gray, Man. I.e. A. paniculata, Ait.; Michx. Fl. i. 254,
partly, not L. (except as to syn. Pluk.). A. mcemosa, Lam., not L. Vaccinium liyitstrinum, L.
Spec. i. 351. Li/onia pmiicula/a, Nutt. 1. c. L. HyHstriim, DC. 1. c. L. panicuhtta, caprecrfo/ia,
sti/icifolia, & mult iflora, Wats. Dendr. t. 37, 127, 128. "Wet grounds, Canada to Florida and
Arkansas.
Var. pubescens. A form cinereous with dense and soft fine pubescence. A. fron-
dosn, Pursh, Fl. i. 295 (anthers not awned in specimen of herb. Enslin) ; Ell. 1. c. A.
pankitlala, var. folioslflora, Michx. 1. c., in part. Li/onia frondosa, Nutt. I.e. Virginia? to
Georgia.
9. OXYDENDRUM, DC. SORREL-TREE, SOUR-WOOD. (Composed of
oil's, sour, and dsvdQOv, tree, from the acid foliage. Oxydcndron, Benth. & Hook.,
but DeCandolle's form follows the analogy of Epidendrum.) A single species,
with Peach-like foliage : fi. summer.
O. arboreum, DC. Tree 15 to 40 feet high: leaves membranaceous and deciduous,
oblong or lanceolate (4 to 6 inches long), acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, or at first glaucous,
veiny, slender-petioled : inflorescence a panicle of many-flowered racemes terminating the
leafy shoots of the season, appearing in early summer: flowers tardily opening: corolla
from cylindraceous- to ovate-conical (3 lines long), white, minutely pubescent. Prodr.
vii. 001. Andromeda arborea, L. (Catesb. Car. t. 71); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 905 ; Michx.
f. Sylv. iii. t. 7; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. 1, t. 30. Li/onia arborea, Don, 1. c. Rich woods,
Penn., Ohio, and along the Alleghany region to Florida.
10. LEUC6THOE, Don. (Mythological; the name of one of the fifty
daughters of Nereus.) North and South American and Japanese shrubs, of
various habit ; with entire or serrulate leaves, and racemose chiefly white flowers.
Don in Edinb. Jour. xvii. 159; Gray, Man. 1. c. Leucothoe & Ayarista (at
least mainly), Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 584, 586. (Ac/arista of Don is evidently
founded on the Mauritius and Bourbon species, the section Agauria, DC., genus
Agauria, Benth. & Hook., to which are added S. American species, all or chiefly
belonging to Leucothoe.)
1. EULEUCOTHOE. Calyx not bracteolate, 5-parted ; the divisions usually
only early or slightly overlapping, herbaceous or membranaceous : anthers awn-
3
34 ERICACEAE. Leucothoc.
less : leaves coriaceous and evergreen : bractlets at or near the base of the pedi-
cels ; these articulated with the flower.
* (Nearest Gnultherin.) Racemes dense and spike-like, sessile in the^ axils of persistent leaves of
the former season, developing in spring, at first resembling catkins: the ovate concave scalv
persistent bracts being imbricated, little shorter than the pedicels : filaments minutelv scabrous,
nearly straight: anther-cells obscurely or manifestly bimucronate : stigma hu-ge, depressed-capi-
tate and 5-rayed. Glabrous shrubs with green erect and recurving branches, and serrulate leaves
bright green and shining above and loosely pinnately veined.
L. axillaris, Don. Stems 2 to 4 feet high; often minutely pubescent when young:
leaves from oval to oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), mostly with an abrupt acumi-
nation, serrulate mainly toward the apex with cartilaginous or somewhat spinulose teeth :
petioles very short: sepals broadly ovate and obviously imbricated. Gray, Man. 1. c. ;
Chapm. Fl. 261 ; also DC. Prodr. vii. 001, excl. var. & habitat. Andromeda axillaris, Lam.
Diet. i. 157; Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. G9; Duham. Arb. ed. nov. i. t. 39. Low grounds, Vir-
ginia to Florida and Alabama toward the coast; not in the mountains.
L. Catesbeei, Gray. Shoots longer (3 to 6 feet) and more recurving, glabrous : leaves
ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate and tapering into a long and slender acumination, serrulate
throughout with appressed strongly ciliate-spinulose teeth (4 to 7 inches long), conspicu-
ously petioled : sepals ovate-oblong, not overlapping in the flower: capsule chartaceous,
depressed, strongly lobed : seeds oval, flat, with a loose cellular-reticulated coat much
larger than the nucleus. Man. ed. 2, 252, & cd. 5, 294. Andromeda Cuteslia-i, Walt. Car.
137; Willd. Spec. ii. 013 (excl. syn. Catesb.) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1955; Locld. Bot. Cab. t,
1320. A. Walliri, Willd. Enum. 453. A. lancco/a/<i, Desf. 1 A. a.ril/ar/s, Michx. Fl. i. 253,
chiefly. A. a.cilluris, var. lonf/ifoliti, Pursh, Fl. i. 293; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2357, hardly Lam.
A. spimilosa, Pursh, 1. c., excl. habitat. Leueothoe sjiinitlnsri, Don, 1. c. ; DC. 1. c., excl. syn.
Duham, &c. Moist banks of streams, Virginia to Georgia, along and near the mountains.
(Pursh characterized the two species, but transposed the habitats.) Flowers later than the
other, and with the unpleasant odor of chestnut-blossoms.
* * Racemes loose and few-flowered in the axils of the persistent reticulated leaves : bracts and
bractli'ts minute: pedicels slender: filaments pubescent, sigmoid-curved toward the apex (in the
manner of Brazilian species) : anthers nearly pointless : stigma small.
L. acuminata, Don. (PIPE-WOOD.) Shrub 3 to 12 feet high, with spreading hollow
branches, glabrous, or puberulent when young: leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually acu-
minate, with callous entire or obscurely serrulate margin, rounded at base, short-petioled ;
the midrib only prominent; the veins and veinlets all minute and finely reticulated:
racemes shorter than the leaves : calyx very short and small at base of the cylindraceous
(4 or 5 lines long) corolla: capsule coriaceous: seeds oblong, pendulous. Andromeda
acinninala. Ait. 1. c. ; Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 89. A. Inrida, Jacq. Ic. liar. i. t. 79. A. po/mli-
folia, Lam. Diet. i. 159. A. retimlata, Walt. Car. 137. A. laurina, Michx. Fl. i. 253.
Sandy swamps, coast of S. Carolina to E. Florida.
*** Racemes clustered in a terminal naked panicle: bracts and bractlets small and scarious or
whitish: pedicels short : filaments glabrous, slender, straight : anther-cells 2-mucronate : stigma
rather small, 5-rayed.
L. Davisice, Torr. Shrub 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy, nearly glabrous : leaves oblong,
obtuse at both ends, obscurely serrulate, bright green (1 to 3 inches long) : racemes nearly
sessile, slender, many-flowered : flowers recurved-pendulous (3 lines long) : divisions of the
deeply parted whitish calyx ovate-oblong, obtuse, not overlapping in the flower: seeds
pendulous, oblong, flat, scobiform, the thin reticulated coat being much larger than the
oval nucleus, and its margin densely fimbriate with clavate-oblong hair-like cells. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, & Bot. Calif, i. 455; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 0247. California, in
the Sierra Nevada, Plumas and Nevada Counties, Loll, Aliss N. J. Davis, &c.
2. EUBOTRYS. Calyx bibracteolate ; the persistent bractlets and distinct
sepals firm-chartaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, much imbricated,
(whitish or reddish) : corolla cylindraceous: filaments glabrous, straight: anther-
cells 1 2-awned from the apex : stigrna merely truncate : placentas short and por-
rect : leaves membranaceous and deciduous : flowers in secuud spike-like racemes,
which mostly terminate the branchlets, formed early in summer, remaining naked
Casstope. ERICACEAE. 35
and undeveloped until late in the ensuing spring, when the flower-buds complete
their growth and the blossoms expand : bracts foliaceous-subulate, deciduous at
flowering : the short pedicels articulated with the rhachis. Gray, Man. 1. c.
JSubotrys, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 269. (Between Euleucothoe
and the genus Cassandra. The two Japanese species agree with this subgenus
only in foliage.)
L. racemosa, Gray. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high : branches erect : leaves oblong or oval-
lanceolate, acute, serrulate, somewhat pubescent when young and on the midrib beneath :
racemes or spikes mostly solitary, erect or ascending: sepals lanceolate-ovate, very acute:
anther-cells each 2-awned : capsule coriaceous, not lobed : seeds angled and wingless, the
shining smooth coat conformed to the nucleus. Man. ed. 2. 252, ed. 5, 2!)4. Andromeda
racemosa & A. panicitlata (chiefly), L. Spec. 3i)4. A. spicata, Wats. Dendr. t. 36. Lyonia
racemosa & Leiicothoe spicata, Don, 1. c. Zenobia racemosa, DC. 1. c. Cassandra racemosa,
Spach, Hist. Veg. ix. 478. Eubotrys .racemosa, Nutt. I.e. Varies with awns of anthers
very short. Moist thickets (Canada, Purs/t, but most doubtful), Massachusetts near the
coast to Florida and Louisiana.
L. recurva, Gray, 1. c. Lower than the foregoing, and with divaricate branches : leaves
more acuminate : racemes spreading or recurved : sepals ovate : anther-cells 1-awned :
capsule chartaceous, strongly depressed and 5-lobed : seeds flat, with a broadly winged
loose cellular coat. Andromeda (Zi>no!i/u) recurva, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 172.
Dry hills in the Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama.
11. CASSANDRA, Don. LEATHER-LEAF. (Mythological: Cassandra
was the daughter of Priam and Hecuba.) -- A single good species.
C. calyculata, Doll. A low and much branched shrub, a foot or two high, with re-
curving branches : leaves coriaceous and persistent, very short-petioled, oblong, obtuse,
obsoletely serrulate, dull green and lepidote-scurfy, an inch or so in length : flowers on
short recurved pedicels in the axils of the upper leaves, these becoming gradually smaller
and bract-like : calyx and bractlets rusty-lepidote : flowers formed in summer and expand-
ing early the next spring : corolla cylindraceous-oblong, 5-lobed, white, 2 or 3 lines long :
capsules small. Andromeda cali/rnlata, L. ; Fall. Fl. Ross. t. 71 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1280;
Lodd. Cab. t. 530 & 862. Chamceddphne cali/citluta, Moencli. Li/onia ca/i/cii/nt(t, Reichenb.
Bogs, through the cooler parts of the Northern Atlantic States, and in the Alleghanies to
Georgia; N. Illinois to Newfoundland; Kotzebue's Sound. (N. Fu. & N. Asia.)
Var. angustifolia is a remarkable form, unknown in an indigenous condition : leaves
linear-lanceolate, and the somewhat revolute margins undulate or crisped : bractlets acute :
sepals more pointed. Andromeda calt/cu/(ila,va,r. anr/ustifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 70. A. -
<justif!ia, Pursh, Fl. i. 201. A. crispa, Desf. Cat.; Guirnp., Otto, & Ilayne, Holz. t. 51.-
" North America and Siberia," Hort. Kew. "Carolina to Georgia," Pursh ; but that is a
random guess.
12. CASSlOPE, Don. (Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda..} Arc-
tic-alpine fruticulose evergreens, resembling Heaths or Lycopodium ; with small
or minute and imbricated or crowded entire and veinless leaves, often opposite or
whorled, and solitary flowers nodding on the apex of an erect naked peduncle.
Sepals ovate, thickened at base. Corolla white or rose-color. Style thickened at
base or conical. Placentas many-seeded, pendulous from the summit of the short
columella: seeds with a thin close coat. -- DC. Prodr. vii. GIG.
# Leaves loose or spreading, narrow, flatfish : peduncle terminal : corolla deeply cleft : style conical.
C. Stelleriana, DC. Diffusely spreading, with the habit of Empetrum: leaves oblong-
linear, obtuse, widely spreading, obscurely serrulate (less than 3 lines long) : peduncle very
short : corolla 4-5-parted. Andromeda Stellerlana, Pall. Fl. Ross. 58, t. 74 ; Hook. Fl. ii.
37, t. 131. Erica Stelleriana, Willd. Menzif.sia empetriformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 265, not Smith.
Bryanthus Sle/leri, Don, Syst. iii. 833. N. W. Coast, Sitka to Behring Straits.
36 ERICACEAE. Cassiopc.
C. hypnoides, Don. Cespitose, 2 to 4 inches high, with the habit of a moss or small
Li/copodiitm: leaves somewhat erect, loosely imbricated, linear-acerose, a line long: pe-
duncle slender : corolla deeply 5-cleft. Edinb. Phil. Jour. xvii. 157. Andromeda hypnoides,
L. Spec. 393, & Fl. Lapp. t. 1 ; Fl. Dan. t. 10; Pall. 1. c. t. 73; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2936.-
Alpine summits of the mountains of N. New England and New York, Labrador, &c. (Green-
land, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.)
* * Leaves appressed-erect, closely imbricated in four ranks, thick, boat-shaped or triangular, ovate
or oblong in outline: peduncles lateral: corolla 5-lobed : style slender, but slightly thickened
downward.
C. lycopodioides, Don. Very low or creeping stems filiform : leaves barely a line long,
roundish on the back, not ciliate : peduncles filiform. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 012. Andro-
meda li/mpodioidcs, Pall. 1. c. t. 72; Hook. 1. c. Aleutian Islands to Oregon, Ctts/ck.
C. Mertensiana, Don. Stouter, with rigid ascending stems and fastigiate branches, a
foot or less in height, resembling the next : leaves 1^ or 2 lines long, glabrous, carinate
and not furrowed on the back: pedicels rather short. DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 450.
Andromeda Mertensiana, Bong. Sitk. 152, t. 5. A. cupressina, Hook. Fl. ii. 38. Sitka, &c.,
northern Rocky Mountains, and along the Cascade Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, Cali-
fornia, as far south as Mount Dana.
C. tetragona, Don. Stems ascending, a span or two high, with fastigiate branches :
leaves 1 to 2 lines long, thick, and with a deep furrow on the back, often pubescent when
young: parts of the flower sometimes in fours. Andromeda tetrac/ona, L. ; Fl. Dan. 1. 1030;
Pall. 1. c. t. 73, f. 4 ; Hook. 1. c. & Bot. Mag. t. 3181. Northern Rocky Mountains, and
Cascade Mountains in Oregon, to the arctic regions. (Greenland round to Kamtschatka.)
13. CALiLtjrNA, Salisb. HEATHER, LING. (From -/.allvroj, to brush or
sweep, brooms being made of it ) Grayish-evergreen undershrub, with no scaly
buds, minute opposite leaves imbricated in four ranks on the branches, and very
numerous small flowers in the upper axils, subtended by two or three pairs of
bractlets, the inner scarious. Single species.
C. vulgaris, Salisb. A foot or less high, in broad tufts, more or less whitish-tomentose
or glabrate : branches 4-sided by the imbricated leaves : these minute, 3-sided, grooved on
the back : flowers appearing in summer, crowded on the branchlets, as if spicate or
racemose, commonly secund, rose-colored or sometimes white. Linn. Trans, vi. 317;
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1162 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 297. C. Allantica, Seem. Jour. Bot. iv.
305, t. 53. Erica vulrjaris, L. ; Lam. 111. t. 287; Engl. Bot. t. 1013. Low grounds, Massa-
chusetts, at Tewksbury (T. Dawson) and W. Andover (James Afilcltell); Cape Elizabeth,
Maine (Pickard) ; and less rare in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, &c. (Iceland,
the Azores, N. Eu. to W. Asia.)
EnfcA CINEREA and E. TETRALIX, European Heaths, have been found wild on Nantucket,
Mass., in one or two small patches : singular waifs.
14. BBYANTHUS, Steller, Gmelin. (Bovor, moss, and (irOos, flower,
because growing among mosses.) -- Heath-like fruticulose evergreens (all arctic-
alpine) ; with alternate much crowded linear-obtuse leaves (half an inch or less
in length), articulated with the stem, grooved beneath or margins revolute-thick-
ened. Flowers umbellate or racemose-crowded at the summit of the branches :
the pedicels glandular and bibracteolate at base. Sepals 4 or 5, sometimes 6,
imbricated, persistent. Anthers oblong, opening at top by oblique chinks. Seeds
oval or oblong; the coat close and rather firm. Flowers in summer, from purple
to ochroleucous. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377, & Bot. Calif, i. 456. Bry-
anthus & Phyllodoce, Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 4, 5 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 595.
B. GMELINI, Don, the typical species, and the only one not yet found in America, may be
expected on the American, as it belongs to the opposite, side of Behring Straits. It has the
cluster of few flowers raised on a naked peduncle, and an open 4-parted corolla.
Kalmia. ERICACEAE. 37
1. PARABRYANTHUS. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-cleft or 5-lobed : calyx
glabrous : flower., racemose-clustered : pedicels subtended by foliaceous and rigid
bracts : leaves almost smooth, with strongly revolute thickened margins. Gray,
Bot. Calif. 1. c. Bryanthus, in part, Hook. & Benth. Gen. 1. c. Phyllodoce, in part,
Maxim. 1. c.
B. Breweri, Gray. A span to a foot high, rigid : leaves 3 to 7 lines long : pedicels
numerous, at first shorter than the flowers : corolla rose-purple, almost saucer-shaped,
5-cleft fully to the middle, large for the genus, the spreading lobes 2 lines long : stamens
(7 to 10) and style soon much exserted. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377. Sierra Nevada at
about 10,000 feet. Flowers comparatively large and showy.
B. empetriformis, Gray, 1. c. A span or so high : leaves similar to those of the pre-
ceding, or rough at the margin : pedicels fewer and more umbellate : corolla rose-color,
much smaller (between 2 and 3 lines long), campanulate, barely 5-lobed; the lobes much
shorter than the tube: stamens included: style either included or exserted. Menziesia
empetriformis, Smith in Linn. Trans, x. 280 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 204 ; Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour.
& Bot. Mag. t. 3176 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 40. M. Grahami, Hook. 1. c. Phi/llodoce empetriformia,
Don, Syst. iii. 783. Rocky Mountains from lat. 50 to 42, and Mount Shasta, California
to Vancouver's Island.
Var. intermedius (Menziesia intermedia. Hook. 1. c.), apparently a form with corolla
approaching cylindraceous and sepals rather acute. Northern Rocky Mountains, Drnm-
mond, Li/a/l.
2. PHYLLODOCE. Corolla ovate, contracted at the orifice, 5-toothed : calyx
glandular-pubescent : stamens and style included : pedicels umbellate ; the bract-
lets scarious and bracts thinnish : leaves more scabrous-ciliolate or roughish.
Phyllodoce, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 36; DC. I.e., in part; Benth. & Hook. 1. c.
# Flowers purple, rarely rose-color, 2 to 6 in the umbel, or sometimes solitary.
B. taxif olius, Gray, 1. c. Barely a span high : leaves with acute scabrous-ciliolate
edges: pedicels minutely glandular: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: corolla from
urceolate-oblong to ovoid, glabrous, as are the filaments. Andromeda la.rij ii'in. Pall. Fl.
Ross. ii. 54, t. 72 ; Fl. Dan. t. 57. A. ccerulca, L. Fl. Lapp. t. 1, f. 5, but corolla not blue.
Menziesia caruka, Swartz in Linn. Trans, x. 377, t. 30. Phi/Uodoce taxi folia, Salisb. 1. c. ; DC.
1. c. Alpine mountain summits of New Hampshire and Maine; also Labrador. (Green-
land, N. Eu. to Japan and Kamtschatka.)
Q * * Flowers from white or whitish to sulphur-color.
B. Aleuticus, Gray, 1. c. A span or more high : leaves of the preceding: pedicels (7 to
15) and base of the acutish sepals very glandular: corolla almost globose, glabrous,
whitish: filaments glabrous. Menziesia Aleutica, Spreng. Syst. ii. 202 ; Cham, in Linn,
i. 515; Hook. 1. c. ; not Bong. Phyllodoce Pallas/ana, Don, & DC. 1. c. (as to pi. Cham.,
Andromeda cceruk-a, var. ririd/Jiora, Pall, herb.?); Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. G. Unalaschka
and Alaska. (Kamtschatka to Japan.)
B. glanduliflorus, Gray, 1. c. A span or two high : leaves similar or thicker-edged :
pedicels (3 to 8) and acuminate sepals glandular-hirsute: corolla turgid-ovate, glandular,
sulphur-color : filaments puberulent. Menziesia glanduliflora, Hook. Fl. ii. 40, t. 132. M.
Aleutica, Bong. Sitk. 154, t. 3 (poor), not of Spreng. Rocky Mountains, lat. 49 to 56,
and west to Sitka.
15. KALMIA, L. AMERICAN LAUREL. (Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnaeus,
who travelled in Canada and N. States, and became professor at Abo.) N.
American shrubs and one W. Indian ; with evergreen entire leaves, and umbellate
clustered or rarely scattered showy flowers, either rose-colored, purple, or white :
no scaly leaf-buds nor thin scaly-bracted flower buds ; the bracts ovate to subulate,
coriaceous or firm and persistent. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals, imbricated in
the bud. Limb of the corolla in the bud strongly 10-carinate from the pouches
38 ERICACEAE. Kalmia.
upward, the salient keels running to the apex of the lobes and to the sinuses, the
limb imbricated in the bud. Anthers free and on erect filaments in the early
bud, in the full-grown bud received in the pouches of the corolla, and the fila-
ments bent over as the corolla enlarges, and still more when it expands, straight-
ening elastically and incurving when disengaged, thereby throwing out the pollen :
anther-cells opening by a large pore, sometimes extending into a chink. Stigma
depressed. Capsule globular, o-celled : placentas pendulous or porrect from the
upper part of a small columella. Seeds with a thin and mostly close coat.
1. Flowers in simple or clustered umbels, fascicles, or corymbs : calyx per-
sistent under the capsule : leaves and branches glabrous or nearly so.
*= Inflorescence compound : branchlets terete : capsule depressed, tardily septicidal : seeds oblong.
K. latifolia, L. (LAUREL, CALICO-BUSH, &c.) Widely branching shrub 3 to 10, or in
S. Alleghanies even 30 feet high, with very hard wood : leaves alternate or occasionally
somewhat in pairs or threes, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute or acutish at both ends,
petioled, bright green : inflorescence very viscid-pubescent : flowers produced in early sum-
mer; the corymbose fascicles numerous and crowded in compound terminal corymbs:
corolla rose-color to white, viscid, three-fourths inch in diameter : capsules viscid-glandular ;
the almost closed valves .or pieces generally carrying with them the placentae. Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 175 ; Schk. Handb. t. 110; Michx. f. Sylr. ii. t. 68; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 133,
t. 13. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 98; Trew, Ehrct. t. 38.) Rocky hills or northward in damp
grounds, commonly where wooded, Canada, Maine to Ohio and Tennessee, and chiefly
along the mountains to W. Florida.
K. angustifolia, L. (SHEEP LAUREL, LAMBKILL, WICKY.) Shrub 2 or 3 feet high,
simple : leaves mostly in pairs or threes, oblong, obtuse, petioled, an inch or two long, light
green above, dull or pale beneath : inflorescence lateral from the early growth of the ter-
minal shoot, puberulent, slightly glandular: flowers in early summer, not half as large as
in the foregoing, purple or crimson: capsules not glandular, on recurved pedicels. Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 331. (Catesb. Car. iii. t. 17; Trew, Ehret. t. 18.) Hillsides, Newfoundland
and Hudson's Bay to the upper part of Georgia.
K. CUneata, Michx. Low shrub, somewhat pubescent : leaves oblong with cuneate
base, almost sessile and chiefly alternate, mucronate (an inch long) : inflorescence lateral,
few-flowered, nearly glabrous: sepals ovate, obtuse: corolla white or whitish, one-third
inch in diameter. Fl. i. 257; Nutt. Gen. i. 268; Loud. Arb. fig. 1143. Swamps, eastern
part of N. & S. Carolina (not in the mountains, as said Pursh) : little knpwn.
* * Inflorescence a simple terminal umbel or corymb : branchlets 2-edged : capsule ovoid-globose,
freelv dehiscent from the summit; the valves 2-cleft at apex ; placenta? left on the summit of the
columella: seeds linear, with a loose cellular coat.
K.. glaiica, Ait. Shrub a foot or two high, wholly glabrous, mostly glaucous : leaves all
opposite or rarely in threes, almost sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, or appearing narrower
by the usual strong revolution of the edges, glaucous-white beneath (an inch or less long) :
flowers in spring, lilac-purple, half to two-thirds inch in diameter : bracts large : sepals
ovate, scarious-coriaceous, much imbricated. Hort. Kew. ed. 1, ii. 64, t. 8 ; Sims, Bot.
Mag. 1. 177 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1508. A", polifolia, Wang. Act. Nat. Ber. v. t. 5. Var. rosmarini-
folia, Pursh, is merely a state with very revolute leaves : var. microphylla, Hook. Fl. a small
alpine form, a span high, with leaves barely half inch long. Bogs, Newfoundland and
Hudson's Bay to Pennsylvania, and on the western coast at Sitka, &c., extending down
the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and down the Sierra Nevada to Mt. Dana, California,
in the depauperate alpine form or variety.
2. Flowers mostly scattered and solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves ;
these small and, with the branches and foliaceous sepals, hirsute : capsule shorter
than the calyx : placentae remaining upon the columella : seeds oval or roundish,
and with a close and firmer coat. (The Cuban K. ericoides, with rigid Heath-like
leaves, has inflorescence approaching the first section, and sepals apparently per-
sistent.)
Rhododendron. ERICACEJE. 39
KL. llirsuta, "Walt. About a foot high, branching freely : leaves nearly sessile, plane,
oblong or lanceolate, a quarter to half inch long: flowers scattered and axillary, produced
through the summer, on pedicels longer than the leaves : sepals ovate-lanceolate and leaf-
like,, as long as the rose-purple corolla (this barely half inch in diameter), at length decidu-
ous, leaving the old capsules bare. Bot. Mag. t. 138. A', ciliutu, Bartram, Trav. Low
pine barrens, S. E. Virginia to Florida.
16. MENZIESIA, Smith. (Archibald Menzies, assistant surgeon in Van-
couver's voyage, 1791-95, brought the original species from the N. W. coast.)
Deciduous-leaved shrubs, of N. Am. and Japan; with the foliage of the Azaleas,
but with small and mostly dull-colored 4-merous flowers (the corolla barely lobed,
in ours a quarter inch long, lurid-purplish), developed at the same time as the
leaves, from separate strobilaceous buds, which terminate the branches of the
preceding year ; the pedicels nodding in flower, erect in fruit. Leaves alternate,
membranaceous, glandular-mucronate. Capsule short : placentas attached to the
whole length of the cokimella. Flowers in early summer. Smith, Ic. PL 59 ;
Salisb. Parad. Lond. 44 ; Maxim. Rhod. As. Or. 7.
* Seeds with tail or appendage at each end as long as the nucleus: capsule smooth and naked or
nearly so, inclined to obovate: filaments more or less ciliate below.
M. glabella. Strigose-chaffy scales wanting, or very few on young petioles and midrib
beneath : leaves obovate, mostly obtuse, barely mucronate-tipped, glaucescent and glabrous
or nearly so beneath (an inch or two long), sprinkled with some small appressed hairs
above, the obscurely serrulate margins minutely ciliolate : pedicels naked or somewhat
glandular: corolla ovoid-campanulate. M. rjlolmlaris, Hook. Fl. ii. 41 ; Maxim. Rhod. As.
Or. 1. c., not Salisb. M. ferruginea, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 393. Rocky Mountains,
lat. 49-56 (Drummond, Boiin/eau), thence to Washington Territory and Oregon, Lyall,
To/mie, E. Hall.
* * Seeds merely apiculate or very short-tailed : capsule ovate: filaments glabrous.
M. globularis, Salisb. Straggling or loosely branched shrub 2 to 5 feet high (like the
others), more or less chaffy : leaves obovate-oblong, usually obtuse, prominently glandular-
mucronate, strigose-hirsute especially above, glaucesceut beneath : pedicels glandular :
corolla globular-ovate becoming ovate-campanulate : capsule beset with short gland-tipped
bristles. Pursh, I.e. M. Sm if/iii, Michx. Fl. i. 235. M. ferrurjinea, \ar..(globn!aris), Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 1571 ; Gray, Man. ed. 2 & 3. .17. pilosa, Juss. in Ann. Mus. i. 50. Azalea jii/osa,
Michx. in Lam. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 410. Woods, through the Alleghany Mountains, from
Pennsylvania to Georgia. Most like the preceding, but the seeds very different ; the small
calyx commonly more distinctly 4-lobed. Leaves an inch or two long.
M. f erruginea, Smith. Strigose-chaff not rare on young parts : leaves oblong or lan-
ceolate-obovate, acute or acutish at both ends, prominently glandular-mucronate, more
ciliate with glandular bristles, rusty strigose-hirsute above, merely paler beneath (somewhat
blackening in drying): pedicels bristly-glandular: corolla oblong-ovate and becoming
cylindraceous. Pursh, Fl. i. 264; Hook. 1. c. ; Maxim. I.e. Woods, coast of Oregon
to Alaska and Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka 1 ?)
17. RHODODENDRON, L. ROSE BAY, AZALEA, &c. (The ancient
Greek name, meaning rose-tree.) Shrubs or small trees, of diverse habit
and character, with chiefly alternate entire leaves : the principal divisions have
been received as genera, but they all run together. Only five are N. American
out of the eight subgenera of Maximowicz, Rhod. As. Or. 13. (Rhododendron &
Azalea, L.) The first two subgenera are very anomalous.
1. TIIERORHODION, Maxim. Flowers one or two terminating leafy shoots
of the season ; the thin bud-scales of the shoot deciduous only with the annual
leaves : corolla rotate, divided to the base on the lower side : stamens 10.
40 ERICACEAE. Rhododendron.
R. EUamtschaticum, Pall. A span high : leaves thin and chartaceo-membranaceous,
sessile, obovate, or the upper oval, very obtuse, nervose-veined and reticulated, bristly
ciliate, shining : sepals large and foliaceous, deciduous : corolla rose-purple, deeply 5-clet't,
nearly an inch long : capsule thin. Fl. Ross. i. 48, t. 33 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 43. Rhodothamnus
Kamtsehaticus, Lindl. in Paxt. Fl. Card. i. t. 22. Alaska and Aleutian Islands to North
Japan, &c.
2. AZALEASTRUM, Planchon, Maxim. Inflorescence lateral ; the flowers
from the same bud as the leafy shoot or from separate 1-3-flowered lateral buds
below : scales caducous : leaves deciduous : corolla rotate or approaching cam-
panulate : stamens 5 to 10.
R. albiflorum, Hook. Shrub 2 or 3 feet high, with slender branches, pubescent with
slender strigose or silky and some short glandular hairs when young, nearly glabrous
in age : leaves membranaceous, oblong, pale green : flowers from separate small buds of
the axils of the previous year, nodding on short pedicels : sepals membranaceo-foliaceous,
oval or oblong, half the length of the white 5-cleft corolla, as long as the ovoid capsule :
stamens 10, included: filaments bearded at the base: stigma peltate-5-lobed. Fl. ii. 43,
t. 133, & Bot. Mag. t. 3670 Woods of the northern Rocky Mountains and Oregon to
British Columbia. Corolla less than an inch long.
3. AZALEA, Planehon, Maxim. Inflorescence terminal ; with the umbellate
flowers from a separate strobilaceous bud, terminating the growth of the previous
year, surrounded at the base by lateral and smaller leaf-buds, developing in
spring or early summer ; the thin-scaly bud-scales and bracts caducous or early
deciduous : leaves deciduous, glandular-mucronate : calyx small, sometimes minute :
corolla chiefly funnelform, glandular-viscid outside: stamens (5 to 10) and style
more or less exserted and declined. Azalea, L. chiefly, DC. &c. (with Rhodora,
Duhanael).
# Strobilaceous flower-buds of numerous much imbricated scales: corolla with conspicuous funnel-
form tube, slightly irregular limb, and acute oblong lobes: stamens (chiefly 5) and style long-
exserted. TP.UE AZALEAS.
i Pacific States species: flowers more or less later than the leaves.
R. OCCideiltale, Gray. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high : branches not bristly : leaves obovatc-
oblong, nearly glabrous at maturity, but ciliate, thickish, bright green and shining above
(1 to 3 inches long): lobes of the 5-parted calyx oblong or oval: corolla white or barely
with a rosy tinge and a pale yellow band on the upper lobe, often 2-i inches long : capsule
oblong, three-fourths inch long. Bot. Calif, i. 458. A', calendulaceum, Hook. & Arn. Beech.
302. Azalea occidentalis, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 110. California, western foot-
hills of the Sierra Nevada through the length of the State, and in the coast ranges, along
streams. Fragrance of blossoms sweet, but slightly unpleasant.
+ -i Atlantic States species (commonly called SWAMP HOXEYSITKLES), all from 3 to Id feet
hi"-h and the leaves from obovate to oblong-oblanceolate. Species of Rhododendron, Torr. Fl.
N'.'&M. States (1824), 424.
M- Flowers appearing later than the glabrous leaves, deliciously fragrant.
R. arborescens, Torr. Few strigose or chaffy bristles leaves (fragrant in drying)
merely ciliolate, slightly coriaceous when mature, bright green and shining above, glau-
cescent beneath : corolla white or tinged with rose, fully 2 inches long ; the tube and the
conspicuous narrow-oblong calyx-lobes sparsely glandular-bristly : stamens and style red.
Fl, N. & M. States, 425. Azalea arborescens, Pursh, Fl. i. 152; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 268.
A. frarjrans, Raf. Ann. Nat. 12. Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania to North Carolina.
Foliage exhales the odor of Anthoxanthum in drying.
R. viscosum, Torr. Branchlets and midrib of the leaves beneath more or less chaffy-
Viristlv : leaves more ciliate, an inch or two long, dull or hardly shining above, pale be-
neath : calyx very small : corolla white, or with a rosy tinge, sometimes varying to reddish,
the outside very glandular-viscid. Fl. N. & M. States, 1. c., & Fl. N. V. i. 439, t. GO.
Azalta viscosa, L. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 57); Michx. Fl. i. 150; Emerson, Mass. Rep. ed. 2,
Rhododendron. ERICACEAE. 41
t. 24. Swamps, Canada and Maine to Florida and Arkansas. Runs into manifold vari-
eties ; the following being those most marked :
Var. glaucum. Leaves glaucous-whitened beneath, dull and sometimes glaucous
above also. Azalea viscosa, var. glauca, Michx. 1. c. A. glauca, Lam. 111. t. 110. R. glau-
cum, Don, 1. c. Form more strigose-hispid is A. hispida, Pursh, 1. c. (R. hispidum, Torr. 1. c.)
A. scabra, Loddiges, &c. New England to Virginia.
Var. nitidum. Leaves oblanceolate, brighter green both sides : stems a foot to a
yard high. /?, nitidum, Torr. 1. c. Azalea nitida, Pursh, 1. c. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 414.
Mountains, New York to Virginia.
.H. ++ Flowers earlier and less fragrant, preceding or accompanying the leaves ; these soft-pnbo-
cent beneath and more membranaceous, 1 to 3 inches long; the midrib and the branchlets either
slightly or not at all chaffy-strigose or hispid: calyx usually very small.
R. nudiflorum, Torr. 1. c. Corolla from light rose-color or flesh-color to rose-purple;
the viscid tube as long as or rather longer than the limb. Azalea nudiflora, L. Spec,
ed. 2, 214; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 180; Emerson, 1. c. t. 24. A. hitea, L. Spec. ed. 1. A. peri-
dymenoides & A. canescens, Michx. 1. c. A. bicolor, Pursh, 1. c. Rhododendron canescens, bicolor,
&c., Don, 1. c. Swamps, low grounds, or shaded hillsides, Canada to Florida and Texas.
Varying much in color, &c., at the south sometimes passing into yellow. Many hybrid
forms are in cultivation.
R. calendulaceum, Torr. 1. c. Corolla from orange-yellow to flame-red ; the tube
mostly hirsute-glandular, shorter than the ample limb: mature leaves more tomentose
beneath. Azalea calendulacea, Michx. Fl. i. 151; Pursh, I.e.; Bot. Mag. t. 1721, 2143. -
Woods in the Alleghany Mountains, from Pennsylvania to Georgia, extending southward
into the middle country.
# * Strobilaceous flower-buds of fewer and early caducous scales: corolla irregular, with a short
or hardly any tube, anteriorly divided to the base; the limb equalling the 10 stamens and style.
lihudora, Duhamel, in Linn. Gen.
R. Rhodora, Don. A foot or two high, the young parts sparingly strigose-hairy :
flowers somewhat preceding the leaves, short-pcdicelled : calyx very small : corolla less
than an inch long, purplish-rose-color, bilabiately parted or divided; the posterior lip
3-lobed ; the anterior of two oblong-linear and recurving nearly or quite distinct petals :
leaves oblong, pale, glaucescent, more or less pubescent. Syst. iii. 848 ; Maxim. 1. c.
Rhodora Canadensls, L. ; L'Her. Stirp. i. 101, t. 08 ; Lam. 111. t. 304; Bot. Mag. t. 474;
Duham. Arb. ed. nov. iii. 53; Emerson, I.e. t. 25. Rftodora congesta, Mcench. Rhodo-
dendron pulcliellum, Salisb. Cool bogs, New England to mountains of Pennsylvania and
northward to Newfoundland : fl. May. Mature leaves 1 to 2 inches long, glandular-
mucronulate. Flowers rarely white, sometimes variably or variously cleft or divided, or
the lower petals more united to the upper lip.
4. EURHOUODENDRON. Inflorescence terminal ; the umbellate or somewhat
corymbose flowers from a separate strobilaceous bud (of mostly numerous and
well-imbricated caducous scales), terminating the growth of the previous year;
the leaf-buds lateral and below : leaves coriaceous and persistent : calyx various,
usually small or minute : corolla mostly 5-lobed and little irregular : stamens
(commonly 10) and style rarely exserted, somewhat declined, or sometimes equally
spreading: flowers mostly large and showy, in early summer. -- Eurhododendron
& Osmothamnus (DC.), Maxim. 1. c.
# Not lepidote, glabrous or soon becoming so: the pubescence of young parts (if any) scurfy-
tomentose and deciduous: leaves ample and thick-coriaceous: steins and branches stout and
erect: flowers many in the cluster, mostly developing earlier than the leaf-buds: seeds scobiform
or scarious-appendaged at one or both ends.
4 Pacific species : pedicels wholly glabrous : calyx lobes very short and rounded.
R. Calif ornicum, Hook. Shrub 3 to 8 feet high, glabrous : leaves broadly oblong,
3 to inches long, obtuse with a mucronate or short-acuminate point, acute or acutish at
base: corolla rose-purple, broadly campanulate (over an inch long); the broad lobes un-
dulate: ovary rusty-hirsute. Bot. Mag. t. 4803 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 458. -- Woods,
California from Mendocino Co. extending into Oregon (E. Hall). Corolla much resem-
bling that of R. Catatcbiense.
42 ERICACE^I. Rhododendron.
R. macrophyllum, Don. Shrub 10 to 15 feet high : leaves oblong, acute at both ends,
5 to 8 inches in length, thinnish : corolla white, less than an inch long ; its lobes oblong :
ovary bristly hirsute. Syst. iii. 843 ; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 382. R. maximum, Hook.
Fl. ii. 43, excl. syn. &c. Woods, Puget Sound to Washington Territory. A little known
species.
-1 ) Atlantic States species : pedicels glandular or pubescent.
R. maximum, L. (GREAT LAUREL or ROSE BAY.) Shrub or small tree 6 to 35 feet
high : leaves elongated- or lanceolate-oblong, acute or short-pointed, narrowed toward the
mostly acute base, 4 to 10 inches long, commonly whitish beneath : pedicels viscid : calyx-
lobes oval, equalling the glandular ovary : corolla pale rose-color or nearly white, greenish
in the throat on upper side and with some yellowish or reddish spots, campanulate, an inch
long, rather deeply 5-cleft into oval lobes: capsule short. Catesb. Car. iii. t. 17 ; Lam.
111. t. 364 ; Bot. Mag. t. 951 ; Michx. f. Sylv. i. t. 67 ; Bigel. Med. Bot. iii. t. 51. R. /;/-
pureuin & R. Ptirshii, Don, 1. c. (varying in color of flower, &c.). Damp woods, rare in
Nova Scotia, New England and bordering part of Canada, common through the Alle-
ghanies on steep banks of streams, &c., New York to Georgia. Flowering toward mid-
summer, simultaneously with the growth of the leafy shoots.
R. Catawbiense, Michx. Shrub 3 to 6 (rarely 20) feet high : leaves oval or broadly
oblong, mostly obtuse or rounded at both ends, 3 to 5 inches long : pedicels rusty-pubescent
when young, glabrous in age : calyx and its lobes very short : ovary oblong, rusty-pubes-
cent : corolla lilac-purple, broadly campanulate, an inch and a half high, with broad
roundish lobes: capsule narrowly oblong. Fl. i. 258 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1671. Higher moun-
tains, Virginia to Georgia : fl. at beginning of summer. Largely hybridized with other
species, and varied in cultivation.
* * Lepidote-dotted or scurfy with scattered peltate scales: stems mostly spreading or diffuse:
flowers fewer or few in the umbel : seeds (in ours and in most species) with a close coat, barely
apiculate at either end !
-i Southern species: stems 3 to fi feet high, with slender and often recurving branches: even the
outside of the short-funnelform corolla sprinkled with the resinous globules or dots: stamens
10: flower-buds ovate or oblong and well imbricated.
R. punctatum, Andr. Diffuse, the slender branches recurved or spreading: leaves
lighter green and thinner-coriaceous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, acute or somewhat acu-
minate at both ends, 2 to 5 inches long : flowers developed later than or with the leaves of
the season (in early summer), copious : corolla rose-color, an inch long, short-funnelform
with an ample widely expanded limb and rounded-obovate slightly undulate lobes, ex-
ceeding the stamens and style: capsule resinous-dotted: seeds oval. Bot. Rep. t. 3(5 ;
Vent. Cels. t. 15; Bot. Reg. t. 37. R. minus, Michx. Fl. i. 258. Eastern portion of the
Alleghany Mountains from N. Carolina to Georgia, and extending to the eastern frontier
of the latter State on the Savannah River at Augusta. Corolla often darker-spotted and
greenish in the throat.
R. Chapmanii. More erect and rigid : leaves firm-coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse,
seldom an inch and a half long, duller, more crowded, short-petioled : flowers developed
earlier than the leafy shoots of the season : corolla rose-color, spotted within, more nar-
rowly funnelform ; the tube longer than the limb; lobes somewhat ovate, shorter than the
stamens and style : seeds narrowly oblong. R. punctatum, var., Chapm. Fl. 26G. Sandy
pine barrens, W. Florida, Chapman.
-i -i Arctic-alpine species, small and depressed: corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, not
lepidote or resinous-dotted : stamens 5 to 10 : flower-buds globular and less imbricated.
R. Lapponicum, W^ahl. Divergently branched from the base, prostrate or a span
or two high : leaves a quarter to half an inch long, firm-coriaceous, oval or oblong, obtuse :
umbels 3-6-flowered : corolla purple, with darker spots within, half inch long : stamens
5 to 8, rarely 10. Fl. Suec. 249; DC. Prodr. vii. 724; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3106. Azalea
Lapponica, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. 906. Alpine region of the mountains of N. New York and
New England, Labrador to the northern Rocky Mountains and arctic coast, west to Norton
Sound and Unalaschka (Eschscholtz). (Greenland to Arct. Asia.) R. pan- i folium, Adams
(Azalea Lapponica, Pall.), or at least the N. W. American form referred to it by Maximo-
wicz, seems hardly different; and all the American and Greenland specimens have the
filaments bearded or pubescent at base.
Leiophyllum. ERICACEAE. 43
18. LEDUM, L. LABRADOR TEA. (sfijdov, ancient name of the
Low shrubs, with alternate persistent leaves entire and more or less resinous
dotted, slightly fragrant when bruised. Flowers white, developed in early sum-
mer from separate and mostly terminal buds, their scales and bracts well imbri-
cated, thin and caducous. Stamens and the (persistent) style fully as long as the
petals. Stigma obscurely annulate. Pedicels slender, recurved in fruit. We have
all the species.
* Leaves densely tomentose beneath, the wool soon ferrugineous, and the margins strongly revo-
lute : inflorescence all terminal.
L. palustre, L. A span (in the arctic form) to 2 feet high : leaves linear (half to inch and
a half long): stamens 10: capsule short oval. Fl. Dan. t. 1031; Lotld. Cab. t. 560.-
Bogs, Newfoundland, Labrador, and through the arctic regions to Alaska and Aleutian
Islands. (N. Eu. & Asia.)
Var. dilatatum, Wahl. : approaching the next, having broader leaves and some-
times long-oval capsules. N. W. Coast, Sitka, &c.
L. latifolium, Ait. A foot to a yard high, erect: leaves oblong or linear-oblong (an
inch or two long), commonly half inch wide, very obtuse: stamens 5 to 7 : capsule oblong,
acutish. Lam. 111. t. 363; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 464. L. Grvcnlanilicum,Iletz. Scand. L.jiulustre,
var. latifolium, Michx., &c. L. Catiadeiise, Lodd. Cab. t. 1049. Newfoundland and Lab-
rador (Greenland), through the wooded regions to Puget Sound, and south in the Atlantic
States to Wisconsin and Pennsylvania.
* * Leaves glabrous both sides: inflorescence sometimes also lateral. Ledodentlrun, Nutt.
L. glandulosum, Nutt. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, stout: leaves oblong or oval, or ap-
proaching lanceolate (one or two inches long), pale or whitish and minutely resinous-
atomiferous beneath : inflorescence often compound and crowded : calyx 5-parted : capsules
oval, retuse. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 270; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 450. Woods
and swamps, coast of California from Mendocino Co. northward, and through the Sierra
Nevada ; thence north and east to Br. Columbia and northern Rocky Mountains.
19. BEJARIA, Mutis. (Written Befaria by the younger Linnaeus, &c.,
but originally "Bejaria, Mutis, ex Zea, Annal." iii. 151. Zea was a pupil of
Mutis, and he declares that the name was given in honor of Bejar, professor of
Botany at Cadiz, and an intimate friend of Mutis.) All but the following species
tropical American.
B. racemosa, Vent. Shrub 3 or 4 feet high, evergreen : branches sparsely hispid : leaves
alternate, sessile, oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, pale : flowers in pedunculate and sometimes
paniculate naked racemes terminating leafy branches : bracts and bractlets subulate, de-
ciduous : calyx obtusely 7-lobed: petals spatulate, white tinged with red, an inch long.
Hort. Cels, t. 51 ; Ell. Sk. i. 533. Befaria paniculata, Michx. Fl. i. 280, t. 26. Pine barrens,
Florida and Georgia near the coast : fl. summer.
20. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. SAND MYRTLE, (shtog, smooth, yvllov,
leaf, from the smooth and shining foliage.) A single species, varying consider-
ably : flowering late in spring ; the coriaceous scales or bracts resembling reduced
leaves.
L. buxifolium, Ell. Shrub resembling Dwarf Box in miniature, a span or two high,
very glabrous, much branched, thickly leafy : leaves alternate or opposite, oblong or oval,
veinless, a fourth to half inch long, slightly petioled : flowers profuse, in terminal umbelli-
form corymbs : corolla white or rose-color (3 or 4 lines broad) : anthers brown or purple.
L. buxifolium & L. serpi/Uifolium, DC. Prodr. vii. 730. L. t/u/mifo/iinn, Don, Syst. iii. 851.
Ledum buxifolium, Berg, in Act. Ups. 1777, t. 3, f. 1 ; Michx. Fl. i. 260 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 52.
L. thi/mifolium, Lam. 111. t. 363. Dendrium buxifolium, Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 36. Ammi/rsme
buxifolia, Pursh ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 531. Fischera buxifolia, Swartz in Act. Mosc. v. 16.-
Sandy pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida, and the mountains of Carolina. The state
44 ERICACEAE. Loiseleuria.
(L. serpyttifolium,T)C.) with "capsules sparsely puberulent " or often granulate-roughish
is chiefly southern, and on the mountains passes into
Var. prostratum. Depressed-tufted, with the habit of Loiseleuria : leaves mostly
oval and deeper green : capsules from smooth and nearly even to sparsely muricate with
soft projecting points or processes. (Gray, in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlii. 36.) L. prostratum,
Loud. Arb. 1155 ; DC. 1. c. Summit of Roan Mountain, and of other high mountains of .
Carolina.
21. LOISELEtJRIA, Desv. (Loiseleur-Delongchamps, a French botanist.)
A single, arctic-alpiue species, which was included by Linnaeus in Azalea, but
is most unlike.
L. procumbens, Desv. Fruticulose and cespitose, depressed, glabrous, evergreen :
leaves nearly all opposite, rather crowded on the branches, distinctly petioled, oval or
oblong, thick-coriaceous, veinless, 2 to 4 lines long, with thick midrib beneath and revolute
margins : umbel 2-5-flowered from a terminal coriaceo-foliaceous bud ; the scales or bracts
persistent : pedicels short : corolla rose-color or white (2 lines high), barely twice the length
of the purplish sepals. Jour. Bot. i. 35 ; DC. Frodr. 1. c. Azalea procumbens, L. Spec. &
PL Lapp. t. 6, f. 2; PL Dan. t. 9; Pall. PL Ross. t. 70, f. 2; Pursh, PL i. 154 (excl. pi.
Grandfather Mt., which is LeiopJiyllum) ; Lodd. Cab. t. 762. Chamcvledon procumbens, Link,
Euum. i. 211. Alpine region of White Mountains, New Hampshire ; also Labrador, Arctic
America to high N. W. coast and islands. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.)
22. ELLlOTTIA, Muhl. (Dedicated to Stephen Elliott, author of Sketch
of the Botany of S. Carolina and Georgia.) Identified with a Japanese genus,
Tripcialeia, Sieb. & Zucc., forming a rather polymorphous but marked genus of
three species and as many sections, as arranged in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 598.
E. racemosa, Muhl. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, glabrous, with slender branches : leaves
sliort-petioled, oblong, mostly acute at both ends, about 2 inches long, mucronate with a gland,
thinnish, pale beneath, lightly veiny : raceme or racemose panicle loosely many-flowered, a
span to a foot long : bracts and bractlets minute, scarious, very caducous : calyx very
short, 4-lobed : corolla white, half inch long ; the petals 4, spatulate-linear, valvate or
nearly so at base and imbricated at summit in the bud, in blossom recurved-spreading :
stamens 8: anthers somewhat sagittate, erect; the cells callous-mucronate : style little
declined, incurved at apex: ovary not stipitate. (Parts of the flower rarely in fives ?)
Muhl. in Ell. Sk. i. 448 ; Chapm. PL 273 ; Baill. Adans. i. 205. Wet sandy woods, on or
near the Savannah River, at Wayncsboro' (Elliott), and near Augusta ( Wrai/, and recently
Berckmans) in Georgia ; and on the S. Carolina side of the river near Hamburg, on David
L. Adams' place (0/ney, 1853) : rare and local : fl. early summer. Fruit still unknown.
23. CLADOTHAMNUS, Bong. (KJnido^, branch, and da^vn^ bush.) -
Bong. Veg. Sitk. 37, t. 1 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 51)8. Tolmiea, Hook. Fl. ii.
44. A single species.
C. pyroleeflorus, Bong. Tall shrub with many virgate branches, glabrous, leafy :
leaves obovate-lanceolate, glandular-mucronulate, almost sessile, thin, an inch or so long,
pale: flower nodding on a short pedicel: petals reddish, hardly half inch long. DC.
Prodr. vii. 722. Tolmiea occidentalis, Hook. 1. c. Low woods, Washington Territory to
Alaska.
24. CLETHRA, Gronov. WHITE ALDER. (Klifloa, ancient Greek name
of the Alder, which the original species somewhat resembles in foliage.) Shrubs
or small trees ; with alternate leaves, in ours serrate and deciduous, and white
flowers in simple or panicled chiefly terminal racemes ; these usually canescent
with a stellate pubescence. Bracts subulate, deciduous : bractlets none or ca-
ducous. Leaf-buds of few scales or naked. Capsule in ours nearly enclosed in
Chimapldla. EUICACE.E. 45
the calyx. Petals imbricated (or sometimes nearly convolute) in the bud. Fila-
ments usually subulate : anthers fixed near the middle, in the bud extrorse, after
expansion becoming iutrorse. Stigmas over the cells according to Baillon, Adans.
i. 201. Fl. summer.
C. alnifolia, L. (SWEET PEPPERRUSII.) Shrub 3 to 10 feet high: leaves cuneate-obovate
or oblong, sharply serrate, entire toward the base, prominently straight-veined, short-petioled :
racemes erect, mostly panicled : filaments glabrous : tiowers spicy -fragrant. Lam. 111.
t. 300; Schk. Handb. t. 118; Michx. Fl. i. 200. ( Alnifolia Americana, &c., Pluk. Aim. t, 115,
f. 1 ; Catesb. Car. 1, t. 00.) C. deiitala, Ait. Kew. cd. 1, ii. 73, with strongly serrate leaves.
C. panicu/ata, Ait. 1. c., with less toothed cuneate-lanceolate leaves green and glabrous both
sides. C. scabra, Pers. Syn. i. 482, with leaves somewhat scabrous above and more or less
pubescent beneath, as is common. Wet woods and swamps, Maine to Florida, at the
north only along the coast.
Var. tomentosa, Michx., I.e. More or less hoary : leaves tomentose-canescent
beneath. C. tomentosa, Lam. Diet. ii. 40 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3743. C. incana, Pers. 1. c.
C. pubescens, Willcl. Enum. 455. S. Atlantic States, passing into the other forms.
C. acuminata, Michx. Tall shrub or small tree : leaves ample (3 to 7 inches long),
oval or oblong, acuminate, closely and sharply serrate almost to the base, with somewhat
curved veins and rather long petioles, almost glabrous : racemes mostly solitary, nodding :
caducous bracts longer than the flowers : filaments hirsute, usually also the base of the
petals within the capsule hirsute. Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 71 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1427.
C. montana, Bartram ; Duham. Arb. ed. nov. v. 130. Woods of the Alleghanies, Virginia
to Georgia.
25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. PIPSISSEWA, &c. (Composed of i^pa, winter,
and cpih'w, to love, being a sort of " Wintergreen.") Low, with running lignes-
cent stolons, thick and shining toothed leaves either scattered or often imperfectly
opposite or verticillate on the short ascending stems, narrowish : a few flesh-
colored or white fragrant waxy-looking flowers on a terminal naked peduncle,
produced in early summer. Petioles short. Calyx 5-parted. Cells of the anther
oblong, with a short narrow neck under the orifice, imperfectly 2-locellate, at
least when young. Stigma very broad, obscurely o -radiate. Bracts scaly. We
have all the species, except one in Japan, near C. Menziesii.
C. umbellata, Nutt. (PIPSISSEWA, PRINCE'S PINE.) A span or two high, very leafy
in irregular clusters or whorls, often branched : leaves cuneate-lanceolate, with tapering
base, sharply serrate, not spotted, shining : peduncle 4-7-flowered : bracts narrow, de-
ciduous : filaments hairy on the margins only. Bart. Mat. Med. i. t. 1; Hook. Fl. i. 49.
C. cori/mbosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 300. Pi/mla uniMlata, L. ; Lam. 111. t. 307 ; Fl. Dan. t. 1336 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 778; Bigel. Med. Bot. t. 21. P. corymliosa, Bertol. Misc. iii. 12, t. 3. Dry and
especially coniferous woods, Canada to Georgia, west to the Pacific from Br. Columbia to
California. (Mex., Eu., Japan.)
C. Menziesii, Spreng. A span high, sparingly branched from the base: leaves from
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at both ends, small (0 to 18 lines long), sharply serrulate,
the upper surface often mottled with white: peduncle 1-3-flowered: bracts ovate or
roundish : filaments slender, with a round dilated portion in the middle villous : flowers
smaller, about half inch in diameter. Syst. ii. 317; Hook. 1. c. t. 138; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 459. Pi/roln Menziesii, R. Br. ; Don in Wern. Trans, v. 245. Coniferous woods, British
Columbia to California.
C. maculata, Pursh, 1. c. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.) A span or more in height, more
simple : leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at base (an inch or two long), sparsely
and very sharply serrate ; the upper surface variegated with white : peduncle 2-5-flowered :
bracts linear-subulate : filaments villous in the middle : flower comparatively large, three-
fourths inch in diameter. Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 40, t. 11 ; Radius, Diss. Pyr. t. 5, f. 2;
Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1, t. 70. Pi/roln maculata, L. ; Bot. Mag. t. 897. Dry woods, Canada to
Georgia and Mississippi.
46 ERICACEAE. Monescs.
26. MONESES, Salisb. (Formed of povog, single, and j'ffij,', delight, from
the solitary handsome flower.) Cells of the anther oblong, abruptly constricted
under the orifice into a conspicuous short-tubular neck, in the bud completely
bilocellate, so that the anther appears equally 4-lobed. Capsule not depressed,
opening from above downward. A single species.
M. uniflora, Gray. Herb with 1-flowered scape 2 to 4 inches high, a cluster of roundish
and serrulate thin leaves at base, on a short stem or the ascending summit of a filiform
rootstock : corolla white or tinged rose-color, about two thirds inch in diameter (in early
summer). Gray, Man. ed. 1, 273; Alefeld in Linn, xxviii. 72. Al. grandijftora, Salisb., Don,
1. c. Pi/ro/a uniflora, L. ; Fl. Dan. t. 8 ; Engl. Bot. 1. 146 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 1156.
M. reticulata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. viii. 271. Deep moist woods, Labrador
to Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, &c., and along the mountains to Colorado, Utah, &c.,
north to the arctic regions. (Eu. to N. E. Asia.)
r
27. PYROLA, Tourn. WINTERGREEN, SHIN-LEAP. (Name said to be a
diminutive of Pyrus, Pear-tree.) Acaulescent herbaceous evergreens ; with a
cluster of round or roundish leaves, and some scarious scales on the ascending
summit of slender subterranean rootstocks (one species leafless) : scape more or
less scaly-bracted, bearing a raceme of white, greenish, or purplish nodding
flowers, in summer. (Almost all N. American). Pijrola (Actinocyclus, Klotzsch),
Amelia, & T/ielaia, Alefeld in Linn, xxviii. 8.
1. AMELIA, Beuth. & Hook. Style straight and short: stigma peltate, large,
obscurely 5-lobed : stamens equally connivent around the pistil : anthers not nar-
rowed below the openings : hypogynous disk none : petals orbicular, naked at
the base, globose-connivent. Amelia, Alefeld, 1. c. (P. media, of the Old World,
connects with Thelaia.)
P. minor, L. Leaves orbicular, thinnish, obscurely serrulate or crenulate, an inch or less
long: scape a span high, 7-15-flowered : pedicels short, rather crowded : style much shorter
than the ovary, included in the globose white or flesh-colored corolla. Fl. Dan. t. 55;
Radius, Diss. Pyrol. 15, 1. 1 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. 1. 1155. P. rosea, Smith, Engl. Bot.
t. 2543 ; Radius, 1. c. t. 2. Amelia minor, Alefeld, I.e. Cold woods, Labrador, White Moun-
tains of New Hampshire, Lake Superior, Rocky Mountains from New Mexico, Oregon,
and northward to the arctic regions. (Greenland to Kamtschatka.)
2. EUPYROLA. Style straight and long : stigma peltate-5-lobed, large ; the
lobes at length radiately much projecting beyond the ring or border : stamens and
oblong petals equally connivent around the pistil : a pair of tubercles on the base
of each petal: anthers as in the preceding: hypogynous disk 10-lobed. Pyrola,
Alefeld. Actinocyclus, Klotzsch.
P. secunda, L. Inclined to be caulescent from a branching base : leaves thin, ovate,
serrulate or crenate, an inch or two long : scape a span long : flowers numerous in a secund
spike-like raceme : pedicels at first merely spreading, in fruit recurved : petals greenish-
white, campamilate-eonnivent. Fl. Dan. t. 402 ; Engl. Bot. t. 517. Rich woods, North-
ern Atlantic States to Labrador, and the mountains of Colorado and California, thence far
northward. (Mex., N. Eu. to Japan.)
Var. pu.mi.la, a smaller form, with rounded leaves half inch or little more in diameter,
and 3-8-flowered scape. J. A. Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida Co., N. Y. ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 302.-
Peat bogs of elevated regions in Central New York; also Labrador, Alaska, &c. (Green-
land.)
3. THEL^IA, Benth. & Hook. Style strongly declined or decurved and
toward the apex more or less curved upward, longer (or becoming longer) than
the concave somewhat campanulate-connivent or partly spreading petals : stigma
Pyrola. ERICACEAE. 47
much narrower than the truncate and usually excavated apex of the style, which
forms a ring or collar ; its 5 lobes at first very short and even included, in age
commonly protruding, connivent or more, or less concreted : stamens declined-
ascending: anthers more or less contracted under the terminal orifices, so as usu-
ally to form a neck or short prolongation, the other extremity with either a promi-
nent or often an obsolete mucro : hypogynous disk none. Thelaia, Alefeld, 1. c.
* Anomalous, perhaps monstrous : petals and leaves acute : flowers ascending.
P. oxypetala, C. P. Austin. Leaves ovate, coriaceous, an inch or less in length and
shorter than the petiole : scape 7 or 8 inches high, naked, 7-9-flowered : calyx-lobes tri-
angular-ovate, acute, short : petals greenish, lanceolate-oblong, acuminate (nearly 3 lines
long), campanulate-connivent : stamens slightly declined : anthers remaining extrorse,
obscurely produced at the openings, the other end conspicuously 1-mucronate : style
slightly curved; lobes of the stigma not projecting. Gray, Man. ed. 5,302. Delaware
Co., New York, on a wooded hill near Deposit, C. F. Austin, I860. Not since found.
* # Leaves orbicular, oval, or oblong: petals from orbicular to oblong, very obtuse.
-I Calyx-lobes very short and obtuse or rounded, appressed to the greenish-white corolla.
P. Chlorantha, Swartz. Leaves small (half to an inch in diameter), orbicular or nearly
so, coriaceous, not shining, shorter than the petiole : scape 4 to 8 inches high, 3-10-flowered :
anther-cells with distinctly beaked tips. Act. Holm. 1810, 190, t. 5 ; Nutt. Gen. i. 273 ;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1542 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 40, t. 134. P. asanfolia, Radius, Diss. 23, t. 4 ; Torr.
Fl. N. & M. St. i. 433, not Miclix. Rather dry woods, Labrador to Pennsylvania, Rocky
Mountains in Colorado, California 1 to Br. Columbia, and north to subarctic regions.
(Eu., N. Asia ?) The E. Asian species allied to this is P. renifolia, Maxim.
Var. OCCidentalis. Leaves thinner and inclined to ovate. P. occidentalis, R. Br. in
herb. Banks ; Don in Wern. Trans, v. 232. Thelaia occidentalis, Alefeld, 1. c. 30, t. 1, f. 6
(excl. stamens, which apparently belong to P. secunda, var. minor ?). Alaska to Kotzebue's
Sound, Nelson, &c. Rocky Mountains, Bouri/ean.
+ t Calyx-lobes ovate and acute, short: leaves membranaceous, longer than their petioles.
P. elliptica, Nutt. Leaves oval or broadly oblong, 14- to 2-i- inches long, acute or merely
roundish at base, plicately serrulate : scape a span or more high, loosely several-many-
flowered : corolla greenish white: anther-tips hardly at all beaked. Gen. i. 273 ; Radius,
1. c. t. 5, f. 1 ; Hook. 1. c. 47, t. 135. P. rotund (folia, Michx. in part. Thelaia elliptica, Ale-
feld, 1. c. 47, t. 1, f. 5. Rich woods, Canada to Br. Columbia, and through the N. Atlantic
States to the mountains of New Mexico. (Japan.)
-i -i -f Calyx-lobes from ovate and acute to lanceolate: leaves coriaceous.
P. rotundifolia, L. Leaves generally orbicular or broadly oval, 1| to 2 inches long,
obscurely crenulate or entire, shining above, mostly shorter than the slender petioles :
scape a span to a foot high, several-many -flowered, scaly-bracteate : bracts lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate : calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, lax or with spreading tips,
usually half or one third the length of the white or sometimes flesh-colored petals : anthers
with oblong cells contracted into a very short neck under the orifice ; the mucro at base
either short and distinct or obsolete. Lam. 111. t. 307, f. 1 ; Engl. Bot. t. 213 ; Schk. Handb.
t. 119; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 259, ed. 5, 301. Thelaia rotundifolia, asari folia, bradeosa, inter-
media, & grandiflora, Alefeld, 1. c. Sandy or dry woods, from upper Georgia, New Mexico,
and California to the arctic regions. (Eu. to Kamtschatka.) With the following varieties
or forms, all but the last of which pass into each other freely.
Var. incarnata, DC. A rather small form : flowers from flesh-color to rose-purple :
calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate. Coldwoods and bogs, Northern New England to the
Aleutian Islands.
Var. asarifolia, Hook. Leaves round-reniform, orbicular-subcordate, or inclined to
oblate-orbicular : scape slender : calyx-lobes from ovate-lanceolate to ovate, one third to
one fourth the length of the flesh-colored or rose-colored or rarely white petals. Fl. ii.
46. P. asarifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 251, in part ; DC. Prodr. vii. 773 (excl. syn. Bigel., Torr.,
Nutt., & Muhl.) ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 272. Not uncommon northward and westward to the
Rocky Mountains.
48 ERICACEAE. Pyrola.
Var. uliginosa, Gray. Calyx-lobes shorter, usually broadly ovate, sometimes ob-
tuse : leaves from subcordate to obovate, generally dull : flowers rose-colored or purple.
Man. ed. 2, 259. P. uliyinosa, Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 452, t. 69. P. oboi-ata, Bertol. Misc. iii. 11, t. 2.
Cold bogs, northward nearly across the continent : distinguished from the preceding with
reddish flowers only by shorter and broader calyx, and leaves seldom with a sinus at base.
Var. bracteata, Gray. Like the preceding forms, but larger : leaves commonly
2 or 3 inches long and thinnish, sometimes variegated with whitish bands : scape often a
foot or more high ; the scaly bracts large and conspicuous : anthers (as in all these forms,
but especially in this) distinctly mucronate at base: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, commonly half the length of the rose-colored or purplish petals.
Bot. Calif, i. 460. P. bracteata, Hook. 1. c. P. elata & bracteata, Nutt. 1. c. 270. Conifer-
ous woods of California to Br. Columbia ; the prevailing or exclusive form.
Var. pumila, Hook. 1. c. A remarkable low variety : leaves firm-coriaceous, an
inch or much less in diameter : scape 3 or 4 inches high, 5-10-ftowered : flowers propor-
tionally large, white : calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate or linear-oblong. P. Grcenlandica,
Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1817. P. r/randiflora, Radius, I.e. 27, t. 3; Alefeld, I.e. t. 2, f. 12.
P. rotundifolia, var. f/randijiora, DC. 1. c. Labrador to Mackenzie River along the arctic
coast. (Greenland.)
P. picta, Smith. Leaves firm-coriaceous, dull, commonly veined or blotched with white
above, pale or sometimes purplish beneath (1 to 24- inches long), from broadly ovate to
spatulate or narrowly oblong, all longer than the petiole ; the margins quite entire, or
rarely remotely denticulate : rootstocks rigid and often branched or clustered : scapes a
span or more high, 7-15-flowered : bracts few and short : calyx-lobes ovate, not half the
length of the greenish-white petals : cells of the anther with a distinct neck or beak below
the orifice. Rees Cycl. ; Don, 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 47 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 460. P. dfiitata,
Smith, 1. c. ; Hook. 1. c. t. 136 ; a common form with narrow and erect leaves, remotely but
seldom strongly denticulate. Thelaia sjialhulala, Alefeld, 1. c. Nootka Sound to California,
and east to Wyoming and S. Utah. In the drier regions often very small-leaved.
* * * Leafless, from deep scaly-toothed branching rootstocks, doubtless parasitic.
P. aphylla, Smith. Scapes a span to a foot high, subulate-bracteate, reddish or lurid :
raceme several-many-flowered: calyx-lobes ovate, acute, very much shorter than the ob-
ovate white petals : anthers tubular-beaked under the orifice of the cells : deflexed style
almost straight. Hook. Fl. ii. 48, t. 137; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 461.-- Thelaia aplujlla, Ale-
feld, 1. c. Coniferous woods, California to Puget Sound. According to Nuttall, there are
sometimes, " on infertile shoots, a few small, ovate or lanceolate, greenish leaves." These
not since seen ; but there is such a form of the preceding species.
28. ALL6TROPA, Torr. & Gray. (A).loTQonog, in another manner, the
flowers not turned to one side as in Monotropa.) A single species, connecting
the PyrolecK with the Monotropece.
A. virgata, Torr. & Gray. Herb reddish or whitish, rather fleshy, a span or two high :
simple erect stem thicker at base, there densely and above more sparsely scaly : lower scales
ovate ; upper lanceolate, passing into linear bracts of the virgate many-flowered spike :
flowers 2-bracteolate. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 81, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 368, & Bot. Calif.
i. 461; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 385. Under oaks, &c., Cascade Mountains, Washington
Terr., to the Sierra Nevada, California.
29. PTER6SPORA, Nutt. PINE-DROPS. (From mtQW, wing, and
a, seed, alluding to the remarkable wing of the seed.) Capsule becoming
nearly naked in age ; the thin valves persistent after dehiscence, being fixed by
the partitions to the columella, in the manner of Pyrola, &c. Seeds innumerable
(as in the tribe), on the pendulous placentae ; the nucleus ovoid, with a nearly
close thin coat, apiculate at both ends, the upper apiculation bearing a broad and
hyaline rounded or reniform and reticulated wing, which is many times larger
than the body of the seed. A single species.
Monotropa. ERICACEAE. 49
P. andromedea, Nutt. A chestnut-colored or purplish herb, glandular and clammy-
pubescent : simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, bearing small and scattered lanceolate scales :
raceme long and many-flowered : pedicels slender, spreading, soon recurved : corolla white,
a quarter inch long, somewhat viscid. Gen. i. 38(3; Lindl. Coll. t. 5. Under pines and
oaks, N. W. New England, Canada, and Pennsylvania to Br. Columbia and California :
fl. summer.
30. SARC6DES, Torr. SNOW-PLANT. (2a(ntoeidfa flesh-like or fleshy,
from the appearance of this singular plant.) Torr. Fl. Frem. in Smithson. Con-
trib. iii. 17, t. 10. A single species.
S. sanguinea, Torr. Stout fleshy herb, a span to a foot high, of flesh-red color,
somewhat glandular-pubescent, thickly clothed and when young imbricated with the firm
fleshy scales : lower scales ovate ; upper narrower, more scattered, and above passing into
linear bracts of the thick spike or raceme which subtend and mostly exceed the reddish
flowers: pedicels erect, the upper ones very short: corolla glabrous, half inch long. PL
Frem. 1. c. ; Chatin, Anat. t. 55; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 607; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 462.
California, in coniferous woods of the Sierra Nevada, 49,000 feet, shooting up and flower-
ing soon after the snow melts away.
31. SCHWEINiTZIA, Ell. SWEET PINE-SAP. (Named in honor of the
late Louis David von Schweinitz.) Flowers exhaling the odor of violets, produced
in spring. Anthers in the young flower-bud turned at right angles to the fila-
ment, so that apex and base are directed right and left; in anthesis becoming
vertical. A single species.
S. odorata, Ell. Plant light brown, in tufts, 2 to 4 inches high, glabrous, beset with
thinnish ovate or oblong scales, and similar bracts, spicately several-flowered : spike nod-
ding in flower, erect in fruit : corolla flesh-color, a quarter inch long. Ell. in Nutt. Gen.
addend. & Sk. i. 478; Gray, Chloris, 15, t. 2. S. C'aroliniana, Don, Syst. iii. 867. Mono-
tropsis odorata, Schweinitz in Ell. I.e. Moist woods, Maryland (near Baltimore) to
North Carolina in and near the mountains, parasitic on the roots of herbs or on decaying
vegetable matter.
32. MON6TROPA, L. INDIAN PIPE, PINE-SAP. (Movo^, one, and TQonog,
turn, the summit of the stem in flower turned to one side or drooping.) - - White,
tawny, or reddish scaly and fleshy herbs, a span or two high ; the clustered stems
rising (in summer) from a thick and matted mass of fibrous rootlets, one-several-
flowered ; the summit of the stern straightening in fruit. Comprises two very
distinct subgenera, in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 607 restored as genera.
1. EUMONOTROPA. (INDIAN PIPE.). Plant inodorous, 1-flowered : scales
passing into an imperfect or irregular calyx of 2 to 4 loose sepals or perhaps
bracts ; the lower ones rather distant from the flower : anthers opening at first by
2 transverse chinks, at length 2-valved ; the valves almost equal and equally
spreading : style short and thick : edge of the stigma naked.
M. uniflora, L. Smooth plant a span or so high, waxy-white (blackish in drying), rarely
flesh-color: nodding flower two-thirds inch long: petals 5, rarely 6. Lam. 111. t. 352;
Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 86, f. 1 ; Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 85 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 71 ; Chatin, Anat.
t. 50. M. uniflora & M. Morisoniana, Michx. Fl. i. 266. M. Morisoni, Pers. (Moris. Hist,
iii. 502 (12), t. 16, f. 5; Pluk. Aim. t. 209, f. 2.) Damp woods, nearly throughout the
U. S., Brit. Amer., &c.. (Mex., Japan to India.)
2. HYPOPITYS. (PINE-SAP.) Plant often violet-scented, commonly pubes-
cent, at least above, racemosely 3-several-flowered : terminal flower earliest and
usually 5-merous and the lateral 3-4-merous : sepals less bract-like, as many as
4
50 LEXNOACEJE. Monotropa.
the petals : the latter saccate at base : anthers more reniform ; the cells completely
confluent into one, which opens by very unequal valves, the larger broad and
spreading, the other remaining erect and contracted : style longer : stigma glan-
dular or hairy on the margin. Hypopitys, Dill., Scop., &c.
M. Hypopitys, L. A span or at length a foot high, tawny or flesh-colored: scales and
bracts entire or slightly erose : flowers less than half inch long ; the lateral 4-petalous and
8-androus. Lam. 111. t. 302; Fl. Dan. t. 232 ; Schk. Handb. t. 316; Reichenb. Ic. Germ,
t. 1152. M. lannyinosa, Miohx. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 457, t. 72. Hypopilys lutea, Dill. //. nuil-
ti flora, Scop. H. EuropcEo. & H. lanuginosa, Nutt. Gen. i. 271. Under amentaceous and
coniferous trees, Canada to Florida and Louisiana, west to Oregon and Br. Columbia.
(Mex., Japan to Eu.)
M. fimbriata, Gray. Near a foot in height : obovate-cuneate upper scales and bracts
and spatulate sepals laciniately or erosely fimbriate : lateral flowers commonly 3-petalous
and 6-androus. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 629, & Bot. Calif, i. 403. Cascade Mountains in
Oregon, E. Hall. (Mistaken for Pleuricospora fimbriolata in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 394.)
33. PLEURIC6SPORA, Gray, (nkrpjxo^at the side, and oitOQa, seed,
alluding to the parietal placentation.) A single known species.
P. fimbriolata, Gray. Light brown or whitish plant, with the aspect of Monotropa Hy-
pojiitys, but stouter, a span high, glabrous or nearly so, clothed with imbricated scales :
lowest scales ovate, firm, entire ; upper passing into the narrower and lanceolate scarious-
margined and lacerate-fringed bracts of the dense and erect cylindraceous spike : corolla
white or whitish, not exceeding the bracts, barely half inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. vii.
369, Bot. Calif, i. 463 (not of Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 394, which is Monotropa flmbriata).
California, in the Mariposa grove of Sequoia yiyantea, Bolandci:
34. NEWBERRYA, Torr. (Dedicated to the discoverer, Professor J. S.
Newberry, a geologist and naturalist, much devoted to fossil botany.) Bcnth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. 606. A single species.
N. CODgesta, Torr. Plant brownish, glabrous, a span high : scales crowded or loosely
imbricated, oval or oblong, thinnish, with obscurely erose margins ; the upper forming
similar bracts of the somewhat depressed head of numerous flowers : corolla hardly half
inch long ; its lobes within and the style hairy. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vii. 55 ; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 464. Hemitomes congestiim, Gray, Pacif. R. Hep. vi. 81, t. 12 ; char, and figure incorrect as
to the anthers, and the name inapplicable. Cascade Mountains, in DCS Chutes Valley,
S. Oregon, Newberry. Washington Territory, station unknown, Georye Gibbs.
ORDER LXXVIII. LENNOACE^E.
Root-parasitic leafless herbs, scaly and fleshy, with much the aspect of Mono-
tropece, but with stamens inserted in or near the throat of the tubular corolla,
and the polymerous ovary peculiar, the cells being at least double the number
of the other parts of the 5-10-merous regular and perfect flower, and uniovulate;
the fruit drupaceo-polycoccous. Sepals 5 to 10, linear or filiform. Corolla hypo-
gynous, tubular or slightly funnelform, marcescent, 5-8-lobed, the lobes plicate-
imbricated in the bud. Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and alternate with
them: filaments very short: anthers 2-celled, introrse ; the cells opening longi-
tudinally : pollen simple, 3-sulcate. Disk none. Ovary depressed -globose, 12-
28-celled (doubtless of half as many 2-locellate carpels, surrounding a thick axis) :
style slender : stigma crenulate or somewhat lobed. Ovule horizontal, anatropous
or somewhat amphitropous ; the orifice superior. Fruit depressed-globular, with
Ammobroma. DIAPENSIACE.E. 51
a. thin fleshy at length dry epicarp which ruptures transversely, as if circumscissile,
liberating the Hue of numerous seed-like nutlets : these are crustaceous, lenticular,
o ~
and separable. Seed with a very thin proper coat: albumen farinaceous and
oily: embryo (according to Solms) minute, globular and undivided, i.e. as in
Monotropece. Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. viii. 56 ; Solms-Laubach, Abhand. Nat.
Halle, xi. 1-60 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 621.
Lennoa (CorallophyUam, IIBK.),the remaining genus of this small and very singular natural
order, is Mexican, with coralloid branching stems, and the stamens in two sets ; the cells of
the anther divergent.
1. PHOLISMA. Flowers sessile and densely spicate. Sepals 6, rarely 5, linear, naked,
shorter than the corolla; the short lobes of the latter mostly C, undulate-plicate, spread-
ing. Stamens or sometimes 5, in a single row : anthers oblong, the cells parallel.
Fruit 18-24-celled.
2. AMMOBROMA. Flowers short-pedicelled, thickly covering the expanded and hol-
lowed receptacle. Sepals mostly 10, filiform, plumose-hairy, pappus-like, equalling the
corolla ; the mostly G lobes of which are erect, retuse, hardly plicate. Stamens 6 to 10
in a single row. Anthers, pistils, &c., as in Pholisma.
1. PHOLfSMA, Xutt. (From <yo?.4', a scale, referring to the scaly stem.)
Single species.
P. arenarium, Nutt. Herb brownish or reddish, with simple stems, in clumps, a span
or more high, somewhat glandular-puberulent, stout, beset with short and narrow scattered
scales: spike dense, oblong or cylindraceous (an inch or two long): flowers purplish
(4 lines long), rather longer than the linear bracts. Hook. Ic. t. 620; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 464. Sandy soil, Monterey to San Diego, California, Xuttal/, &c. Parasitic on the roots
of Eriodictyon tomcntosum, according to D. Cleveland, also apparently upon those of some
Clematis. Flowers produced in spring. Nutlets half a line long, oval. Albumen of the
seed oily. Embryo not seen.
2. AMMOBROMA, Torr. (Formed of ^uo s % sand, and /3p|w, food.) -
Single species.
A. Sonorse, Torr. Root of tortuous fibres : stems simple, 2 to 4 feet long (but mainly
buried in sand), three fourths to an inch and a half in diameter, fleshy, gradually tapering
upward, but at summit dilated into an obconical dilated receptacle of 2 inches in diameter,
funnelform inside and lined with the flowers : scales lanceolate, acute, appressed, or on
the receptacle reflexed : corolla purple, 4 lines long : ovary about 20-celled. Mem. Am.
Acad. v. 327, & Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. viii. 51, 1. 1 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 464 ; Solms-Lau-
bach, 1. c. t. 1. Desert sand-hills, Adair Bay, near the head of the Gulf of California,
beyond the limits of the United States, Col. A. B. Gray. Arizona, between Pilot Knob
and Cook's Wells, Sckucliard. The plant upon the roots of which it is parasitic is un-
known. The roasted stems are edible and even luscious ; they are said to be an important
article of food of the Papigos Indians.
ORDER LXXIX. DIAPENSIACE.E.
Low perennial herbs or stiff ruticulose tufted plants, wholly glabrous or nearly so,
with alternate simple leaves, no stipules, regular and symmetrical 5-merous flowers,
except the pistil which is 3-merous and the ovary 3-celled, stamens adnate to the
corolla or connate with each other, those opposite its lobes when present reduced
to sterile appendages (staminodia), anthers mostly transversely or obliquely de-
hiscent, pollen simple, and capsule and seeds of Ericaceae. Flowers perfect, soli-
tary or racemose. Calyx and corolla imbricated in the bud, hypogynous, or with
slight adnation to base of ovary ; the former persistent, the latter deciduous.
52 DIAPENSIACE,E. Pyxidantkera.
Filaments commonly dilated. Style one : stigma 3-lobed, not iudusiate. Ovules
indefinite, on projecting axile placentae, anatropous or nearly amphitropous. Cap-
sule coriaceous, loculicidally 3-valved, with or without a persistent columella.
Embryo small and terete in fleshy albumen ; the cotyledons very short. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 246; Maxim. Mel. Biol. ix. 18; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 618. Diapensiacece, Lindl., as to our Tribe I., with Galacinece, Don, as to
Galax.
TRIBE I. DIAPEXSIEJE. Suffruticulose depressed evergreens, crowded with small
entire and nerveless coriaceous leaves. Sterile filaments or staminodia none : fertile
filaments adnate to the campanulate corolla up to the sinuses: anthers 2-celled.
Capsule with persistent columella bearing the placentae. Calyx conspicuously brac-
teolate, strongly imbricated. Flowers solitary.
1. PYXIDANTHERA. Flowers sessile on short leafy branchlets. Sepals thin-char-
taceous. Anther-colls transversely 2-valved, the lower valve cuspidate-pointed. Seeds
globular, amphitropous, with a close pitted coat.
2. DIAPENSIA. Flower (or at least fruit) on a scape-like peduncle. Sepals broad and
coriaceous. Anther-cells muticous, divergent, obliquely 2-valved. Seeds oval or by
pressure cubical, anatropous, with a nearly close and reticulated coat.
TRIBE II. GALACIXE^E. Acaulescent, with creeping rootstocks sending up long-
petioled round-cordate or oblong evergreen leaves, and a scape bearing racemose or
clustered or rarely solitary flowers. Staminodia opposite the lobes of the corolla.
(Besides the following genera are Scliizocodon of Japan, near to Shortia, and Ber-
neuxia of Thibet, between the latter and Diaj>ensia.~)
3. SHORTIA. Calyx strongly imbricated and scaly-bracteolate ; the sepals many-striate.
Corolla open campanulate, 5-lobed ; the lobes undulate-crenate. Stamens distinct : anthers
2-celled ; the cells obliquely dehiscent : staminodia small and scale-like, adnate to base of
corolla, incurved over the ovary. Style filiform : stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule
globular : partitions borne on the valves and separating from the persistent columella,
which bears the placenta;. Seeds globular or ovoid with a close granulate coat.
4. GALAX. Calyx rather strongly imbricated, minutely 2-bracteolate, 5-parted ; the oblong
divisions nerveless. Corolla of 5 entire oblong petals, distinct, except that their bases
are adnate to the base of the monadelphous stamen-tube, which is ovate-cylindraceous,
10-lobed above ; the lobes alternate with the petals very short and antheriferous ; those
opposite the petals (i. e. the staminodia) longer, linear-spatulate, petaloid : anthers sub-
sessile, thickened, rounded and granulate on the back ; tin- pollinife-rous part introrse and
small, somewhat beak-like, one-celled, transversely 2-valved. Style very short : stigma
obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule ovate ; the placentiferous columella at length more or less
3-parted. Seeds angular, with a loose coat tapering upward.
1. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. FLOWERING Moss. (77i&V, a small box,
and drOfoa, anther, the latter opening as by a lid.) Fl. i. 152, t. 17 ; Gray, Bot.
Text Book, ed. 2, 436, fig. 785-790 ; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 606, fig. 410 ; *Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4592. Single species.
P. barbulata, Michx. A small prostrate and creeping evergreen, leafy throughout,
loosely branching : leaves lanceolate or somewhat narrowed below, subulate-acuminate,
when young pubescent at base, much crowded, a quarter inch long : flowers abundant (in
early spring), closely sessile : corolla white or tinged with rose, open-campanulate ; its
lobes (2 lines long) cuneate-obovate, retuse and obscurely erose : filaments ligulate.
Diapensia cune (folia, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 105 ; Pursh, Fl. i. 148. D. barbulata, Ell. Sk.
i. 229. Pine barrens, mostly in sand, New Jersey and N. Carolina.
2. DIAPENSIA, L. (Said to be an ancient Greek name of Sanicle, some-
what altered, applied in a wholly meaningless way to the present genus.) Arctic-
alpine, containing a Himalayan species (Hook. f. Kew. Jour. Bot. ix. t. 12), and
the following.
Galax. PLUMBAGINACE^. 53
D. Lapponica, L. Plant forming very dense cushion-like tufts, glabrous : leaves im-
bricated on the short shoots, cartilaginous, spatulate (3 to 5 lines long), with mostly revo-
lute margins : peduncle at length an inch or two long : sepals and 2 or 3 bractlets oval,
rigid : corolla white, open campanulatc ; the tiibe (2 lines long) not longer than the calyx,
nearly equalled by the rounded lobes: filaments linear. Fl. Lapp. t. 1 ; Wahl. Fl. Lapp,
t. 9; Fl. Dan. t. 47; Bot. Mag. t. 1108. Labrador, Alpine summits of White Mountains,
New Hampshire, Mount Mansfield, Vermont, and N. W. arctic coast. (Greenland eastward
to Japan.)
3. SH6RTIA, Torr. & Gray. (Dedicated to the late Dr. Charles W. Short,
of Kentucky.) Gray in Amer. Jour. Sci. xlii. 48, ser. 2, xlv. 402, & Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 246; Maxim. Mel. Biol. ix. 19; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 620.
Two species, one Japanese, from which the character .of the corolla, stamens, &c.,
were drawn by Maximowicz.
S. galacif olia, Torr. & Gray. Rootstocks slender and apparently stoloniferous : leaves
(2 inches wide) orbicular, moderately cordate and retuse, repand-serrate and the teeth
mucronate : peduncles in fruit a span high, not surpassing the long petioled leaves, scaly
bracteate towards the summit : style elongated, persistent. High mountains of N. Caro-
lina, Michaur. In fruit only.
4. GALAX, L., Sims. (If from j''P., milk, an unmeaning name.) Linn.
Gen. ed. 5, 93, excluding all the character and the synonymy ; these wholly of
ViticeUa, Mitchell, which is Hydrophyllum appendiculatum. Anonymos s. Bel-
vedere, Clayt. Virg. ed. 1, 25, with good character, which is wholly omitted by
Gronovius himself, in Fl. Virg. ed. 2, because quite incongruous with the generic
character of Galttx by Linnaeus. Single species.
G. aphylla, L. Glabrous herb, with reddish creeping and matted rootstocks, sending up
leaves and scape : leaves round-cordate, thickly crenatc-dentate, veiny, thin but persistent
over winter, rather sinning, 1A to 3 inches broad, long-petioled : scape a foot or two high,
slender and very naked, almost bractless : raceme virgate and spike-like: bractlets minute,
deciduous: flowers numerous, small: corolla 2 lines long, white. Spec. i. 200 (excl. syn.
Mitch.) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 754 (where the true char. gen. first appears with the name) ; DC.
Prodr. vii. 776. Erythrorhiza rotund ifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 36. Blanfordia cordata, Andr. Bot.
Rep. t. 343. Solcnarulria cordifolia, P. de Beauv. ex Vent. Malm. t. 69. Wooded hillsides
and in mountains, Virginia to Georgia ; fl. early summer.
ORDER LXXX. PLUMBAGINACE.E.
Herbs, occasionally somewhat woody, agreeing with Primulacece in having the
stamens isomerous with the petals or divisions of the corolla and opposite them ;
the filaments adnate only to their base or completely hypogynous ; the free ovary
one-celled, with a solitary anatropous ovule pendulous on a slender funiculus
which rises from the base of the cell ; styles 5 and distinct or united ; the single
seed with a large and straight embryo surrounded by (or sometimes destitute
of) a sparing mealy albumen. Chiefly affecting saline soil. Leaves alternate,
mostly rosulate. Flowers regular and symmetrical, 5-merous, perfect. Calyx
gamosepalous, costate, plaited at the sinuses, persistent. Corolla with claws to
the nearly distinct petals, or these united into a tube, convolute or rarely im-
bricated in the bud. Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Disk none.
Fruit dry, utricular or akene-like, sometimes dehiscent by a lid or by valves.
Innocent, with astringent roots or rootstocks.
54 PLUMBAGLNACE.E. Statice.
TRIBE I. STATICEzE. Calyx with open limb scarious, colored, strongly plicate.
Petals (long-unguiculate) and filiform styles distinct or united only below.
1. STATICE. Flowers cymose-spicate, secund. Styles wholly separate. Leaves flat.
2. ARMERIA. Flowers capitate-glomerate. Styles mostly united at the very base, stig-
matose down the inner side. Leaves usually slender, with no distinction of blade and
petiole.
TRIBE II. PLUMBAGESTE^E. Calyx with erect teeth or lobes, and merely scarious
sinuses. Claws of the petals completely united into a tube. Style filiform, 5-cleft
at the apex; the slender lobes stigmatic within.
3. PLUMBAGO. Calyx tubular, beset with glands. Corolla salver-form with a long tube.
Stamens free from the corolla. Leafy-stemmed.
1 . STATICE, Tourn. SEA-LAVENDER, MARSH-ROSEMARY. (The ancient
Greek name, referring to the use as an astringent.) -- Large genus in the Old
World, very sparingly represented in the New, in N. America only by the section
Limonium, in which the styles are stigniatose down the inside ; the 1-3-flowered
spikelets about 3-bracteate, i.e. 1-bracteate and 2 3-bracteolate ; leaves all radical
and 1 -ribbed. Fl. late summer.
S. Limonium, L. Root thick and woody, reddish: leaves thickish and rather fleshy,
oblong, spatiilate or obovate-lanceolate, tapering into a long or rather long petiole, obtuse
or retuse, and usually mucronate-tipped : scapes a foot or two high, loosely paniculate :
the branches spreading or rather erect : spikelets either crowded or soon rather scattered :
exterior or true bract ovate, herbaceous with scarious margin, much shorter and smaller
than the obtuse or retuse broadly scarious innermost bractlct : flowers lavender-color :
calyx hirsute on the angles below ; tbe lobes ovate-triangular and acute, and usually a
tooth in each sinus. In various forms widely distributed over the world, mainly in salt
marshes of the coast. Ours are
Var. Calif ornica. Leaves thinnish, retuse or obtuse and muticous : scape 2 feet or
more high : branches of the ample panicle densely floriferous at the summit, the spikelets
almost imbricated in short cymose spikes : innermost bract only twice the length of the
outermost. Bot. Calif, i. 406. S. Califormca, Boiss. in DC'. Prodr. xii. 403. S. W. Texas
(C. Wright) to California. Resembles dense-flowered European S. Limonium.
Var. Caroliniaiia, Gray (Man. 313). Inflorescence more paniculate than corym-
bose; the 1-3-flowered spikelets soon separate or rather distant on the branching slender
spikes: bracts more unequal: calyx-lobes usually very acute or acuminate. 5. Caro-
linidiia, Walt. Car. 118; Bigel. Mod. Bot. ii. 51, t. 2o; Boiss. I.e. S. Limonium, Torr. Fl.
i. 329, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 17. Labrador to Texas. The Southern plant thinner-leaved, with
mucro often obsolete, branches of the spike filiform, and scattered spikelets small,
slender, and only 1-2-flowered : the northern forms with more fleshy veinless leaves, the
mucro conspicuous, flowers and 2-3-flowered spikelets larger, in closer less spreading
spikes; the smaller state nearly approaching the European var. Bahusiensis (S. Bahusiensis,
Fries).
S. Brasiliensis, Boiss. Leaves oblong, rounded or refuse at the apex, thinnish : scape
(a foot or two high) and spreading branches of the panicle slender: spikelets 1-3-flowered,
slender, more or less remote in the spreading spikes : bractlets very unequal : flowers white
or whitish : calyx perfectly glabrous ; the lobes ovate and acutish. DC. 1. c. Coast of
N.Carolina to Florida. (Mex. 1 Brazil to Patagonia.)
Var. angustata. Leaves linear or nearly so, tipped with an awn-like mucro, fleshy :
spikelets sparse. Pine Key, Florida, in a salt marsh, B/vdi/rtt. Leaves 2 or 3 inches long
besides the petiole, 2 or 3 lines wide.
2. ARMERIA, Willd. THRIFT, SEA PIXK. (The monkish Latin Flos
Armerice, applied to a Pink, and transferred to Thrift). Low and stemless
herbs, of the Old World, with one variable species widely dispersed in the New
and familiar in cultivation ; the narrow leaves much crowded on the crown or
Plumbago. PLUMBAGLNACE/E. 55
short tufted stems, 1-5-nerved, persistent ; scapes simple and naked, terminated
by a compact glomerule of rose-colored or white short-pedicelled flowers, sur-
rounded and subtended by scarious bractlets and bracts ; the lower of the latter
empty and forming an involucre, the two lowest extended downward at base into
appendages forming a reverse sheath to the apex of the scape. Calyx more dry
and scarious than in Statice, at base oblique or decurrent on the pedicel. Dilated
bases of the filaments adnate to the slightly united bases of the petals. Styles
hairy below. Fl. early summer.
A. vulgaris, W^illd. (COMMON THRIFT.) Leaves narrowly linear, flat or flattish, more
or less 1-nerved : scapes a span to a foot high : bracts very obtuse : calyx at base simply
decurrent on the pedicel; the tube 10-nerved, hairy at least on the stronger nerves or
angles ; the lobes blunt or cuspidate. Statice Armeria, L. Armeria vnltjaris, maritima &
alpina, Willd. Enum. 133. A. Labradorica, arctica & sanyuinolenta, Wallr. Armer. ; Boiss.
in DC. A. aiidina, Poepp., & var. Calif ornica, Boiss. 1. c. Through Arctic America to
Labrador on the Atlantic and to California on the Pacific coast ; in various forms, the
Calif ornian tall form recurring in Chili and Patagonia. (Eu., N. Asia.)
3. PLUMBAGO, Tourn. LEADWORT. (Latin name, from the lead-colored
flowers of some species.) -- Herbs, or rather woody plants, some of them sarmen-
tose, and cult, in conservatories for the handsome Phlox-like blossoms, leafy ;
leaves with the sessile base or that of petiole commonly auriculate-clasping ; the
flowers in a terminal spike. Calyx valvate and corolla convolute in the bud.
Glands of the calyx stipitate. Species mainly tropical.
P. SCandens, L. Suffrutescent, decumbent or climbing, much branched: branches
sulcate-striate : leaves ovate-lanceolate, not auridcd at base : calyx with 5 hooked teeth:
corolla white. Boiss. in DC. Prodr. xii. 602. P. Floridann, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 290.
S. Florida: perhaps introduced from W. Ind. (Trop. Amer.)
ORDER LXXXI. PRIMULACE.E.
Herbs, with simple leaves, regular and symmetrical perfect flowers, remarkable
for having the stamens of the same number as the lobes of the corolla and opposite
them (inserted on the tube or base), and a 1 -celled ovary surmounted by an un-
divided style and stigma, and containing few or numerous (mostly amphitropous)
ovules, sessile on a free central placenta. Calyx and corolla hypogynous, except
in Samolus, in which they cohere below with the base of the ovary. But Glaux,
with a partly colored calyx, is apetalous and the stamens perigynous ; Coris (which
belongs to the Old World) has irregular calyx and corolla ; and rudiments of a
second series of stamens (staminodia) appear in Samolus and Steironema. Sub-
mersed leaves pinnately divided, and the ovules anatropous in Hottonia. Flowers
4-8-merous, commonly 5-merous. Calyx usually persistent, and the lobes im-
bricated in the bud. Anthers introrse. Fruit capsular. Seeds with copious
fleshy albumen and a small straight embryo.
TRIBE I. HOTTONIE^E. Ovary wholly free : ovules fixed by the base, anatropous.
Aquatic : immersed leaves pectinate.
1. HOTTONIA. Corolla short-salverform ; limb 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the
bud. Capsule globular, more or less 5-valved, many-seeded. Flowers verticillate and
racemose.
TRIBE II. PRIMULE2E. (Primulea> & Lysimachiece, Benth. & Hook.) Ovary wholly
free : ovules fixed by the middle, amphitropous or half -anatropous.
56 PRIMULACE.E.
* Scapigerous or tufted : flowers chiefly 5-merous, umbellate or solitary : capsule dehis-
cent (at least at the apex) by valves: lobes of the corolla imbricated (or sometimes
partly convolute) in the bud.
-I Stamens exserted, connivent in a cone, monadelphous.
2. DODECATHEON. Corolla 5-parted with very short tube, and dilated thickened
throat; the long and narrow divisions (with the calyx-lobes in flower) reflexed. Stamens
inserted on the throat of the corolla : filaments short and flat, monadelphous (but sepa-
rable above in age) : anthers lanceolate or linear. Style filiform, exserted : stigma small.
Placenta columnar, many-seeded.
) -i Stamens included, distinct, with short filaments and short and blunt anthers : corolla
salverform or f unnelf orin.
3. PRIMULA. Corolla with tube surpassing or at least equalling the calyx, and spreading
mostly obcordate or emarginate lobes. Style filiform. Capsule many-seeded. Leaves ail
radical.
4. DOUGLASIA. Corolla with tube equalling or surpassing the calyx, somewhat inflated
above ; the throat more or less contracted and 5-foruicate beneath the sinuses ; lobes
entire. Style filiform. Ovary 5-ovuled. Capsule turbinate, 1-2-seeded. Leaves im-
bricated or crowded on tufted stems.
5. ANDROSACE. Corolla short ; its tube shorter than the calyx ; the throat constricted.
Style mostly short. Ovules and seeds numerous or few. Flowers small.
* * Leafy-stemmed : corolla, rotate or somewhat so, and the divisions convolute or some-
times involute in the bud, in Glaax none : leaves entire.
-i Capsule dehiscent vertically by valves or irregularly, mostly globose.
6. TRIENTALIS. Flowers 7-merous (rarely 5-6- or 8-merous. Corolla completely rotate,
without a tube, deeply parted ; the divisions convolute in the bud, ovate to lanceolate and
pointed. Filaments long and filiform, united at their insertion into a very short ring :
anthers linear, recurving when old. Style filiform. Leaves clustered at the summit of the
simple stem.
7. STEIRONEMA. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla rotate, with no proper tube, deeply parted,
and the sinuses rounded ; the divisions ovate, cuspidate-pointed, erose-denticulate above, each
separately involute or convolute around its stamen ! Filaments distinct or nearly so on the
ring at the base of the corolla: anthers linear and arcuate in age, nearly as in Trientalis:
sterile filaments (staminodia) 5, interposed between the fertile ones, subulate. Capsule
10-20-seeded. Flowers nodding on the slender peduncles. Leaves opposite, destitute of
dots. Calyx valvate in the bud.
8. LYSIMACHIA. Flowers 5-merous (or casually 6-7-merous). Corolla rotate (or short
f unnelf orm in some foreign species) ; the divisions entire, convolute in the bud. Filaments
more commonly monadelphous at base : anthers oblong or oval. No staminodia or ves-
tige of sterile stamens. Capsule few-several-seeded. Herbage commonly glandular-dotted.
Stems leafy throughout. Calyx lightly imbricated or valvate in the bud.
9. GLAUX. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla none. Calyx with 5 petaloid lobes, which are
imbricated in the bud and equal the campanulate tube. Stamens on the base of calyx,
alternate with its lobes : filaments slender : anthers cordate-ovate. Style filiform : stigma
capitate. Capsule 5-valved at apex, few-seeded. Leafy throughout : leaves mainly oppo-
site : nearly sessile flowers solitary in the axils.
H 1 Globose capsule circumscissile, the top falling off as a lid : seeds numerous.
10. ANAGALLIS. Corolla completely rotate, 5-parted; the rounded lobes convolute in
the bud, exceeding the 5-parted calyx. Stamens on the base of the corolla : filaments
bearded or pubescent : anthers broadly oblong.
11. CENTUNCULUS. Corolla with a globular tube and a 4-5-lobed limb, shorter than
the calyx ; lobes acute. Stamens on the tube of the corolla : filaments short and subulate,
beardless : anthers ovate or cordate.
TRIBE III. SAMOLEJE. Ovary connate at base with the base of the calyx : ovules
as in the preceding tribe.
12. SAMOLUS. Flowers 5-merous. Corolla perigynous, nearly campanulate ; the rounded
lobes imbricated in the bud. Fertile stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, with short
filaments and cordate anthers. Staminodia or sterile filaments 5 in the sinuses of the
corolla, or in one species wanting. Style short or slender: stigma obtuse or capitate.
Capsule ovate or globular, 5-valved at the apex, many-seeded. Caulescent, alternate,
leaved, with racemose flowers.
Dodecatlieon. PRIMULACE.E. 57
1. HOTTCJNIA, L. FEATHEKFOIL. (In memory of Prof. Peter Hotton of
Leyden.) Rooting, often floating, glabrous, branching, with air-bearing fistulous
stems and peduncles. Sepals linear. Corolla white. Filaments short. Stigma
capitate. Capsule membranaceous. Flowers dimorphous in the manner of
Primula in the European species, the earlier cleistoganious in the following.
H. inflata, Ell. Leafy stems and especially the internodes of the emersed flowering ones
or peduncles much inflated (the latter often as thick as fingers) : proper leaves dissected
into long and numerous filiform divisions ; whorled bracts linear or spatulate, entire, a
quarter inch long, mostly exceeding the pedicels : corolla only a line or two long, with
short lobes as well as tube, not equalling the calyx ; the throat open : style short. Sk.
i. 231 ; Nutt. Gen. i. 120. // palustris, Pursh, c., not L. Shallow water, Massachusetts
to Louisiana : fl. summer.
2. DODECATHEON, L. SHOOTING STAR, AMER. COWSLIP. (Fan-
ciful name, from dwdsxa and dsoi, twelve gods ; the specific name of the original
and, as we suppose, the only species commemorates Dr. Richard Mead, and was
given as generic by Catesby.) Flowers few or numerous in an umbel, termi-
nating a naked scape, in late spring or summer, handsome, resembling the solitary
flower of Cyclamen : corolla from pink-purple to white. Calyx erect in fruit,
enclosing the lower part of the ovoid or fusiform crustaceous capsule.
3D. Meadia, L. Perennial herb, with fibrous roots : leaves crowded on a thickish crown,
generally spatulatc-oblong or oblanceolate and entire or nearly so, sometimes repand,
obtuse, below tapering into more or less of a margined petiole, in the typical or Atlantic
form 3 to 9 inches long ; while the scape is from a span to 2 feet high ; and the flowers
from few to many in the umbel : bracts of the involucre linear or subulate, small : pedicels
slender and nodding with the flowers, erect in fruit. (Flower rarely 4-merous.) Meadia,
Catesb. Car. iii. t. 1 ; Khret, PI. Sel. t. 12. D. Mcac/ia & D. inteyrifolium, Michx. Fl. i. 123.
D. integrifolium, Hook. But. Mag. t. 3G22. Diuuthus Carol inianus, Walt. Car. 140. The
Atlantic plant, in moist and shaded grounds, Michigan and Penn., and through the upper
country to Georgia, thence to Arkansas and Texas. Westward the species extends to
California and Behring Straits, under very various forms and varieties, which may be
generally classified as follows (after Bot. Calif, i. 467) ; the Pacific forms generally having
shorter or blunter anthers than the Atlantic or typical D. Meadia, L.
Var. brevifolium. Leaves from obovate or ovate to broadly spatulate, half inch to
an inch and a half long, abruptly contracted into a petiole ; scape 3 to 12 inches high, few-
many-flowered : capsule seldom exceeding the minutely glandular calyx. D. e/lift/cum,
Nutt. ex Durand, PI. Pratt, in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 95. D. integrifolium, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 322. Common in W. California. Forms nearly answering to this, or larger-leaved,
occur in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania.
Var. lancifolium. Leaves oblanceolate or elongated-spatulate, 3 to 10 inches long,
the short margined petiole included, quite entire, mueronate : pedicels and calyx commonly
minutely glandular ; lobes of the latter lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, nearly equalling
the short-ovoid capsule. D. Jajffrayi of the English gardens. Wet mountain meadows
of California, especially in the Sierra Nevada.
Var. alpinum. Like diminutive forms of the preceding, with shorter as well as
smaller leaves (half inch to an inch and a half long) : scape 2 to 10 inches long, 1-4-
flowered : pedicels and calyx glabrous. High Sierra Nevada to the Rocky Mountains.
Var. macrocarpum. A large and stout form, emulating the common Atlantic
plant: leaves thickish (rarely laciniate-toothed), tapering gradually into a rather short
petiole : capsule oblong or even fusiform, 6 to 9 lines long, about double the length of the
narrow calyx-lobes. W. California to Alaska.
Var. frigidum. Leaves from obovate to oblong, very obtuse, mostly entire, an inch-
or two in length, with short or long and slender petiole : scape a span or two high, few-
sevcral-flowered : lobes of the calyx longer than the tube, from broadly lanceolate to
almost ovate, shorter than the oblong capsule. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5871 ; Wats. Bot
58 PSIMULACE^;. Primula.
King, 214. D.frigidum, Cham. & Schlocht. in Linn. i. 217; Seem. Bot. Herald, 38, t. 9.
Behring Straits (both sides and islands) to the Rocky Mountains and high Sierras.
Var. latilobum. Leaves thin, ovate or oval, repand or undulate-toothed, long-
petioled : scape a span to a foot high, 1-several-flowered : calyx-lobes ovate or triangular-
ovate, not longer than the tube, about half the length of the oblong capsule. Var. frigi-
dum, Watson, 1 c., in part. D. dentatum, Hook. Fl. ii. 119? Cascade Mountains, British
Columbia or Washington Terr, to Wahsatch Mountains, Utah.
3. PRlMULA, L. PRIMROSE. (Late Latin, from primula veris, the first
in spring, i. e. to blossom.) Flowers in some species, but not in others, dimor-
phous, i. e. in different individuals either with elongated style and low-inserted
stamens, or with short included style and stamens inserted high in the throat,
so that the tips of the anthers show in the orifice of the corolla. Few N. Amer-
ican species of this large Old World genus, and none of the True Primrose or
Cowslip set, with thin rugose-veiny leaves. All perennials, chiefly with fibrous
roots from a short crown : ours glabrous or nearly so.
* Flowers small ; the tube of the salverform corolla not over 2 or 3 lines long and little surpassing
the calyx; lol>es obcordate ; throat with more or less of a callous ring or processes. Species
passing into each other, probably reducible to two.
P. farinosa, L. More or less white mealy on the leaves, calyx, &c., at least when young :
leaves from cuneate-lanceolate to obovate-oblong or spatulate, denticulate, an inch or less
long, tapering into a short margined petiole : scape 3 to 9 inches high : umbel few-several-
flowered, close : pedicels seldom equalling the flower, sometimes very short : corolla from
flesh-color to lilac, with yellowish eye; the lobes cuneate-obcordate, rather distant at base,
2 or 3 lines long. Varies with mealiness sparing or deciduous. Fl. Dan. 1. 125; Curt.
Lond. ii.21 ; Engl. Bot. t. 6. P. Scotica, Hook, in Curt. Lond. iv. 1. 133; Engl. Bot. t.2608,
form with almost capitate umbel. Labrador, Nova Scotia and Maine, Lake Superior,
Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward, through Arctic America. (Antarctic Amer.,
Eu., N. Asia.)
P. Mistassinica, Michx. Green, without mealiness or with mere traces of it, small
and slender: leaves half inch long, with or without a short petiole, spatulate or obovate,
repand or toothed : scape 2 to 5 inches high, 1-8-flowered : lobes of the flesh-colored corolla
from broadly to narrowly obcordate, H or 2 lines long. Fl. i. 124; Pursh, Fl. i. 137;
Lehm. Prim. 63, t. 7; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2973; Gray, Man. 314. P. strida, Hornem. Fl.
Dan. 1. 1385. P. Hornemanniana, Lehm. 1. c. 55. P. pusilla, Hook, in Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi.
322, t. 11, Exot, Fl. t. 68, & Bot, Mag. t. 3030; Sweet, Br. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 5. Wet
banks and shores, N. New England and New York to Lake Superior and N. Rocky Moun-
tains to the Arctic Sea. (Greenland, N. Eu.)
P. borealis, Duby. Between the preceding and the next : very slender : leaves nearly
of the latter, but only 3 to 5 lines long : scape 1-5-flowered : lobes of the purple corolla
oblong, barely 2 lines long, deeply notched. DC. Prodr. viii. 43 ; Herder in Radde, iv.
114. Alaska and Islands to Kotzebue's Sound, &c. (Greenland, being apparently P.
Eiialikce.nsis, Hornem. Fl. Dan. 1. 1511.)
P. Sibirica, Jacq. Green, not at all mealy : leaves round-ovate, oval, or obovate, entire
or -nearly so, a quarter to a full inch long, slender-petioled : scape a span high, few-
flowered : bracts of the involucre almost spur-like at base : lobes of the lilac-colored
corolla broadly and usually deeply obcordate, 3 to 5 lines long ; the throat broadened.
Misc. i. 161 ; Lehm. Prim. t. 5 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 121, & Bot. Mag. t. 3167, 3445 ; Trautv. Imag.
Fl. Ross. t. 30, mainly. P. interjrifdia , Gunner, ex Oed. Fl. Dan. t. 188, not L. P. Fin-
markica, Jacq. 1. c. ; Fries, Sum. Scand. 198. Arctic Amer. (Richardson) to the high N.W.
coast and islands. (Greenland to Karat schatka.)
*# Flowers larger : tube of the corolla from 3 to 6 lines long, the throat open and unappendaged.
-K- Leaves entire or merely denticulate, clustered on the short erect subterranean crown.
P. angustifolia, Torr. Small : scape 1 flowered, one or two inches high, equalling the
lanceolate-spatulate obtuse entire short-petioled leaves : involucre of one or two minute
bracts: lobes of the lilac-purple corolla obovate, emarginate (3 or 4 lines long) ; the tube
Douglasia. PRIMULACE.E. 59
liardly exceeding the narrow teeth of the oblong calyx. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 34, t. 3, & ii.
235. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, James, &c.
P. Parryi, Gray. Large, sometimes obscurely puberulent : leaves rather succulent,
spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, i to 12 inches long, often denticulate: scape a span to a
foot high, 5-12-flowered : bracts of the involucre subulate, much shorter than most of the
pedicels : calyx ovoid-campanulate, glandular, commonly reddish ; the lanceolate-subulate
lobes as long as the tube, rather longer than the ovoid capsule: corolla crimson-purple
with yellow eye ; the round-obovate lobes (about 5 lines long) emarginatc or obcordate ;
the tube not exceeding the calyx. Ainer. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 257 ; Watson, Bot. King,
213; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6185. Margins of alpine brooks, through the higher Rocky
Mountains of Colorado (Parry, &(-'.), to those of Nevada and Arizona. The most showy
species.
P. nivalis, Pall. Resembles the preceding, but runs into much smaller forms : leaves
from one to inches long, thickish, either entire or closely denticulate: umbel 2-10-
flowered : bracts of the involucre ovate-subulate : pedicels usually short : calyx-lobes
oblong or broadly lanceolate, shorter than the oblong capsule : corolla lilac-purple ; the
lobes oblong or oval, entire (3 or 4 lines long) ; the tube fumielfonn and surpassing the
calyx. " It. appx. t. G, f. 2," ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 10 ; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn,
i. 215; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 129. Unalaschka to Behring Straits and St. Paul's
Island ; chiefly the small form, var. pumila, Ledeb. 1. c. (N. Asia.)
H I Loaves more or less cuncate. coarsely toothed around the apex or sometimes laciniate, of firm
and thk'kish texture: bracts of the involucre subulate: pedicels and deeply cleft calyx obscurely
glandular.
P. cuneifolia, Ledeb. Leaves all rosulate-clustered on the thick short crown, obovatc-
cuneate, coarsely laciniate-toothed (3 to 12 lines long), mostly narrowed at base into a long
and slender petiole : scape 2 to 4 inches high, 1-several-flowered : corolla purple ; the lobes
deeply 2-cleft (3 to 5 or even lines long), as long as the funnelform tube. Mem. Acad.
Petersb. (1814) v. 522, & Fl. Ross. I.e. P. saxifragie folia, Lehm. Prim. 80, t. 9; Cham. &
Schlecht. I.e. Aleutian Islands to Behring Straits. (N. E. Asia.)
P. Sllflrutescens, Gray. Leaves thickly crowded on ligneous-fleshy and tufted creep-
ing stems or rootstocks (of a span or so in length), thick, cuneate-spatulate, 5-7-toothed at
summit, long-attenuate below into a margined petiole : scape 2 to 4 inches long, several-
flowered : corolla red-purple ; the lobes (three lines long) obovate and emarginate or slightly
obcordate, about equalling the tube. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 370, & Bot. Calif, i. 468.
Crevices of rocks, alpine region of the Sierra Nevada, California.
4. DOUG-L ASI A, Lindl. (Named for David Douglas, of Scotland, an inde-
fatigable explorer of N. W. Ainer. Botany.) --Depressed and tufted little herbs ;
the stems branching or proliferous, suffrutescent, or at least persistent ; the leaves
small, linear, imbricated or rosulate on the branches, or some of them scattered
and alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat umbellate, small. -- Lindl. in
Brande Jour, Sci. 1827 (not 1828 as generally cited), 383, & Bot. Reg. t. 1886 ;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 602. Arelia, Gaud.,
Koch, &c., not L. Gregoria, Duby, Bot. Gall. 1828, 583, & DC. Prodr. viii. 45,
as to No. 1 , namely the D. Vitaliana, of Europe, which has yellow flowers : in
ours they are rose-purple.
* Flowers umbellate-clustered from the uppermost rosulate tuft of leaves: tube of the corolla
longer than the calyx.
D. nivalis, Lindl. Canescent with fine close pubescence, 3 or 4 inches high, repeatedly
3-4-chotomous : leaves nearly all in proliferous rosulate tufts, not ciliate, rather obtuse,
3 to 6 lines long: lobes of the corolla oval, shorter than the tube. 2 lines long. Bot. Reg.
t. 1886. Androsace Jinenris, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. July, 1829. Rocky Mountains,
in lat. 52, &c., at 12,000 feet, Dowjhis.
D. arctica, Hook. Glabrous: leaves ciliate with short and simple hairs. Fl. ii. 120. D.
nivalis, var. glabra, Duby, in DC. I.e. 47. Arctic seashore between the Mackenzie and the
Coppermine, Richardson.
60 PRIMULACE^E. Douglasia.
* * Flowers solitary terminating the leafy shoots : tube of the corolla barely equalling the calyx :
leaves more or less imbricated in the manner of D. Vitaliana.
D. montana, Gray. Pulvinate-cespitose, an inch or two high, nearly glabrous : leaves
subulate, minutely somewhat ciliate, 2 lines long, somewhat interruptedly imbricate-clus-
tered : pedicel not longer than the flower, 1-2-bracteolate near the calyx : corolla-lobes
cuneate-obovate, 2 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. Rocky Mountains around
Helena City, Montana, M, A. Brown. Owl Creek Mts., Wyoming, J. D. Putnam.
5. ANDROSACE, Tourn. (Ancient Greek name of some sea-plant or
zoophyte, curiously transferred to these little plants of the mountains.) Small
annuals or perennials, of various habit, numerous in species in the Old World,
few in the colder regions of the New : fl. summer.
* Perennials, prolifcrously branched at base and cespitose : leaves rosulate-imbricated at the base
of the many-flowered scapes : capsule usually few-seeded : umbel several-flowered.
A. Chamsejasme, Host. Leaves in more or less open rosulatc tufts, from lanceolate
to oblong-spatulate or ovate, carinate-1-nerved (3 to 6 lines long), at least their margins
with the scape (1 to 3 inches high) and somewhat capitate umbel villous with many-jointed
hairs: corolla white with yellowish eye (3 or 4 lines in diameter). Koch, Syn. ed. 2,071 ;
Hook. Fl. ii. 119. A. carinata, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 30, t. 1 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card!
ser. 2, 1. 106. A. rillosa, var. latifolia, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. ; Herder, Bot. Radde, iii. 118. Indeed
it may pass into A. viflosa, L. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains from Colorado
northward to the arctic coast, Behring Straits and islands. (N. E. Asia to Eu.)
* * Annuals, acaulescent, with slender root, an open rosulate circle of leave*, and naked scapes,
bearing an invohicrate few-many-flowered umbel: capsule many-seeded: corolla white, small.
-K- Calyx-tube obpyramidal in fruit, whitish with conspicuous green teeth, which mo>tly surpass
the capsule.
A. OCCidentalis, Pursh. Minutely pubescent, not over 3 inches high : radical leaves
and those of the conspicuous involucre oblong-ovate or spatulate, entire, sessile : scapes
diffuse : bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong : lobes of the calyx triangular-lanceolate :
oblong or deltoid, as long as the tube, still longer in fruit, foliaceous : lobes of the corolla
oblong, shorter than the calyx. Fl. i. 137; Nutt. Gen. i. 118. Banks of the Missouri
from the mountains down to St. Louis, and extending down the Mississippi, and into Illi-
nois : also Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico.
A. septentrionalis, L. Almost glabrous : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, nar-
rowed at base (often into a sort of winged petiole), from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-
toothed: scapes erect, usually numerous, 2 to 10 inches high: bracts of the small involucre
subulate : umbel several-many-flowered : pedicels filiform, mostly long : lobes of the calyx
mostly shorter than the tube, rather shorter than the obovate lobes of the corolla, from
triangular to subulate-lanceolate, acute. Lam. 111. t. 98, f. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 7; Bot. Mag.
t. 2021. A. elonrjata, Richards., not L. A. Unearis, Graham in Edinb. Phil. Jour. 1829?
Rocky Mountains, both high alpine (and small), and at much lower elevations, New Mexico
and Nevada to the arctic sea coast : also N. W. coast. (Kamtschatka to Eu. )
Var. subulifera. Lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, as long as the tube, surpass-
ing the corolla. Rocky Mountains near Boulder City, Colorado, //. G. French. San
Bernardino, California, Parry & Lemmon.
t -I Calyx-tube hemispherical in fruit ; the short teeth barely greenish and rather shorter than
the globular capsule.
A. flliformis, Retz. Glabrous: leaves, scapes (1 to 4 inches high), and pedicels nearly
as in the preceding or more capillary : flowers less than a line and globose capsule only a
line long: calyx-teeth broadly triangular, shorter than the very small corolla. Obs. ii.
10; DC. Prodr. viii. .53; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. t. 63 ; Gray, in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863,
70. Rocky Mountains, from Colorado and Utah to Wyoming. (N. Asia.)
6. TRIENTALIS, L. STAR-FLOWER, CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN.
(Latin, for the third of a foot high.) Low and glabrous perennials ; the simple
stem, from filiform rootstock somewhat tuberous-thickened at apex, bearing scat-
Steironema. PRIMULACEvE. 61
tered small scales or small leaves below, and a cluster or apparent whorl of larger
leaves at summit ; these veiny, entire or obscurely serrulate, nearly sessile.
Peduncles filiform in some of the upper axils, one-flowered, in spring. Sepals
slender, linear-lanceolate, united only at base. Corolla white or pinkish. Capsule
with about 5 revolute valves. Seeds few, rather large, covered with a white cel-
lular-reticulated pellicle, remaining for some time fast on the placenta in a globular
mass. - - The following are all the known species.
T. Americana, Pursll. Stem very naked below, unequally 5-9-leaved at summit, a
span high : leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends : divisions of the white corolla finely
acuminate. Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 47. T. Europcea, Michx. T. Euroj/mt, var. Ameri-
cana, Pers., & var. anyustifolia, Torr. Fl. 1. 3o3. Damp woods, from Labrador to the Sas-
katchewan and the mountains of Virginia.
T. Europeea, L. Stem either naked or with a few scattered leaves below the cluster of
obovate or lanceolate-oblong obtuse or abruptly somewhat pointed leaves: divisions of the
white or pink corolla abruptly acuminate or mucronate. Alaska, &c. (Eu. to N. E. Asia.)
Var. arctica, Ledeb. Very like small specimens of the Old World plant, 2 to 4
inches high, with obtuse or retuse leaves, the larger barely an inch long, and gradually
decreasing ones down the upper part of the stem: corolla white. -- T. arctica, Fischer in
Hook. Fl. ii. 121. T. Europcea, Cham. & Schlecht. Mountains of Oregon to Aleutian
Islands and Behring Straits.
Var. latif 61ia, Torr. Stem naked below in the manner of T. Americana ; the whorl
or cluster of 4 to 7 oblong-obovate or oval mostly acute leaves (14- to 4 inches long), rarely
proliferous: corolla from white to rose-red. Pacif. R. Exp. iv. 118; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 469. T. lulifolia, Hook. 1. c. Woods, W. California to Vancouver's Island.
7. STEIRONEMA, Raf. (From O-TC/VIO,-, sterile, and '//,, thread, refer-
ring to the presence of staminodia alternating with the fertile stamens.)
Leafy-stemmed perennials, glabrous except the ciliate petioles, destitute of glands
or dots ; the leaves all opposite, but mostly in seeming whorls (in the manner of
Trientalis) on the flowering branches; the slender peduncles as in Trientalis ; so
also the corolla except that it is yellow. Filaments and bottom of the corolla
granulose-glandular. Fl. summer. Raf. in Ann. Gen. Phys. Bruxelles, vii. (1820)
192 ; Baudo in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 346 ; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
62. Lysimachin Sele'ticia, Bigel. Bost. ed. 2, 74. Lysimachia Steironema, Gray,
Man. ed. 1, 283.
* Leaves membranaceous, pinnately veined even when linear, at least the lower ones petiolecl :
corolla sulphur-yellow.
S. ciliatum, Raf. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, mostly simple : leaves ovate-lanceolate
or oblong-ovate, gradually acuminate (5 to 2 inches long), and mostly with rounded or
subcordate base, minutely ciliate ; the long petioles hirsutely ciliate : corolla exceeding the
calyx, about three quarters inch in diameter. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Lysimachia
ciliata, L. ; Engl. Bot, t. 2922, & ed. Syme, 1. 1543 ; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. 1. 1086. L. quad-
rifolia, var., L. Syst. & Mant. Low grounds and thickets, Nova Scotia to Georgia, and
west to Br. Columbia and New Mexico. (Sparingly nat. in Eu.)
S. radicans, Gray. Stem slender and branching, soon reclined, the weak long branches
often rooting in the mud : leaves smaller than in the foregoing, especially on the branches,
not at all cordate, not ciliate, the margined petioles slightly so : calyx-lobes broader (ovate-
lanceolate) and equalling the corolla, which is only a third of an inch in diameter. I->ysi-
machia radicans, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 177. Swamps, W. Virginia to Arkansas and
Louisiana.
S. lanceolatum, Gray. Stems erect, a foot or two high, simple or paniculatcly branched,
somewhat angled : leaves lanceolate or linear, an inch or two long, tapering into a short
and margined ciliate petiole or attenuated base ; the radical and sometimes lowest cauline
from oblong to orbicular, small: corolla about two thirds inch in diameter; its divisions
62 PRIMULACE^:. Steironema.
conspicuously erose and cuspidate-acuminate, slightly exceeding the lanceolate calyx-
lobes. Proc. Am. Acad. I.e. S. heteropkytta, llaf. I.e. S.florida, Baudo, 1. c., chiefly. Ana-
gaUis lutea, &c., Pluk. Aim. t. 333, f. 1. Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 92. L. hybrida &
heterophylla, Michx. Fl. i. 126. L. ciliata, var., Chapm. Fl. 280. L. decipiens, Bertoloni,
Amccn. Low grounds and thickets, western parts of Canada to Florida, and Nebraska
to Louisiana. Polymorphous ; the extremes in the following varieties, the first of which
verges to the two preceding species.
Var. hybridum. Cauline leaves mostly petioled, from oblong to broadly linear.
Lysimachia lancc-olata, var. hybrida, Gray, 1. c. L. hybrida, Michx. 1. c. L. heterophylla, Ell.,
Nutt., &c. Commoner northward and westward.
Var. angustifolium. Stems more branched, a span to 2 feet high : cauline leaves
linear, acute at both ends, more sessile, a line or two broad. L. ani/ustifolia, Lam. 111.
i. 440, not Michx. L. hcten>i>h y/ta, Michx. I.e. L. qnadriflora, Ell., hardly of Bot. Mag.
The more marked form mainly southward.
* * Leaves of firmer texture and nearly veinless, mainly sessile : corolla deeper yellow.
S. longifolium, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous : stems simple or very sparingly branched, slender,
quadrangular, a foot or more high: cauline leaves all narrowly linear and sessile, mostly
obtuse (2 to 4 inches long, 1A to 2-i- lines wide), lucid, the midrib prominent beneath, the
margins narrowly revolute : corolla three fourths inch wide; the divisions somewhat ob-
ovate, longer than the calyx. S. lonyifolia? & S. rrroluta, Kaf. 1. c. Lysimachia quadriflora,
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. Gb'O, inappropriate name. L. lonnifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 135 (at least chiefly) ;
Duby in DC. 1. c. (excl. habitat Carol.) ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 273; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 10. L.
revoltita, Nutt. Gen. I.e. L. anf/itntl/iilin. Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Lam. Banks of streams,
Lake Winnipeg to Niagara, and Wisconsin to W. Virginia ; apparently not farther south.
8. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. LOOSESTRIFE. (In honor of King Lysimachus,
or from Ai'tftc, release from, f<//y, strife.)-- A genus of wide distribution, but
very few species in America, and these rather polymorphous. Ours are perennials ;
fl. summer.
1. LYSIMACHIA proper. Corolla yellow, strictly rotate, and deeply parted,
with hardly any tube, and no teeth between the lobes : stamens more or less mon-
adelphous at base, often unequal in length: leaves opposite or verticillate, or
some abnormally alternate.
* Flowers (middle-sized) in a terminal and naked thyrsoid panicle: corolla destitute of dots and
colored streaks : ovules rather numerous.
L. Fraseri, Duby. Almost glabrous : stem 3 to 5 feet high, sulcate-angled : leaves in
whorls of 3 or 4, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acutely acuminate (3 to 5 inches long), more
or less reddish-dotted, mostly acute at base, very short-petioled ; the upper smaller and
commonly only opposite : panicle many-flowered, minutely glandular : bracts small and
subulate : divisions of the calyx linear-lanceolate, valvate in the bud, margined by a nar-
row reddish line, moderately shorter than the obovate obtuse divisions of the corolla :
glandular filaments somewhat unequal, united into a cup at base : anthers narrowly
oblong, arcuate in age. DC. Prodr. vii. 65. L. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 720, ex herb., not
Walt. S. Carolina (Catesby in herb. Sherard, and Fraser in herb. DC.); Columbus,
Georgia, Boykin ; Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, Dr. Allen. A striking and rare species,
of the L. rii/i/nris section, most related to L. Dahurica of N. E. Asia.
* * Flowers (small) in a virgate terminal raceme or in the upper axils : stem erect : leaves punc-
tate with pellucid ami at l"ii^th dark-colored dots: corolla dark-dotted 'or streaked; the divisions
longer than the narrow lanceolate sepals: filaments conspicuously monadelphous at base and
glandular, unequal: anthers barely oblong: capsule 1-5-seeded, sometimes 10-15-ovuled.
Trirlyiiin, Hal". 1. c. L. Cassandra, Bigel. 1. c.
L. quadrifolia, L. Stem a foot or two high, simple, leafy throughout, somewhat pubes-
cent : leaves in whorls of 4, sometimes of 3, 5, or 6, rarely only in pairs or partly scattered,
oblong-lanceolate or the lower ovate, more or less acuminate (1 to 3 inches long), equal,
and with flowers on filiform pedicels from most of the upper axils, or sometimes the upper
reduced to foliaceous bracts and the flowers loosely racemose : divisions of the corolla
Anagallis. PRIMULACE^E. 63
ovate-oblong (2 lines long) : ovules 10 to 18. L. Spec. i. 147 (not of Syst. Veg., where it is
confounded with L. ciliata, L.) ; Lam. 111. t. 101, f. 2. L. lutta, &c., Pluk. Amalth. t. 48,
f. 3. L. punctata, Walt. L. hirsuta, Michx. Sandy or gravelly soil, New Brunswick and
Canada to Wisconsin and Georgia.
L. asperulaefolia, Poir. A foot or more high, mostly glabrous : leaves in whorls of 3
or 4, or some opposite, ovate-lanceolate from a broad closely sessile base, S-5-ribbed, glau-
cous beneath, an inch or so in length ; the upper reduced to bracts of a small leafy-bracted
raceme : pedicels not longer than the flowers : divisions of the corolla lanceolate, 3 or 4
lines long. Diet. Suppl. iii. 477 (wrongly said to come from Egypt) ; Duby in DC. I.e.
L. Herbciiioidi, Ell. Sk. i. 232 ; Chapm. 1. c. Pine woods, N. Carolina to Georgia.
L. stricta, Ait. A foot or two high, glabrous, soon branched, very leafy ; the axils
bearing fascicles of small leaves or sometimes torose bulblets : leaves opposite and occa-
sionally alternate, lanceolate, acute at both ends, nearly veinless ; the upper mostly
abruptly reduced to linear or subulate bracts of a long and closely many-flowered virgate
raceme: pedicels filiform, longer than the flowers: divisions of the corolla lanceolate or
oblong, 3 lines long. Hort. Kew. ed. 1, i. 199. L. vulgaris, Walt. Car. 92. L. racemosa,
Lam.; Michx. Fl. i. 128. L. bulbifera, Curt. Bot. Mag. t. 104. Viscum terrestre, L. Spec,
ii. 1023, bulbiferous and flowerless. Wet ground, Newfoundland to Saskatchewan and
Upper Georgia.
Var. producta, Gray, with a long and loose foliaceous-bracted raceme, gradually
passing into ordinary leaves subtending filiform pedicels : flowers rather larger. L. race-
mosa, Michx. 1. c. (herb.), in part. New York and Michigan.
Var. angustifolia, Chapm. Leaves all narrowly lanceolate and linear, a line or
two broad : raceme rather few flowered. L. angustifolia, Michx. 1. c. L. Loomisii, Torr. in
Croom, Cat. PI. Newbern, 46. Low country, N. Carolina to Georgia.
* * * Flowers (rather large), solitary in the axils of ordinary leaves: corolla not dark-dotted nor
streaked: filaments slightly monadelphous at base.
L. NUMMULARIA, L. (MoxETWORT. ) Glabrous : stems prostrate and creeping: leaves
orbicular, short-petioled : sepals cordate-ovate, valvate and reduplicate in the bud, nearly
equalling the corolla. Sparingly naturalized, escaped from gardens into moist grounds
in N. Atlantic States. (Eu.)
2. NAUMBURGIA. Corolla with hardly any tube deeply 5- (or even 6-7-)
parted into linear divisions (light yellow and somewhat purplish-dotted), and with
a small tooth interposed in each sinus : filaments distinct, slender, equal : leaves
opposite, those at the base of the stem reduced to scales. Naumburgia, Moench.
Tkyrsanthus, Schrank.
L. thyrsiflora, L. Glabrous or becoming so: stem a foot or two high from a slender
rootstock, naked below : leaves lanceolate, sessile : peduncles only from 2 or 3 pairs of
lower axils, much shorter than the leaf, bearing several or numerous small flowers in a
dense head or oblong spike: capsule glandular-dotted, few-seeded. Engl. Bot. t. 176;
Fl. Dan. t. 517. L. aipitata, Pursh, Fl. i. 135. Wet bogs, Pennsylvania to Canada and
northward, thence west to Oregon and Alaska. (Eu. to Japan.)
9. GrLAUX, Tourn. SEA-MILKWORT. (From j'P.avxoV, sea-green.) Single
species. Flowers dimorphous as to reciprocal length of filaments and style.
G. maritima, L. A somewhat succulent little herb, glabrous and glaucous or pale,
perennial by slender running rootstocks : stems a span or less high, erect or spreading,
very leafy : leaves from oval to oblong-linear, a quarter to half inch long, entire, sessile :
calyx-lobes oval, purplish or white. Sa.lt marshes along both sea-coasts, from New Eng-
land and from California northward ; also in the interior west of the Mississippi, in sub-
saline soil: fl. summer. (Eu., Asia.)
10. ANAG-ALLIS, Tourn. PIMPERNEL. (Ancient Greek name, prob-
ably from dm, again, and a/a/Uw, to delight in.) --Low herbs, mainly annuals
and of the Old World, one indigenous to Chili, one widely naturalized round the
64 PRIMULACE^E. Anagallis.
world : flowers on slender pedicels from the axils of the entire leaves, middle-
sized or small, in summer.
A. AKVENSIS, L. Annual, glabrous: stems spreading: leaves ovate, sessile (half to a full
inch long, mostly shorter than the pedicels), opposite, in threes, or sometimes the uppermost
alternate : calyx-lobes narrow, nearly equalling the red, purple, or blue (rarely white)
corolla ; the divisions of which are minutely denticulate or glandular-ciliate. Waste
grounds, especially hi sandy soil, naturalized both on the Atlantic and Pacific coast. (Eu.,
Asia, Afr.)
11. CENTTJNCULUS, Dill. CHAFFWEED. (The meaning obscure.) -
Very small glabrous annuals, with mainly alternate leaves, and solitary incon-
spicuous flowers in their axils, in summer.
C. minimus, L. Stems ascending, 2 to 6 inches long, slender : leaves ovate, obovate, or
in ours often spatulate-oblong, contracted or tapering at base (2 or 3 lines long), all but
the lowest sessile : flowers nearly or quite sessile in the axils, 4-merous, sometimes 5-
merous : calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, fully equalling the capsule. Fl. Dan. 1. 177 ;
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. xvii. 1082 ; Fl. Bras. Prim. t. 23. C. lanceolatus, Michx. Fl. i. 93. Low
grounds, Illinois to Florida and Texas (wanting in N. E. States), and west to Oregon.
(Eu., S. Amer.)
12. SAMOLUS, Tourn. BROOKWEED, WATER-PIMPERNEL. (Celtic, name,
according to Pliny, the meaning unexplained.) Low and glabrous herbs ; with
alternate entire leaves, and small white flowers in simple or panicled racemes ;
in summer. One species cosmopolite ; most of the others in the southern hemi-
sphere. Ours either annual or perennial, with fibrous roots.
S. Valerandi, L. Stems erect or ascending, branching from the base, leafy up to the
raceme : leaves obovate, thinnish ; the lower tapering into a petiole : pedicels ascending,
bractless, 1-bracteolate near the middle : calyx adherent to the middle of the ovary and
capsule ; the lobes ovate, half the length of the short-campanulate corolla ; this only a
line long, the sinuses bearing inflexed sterile filaments. Engl. Bot. t. 703. Near Philadel-
phia, &c. ; introduced in ballast. (Eu., Afr., Asia.)
Var. Americanus, Gray. More branched with age, becoming slender and diffuse,
with elongating and loose paniculate racemes of most-ly smaller flowers on more filiform
and spreading pedicels : capsules sometimes one-half smaller. Man. ed. 2, 274, &c. S.Jio-
ribundus, HBK. ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, &c. Wet places, especially along brooks, N. Canada
to Florida, Texas, Oregon, and California. (Mex., S. Amer.)
S- ebracteatus, HBK. Leafy stems short : leaves fleshy, obovate, spatulate, or oblong-
oblanceolate, the lower tapering into a winged petiole and decurrent : racemes long-
peduncled or as if on a scape (a span or two high) : pedicels without bract or bractlet :
calyx almost 5-parted, adherent only to the base of the ovary and capsule: corolla oblong-
campanulate (about 2 lines long), with tube longer than the lobes : sterile filaments none.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 223, t. 129; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 236; Chapm. Fl. 282. S.
longipes, Hook, ex Shuttleworth in Bot. Zeit. 1845, 222. Samodia ebracteata, Baudo in Ann.
Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xx. 350. Saline and brackish soil, Florida to Texas and Upper Arkansas.
(Mex., W. Ind.)
ORDER LXXXII. MYRSINEACE^E.
Shrubs or trees, with the floral characters of Primulacece, i. e. stamens of the
number of the petals or corolla-lobes and opposite them, undivided style and
stigma, and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, bearing few or
numerous peltate amphitropous ovules. These are generally immersed in the
placenta, and only one usually matures into a seed. This is globose, with a thin
Ardisia. MYRSINEACE.E. 65
coat, and a copious cartilaginous albumen. The fruit is pea-shaped, usually dry-
drupaceous, never capsular. Leaves simple, mostly alternate, without stipules,
commonly marked with some immersed dots or short lines, containing at first
pellucid but at length dark resinous matter ; these also appearing in the flower,
especially in the corolla. (There are similar dots or lines in Lysimachia, of the
preceding order.) No milky juice. Flowers small and the corolla short, rotate
or campanulate. A tropical order, sparingly reaching the southern borders of
the United States.
TRIBE I. MYRSINEzE. Calyx perfectly free. No staminodia. Ovules usually im-
mersed in the fleshy placenta, only one maturing into a seed which fills the cavity
of the fruit.
1. MYRSINE. Flowers mostly poly ga mo-dioecious, in axillary or lateral fascicles. Corolla
4-5-partcd, imbricated in the bud. Anthers short and usually blunt.
2. ARDISIA. Flowers in panicles, either terminal or from the upper axils. Corolla rotate,
5- (rarely 4-6-) parted ; the lobes convolute in the bud, or sometimes one wholly exterior.
Anthers lanceolate-sagittate, pointed ; the cells dehiscent from the apex downward.
TRIBE II. TIIEOPHRASTEzE. Calyx perfectly free. Staminodia or sterile sta-
mens in the throat at the sinuses of the corolla. Ovules numerous, not immersed
in the. placenta, maturing few or numsrous seeds.
3. JACQUINIA. Calyx 5-cleft, with lobes rounded and much imbricated. Corolla short-
salverform or campanulate ; lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud : a rounded petaloid
appendage (representing a sterile stamen of the outer series) in each sinus. Stamens 5,
inserted low down on the tube of the corolla : filaments subulate : anthers oblong or
ovate, extrorsely dehiscent. Fruit ovoid or globose, leathery, pointed with the base of
the style. Seeds few, imbedded in the mucilage of the placenta. Embryo with ovate
cotyledons and slender radicle.
1. MYRSfNE, L. (An ancient Greek name of Myrtle.) -- Shrubs or
trees ; with glabrous coriaceous leaves, small whitish flowers, and small dry berry-
like fruits.
M. Rapanea, Roem. & Schult. Shrub or small tree : leaves thickish (2 inches or
more long), oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse, entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole:
flowers sessile or nearly so in numerous small sessile clusters ; the cluster in age raised
on a short scaly-imbricated axis or spur : flowers 5-merous : drupe 2 lines in diameter,
obscurely pedicelled. Syst. iv. 509 (following indication of R. Br. Prodr.) ; A. DC. Prodr.
viii. 07 ; Miq. in Fl. Bras. ix. 307, t. 50-52. M.flonbunda, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 393. M. Flo-
ridana, A.DC. I.e. ; Chapm. Fl. 277. Rapanea Gui/anensis, Aubl. Guian. i. 121, t. 46; the
large and tropical form. Samara floribunda, Willd. Sp. i. 665. Florida Keys, Blodgett,
Hasslcr. (W. Ind. to S. Brazil.)
2. ARDf SIA, Swartz. (From andig, the point of a thing, referring to the
pointed anthers, which are often connivent around the acute style, forming a
prominent cusp in the centre of the flower.) A large and wide-spread tropical
genus, with white or rose-colored corolla, and white, red, or blue berry-like fruits.
Our only species differs from the most of the genus in having the corolla-lobes
sinistrorsely overlapping, instead of the contrary direction, or occasionally with
one lobe wholly outside and one inside, as often happens in this aestivation.
A. Pickeringia, Torr. & Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous : leaves from ob-
ovate to lanceolate-oblong, glaucescent, entire (2 to 4 inches long), contracted at base into
a petiole : panicle broad, many-flowered : lobes of the corolla oval, soon reflexed, com-
monly dark-lined, 2 lines long: style filiform: fruit as large as peas. A.DC. I.e. 124;
Chapm. Fl. 277. Cyrilla paniculata, Nutt. in Amer. Jour. Sci. v. 290. Pickeringia panini-
lata, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 1. E. Florida. (Mex. & W. Ind.)
6
66 MYRSINEACE^. Jacqulnla.
3. JACQUllSTIA, L. (In honor of Nicolas Joseph Jacquin.} -- Tropical
American trees or shrubs; with thick coriaceous entire leaves, and white or yellow
flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs or fascicles.
J. arinillaris, L. Glabrous: leaves cuneate-spatulate or obovate-oblong, obtuse or rctuse,
sometimes mucronulate, nearly veinless, the margins somewhat revolute : flowers racemose
or rather corymbose, white. Jacq. Amer. 53, t. 39 ; Miq. in Fl. Bras. ix. t. 27. E. Florida
and Key West on the coast : perhaps introduced. ( W. Ind., S. Amer.)
J. pungens, Gray. Shrub 8 to 12 feet high, glabrous, or the branchlets puberulent :
leaves crowded, very rigid, some imperfectly verticillate, linear-lanceolate, veinless,
minutely punctate beneath, with revolute margins, and tipped with a long pungent cusp :
flowers few or solitary at the end of the branchlets, short-pedicelled : corolla orange : fruit
globose, half to three fourths inch in diameter. PI. Thurb. in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 325.
Mountains near Ures (Thitrbtr), and elsewhere in Sonora, N. W. Mexico (Palmer);
probably reaching the borders of Arizona, but not received from within our limits. Related
to J. rusdfolia.
ORDER LXXXIII. SAPOTACE.E.
Shrubs or trees, with perfect flowers, agreeing with the foregoing order in
having fertile stamens of the same number as the (proper) lobes of the corolla
and opposite them, and inserted on its tube, in the short corolla, undivided style
and stigma ; differing in the few-several-celled ovary with solitary anatropous
or amphitropons ovules, and a comparatively large seed with a crustaceous or
bony testa (containing a large straight embryo with or without albumen), with
broad and flat or sometimes fleshy-thickened cotyledons ; and the juice in most is
milky. Flowers regular and small, in axillary clusters. Calyx free, of 4 to 7
distinct sepals, which are strongly imbricated. Corolla hypogynous, 4-7-cleft.
and the lobes imbricated in the bud, often with as many or twice as many acces-
sory internal lobes or appendages borne on the throat. Staminodia (answering
to series of stamens) commonly present, alternate with the true corolla-lobes and
sometimes in the form of sterile filaments, or squamiform, or petaloid. Filaments
of fertile stamens subulate or filiform, generally short : anthers oftener extrorse ;
the cells opening longitudinally. Fruit baccate, commonly by abortion 1 -celled
and 1 -seeded; when several-seeded, the bony seeds are laterally flattened and dis-
posed in a ring around a thickened axis. Leaves alternate, simple and entire,
pinnately veined, mostly coriaceous : stipules small and caducous or none. Pubes-
cence when present silky or tomentose, composed of malpighiaceous or stellate
hairs. Tropical or subtropical, except our species of Bnmelia. Fleshy fruit
of some edible. Juice of certain trees of the order yields gutta-percha. Seed
albuminous in all ours excepting Bumelia.
* Calyx simple, i. e. of mostly 5 sepals in a single series, but strongly imbricated.
H No internal appendages to the corolla and no staminodia.
1. CHRYSOPHYLLUM. Corolla bearing 5 stamens, otherwise naked within. Ovary
5-10-celled. Seeds 1 to 10, attached by an elongated hilum.
f- -)- Staminodia one in each sinus of the corolla, but no other internal appendages or
divisions.
2. SIDEROXYLON. Staminodia more or less unlike and smaller than the lobes of the
corolla. Ovary 2-5-celled. Berry drupe-like, usually 1-seeded.
H_ H_ ^_ Both staminodia and appendages or accessory lobes of the corolla present and
petaloid ; the latter one to each side of the proper corolla-lobes (or these 3-parted),
therefore geminate in the sinuses outside of the staminodia : flowers white : anthers
Bumelia. SAPOTACE2E. G7
extrorse, versatile : fruit cherry-like, with thin pulp, containing a mostly solitary erect
seed (from a 5-ovuled ovary) ; the sear small and basilar or nearly so.
3. DIPHOLIS. Pctaloid staminodia mostly erosely or fimbriately toothed. Seed with
copious albumen ; the embryo in its axis with flat cotyledons.
4. BUMELIA. Pctaloid staminodia entire or denticulate. Seed destitute of albumen ;
the cotyledons very thick and fleshy, commonly consolidated.
* * Calyx double, of 6 or 8 sepals in two series ; the outer almost valvate and enclosing
the inner and thinner.
5. MIMUSOP3. Corolla of or more exterior proper lobes, and twice as many similar
appendages, a pair in each sinus outside of a thin scale-like or petaloid staminodium.
Anthers sagittate, extrorse. Ovary C-H-cellcd. Fruit baccate, maturing one or few seeds.
1. CHBYSOPHYLLUM, L. STAR-APPLE. (Formed of ^wro.?, gold,
and (pv)J.nr, leaf, from the golden sheen of the lower face of the leaves.)-- Hand-
some trees of tropical regions ; with the leaves in the commoner species green
and glabrous above, and beneath resplendent with a golden or copper-colored
silky pubescence, traversed by fine and close parallel transverse veins : flowers
small in axillary fascicles: fruit fleshy and commonly edible.
C. CAINITO, L., the common Star-apple of the W. Indies, if spontaneous in Florida, is
doubtless an introduced tree. It has an 8-10-crenate stigma and an 8-10-celled large and
globose edible fruit, as large as an apple ; the foliage undistinguishable from the following.
C. oliviforme, Lam. Small tree: leaves oval; the lower face (also young shoots,
pedicels, and calyx) silky -tomentose and shining with the copper-colored or golden pubes-
cence: corolla white; its tube seldom exceeding the calyx ; stigma 5-crenate : fruit ovoid-
oblong, 1-seeded, blackish when ripe, insipid. Diet. i. 552 ; Pescourt. PI. Ant. ii. t. 71 ;
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 398. C. mono^i/rfiiuni, Swartz ; Hook. Dot. Mag. t. 3303; Miq. in Fl.
Bras. vii. 94. S. Florida and Key West, Blodtjr-tt, Clt<ij>nian. (W. Ind.)
2. SIDEROXYLON, L. (Composed of at'dijoo^, iron, and %v).ov, wood,
from the hardness of the latter.)-- A wide-spread tropical genus, of which a
single "W. Indian species has reached Florida.
S. mastichodeildron, Jacq. (MASTIC-TREE.) Rather large tree, glabrous: leaves
thinnish, oval, with undulate margins, rounded or bluntish at apex, acutish at base, shining
above (2 to 4 inches long), on slender (inch long) petioles : flowers crowded in lateral or
axillary fascicles much shorter than the petioles : calyx barely puberulent, half the length
of the 5-parted yellow corolla : staminodia lanceolate, with a subulate tip, nearly entire :
ovary glabrous, 5-celled : fruit plum-like, 1-seeded, "yellow." Coll. ii. t. 17, f. 5 (Catesb.
Car. ii. t. 75) ; Gaertn. f. Carp. Suppl. 125, t. 202 ; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 181. S. pallidnm,
Spreng. ; A.DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 274. Bumelia /Ktl/idn, Swartz. B.fcetidissima,'N\itt.Sylv.
iii. 39, t. 94. Key West (Blodgett) and Charlotte Harbor, Florida. (W. Ind.)
3. DtPHOLIS, A. DC. (Formed of dL; double, and qpoAk, scale, from the
pair of appendages in the sinuses of the corolla.) - -Three W. Indian species,
with the aspect and seeds of Siderorylon, one of them extending to Southern
Florida.
D. salicifolia, A. DC. Tree GO feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, gla-
brous, tapering into a petiole : flowers in axillary fascicles : short pedicels and calyx rusty
silky-pubescent : staminodia oval, erose-toothed, as long as the linear or subulate exterior
appendages : anthers oblong : fruit the size of a pea. Prodr. 1. c. 188, & Deless. Ic. v. 40
(corolla-lobes and appendages too much fringe-toothed) ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 401 ; Miq. in
Fl. Bras. vii. t. 18. Achras salicifolia, L. Bumelia salicifolia, Swartz. Keys of S. Florida,
Blodgett. (W. Ind.)
4. BUMELIA, Swartz. (Ancient Greek name of a kind of Ash, unmean-
ingly transferred to this genus.) Shrubs or small trees (of Atlantic U. S. and
68 SAPOTACE^E. Bumelia.
tropical America) ; with very hard wood, small white flowers fascicled in the axils
of the leaves, in summer, and a black cherry-like fruit. Axils often spiny :
therefore in S. States popularly called BUCKTHORN. Leaves in ours mostly
deciduous, and staminodia nearly as large as the proper corolla-lobes.
* Pedicels, calyx, and lower face of the leaves clothed with silky or somewhat tomentose pubes-
cence; the upper fare of the leaves finely venulose-retieulated : pedicels longer than the short
petioles : fruit 4 or 5 lines long. oval.
B. tenax, "Willd. Shrub or small tree, 12 to 30 feet high, with divergent branches :
pubescence silky and close-pressed, yellowish or at first whitish, shining: leaves from
oblanceolate or spatulate to cuneate-obovate, obtuse (1-J- to 2-1- inches long) : fascicles very
many-flowered: staminodia ovate. Willd. Spec. i. 1085; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 39, t. 92.
B. chrysophyttoides, Pursli, Fl. i. 155. B. reclhnifa, Chapm. Fl. 275? Sideroxylon tenax,
L. Mant. 48. S. sericeum, Walt. Car. 100. S. chrysophylloides, Michx. Fl. i. 123. Cliryso-
pJiyllum Cai-aHnnisc, Jacq. Obs. iii. t. 51. Sandy soil, coast of N. Carolina to Georgia.
B. lanuginosa, Pers. Shrub or tree, sometimes even 40 feet high, less spiny ; the
pubescence looser, more tomentose, and not shining : leaves from oblong-obovate to
cuneate-obovate: fascicles 6-18-flowered : staminodia obscurely denticulate : otherwise in
the most eastern forms very like the foregoing; in the western with paler or sparser down
to the leaves, or this partially deciduous in age so as to approach the next. Syn. i. 237 ;
Pursh, 1. c. B. tomentosn, lunnrjinosa, & oblongifolia (Nutt. Gen.), A. DC. I.e. B. oblongifolia
& B. fernujinea, Nutt. Sylv. 1. c. 33. B macrocarpa, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 37, must be this or the
preceding. B. arborca (not Texana, as in ed. 1), Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philnd. 1861,461,
a glabrate and thin-leaved form. Sideroxylon tenax, Walt. 1. c. N. litun/jinosnm, Michx.
Fl. i. 122. Woods, Georgia and Florida to S. Illinois arid W. Texas. The Western
forms (B. oblongifolia, Nutt., B. arborea, Buckley) are less pubescent, ami in the drier dis-
tricts pass into
Var. rigida. More spiny, the coriaceous leaves little over inch long, from obovate to
cuneate-oblanceolate : seeds sometimes narrower at base and mottled. B. spinosa, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 112, not DC. ? B. pauciflora, Engelm. in distrib. Priiigle. S. Texas
( Wright, Palmer) to S. Arizona, Prinyle, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex.)
* * Pedicels and calyx glabrous: leaves nearly glabrous or soon becoming so, finely venulose-
retieulated, thinnish.
B. lycioides, Pers. Shrub or low tree : leaves from oblanceolate to oblong-obovate,
lucid, 1 to 5 inches long, lower face sometimes whitish-pubescent when young : fascicles
very many-flowered, about the length of the petioles : staminodia ovate, obscurely denticu-
late : fruit short-ovoid, 3 to 5 lines long. Syn. i. 237 ; Gsertu. f. Carp. iii. 127, t. 202, f. 5 ;
Loud. Arb. t. 1016; Nutt. Sylv. iii. t. 91. Sideroxylon lyrioidfs, L. (excl. hah.) ; Michx.
Fl. ii. 122. S. decandrnm, L. Mant. 48? S. Iceve, Walt. 1. c. Low grounds, E. Virginia
and S. Illinois to Florida and Texas.
B. reclinata, "Vent. Low shrub, decumbent or spreading, spiny : leaves an inch or less
long, cuneate-spatulate or obovate, obtuse or retuse : flowers commonly fewer. Choix,
t. 22. B. lycioides, var. reclinata, ed. 1. Sideroxylon reclinatum, Michx. Fl. i. 122. Coast
of Georgia and E. Florida.
* * * Glabrous throughout: leaves thicker, small, with only obscure veins.
B. angustifolia, Nutt. Shrub or small tree : leaves from spatulate or liuear-oblanceolate
to broadly obovate-cuueate, very obtuse, fleshy-coriaceous : fascicles few-mauy-flowered : lan-
ceolate appeudages to the corolla and ovate-lanceolate staminodia acute, denticulate: fruit
oblong-oval, 6 to 9 lines long, edible: seed oblong. Sylv. iii. 38, t. 93; Radlk. in Sitz.
Acad. Bavar. xix. 481. B. parvi folia, Chapm. Fl. 275, not A. DC. B. reclinata, Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 109, not Vent. B. cuneata, ed. 1, not Swartz. Shores of Florida and S. E.
Texas. (Adj. Mex.)
5. MlMUSOPS, L. (Formed of /AI/AW, an ape, and oi/us, appearance, but
the likeness is not apparent.) Trees of the tropics; with coriaceous leaves,
having slender and inconspicuous transverse veins and minutely reticulated vein-
Diospyros. EBENACE.E. 69
lets, pedicels in axillary fascicles, corolla immersed or nearly so iu the double
calyx, and a plum-like edible fruit.
M. Sieberi, A. DC. Tree 30 feet high: leaves elliptical-oblong or inclining to obovate,
refuse, glabrous and green both sides (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioied; midrib stout :
fascicles several-flowered: corolla whitish, G-parted; its slender appendages 12: staminodia
short, triangular, nearly entire : fruit the size of a pigeon's egg, brownish or yellowish
when ripe, pleasant. Prodr. viii. 204; Chapm. Fl. 275. M. dissecta, Griseb. 1. c., as to
W. Ind. pi. Achras mammosa, Sieber, Coll., not L. A. Zupotilla, var. parviflora, Nutt. Sylv.
iii. 28, t. 90. Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Palmer. Said to be common ; probably indi-
genous. (W. Ind.)
ACHRAS SAPOTA, L., the SAPPADILLA or NASEBEKRY of the West Indies and Central
America (for a variety of which Nuttall mistook the above tree), appears not to have
reached Florida.
ORDER LXXXIV. EBENACE.E.
Trees or shrubs, with limpid juice, alternate entire leaves, and dioaciotis or
polygamous (rarely completely hermaphrodite) regular flowers ; the staminate
with at least twice or thrice as many stamens as there are lobes to the short gamo-
petalous hypogynous corolla (usually convolute in the bud), and inserted on its
tube or base, their anthers introrse ; the pistillate flowers mostly with some im-
perfect stamens ; the several-celled ovary with one or two anatropous ovules
suspended from the summit of each cell ; the fruit a berry, maturing one or more
large and bony-coated seeds. These have a cartilaginous albumen, and a rather
small straight embryo, with foliaceous cotyledons and a mostly slender radicle.
Calyx persistent, often foliaceous and accrescent. Filaments short. Hypogynous
disk wanting. Styles as many or half as many as the cells of the ovary, 2 to 8,
distinct or partly united : stigmas sometimes 2-parted. Stipules none. Flowers
axillary, articulated with the pedicels. Wood very hard ; that of several species
of Diospyros furnishes ebony.-- Iliern, Mon. Eben. in Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc.
xii. part i. A small order, of warm regions, nearly two thirds of the species
belonging to the following genus.
1. DIOSPYROS, L. DATE-PLUJI, PERSIMMON, (z/wc, nv Q 6^ Jove's
grain.) Calyx 4-5-lobed, enlarging under the fruit. Corolla campanulate, short-
sal verform or urceolate. Ovary 4 12-celled ; a pair of ovules in each cell. Be'rry
maturing only 4 to 8 oblong bony flattened seeds. Flowers essentially dioecious ;
but the fertile flowers (commonly solitary in the axils) may have sterile stamens
more or less polliniferous ; the sterile flowers much smaller, usually racemose or
clustered, and with more numerous stamens. A large genus, widely dispersed,
but the greater portion Asiatic : fruit edible.
D. Virginiana, L. (COMMON PERSIMMON.) Tree 20 to 70 feet high, with a rough bark :
leaves thickish-membranaceous, more or less pubescent when young, commonly soon
glabrate, oval (2 to 5 inches long) : sterile flowers in threes : calyx 4-parted : corolla
4-lobed, greenish-yellow, thickish, glabrous : stamens 16, in pairs, somewhat pubescent ;
the sterile ones of the fertile flowers 8 : styles 4, 2-lobed at apex : ovary 8-celled, nearly
glabrous : fruit plum-like, an inch in diameter, excessively astringent when green, yellow
when ripe, and when frosted sweet and luscious. Gaertn. f. Carp. Suppl. t. 207; Michx.
f. Sylv. ii. t. 93 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 76). D. concolor, Moench. D. pubesccns, Pursh, Fl.
i. 265 (var. microcarpa, Raf. Med. Fl.). Woods and fields, Rhode Island ? and New York
near the coast, also from Ohio to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana : fl. early
summer: fr. Oct. (Too near the N. Asiatic D. Lotus, L.)
70 EBENACEJE. Diospyi-os.
D. Texana, Scheele. (MEXICAN PERSIMMON.) Shrub or tree 10 to 29 feet high, widely
much branched, with smooth bark and heavy white wood : leaves cuneate-oblong or ob-
ovate, rounded at apex, often retuse (an inch or two long), almost sessile, tomentose, as
also the branchlets : flowers silky-tomentose outside ; sterile few in a fascicle : calyx 5-6-
parted : stamens 10 to 20 in two ranks, glabrous ; none in the fertile flowers : ovary and
young fruit pubescent, 8-celled : stigmas 4, each 2-lobed : fruit globose, black, luscious
(ripe in August), with 3 to 8 triangular seeds. Linnasa, xxii. 145; Torr. Mex. Bound. 109 ;
Hicrn, Mon. Eben. 1. c. 209. Woods along streams, Southern and Western Texas. (Ad-
jacent parts of Mex. )
ORDER LXXXV. STYRACACE^E.
Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, and mostly perfect regular flowers,
having at least twice as many stamens as the petals or lobes to the corolla, borne
on its tube or base, or sometimes inserted with it ; the filaments monadelphous or
4 5-adelphous at base ; style and stigma one ; calyx more or less adnate to the
2-5-celled ovary ; the fruit or its cells one-seeded ; seed anatropous, with a mostly
straight embryo in copious fleshy albumen. Calyx either imbricated or open in
bud. Anthers introrse or innate. Disk none. Ovules solitary, in pairs, or few
in each cell, most of them aborting in the fruit. Style filiform. A small order,
in warm regions ; but nearly half the genera are represented in the United States.
-Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. v. 334; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. G67.
TRIBE T. SYMPLOCINE^E. Stamens in several series : anthers short, innate.
Calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud. Pubescence simple. Embryo terete.
1. SYMPLOCOS. Calyx 5-lobed ; the tube adnate to the 2-5-celled ovary. Corolla
5-parted, or nearly 5-petalous. Stamens very numerous, with filiform filaments, usually a
cluster adnate to the base of each petal. Ovules mostly a pair suspended from the sum-
mit of each cell. Fruit a small dry drupe or nut-like, mostly 1-ccllcd and 1-seeded.
TRIBE II. STYRACE2E. Stamens definite in a single series : anthers linear or
oblong, adnate, introrse. Pubescence more or less stellate or scurfy. Calyx-lobes
or teeth mostly very short or obsolete, open in the bud. Cotyledons flat or foliaceous.
2. HALESIA. Calyx-tube obconical or obpyramidal, 4-ribbed, adnate to the 2-4-celled
ovary ; the short truncate limb 4-toothed. Corolla campanulate, 4-cleft, or sometimes
nearly 4-petalous, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8 to 16 : filaments flat-
tened, more or less monadelphous in a ring at base and somewhat adnate to the base of
tke corolla. Ovules 4 in each cell, the upper pair ascending, the lower pendulous. Fruit
dry-drupaceous or at maturity nut-like, 2-4-winged, within bony, 1-4-celled, pointed with
the persistent base of the style. Seeds single in each cell, cylindrical, with a thin coat.
3. STYRAX. Calyx-tube campanulate ; its base adnate only to the lower part of the
primarily 3-celled ovary : the truncate limb of very small or obsolete teeth. Corolla 5-
petalous or 5-parted, or rarely 48-parted ; the lobes or petals imbricate, or nearly con-
volute, or valvate in the bud. Stamens double the number of the lobes of the corolla or
rarely fewer : filaments flat, in ours borne on the base of the corolla, cither monadelphous
or nearly distinct : anthers linear. Ovules several in each cell, ascending. Fruit usually
globular, becoming one-celled and dry, coriaceous or crustaceous, sometimes 3-valved from
the top. Seed mostly solitary, filling the cell, erect, with a bony smooth coat.
1. SYMPLOCOS, Jaeq. SWEET-LEAF. (JiywirP.oxfv, connected, referring
to the stamens, which in some are highly monadelphous.) Shrubs or small trees
(American and Asiatic) ; with pinnately veined leaves, which commonly turn yel-
lowish in drying and yield a yellow dye ; the flowers axillary and yellow. Jacq.
Stirp. Amer. 166; L. Gen. 677. ffopea, Garden; L. Mant. 1.3.
S- tinctoria, L'Her. Shrub 4 to 18 feet high : leaves rather coriaceous, oblong, acute
or acuminate, obscurely more or less serrate (4 or 5 inches long), soon glabrate and shining
Styrax. STYRACACE^E. 71
above, pale and pubescent beneath, tardily deciduous, or far south more persistent : flowers
in sessile fascicles from the axils of the preceding year, 6 to 16 in a cluster, scaly-bracteate,
the scales deciduous : calyx-tube turbinate : petals oblong, obtuse, barely connected at
base and bearing the stamen-clusters : ovary 3-celled : fruit nut-like, oblong, half inch or
less long. Linn. Trans, i. 176; Willd. Spec. iii. 1436. Hopea tinctoria, L. Mant. 105;
Michx. f . Sylv. iii. 9. In rich soil, Delaware ( Commons) to Florida and Louisiana ; fl. spring.
Flowers fragrant. Leaves sweet to the taste and in autumn greedily devoured by cattle
and horses (hence called HORSE-SUGAR) ; also used for yellow dye.
2. HALISSIA, Ellis. SNOWDROP or SILVER-BELL TREE. (Commem-
orates Stephen Hales of England, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) Small trees
of the Atlantic United States ; with partly stellate soft pubescence : leaves
rather large, ovate-oblong, acuminate, more or less denticulate, slender-petioled,
deciduous ; flowers showy, drooping on slender pedicels, in fascicles (or rarely
very short racemes) from the axils of fallen leaves of the preceding year, pro-
duced in spring at leafing-time ; corolla white. Thin testa of the seed adherent
to the pericarp ; the delicate inner coat adherent to the albumen. (Pterostyrax,
Sieb. & Zucc., of Japan, referred to this genus by Bentham and Hooker, although
nearly related, is better kept distinct, on account of the terminal paniculate inflo-
rescence, quinary flowers, mid thinner small fruit.) Ellis in Phil. Trans, li. t. 22 ;
L. Gen. no. 59 G.
H. diptera, L. Tall shrub or small tree : leaves ovate or inclined to obovate, when full-
grown thinnish and venulose-reticulated (4 to 6 inches long) : corolla three-fourths inch
long: stamens 8 to 16, mostly 8, sometimes free: ovary rarely 4-celled : fruit oblong (2
inches long), 2-winged ; its strongly angled body tapering into a long stipe within the
wing. Spec. ed. 2, 636; Cav. Diss. vi. t. 187; Lodd. Cab. 1. 1172. //. reticulata, Buckley
in Proc. Acad. Philud. 1860. Rich woods, Georgia and Florida to Louisiana. Flowers
larger and more numerous and showy than in the next.
H. tetraptera, L. Small tree (or in the mountains even a large tree) : leaves oval or
ovate-oblong : corolla half inch long : stamens 10 to 16 : ovary 4-celled : fruit ellipsoidal,
equally 4-wing-angled, over an inch long. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 64.) Lam. 111. t, 204; Cav.
1. c. t. 186 ; Dot. Mag. t. 910 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1173. Woods and along streams, W. Virginia
and Illinois to Florida, mostly along and near the mountains.
H. parviflora, Michx. Foliage of //. tetraptera, but smaller : corolla 4 or 5 lines long:
fruit an inch or less in length, narrowly 2-winged, the oblong-clavate body with stipe
included in the acute base of the wing. Fl. ii. 40, not Lindl. Bot. Reg., which is Stijrnx
Americana. Georgia and Florida.
3. STYRAX, Tourn. STORAX. (Greek 2xvo(t$, ancient name of the tree
which yields TO cmWJ, storax.) -- Shrubs or small trees, the pubescence when
present scurfy or stellular. Leaves deciduous, at least in our species ; the flowers
(in spring) racemose, subcorymbose or somewhat cymulose, or sometimes solitary,
from the axils or summit of the branchlets. Corolla white, in ours campanulate
or more open, of petals distinct to the base or nearly so, soft and tomentulose or
puberulent, at least outside. Ovary 3-celled at base, with a thick placenta, which
divides and becomes obsolete at the summit. A widely dispersed genus, chiefly of
warm regions. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 1. c., Proc. vi. 326, & Man. ed. 5, 309 ;
Benth. & Hook. 1. c.
* Petals nearly valvate in the bud, a third to barely half inch long.
S. Americana, Lam. Shrub 4 to 8 feet high, glabrous or nearly so throughout : leaves
small (1 to 3 inches long), bright green, commonly entire, oblong or oval, mostly acute at
both ends, often acuminate : flowers single or in very few-flowered racemes, nodding :
peduncles or branchlets minutely glandular, not hoary : 5-to jthed calyx and sometimes
72 STYRACACE^:. Styrax.
the pedicel glandular-dotted : petals lanceolate-oblong, nearly glabrous. Diet, i. 82 ; Gray,
Man. 1. c. S. lave, Walt. Car. 140. S.yktbrum, Cav. Diss. vi. 590, t. 188 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 41.
S. Icevigatinn, Ait. Kew. ii. 75 ; Bot. Mag. t. 021. Halcsla purvijiora, Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 952 1
Along streams, Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, and Arkansas.
* * Petals lightly but decidedly imbricated or convolute in the bud, minutely soft-puberulent out-
side, barely half inch long: calyx and inflorescence with the lower face of the leaves more or less
canescent.
S. pulverulenta, Michx. Low shrub : leaves as in the preceding, but more or less
pubescent or scurfy and hoary beneath, rarely 2 inches long on flowering steins : flowers
geminate in the axils on short branchlets and in short terminal racemes, fragrant : pedicels
not longer than the calyx : petals oblong-lanceolate. Fl. ii. 41 ; Ell. Sk. i. 505. Pine-
barren swamps, S. Virginia to Florida and Texas.
S. grandif 61ia, Ait. Shrub from 4 to 12 feet high : leaves membranaceous, oval or ob-
ovate, usually denticulate, green and glabrous above, canescently pubescent or tomentose
beneath, the larger 3 to 6 inches long : flowers mainly in loose naked racemes of 3 to 6
inches in length, or some in leafy-bracted clusters, larger than in the preceding: petals
more overlapping in bud, oblong, fully half inch in length. Lodd. Cab. t. 1016 (poor) ;
Michx. Fl. ii. 41, as S. grandiflorum. S. officinal'], Walt., not L. Rich woods, S. Virginia
to Florida.
* * * Petals conspicuously overlapping in the bud, olnvate or broadly obloncc, two thirds to three
fourths inch long : short peduncle terminating the branches or short lateral branchlets, corym-
bosely 1-4-flowercd : bracts minute: style long and lilifonn.
S. platanifolia, Engelm. Shrub 12 feet high, green and glabrous or nearl}' so : leaves
roundish, with subcordate or truncate broad base and slender petiole, undulate or angnlate-
toothed, or even sinuate-lobed, sometimes abruptly acuminate, reticulate-veiny (2 to 4
inches in diameter) : even the pedicels and calyx glabrous or nearly so. Torr. in Smiths.
Contrib. vi. 4, note. Wooded bottoms, Texas, L\ndh>:im r, Wdjht, &c.
S. Calif ornica, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with scurfy stellular pubescence, at first
hoary, sometimes soon green and glabrate : leaves oval, entire or sparingly undulate (an
inch or two long), short-petioled : pedicels with the calyx and corolla minutely canescent:
style becoming an inch long. Smiths. Contrib. 1. c. & Paeif. R. Rep. iv. 118; Gray, Bot.
Calif. 5. 470. W. side of the Sierra Nevada, California, Fremont, &c. Bony seed as large
as a small cherry.
ORDER LXXXVI. OLEACE^E.
Trees or shrubs, rarely almost herbaceous, with colorless bland juice, opposite
(rarety alternate) leaves destitute of stipules, perfect or dioecious and regular
flowers (gamopetalous, 2 4-petalous, apetalous, or even achlamydeous) ; with
stamens 2 to 4, mostly 2 and fewer than the parts of the corolla, distinct ; the free
ovary 2-celled ; style one or none ; anatropous ovules mostly one or two pairs in
each cell ; seeds with a rather large straight embryo (its cotyledons flat or plano-
convex) in firm fleshy albumen, or sometimes exalbuminous.
FORSYTHIA VIRIDISSIMA and F. SUSPEXSA, of Japan and China, cultivated ornamental
shrubs, noted for their very early yellow blossoms, are peculiar in having numerous ovules.
SYRINGA, the Lilac, of the Old World, becomes spontaneous in a few places.
LIGUSTRUM VULGARE, the Privet, used for ornamental hedges, is also occasionally found
wild in the vicinity of towns iu the Eastern Atlantic States, and may claim to be a really natu-
ralized plant.
OLEA EURCHVEA, the Olive, has long been planted in the southern part of California.
TRIBE I. FRAXINE2E. Fruit entire, dry, indehiscent, winged, a samara. Seed
suspended.
1. FRAXINUS. Flowers direcious or polygamous, somethnes perfect. Calyx very small,
4-clef t or irregularly toothed, or entire, or wanting. Petals none, or 4 and either separate
Fraxlnus. OLEACE^E. 73
or united in pairs at the very base. Stamens 2, sometimes 3 or 4. Fruit by abortion
mostly 1 -celled and 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded ; the wing mainly terminal.
TRIBE II. OLEINE/E. Fruit fleshy and indehiscent, a drupe or rarely a berry, not
lobed. Seed suspended or pendulous. Leaves simple.
* Flowers apetalous, dioecious or polygamous.
2. FORESTIERA. Calyx minute, 4-parted or toothed, sometimes wanting or deeiduous.
Corolla none, or rarely one or two small deciduous petals. Stamens 2 to 4 : anthers ovate
or oblong. Ovary ovate, with 2 ovules in each cell : style slender : stigma somewhat
2-lobed. Drupe 1-seeded.
* * Flowers complete, sometimes polygamous : parts of the calyx and corolla 4.
3. CHIONANTHUS. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals,
which are plane in the bud with slightly induplicate margins, and united only and often
slightly at the base. Stamens 2, rarely 3, short. Style short. Ovules a pair in each
cell. Drupe mostly 1-seeded. Embryo in copious fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat.
4. HESPEREL JEA. Calyx of 4 somewhat colored sepals, imbricated in the bud, decid-
uous. Corolla of 4 spatulate unguiculate petals, imbricated at summit in the bud, accres-
cent, deciduous. Stamens 4, hypogynous : filaments subulate : anthers oblong, uiucronu-
late. Style stout: stigma thick, 2-lobed. Ovules a pair in each cell.
5. OSMANTHUS. Calyx 4-cleft, short, persistent. Corolla, short, 4-cleft; the lobes
broad and obtuse, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2 (rarely 4), on the short tube of the
corolla, included : anthers ovate. Style short : stigma small, entire. Ovules a pair in
each cell. Drupe globose or ovoid, mostly 1-seeded.
TRIBE III. JASMINE2E. Fruit didymous or septicidally 2-partible. Seeds ascend-
ing or erect. Parts of calyx and corolla 5 or more.
6. MENODORA. Calyx 5-15-clef t, persistent ; the lobes mostly linear. Corolla from
rotate to salverform ; limb 5-6-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 2,
rarely 3 : anthers oblong or nearly linear. Ovary emarginate : style slender : stigma
usually capitate or 2-lobed. Ovules 4 (or in a S. Amer. species only 2) in each cell.
Fruit a didymous or 2-parted at length membranaceous capsule, circumscissile at or near
the middle. Seeds usually a pair in each cell, large, with a thickened and spongy outer
coat : no albumen. Leaves often alternate !
1. FRAXINUS, Tourn. ASH. (Classical Latin name.) Trees ; with rather
light tough wood, chiefly opposite and odd-pinnate leaves, and small flowers, in
panicles, developed in spring. Petals when present narrow, induplicate-valvate
in the bud, white : anthers yellow, large in proportion. Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules
a pair from the summit of each cell, only one usually fertile; the oblong seed fill-
ing the cell of the samara or key-fruit. Bark of shoots ash-color. Winter-buds
of few and usually dark-colored thickish scales. (Shape of the wing of samara
variable, not rarely some are o-winged and 3-celled.)
ORNUS AMERICANA, Pursh, c., is probably only Fraxlnus Onius, L., and wrongly thought
to be American. A host of nominal species of Asli which were named by Bosc, character-
ized mainly by the foliage, and upon which his herbarium throws little or no light, must
pass unnoticed.
1. 6uNUS, Pers. Flowers 2-4-petalous, polygamous (many perfect), in
loose panicles, which mostly terminate leaf-bearing branches or spring from the
axils of new leaves.
* Petals 2: style manifest : California!!.
F. dipetala, Hook. & Am. Small tree, glabrous : leaflets 5 to 9, oval or oblong,
obtuse, serrate, mostly petiolulate, an inch or two long : panicles usually clustered on short
lateral spurs, naked or subtended by one or two leaves : calyx truncate and somewhat
toothed : petals oblong-obovate, equalling the linear anthers : fruit from linear-oblong to
spatulate-oblong (usually an inch long), the flat body several-nerved on each side and
with sharp edges. Bot. Beech. 362, t. 87; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 472. Ornus dipetala, Nutt.
Sylv. iii. 60, t. 101. Ckionanthas fraxinifolius, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 18. Western
part of California.
74 OLEACE^E. Fraxinus.
Var. bradiyptera, a form with short obovate fruit, only half to three-fourths inch
long, and the terminal part of the wing only half the length of the body. Borax Lake,
California, Torre y.
Var. trifoliolata, Torr. Leaves (only the uppermost known) 1-3-foliolate : leaflets
small, an inch or less long, coriaceous, obsoletely serrate : fruit rather small. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 1(37. Mountains south of the boundary between Upper and Lower California,
Parry.
* * Petals (always ?) 4 : style none or hardly any : North Mexican and Texan species, with small
and minutely punctate leaflets, and small panicles chiefly terminating short 1-2-leaved lateral
branchlets: flowers of the second species unknown.
F. CUSpidata, Torr. Shrub 5 to 8 feet high, with slender branches, glabrous : leaflets
5 to 7, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually acuminate into a cuspidate tip, or
some of them ovate or oval and obtuse or even emarginate, acutely and sparsely few-
toothed or entire, petiolulate (half to a full inch or more in length) : petiole slightly mar-
gined between the leaflets : calyx deeply 4-cleft or 4-toothed : corolla 4-parted, half inch
long ; the lobes long-linear, several times exceeding the oblong anthers : stigma sessile :
fruit spatulate-oblong or obovate-oblong (half inch long), its wing rather shorter than the
flattened nerveless body. Bot. Mex. Bound. 166. South-western Texas, on the Rio
Grande from the great canon upwards, Purr//, Wriyht, &c., in fruit. New Mexico, Palmer,
in flower.
F. Greggii, Gray. Shrub 5 to 9 feet high, glabrous, with slender mostly terete branches :
leaflets 3 to 7, from narrowly spatulate to oblong-obovate, obtuse, obtusely few-toothed or
entire, plane, firm-coriaceous, veinless or nearly so (a half to nearly an inch long), sessile :
petiole wing-margined between the leaflets : fruit to 8 lines long, oblong-linear, the retuse
apex tipped with a very short distinct style. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 64. F. Schiedeana,
var. parvifolia, Torr. 1. c. On limestone, S. W. Texas, Schatt, c. Adjacent parts of
Mexico, Gregg, Bigelow, Parry.
2. FRAXIN^STER, DC. Flowers apetalous, in mostly denser panicles (espe-
cially the staminate), which are developed from separate buds from upper axils of
the preceding year, or on the leafless base of shoots of the season.
* Flowers polygamous : leaves mostly simple !
F. anomala, Torr. Shrub or low tree, more or less soft-pubescent when young: leaves
thin-coriaceous, ovate, rotund, or cordate, rarely obeordate, entire or partly serrate, many-
veined (an inch or two long), sometimes 2-3-foliolate with similar sessile leaflets : panicles
short: calyx campanulate, erose-toothed, longer than the ovary: anthers linear-oblong:
fruit oblong (7 to 10 lines long), winged from the base, the flattened striate-nerved body as
long as the terminal part of the wing. Watson, Bot. King, 283. S. Utah, Newberry,
Palmer, Bishop, &c.
* * Flowers dioecious ; the pistillate rarely w'th abortive stamens ; the staminate reduced to 2 or 4
stamens with a minute or obsolete calyx "or none : leaves 3-11- (mostly 5-9-) foliolate.
H Leaflets petiolulate: anthers linear-oblong, mucronate or apiculate : small calyx to fertile
flowers present and persistent, sometimes deciduous in F. quadrangulata.
-H- Fruit winged only from the summit or upper part of the terete or nearly terete body,
= Which is inarginless ; the wing wholly terminal.
F. pistacieefolia, Torr. Small tree, either velvety-pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaf-
lets 5 to 9, short-petiolulate, sometimes subsessile, small (one or two inches long), from
lanceolate to oval, entire or somewhat serrate: fruits small and crowded, spatulate (either
broadly or narrowly), the terete body (3 to 5 lines long) somewhat clavate, about equal-
ling and sometimes exceeding the Aving. Pacif. R, Rep. iv. 128, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 10(3.
S. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
Var. coriacea. A rigid form of arid districts : leaflets 3 to 5, firm-coriaceous, usually
more serrate. F. velutina, Torr. in Emory, Rep. 1848, 149, a velvety-tomentose form.
F. coriacea, Watson in Am. Nat. vii. 302, excl. pi. coll. Bit/flow. Arizona, Emory, Wheeler.
F. Americana, L. (WHITE ASH.) Large timber-tree : branchlets and petioles glabrous :
leaflets 7 to 9, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparsely serrate
or denticulate (3 to 5 inches long), pale or whitish and often pubescent beneath: fruit
usually about an inch and a half long ; the body oblong and cylindraceous, completely
Fraxinus. OLEACE^E. 75
terete, barely acute at base, merely 1-nerved at what would be the margins, half or thrice
shorter than the lanceolate or oblanceolate wing. Spec. ed. 2, 1510, excl. syn. Catesb. ;
Muhl. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. (1801) ; Michx. f. Sylv. 1. 118 (excl. fruit, which is apparently
that of F. viridis) ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 125, t. 89 (on plate F. acuminata) ; Emerson, Rep.
Trees, ed. 2, t. 12. F. iicumlnata, Lam. Diet. ii. 542. F. Novx-Arvjlice & F. Caroliniana ?
Wangenheim. F. alba, Marsh. Arbust. 51. F. juglandifolia, Lam. 1. c. 1 & Bosc in Mem.
List. 1808, 209. F. epiptera, Michx. Fl. ii. 250. F. Canadensis, Ga?rtn. Fruct. i. 122, t. 49.
F. discolor, Muhl. Cat. 111. Rich or moist woods, Canada to Florida and Louisiana. Very
valuable timber-tree : fruit variable in size and shape of wing, but that of the terete cylin-
draceous body quite constant. Monoecious flowers have been met with.
Var. microcarpa. Fruit (seemingly full grown but seedless) remarkably small,
half to two thirds inch long. F. albicans, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1802, partly. F.
Curtissii, Yasey, Cat. Trees U. S. 20. Eufaula, Alabama (C'urtiss), &e.
Var. Texensis. Low tree, glabrous throughout : leaflets mostly 5, slender-petiolu-
late, from ovate to broadly oval, 14- to 2 inches long, either rounded at apex or slightly
acuminate : fruit small, two-thirds to barely an inch long, the wing hardly double the
length of the body. F. albicans, Buckley, 1. c., in part. F. pistaciazfolia, E. Hall, List. PI.
Tex. no. 527. F. coriacea, Watson, 1. c., as to pi. Bigelow, " Devil's Run Canon," Texas
(not "Arizona"), a form with remarkably long-petiolulate leaves of firmer texture, with-
out flowers or fruit. Texas, on rocky hills, from Austin to Devil's River, near the Rio
Grande. Perhaps a distinct species.
= = Body of the fruit more slender, tapering gradually from summit to base, more or less mar-
gined upward by the decurrent wing.
F. pubascens, Lam. (RED ASH.) Tree of middle or large size: inner face of the
outer bark of the branches red or cinnamon-color when fresh : 3'oung parts velvety-
pubescent, commonly permanently so : leaflets as of the preceding, or else longer and
narrower, the lower face and the petioles more tomentose : fruit commonly 1 to 2 inches
long ; its body more than half (or even little less than) the length of the linear or spatulate
wing. Diet. ii. 548 ; Walt. Car. 254 ; Muhl. in N. Schrift. Berl. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 5,
402. F. Pennsylvanica, Marsh. Arbust. 51. F. niijra, DuRoi. F. tomentosa, Michx. f. Sylv.
t. 119. F. oblongocarpa, Buckley, 1. c. Low grounds, Canada to Dakotah, and south to
Florida ; rare west of Ohio.
F. viridis, Michx. f. (GREEN ASH.) Small or middle-sized tree, glabrous: leaflets
5 to 9, bright green both sides, or barely pale beneath, from oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
mostly acuminate and sparsely and sharply serrate or denticulate (2 to 4 inches long) :
fruit nearly as in the preceding or with a rather more decurrent wing (from 9 to 18 lines long).
Sylv. t. 120, excl. fruit (which must belong to F. Americana}; Bosc, I.e.; Gray, Man.
ed. 2, 358. F. concolor, Muhl. Cat. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. (on plate, F. pnbcscens in letter-press)
t. 90. F. jufjlandifolia, Willd. Spec. iv. 1104. F. Caroliniana (Willd. 1 ), Pursh, Fl. i. 9.
F. expansa, Willd. Baum. 150. Along streams, Canada and Dakotah to Florida, Texas,
and Arizona ? Pale-leaved forms, with some pubescence on the veins of the leaflets be-
neath, pass into the preceding.
Var. Berlandieriana. Leaflets 3 to 5, with a more cuneate base : wing of the fruit
rather wider and more decurrent on the body. F. Berlandieriana, DC. Prodr. viii. 278.
F. trialata, Buckley, 1. c., a state with Swinged samara. Texas. (Cuba?)
H- -H- Fruit with compressed and wing-margined body.
F. platycarpa, Michx. (WATER ASH.) Tree of middle size, glabrous or pubescent:
branchlets terete : leaflets 5 to 7, ovate or oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate or entire,
conspicuously petiolulate : fruit elliptical, obovate, or spatulate (one or two inches long),
contracted below into a stalk-like base, each face with an impressed midnerve, not rarely
3- winged. Fl. ii. 256; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 124; Cliapra. Fl. 370. F. Carolinensis, &c.,
Catesb. Car. i. t. 80. F. Caroliniana, Lam. 1. c. 1 F. excelsior ? Walt. Car. 254. F. Ameri-
cana, Marsh. Arbust. 50. F. pal/ida, Bosc, 1. c. F. pauciflora, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 61, t. 100.
F. triptera, Nutt. 1. c., with 3-winged samara. F. Nuttallii & F. nigrescens, Buckley, in Proc.
Philad. Acad. 1860 & 1862. Deep river-swamps, Virginia to Louisiana. (Cuba.)
F. quadrangulata, Michx. (BLUE ASH.) Large timber-tree, the inner bark yielding a
blue color to water, glabrous : branchlets square : leaflets 7 to 11 ( ovate-oblong to lanceolate,
acuminate, sharply serrate (3 or 4 inches long), short-petiolulate, when young often pubes-
76 OLEACE^E. Fraxinus.
cent beneath : fruit linear-oblong or cuneate-oblong (one or two inches long, 4 to 7 lines
wide), not stipitate and oftener not narrowed at base, lightly several-nerved on both faces,
somewhat twisted when mature ; the minute calyx at length deciduous or obsolete.
Fl. ii. 225; Michx. f. Sylv. t. 123. Dry rich woods, Michigan to Tennessee.
1 H Lateral leaflets sessile : common petiole angled : anthers short-oblong.
= Calyx small, persistent.
F. Oregana, Nutt. Tree of middle or ample size, with wood like that of White Ash,
the foliage and shoots villous-pubtscent, at least when young : leaflets 5 to 7, lanceolate-
oblong to oval, entire or nearly so (2 to 4 inches long), veiny, the upper surface soon
glabrous : fruit with nearly clavate and slightly compressed body, the margined edges gradu-
ally widened upwards into the longer oblanceolate wing (of an inch or less in length).
Sylv. iii. 59, t. 99 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 472. F. pulx-itcciis, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 51. F. latifolia,
Benth. Sulph. 33. Along streams, Washington Terr., near the coast, to California.
= = Calyx wanting : the flowers wholly naked.
F. sambucifolia, Lam. (BLACK ASH.) Small or middle-sized tree, with very tough
and fissile wood ; glabrous, except bearded hairs along the midribs beneath : leaflets 7 to
11, green and of similar hue both sides, oblong-lanceolate from a roundish base, gradually
acuminate, finely and acutely serrate (3 to 5 inches long), the pinnate primary veins of
numerous pairs : fruit lanceolate-oblong or linear-oblong, flat throughout, finely nervose,
the acutely margined body of the same breadth as the wing. Diet. ii. 549; Muhl. 1. c. ;
Michx. f. Sylv. t. 122 ; Emerson, Rep. Trees, ed. 2, ii. 381, t. 13. F. niijra, Marsh. Arbust.
61. Swamps and wet banks, Nova Scotia to Wisconsin, the mountains of Virginia and
Kentucky. Bruised foliage exhales the odor of Elder. Remarkable for the total absence
of calyx.
2. FORESTIERA, Poir. (M. Forestier, a French physician.) Shrubs
(North American and W. Indian) ; with opposite simple leaves, inconspicuous
flowers, in early spring, from inibricated-scaly axillary buds, and small dark-colored
drupes ; the putamen thin. Fascicles or panicles very short, few-flowered ; the
staminate sessile and in a sessile globular scaly glomerule : the bracts or bud-scales
deciduous. Branches minutely warty. Tulasne in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xv. 265.
Adelia, Michx. Borya, Willd. Bigelovia, Smith. Piptolepis, Benth.
* Leaves membranaceous and deciduous, not porulose. mostly minutely serrate : flowers from axils
of the preceding year.
F. acuminata, Poir. Shrub somewhat spinescent, 5 to 10 feet high, glabrous through-
out : leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate-oblong, conspicuously acuminate, slender-petioled,
!$ to 4 inches long : fertile flowers several in a panicle : calyx obsolete or caducous : drupe
(when forming fusiform acuminate, and somewhat arcuate) elongated-oblong. Diet.
Suppl. ii. 004 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 300, excl. var. Addla acnminata, Michx. Fl. ii.
225, t. 48. Borya acnminata, Willd. Spec. iv. 711. Foresticra ligustrina, Willd. ex char. &
hab. ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 358, not Poir. Wet and shady river-banks, W. Illinois and Mis-
souri to W. Georgia and Texas. The habitat of this and of F. ligustrina must have been
transposed in Michaux's Flora.
F. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high, glabrous : leaves spatulate-oblong,
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, short-petioled, obtusely or obsoletely serrulate, an inch
long : fertile flowers in sessile fascicles : calyx minute and rather persistent : drupe obtuse,
short-oblong or ovoid. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. (53. F. (icitminata, var. part- /folia, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. iv. 364. New Mexico, and adjacent borders of Texas and Colorado, Fcndler,
Wrii/ht, Palmer, Brandeyee.
Var. Arizonica. Young shoots and foliage soft-pubescent ; only earliest leaves
seen, those entire. Near Prescott, Arizona, Palmer.
F. ligustrina, Poir. More or less pubescent with short spreading hairs : leaves obovate
or oblong with narrowed base, short-petioled,. appressed-serrulate, rounded at apex, usually
an inch long : fertile flowers in simple fascicles : calyx almost obsolete : drupe short-ovoid,
sessile: putamen smooth and even. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. iv. 301, partly. Adelia liyus-
Hesperelcea. OLEACE/E. 77
trina, Michx. 1. c., cxcl. hab. Borya Hrjitstrina, Willd. 1. c., but character wrongly altered, as
also by Poiret, 1. c. Tennessee to Florida, &c., but not Illinois.
P. pubescens, Nutt. Soft-pubescent : fertile flowers and oblong drupes pedicellate :
putamen striate : otherwise like the preceding. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 177.
F. ligustrina, var. pubescens, Gray, 1. c. Florida, Arkansas, and Texas.
* * Leaves coriaceous (very small), not porulose.
F. sphserocarpa, Torr. Low shrub ; leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, obscurely crenu-
late, minutely soft-pubescent, half inch long, short-petioled, mainly crowded at the tip of
the branchlets : drupe globular, very short-pedicelled. Bot. Mex. Bound. 168. S. W.
Texas, in dry ravines of the Rio Limpio, B'ujdow.
* * * Leaves coriaceous, porulose-punctate beneath, often persistent until flowers develop in their
axils, or even to the maturity of the fruit,
H Their margins plane, often serrulate.
F. reticulata, Torr., 1. c. Glabrous throughout: leaves ovate or almost oblong, with
rounded base and obtuse or acute mucronulate apex, short-petioled, firm-coriaceous, lucid
above, conspicuously venulose-rcticulated, an inch or more long : fascicles few-flowered
and very short in the axils of persistent leaves : drupe short-ovoid. Western borders of
Texas, Writ/lit, Bitjclow, Sc/wtt.
-)-! Margin of the leaves narrowly revolute, entire.
F. porulosa, Poir. Much branched shrub, glabrous: leaves thin-coriaceous, obovate-
oblong to lanceolate, tapering at base into a short distinct petiole, obtuse or rounded at
apex (one or two inches long), the scattered and spreading veins manifest: drupes short-
oblong, short-pedicelled. Gray, 1. c., excl. vars. Alyrica seyregata, Jacq. Obs. ii. 273, & Ic.
Rar. t. 625. Adelia porulosa, Michx. 1. c. Borya porulosa, Willd. 1. c. Forcstierti Jacquiniana,
Didrichson, Ind. Sem. Ilanib. 1838, & Linn, xxvii. 737. S. Florida : rare. (W. Ind.)
F. angustifolia, Torr. Densely branched and rather large shrub, glabrous: leaves
firm-coriaceous, linear or spatulate-linear (0 to 12 lines long and 1 to 3 wide), sometimes
linear-oblong (short and 4 lines wide), very obtuse, veinless or nearly so : flowers not rarely
hermaphrodite, few in the close cluster: drupe ovate, acute, very short-pedicelled. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 103. F. pomlosa, var. ? angustifolia, Gray, 1. c. Texas, from Matagorda Bay
and New Braunfels southward to Mexico.
F. PHILLYREIOIDES, Torr. I.e. (Piptol'epis phillyreioides, Benth. PI. Hartw. 29), of Mexico
(Ilartiuetj, Grajij, &c.), appears to have leaves destitute of the pore-like punctuations, smaller
than those of F. pornloaa, but similar in form and venation, the lower face more or less pubes-
cent, and the drupes oblong.
3. CHIONANTHUS, L. FRINGE-TREE. (From pw;>, snow, and avdog,
blossom, alluding to the snow-white and light clusters of flowers.) --Shrubs or
low trees (the genuine species E. North American and Chinese) ; with simple
and entire opposite deciduous leaves, and loose compound panicles of white
flowers, in early summer, from the uppermost axils of the leaves of the preceding
year. Petals sometimes nearly separate or separable, oftener united (but irregu-
larly) to about twice the length of the small calyx, in cultivation occasionally
o or 6. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 231 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 677.
C. Virginica, L. Somewhat pubescent: leaves oval or oblong, 3 to 6 inches long, short-
petioled : panicles drooping, with very slender branches and pedicels and usually some
foliaceous bracts : petals an inch long, acute : fruit black or bluish, with thin pulp, glob-
ular, half inch or more long. (Catesb. Car. t. 08.) Lam. 111. t. 9; Lodd. Bot. Cab.
t. 1264. Along streams, S. Pennsylvania to Florida and Texas.
4. HESPEREL-^A, Gray. (' 'EansQa, evening or occidental, tlaia, the
olive-tree.) --Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 83. Single species.
H. Palmeri, Gray. Small tree, glabrous : leaves opposite, entire, coriaceous, oblong,
veiny : flowers sulphur-colored, crowded in a terminal compound panicle : pedicels short,
78 OLEACE^. Osmanthus.
articulated : petals twice the length of the sepals : fruit not seen, but evidently drupa-
ceous. Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond the limits of this Flora), Dr. E.
Palmer.
5. OSMANTHUS, Lour. (From oafti], odor, and arOog, blossom, the
flowers fragrant.) Shrubs and small trees (of E. United States, Pacific Islands,
and N. E. Asia) ; with evergreen chiefly opposite leaves, and small flowers in
axillary clusters. Genus founded on the Chinese 0. fragrans, cultivated as a
house-plant for its deliciously fragrant small blossoms ; now distinguished from
Olea by the imbricated instead of valvate aestivation of the corolla. -- Benth. &
Hook. Gen. ii. G77.
0. Americanus, Benth. & Hook. (DEVIL-WOOD.) Tall shrub or small tree, gla-
brous : bark whitish : leaves firm-coriaceous, lanceolate-oblong, tapering into a short
petiole, entire, bright green, shining above (3 to G inches long), much longer than the
panicles of dull white (polygamous or even dioecious) flowers : drupe small, dark purple.
-Liyustrum laurifolio, &c., Catesb. Car. i. 01, t. 01. Olea Americana, L. Mant. 24; Michx.
Fl. ii. 222; Michx. f. Sylv. iii. t. 0. N. Carolina to Florida near the coast: fl. spring.
6. MENOD6RA, Humb. & Bonpl (Miro*; force, and &oor, gift.) Low
shrubby, suffruticose, or nearly herbaceous plants (American and one S. African) ;
with simple entire or pinnately lobed leaves, many of them alternate, and con-
spicuous flowers terminating the branches, or becoming lateral, or sometimes loosely
corymbosely cymose : fl. in spring or summer : corolla in ours yellow. PI.
vEquin. ii. 98, t. 110 ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xiv. 43 ; Benth. & Hook.
1. c. Bolii-aria, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. i. 207. Calyptrospermum, Dietr.
Spec. i. 226.
1. BOLIV^RIA. Corolla with short or very short tube; its lobes blunt or
hardly acute ; the throat commonly bearded within : filaments filiform : anthers
pointless. ( Bolivaria & Menodom, Gray, 1. c.)
* Calvx-lobes rather short, 5 or 6, rarely some intermediate ones: leaves entire.
M. SpinesceilS, Gray. Thorny shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, rigid, divergently branched,
obscurely puberulent : leaves alternate, spatulate-linear and very small, commonly reduced
to minute scales or scars on the main branchlets : flowers small, almost sessile, terminating
short shoots : calyx-lobes a little shorter than the light yellow corolla, the oblong lobes of
which (a line and a half long) are rather shorter than the funnelform tube : capsule of 2
almost separate and diverging obovoid divisions. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif.
i. 471. Nevada and adjacent borders of California, Anderson, Cooper.
M. SCOparia, Engelm. Shrubby at base, the slender branches herbaceous, glabrous or
nearly so : leaves linear or lanceolate, entire ; or the lower oblong or obovate, the upper
mainly alternate : flowers sparsely corymbose, short-peduncled : calyx-lobes at first little
longer than the tube of the almost rotate corolla (lobes of the latter ovate and 3 or 4 lines
long) : divisions of the capsule globular. Bot. Calif. 1. c. S. E. California, Arizona, and
adjacent parts of Mexico. Related to M. intajrijUia of Buenos Ayres, and to the next.
* * Calyx-lobes 7 to 15, slender, linear or subulate : corolla nearly rotate, its obovate lobes mucli
longer than the tube.
M. scabra, Gray. Herbaceous from a woody branching base, a span to a foot high,
Flax-like, whole herbage or at least the lower part puberulent-scabrous : leaves mostly
alternate, linear or the lower oblong, chiefly entire, 4 to 10 lines long : flowers rather
numerous : peduncles remaining erect : lobes of the bright yellow corolla obovate, 3 or 4
lines long. Am. Jour. Sci. I.e.; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. t. 7. W. Texas to N. New
Mexico and S. Arizona.
M. heterophylla, Moricand. Nearly herbaceous, diffusely spreading, a span high,
almost glabrous but roughish : leaves mostly opposite and pinnately 3-7-clef t or parted ;
Menodora. APOCYNACE^. 79
the lobes and uppermost leaves linear : flowers sparse : lobes of the corolla obovate, 3 to 5
lines long, light yellow, sometimes purplish outside : short peduncles recurved in fruit.
DC. Prodr. viii. 310 ; Gray, 1. c. Bolivaria Grisebachii, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 254. Dry or
rich soil, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.)
2. MENODOUOPSIS, Gray, 1. c. Corolla salverforrn with a long tube, glabrous
within; the oval or ovate lobes mucronate-acuminate : anthers almost sessile in
the throat, apiculate : flowers vespertine, odorous, bright yellow : calyx with
about 10 setaceous lobes, exceeding the fruit : habit of M. scabra.
M. longiflora, Gray. Glabrous, numerous almost simple herbaceous stems a foot or
more high from a woody and branching base : leaves linear or lanceolate (an inch or less
long), smooth, entire (or some of the lowest rarely 3-cleft), the upper commonly alternate :
flowers several and cymose : tube of corolla 14- to 2 inches long, slightly widening to the
summit; the lobes half an inch long. Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 45. 8. & W. Texas, Lind-
heimer, Wright.
M. pubens, Gray, 1. c. Pubescent throughout with soft and spreading hairs : leaves
rather broader : otherwise nearly resembling the preceding. Valley of the Pecos, western
part of Texas, Wright.
ORDER LXXXVII. APOCYNACE^E.
Herbaceous or woody plants, with milky and mostly acrid juice, simple and
entire pinnately-veined leaves, either alternate, opposite, or verticillate, no stipules,
and perfect regular 5-merous flowers ; the calyx free from the ovary or nearly so,
imbricated in the bud and persistent ; the lobes of the gamopetalous corolla con-
volute and often twisted in the bud ; stamens as many as the corolla-lobes and
alternate with them ; anthers introrsely dehiscent ; pollen of ordinary loose but
often glutinous grains ; two carpels either distinct or united into a 2-placentifer-
ous ovary ; a single common style, surmounted by a single stigma ; the proper
stigmatic surface a ring underneath a thickened or lengthened sterile terminal
portion. Ovules few or numerous, amphitropous or sometimes anatropous. Seeds
with or without a coma. Embryo straight and rather large, in sparing albumen.
Anthers distinct, but connivent around the stigma, and not rarely adhering to it
(by a process from the base of the connective). Inflorescence various : peduncles
either terminal or axillary.
NERIUM OLEANDER, L., escaping from gardens and yards, inclines to be spontaneous in
Florida and Louisiana.
THEVETIA NERIIFOLIA, Juss., of Tropical America, grows on Key West, doubtless in-
troduced.
TRIBE I. PLUMERIE JE. Anthers free (unconnected with the stigma) ; the cells
polliniferous to the pointless and usually rounded base. Ovaries 2, connected only
by the common (filiform) style. Corolla sinistrorsely convolute in the bud, in our
genera unappendaged and salverform, with tube more or less dilated at summit.
(Caiyx in ours small, and anthers from ovate to oblong-lanceolate.)
* Anthers blunt, on very short filaments, inserted and included in the throat or enlarged
summit of the tube of the corolla, which is villous or hispidulous : seeds not comose.
-H- Disk none : leaves alternate.
1. VALLESIA. Corolla conspicuously constricted at the orifice. Stigma clavate or
cylindrical. Carpels drupaceous in fruit, oblong or clavate and curved, 2 4-ovuled,
1-seeded. Seed erect : radicle inferior. Shrubs.
2. AMSONIA. Corolla slightly or decidedly constricted at the villous throat. Stigma girt
underneath by a reflexed cup-like membrane ; the apex truncate-capitate or didymous.
Carpels many-ovuled, becoming slender terete and often torose follicles, erect, several-
80 APOCYNACE.E.
seeded. Seeds cylindraceous or oblong, obliquely truncate at both ends, in a single row ;
the coat corky. Herbs.
-i- H Disk of 2 oblong or linear glands alternate with the carpels : leaves opposite.
3. VINCA. Corolla callous-constricted at the orifice; the lobes broad. Stigma a viscid
ring between a rotately dilated upper and a lower hairy or bearded sterile portion, the
upper truncate and often 2-apiculate, the lower subtended by a refl6xed membranous ring
or cup. Carpels few-many-ovuled, in fruit narrow terete follicles. Seeds oblong, trun-
cate, with rough-granulate coat. Kadicle superior.
* * Anthers acute, inserted at or below the middle of the tube : disk none : seeds comose.
4. HAPLOPHYTON. Calyx 5-partcd; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverform
with open throat; its tube about the length of the obovate lobes. Anthers short-sagittate
with the short bases rounded. Style rather short : stigma cylindraceous, 2-lobed at apex,
unappendaged. Follicles filiform, striate, several-seeded. Seeds linear-fusiform, fixed by
the middle, sessile, furnished with a deciduous coma at both ends.
TRIBE II. ECHITIDE^E. Anthers with the cells produced into a sterile appendage
at base, coiinivent around the stigma and adherent to it by a point at the base of
the polliniferous portion. Ovaries 2, united only by the common style or stigma, in
fruit follicles containing (at least in ours) comose seeds. Lobes of the corolla
almost always dextrorsely convolute, and the leaves opposite. (Stamens in all
ours included.)
* Calyx-tube by means of a thickish disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below :
corolla appendaged within : style hardly any.
5 APOCYNUM. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, toward the
base bearing 5 small triangular-subulate appendages alternate with the stamens and
inserted rather higher. Stamens on the base of the corolla : filaments very short, broad :
anthers sagittate, acute. Disk fleshy at base, the free summit 5-lobed. Stigma ovoid,
obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles slender, terete. Seeds numerous, with a long coma at apex :
albumen little.
* * Calyx wholly free : style filiform, girt below by a ring which is commonly extended
into a reflexed entire or 5-lobed membranous cup or appendage, less conspicuous in
no. 9 : seeds numerous and comose at the apex.
i Stems erect, not twining.
6. CYCLADENIA. Calyx 5-parted, naked within ; the lobes slender. Corolla funnelform
with dilated throat, in the base of which are 5 minute callous appendages, one behind
each stamen ; lobes ovate or obovate, not twisted in the bud. Stamens borne on the base
of the dilated portion of the tube: anthers sagittate, on short filaments, the tips and the
basal lobes slender-cuspidate. Disk an entire shallow cup encircling the base of the
ovaries. Stigma capitate-5-angled and truncate, girt by a conspicuous 5-lobed reflexed
membrane. Follicles lanceolate, turgid, smooth. Seeds ovate, narrowed at the apex under
the copious coma.
7. MACROSIPHONIA. Calyx 5-parted, multiglandular at base within; the lobes
slender. Corolla salverform, with a long tube and enlarged cylindraceous or funnelform
throat; the lobes broad, dextrorsely convolute but sometimes sinistrorsely twisted in the
bud, often crisped. Stamens borne in the throat : filaments short : anthers oblong or
sagittate-lanceolate, mostly obtusely tipped, and the basal appendages obtuse. Disk of
5 fleshy and distinct or partly united scales. Stigma thickened and firm, 5-costate, with
entire or 2-cleft small apex, the base appendaged with 5 reflexed lobes or a 5-cleft mem-
brane. Follicles long and slender, terete. Seeds oblong.
t -i Stems twining, or at least sarmentose : calyx gland-bearing at base Avithin : corolla
wholly destitute of internal scales or appendages; the lobes usually more or lessi
twisted (to the left, i.e. contrary to the overlapping) in the bud: filaments very^hort :
disk mostly 5-lobed or of 5 glands : follicles long and slender.
8. ECHITES. Flowers comparatively large. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or with
abruptly dilated campanulate throat. Appendage of the stigma conspicuous and reflexed,
in the form of a reversed membranous cup or of 5 strong lobes. Inflorescence simple or
nearly so.
9. TRACHELOSPERMUM. Flowers comparatively small. Corolla salverform or
somewhat funnelform. Tips of the sagittate and gradually acuminate anthers sometimes
exserted ; the basal lobes acute. Apex of style more or less thickened or obconical under
the narrow or inconspicuous ring of the stigma. Seeds linear, beakless. Inflorescence
open-cymose.
Amsonia. APOCYNACE/E. 81
1. VALLESIA, Ruiz & Pav. (Francis Vattesio, a Spanish physician.)
Glabrous shrubs ; with alternate leaves, and small terminal or soon lateral cymes
of small flowers. Calyx not glanduliferous within. Prodr. Fl. Per. 28, t. 5.
The principal species is
V. glabra, Cav. Leaves coriaceous and somewhat fleshy, shining, almost veinless,
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, short-petioled, about 2 inches long : corolla white, -3 lines
long : drupes half inch long, dry, slender, often single. Ic. iii. t. 297. V. dichotoma, Ruiz &
Pav. (Fl. Per. ii. 20, 1. 151 ) & V. chiococcotdcs (IIBK.) ; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 349. Key West,
Florida. (W. Ind. to Lower Calif, and Chili.)
2. AMSONIA, Walt. (Dedicated to Charles Amson.) --Perennial herbs (E.
North America and Japan) ; with very numerous menibranaceous and alternate
leaves, varying from ovate to linear, and rather compact small cymes of blue or
bluish flowers in a terminal thyrsus : fl. spring and early summer. Inside of the
tube of the corolla below the stamens beset with reflexed hairs. Liber of tough
fibres, as in Apocynum, &c.
1. Stigma with depressed-capitate or truncate entire apex: corolla not con-
stricted under the limb : eastern species.
A. Tabernsemontana, ^Af alt. About 3 feet high, glabrate : leaves from ovate to
lanceolate, acuminate (2 to 5 inches long), distinctly petioled, pale beneath : calyx very
small : corolla in the bud slender-beaked by the convolute limb ; its lobes lanceolate,
becoming linear and as long as the tube ; the latter at first mostly villous at the enlarging
summit: follicles slender, 2 or 3 inches long. Car. 98; A. DC. Prodr. viii. 385. (Tabernce-
montana Amsonia, L.) A. lulifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 121 ; Bot. Reg. t. 151. A. tristis, Smith in
Rees Cycl. A. salicifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 184 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1873 ; A.DC. 1. c., with var. ciliolata.
Low grounds, N. Carolina and Illinois to Florida and Texas.
A. angustifolia, Michx. Stems (1 to 3 feet high) and commonly inflorescence and
leaves (or at least their margins) when young villous with loose hairs, these deciduous :
leaves much crowded, linear-lanceolate to narrowly linear (an inch or two long, half line
to 4 lines wide), indistinctly petioled, the margins at length somewhat revolute : calyx
small and short : corolla glabrous outside; its funnelform tube (3 or 4 lines long) little
longer than the ovate-oblong or at length linear-oblong lobes : follicles slender and even,
2 to 5 inches long. Fl. i. 121 ; Pursh, 1. c. Taberncemantana angustifolia, Ait. Kew. ed. 1,
i. 300 (1789). Amsonia dliutu, Walt. Car. (1788), 98 ; A.DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 300 ; a decep-
tive specific name, and barely the older. Dry soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Var. Texana. A foot or two high from creeping woody subterranean shoots, com-
pletely glabrous : leaves of firmer texture, lanceolate-oblong to linear. Texas, in rocky
prairies and at the base of limestone hills, Pope, Linclheimer, E. Hall, &c.
2. Stigma apiculate with two distinct obtuse lobes above the truncate body :
tube of the corolla clavate, being constricted (at least in bud) under the conspicu-
ously shorter limb : calyx deeply o-parted into slender-subulate lobes (2 or 3
lines long) : stems lower, more branching, and bearing smaller or simpler cymes :
western species.
* Follicles torose, inclined to break into thickish articulations : corolla rather short.
A. brevifolia, Gray. About a foot high, glabrous : leaves thickish, ovate, varying
above to lanceolate, nearly sessile by a narrowed base (8 to 18 lines long) : lobes of the
corolla ovate or becoming oblong, 2 or 3 lines long, nearly half the length of the tube ;
the throat bearded only within the constricted orifice : mass of the stigma between the
ring and the apical lobes longer than wide : follicles 2 or 3 inches long, thickish, irregu-
larly moniliform, chartaceous, and disposed to break into one-seeded joints. Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 04. Southern Utah and W. Arizona to the border of California, Mrs. Thompson,
Parry, Palmer.
A. tomentosa, Torr. A foot or more high, cinereous-tomentose or puberulent, varying
to glabrous : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly linear, sessile : lobes of the corolla oblong,
6
82 APOCYNACE.&. Amsonia.
2 or 3 lines long, fully half the length of the tube ; orifice bearded : mass of the stigma
between the ring and the lobes broader than high: follicles as in the preceding ? Frem.
Rep. ed. 2, 316, &, Bot. Mex. Bound. 158. Sandy plains and ravines, W. border of Texas
to S. Utah, Fremont, Wriijht, Mrs. Thompson, &c.
* * Follicles slender and continuous : tube of the corolla much longer than the lobes.
A. Palmeri, Gray. Glabrous or nearly so, a foot or two high : leaves narrowly lanceo-
late or linear, sessile (l\ to 3 inches long) : clusters simple and few-flowered: lobes of the
white corolla ovate, 1^ to 2 lines long, about a quarter the length of the tube, which is
reflexed-bearded within almost to the base : mass of the stigma didymous, puberulcnt, di-
vided almost down to the ring. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Arizona, Palmer.
A. longiflora, Torr. Minutely scabrous or even scabrous-pubescent, or above glabrous :
leaves linear, sessile ( to 2 lines wide, 1 to 2 inches long) : lobes of the corolla narrowly
oblong, white, a quarter the length of the greenish-purple clavate tube ; this over an inch
long and glabrous within except toward the summit : body of the stigma trochleate, much
longer than wide, surmounted by the small and short lobes. Bpt. Mex. Bound. 159.
Rocky ravines, W. Texas and New Mexico on the Rio Grande, and adjacent Mexico.
3. ViNCA, L. PERIWINKLE. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.)
Flowers handsome, usually axillary. Juice hardly milky. Two distinct sub-
genera : 1. PERVINCA ; herbaceous and procumbent or creeping Old World
species, blue-flowered, anthers with wide connective, and carpels only 6-8-ovuled ;
includes V. minor, L., the common Periwinkle of the gardens and the related
species. 2. LOCHNERA, A.DC. ; low and erect shrubby plants, with white or
rose-colored corolla, anthers with narrow connective and carpels several-seeded ;
represented by the following species.
V. rosea, L. Low erect shrub, puberulcnt: leaves oblong, short-petioled : flowers almost
sessile : tube of corolla an inch long, the narrowly dilated upper portion with a necta-
riferous pit (externally salient) behind each anther; the throat with a hairy ring over the
tips of the stamens and a slighter one at the narrow orifice ; lobes obovate, shorter than
the tube, white with a pink eye, sometimes all rose-color or white, showy. Bot. Mag.
t. 248. Lochnera vincoides, Reichenb. S. Florida : possibly native. Widely distributed
as a weed in the tropics ; cult, as a house-plant. (Trop. Amer.)
4. HAPL6PHYTON, A.DC. (Composed of an7.6o<,\ simple, and cf,vTOt>,
plant, alluding to the want of calycine glands and disk.) DeCandolle was not
aware of the double coma, and Benth. & Hook. (Gen. ii. 722) wrongly assign to
it adnate anthers with empty tails, referring it to the Echitidece. Single species.
H. cimicidum, A.DC. Herbaceous or nearly so from a suffrutescent base, slender, a
foot or two high, branching, somewhat cinereous-puberulent : leaves hispidulous-scabrous,
opposite and alternate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled, an inch or two long :
flowers terminating the branches, short-peduncled : corolla sulphur-color, half inch or more
long ; the lobes as long as the tube. Prodr. viii. 412 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. S.
Arizona, in crevices of rocks, Wright, Schott, Thnrbcr. (Mex., Guatemala, Cuba.)
5. AP6CYNUM, Tourn. DOGBANE, INDIAN HEMP. (Ancient Greek
name for Dogbane ; TTO, far from, xi'tor, dog.) - - Perennial herbs (of northern
temperate zone), pale or glaucescent; the liber very tough-fibrous; and the leaves
opposite, oval or oblong, mucronate-tipped. Flowers (in summer) small, in ter-
minal minutely subulate-bracteate cymes, white or rose-color. Follicles 2 to 7
inches long, slender-pointed, often deflexed.
A. androssemifolium, L. A foot to a yard high, glabrous, or rarely soft-tomentose,
branched above : branches widely spreading : leaves ovate or roundish, distinctly petioled :
Macrosiphonia. APOCYNACE^. 83
cymes loose, spreading, naked and mostly surpassing the leaves : corolla flesh-color, open-
campanulate (3 or 4 lines long) with revolute lobes ; the tube exceeding the ovate acute
calyx-lobes. Spec. i. 213 ; Lam. 111. t. 176 ; Bot. Mag. t. 280 ; Bigel. Med. t. 36. Borders
of thickets, Canada to Georgia, New Mexico, California, and Brit. Columbia. Var. incanum,
A. DC., is the downy-leaved form, not uncommon northward.
Var. pumilum, a very low and peculiar round-leaved form, common from California
to Brit. Columbia.
A. cannabilium, L. Erect or ascending, glabrous or sometimes soft-pubescent : branches
ascending, leafy to the top : leaves from oval to oblong and even lanceolate, from short-
petioled to sessile, with a rounded or obscurely cordate base : cymes erect, densely flowered :
corolla greenish-white or slightly flesh-color, smaller than in the preceding, with almost
erect lobes, and tube not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes. Spec. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl.
t. 139; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 394. A.hypericifdivm, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 304; Hook. 1. c. t, 140;
form with mostly sessile and sometimes subcordate leaves. A. Sibiricum, Jacq. Vind. iii.
t. 66. A. pubescens, It. Br. in Wern. Soc. i. 67 ; the downy form. Moist grounds and banks
of streams, same range as the preceding, and more southern ; occurring in a much greater
number of forms, hardly to be distinguished as named varieties.
6. CYCLADENIA, Benth. (Kt>y.^og, a ring, and ddi t v, gland, from the
circular glandular disk around the pistil.) Low perennial herbs (Californian) ;
with a creeping rhizoma sending up a simple stem, hardly a span high, and bear-
ing 2 or 3 pairs of opposite petiolate leaves, of a thickish texture, and one or two
slender terminal or apparently axillary peduncles, with a few rose-purple flowers
on slender pedicels, developed in spring. PI. Hartw. 322.
C. humilis, Bentll. Glabrous and green, or pruinose when young : leaves ovate or
obovate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long : calyx-lobes from lanceolate to nearly linear : corolla
three-fourths inch long. Yuba to Shasta Co., California, in the mountains, flartwey,
Brewer, &c.
C. tomentosa, Gray. Densely tomentose-pubescent throughout : leaves ovate and
oblong, 2 or 3 inches in length: calyx hirsute. Bot. Calif, i. 474. Plumas Co., Cali-
fornia, with the preceding, Lemmon.
7. MACROSIPH6NIA, Muell. (Arg.) (MaxQo*, long, and aiyow, tube,
in reference to the corolla.) Erect suffrutescent or more woody plants (of Mexico,
Texas, and Brazil) ; with rather simple stems or branches, numerous opposite or
sometimes verticillate leaves, and proportionally large showy flowers, either ter-
minal or becoming lateral, on short peduncles or pedicels ; the corolla commonly
soft-puberulent or tomentose outside. Follicles erect. Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 137,
t. 42, 43 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 727. Flowers in ours white or externally
tinged with rose-color, vespertine, fragrant, in spring or summer ; the leaves
very short-petioled.
M. Berlandieri. A foot or two high, shrubby, white-tomentose : leaves from oval or
cordate-ovate to orbicular (an inch and more long), becoming greenish and merely pubes-
cent above, the diverging veins at length conspicuous : corolla merely puberulent outside,
its slender tube (with the cylindraceous-dilated throat) 3 to 5 inches long, many times
exceeding the calyx and the round-obovate (nearly inch long) lobes. Echites macrosiphon,
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 158, t. 43. Rocky soil, W. Texas and adjacent parts of Mexico,
Berlandier, Wright, Lindhcimer.
M. Wrightii. Slender, branching, a foot high, soft-puberulent : leaves narrowly lan-
ceolate, acute, white-tomentulose beneath, glabrous or nearly so above : tube of the corolla
and its cylindraceous throat each half inch or more in length, tomentulose, the lobes
half inch long. W. Texas, in mountains beyond the Limpio, Wriijht.
M. brach^siphon. A span to a foot high, branching, minutely puberulent, green or
barely cinereous : leaves oblong or ovate, acute or mucronate-pointed, or some rounded at
84 APOCYNACE-E. Echites.
the apex (half to barely an inch long) : corolla minutely puberulent outside ; its somewhat
funnelform throat and the obovate lobes as well as the narrow tube each about half an
inch in length. Echites brack y siphon, Torr. I.e. Southern New Mexico and Arizona,
Wright, Schott, Thurber, Palmer, Ruthrock.
8. ECHlTES, P.Browne, L. ('EyJTi^ is the serpent-stone; application to
this genus obscure.) Twining woody plants ; with opposite leaves, and ter-
minal or lateral peduncles, bearing racemosely or sometimes simply cymosely dis-
posed flowers, of ample size ; the corolla white, rose-color, or more commonly
yellow. Nearly all tropical American, barely reaching the south-eastern shores
of the United States, in three species belonging to as many genera of Mueller,
hesitatingly adopted by Bentham ; perhaps better as two, viz., the following, here
arranged as subgenera.
1. MANDEVILLEA. Corolla with cylindrical or cylindraceous tube abruptly
dilated above into an inflated- or oblong-campanulate wide throat.-- Mandevillea,
Liudl. (Amblyanthera, MuelL), with Rhdbdadenia & Urecltites, Muell.
E. Andrews!!, Chapm. Glabrous or occasionally pubescent, low, usually twining :
leaves oval or oblong, often mucronate (about 2 inches long) : peduncles corymbosely
3-5-flowered : lobes of the calyx as long as the proper corolla-tube, linear-subulate: corolla
yellow (2 inches long and the limb as broad) ; the much enlarged throat oblong-campanu-
late, hardly thrice the length of the narrow tube, little longer than the ovate spreading
lobes : anthers abruptly produced at apex into a long linear-filiform appendage : seeds
with a long filiform beak, the lower half of which is naked, the upper plumosely comose.
Fl. 359 [i860). Echites suberecta, Amir. Bot. Eep. t. 187; Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1064, not
Jacq. E. neria/idm, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 415 (1864). E. Catesbcei, Don? Neriandra sub-
erecta, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 422. Urechites suberecta, Muell. in Linn. xxx. 444, in part ?
S. Florida and Keys, Bloclyctt, Palmer. E. suberecta, Jacq. & Griseb., is hardly distinguish-
able except by the longer throat and shorter lobes of the corolla, and the unappendaged
anthers! (W. Ind.)
E. Sagrsei, A.DC. Much smaller than the preceding: leaves half to barely an inch
long, the margins more revolute : peduncles longer than the leaves, somewhat racemosely
flowered : calvx-lobes ovate-subulate and much shorter than the tube of the yellow (barely
inch long) corolla, the lobes of which are half the length of the throat : anthers bluntish,
unappendaged : beak of the seed plumosely-comose to the base. Prodr. viii. 450 ; Griseb.
I.e. Bhabdadenia Sayrai, Muell. 1. c. 435. Pine Key, Florida, Blodgett. (W. Ind.)
2. EUECHITES, A.DC. Corolla truly salverform, i.e. cylindrical up to the
limb, but the upper half (above the insertion of the stamens) abruptly somewhat
larger. Echites & Stipecoma, Muell.
E. umbellata, Jacq. Glabrous, twining : leaves ovate or oval (2 inches long), mucro-
nate or short-pointed, slightly cordate : peduncles exceeding the leaves, somewhat umbel-
lately 3-7 -flowered : calyx short : corolla greenish-white, 2 inches long, narrow-tubular :
the tube abruptly swollen a little below the middle, thence tapering upwards, 4 times the
length of the roundish lobes : anthers rigid, slender-hastate, bluntish and unappendaged
at tip: coma sessile on the top of the seed. Amer. Pict. t. 29 (Catesb. Car. i. t. 58) ;
Chapm. 1. c. ; Griseb. 1. c. S. Florida. (W. Ind.)
9. TRACHELOSPERMUM, Lemaire. (TW/^.rv, cnsQuct, i.e. seed
with a neck : unhappily it has none or hardly any : the proposer, ignorant of
this, gave the name in reference to Rhynchospermum.) - -Twining shrubby plants ;
with oval or oblong opposite short-petioled leaves, and small or smallish flowers
in terminal or lateral loose cymes : corolla white or greenish-white. " Lemaire,
Jard. Fleur. i. t. 61 ; Moore & Henfr. Mag. Bot. ii. 113 ;" Benth. & Hook. Gen.
Traclielospermum, APOCYNACE^E. 85
ii. 720; name changed from Rhynckospermum, Lindl. (not Reinw., nor A.DC., nor
is there a beak to the seed). Parechites, Miq., Gray in Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403.
To this (Japanese, Himalayan, and Malayan) genus is here referred, somewhat
dubiously, the following.
T. difforme. Climbing 10 or 15 feet high, somewhat pubescent when young or glabrous :
stems slender: leaves from ovate or oval to lanceolate, acuminate, membranaceous (1 to
3 inches long) : peduncles shorter than the leaves : flowers rather numerous in open cymes,
short-pedicelled : corolla cream color, 4 lines long ; the ovate lobes much shorter than the
cylhulraceous tube with its considerably dilated throat : style obscurely dilated under the
narrow membranous ring of the stigma : follicles long (6 to 9 inches) and slender.
Echite.s difformis, Walt. Car. 98 ; Bart, Fl. Am. Sept. i. t. 10. E. pitberula, Michx. Fl. i. 120.
Forstcrom'a dij/'on/i's, A.DC. Prodr. viii. 437. Secondatia, Benth. & Hook. I. c. River-
banks, Virginia to Florida and Texas : fl. spring and summer.
ORDER LXXXVIII. ASCLEPIADACE.E.
Characters of Apocynacecu as to herbage and general structure of flowers and
fruit ; distinguished by the peculiar aggregation and cohesion of the pollen into
granulose or waxy masses (pollinia), one or sometimes two in each anther-cell,
and connected with the stigma or rather stigmatic disk in pairs or fours by means
of o glands or corpuscles, which alternate with the anthers. ^Estivation of the
corolla often valvate or nearly so. A corona (crown) of five parts or lobes
usually present between the corolla and the mostly monadelphous stamens, and
aclnate either to the one or the other. Ilypogynous disk within the stamens
none. Styles distinct up to the common stigmatic mass, or none. Fruit always of
2 follicles, or by abortion of one ovary solitary, several-many-seeded ; the seeds
almost always bearing a long and soft coma at the apex. Radicle superior.
Stems herbaceous or merely shrubby, not rarely twining. Leaves almost always
opposite or vvhorled, destitute of stipules. Inflorescence terminal, pseudo-axillary,
or sometimes axillary, cymose, often umbelliform. Bracts small or minute. The
tube of monadelphous filaments, commonly named gynostegium (a term which has
been applied also to the anther-portion), we call the column.
PERIPLOCA GR.ECA, L., a woody climbing plant of the Old World, in ornamental culti-
vation, and in one or two places inclined to be spontaneous, represents the tribe or suborder
Periplocece, with granulose pollen loosely aggregated in two masses in each anther-cell. All
the American genera have a single firm-waxy pollen-mass to each anther-cell, i.e. they
belong to the suborder ASCLEPIADE^E.
TRIBE I. CYNANCHE/E. Anthers tipped with an inflexed or sometimes erect
scarious membrane ; the polliniferous cells lower than the top of the stigma : pol-
linia suspended, attached in pairs (one of each adjacent cell of different anthers) to
the corpuscle or gland.
* Crown (corona) or appendages to the corolla or anclrcecium none.
1. ASTEPHANUS. Calyx destitute of glands. Corolla urceolate or short-campanulate,
5-clcft ; the lobes slightly and dextrorsely convolute : stamens inserted on the base of its
tube. Top of the stigma obtusely conical or more elevated. Follicles smooth.
* * Crown double ; the exterior annular, interior of 5 flat fleshy or hood-like scales or
processes.
2. PHILIBERTIA. Calyx minutely 5-glandular within. Corolla open-campanulate or
(in all ours) rotate ; the lobes dextrorsely convolute, narrowly overlapping. Exterior
crown a membranaceous ring adnate to the base of the corolla ; interior of 5 scales adnate
to the base of the usually very short stamen-tube or column. Top of stigma flat or um-
bonate, or with a short 2-cleft beak. Follicles rather thick, smooth, acuminate.
86 ASCLEPIADACE.E.
* * * Crown single, sometimes with accessory processes or denticulations alternate with
the anthers: calyx 5-parted, mostly small, commonly bearing some minute glandular
processes at base within.
Stems erect or merely decumbent, never twining : corolla rotate, 5-parted, dextrorsely
valvate-convolute in the bud (the lobes obscurely or more manifestly overlapping by
their edges, or at least by their tips) : body of the stigma 6-angular or 5-lobed, flat-
topped : crown consisting of distinct cucullate or hollowed nectariferous appendages
(cuculli or hoods), one opposite each anther : anthers margined with mostly corneous and
salient wings.
H- Hoods remote from the anthers, at the base of the long column.
3. PODOSTIGMA. Corolla oblong-campanulate, 5-parted nearly to the 5-angular base ;
the lobes erect, oblong, obtuse. Hoods of the crown .short, somewhat incurved, and the
margins involute, forming pitcher-shaped nectariferous bodies. Column (and enclosed
styles) slender, almost as long as the corolla : five small processes under and alternating
with the short anthers. Wings of the latter widening downward to the truncate acute-
angled base. Follicles linear-fusiform, unarmed.
H- -H- Hoods approximate to the anthers : corolla in anthesis patent or reflexed.
= Hoods cristate- or corniculate- appendaged within.
4. ANANTHERIX. Corolla reflexed in anthesis. Column under the hoods very short
but distinct. Hoods as long as the corolla and far longer than the anthers, ascending,
oblong-clavate with incurved summit, mainly solid, with narrow bilamellate ventral mar-
gin widening to and rounded at the summit, there enclosing a narrower and pointless
lamelliform crest. Anthers of membranous texture throughout ; their papery (instead
of corneous) wings much broadened downward and horizontally truncate at base. Cau-
dicles almost capillary, more than double the length of the oblong pollinia ! Leaves
opposite.
5. ASCLEPIODORA. Corolla rotate-spreading in anthesis. Hoods basilar, inserted over
the whole very short column, spreading and arcuate-assurgent, little surpassing the an-
thers, slipper-shaped and the rounded apex fornicate, hollow and with a thickish fleshy
back, traversed (at least the upper part) by a salient crest which near the apex divides
the cavity. Anther-wings (corneous) narrowed at base, angulate above the middle if at
all. Caudicles shorter than the pyriform pollinia. Leaves commonly alternate.
6. ASCLEPIAS. Corolla almost always reflexed in anthesis. Hoods involute or com-
plicate, not fornicate, bearing a horn or crest-like (pointed or rarely pointless) process
from the back or toward the base within, either sessile next the corolla or elevated on a
column which is shorter than the anthers. Corneous anther-wings widening down to the
base, usually triangular, the salient base being truncate or semihastate, or not rarely
broadly rounded. Leaves opposite, sometimes varying to alternate or vcrticillate.
= = Hoods wholly destitute of crest or appendage within : corolla reflexed in anthesis.
7. ACERATES. Hoods involute-concave or somewhat pitcher-shaped. Anther-wings
widened or angulate if at all near or above the middle, thence narrowed to the base.
Otherwise as Asclepias. Leaves prevailingly alternate or scattered.
8. SCHIZONOTUS. Hoods saccate, dorsally bivalvular, cleft posteriorly from apex to
base, the ventral side adnate to the whole length of the column. Leaves opposite. An-
thers, &c., of Ar.fnitfiK.
9. GOMPHOCARPUS. Hoods various, open ventrally or at the top. Anthers, &c.,of
Asclepias.
-f Stems twining (at least in ours) : corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft: crown of dis-
tinct or united plane or concave processes, or rarely cup-shaped.
H- The 5 divisions abruptly pointed, 2-3-lobed or appendaged at the apex.
1 0. ENSLENIA. Corolla erect-campanulate ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, slightly dextrorse-
overlapping in the bud. Crown nearly sessile at base of the anthers ; its divisions dis-
tinct, thin, oblong, the abrupt or truncate apex bearing a long-ligulate or awnlike (single
or) double appendage. Pollinia elliptical. Stigma with an elevated 2-lobed tip. Anther-
wings, follicles (smooth, ovate), seeds, &c., nearly of Asclepias.
11. ROULINIA. Corolla rotate-spreading. Crown 5-parted; its divisions simply and
abruptly acuminate or ligulate-tipped. Anther-wings tuberculiform and short. Stigma
flat-topped. Otherwise nearly as the preceding.
-H- -w- Divisions or lobes of the crown not tipped with any appendage or prolonged mid-
dle lobe : follicles smooth.
12. METASTELMA. Calyx short and the lobes obtuse. Corolla usually eampanulate,
5-cleft or 5-parted; the lobes strictly valvate in the bud, commonly papillose-puberulent
Phillbertia. ASCLEPIADACE^E. 87
or bearded within. Crown of 5 flat or slender and distinct scales or processes, borne
either on the corolla or the column. Stigma with flat top or with a mere apiculation at
the centre.
13. MELINIA. Calyx-lobes narrow and acute. Corolla with thin-edged lobes slightly
overlapping in the bud. Crown of 5 distinct fleshy scales at the base of the column.
Stigma abruptly long-rostrate, the beak entire.
14. VINCETOXICUM. Corolla rotate or somewhat campanulate, 5-parted; the lobes
dextrorsely overlapping or nearly valvate in the bud. Crown on the short column or at
its junction with the corolla, cup-shaped or annular and usually 5-10-lobed or parted, or
of 5 distinct plane scales, not appendaged. Stigma with flat or obtusely conical top.
TRIBE II. GONOLOBEJE. Anthers usually with short if any scarious tip, and
borne on the margin of or close under the disk of the stigma ; the cells opening
more or less transversely. Pollinia horizontal or nearly so, otherwise as in the pre-
ceding tribe, but usually smaller.
15. GONOLOBUS. Corolla rotate or rarely campanulate, 5-parted or 5-lobed; the lobes
dextrorsely convolute in the bud : crown annular or cupulate, entire or lobed, rarely di-
vided. Stigma flat-topped.
1. ASTEPHANUS, R. Br. (starfcpavoj, crownless.) Slender and small-
flowered herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, chiefly of the southern hemisphere.
-Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 747.
A. Utahensis, Engelm. Perennial from a thick root, low, nearly glabrous : stems
filiform, twining : leaves filiform-linear, acute : short peduncles umbellately 3-5-flowered :
corolla dull yellow, little longer than the calyx, campanulate (a line high and wide) ; the
lobes ovate, somewhat cucullate with points inflexed, papillose-puberulent internally : fol-
licles long-acuminate : surface of the seed rough-granulate. Am. Naturalist, ix. 349.
Dry sandhills, St. George, S. Utah, Parry. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer.
2. PHILIBERTIA, HBK., Benth. & Hook. (/. 0. Pliilibert, author of
some French elementary botanical works.) Perennial herbaceous or shrubby
twining plants (of warmer N. and S. America) ; with petiolate leaves, and usually
dull-colored or parti-colored fragrant flowers : peduncles umbellately several-
many-flowered : fl. summer. Benth. & Hook. C4en. ii. 750. Sarcostemma, as
to spec. Amer., HBK., Decaisne in DC., &c. Corolla in our species deeply 5-
cleft or parted (= Sarc.ostemma, HBK.), the lobes commonly ciliate.
* Column manifest, rather longer than the tumid scales of the inner crown on its summit.
P. undulata, Gray. Low-twining, glabrous or cinereous-puberulent, pale : leaves
thickish, from lanceolate and gradually acuminate to linear from a hastately cordate base
(2 or 3 inches long), the margins undulate-crisped : peduncle 6-10-flowered, longer than the
petiole and pedicels : corolla dull purple, glabrous above, half inch in diameter ; the lobes
ovate ; outer crown saucer-shaped : follicles 4 or 5 inches long. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 95.
Sarcostemma undulata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 161. W.Texas and New Mexico, Parry,
Bigelow, Wright, &c.
* * Column none or very short and inconspicuous : peduncles about equalling or surpassing the
plane leaves: follicles tomentulose or glabrate.
P. Torreyi, Gray. Freely twining, densely pubescent with soft spreading hairs : leaves
cordate-lanceolate and acuminate or sagittate, an inch or more long : peduncle 10-15-
flowered : corolla apparently white, two-thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter ; the lobes
little shorter than the pedicel, broadly ovate, obtuse, externally puberulent, strongly vil-
lose-ciliate, outer and inner crowns contiguous. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 64. Sarcostemma
cler/ans, Torr. I.e., not Decaisne. Rocky hills, S. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande and its
tributary the Cibolo, Parry, Bigelow. P. clcyans is less pubescent, with smoother corolla
purple in part within, the lobes narrower, and a short column developed between the thick
and prominent outer crown and the inner.
P. cynanch.oid.es, Gray, 1. c. Tall-climbing (8 to 40 feet), glabrous or glabrate: leaves
from deeply cordate to sagittate or almost hastate, abruptly cuspidate or short-acuminate,
88 ASCLEPIADACE^. Philibertia.
1 to 2-J- inches long : peduncle 15-25-flowered : pedicels filiform and much longer than the
flowers : corolla white or whitish, scarcely half inch in diameter, smoothish ; the lobes
oblong-ovate, acutish, somewhat ciliate : crowns separated by a very short column. Sar-
costemma cynanchoides, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 540. S. bilobum, Torr. 1. c., not Hook. &
Arn. 1 Gonolobits viridiflorus, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, not Nutt., and probably not
from " St. Louis." Along rivers, Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
P. linearis, Gray, 1- c. Slender, low twining or when young erect, puberulent or gla-
brate : leaves narrowly linear, acute or nearly so at both ends, short-petioled (an inch long) :
peduncle exceeding the leaves, 8-10-flowered : corolla yellowish, purplish, or whitish, barely
puberulent, a third inch in diameter; the lobes ovate: crowns contiguous. Sarcostemma
lineare, Decaisne, 1. c., & in PI. Hartw. 25. S. Arizona. (Mex.)
Var. hirtella. Cinereous-pubescent throughout with short spreading hairs, little
climbing : leaves as in the original species in form and size : sepals more slender. Sar-
costemma heterophyttum, var. hirtellum, Gray, Bot. Calif . i. 478. Fort Mohave, California, on
sandy river-banks, Cooper, &c. Hardyville, Arizona, Palmer.
Var. heterophylla. More twining, glabrous, merely puberulent or above pubescent :
leaves 1 or 2 inches long, 1 or 2 lines wide, some tapering into the petiole, some with
rounded and more with somewhat dilated or auriculate-cordate or truncate base : corolla
smoother, half inch in diameter. Sarcostemma heterophyttum, Engelm. in Torr. Pacif. R.
Rep. v. 363, & Bot, Mex. Bound. I.e. (with var.?); Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. California,
from San Luis Rev, San Diego, &c. to Arizona.
P. viminalis, Gray, 1- c. Glabrous or nearly so, freely twining : leaves thickish, from
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, obtuse or rounded at base, short-petioled
(an inch or two long), shorter than the many-flowered peduncle: corolla half an inch 01-
more in diameter, white; the lobes ovate, puberulent outside. Asdepias viminalis, Swartz,
Prodr. 53; Willd. Spec. i. 1270 (Sloane, Jam. t. 131, f. 1). Sarcostemma Brownii, G. F.
Meyer, Fl. Esseq. 139 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 419. S. clausnm, Decaisne, 1. c. S. crassifolium,
Chapm. Fl. 368. Keys of Florida. (W. Ind. to Guiana.)
3. PODOSTlG-MA, Ell. (/ToiV, nodo^ foot, and (m'jy*, i. e. stalked
stigma.) Sk. i. 326. Stylandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 170. Single species.
P. pubescens, Ell. 1- c. Perennial herb, a span to a foot high from a thickened root:
stem erect, simple or sparingly branched : leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile;
peduncles terminal and axillary, short, umbellately several-flowered : flowers greenish.
yellow, fragrant, 4 lines long: follicles tomentulose. Deless. Ic. v. t. 05 ; Chapm. Fl.
366. Asdepias pedicdlata, Walt. Car. 10(3. Stylandra pumila, Nutt. 1. c. Low pine barrens,
N. Carolina to Florida : fl. summer.
4. ANANTHERIX, Nutt. (Composed of , privative, and <frQt'tji$, awn,
i.e. destitute of the horn of Asdepias.) Single species, being Anaittherix,
Nutt. Gen. i. 169, not of Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201, except as to the
first species.
A. connivens, Gray. Stem erect, 2 feet high from a perennial root, minutely pubes-
cent above: leaves opposite, sessile, oblong (14- to 24- inches long), or the iippermost small
and lanceolate, transversely veined, rather fleshy : umbels 2 to 6 along the naked summit
of the stem, several-flowered : lobes of the greenish corolla ovate, 5 lines long : hoods
whitish, incurved-conniving over the stigma ; a pair of small and narrow internal appen-
dages before the base of each : hyaline anther-tips elongated: follicles not seen. Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 66. Asdepias connivens, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 320 (1817). Anaiitherix viridis,
Nutt. Gen. 1. c. (1818), but not Asdepias I'iridis, Walt. Acerntes connivens, Decaisne in DC.
Prodr. viii. 521. Wet pine barrens of Georgia and Florida: fl. summer.
5. ASCLEPIODORA, Gray. (s'JGxfojTtiog and dcoQnr or danfu, the gift
of Asclepios.) Perennial herbs (of Atlantic N. America), rather low and stout,
often decumbent ; distinguished from Asdepias by the anther-wings and hood, the
latter with a crest answering to the horn of that genus, from the original Anan-
Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE^E. 89
therix by the same characters. Leaves mainly alternate or scattered. Flowers
proportionally large : corolla-lobes ovate, greenish. Follicles ovate or oblong and
acuminate, usually bearing some scattered soft-spiuulose projections, arrect on
recurved or sigmoid pedicels. -- Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66. Anantherix in part,
Nutt. in Trans. Ain. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Acerates in part, Decaisne, 1. c.
A. Viridis, Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, almost glabrous, very leafy to the top : leaves
from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, mostly obtuse, short-petioled, 3 or 4 inches long :
umbels few and corymbose or clustered, sometimes solitary : corolla globular-ovate in bud ;
the lobes a third to half inch long : hoods purplish or violet, about half the length of the
corolla-lobes, lower than the anther-column : wings of the anthers narrow, hardly angulate
above, and below less prominent than the connectives : pollinia narrow, little longer than
their caudicles. Asclepias viridis, Walt. Car. 107. Podostiyma? viridis, Ell. Sk. i. 327.
Anantherix paniculatus, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. A. Torreyanus, Don, Syst. iv. 146.
Asclepias longipetala, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 757. Acerates paniculata, Decaisne, 1. c. 521.
Prairies and dry barrens, S. Carolina to Texas, New Mexico, and westward of the Alle-
ghanies north to Illinois.
Var. angustior, a lower form, Avith smaller and oblong-linear leaves, and rather more
assurgont hoods. Anantherix paniculatus, var. anyustior, Engelm. ined. Texas, Lindheimer
E. Hall.
A. decumbens, Gray, I. c. Scabrous-puberulent : leaves firmer in texture, from lan-
ceolate to linear, tapering to the apex : iimbel solitary : corolla depressed-globular in bud,
4 or 5 lines long, hardly twice the length of the yellowish or dark-purplish hoods, which
overtop the somewhat depressed anther-column : anther-wings salient, especially at the
broader and strongly angulate upper portion: pollinia pyriform, short-caudicled. Anan-
therix decumbens, Nutt. 1. c. (& in Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 219, without name). A. Nttt-
tallianus, Don, Syst. iv. 147. Acerates decumbens, Decaisne, 1. c. Asclepias brevicornu, Scheele,
1. c. 756. Dry plains, Arkansas and Texas to New Mexico and Utah. Follicles always
smooth ? (Adjacent Mex.)
6. ASCLfiPIAS, L. MILKWEED, SILKWEED. ('Ao-KX^Trto's, latinized
^Esculapius, applied by the ancient herbalists to various plants of the present and
the preceding order.) Herbs, rarely woody at base (American, mainly North
American with one or two African) : upright or merely spreading stems from
deep and thickish perennial roots : leaves opposite varying to verticillate, or
sometimes alternate or irregularly scattered. Flowers (in summer) umbellate ;
the peduncles terminal and lateral, usually between the petioles. Stem often
marked with decurrent lines of pubescence. Follicles soft-echinate or warty in
two or three species, otherwise naked. Coma of the seeds often wanting in A.
perennis. Corolla notreflexed in A. Feayi. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754 ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 66.
1. Hoods sessile, broader or at least not attenuate at base; the horn or crest
various, but conspicuous : anther-wings broadest and usually angulate-truncate
and salient at base.
* Corolla and hoods orange-color : follicles arrect on a deflexecl fruiting pedicel, naked : leaves
mostly irregularly alternate, seldom truly opposite : juice of stem not milky*!
A. tuberosa, L. (BUTTERFLY-WEED, PLEURISY-ROOT.) Hirsute or roughish-pubescent, a
foot or two high, very leafy to the top : leaves from lanceolate-oblong to linear-lanceo-
late, sessile or slightly petioled : umbels several and mostly cymose at the summit of the
stem, short-peduncled : column short: hoods narrowly oblong, erect (2 or 3 lines long),
deep bright orange, much surpassing the anthers, almost as long as the purplish- or
slightly greenish-orange oblong corolla-lobes, nearly equalled by the filiform-subulate
horn : follicles cinereous-pubescent. (Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 34.) Bot. Reg. t. 76 ; Bart. Med.
t. 22 ; Bigel. Med. t. 26. Dry and especially sandy soil, Canada to Florida, Texas,
and Arizona.
90 ASCLEPIADACE^;. Asclepias.
Var. decumbens, Pursh, a form with reclining stems, broader and more commonly
opposite leaves, and umbels from most of the upper axils, racemosely disposed. A.
decumbens, L. Spec. 216 ; Sweet, Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 24, but flowers too red. Ohio to
Georgia, &c. (A hybrid between A. tuberosa and A. incantata was found in South Carolina
by Dr. Mellichainp.)
* * Corolla bright red or purple: follicles naked, fusiform, arrect on the deflexed fruit-bearing
pedicel, except in the first and last species : leaves opposite, mostly broad. (A. quadrlfolla. might
be sought here.)
-I Hoods bright orange, raised on a distinct column: plants glabrous.
A. Curassavica, L. A foot or two high, becoming somewhat woody at base : leaves
oblong-lanceolate, thin, short-petioled, 2 to 4 inches long : peduncles not longer than the
leaves : lobes of the scarlet corolla ovate : hoods ovate, equalling the anthers, shorter than
their subulate incurved horn: follicles and fruiting pedicels erect. (Herm. Par. t. 36 ;
Dill. Elth. t. 30, f. 33.) Bot. Reg. t. 81. S. Florida and Louisiana: perhaps introduced
from Tropical America.
A. paupercula, Michx. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, remotely leafy above or naked at the
peduncle-like summit, which bears solitary or few pedunculate naked umbels : leaves elon-
gated-lanceolate or linear and tapering to both ends, 4 to 10 inches long, nearly sessile,
thickish, very smooth except the roughish margins : flowers rather few (5 to 12) in the
umbels, large (fully half inch long when the narrowly oblong lobes of the deep red corolla
are reflexed) : bright orange hoods obovate or broadly oblong, not twice the length of the
anthers, much exceeding the incurved horn. A. lanceolata, Walt. Car. 105. Marshes
near the coast, New Jersey to Florida and Texas.
4 H Hoods purple or purplish : umbel mostly many-flowered.
-H- Flowers rather largo; the hoods about a quarter inch long and double the length of the anthers:
lobes of the corolla dull-colored outside, deep-colored within: leaves transversely veined, 3 to 8
inches long.
A. rubra, L. Glabrous, 1 to 4 feet high, somewhat remotely leafy : leaves from ovate to
lanceolate, sessile or almost so, tapering from near the rounded or obscurely cordate base
to an acuminate apex, bright green: umbels solitary (terminal and from the uppermost
axils) or 2 to 4 raised on a naked common peduncle : corolla-lobes and hoods lanceolate-
oblong, purplish-red, or the hoods obscurely orange-tinged ; the horn of the latter long,
very slender, straightish : column short but manifest. Spec. 217 (founded on pi. Clayt.
no. 263, Gronov. Fl. Virg., with iipper leaves accidentally alternate) ; Gray, in DC. Prodr.
& Man. ed. 1, 368. A. poh/stachia, Walt. 1 A. cordata, Walt. ? A. laurlfolla, Michx. Fl. i. 117.
A. acuminata, Pursh, Fl. i. 182. A. periplocifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 167. Moist grounds, New
Jersey and Penn. to Florida and Louisiana.
A. purpurascens, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, leafy to top : leaves ovate-oval or oblong,
short-petioled, tomentulose beneath, soon glabrous above : peduncles shorter than the
leaves: corolla dark and deep (sometimes dull) purple within; the lobes oblong: hoods
pale red or purple, oblong or somewhat ovate ; the horn short-subulate from a broad base,
falcate-incurved: column extremely short. Spec. 214 (Dill. Elth. 32, t. 28, f. 31) ; Willd.
Spec. i. 1265; Decaisne in DC. viii. 464; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 120, t. 85. A. nm<Kmi, L. Spec.
217 (pi. Dill. 1. c. 31, t. 27, f. 30) ; Michx. 1. c. ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 82.
Dry ground, New England to Wisconsin and Tennessee. Habit of A. Cornuti.
w- -M- Flowers small; the hoods a line long and equalling the anthers: veins of the leaves ascend-
ing : milky juice scanty.
A. incarnata, L. Nearly glabrous or a little pubescent : stem 2 or 3 feet high, very
leafy to the topf sometimes branching : leaves oblong-lanceolate, short-petioled (3 to 5
inches long), obtuse or acutish at base : peduncles somewhat corymbose at or near the
summit of the stem, shorter than the leaves : corolla from deep rose-purple to flesh-color ;
the lobes oblong (2 lines long) : column narrow, more than half the length of the broadly
oblong obtuse pale hoods ; these a little exceeded by their slender uncinate-incurved horn :
follicles only 2 or 3 inches long, erect on erect pedicels. (Cornuti, Canad. t. 03.) Jacq.
Vind. t. 107; Bot. Reg. t. 250; Decaisne, 1. c. excl. syn. in part. A. amuena, Brongn. in
Ann. Sci. Nat. xxiv. t. 13, anal. Swamps, Canada to Saskatchewan and Louisiana.
Var. pulchra, Pers., the form with copious and somewhat hirsute pubescence, and
usually broader leaves (lanceolate to oblong) often subcordate at base. A. incarnata, L.
Asdepias. ASCLEPIADACE^E. 91
as to Hort. ClifE. ; Michx. 1. c. A. pulchra, Ehrhart ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 18. -
With the smooth form.
Var. longifolia. Leaves elongated- or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 7 inches long, a third
to half inch wide, glabrous or with minute pubescence: stems 4 to 6 feet high: flowers
paler. A. tuberosa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 18. Texas to New Mexico.
* * * Corolla and crown greenish, yellowish, white, or merely purplish-tinged: leaves opposite
or sometimes whorled, or the upper rarely alternate or scattered.
-I Follicles echinate with soft spinous processes and densely tomentose, large (3 to 5 inches long)
and ventricose, ovate and acuminate, arrect on deflexed pedicels: leaves large and broad, short-
petiolcd, transversely veined: stems stout and simple, 2 to 5 feet high.
A. speciosa, Torr. Finely canescent-tomentose, rarely glabrate with age : leaves from
subcordate-oval to oblong, thickish : peduncles shorter than the leaves : pedicels of the
many-flowered dense umbel and the calyx densely tomentose : flowers purplish, large :
corolla-lobes ovate-oblong, 4 or 5 lines long : hoods 5 or lines long, spreading, the dilated
body .and its short inflexed horn not surpassing the anthers, but the centre of its truncate
summit abruptly produced into a lanceolate-ligulate thrice longer termination : column
hardly any : wings of the anthers notched and obscurely corniculate at base. Ann. Lye.
N. Y. ii. 218. A. Douylasii, Hook. Fl. ii. 53, t, 142, & Bot. Mag. t. 4413. Along streams,
Nebraska to Arkansas, and west to S. Utah, California, and Washington Territory.
A. Cornuti, Decaisne. (COMMON- MILKWEED.) Finely soft-pubescent or tomentulose :
leaves green and early glabrate above, oval or oblong, obtuse or roundish at base : pe-
duncles little longer than the very numerous pubescent pedicels : corolla dull purple or
greenish-purple, rarely almost white ; the lobes ovate, three or four lines long : hoods
whitish, ovate, rather longer than the anthers, with a tooth on each side below the middle ;
the subulate horn short and incurved: column short. Prodr. 1. c. 564; Torr. Fl. N. Y.
ii. 119. A. Syriaca, L. (Cornuti, Canad. t. 90) ; Spenner in Nees Gen. Germ. fasc. 21, t. 1-3.
Canada to Saskatchewan and N. Carolina, chiefly in fields.
+ 4 Follicles minutely warty-echinate along the tapering apex, otherwise as in the succeeding:
wings of the anthers emarginately bicorniculate at base.
A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Glabrous throughout, a yard high, leafy to the top : leaves
opposite, thickish, oblong, with subcordate or rounded base, nearly sessile (4 or 5 inches
long) : umbels terminal and from the uppermost axils, short-peduncled, rather many-
flowered: flowers flesh-colored: corolla-lobes oval, 5 lines long: column short: hoods
oval, with a gibbosity on each side near the base, almost truncate at summit, a third
longer than the anthers ; the falcate-subulate horn rising from near the base, horizontally
and slightly exserted from the middle. Gray, Man. ed. 1, 366, ed. 5, 395. Low grounds,
Ohio (Suttivant) to Kansas (Fremont). Follicle 3 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate, nearly
glabrous, smooth, except small and soft conical warty processes scattered along the beak.
-i H H Follicles wholly unarmed and smooth throughout, either glabrous or tomentulose-pubes-
cent.
-H- Arrect or ascending on the deflexed or decurved fructiferous pedicels.
= Umbel solitary on the perfectly simple strict stem, elevated on a naked terminal peduncle :
leaves all closely sessile, broad, transversely veined : plant glabrous and pale or glaucous : follicles
fusiform : anthers either bicorniculate or salient-angled at base of the wing.
A. obtusifolia, Michx. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves undulate, oblong or elliptical,
3 to 5 inches long, with rounded or retuse apex and cordate-clasping base : peduncle 2 to
12 inches long : umbel loosely many-flowered : corolla dull greenish-purple ; the lobes
oblong, 4 lines long : column as high as broad : hoods flesh-color, erosely truncate and
somewhat toothed at the broad summit, hardly exceeding the anthers, shorter than the
falcate-subulate incurved horn: anther-wings bicorniculate at base in the manner of A.
Sullivantii. Fl. i. 113; Decaisne, I.e. 565. A. purpurascens, Walt. Car. 103. Dry or
sandy soil, New England to Florida, Texas, and Nebraska.
A. Meadii, Torr. A foot or two high : leaves plane and even, ovate-lanceolate, or
rarely lanceolate, obtuse or acute, rounded at the sessile base, rough-margined, 14 to 3
inches long : peduncle 2 to 4 inches long : umbel 6-20-flowered : corolla greenish-yellow ;
the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long : column very short : hoods purplish, with rounded-trun-
cate entire summit and a tooth at the inner margins, exceeding the anthers and the subu-
late inflexed horn : anther-wings with entire but descending salient angle at base. Gray,
Man. ed. 2, addend. 704, ed. 5, 397. Dry ground, Illinois, S. B. Mead, Iowa, Vasey, &c.
92 ASCLEPIADACE.E. Asclepias.
= = Umbels usually more than one and on peduncles overtopping or equalling the leaves: stem
tall and simple : leaves broad, resembling those of the three preceding species.
A. glaucescens, HBK. Glabrous up to the peduncles, and inclined to be glaucous :
leaves as of A. oltusij'olia, but only slightly undulate, 2 to 4 inches long: umbels 2 to 4 or
rarely solitary, many-flowered : pedicels pubescent orvillous, rather short : corolla greenish-
white ; the lobes ovate, 3 or 4 lines long : column very short : hoods obovate-truncate,
about equalling the anthers, with fleshy gibbous-incurved back and (white ? ) petaloid sides,
the whole length within occupied by a broad and thin crest, which is 2-lobed at the sum-
mit, the outer lobe broad and rounded, the inner a skort and triangular-subulate nearly
included horn. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 190, t. 227 ; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 565. A. SuUii-antii,
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, wholly 1 S. W. Texas and New Mexico (but the only
specimen in herb. Torr. from " Plains near the Rio Limpio "), Bir/elow. (Mex.)
= = = Umbels more than one, on peduncles longer than the orbicular leaves or than the much
abbreviated stem.
A. nummularia, Torr. Clustered stems an inch or two high : leaves in 2 or 3 approxi-
mated pairs, orbicular, mucronate, thickish, canescently tomentose, glabrate with age :
peduncles 14- to 2 inches long, many -flowered : corolla greenish-white ; the lobes ovate,
2 lines long : column hardly any : hoods ovate, a little longer than the anthers : the horn
short and stout : follicles ovate-lanceolate, tomentulose. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163, t. 45.
New Mexico, Bigelow, Thurber, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
= =7 = = Umbels mostly more than one : peduncle not overtopping the leaves (except per-
haps in A. cintrea), sometimes none.
a. Leaves broad (from orbicular to oblong-lanceolate), proportionally large: hoods broad, little if
at all overtopping the anthers : stems from a foot to a yard or more in height, except the first
species.
1. Glabrous or some minute pubescence or tomcntum on young parts, no floccose wool.
A. Cryptoceras, "Watson. A span or two high, almost completely glabrous : stems
decumbent : leaves 3 or 4 pairs, ovate-orbicular with mucronate apiculation, glaucescent,
1 or 2 inches long, very short-petioled : flowers large, all at the summit, few in each of the
2 or 3 umbels : the lateral of these sessile, the terminal short-peduncled : lobes of the
greenish-yellow corolla ovate, 5 lines long : column none : hoods flesh-colored, saccate-
ovate, abruptly and minutely bi-acuminate, equalling the anthers, enclosing the falcate-
subulate horn: follicles ovate. King Exped. 283, t. 28. Acerates lutifolia, Torr. in Frem.
Rep. ed. 2, 317. Utah, W. Nevada, and Idaho, Nnttnll, Fremont, Watson, &c.
A. amplexicaulis, Michx. Glaucous and glabrous : stems decumbent, a foot or two
long: leaves in numerous rather crowded pairs, cordate-ovate and clasping, obtuse, suc-
culent, whitish-veiny, 3 to 5 inches long : peduncles about half the length of the leaves,
longer than the numerous slender pedicels : lobes of the greenish-purplish corolla oblong,
3 lines long : column very short : hoods white, obovate-truncate, nearly enclosing the tri-
angular-arcuate crest-like horn: follicles ovate-lanceolate. Fl. i. 113; Eli. Sk. i. 322. A.
humistrata, Walt. Car. 105, except " floribus rubris." - - Dry sandy barrens, North Carolina
to Florida.
A. Jamesii, Torr. Farinose-puberulent when young, soon green and glabrous : stem
stout, erect or ascending, a foot or more high : leaves about 5 pairs, approximate, re-
markably thick and large (when dry coriaceous, the larger 4 to 6 inches long), orbicular
or broadly oval, often emarginatc and with a mucronation, subcordate at base, nearly
sessile, copiously transversely veined : umbels 2 or 3, all or mostly lateral, densely many-
flowered, on peduncles shorter than the pedicels : flowers greenish : lobes of the corolla
ovate, 4 or 5 lines long : column very short but distinct : hoods barely equalling the an-
thers, broad, with truncate entire summit, which is equalled by the upper margin of the
falciform-triangular crest, the apex of which extends into a short subulate horn partly
over the top of the stigmatic disk : follicles turgid-ovate, barely acute, 24- or 3 inches long.
-Bot. Mex. Bound. 162. A. obtuslfolia, var. latifolia, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 117. Plains
of Colorado to W. Texas and E. Arizona.
A. phytolaccoid.es, Pursh. Bright green and glabrous : stem 4 or 5 feet high : leaves
membranaceous, from oval to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, short-petioled,
4 to 8 inches long: peduncles (1 or 2 inches long) seldom longer than the numerous fili-
form lax pedicels : corolla greenish ; the lobes ovate or oblong, 4 lines long : column short :
Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 93
hoods white or pale, flesh-colored, broad and erect, rather shorter than the anthers, trun-
cate horizontally, the truncate margin somewhat erose or toothed and with a slender tooth
at the inner angles, much surpassed by the erector slightly incurved slender-subulate horn :
follicles fusiform and slender-acuminate, at length glabrous. Fl. i. 180; Decaisne in UC.
1. c. A. Syriaca, var. exaltuta, L. Spec. ed. 2, 313. A. nivea, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1181, not L.
A. exaltata (acuminata), Muhl. Cat. 28. Shaded and moist ground, New England to Wis-
consin and south to Georgia in the mountains.
A. variegata, L. A foot or two high: leaves 3 to 7 pairs, thinnish (the middle ones
sometimes 4-nate), oval or ovate/ or the upper oblong, obtuse at both ends, mucronate-
apiculate or short-acuminate, not rarely somewhat undulate, bright green and glabrous
above, pale and sometimes tomentulose beneath (at least when young), 3 to 6 inches long,
conspicuously petioled : peduncles 1 to 3, terminal and subterminal, short, equalling or
exceeding the very numerous pedicels of the compact urnbel, both usually tomentulose :
flowers white with some pink or purple at the centre, i.e. on the distinct column and base
of the corolla : lobes of the latter ovate or oval, 3 lines long : hoods globular-ventricose
from a narrow base, spreading, overtopping the short anthers and stiginatic disk ; the
semilunate subulate horn horizontally short-exserted : follicles fusiform and long-acuminate.
Spec. 215, & ed. 2, 312 (founded on syn. Dill. & Pluk.) ; Walt. Car. 104 ; Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 1182 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Decaisne, 1. c. (excl. syn. Hook.) ; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 86.
A. nivea, L. as to syn. Gronov. & herb. A. citri folia, Jacq. Coll. Ic. Rar. t. 343. A. liybrida,
Michx. 1. c. Dry shaded grounds, S. New York and Ohio to Florida, Arkansas, and W.
Louisiana.
2. Tomentose or pubescent, South Atlantic States or New Mexican species: umbels all lateral,
short-peduncled : flowers greenish : follicles tomehtose or canescent.
A. tomentosa, Ell. Tomentulose or merely soft-pubescent, sometimes minutely so : stems
a foot or sometimes a yard high, very leafy above : leaves from oval-obovate to oblong-lan-
ceolate, obtuse or short-acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long, rather conspicuously
petioled : umbels 3 to 10 in alternate axils, very short-peduncled, loosely many-flowered :
lobes of the corolla ovate, 3 or 4 lines long : column very short : hoods oval-obovate,
obliquely truncate, decidedly shorter than the broadly-winged anthers ; the broadly subu-
late horn ascending and moderately exscrtcd at the upper interior angle : " follicles lan-
ceolate." - Sk. i. S20 ; Chapm. Fl. 363. A. accmtoidcs, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2,
vii. 407. Dry sandy barrens, N. Carolina to Florida.
A. arenaria, Torr. Lanuginous-tomentose, in age glabrate : stems about a foot high,
stout, ascending, thickly leaved : leaves coriaceous when old, obovate or oval and retuse
or the lower ovate, witli rounded or subcordate base, somewhat undulate, distinctly petioled,
2 to 4 inches long : umbels rather densely many-flowered, shorter than the loaves : lobes
of the greenish-white corolla oval, 5 lines long : column nearly half the length of the
anthers : hoods about as broad as high, surpassing the anthers, truncate at base and sum-
mit, the latter oblique and notched on each side near the inner angle, which forms an
obtuse tooth ; horn with included ascending portion or crest broadly semilunate as high as
the hood ; the abruptly incurved apex subulate-beaked, horizontally exserted, or the slender
termination ascending: follicles oblong-ovate and long-acuminate, tomentulose. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 102. Colorado, on sand-banks of the Upper Canadian and Red Rivers
(Biyelow, Marc i/) to New Mexico, Wislizenus, &c. Allied to A. Jamesii.
3. Floccose-lanuginous or tomentose-canescent, Western species; the dense wool not rarely decidu-
ous with age: stems stout,! to 4 feet high: leaves occasionally alternate, large (2 to" G inches
long): umbels terminal and lateral, many-flowered: follicles (where known) ovate.
A. Fremonti, Torr. Canescently tomentose with short and fine wool, or the stem (a
foot or less high) puberulent : leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, retuse, or apiculate-acute,
often subcordate, smooth-edged, distinctly petioled : umbels 1 or 2, on peduncles not longer
than the lanuginous pedicels: lobes of the whitish corolla oblong-ovate, 3 lines long:
column very short : hoods nearly erect, equalling the anthers, somewhat evenly truncate
and the inner angles produced into an acute or obtusish tooth, with no notch behind it ;
the subulate apex of the broad horn inflexed and a little exserted. Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 87,
name only. California, on the Upper Sacramento, Fremont, Neivberry, &c. Follicles when
young densely cancscent-tomentose, in age glabrate. Herbage with the pubescence of the
preceding rather than of the following species.
94 ASCLEPI ADAGES. Asdepias.
A. erosa, Torr. Cancsccnt with fine and appressed white wool when young, or the stem
only puberulent : leaves glabrate and green with age, sessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate', coriaceous, the base rounded or slightly cordate, the margin scarious-cartilagi-
nous and rough with minute irregular denticulation or erosion : umbels numerous, on pe-
duncles equalling (or the lower exceeding) the lanuginous pedicels : lobes of the greenish-
white corolla oval, fully 3 lines long, merely hoary and soon glabrate outside : column
distinct : hoods yellowish, with a duplication on each side at the edge below, erect and
nearly horizontally truncate, rather surpassing the anthers; the falcate or claw-shaped
horn attached below the middle and longer than the hood, incurving over the disk of the
stigma : ovaries glabrous : follicles canescent when young, often glabrate at maturity.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 162, glabrate state. A. kucophylla, Engelm. in Am. Naturalist, ix. 349 ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 470, in the canescent-lanuginous state. Arizona on the Gila (Schott,
Thurber) to S. Utah (Parry) and San Diego Co., California, Cooper, Palmer.
Var. obtlisa, a form with elliptical and very obtuse leaves and scanty woolliness.
A. Itucophylla, var. obtusa, Gray, 1. c. Bartlett's Canon, interior of Santa Barbara Co.,
California.
A. eriocarpa, Bentll. Densely floccose-woolly, even to the calyx, the loose wool hardly
deciduous except from the angled stem below : leaves not rarely ternate and the upper-
most alternate, elongated-oblong or the upper lanceolate, obtuse or subcordate at base,
short-petioled, 4 to 8 inches long : umbels few or several, all on stout peduncles mostly
longer than the pedicels : flowers dull white : corolla at first woolly outside ; the lobes
ovate, 3 lines long: column short but distinct: hoods shorter than the anthers, rather
spreading, vcntricose, oblately semiorbicular in outline and open round to near the middle
of the back, the summits produced inwardly into an acute angle or tooth, barely enclosing
the falciform acute horn: ovaries glabrous or merely the summit or the styles villous :
"follicles densely woolly," according to Benth.Pl. Hartw. 323. California, in dry ground,
from near Monterey (Ilartweg) to San Diego Co.
A. vestita, Hook. & Am. Densely floccose-woolly, usually even to the outside of
the corolla, the white wool deciduous in age : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, very
acute or acuminate, often subcordate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 4 to 6 inches
long : umbels 1 to 4, the terminal usually peduncled, the lateral all sessile : corolla green-
ish-white or purplish ; the lobes ovate, 3 lines long : column very short : hoods nearly
erect, ventricose, slightly surpassing the anthers, entire at the back of the somewhat trun-
cate summit, auriculate-extended at the inner angle, the auricles or angles involute ; the
vomer-shaped crest rather than horn attached up to the summit of the hood, blunt, not
exserted : an interior crown of 10 tooth-like processes in pairs between the hoods : ovaries
glabrous : follicles at first can#scent. Bot. Beech. 363 (not Bot. Mag. t. 4106) ; Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 476. A. eriocarpa, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 128, not Bentli. Dry ground, Cali-
fornia, from the Sacramento to San Diego Co. and the Mohave.
l>. Leaves narrow (lanceolate or linear, 1 to 3 inches long), green and nearly glabrous ; the veins
oblique: stems branching, ascending, a span or two high: hoods obtuse, shorter or little longer
than the anthers: corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, about. 2 lines long: column hardly any: follicles
ovate, acute or acuminate, when young tomentose-caneseent.
A. brachystephana, Engelm. Stems 6 to 10 inches high, very leafy, cinereous-puber-
ulent or tomentose when young, the inflorescence more floccose-tomentose : leaves from
lanceolate with a broader rounded base to linear, short-petioled (sometimes 3 inches long),
when young often einereous-tomentulose beneath, very much surpassing the (3 to 8) few-
flowered umbels : peduncles as long as the pedicels or much shorter : flowers lurid-purplish :
hoods only half the length of the anthers, erect, strongly angulate-toothed at the front;
the tip of the erect subulate horn exserted. Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163. Dry sandy
soil, from Wyoming Terr, and Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
A. involucrata, Engelm. Minutely pubescent when young, glabrate, a span or less
in height : clustered stems spreading : leaves from lanceolate with roundish or subcordate
base to linear with acute base, short-petioled (occasionally alternate), tomentose on the
margins ; the uppermost involucrating the mostly solitary sessile or short-ped uncled 10-20-
flowered umbel and commonly overtopping it: flowers greenish-white or purplish-tinged:
hoods ovate, moderate-longer than the anthers ; the short incurved horn slightty exserted
from about their middle. Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 163. Sandy soil, New Mexico and
Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
Asclepias. ASCLEPIADACE^. 95
c. Leaves extremely narrow, sessile : hoods thrice the length of the anthers, slender, acute, open.
A. macrotis, Torr. Glabi-ous or nearly so : stems barely a span high, numerous and
much branched from a suffrutescent thickened base : leaves narrowly linear with revolute
margins, almost filiform, an inch or more long : umbels 3-5-flowered, terminal and lateral,
ahort-peduncled or sessile : pedicels little longer than the purplish or greenish flowers :
corolla-lobes ovate, 2 lines long : column hardly any : hoods with ovate erect base as long
as the anthers, above contracted into a gradually attenuate twice longer subulate spreading
portion, the apex incurving; the broad horn short and blunt, with barely exscrted apex:
follicles ovate-lanceolate, an inch long. Bot. Mcx. Bound. 164, t. 45. Rocky hills along
the Bio Grande, borders of Texas, New Mexico, and Chihuahua, especially near El Paso,
Bigelow, Parry, Wrifjht.
d. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly pubescent or puberulent : stems erect, a foot or more high :
hoods obtuse, twice or thrice the length of the anthers, not tapering to base, entire at summit,
1. Involute-concave or more open; the falcate or subulate horn free at or below the middle of the
hood, and incurved or inflexed over the stigmatic disk : follicles tomcntose or soft-pubescent.
A. OValif 61ia, Decaisne. Tomentulose-pubescent : stem rather slender : leaves thin-
nish, from ovate or oval to ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, rounded at base, distinctly
petioled (H to 3 inches long), glabrate with age, at least the upper face, the midrib as
well as primary veins slender, and veinlets reticulated : umbels few, loosely 10-18-flowered,
on peduncles which seldom equal the pedicels, or sometimes sessile : corolla greenish-white
with purplish outside ; the lobes oblong-ovate, 2 or 3 lines long : hoods oval or broadly
oblong in outline, not auriculate at base, the inner margins below the middle extended into
a large acute tooth or lobe ; the horn broad and rather short : anther-wings rounded and
entire or minutely and obscurely notched at the prominent base. DC. Prodr. viii. 567
(excl. habitat) ; Gray, Man. cd. 5, 396. A. variegatu, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 252, t. 141. .4. Nut-
talliuna, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 352, 704. Saskatchewan, Lake Winnipeg, and Dakotah to K
Illinois and Wisconsin, in oak-openings and prairies.
A. Hallii, Gray. Puberulcnt, glabrate : stem stout : leaves thickish, ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate with rounded base and rather acute apex (3 to 5 inches long), short-
petioled, the stout midrib and the slightly ascending straight veins prominent underneath :
umbels few and corymbose, many-flowered, on peduncles somewhat longer than the
pedicels : corolla greenish-white and purplish ; the lobes oblong, 3 lines long : hoods elon-
gated-oblong in outline (3 lines long), entire, hastately 2-gibbous above the narrower base,
a little surpassing the sickle-shaped horn : anther-wings even and unappendaged at base.
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 09. A. ovu/ifolia, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. March, 1863, 75,
coll. E. Hall, n.480. Colorado, near Denver? E. Hall. Head-waters of the Arkansas
Brandcfjee, &c. Follicles tomentulose, glabrate. In aspect resembles A. Sullivantii, but with
some pubescence, and base of the anther-wings destitute of the corniculation.
A. obovata, Ell. Cinereous with soft pubescence or tomentum on the lower face of the
leaves : stem a foot or two high : leaves oval or oblong, only the lower obovate, somewhat
undulate, mucronate-apiculate, rounded or subcordate at base, very short-petioled (li to 3
inches long), the midrib stout, the veins transverse and slender : umbels (3 or 4 at the
upper axils) almost sessile, densely 10-14-flowered : lobes of the yellowish-green corolla
oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, half the length of the pedicels : hoods purplish, oblong, strictly
erect (3 or 4 lines long), involute so that the thin inner edges meet for almost their whole
length, dorsally hastately bigibbous above a short contracted base, thence narrowly wing-
appendaged upward and inward for some length, a pair of broad and short fleshy internal
auricles at very base within ; horn narrowly falcate, fleshy ; the exserted upper part of
the free portion strongly inflexed, subulate ; upper or dorsal face canaliculate-concave :
anther-wings bicorniculate at the basal angle (in the manner of A. obtnsi folia and A. Snf-
livantii). Sk i. 321 ; Decaisne, 1. c. 570 (excl. syn. Torr.) ; Chapm. Fl. 363. Dry ground,
S. Carolina, near the coast, to Florida and Louisiana.
2. Hoods laterally much compressed, mainly solid, with a narrow dorsal keel and a broader ventral
wine;; the latter bearing two semi-obovate lamelke, its broad upper part enclosing a lamelliform
crest of equal width, which bears a short subulate exserted horn at the inner angle.
A. nyctaginifolia, Gray. Ronghish-puberulent, apparently a foot high and ascending:
leaves rhombic-ovate, with ascending and branching veins, 2 or 3 inches long, rather long-
petioled : umbels all lateral, very short-peduncled, 4-20-flowered : pedicels equalling the
96 ASCLEPIADACEJE. Asdepias.
petiole : lobes of the greenish corolla oblong (half inch long) : column hardly any below
the greenish white hoods, which are little shorter than the petals, almost thrice the length
of the anthers, barely retuse at apex ; the truncate upper edge of the crest erose ; the
exserted horn from its inner angle thin-subulate, a line long : auricles at base of the hood
very small, roundish : anther-wings broadly rounded at base: follicles not seen. Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 70. Eock Spring, Providence Mountains, S. E. California, Palmer.
w- -w- Follicles pendulous on recurving pedicels, at least not erect: leaves subulate-filiform or
wanting on the juncifonn nuked stems: hoods elongated, broader upward.
A. subulata, Decaisne. Cinereous-puberulent or soon glabrous and glaucous : stem
3 or 4 feet high, naked and rush-like or bearing a few nearly filiform leaves, usually few-
branched above : nmbels terminal and lateral, 5-20-flowered, on peduncles mostly shorter
than the pedicels : flowers yellowish-white : lobes of the corolla oblong, 4 or 5 lines long :
column distinct : hoods purplish, narrowly oblong-panduriform, erect, twice the length
of the column, entire, a narrow crest adnate up to the apex, above dilated and inwardly
pointed by a very short and blunt subulate horn ; 10 short internal appendages forming
a pair of fleshy auricles within the base of each hood : follicles fusiform and long-acu-
minate, 4 inches long, smooth. DC. Prodr. viii. 571 ; Torr. in Pacif. R. Eep. v. 362, t. 7.
Desert region of S. E. California and W. Arizona. (Lower Calif., W. Mex.?)
-K- -H- -H- Follicles Rivet on erect fruiting pedicels, fusiform : leaves not rarely verticillate, in one
species commonly alternate: hoods moderately if at all exceeding the anthers.
= Leaves from ovate to broadly lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so, thin, rather slender-petioled :
corolla white or pinkish.
A. quadrifolia, L. A foot or two high, simple, usually leafless below: leaves 3 or 4
pairs, or commonly a whorl of four in place of each middle pair, ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long: umbels 2 to 4, loosely many-flowered : peduncle seldom
longer than the slender pedicels : corolla from light pink to almost white ; the lobes 2
lines long, oblong : column short : hoods white, twice the length of the anthers, ovate-
oblong, a salient tooth or lobe on each margin toward the base ; horn short, very broadly
falcate-subulate, incurved over the anther-tips. Jacq. Obs. t. 33; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept.
ii. t. 43; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1258. A. vanilla, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. iv. 39 (1818), ex
Neob. 62. Dry soil, Canada and Wisconsin to N. Carolina and Arkansas.
A. perennis, W'alt. Stem a foot or two high, commonly branching, leafy throughout,
sometimes rather woody at base : leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
mostly acuminate at both ends, 2 to 4 inches long : umbels several and rather small, on
peduncles of about twice the length of the pedicels : flowers white throughout : lobes of
the corolla 1 or 2 lines long, oblong : column narrow, half to three fourths of a line long :
hoods oval, entire, erect, not twice the length of the column, hardly surpassing the an-
thers, one third shorter than their straightish or falcate almost filiform horn : seeds not
rarely destitute of coma. Car. 107 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 396; Chapm. Fl. 365. A. debilis,
Michx. Fl. i. 116, in part ; the Obs. relates to A. quadrifolia. A. parviflora, Ait. Kew. i. 307 ;
Pursh, Fl. i. 180; Decaisne, I.e. Matalea? favis, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 291. Muddy
shores, c., from S. Indiana and Illinois, and from Carolina to Florida and Texas.
Var. parvula, barely a foot high, and leaves an inch or two long. Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 164. Head of Rock Creek, W. Texas, Billow, \Vriijht.
A. NfvEA, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 29, & Plum. Ic. t. 30), is a W. Indian species (Griseb. Fl. W.
Ind., excl. syn. Bot. Mag.), very near A. perennis, but corolla greenish-white, hoods longer
than the anthers, the wings of which become auriculate-undulate next the base, and are
not overtopped by the horn. " Louisiana," Grisebach, 1. c. ; but this is probably a mistake.
A. viRGAxA, Lag. Gen. & Spec. 14, Sweet Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 85 (A. angustifolia, Hort.
Berol., Roem. & Sch., & A. linearis of gardens, A. linifolia, HBK. 1) is a nearly related species,
with white or rose-tinged corolla, anther-wings plane, and narrow leaves as of the succeeding
section, probably only Mexican. See Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 70.
= = Leaves from elongated-lanceolate to filiform, sessile or nearly so, glabrous.
a. Corolla reflexed (as in the genus generally): horn of the hoods subulate and exserted.
1. Column conspicuous, at length about half as long as the anthers.
A. Mexicana, Cav. Stem 3 to 5 feet high : leaves in whorls of 3 to 6, or uppermost and
lower opposite, sometimes also in axillary fascicles, linear or narrowly lanceolate (3 to 6
Asdepias. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 97
inches long, 2 to 6 lines broad) : umbels corymbose, densely many -flowered, on peduncles
longer than the pedicels : flowers greenish-white, sometimes tinged with purple : corolla-
lobes oblong, 2 lines long : hoods broadly ovate, entire, shorter than the anthers, exceeded
by the stout-subulate incurved horn. Cav. Ic. i. 42, t. 58; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71.
A. fascicttluris, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 569 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 475. A. macrophylla,
Niitt. I'l. Gamb. 180. Dry or moist ground, Oregon and California, to Nevada and
Arizona. (Mcx.)
A. verticillata, L. Stems a foot or two high, slender, very leafy : leaves mostly in
whorls of 3 to 0, or some scattered, filiform-linear and with revolute margins (2 to 4 inches
long): umbels numerous, small, many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels:
corolla greenish-white ; the lobes oblong, 2 lines long : hoods white, broadly ovate and
entire, with somewhat auriculate involute base, barely equalling the anthers, much shorter
than their elongated-subulate falcate-incurved horn. (Pluk. Aim. t. 336.) Hook. Fl. 1. 144 ;
Lodd. Cab. t. 1067 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. t. 144 ; Decaisne, 1. c. (excl. var. tin/folia) ; Torr.
Fl. N. Y. t. 87. A. yaliotdes, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 188. Dry soil, Canada to
Nebraska and south to Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. (Mex.)
Var. pumila, Gray, 1- c. A span or more high, many-stemmed from a fascicled root :
leaves much crowded, filiform ; peduncles seldom longer than the pedicels. Dry plains,
Nebraska to Kansas and New Mexico.
Var. SUbverticillata, Gray, 1. c. Stems single, 1 to 2i feet high : leaves all oppo-
site or barely in threes, 3 to 5 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide, natter, the margins less or
little revolute: horns sometimes rather less exserted. A. vcrtit-'iilata, var. yaliotdes, Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, chiefly, hardly of Decaisne. A. linearls, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 758.
A. vertict'Hata, var. Unifolla, Engelm. ined., but not A. linifolia, HBK. (which may rather
be A. viryata, Balb.), nor of Decaisne, 1. c., which seems to be a mixture of two or three
species. W. Texas and New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.)
A. LINARIA, Cav., with the aspect of the foregoing, has the horn short and nearly in-
cluded in the hood, a very short column, and turgid-ovate follicle arrect on the deflexed
pedicel : enumerated in Torr. Mex. Bound. 1. c., from Northern Mexico, but not yet found
very near the U. S. boundary.
2. Column manifest, but not higher than broad.
A. quinquedentata, Gray. A span or two high : leaves all opposite, narrowly linear
and elongated, resembling those of ^4. vertii-ill.itn, var. subcerticillata : umbels 4-10-flowered :
peduncle longer than the pedicels : lobes of the greenish-white corolla oval, 2-J- or 3 lines
long : hoods white, about the length of the anthers, conduplicate, somewhat quadrate in
outline, the keeled back ending below in a truncate salient base, the truncate summit
prominently and acutely 5-toothed ; horn adnate up to the summit, falcate, ending in a
small acute dorsal tooth and in an inflexed and moderately exserted subulate proper apex.
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. A. verticillata, var. yalioides, Torr. I.e. in part. Prairies or
rocky hills on the San Pedro Eiver, W. Texas, Wriyht (1689). Fruit unknown; but,
according to Engclmann, it may be arrect on a decurved pedicel, as in A. Linariu.
A. angUStifolia, Ell. Minutely puberulent, or the foliage glabrous : stems a span to a
foot long, decumbent or ascending, very leafy : leaves irregularly alternate or the lower
opposite, narrowly linear (li to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), the margins little if at all
revolute : umbels 1 to 3, terminal, many-flowered : peduncle usually much longer than the
pedicels : lobes of the greenish corolla oval, barely 2 lines long : hoods (purplish, " nearly
orange-colored," Ell.) ovate, entire, considerably surpassing the anthers, longer than the
broad subulate horn, which is inflexed-exserted from the middle. Sk. i. 325. A. tiiberosa ?
Walt, fide Ell. A. lonyi folia, Michx. herb., in part. A. Michnuxii, Decaisne, 1. c. 569 ; Chapm.
Fl. 365. (Elliott's name was published in 1817, earlier than the homonyms.) Low pine
barrens and sand-hills, S. Carolina to Florida.
A. viridula, Chapm. Nearly glabrous : stem slender, erect, a foot or two high : leaves
all opposite, narrowly linear or (when with revolute margins) filiform, erect or ascending
(1 to 3 inches long), surpassing the short-peduncled 5-12-flowered umbels: lobes of the
yellowish-green corolla oblong, 2 lines long : hoods oblong, one third longer than the an-
thers, the margins with an auriculate incurved tooth below the middle, otherwise entire,
longer than the subulate incurved horn. Fl. 362. Wet pine barrens near Apalachicoln,
Florida, Chapman.
7
98 ASCLEPIADACE.E. Asclepias.
3. Column none.
A. cinerea, "Walt. Glabrous or nearly so : stem very slender, a foot or two high : leaves
all opposite, spreading, very narrowly linear (1 to 3 inches long, half to a line wide);
umbels terminal and sub terminal at the naked summit of the stem, loosely 5-7-flowered :
filiform drooping pedicels longer than the peduncle : corolla dull purplish outside, ash-color
within ; the lobes tardily reflexed, oval, 3 lines long : hoods considerably shorter than the
anthers, broader than high, truncate at the back, the involute inner angles extended in a
triangular acute ascending lobe, which exceeds the broad triangular horn. Car. 105;
Ell. Sk. i. 325 ; Chapm. 1. c. Low pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida.
b. Corolla and calyx merely rotately spreading, not reflexed.
A. Feayi, Chapm. Stem filiform, erect, a foot or two high : leaves all opposite, in 4 to
6 pairs, spreading, linear-filiform (2 to 4 inches long, barely half a line wide), glabrous, of ten
wanting above at the 2 or 3 approximate short-peduncled 3-5-flowered umbels : corolla
white ; the lobes oblong or at length narrower, 3 or 4 lines long : column none : hoods white
and petaloid except a thickish midrib, barely as long as the sagittate-based anthers, spread-
ing, concave, entire ; in place of horn a semioval entire crest or plate adnate to the middle
of the back within : follicles not seen. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72. Tampa, Florida,
Leavemvorth (in herb. Torr.), Dr. Feay, Dr. Garbcr.
2. PODOSTEMMA, Gray. Hoods long-stipitate, their stalks adnate to nearly
the whole length of the antheriferous column, surpassing the anthers ; the crest-
like process adnate to the nearly open lamina : anther-wings broader and some-
what angulate about the middle : umbels all lateral. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 72.
A. longicornu, Benth. A span to a foot or more high, minutely and somewhat hir-
sutely pubescent: leaves all opposite, from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, 2 to 4 inches
long, petioled : umbels short-peduncled or nearly sessile, several-many-flowered : flowers
yellowish-green : corolla-lobes a fourth to half inch long, oblong : hoods with stalk-like
portion twice the length of the gradually dilated whitish somewhat 2-3-lobed or toothed
lamina; the process infra-apical and divided into 2 short subulate and fleshy horns ; the
exterior horn barely equalling the apex of the hood ; the inner twice longer, incurved and
somewhat exserted : follicles arrect on the deflexed pedicel, ovate-oblong, acuminate, at
first canescent or pubescent or roughish. PI. Hartw. 24 ; Decaisne, 1. c. 570. A. Lindlieimeri,
Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. ii. 42. Texas and New Mexico. (Mex., Nicaragua.)
3. NOTIIA CERATES, Gray. Anther-wings widening to the broadly rounded
base and conspicuously auriculate-notched just above it : hoods sessile, with a
narrow wholly adnate internal crest terminating in a minute horn : habit of
Acerates : pollinia short and thick, arcuate-obovate.
A. stenophylla, Gray. Puberulent, but foliage glabrous : stems slender, a foot or two
high, simple: leaves long and narrowly linear (3 to 7 inches long, 1 to 2i lines wide), with
scabrous and more or less revolute margins and a strong midrib ; the upper alternate and
the lower opposite : umbels several, short-peduncled or subsessile, 10-15-flowered : pedicels
about twice the length of the greenish flowers : corolla-lobes oblong, 2 lines long : column
very short : hoods whitish, erect, equalling the anthers, oblong, conduplicate-concave, the
base of each inner margin appendaged by a cuneate erosely truncate lobe, the apex
2-lobed and the narrow internal crest exserted in the sinus in the form of an intermediate
tooth : interior crown of 5 very small 2-lobed processes between the bases of the anthers :
follicles slender-fusiform and long-acuminate, erect on the ascending pedicel. Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 72. Polyotus angustifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 201. Acerates
anrjnsfifiilia, Pecaisne, 1. c. 522. Dry prairies, W. Arkansas and N. Texas to Nebraska and
Colorado. Connecting link between Asclepias and Acerates.
7. ACERATES, Ell. (Formed of , privative, and XSQCIS, a horn.) At-
lantic U. S. perennial herbs, resembling Asclepias ; with comparatively small
flowers greenish or barely tinged with purple, in summer. Umbels many-flowered,
sessile or short-peduncled. Distinguished only by the total absence of horn or
Accrues. ASCLEPIADACE.E. 99
crest to the hoods, and by the wings of the anthers not angulate nor dilated (but
rather tapering) at base. Ell. 8k. i. 31G (1817) ; Engelm. mss. ; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. 1. c. Polyotus, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1. c. Gonrphocarpit.s
in part, Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 754.
* Mass of anthers and stigma globular, not equalled by the hoods : column below the hoods evi-
dent: leaves mainly alternate-scattered, very numerous.
A. auriculata, Engelm. Glabrous up to the inflorescence: stem 2 or 3 feet high,
slender: leaves linear-filiform (4 to 6 inches long, a third to a line and a half wide), their
scabrous margins not rcvolutc : umbels several, lateral : pedicels short : column below the
hoods very short : hoods oval or quadrate, emarginately or sometimes 3-crenately truncate,
the involute margins at base appendaged with a pair of remarkably large and broad
auricles : anther-wings narrow and of equal breadth from top to bottom : pollinia elongated-
oblong, not tapering upward. Engelm. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 1(50. Prairies and rocky
ground, from S. Texas and New Mexico to Colorado. Unless the characters are noted,
very likely to be confounded with Asdepias (Nbthacerates) stenophylla.
A. longifolia, Ell. Minutely hirsutely scabrous-pubescent, or smoothish : stems 1 to 3
feet high, erect or ascending : leaves from linear to elongated-lanceolate (3 to 8 inches long,
1 to 6 lines wide) : umbels few or numerous, terminal and lateral : pedicels slender : column
rather conspicuous below the hoods : these purple or purplish, oval, obtuse, entire, un ap-
pendaged, adnate by the ventral margins to the whole upper half of the column, therefore
pitcher-like, rising barely to the middle of the anthers : anther-wings semi-rhombic, more
attenuate to base: pollinia (as generally in the genus) with tapering apex. Sk. i. 317;
Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 522. Asdepias lonyifv'ia, Michx. Fl. i. 110, mainly. A. Flori-
dana, Lam. Diet. i. 284. A. incarnata, Walt. Car. 106, not L. Polyotus lonrjlfollus, Nutt. in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 522. Moist prairies and pine-barrens, Florida to Texas, and
north to Ohio and Wisconsin. Varies greatly in height, Jengtli of peduncles, foliage, &c. :
a Florida form has few or single slender-peduncled umbels, and smaller flowers.
* * Mass of anthers and stigma longer than broad, almost equalled by the hoods, the short inser-
tion of which covers the very short column : leaves not rarely opposite, mostly broader.
A. virid.ifl.6ra, Ell. Tomentose-puberulent, becoming glabrate, or the foliage somewhat
scabrous : stem a foot or two high : leaves oval or oblong and obtuse or retuse (one or two
inches long), or sometimes narrower and longer and also acute, commonly mucronate, occa-
sionally undulate : umbels 2 to 5 or sometimes solitary, mostly lateral and subsessile, dense :
pedicels little over double the length of the reflexed narrowly oblong lobes of the greenish
corolla : hoods somewhat fleshy, lanceolate-oblong, with small auricles at base much in-
volute and concealed, otherwise entire, alternated by as many short and roundish or gland-
like small internal teeth : anther-wings semi-rhomboid above, with a much longer tapering
base. Asdepias virid! flora, Raf. in Med. Rep. xi. 300, & Desv. Jour. Bot. i. 227 ; Pursh,
Fl. i. 181; Torr. Fl. 284 (excl. var.ofoow/ta); Hook. Fl. ii. 53, t. 143. Polyotus heterophyllus,
Nutt. I.e. Dry sterile soil, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and south to
Florida and Texas. Runs into
Var. lanceolata, with lanceolate leaves 24- to 4 inches long. Asdepias lanceohitn,
Ives in Amer. Jour. Sci. iv. 252, with plate. A. vmd(flora, var. lanceolata, Torr. 1. c. ; Hook.
1. c., dextral figure. With the broader-leaved form.
Var. linearis, with elongated linear leaves and low stems : umbels often solitary.
Winnipeg Valley to New Mexico.
A. lanuginosa, Decaisne. Hirsute rather than woolly : stems a span or two high,
terminated by a single pedunculate umbel : leaves frequently alternate or scattered, from
oblong-ovate to lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long), with roundish base: pedicels 3 or 4 times
the length of the oblong lobes of the greenish corolla : hoods purplish, broadly oblong,
obtuse and entire, involute auricles at base obscure if any ; the alternating internal teeth
or lobes small and emarginate : anther-wings broadest and obtusely angulatc below the
middle (approaching those of Asdepias): fruit not seen. Gray, Man. ed. 3, & ed. 5.
A. monocephala, Lapham in Gray, Man. ed. 2, addend. Asdepias lanuyinosa, Nutt. Gen. i. 108.
A. Nuttalliana, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 218. Poli/otus lanuginosus, Nutt. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. 1. c. Prairies, Wisconsin and N. Illinois, Lapham, Vasey, &c., to the Missouri at
White River, Nuttall, and the Yellowstone, Mr. Allen.
100 ASCLEPIADACE^. Schizonotus.
8. SCHIZON6TUS, Gray. (.2jr>, I cleave, varog, the back, the hoods
of the crown open posteriorly as if split down the back ; in which it differs from
Acerates.) Single species.
S. purpurascens, Gray. Herb a span to a foot high, canescently puberulent : leaves
opposite, cordate (an inch or more long), thickish: umbels 2, terminal, densely many-
flowered on peduncles longer than the pedicels : corolla reddish purple outside, flesh-color
within ; the oblong lobes a line and a half long ; the pale hoods about the same length :
anther-wings lunate. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 60. Gomphocarpus purpurascens, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 76, & Bot. Calif, i. 477 ( Schizonotus). California, on an open mountain sum-
mit in Lake Co., Greene (Mr. Towle) : fl. June.
9. GOMPHOCARPUS, R. Br. (r6 [t yos, a peg or club, and XUQXOS, fruit.)
Old World and chiefly African genus, to which these two Californian species
are technically referred ; distinguished from Asclepias merely by the absence of
horn or crest to the hoods. Benth. & Hook. 1. c., excl. Acerates & Anantherix.
G. cordiiblius, Benth. Glabrous : stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate with cordate clasping base, aoute, opposite or rarely in threes, 2 to 5 inches long :
umbels 1 to 4, loosely many-flowered ; slender filiform pedicels equalling or shorter than
the peduncles : calyx villous-pubescent : corolla dark red-purple ; the lobes oval or oblong,
3 or 4 lines long: hoods erect on the summit of the short column, purplish, thin, ventricose,
with dorsally truncate summit produced at the ventral margins into subulate slender ascend-
ing cusp, equalling the anthers, a narrow fissure down the ventral side : follicles ovate-
lanceolate. smooth and glabrous, arrect on the deflexed fruiting pedicels. Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 477. Acerates cordifolia, Benth. PI. Hartw. 323. A. atropnrpiirea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif.
Acad. i. 65. Asclepias " ecornutum," Kellogg, 1. c. 55. California, common in dry ground
through the great valley and foot-hills.
G. tomentosus, Gray, 1. c. Tomentose up to the calyx or outside of the corolla with
soft floccose matted wool, resembling Asclepias vestita : stem 2 or 3 feet high, angled : leaves
opposite (rarely somewhat scattered), ovate or oblong, acute or acuminate (2 to 4 inches
long), mostly rounded at base, short-petioled : umbels terminal and lateral, sessile or nearly
so, loosely several-flowered : corolla greenish or dull purplish ; the lobes 4 lines long : hood
attached to the summit of the short distinct column, ventricose and rounded, spreading,
reaching to near the middle of the anthers, pointless, open, and as if 2-valved across the
top and to the middle of the back. Acerates tomentona, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160, t. 44.
Dry hills, California, from Monte Diablo to San Diego Co.
Var. Xanti, Gray, 1. c., distinguished only by the hoods ; these somewhat oval, and
depending, so that the fissure becomes as if dorsal, and extends two-thirds down. Port
Tejon, Xantus. Ojai, Santa Barbara Co., Dr.
10. ENSLENIA, Nutt. (Aloysius Enslen, an Austrian botanist, who col-
lected in the Atlantic U. S. early in the century.) - - Perennial twining herbs
(N. and S. American) ; with membranaceous and cordate opposite leaves, and
whitish flowers in small axillary pedunculate cymes.
E. albida, Nutt. Tall-climbing, glabrous, with some slight pubescence : leaves some-
what hastately cordate, slender-petioled, acuminate-tipped : cymes 15-30-flowered : appen-
dages of the crown 2-awned : anther-tips erect, longer than the body of the anther :
ligulate awn-like appendages of the crown geminate. Gen. i. 164; Decaisne in DC.
I.e. 518; Deless. Ic. v. t. 63. River banks, S. Pennsylvania and Virginia to Illinois, Mis-
souri and Texas : fl. summer.
11. Fi/OULiNIA, Decaisne. (Dr. Roulin, a French naturalist.) Twining
plants (Texas to Buenos Ayres), with the habit of Enslenia. DC. Prodr. viii.
516 ; Deless. Ic. v. t. 62.
R. unifaria, Bngelm. Aspect and growth of Enslenia albida: leaves deeply cordate,
with rounded basal lobes of the larger ones incurved, abruptly slender-acuminate : cymes
Melinla. ASCLEPIADACE^E. 101
10-20-flowered, somewhat paniculate or racemiform : flowers greenish-white, hardly 3 lines
in diameter : corolla-lobes oblong, thickish-edged : divisions of the crown short (hardly at
all exceeding the anthers), merely and ohtusely 3-lobed at the apex ; the middle lobe at
most twice the length of the lateral ones, obtuse or onarginate : follicles oblong, thick, 3
or 4 inches long. Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 160. Gonolobus uniritriits, Scheele in Linn. xxi.
760, the insignificant specific name from the pubescence in a line down the stem, in a
manner most common in the order. Along streams, Texas, Lindfieituer, Wriijht, &c.
12. METASTELMA, R. Br. (Formed of /IET, change of, and are/lpa,
girdle or crown, having o processes or scales in place of the ordinary crown.)
Twining perennial herbs or somewhat woody plants (American and mainly
tropical), usually slender, and with small opposite leaves. Flowers small in
axillary umbelliform clusters, white or sometimes greenish.
1. EUMETASTELMA, Benth. & Hook. Crown borne on the base of the
corolla or of the short or else obsolete column.
M. FRASERI, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii. 513, " Carolina ? Fraser," was probably West
Indian, perhaps same as M. albiflorum, Griseb., doubtless not Carolinian.
M. barbigermn, Scheele. Glabrous : stems slender : leaves from ovate-oblong to nar-
rowly lanceolate, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded at base, glandular at base of midrib :
peduncles shorter than the petiole and the 3 to 5 pedicels, often very short : corolla (nearly
2 lines long, greenish outside), 5-partcd ; the lobes linear and strongly white-villous inside :
scales of the crown slender-subulate, on the base of the corolla, a little surpassing the
anthers: column extremely short. Linn. xxi. 700; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. Open
woods and rocky banks, Texas. (Adjacent Mex.)
M. Blodgettii, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform : leaves narrowly lanceolate, very
acute (half inch or more long, a line or so wide), rounded at base, short-petioled : peduncle
very short or obsolete, 3-6-flowered : pedicels about the length of the flower (one line) :
corolla cleft almost to base ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, within densely penicillate-bearded
just below the apex, glabrous or with a few sparse hairs below : scales of the crown
slender-subulate, inserted on the base of the corolla, half the length of its lobes, hardly
surpassing the anthers : column distinct but shorter than the anthers. Proc. Am. Acad.
xii. 73. M. i><m-{f1onii, Chapm. Fl. 367, not R. Br. Pine Key, S. Florida, Blodtjctt. (Prob-
ably also W. Indian.)
M. CALIFORNICUM, Benth. Sulph. 33, t. 18, is from Bay of Magdalena, Lower California,
nearly under the tropic.
2. EriciON, Griseb. Crown borne on the summit of the elongated column
O
close to the anthers.
M. Bahamense, Griseb. Nearly glabrous : leaves round-oval to oblong (an inch or
less long), mucronate-cuspidate, slender-pctioled : peduncles equaling or slightly surpassing
the petiole, 3-6-flowered : corolla 2 lines long, campanulate ; the lobes ovate-oblong, densely
puberulent along the broad thickened margins : column 3 or 4 times the length of the
anthers, 5-wing-angled at base : scales of the crown oblong-falcate, laterally compressed
and internally carinate, equalling the anthers. Cat. C'ubens. 174. .17. (Jtibense, Griseb.
Fl. W. Ind. 417, not Decaisne. M. Schlechtendalii, Chapm. Fl. 366, not Decaisne. Keys of
Florida, Blod/jett. (Bahamas.)
13. MELiNIA, Decaisne. (From fii'^.i.vog, yellowish, the color of the small
flowers.) Two or three extra-tropical S. American species, which have cordate
leaves and slender peduncles ; to which is appended the following, doubtfully, for
its habit is that of Metastelma.
M. angustif 61ia, Gray. Nearly glabrous : stems filiform, branching from a ligneous base,
a foot or two long, spreading, more or less twining: leaves opposite, narrowly linear (9 to
20 lines long, a line or less wide), acute, distinctly petioled : peduncles 1-2-flowered, hardly
longer than the flowers : calyx-segments lanceolate-acuminate, nearly equalling the cam-
panulate 5-parted corolla : scales of the crown spatulate-oblong, nearly plane, half the
102 ASCLEPIADACE^E. Vlncetoxicum.
length of the corolla-lobes, surpassing the column under the anthers : terminal membrane
of the latter oblong, longer than their cells, slightly surpassed by the slender columnar
entire beak to the stigma: young follicle tapering from the base. Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
73. Metastelma ? angustifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 159. Ravine at Santa Cruz,
Sonora, near the southern boundary of Arizona, Wright. Corolla a line long, smooth
within, except a minute and apparently glandular tuft at the base of the midrib, and the
obscurely puberulent recurved tips ; the sides below narrowly but distinctly convolute-
overlapping in aestivation. Scales of the crown wholly separate, inserted at the junction
of the corolla with the column.
14. VINCETOXICUM, Mcench. (Old herbalist name of the typical
species, from vinceus, that which serves for binding, and toxicum, a poison, i. e.
poisonous bindweed.) -- Herbaceous perennial or under-shrubby plants (of the
Old and New Worlds) ; with twining or erect stems, mostly opposite leaves, and
small or minute flowers, usually dull-colored. A polymorphous and rather loosely
denned genus, as extended in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 761 ; the indigenous North
American (and most other American) species forming a distinct subgenus.
1. SEUTERA. Crown of 5 thin or thinnish scales or processes, either dis-
tinct or barely united at base : corolla-lobes narrowly or sometimes obscurely
overlapping. Lyonia, Ell., not Nutt., but rather earlier. Setitera, Reichenb.
Consp. 131. Amphistelma, Griseb.
V. palustre. Stems filiform, herbaceous, freely twining upon rushes and saline grasses :
leaves linear, acute, fleshy (an inch or two long, a line or two wide) : peduncles longer than
the leaves, umbellately several-many-flowered : corolla greenish, with ovate-lanceolate
acuminate lobes nearly 2 lines long : scales of the crown oblong-obovate, retusc or emar-
ginate, nearly half the length of the corolla, slightly surpassing the deeply sagittate-based
anthers, distinct or very nearly so : stigma with obtusely conical apex. Ceropegia palustris,
Pursh, Fl. i. 184. Li/oni<i marltima, Ell. Sk. i. 316. Cynanchwn angustifolium, Nutt. Gen.
i. 164. Sr-ntcra man'tima, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 590. Amji/i/xt</iitn n/i/i.-K/m/ii, C. Wright in
Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 175. Salt marshes along the coast from North Carolina to Texas:
fl. summer. (W. Ind.)
V. SCOparium. Stems filiform, much branched, ligneous below, the branches diffuse and
more or less twining, becoming leafless and rush-like : leaves slender-linear, thin, very
acute: umbels sessile and few-flowered: flowers very small (only a line long), greenish :
corolla-lobes lanceolate, almost valvate in the bud: scales of the crown much shorter than
the anthers, ovate, hardly united at base. Cynanchum scoparium, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci.
v. (1822) 291. Cynoctonum ? scoparium, Chapm. Fl. 367. A mphistelma Jilifonne, Griseb. Fl.
W. Ind. 418. ^4. ephedroides & graminifolium (probably), Griseb. Cat. Cubens. 174. Meta-
stelma filiformc, C. Wright, in Sauvalle, Fl. Cubana, 120. Dry soil, E. Florida. (W. Ind.,
Mex. i)
2. VINCETOXICUM proper. Crown more fleshy and cup-like, almost entire,
lobed, or sometimes 5-parted: stems erect or feebly twining.
V. NIGRUM, Mcench, of Europe, with feebly twining stems, ovate acute leaves, and peduncled
cymes of blackish-purple flowers (3 or 4 lines in diameter), the saucer-shaped crown cre-
nately 5-lobed and with obscure interposed dcnticulations sparingly occurs as a weed in
and near gardens, New England* to Penn., but does not deserve a place in our flora.
15. G-ONOLOBUS, Michx. (Formed of j'con', angle, and Aop'os", pod, one
of the original species having costate-angled follicles.) Perennial herbs, or in
warmer regions shrubby (all American) ; with twining or trailing stems, usually
cordate opposite leaves, and mostly umbellate cymes or small fascicles of dull or
dark-colored flowers, produced in summer, succeeded by follicles which generally
resemble those of Asclepias. Fl. i. 119 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 73, 74.
Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACE^E. 103
1. DICTYOLOBUS, Gray, 1. c. Corolla reticulated and sometimes rugulose
with a fine network of colored veins ; the lobes commonly broad or roundish :
crown single. (The species mainly tropical and rather large-flowered.)
G. reticulatus, Engelm. High-climbing:, hirsute (especially the stems) with spreading
and reddish bristly hairs, minutely somewhat glandular : leaves (14- to 4 inches long) deeply
cordate with incurved auricles, acute or acuminate : peduncles equalling or exceeding the
slender petiole and sometimes longer than the leaf, 5 9-flowered, thrice the length of the
flower : corolla lurid green, with purplish venation, half inch in diameter, glabrous within,
somewhat hairy without ; the lobes broadly ovate or obovate : crown a narrow entire ring
around the base of the distinct column : stigma circular : follicles fusiform and long-acu-
minate, 3 to 5 inches long, strongly muricate. Gray, 1. c. G. (jranulutns, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 105, not Scheele. Thickets and rocky banks, Texas to E. Arizona. (Monterey,
Mex.)
2. EUGONOLOBUS, Gray, I.e. Corolla not vennlose-reticulated (at least not
conspicuously) ; the lobes from ovate-acuminate to linear : crown simple, un-
appendaged within, inserted at the junction of corolla and column or higher on
the latter : angles of the stigma little or not at all salient : stems herbaceous,
o o
usually freely twining. (Pubescence variable, especially the hirsute and spread-
ing or reflexed hairs, which often occur on the stems, petioles, and sometimes on
the leaves.)
* Peduncles umbollately or sometimes more cymoscly few-many-flowered: corolla rotate, 5-
parted ; the lobes stellately spreading or recurving,
H Thickish in texture, dull or dusky yellowish-green, sometimes turning lurid-purplish within, at
least toward the base ; the bud conical-acuminate, at least the outside (as well as calyx, pedicels,
and short peduncle) glabrous: crown a low and undulately 10-lobecl fleshy disk at base of short,
column under the stigma: anthers narrowly bordeivd at summit with a scarious membrane which
overlies the edge of the stigma: follicles unarmed, glabrous, 3-5-costate or angled, fleshy and
when mature and dry of spongy texture.
G. Sllberosus, R. Br. Leaves cordate with an open and shallow or sometimes deeper
and narrow sinus, acuminate, minutely pubescent, glabrate, or sometimes hairy (3 to 5
inches long) : umbels 3 9-flowered, much shorter than the petiole : corolla broadly conical
and with abrupt acumination, twisted in the bud ; its lobes ovate or becoming triangular-
lanceolate, acute, of thickish and firm texture, dusky, minutely whitish-pubescent inside,
but sometimes glabrate, hardly double the length of the calyx-lobes. Mem. Wern. Soc.
(name only) & Hort. Kew. ed. 2, ii. 82 (1811) ; Gray, Proc. 1. c., not Decaisne. C>/nanr/iinn
sulierosiim, L. Spec., as to Dill. Elth. i. 808, t. 229, f. 290. Vi/icetoxiciun(jonocarpos,Wn.\t.Ca.r.
104, at least in part. Gonolobus macro] thyllus, Chapm. Fl. i. 308, not Michx. Virginia to
Florida, along and near the coast.
G. laivis, MicllX. Usually less pubescent or hairy : leaves (in the typical form) oblong-
cordate with a deep and narrow but open sinus, conspicuously acuminate (3 to 6 inches
long) : umbels 5-10-flowered, barely equalling the petiole : corolla rather elongated-conical
in the bud, not twisted ; its lobes (3 to 5 lines long) narrowly or linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
glabrous inside, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. Fl. ii. 119; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 399.
Mississippi to Arkansas and E. Texas. Passes freely into
Var. macrophyllus. Leaves broadly cordate, and with the rounded basal lobes
approximate or even overlapping, abruptly acuminate, the larger often 9 or 10 inches long
and 7 or 8 broad, the under side commonly soft with a tine and short or sometimes granular-
glandular pubescence : calyx-lobes often ciliolate toward the apex. G. marrophi/lhis,
Michx. 1. c. G. viridiflorus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163 ; therefore G. Nuttallli, Decaisne in DC. Prodr.
viii. 598. G. tiluefofiits, Decaisne, 1. c. 590. G. t/ranulatiis, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 759. llncc-
toxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, in part. Virginia and Carolina to Texas, Kentucky and
Missouri.
H * Corolla thinner in texture, mostly purple or whitish; the lobes obtuse: crown cupulate, as
high as the anthers: membrane of the' latter inconspicuous or obsolete, or not inflected over the
edge of the stigma: peduncle with the umbel or cymose cluster equalling or surpassing the
petiole: follicles ovate-lanceolate, terete, muricate: stems in all variably hirsute : calyx and out-
side of the corolla more or less pubescent or puberulent.
104 ASCLEPIADACE^E. Gonolobus.
H- Crown fleshy, the border merely crenate.
G. obliquus, R. Br. Leaves from rounded- to ovate-cordate with a narrow sinus,
abruptly acuminate (3 to 8 inches long) : umbel many-flowered, sometimes cymosely com-
pound or geminate: corolla in the bud oblong-conical; its lobes linear-ligulate (5 or 6 lines
long, barely a line wide), crimson-purple inside, dull or greenish and minutely pubescent
outside : margin of the crown 10-crenulate, with the intermediate crenatures sometimes
2-dentate. Rcem. & Schult. Syst. vi. 04; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 93; Gray, Man. ed. 5,
39!t. G. hirsutus, Nutt. Gen. i. 163, not Michx. G. macrophyllus, Decaisne, 1. c., chiefly, not
Miclix. Gonolobium hirsutum, Pursh, Fl. i. 179. Cynanchum obtiquum, Jacq. Coll. i. 148, &
Ic. Rar. t. 341. C. discolor, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1273; therefore Gonolobus discolor, Rcem. &
Schult. 1. c. C. liirtinii, L. .', as to Apocynum scandens Virginianum, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. Gil,
t. 3, fig. 61. Mountains of Virginia (and Carolina ?) to Pennsylvania, Ohio and Kentucky.
Anthers with a distinct dorsal membrane which barely reaches the edge of the stigma.
Var. Shortii, apparently a form with dull purplish and larger flowers (corolla-lobes
a line and a half wide), said to have the scent of Calycanthus-lolosBoms. Dry woods, near
Lexington, Kentucky, Short, Peter.
G. hirsutus, Michx. Commonly more hairy : leaves nearly as the preceding, the basal
lobes sometimes overlapping : peduncles fewer-flowered : corolla in the bud ovate ; its
lobes elliptical-oblong, 3 or 4 lines long, barely puberulent outside, dull or brownish-purple :
margin of the crown obtusely 10-crenate. Fl. i. 119 (excl. syn. Walt.) ; Gray, Man. 1. c.,
excl. syn. in part. Apocynum hirsntu/n, etc., Pluk. Aim. 37, t. 76. Maryland and Virginia
to Tennessee and Florida. Corolla in dried specimens showing some reticulate venation.
-H- -M- Crown of thinner texture, 5-lobed and with intermediate geminate or 2-clcft longer teeth:
peduncle commonly longer and inflorescence more cymosc or umbellate-clustered: leaves, &c., as
in the preceding species : flower-bud oblong, barely puberulent outside.
G. Caroliliensis, R. Br. Corolla brownish-purple ; the lobes oblong or linear-oblong,
4 or 5 lines long: crown nndulately and very obtusely 5-lobed and with a longer bind
subulate process in each sinus which equals or somewhat surpasses the stigma. Rcem. &
Schult. 1. c. 62 ; Ell. Sk. i. 328 (excl. fruit) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. G. hirsutus, Sweet,
Br. Fl. Gard. t. 1. Cynanchum Cumlinense, Jacq. Coll. ii. 228, & Ic. Rar. t. 342. Vincetoxicum
acanthocarpos, Walt. Car. 104, ex char. S. Carolina to Louisiana and Arkansas.
G. Baldwinianus, Sweet. Corolla whitish, thin in texture ; the lobes less spreading,
oblong or becoming spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long : crown almost membranaceous, deeply
cleft ; the 5 broader lobes quadrate, with the summit commonly emarginate ; in their si-
nuses a pair of slender linear-subulate processes of about double the length, which promi-
nently surpass the stigma. G. macrophyllus, Ell. Sk. i. 327 ("corolla obscure yellow "), not
Michx. G. Carolinensis, Nutt. Gen. i. 163 ("flowers yellowish"), not R. Br. G. hirsutus,
Lodd. Cab. t. 365 ? Georgia and Alabama (Burkl.cy, '' flowers white ") to N. W. Arkansas,
Engelmann ; " flowers whitish with offensive odor." Transition to Polyineria of Decaisne.
# * Flowers solitary and subsessile in the axils: corolla deply 5-cleft: anthers prominent and more
separate from the stigma.
G. sagittifolius, Gray. Barely puberulent, small and low, but twining: leaves rather
fleshy (a quarter to half inch long, and with petiole of half the length), sagittate, with
auricles obtuse or rounded ; corolla "yellow," glabrous, 2-J- lines long; the lobes lanceolate-
linear : crown at the base of corolla, entire and saucer-shaped : follicles lanceolate, smooth
and nearly glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 77. Mountain sides along the Rio Limpio,
Western Texas, Wriijht. A peculiar species, in Bot. Mcx. Bound, confounded with G.
parvifo/ius.
3. CHTHAMA'LIA, Gray, 1. c. Corolla not conspicuously venulose-reticulated,
campanulate or rotate : crown appendaged or crested within, or else double (the
internal appendages being free), inserted at the junction of the column with the
corolla, or more adnate to one or the other : anthers more prominent and distinct
from the stigma (not rarely with short corneous wings in the manner of Asclepias) :
flowers small : stems mostly low and little or not at all twining. Chthamalia (at
least in part) & Lachnostnma, in part, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. Lachnostoma, Benth.
& Hook, in part, not HBK. (The first species nearly wants the technical character.)
Gonolobus. ASCLEPIADACE^E. 105
* Peduncles none, or merely a terminal one by the reduction of uppermost leaves to bracts : pedicels
2 or 3 in a fascicle, as long as the flower : stems a foot or two long, procumbent or diffuse, not
twining.
G. pubiflorus, Engelm. Soft-pubescent and somewhat hirsute: leaves (about an inch
long) broadly cordate or reniform, on petioles hardly longer than the basal lobes, the upper
acute or sometimes acuminate : pedicels rather shorter than the flower : corolla campanu-
late, 5-cleft barely to the middle (3 lines long) ; its lobes oblong-ovate, very villous inside :
crown globular cup-shaped, higher than the anthers and acutely 5-angled stigma, thinnish,
obscurely 5-lobcd at the involute somewhat plaited summit ; the lobes undulate-truncate and
with a prominent callous tip, obscurely glandular within, and the tube within traversed with
5 light salient (or almost obsolete) ribs or crests ; also 5 small adnate auricles at very base
within: follicles "oval, smooth." PI. Lindh. i. 44; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165. G. pros-
tratits, Balclw. in Ell. Sk. i. 329, not R. Br. Chlhamalia pubiflora, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 605.
Georgia, on sandhills of the Altamaha lliver, &c., Lyoii, Baldwin, LeConte : rare.
G. biflorus, Nutt. Hirsute-villous : leaves cordate (an inch or so in length), on slender
petioles much longer than basal lobes, the upper triangular-cordate, uppermost occasionally
reduced and bract-like : pedicels in pairs or sometimes solitary, nearly equalling the petiole :
corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft, dark dull-purple (24- lines long) ; the lobes oblong, sparsely
pubescent both sides : crown saucer-shaped, 5-lobed, and the sinuses occasionally 2-3-den-
ticulate ; the lobes traversed within by a salient canaliculate crest, which at base is adnate
to the base of the column and at summit extends into a conspicuous callous acumination
which incurves over the edge of the stigma : follicles muricate. Torr. 1. c. 165. CMiamalia
liflora, Decaisne, 1. c. Arkansas (Nutt all, &c.) and Texas.
Var. "Wrightii, a form with corolla almost 5-parted into oblong-linear lobes : the
callous acumination of the crown shorter, and the large and stout follicles hirsute as well
as muricate. E. Texas, Wriijht.
G. cynanch.oid.es, Engelm. Pubescent and somewhat hirsute : leaves cordate (an
inch or two long) on short petioles mostly longer than the basal lobes, the upper often
ovate-lanceolate and subcordate, uppermost not rarely reduced to bracts ; the inflorescence
thus becoming somewhat racemose-clustered at naked summit : pedicels also in pairs from
a few of the axils below, rather longer than the petiole : corolla rotate-carapanulate, dark
greenish-purple (2 lines long), almost 5-parted ; its lobes ovate or oblong, somewhat pubes-
cent outside, glabrous within : crown saucer-shaped, thick, 5-lobed ; the lobes broad and
rounded, with a callous obscurely 3-crenulate margin, appendaged inside by a prominent
crest or ligule ; which is free and obtuse at apex, channelled below, and at base decurrent
on the column: anther-tips (as in preceding) partly inflexed over the stigma: follicles
ovate, sparsely short-muricate, pubescent. PI. Lindh. i. 43; Torr. I.e. Dry prairies,
Arkansas and Texas, Berlandicr, Drummond, Lindkeimer, &c.
* * Peduncles none: flowers solitary (or rarely geminate) and nearly sessile in the axils of the
very small and somewhat hastate leaves : stems low but twining.
G. parvifolius, Torr. Puberulent, much branched, sparingly climbing : leaves thickish,
deltoid or hastate, 2 to 5 lines long, and rather long-petioled : corolla globose in the bud,
barely a line and a half long, dull yellow, glabrous throughout, nearly rotate, deeply 5-lobed ;
the lobes ovate, obtuse : crown at the base of the very short column, fleshy, deeply 5-lobed ;
the lobes broadly ovate, obtuse or emarginate, spreading, almost equalling the undivided
portion of the corolla, concave, appendaged by a broad and wholly adnate thin crest which
is connected with the base of the very short column, and at tip within is extended into
a minute projecting tooth. Bot. Mex. Bound. 166 (excl. fruit) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xii. 78. S. W. Texas, in a canon of the Rio Grande below Mount Carmel, Parry. Fruit
unknown, that described belonging to G. sayittifolins.
G. hastulatus, Gray, 1- c. Canescently pubescent : filiform stems freely twining :
leaves mostly hastate, 2 or 3 lines long, slender-petioled : corolla narrowly oblong in the
bud, 2 lines long, whitish, glabrous, 5-parted ; the lobes ligulate-linear : crown borne on the
summit of the distinct column close to the anthers, of 5 white and thinnish Asclepias-like
hoods, which are complicate-concave, acutely 3-toothed at summit, its internal crest free
at the apex, falcate, and extended into a subulate process which is inflexed over the stigma :
follicles fusiform, sparsely muricate. Lachnostoma kastulatum, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 620.
Tantillas Canon, below the southern boundary line of California, Palmer.
106 LOGANIACE^. Gonolobus.
* * * Peduncles at the axils shorter than the leaf and umbellately 3-5-flowered : corolla 4 lines
long: crown cup-shaped, crenately lobed : stem twining or trailing, 2 to 4 feet long.
G. productus, Torr. Minutely pubescent: leaves sagittate-cordate, or the broadest
with somewhat reniform base, and above gradually tapering-acuminate (an inch or two
long), the rounded and mostly incurved auricles much shorter than the slender petiole :
peduncles about the length of the petiole : corolla oblong-campanulate, as long as the
pedicel, dull greenish-purple, puberulent outside, nearly glabrous within, 5-cleft to rather
below the middle ; the lobes linear-oblong, somewhat erect : crown nearly equalling the
anthers and stigma, thinnish, inserted at base of the short column, and connected with it
by 5 membranaceous lamellae or crests (2-toothed at the upper edge, which only is free)
opposite the short lobes, the cavity of the crown thus as it were 5-celled : follicles ovate,
smooth. Bot. Mex. Bound. 185. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
* * * * Peduncles atthe axils and terminal, filiform, surpassing the leaves, somewhat racemosely
several-flowered : corolla a line long : crown laciniate and double : steins not twining.
G. parviflorus, Gray, 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent : stems much branched from the tuber-
ous base, a span or more high : leaves thinnish, dvate or the lower almost orbicular, not
cordate, often undulate, an inch or less long, short-petioled, the upper acute or acuminate :
slender peduncles 1 to 4 inches long : flowers short-pedicelled : corolla rotate, purplish,
glabrous, 5-parted ; the lobes ovate, becoming lanceolate : crown free from the column,
membranaceous, 5-parted; the lobes each deeply cleft into a pair of slender subulate pro-
cesses and before their base each augmented with a similar and rather longer free one, all
of them surpassing the stigma and more or less connivent over it : follicles large, ovate,
pubescent, tuberculate-muricate. Laclmostoma ? parviflorum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 165.
S. W. Texas, Wright, Schott.
OKDER LXXXIX. LOGANIACE^E.
Herbs, shrubs, or within the tropics trees, a few climbing, destitute of milky
juice ; distinguished by having, along with a free 2-celled ovary and axile pla-
centae, opposite (occasionally verticillate) simple leaves, and stipules between their
bases, or a stipular line or narrow membrane in their place ; the flowers regular
and 4-5-merous, with stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla alternate with
its lobes ; pollen of ordinary loose grains ; style one ; stigma terminal ; amphi-
tropous or anatropous seeds, and embryo rather small in copious albumen. There-
fore mainly like Rubiacecv, but with a superior ovary, while they also variously
approach Apocynacece, Gentianacece, and even Scrophulariacece. The greater part
tropical.
TRIBE I. GELSEMIE^E. Stigmas 4, the apex of the style being twice 2-cleft.
1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted, imbricated. Corolla open-funnelform, 5-lobed ; the
lobes broad and imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5, on the tube of corolla, anthers linear
or oblong and sagittate. Style filiform ; the 4 lobes stigmatose inside. Ovules numerous
in each cell, on linear placentae. Capsule elliptical, compressed contrary to the narrow
partition, scpticidal; the conduplicate valves at length 2-cleft at the apex. Seeds several
or numerous in each cell, winged. Embryo straight or slightly curved in fleshy albumen ;
the ovate flat cotyledons much shorter than the slender radicle.
TRIBE II. LOGAXIEzE. Stigma single, entire or barely 2-lobed. Ovules numerous.
* Corolla valvate in the bud, 5-lobed : capsule didymous or 2-lobed : herbs.
Q. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes narrow, usually very slender. Corolla tubular-
fnnnelform or salverform, 15-nerved. Stamens 5 : anthers linear or oblong, 2-lobed at
base. Style filiform, articulated near or below the middle, the upper part often hollow,
above puberulent or pubescent. Ovules numerous in each cell, on a peltate stipitate pla-
centa. Capsule didymous, somewhat compressed contrary to the partition, circumscissile
above the cupule-like persistent base, and 2-coccous. the carpels soon loculicidally 2-
valved. Seeds few, peltate, angled by mutual pressure, closely packed on the placenta
into a globular mass. Embryo short and straight in fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.
Spigelia. LOGANIACE^. 107
3. MITREOLA. Calyx 5-parted ; the lobes lanceolate. Corolla small, urceolate, bearded
in tlie throat. Stamens 5, short: anthers cordate. Ovary 2-celled and with a broad tip :
style short, early dividing into two from the base, united by a common stigma, soon
wholly separate and divergent. Capsule divaricately 2-lobcd or 2-horned at summit, de-
hiscent by the ventral suture of each lobe. Seeds numerous, small, on stipitate placentae.
Embryo linear, nearly the length of the fleshy albumen.
* * Corolla imbricated in the bud, 4-lobed, sometimes 5-lobed : embryo small and straight
in fleshy albumen. Pentamerous flowers occasionally occur.
i- Calyx deeply 4-5-parted : capsule loculicidal : annual herb.
4. POLYPREMUM. Corolla campanulate, bearded in the throat, shorter than the subu-
late foliaceous sepals. Stamens 4, inserted low on the tube of the corolla, included :
anthers ovate. Style short: stigma capitate, entire or obscurely 2-lobcd. Capsule glo-
bular-ovoid but slightly compressed contrary to the partition and didymous, loculicidally
2-valved and at length somewhat septicidal. Seeds numerous on oblong placentae ascend-
ing from near the base of the partition, minute, smooth.
-i H Calyx 4-toothed or 4-cleft : capsule septicidal, globose or oblong ; valves mostly 2-
clel't at apex and separating from the united placentae : shrubs,with leaves often dentate !
5. BUDDLEIA. Calyx campanulate. Corolla rotate-campanulate (or sometimes salver-
form) ; the lobes ovate or orbicular. Anthers 4, sessile or almost so in the throat or tube
of the corolla, ovate or oblong-cordate.
6. EMORY A. Calyx oblong, 4-cleft ; the lobes linear-subulate. Corolla salverform, with
tube somewhat enlarged above ; the short lobes ovate. Stamens exserted : filaments fili-
form and elongated, inserted on the middle of the tube : anthers cordate-oblong. Style
very long and filiform.
1. G-ELSEMIUM, Juss. " YELLOW JESSAMINE " of S. States. ( Gelsemino,
an Italian name of the Jessamine.) Twining and glabrous shrubby plants, with
a mere line marking the place of the minute glandular caducous stipules, con-
necting the bases of the opposite or sometimes ternate entire leaves ; the flowers
showy, in ours heterogone-dimorphous, fragrant, produced in spring. Two E.
Asian species and the following.
G. sempervirens, Ait. Stems slender, climbing high : leaves evergreen, thin-coriaceous,
shining, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate (1| to 2 inches long) : peduncles very short, axillary,
scaly-bracteolate, cymosely 1-3-flowered : corolla deep yellow, over an inch long: stigmas
of one form and anthers of the other protruding : capsule deeply sulcate down the flat
sides, cuspidate-pointed. Gelseminum sen Jasminum. luicum ocloratnm, etc., Catesb. Car.
i. 53, t. 53. Biipioniu sempervirens, L. Spec. ii. 023. Anoni/mos sem/irrr/rais, Walt. Car. 99.
Gelsemium nitidum, Michx. Fl. i. 120. G. lucidnm, Poir. " Herb. Amat. 3, t. 1G9." Woods
and low grounds, E. Virginia to Florida and Texas. (Mex.)
2. SPIG-ELIA, L. PINK-ROOT. (Adrian Spief/el, latinized Spigelius, a
Dutch botanist of the 17th century.) Herbs, rarely suffruticose (all American),
usually low ; with membranaceous and more or less pinnately veined entire leaves,
and small interpetiolar stipules or a transverse membranous line. Upper portion
of the style usually, but not always, furnished with pollen-collecting hairs : the
stigma terminal, usually emarginate or 2-lobed : lower part or base of the style
persistent. Our species glabrous, or merely scabrous-puberulent on the veins,
&c. : stems 4-angled : flowering in early summer.
1. Flowers showy, unilateral-spicate on the single or sometimes geminate or
umbellate and naked terminal peduncles of a scorpioid inflorescence : bracts
minute and subulate or wanting : corolla red or pink, elongated-tubular, not plicate
and the edges of the lobes slightly or not at all turned outward in the bud : anthers
and especially the summit of the style exserted ; the articulation of the latter low
down : root perennial, fibrose.
108 LOGANIACE.E. Spigelia.
S. Marilandica, L. INDIAN PINK, &c. Stem a foot or two high : leaves from ovate-
lanceolate to ovate and acuminate, 2 to 4 inches long, closely sessile by a rounded base,
one or two pairs of veins basal : inflorescence 1-2-spicate, short-pedunculate : corolla scarlet
outside, yellow within, an inch and a half long ; the tube somewhat clavate, four times
the length of ovate-lanceolate lobes. Mant. 338 ; Bot. Mag. t. 80 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 930 ;
Bigel. Mud. ii. t. 14. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 78.) Lonicera Marilandica, L. Spec. Woodlands,
New Jersey to Wisconsin and Texas.
2. Flowers smaller, naked spicate as in the preceding: corolla white or pur-
plish, fuunelform ; the limb more or less plicate in the bud with the edges of the
lobes turned outward : anthers and style included.
S. gentianoides, Chapm. Stem a span to a foot high from a perennial root, rough-
ish : leaves ovate and the lower roundish, an inch or more long : spike few-flowered : corolla
an inch long; the ovate-lanceolate lobes rather erect. A.DC. Prodr. ix. 5; Chapm. Fl.
182. Light soil, W. Florida, Chapman.
3. Flowers small, terminal and in the forks of leafy branches, mostly short-
peduncled : corolla nearly salverform, white or nearly so ; the limb plicate in the
bud and the edges turned outward : anthers and style included ; the latter articu-
lated in the middle, its tubular upper portion beset with collecting hairs fully half
way down : root annual ? Ccelustylis, Torr. & Gray.
S. loganioides, A.DC. A span or more high, ascending: leaves oval, sessile (half to
three-fourths inch long) : sepals narrowly linear and with the scarious margins denticulate :
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, somewhat funnelform : capsule with minutely granulate surface
(not lineolate) : seeds smoothish. Prodr. ix. 4. Cwlostyl/s loyaniuldes, Torr. & Gray in
Endl. Iconogr. t. 101 (beard on the style represented too short), & Fl. N. Am. ii. 44.
E. Florida, near Fort King, &c., Dr. Burrows, Riujel, Buckley.
S. Lindheimeri. A span high, diffusely much branched from the base, puberulent-
scabrous : leaves from ovate-oblong to lanceolate (an inch or less long), acutish at base,
the lower somewhat petioled : sepals linear and the scarious margins conspicuously den-
ticulate : corolla salverform. 4 lines long : capsule minutely lineolate : seeds at maturity
tuberculate-rugose as well as minutely pitted. Prairies of W. Texas, Lnulheiiner, Wright.
S. Texana, A.DC. 1. c. About a foot high, nearly smooth and glabrous : leaves ovate- to
lanceolate-oblong, thinner and larger (one or two inches long), mostly acute at both ends,
the lower somewhat petioled : sepals setaceous-subulate, only one-nerved ; the margins
very obscurely serrulate-scabrous : corolla salverform, half inch long : capsule smooth,
not lineolate : seeds minutely rugulose and punctate. Ccclostylis Texana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
E. Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.
3. MITREOLA, L. (Diminutive of mitra, a turban or mitre, from the
shape of the capsule.) Glabrous low herbs (E. American, Asiatic and Austra-
lian), ours annuals ; with entire leaves, small entire stipules between them, and
very small white flowers unilaterally spicate on the naked branches of the ter-
minal cyme : fl. summer. Cynoctonum, Gmelin.
M. petiolata, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high : leaves membranaeeous, from ob-
long-lanceolate to ovate (1 to 3 inches long), acute, narrowed at base into more or less of
a petiole. Fl. N. Am. ii. 45 ; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 8; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. t. 82, fig. 1.
Ophiorhiza Mitreola, L. Spec. i. 150 ; Swartz, Obs. t, 3. 0. lanceoJata, Ell. Sk. i.238. Anony-
mos petiolafrt, Walt. Car. 108. Cynoctonum petiolatum, Gmel. Syst. 4. Mitreola. ophiorhizoides,
A. Rich. Mem. Soc. Nat. Hist. Par. i. 63, t. 3, includes both our species. Wet grounds,
E. Virginia to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind., &c.)
M. sessilifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Stems more simple and virgate : leaves thicker
and firmer in texture (half inch or more long, and veins more prominent), roughish-mar-
gined, from round-oval to oblong, sessile : flowers and fruit smaller and more crowded.
Anonymos sessilifolia, Walt. 1. c. Cynoctonum sessilifoUum, Gmelin, 1. c. Ophiorhiza Mitreola,
Buddleia. LOGANIACE.E. 109
Mlchx. Fl. i. 148. 0. ornJifo'm, Muhl. Cat, 0. Croomii, Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i.
128. Var. amjustifulia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., is a depauperate state of the narrower-leaved
form. Moist ground, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
4. POLYPREMUM, L. (Name altered from Ttolvrtn^vog, with many
trunks, from the diffuse branching next the ground.) -- Single species, an insig-
nificant weed : fl. late summer.
P. procurnbens, L. A span or more high, much branched from an annual (sometimes
almost ligneous) root, glabrous ; the rigid stems erect or ascending rather than procum-
bent, 4-angled, repeatedly branching : leaves narrowly linear or almost acerose, half inch
or more long, the uppermost gradually reduced to bracts, their margins obscurely scabrous,
their bases united by a membranous stipular line : flowers sessile in the forks or somewhat
cymose at the summit of the branches : inconspicuous corolla barely a line long, white.
Act. Ups. 1741, p. 78; Lam. 111. t. 71. P. Linniei, Michx. Fl. i. 83. Sandy soil, Penn.
(adventive), Maryland to Texas. (Mex., W. Ind.)
5. BUDDLi!EIA, Houston. (Adam Buddie, an early English botanist, who
corresponded with Ray.) Shrubs, or some arborescent, a few herbaceous (mainly
tropical), usually canescent or tomentose with floccose or furfuraceous stellate
down ; the leaves sometimes dentate, the petioles connected by a transverse
stipular line, or by more evident stipules, flowers commonly small, and crowded
into capitate clusters or cymules, which are variously disposed ; rarely some are
.'i-merous ; the corolla in our few (chiefly Mexican) species very short.
* Flowers in comparatively loose and very numerous clusters, disposed in an ample and naked
terminal panicle.
B. Humboldtiana, Roem. & Schult. Minutely ferrugineous-tomentose : leaves
oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, denticulate, 3 inches long, rounded at base, rather
long-petioled, copiously pinnately-veined, in age glabrate above : flowers a line and a half
long. Benth. in DC/Prodr. x. 438. B. acuminata, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 349, t. 187,
not Poir. Mexican borders of S. W. Texas and New Mexico, Thnrlcr, &c. (Mex.)
B. LANCEOLATA, Benth., with smaller and narrower leaves tapering to base, and simpler
contracted inflorescence, also inhabits Northern Mexico, and may reach the boundary. B.
CROTOXOIDES, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165, is from Lower California, under the tropic.
* * Flowers in numerous and small dense pedunculate heads, disposed in a virgate raceme.
B. racemosa, Torr. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branching, nearly glabrous : leaves
from ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a truncate or obscurely hastate base, irregu-
larly crenate-dentate, mostly obtuse, thinnish, 2 to 4 inches long, short-petioled, green and
glabrous above, puberulent-canescent beneath : raceme of heads a span to a foot long :
heads about a quarter inch in diameter, on shorter or longer peduncles : corolla little
exceeding the tomcntulose calyx. Bot. Mex. Bound. 121. Rocky banks, W. Texas.
Lindheimer, Riddcll, Wri<jltt, &c.
Var. incana, Torr. 1. c. Leaves barely an inch long, fulvous-canescent-tomentose
beneath. San Pedro River, W. Texas, Wright.
* * * Flowers in solitary or geminate heads or capitate clusters: leaves, branches, and heads
densely soft-tomentose throughout.
B. marrubiif 61ia, Benth. 1. c. Much branched, canescent or ferrngineous : leaves obo-
vate or oval witli cuneate base, arcuate, about half inch long, short-petioled, the dense
tomentum somewhat velvety : flowers in a globose terminal head (half inch in diameter)
on a short peduncle, " odorous : corolla golden yellow turning orange red."- -Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 121. S. Texas on the Rio Grande. (Mex.)
B. SCOrdioides, HBK. Much branched, ferrugineous-tomentose : leaves narrowly
oblong or cuneate-linear, nearly sessile, obtuse, coarsely crenate, rugose, an inch or less
long : dense clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of all the upper leaves, the pair com-
bined around the stem into a globular head. Nov. Gen. & Spec. I.e. t. 183; Torr. 1. c.
S. E. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)
HO GEXTIANACE^E. Emorya.
6. EMORY A, Torr. (In honor of Major, now General, W. H. Emory, the
U. S. Commissioner of the Mexican Boundary Survey in which the plant was
discovered.) Single known species.
E. SUaveolens, Torr. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, much branched, somewhat pulverulent or
puberulent : the leaves canescent beneath, somewhat deltoid or hastate, sinuate-dentate
with a few coarse teeth, obtuse, petioled, half inch or more long : inflorescence a nar-
row and pedunculate thyrsus or panicle : flowers pedicellate, loose and rather few, sweet-
scented : corolla over an inch long, " greenish-white or yellowish ; " the roundish lobes
only a line or two long. Bot. Mex. Bound. 121, t. 36; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 794.
Canons of the llio Grande, Texas, below Presidio, Parry.
ORDER XC. GENTIANACE^E.
Herbs, with bitter colorless juice, and (the Menyanthece excepted) with opposite
or rarely verticillate simple and entire sessile leaves, no stipules, perfect and reg-
ular flower.-;, persistent calyx and often marcescent corolla, the latter (with one or
two exceptions) dextrorsely convolute in the bud, a one-celled free ovary with
two parietal many-ovuled placenta-, or the whole parietes ovulit'erous, a single style
with usually 2-lobed or 2-lamellate stigma, and the capsule dehiscent through the
placenta. Seeds indefinitely numerous, or rarely few, anatropous, commonly
small, and with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Stamens, as in all the
related orders, borne on the tube or base of the corolla, as many as its lobes and
alternate with them: anthers in our genera 2-celled and opening longitudinally.
Style rarely cleft, at least the divisions stigmatose down the inner face of the
lobes. Plants almost all glabrous and smooth throughout, and the flowers cymose
or simply terminal. Ovary in all our genera one-celled, or half two-celled by
introflexion of the placentae (in some exotic genera 2-celled). The Menyanthea
differ almost ordinally in the foliage and estivation. Obolaria and Bartonia are
remarkable for the imbricated aestivation of the corolla : the sepals of the latter
are reduced to two : their lower leaves or scales are often alternate.
SUBORDER I. GENTIANEJ^. Leaves always simple and entire, sessile
(except some radical ones), never alternate, except in one Stverlia. ^Estivation
of the corolla never valvate.
* Lobes of the corolla convolute in the bud.
-I Style filiform, usually deciduous from the capsule : stigma bilamellar or bicrural, but
the 'divisions at first often connivent as if united, the flowers being proterandrous :
seeds numerous, with a close and reticulated or foveolate coat.
H- Calyx 4-toothed and 4-angled : anthers cordate-ovate and unchanged in age.
1. MICROCALA. Corolla short-salverform, bearing the 4 short stamens in its throat.
Stigma as if compressed-capitate, but of 2 flabelliform lobes which at length separate.
-H- -H- Calyx 5-12- (or in Erythrcea sometimes 4-) cleft or parted : anthers oblong to linear,
mostly twisting or curving in age : placenta; more or less intruded.
2. ERYTHRJEA. Parts of the flower 5 or sometimes 4. Calyx-lobes narrow and
carinate. Corolla salverform with either a short or rather long tube. Filaments slender:
anthers oblong or linear, commonly exserted, twisting spirally in one or two turns after
anthesis. Style filiform : stigmas from oblong to flabelliform. Capsule from oblong-ovate
to fusiform.
3. SABBATIA. Parts of the flower 5 to 12. Corolla rotate. Filaments filiform, rather
short : anthers linear or elongated-oblong, soon arcuate, recurved, or revolute. Style 2-
cleft or 2-parted; the lobes filiform, compresscd-clavate or spatulate, introrsely stigmatose
for most of their length. Capsule globose or ovoid, thick-coriaceous or at first fleshy.
GENTIAN ACE^E. Ill
4. EUSTOMA. Parts of the flower 5, rarely 6. Calyx-lobes long-acuminate, the midrib
carinate. Corolla campanulate-funnelform. Filaments filiform-subulate : anthers oblong,
versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent : stigma of 2 broad
oblong or oval lamella;. Capsule oval or oblong.
JT- -i_ Style short or subulate and persistent, or none : anthers remaining straight.
H- Corolla without nectariferous pits or large glands : flowers usually 4-5-mcrous.
5. GENTIANA. Calyx commonly with a membranous or spathaceous tube. Corolla
funnelform, campanulate, or salverform (or some rotate) ; the sinuses with or without
plaits or appendages. Stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla. Style very short or
none: stigma of 2 spreading (rarely united) lamella;, persistent. Seeds very numerous,
not rarely covering tlie whole parietes of the thin capsule.
6. PLEUROGYNE. Calyx deeply 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-5-parted ; the divisions
acute, a pair of scale-like appendages on their base. Stamens on the base of the corolla :
anthers introrse, versatile. Style none: stigmas decurrent down the sutures. Capsule
lanceolate or oblong, not stipitate. Seeds extremely numerous, near the two sutures.
.H. -H. Corolla with one or two nectariferous pits, spots (glands), or an adnate scale to
each lobe : calyx 4-5-parted : seeds comparatively large.
7. SWERTIA. Corolla rotate, 5- (rarely 4-) parted; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the
bud. Style none, or very short : stigma 2-lamellate or 2-lobed. Capsule ovate ; the pla-
centae not intruded. Leaves sometimes alternate.
8. FRASERA. Corolla rotate, 4-parted ; the lobes dextrorsely convolute in the bud,
bearing a single or double fringed gland, and sometimes a fimbriate crown at base. Sta-
mens on the very base of the corolla : filaments subulate, often monadelphous at base, occa-
sionally with some interposed small bristles or scales. Ovary ovate, tapering into a dis-
tinct and often slender (but sometimes very short) persistent style: stigma small, 2-lobed
or nearly entire. Capsule coriaceous, commonly flattened ; the placentse or edges of the
valves not intruded. Seeds comparatively few, compressed, commonly smooth and mar-
gined. Leaves verticillate or opposite.
9. HALENIA. Corolla campanulate, 4-5-cleft ; the lobes sinistrorsely convolute, mostly
erect ; underneath each a hollow nectariferous spur or gibbous projection, which is gland-
ular at bottom (sometimes obsolete) : no fringes nor crown. Filaments slender, inserted on
the tube of the corolla. Ovary and capsule ovate-oblong ; the placentas more or less intro-
flexed : style very short or none : stigmas 2. Ovules and close-coated seeds oval or glob-
ular, in a single series on the margin of the valves.
* * Lobes of the corolla imbricated in the bud, i.e. 4, two exterior and two interior :
no appendages : ovules and extremely numerous minute close-coated seeds covering
the whole parietes of the ovary and capsule : stamens inserted in or little below the
sinuses of the corolla : anthers ovate-sagittate : foliage hardly any or discolored.
10. BARTONIA. Calyx deeply 4-parted ; the sepals lanceolate-subulate, carinate. Cor-
olla deeply 4-cleft, somewhat campanulate. Filaments slender, much longer than the
anthers. Stigma nearly sessile, of 2 erect or closed short lobes. Capsule oblong, acute,
2-valved.
11. OBOLARIA. Calyx of 2 foliaceous spatulate sepals! Corolla oblong-campanulate,
4-cleft; the lobes oval-oblong or in age spatulate. Filaments not longer than the anthers.
Ovary rather thick-walled, and with four thicker equidistant projections, making the
cavity cruciform : style distinct : stigma bilamellar. Capsule membranaceous, 2-valved or
rupturing irregular^.
SUBORDER II. MENYANTHE^E. Leave* all alternate and mostly petioled,
sometimes trifoliolate, or crenate. ^Estivation of the corolla imluplicate-valvate.
Seed-coat crustaceous. Marsh or aquatic perennials : flowers heterogonous.
12. MENYANTHES. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat funnelform or campanulate,
5-cleft ; the lobes widely spreading, fimbriate-bearded or crested on the face. Stamens on
the tube of the corolla: anthers sagittate, versatile. Hypogynous glands 5. Ovary
surmounted by a long style: stigma bilamellate, 2-lobed. Capsule globular, tardily 2-
valved or irregularly bursting across the top. Seeds rather few and large, orbicular and
compressed ; the close crustaceous coat smooth and shining. Flowers on a scape.
13. LIMNANTHEMUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost rotate and deeply 5-cleft;
the lobes naked on the face (but sometimes fimbriate on the broadly induplicate mar-
gins). Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style short or none. Capsule ovoid
or oblong, indehiscent or irregularly bursting. Flowers (in ours) as if borne on a filiform
petiole.
112 GENTIANACE.E. Microcala.
1. MICRC^CALA, Link. Compounded of jufxoo-,-, small, and x/}^ or -/.alo^,
beautiful: should have been Microcalia, but that proper form of the name was
preoccupied. One European species and the following : fl. in spring.
M. QUadrangularis, Griseb. A little annual, with simple or branching filiform stem,
2 or '3 inches high : brunches or peduncles 1-flowered : leaves 2 or 3 pairs, oval or oblong,
2 or 3 lines long: calyx at first oblong-campanulate ; in fruit broader, truncate at top and
bottom, strongly 4-angled ; the teeth short and subulate : corolla saffron-yellow, 3 lines
long. DC. Prodr. ix. 03; Progel in Mart. Fl. Bras. vi. 213, t. 58, fig. 3; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 480. EJ-UCUIH quadrangulare, Willd. Spec. i. 636. E. injiatum, Hook. & Arn. in Jour. Bot.
i. 283. Ciccmlia quadrangularis, Griseb. Gent. 157. Open moist ground, coast of California,
from Mendocino Co., southward. (S. Amer.)
2. ERYTHR.JEA, Renealm. CENTAURY, CANCHALAGUA. (From SQVOQOS,
red, the flowers being mostly red or rose-color.) -- Low herbs (of various parts of
the world), mainly annuals and biennials; the flowers small or middle-sized, but
commonly numerous, in summer. Corolla-lobes becoming narrower with age.
E. CHIRONIOIDES and E. SPECIOSA, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 479, are Mexican species, not yet
found near our borders, forming a section (the genus (ii/mndra of Grisebach) with tube of the
corolla rather shorter than the ample lobes, and an oval capsule. All our species have a
longer and narrower capsule (elongated-oblong or cylindraceous), and a longer tube to the
corolla. Our E. rcnnsta, as to the corolla, is the connecting form.
* Flowers spicutuly disposed along the rather simple branches and sessile in the few forks.
E. SPICATA, Pcrs. Strictly erect, a foot or less high : leaves oblong : tube of the rose-col-
ored corolla hardly longer than the calyx-lobes, twice the length of the rather narrow
lobes. E. Pickcrinyii, Oakes in Hovey Mag. Chironia spicata. Smith, Fl. Graec. t. 238.
Coast at Nantucket, Mass. (Oakes), and Portsmouth, Virginia (Ruyel). (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Flowers cymose or paniculately scattered ; ours all rose-red, and with broad stigmas.
} European species sparingly naturalized in the Atlantic United States: stigmas broadly oval
or obovato : lobes of the corolla oblong, obtuse.
E. CENTAURIUM, Pers. Strictly erect, a span to a foot high : leaves oblong, the lowest form-
ing a rosnlate tuft at the root : flowers cymose-clustered, at least the middle ones sessile :
lobes of the corolla 2i or 3 lines long. Waste grounds, shores of Lake Ontario (Oswego,
New York) and Lake Michigan, Babcock: rare. (Nat, from Eu.)
E. RAMOSISSIMA, Pers. Lower, more slender, diffusely branched: leaves from oval to lanceo-
late, the lowest not rosulate : flowers effuscly cymose, pedicelled : lobes of the corolla only
2 lines long. E.pukhdla, Fries, Novit. ii. 31 (Grisebach's var. pulchclla, merely a small
form). E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 60, as to pi. N. Y. and Penn. E.racum pul-
clicllum, Pursh, Fl. i. 100? Chirmia pidchella, Muhl. Cat. 23. E. Pennsylvania, New Jer-
sey, &c. : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
.(_ +- Species indigenous from Texas to California: stigmas cuneate or flabellifonn and truncate :
no rosulate tuft of radical leaves.
H- Flowers small : lobes of the corolla only li to 2 lines long, much shorter than the tube : an-
thers oblong.
E. Texensis, Griseb. Slender, diffusely much branched above into a loose paniculate-
corymbose cyme : leaves linear or the lowest lanceolate and the uppermost reduced to
subulate bracts: flowers all slender-pedicelled : corolla (apparently light rose-color) with
very slender tube (4 or 5 lines long), and lanceolate-oblong lobes (2 lines long), which be-
come lanceolate-linear, longer, and acute: seeds globose-ovoid. DC. 1. c. 98. Texas,
common on rocks and hills.
E. floribunda, Benth. Almost a foot high, corymbose-cymose at summit, rather strict
and closely flowered : leaves oblong or the upper lanceolate : flowers short-pedicelled or in
the forks nearly sessile : lobes of the light rose-colored corolla oblong and becoming lan-
ceolate, at most 2 lines long and 3 or 4 times shorter than the tube : anthers short-oblong
(shorter than in any other of this section and the stigmas smaller) : seeds globular-ovoid.
PI. Hartw. 322; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 480. California, on the Sacramento and its tribu-
taries, JTarticcr/, &c.
E. Muhlenbergii, Griseb. A span or less high, at length fastigiately branched from
the base, cymosely flowered at summit : leaves oblong, obtuse ; the floral lanceolate : ped-
Erythrosa. GENTIAN ACE.E. 113
icels short or hardly any in the forks ; the lateral often as long as the flower, but 2-bracteo-
late at summit : lobes of the rose-red corolla oval, very obtuse or retuse, in age merely
oblong, 2 or almost 3 lines long: seeds short-oval. DC. 1. c. 60, as to California plant
only ; Bentli. PI. Hartw. 322 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 480. Western part of California, and
south-east to the Mohave.
E. Douglasii, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, loosely and panieulately branched,
usually sparsely flowered : leaves from oblong to linear, mostly acute : flowers all on strict
and slender 1 peduncles or pedicels : lobes of the pink corolla oblong, obtuse, at most 2 lines
long, nearly half the length of the tube: seeds globular. Bot. Calif, i. 480. E. Nuttallii,
Watson, Bot. King, 276, partly ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 398. C'iccndia cxaltata, Griseb. in
Hook. Fl. ii. 69, 1. 157, wrongly described. Oregon and California to Utah and Wyoming.
E. Nuttallii, "Watson. Like the preceding : lobes of the rather larger corolla more
ovate, acutish, sometimes nearly 3 lines long: seeds fewer, and much larger (a third of a
line long), oblong. Bot. King, 276, t. 29, mainly. Nevada, Idaho, and Utah, Nuttall, H.
Enr/clmann, Watson.
H- -H- Flowers larger: corolla-lobes HJ to G lines long, but more or less shorter than the tube :
anthers linear.
= Corolla-lobes narrow, in age by involution becoming acuminate: branching and inflorescence
fastigiatc-cymose : lilaments and style very slender.
E. trichailtha, Griseb. A span or less high : leaves from oblong-oval to lanceolate :
flowers in dense cymes, those in the forks all sessile or nearly so : corolla-lobes oblong-
lanceolate becoming linear-lanceolate, 3.^ or 4 lines long : stigmas small : seeds oval-oblong.
DC. 1. c. 60 (excl. var.) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 479. Dry ground, W. California.
E. Beyrichii, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high, slender, at length fastigiately
much branched: leaves linear (an inch or more long, a line or much less in width), the
uppermost nearly filiform : flowers very numerous and all pedicellate : corolla-lobes linear-
oblong and becoming linear, 5 lines long: seeds globular. Torr. in Marcy Rep. 291, t. 13.
E. trickantha, var. angustifolia, Griseb. in DC. I.e. Arkansas, Bcyrich, Marcy. Texas,
Wright, Lindheimer.
= = Corolla-lobes broader and obtuse, little shorter than the tube : inflorescence loose : flowers
all pedicellate : seeds globular.
E. calycosa, Buckley. Panieulately or somewhat cymosely branched, a span to 2 feet
high : leaves from narrowly oblong to lanceolate or linear : pedicels mostly as long as the
calyx or the whole flower: lobes of the corolla oval or oblong, 34- to 5 lines long ; the tube
usually equalled by the calyx. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 7. W. Texas and New Mexico,
Wrir/ht, Buckley, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
Var. liana. A span high, with leaves all linear and inflorescence corymbose-cymose :
approaching E. Beyrichii, but corolla-lobes only 3 or 4 lines long and broadly oblong.
Stony hills, W. Texas, Wri;/ht (no. 1662), Woodhouse.
Var. Arizonica. Stems or branches a foot or so long, lax : inflorescence racemosely
paniculate or as if racemose : calyx-lobes mostly shorter than the tube of the corolla.
S. Utah and Arizona, Wheeler, Palmer, &c.
E. venusta, Gray. A span or so high : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate : flowers
somewhat cymose or paniculate, on short or sometimes long pedicels : lobes of the corolla
oval or obovate, becoming oblong, deep pink, 4 to 6 lines long, about the length of the yel-
lowish tube, which is equalled by the calyx. Bot. Calif, i. 479. E. tric/xuitha, Durand in
Pacif. R. Rep. v. t. 9, not Griseb. E. chtronloi'des, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 156, t. 42, mainly,
exel. syn. Dry hills, California, common from Plunias Co. southward.
3. S ABB ATI A, Adans. (Liberatus Sabbat i, an early Italian botanist.)
Atlantic North American biennials or annuals ; with mostly showy rose-colored or
white flowers (in summer and autumn), terminating the branches or in cymes.
Calyx in most species deeply parted. Corolla usually with a yellowish or dis-
colored eye. Style closed in early anthesis, and commonly turned to one side
of the flower (and sometimes spirally twisted), later erect and its branches or
stigmas diverging. Seeds very numerous and small, globular, pitted.
8
114 GEXTIAHACE^E. Sallatia.
1. Flowers /)-merous (or only occasionally some of them 6-7-merous) : an-
thers from apically recurved to helicoid.
* Branches all opposite : flowers corymbosely or paniculately cymose, short-pedicelled.
H Calyx very small, merely 5-tootlied.
S. macrophylla, Hook. Glaucous : stem simple, terete, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves rather
distant, thickish, nearly erect, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with cordate-clasping 3-5-nerved
base, acute or mucronate-aQuminate (1 to 3 inches long) ; the uppermost reduced to small
subulate bracts : cymes flat-topped, naked and in a naked terminal corymb or compound
cyme : pedicels short and filiform : teeth of the small calyx subulate and shorter than the
tube : corolla white ; the lobes oblong, 3 or 4 lines long : style not cleft to the middle.
Hook. Comp. to Bot. Mag. i. 171 ; Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 50; Chapm. Fl. 353. Wet pine bar-
rens, Georgia to Florida and Louisiana.
4 -1 Calyx with long and slender or linear lobes : stem more or less 4-angled.
-H- Corolla white, fading yellowish : style 2-partcd, its divisions spatulate-Iinear.
S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. Stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high, bearing a terminal and
naked corymbose cyme : leaves much shorter than the internodes (an inch or so long), from
ovate to lanceolate, 3-5-nerved, the floral reduced to subulate bracts : pedicels mostly short
but slender: calyx-lobes almost filiform, more than half the length of the corolla: lobes
of the latter obovate-oblong, a third to half inch long. Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350; Chapm.
Fl. 353. Chlronia lanceolata, Walt. Car. 95. C. cymosrt. Lam. 111. i. 479, therefore Sabbatia
ci/mosa, Don, Syst. C. panicnhita, Michx. Fl. i. 140, partly. Sabbatia panicnJata,var.latifoJia,
Pursh, Fl. i. 138. S. corymbosa, Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 283. Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey
to Florida.
S. pailiculata, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, freely branching ; the branches cy-
mosely few-many-flowered and uppermost cymes corymbose : leaves from linear to lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse ; the floral mostly linear and acute : pedicels very short to the central
flowers : calyx-lobes not more than half the length of the corolla : lobes of the latter
spatulate-oblong, 3 lines long. Fl. 1. c. (var. angustifolia, & excl. syn. Stcertia diffbrmis,Jj.) ;
Gray, 1. c., not Ell. Chironia paniculata, Michx. 1. c. partly, and as to char. Moist or dry
ground, Virginia to Florida.
-H- -w- Corolla rose-color, varying to white : style cleft to the middle, its lobes slightly clavate.
S. brachiata, Ell. Stem slightly angled, a foot or two high : leaves from lanceolate-
oblong to linear, mostly obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at base : inflorescence thyrsiform-pan-
iculate ; the lateral cymes naked-pedunculate and about 3-flowercd : calyx-lobes narrowly
linear, shorter than or nearly equalling the light rose-color or nearly white corolla : lobes of
the latter obovate-oblong, half inch long. Sk. i. 284 ; Chapm. 1. c. S. concinna, Wood,
Class-Book, 451. Chironia antjiihiris, var. anyiistifoHa, Michx. 1. c. Dry or low grounds,
Indiana and N. Carolina to Louisiana and Florida.
S. angularis, Pursh. Stem quadrangular with sharp angles, 2 feet high, paniculately
branched above ; the branches leafy : leaves cordate-ovate and clasping, 3-5-nerved : numer-
ous and crowded brandies few-flowered, pyramidally or somewhat corymbosely cymose:
calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla: lobes of the latter deep rose-color, obo-
vate, fully half-inch long. Ell. 1. c. ; Bigel. Med. t. 57; Bart. Med. t. 24; Torr. Fl. N. Y.
ii. t. 83. Chironia an-jularis, L. ; Michx. 1. c., var. latifoHa. Rich soil, W. Canada to Florida
and Louisiana.
# * Branches alternate or the lower opposite: foliaceous calyx-lobes longer and hardly narrower
than the lobes of the corolla: flowers not rarely 6-7-merous: style 2-parted.
S. calycosa, Parsh. Stem a span to a foot long, loosely branching : leaves from oblong
to broadly lanceolate, narrowed at base : peduncles scattered, 1-flowered, mostly elongated,
occasionally short : calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate, resembling upper leaves, half
inch or more long, not rarely double the length of the obovate-spatulate lobes of the rose-
colored or almost white corolla. Bot. Mag. t. 1600. Chironia dichotoma, Walt. Car. 93.
C. calycosa, Michx. 1. c. Gentiana calycina, Lam. Diet. ii. 638. Sabbatia (jracilis, var. Cubensis,
Griseb. PI. Wright. Cub. ii. 521. Sea-coast and near it, Virginia to Texas. (Cuba.)
* * * Branches alternate : calyx-lobes slender, seldom exceeding the obovate lobes of the corolla:
peduncles more or less elongated and scattered, naked, 1-flowered.
Sabbatia. GENTIANACE.E. 115
H Calyx-tube prominently 5-costate, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule: corolla 1J to
2 inches in diameter.
S. campestris, JNutt. A span or two high, divergently branched above: leaves ovate
with subcordate clasping- base, somewhat 3-5-nerved, one-half to an inch long, those of the
branches lanceolate : peduncles about 2 inches long : calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceo-
late, acute, half to t hive-fourths inch long, equalling the broad lobes of the lilac-
colored corolla ; angles of its campanulate tube below the sinuses acute and wing-like in
flower, thickened in fruit: style very deeply 2-cleft. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 197;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5013. S.formosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1802, 7. Prairies of
Arkansas and Texas. Very showy.
-t -f Calyx-tube verv short, girding the base of the capsule, not conspicuously costate : plants
loosely paniculate-branching : corolla bright rose-color or pink, with white varieties, or the last
white.
S. stellaris, Pursh. Leaves rather fleshy, from oblong to lanceolate and the uppermost
narrowly linear: calyx-lobes subulate-linear, from half to nearly the full length of the
corolla-lobes: eye or star of the corolla conspicuous : style nearly 2-parted. Fl. i. 137.
S. (/radii's, Ell. 1. c., not Salisb. Chironia stellata, Muhl. Cat. Brackish marshes, coast of
Massachusetts to Florida. Appears to pass into the next.
S. gracilis, Salisb. Stems more slender: branches and peduncles filiform : leaves linear
and the uppermost filiform or setaceous : calyx-lobes very slender and as long as those of
the corolla (6 to 9 lines long): style 2-cleft to the middle. Parad. Loud. t. 32 ; Pursh,
1. c. ; Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 49; Chapm. Fl. 354. Chironia yracilis, Michx. 1. c. C. campanu-
lata, L. Spec. 190?, but not from "Canada." Brackish marshes and river banks, Xan-
tucket (an ambiguous form), and New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana, extending inland to
the mountains of Georgia. (Cuba.)
Var. grand.ifl.6ra. Stem more rigid and erect : lower leaves fleshy : flower much
larger; the corolla-lobes from three-fourths to nearly a full inch long. Coast of E. Flor-
ida, Leavenworth, Buckley, Palmer, &c.
S. Elliottii, Steud. Effusely and paniculately much branched, a foot or two high:
leaves small; the lower cauline (half inch or less long) thickish, from obovate to lanceo-
late; upper narrowly linear and rather longer; those of the filiform flowering branches
setaceous-subulate : flowers numerous : lobes of the calyx slender-subulate, about twice
the length of the tube, very much shorter than the spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate lobes
of the (apparently always white) corolla; the corolla-lobes only 5 or 6 lines long: style
2-parted. Chapm. Fl. 534. S. paniculnta, Ell. Sk. i. 282 (ex char.), not Pursh. Swertia
difformis, L. Spec. i. 220 ? Pine barrens on the coast ( S. Virginia ? ) S. Carolina to Florida,
(Bahamas.)
2. Flowers S-12-merons, most commonly 9-11-merous, lar^e and showy,
* Solitary on naked somewhat paniculate peduncles: anthers at length coiled into a helix.
S. chloroides, Pursh. Stem a foot or two high, loosely and sparingly branched above :
leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong-spatulate and the uppermost linear : calyx-
lobes subulate-linear, about half the length the spatulate-obovate lobes of the (rose-purple
or sometimes white) corolla: divisions of the deeply-cleft style linear-clavate. Torr. Fl.
X. Y. ii. t. 84. Chironia dodccandra, L. Spec. i. 190 ; Walt. 1. c. Chlora dodftcandni, L.
Syst. Chironia chloroides, Michx. Fl. i. 147. Margin of pine-barren ponds along the coast,
Massachusetts to Florida and Alabama. Corolla about 2 inches in diameter.
Var. stricta. Stem more rigid, 1-few-flowered : leaves all linear. Chironia decandra,
Walt. 1. c. ? S. Carolina 1 Alabama, and Florida.
* Capitate-clustered or sometimes solitary flowers sessile and leafy -bracted : calyx-tube turbinate:
anthers of firm texture, slightly ctfrved. Lnpithea,Griseib.
S. gentianoides, Ell. Stem strict, a foot or two high : radical leaves in a rosulate tuft,
obovate or oblong : cauline very narrowly linear, 14 to 8 inches long, a line or two wide ;
the uppermost involucrating the terminal cluster of 3 to 5 or sometimes one or two nearly
sessile flowers ; occasionally one or two in lower axils : calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, very
much shorter than the spatulate corolla-lobes, these 6 to 10 lines long : style 2-cleft at the
apex, the lobes spatulate. Sk. i. 286 ; Chapm. Fl. 354. S. oligophi/l/a, Featherman in Univ.
Mississip. Rep. 1871. Lapithea c/entianoides, Griseb. in DC. I.e. 48. Margin of pine-barren
ponds, Georgia and Florida to Texas.
116 GENTIANACE^. Sabbatia.
S. Bo^kini, Gray. A foot high, nearly simple : cauline leaves lanceolate-oblong or the
lower elliptical, 3-nerved (an inch or two long) ; the uppermost lanceolate: flowers 1 to 7
in the cluster ; the bracts oval or oblong : calyx-lobes lanceolate, much shorter than the
corolla; lobes of the latter oblong-obovate, half inch long. Chapm. Fl. 354. Middle or
Upper Georgia, Boi/Lin (in herb. Torr.) ; also in herb. Muhl. Little known.
S. SIMPLEX, Bertol. Misc. x. t. 3, is Rhexia stricta.
4. EtJTSTOMA, Salisb. (From sv, arofjict, good mouth, i.e. month of good
size, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.) Glaucous and large-flowered an-
nuals ; with more or less clasping and connate thickish leaves, slender terminal
and more or less paniculate .one-flowered peduncles, and bluish purple corolla vary-
ing to white ; the lobes commonly erose-denticulate. Only the following species.
E. exaltatum, Griseb. Lower than the next species : leaves oblong : lobes of the
corolla nearly oblong (barely an inch in length), twice the length of the tube: style little
longer than the stigmas: capsule elliptical-oblong, very obtuse. DC. Prodr. ix. 51;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxi. t. 13 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 021. Gcntiana exaltata, L. Spec. ed. 2, 331 ;
Descourt, Ant. t. 15. Lisianthus exultatus, Lam. 111. i. 478. L. glancifoliits, Jacq. Ic. Rar.
t. 33. Eustoma silcnifolium, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 34; Don, Syst. iv. 211, excl. syn. Nutt.
Ur/manthus rjfaucifolius, Benth. PI. Hartw. 40. Southern borders of the United States, from
Florida ami Texas to California. (Mex., "W. Ind.)
E. Russellianum, Griseb. 1. c. A foot or two high : leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-
oblong : lobes of the ample lavender-purple corolla obovate (inch and a half long), 4 times
longer than the tube: style elongated: capsule oblong, usually pointed : anthers hardly
curving in age. Lisianthus ylaucifoUus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 197, not
Jacq. L. Russellianus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3G20. Nebraska to Texas. Very showy.
Var. gracile. Smaller: leaves lanceolate : capsule not pointed. E. r/racilc, Engelm.
in Fl. Calif. 1. c. S. Texas, Berlandier, &c. (Mex.)
5. G-ENTIANA, Tonrn. GENTIAN. (Gentius, king of Illyria.) Erect
herbs (of the cooler parts of the world) ; with chiefly sessile leaves, and con-
spicuous flowers of various colors, produced in summer or autumn ; commonly
expanding only in sunshine or at mid-day. Seeds in most of our species exceed-
ingly numerous and borne over the whole inner surface of the capsule (as first
remarked by the late Prof. H. J. Clark, in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 1856, 345). Herb-
age and especially the roots very bitter.
1. GF.NTIANELLA. Corolla (not rotate) destitute of extended plaits or lobes
or teeth at the sinuses : anthers usually versatile (introrse, at length retrorsely
reversed) : stigmas distinct or only casually united : root annual in all ours except
in G. barbeUata. Gentianella, &c., Borkhausen.
* (FRINGED GENTIANS.) Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, mostly 4-merous: corolla cam-
panulate-funnelform, its lobes usually fimbriate or crose. not crowned: a row of glands between
the bases of the filaments. Crossopetatum, Frcelich, Grisebach.
4 Flower on a naked and usually lone; peduncle terminating the stem or branches, not bracteate
at base: filaments naked: root annual : calyx (except in G. simplex) ovate-acuminate in the bud
and with acutely carinate lobes, the two exterior longer as well as narrower and more acuminate,
the tube sharply angled by the deciurent keels.
-H- Corolla enclosed in the ventricose wing-angled calyx?
G. ventricosa, Griseb. A foot high : leaves ovate-oblong : calyx ovoid and 4-wing-
angled ; the two external lobes much acuminate; the two internal barely acute, rather
longer than the campanulate deeply 4-cleft corolla : ovate-oblong lobes of the latter regu-
larly " crenate-fimbriate" (or in the figures sharply serrate): ovary not stipitate. Gent.
259, in Hook. Fl. ii! 65, 1. 152, & DC. Prodr. ix. 102. Grand Rapids of the Saskatchewan,
between Cumberland Plouse and Hudson's Bay, Drummond. Little known and not since
collected : apparently described and figured from undeveloped specimens, perhaps nearly
related to G. crinita.
Genliana. GENTIANACEJE. 117
H- -H- Corolla (sky-blue, occasionally white) conspicuously longer than the wingless calyx:
autumn-flowering.
G. crinita, Frcel. A foot or two high, often paniculate-corymbose, leafy : leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate partly clasping base : salient narrow
keels of the calyx-lobes conspicuously decurrent on the tube: corolla 2 inches long; it's
lobes cuncate-obovate, strongly fimbriatc around the summit, less or hardly so down the
narrowing sides : capsule fusiform, conspicuously stipitate : seeds squamulose-roughened.
Gent. 112; Bot. Mag. t. 2031; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 80. G. ciliata Americana, L.
G.finibriata, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 509. Gentianella crinita, Don, Syst. iv. 179. Low grounds,
Canada to Dakotah and southward to the mountains of Georgia.
G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3 to 18 inches high: leaves linear or lanceolate-linear:
corolla an inch to an inch and a half long; its lobes oblong. or spatulate-obovate, erosely
fimbriate or toothed around the summit and sides, or sometimes either part nearly bare :
capsule short-stipitate : seeds and calyx nearly as in G. crinita. Fl. Norveg. 10 (also
under G. ciliata, 88, t. 2), & Fl. Dan. t. 317 ; Fries, Summ. Scand. 190; Gray, Bot. Calif, i.
481. G. dctonsa, Rottb. Act. Hafn. x. 254, t. 1 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 82. G.
ciliata, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 92, not L. G. barbata, Froel. Gent. 114. G. bmr/u/pelala, Buuge,
Consp. Gent, in Mem. Mosq. 1829, 225, t. 1. Wet grounds, Newfoundland, Canada, and
N. W. New York to Saskatchewan and northward, and west to Colorado and W. Nevada,
mainly the larger and most fimbriate form, G. dctonsa, var. barbata, Griseb., &c. (Siberia to
Norway and Greenland.)
Var. grandis, a form with stem 2 feet high or more, and corolla 2 inches long, a por-
tion only of the sides of the lobes coarsely fimbriate. G. detonsa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
157. S. E. Arizona, between Barbacomori and Santa Cruz, Thurbcr, Wriijht. (Perhaps G.
crinita, var. Cercantesii, Griseb. in DC. I.e. Mexico.)
Var. holopetala, Gray, a small or slender form, 2 to 16 inches high, with compara-
tively long peduncles: corolla an inch or more long, its lobes entire or merely erosc-den-
ticulate round the summit. Bot. Calif, i. 481. Sierra Nevada, California, at 5,000 to
10,000 feet, and Oregon.
G. simplex, Gray. Stem 2 to 10 inches high, simple, bearing 2 to 4 pairs of lanceolate
or linear-oblong leaves (3 to 9 lines long) and a single slender-pedunculate flower : calyx-
tube and lobes hardly at all angled or carinate ; the latter nearly equal and similar : corolla
an inch long ; its oblong-spatulate lobes entire or erose-dentate and sometimes a fringe of
a few bristly teeth low down on the sides : capsule stipitate : seeds smooth but longitudi-
nally striate, narrow, wingless when mature, except a cellular appendage at both ends.
Pacif. R. Rep. v. 87, t. 16, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, Califor-
nia, to adjacent portion of Oregon.
-I H Flower 2-bracteate under or near the calyx: filaments ciliate-bearclecl below the middle:
calyx hardly at all angled or carinate : root perennial.
G. barbellata, Engelni. Stems single or in pairs from the slender fusiform root or
caudex, 2 to 5 inches high : leaves rather thick and fleshy, obtuse, with roughish callous
margins; the radical spatulate (an inch or two long) or slender-petioled ; the 2 or 3 can-
line pairs spatulate-linear, or the uppermost narrowly linear and connate at base : flowers
one to three, sessile or nearly so between the involucrate foliaceous bracts : calyx-lobes
subulate-triangular : corolla bright blue, an inch to an inch and a half long, about twice the
length of the calyx, deeply 4-cleft ; the lobes oblong, erose-denticulate above, conspicu-
ously fimbriate along the middle : capsule short and not stipitate : seeds sqnamulose-
roughened. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 210, t. 2. Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains
in Colorado, Parry, &c. Related to G. ciliata of Europe.
* * Flowers smaller, 4-5-merous : corolla somewhat funnelform or salverform when expanded ;
the lobes entire (rarely with a few denticulations), their base sometimes crowned with setaceous
filaments: capsule seldom stipitate: seeds with a very close thin and smooth coat. Endotricha,
etc., Frocl. Amarella, Arctopkila, &c., Griseb.
+ Peduncles elongated and naked from a very short stem, 1 -flowered : throat of corolla crowned;
no glands at its base : edges of leaves and sepals smooth.
G. tenella, Rottb. An inch to a span high : leaves (2 to 6 lines long) oblong or the
lowest spatulate: calyx deeply 5- (sometimes 4-) parted; the lobes foliaceous, oblong to
ovate, usually unequal: corolla 24- to 4 lines long, double the length of the calyx (more
lengthened in fruit), blue; its lobes ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, little shorter than the
118 GENTIAN ACE^. Gentlana.
tube : fimbriate crown conspicuous at the throat. Act. Haf n. x. 436, t. 2, fig. 6 ; Froel. 1. c.
96; Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1045. G. glacialis, A. Thomas in Vill. Delph. ii. 532. G.
Koenigii, Gunner, Fl. Norv. 102. G. dichotoma, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 116. G. borealis, Bunge,
Gent. 1. c. 251, t. 10, fig. 2. High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado
(Parry), Utah (L. Ward), and Idaho, Nuttall. Unalaschka and Kotzebue Sound, &c.
(Kamtschatka to Greenland.)
H -t Peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on a comparatively elongated stem, the angles
of which are acute or wing-margined.
H- Setaceous-fimbriate crown on the base of the corolla-lobes usually conspicuous and rather
copious, sometimes reduced to a few setae, or rarely evanescent : glands at the base of corolla
obscure or wanting: margins of the leaves and of thu conspicuous foliaceous calyx-lobes minutely
scabrous.
G. aiiriculata, Pall. A span or two high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate :
calyx-tube turbinate, longer than the 5 (or rarely 4) lobes ; these nearly equal and similar,
cordate-ovate, or the inner merely ovate : corolla violet-blue, or 10 lines long ; its lobes
ovate. Fl. Ross. ii. 102, t. 92, fig. 1; Griseb. 1. c. Islands between N. E. Asia and Amer-
ica, and even on the N. W. American coast, according to Pallas ; but not since found.
(Kamtschatka, E. Siberia, &c.)
G. heterosepala, Engelm. A span or two high, rather simple and racemosely few-
flowered : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong : calyx very unequally 5-parted ; two of the
lobes large and foliaceous, ovate, acute, equalling the tube of the pale blue corolla (4 to 6
lines long); the other 3 linear-subulate and shorter: seta? of the crown copious, united
below into a membrane on the base of each corolla-lobe: capsule sessile. Trans. Acad.
St. Louis, ii. 215, t. 8 ; Watson, Bot. King, 278. Utah, in Uinta and Wahsatch Mountains,
H. Enrjelmann, Watson. New Mexico in the Sandia Mountains, Bigclow.
G. "Wrightii. Nearly 2 feet high : stem virgate, simple, with strict racemiform inflores-
cence: leaves thickish, ovate-oblong or elliptical (less than an inch long), erect, most of
the (about 12) pairs below the flowering portion nearly equalling the internodes, connate
at base: flowers rather numerous, 10 lines long: calyx very deeply 5-cleft ; its short tube
10-costate (the ribs answering to the sinuses stronger) ; the lobes somewhat unequal and
with strongly scabrous margins, all lanceolate, rather shorter than the tube of the campan-
ula te-funnelform white corolla: the latter not glandular at base ; its lobes ovate, one-third
the length of the tube, eacli with a crown of about 15 long and distinct seta?: capsule
short-stipitate. Accidentally named G. quinqueflora in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157.
S. E. Arizona, in springy ground near Santa Cruz, Wrirjht.
G. Amarella, L. From 2 to 20 inches high : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly oblong,
or the lowest obovate-spatulatc : inflorescence disposed to be racemiform : calyx 5-cleft (or
rarely 4-cleft) below the middle ; the lobes lanceolate or linear, equal or one or two of them
longer, all shorter than the mostly blue corolla: the latter half inch or more long; its
lobes oblong, obtuse, or becoming acute: capsule sessile. Fl. Dan. t. 328; Reichenb. Ic.
Germ. 1. 1046 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Herder in Radde, iv. 145. G. pratcnsis, Froel. 1. c. (Eu., Asia.)
Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted : crown usually of fewer and some-
times very few sets. Engclm. 1. c. ; Herder, 1. c. G. acnta, Miclix. Fl. i. 177; Griseb.
1. c. ; Engelm. 1. c. 214, t. 9, fig. 6 (var. nann, a depauperate high alpine form). G. Amarclla,
Richards. App. Frankl. Journ. ; Watson, Bot. King, 1. c. G. plcbeja, Cham, in Bunge,
Gent. 1. c. 250, t. 9, fig. 5. Labrador and Lower Canada to Alaska, and south along the
Rocky Mountains to New Mexico, in the Sierra Nevada of California, and thence far north-
ward. (N. Asia. &c. Mex.)
Var. stricta, "Watson, 1. c. Stem (sometimes 2 to 4 feet high) and branches strict,
remotely leafy : leaves thickish, the cauline lanceolate-linear : flowers numerous, commonly
4-merous, smaller : calyx rather less deeply cleft : corolla 3 to barely 5 lines long, whitish,
little longer than the unequal calyx ; setae of the crown sometimes very few or even want-
ing ; glands at base of the tube not rarely evident : seeds smaller. G. acnta, var. stricta,
Griseb. in Hook. Fl. & DC. 1. c. G. arctophila, var. dens(flora, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94, not
Griseb. Mountains of Nevada, Idaho, and Wyoming. (Mex.)
Var. tenuis. Same as var. stricta, but calyx very deeply parted, according to figure
and description of G. tennis, Griseb. Gent. & in Hook. Fl. 1. c. 63, t. 151. Mackenzie
River and Bear Lake, Richardson. Not since found. Seta? of the crown 3 to each lobe and
conspicuous, or wanting.
Gentlana. GENTIAN ACE.E. 119
-H- -H- Setaceous-fimbriate crown, &c., as in the preceding subdivision; but glands on the base of
the corolla inure or less manifest: calyx-lobes very small and short on the truncate spathaceous
tube.
Q. "Wlslizeni, Engelm. A foot or less high, with the habit and many-flowered thyrsoid-
paniculate inflorescence of G. quinqueflora, but smaller in all its parts : leaves from lanceo-
late to ovate (an inch or less long), with obtuse or subcordate base : calyx barely half the
length of the tube of the corolla ; its scarious tube (1 lines long) split down one side, in
age sometimes dejected, much longer than the 5 unequal linear herbaceous teeth : corolla
nearly salverform, pale purplish, 4 or 5 lines long; its lobes oblong-ovate, copiously fringed
above the base: capsule sessile: seeds globose. Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 215, t. 7.
Sierra Blanca, S. Arizona, Rothrock, a broad leaved form, the glands less evident. (Ad-
jacent Mex., Wislizemts.)
M- -i-f- -H- No crown to the corolla ; but its lobes tipped with a setiform point or sharp acumination
and the glands at bottom of the tube manifest. Arctophila, Griseb.
= Dwarf species of high northern or alpine regions : cauline leaves only 2 to 4 rather distant pairs :
calyx 4-5-parted.
G. aurea, L. Leaves ovate, 5-7-nerved ; the margins and those of the spatulate-lanceolate
calyx-lobes smooth : corolla yellow, violet, or commonly white, 4 lines long, little surpass-
ing the calyx; its lobes almost as long as the campanulate tube. Fl. Dan. t. 344; Herder,
1. c. 155. ~G. involitcrata, Rottb. in Act. Hafn. x. 344, t. 1, fig. 2. G. Aleutica, Cham. &
Schlecht. in Linn. i. 175, fide Herder. G. tfnalaschkensis, Cham, in Bunge, 1. c. 240, t. 9,
fig. 2. Unalaschka, &c. Also Sitka, according to Herder. (High northern Siberia to
Lapland, Iceland, and Greenland.)
G. propinqua, Richards. Stem slender, 2 to 7 inches high, mostly branched from the
base : leaves from oblong to lanceolate and the lowest spatulate, obscurely 3-nerved, the
edges and those of the calyx smootli : flowers chiefly 4-merous and rather slender-pedi-
celled : lobes of the calyx unequal ; two of them ovate or oblong, the others linear-lanceo-
late, the larger rather shorter than the tube of the corolla : the latter bluish, narrow, 4 to
9 lines long, its lobes ovate or in age lanceolate, sometimes erose-denticulate. App.
Frankl. Journ. 734 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. t. 150 ; Herder, 1. c. G. Rurikiana, Cham. &
Schlecht. in Linn. i. 170. G. set! flora, Bunge, 1. c. t. 9, fig. 4. Labrador to Bear Lake, the
northern Rocky Mountains, Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Adjacent Asia.)
Var. densiflora, Griseb, 1. c., in alpine swamps of the Rocky Mountains (Drum-
mond), a more condensed and leafy plant, occurring with the ordinary form, is said to differ
from the preceding species only in the inequality of the calyx-lobes.
G. arctophila, Griseb. Stem an inch to a span high : leaves ovate-oblong or the low-
est obovate ; the edges and especially those of the calyx-lobes scabrous : corolla 7 to 10
lines long ; the round-ovate lobes more acuminate-cuspidate : otherwise very like large-
flowered G. propinqua (to which Herder refers it). Gent. 251, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 61, t. 149,
with a var. densiflora, having cordate-ovate leaves, and two of the calyx-lobes unusually
large. Arctic sea-coast, Richardson. The variety in the alpine region of the northern
Rocky Mountains, Drummond.
= = Taller and leafy : calyx 5-cleft : capsule slender-stipitate.
G. quinqueflora, Lam. A foot or two high ; the larger plants branching : leaves ovate-
lanceolate, with subcordate partly clasping base, 3-7-nerved, the upper acute or cuspi-
date-acuminate : inflorescence thyrsoid-paniculate ; the clusters 3-5-flowered : calyx one
fifth or fourth the length of the narrow funnelform bright blue corolla; its lobes linear-
subulate: corolla half to three fourths inch long; its lobes ovate-triangular, short. Diet,
ii. 643 ; Frosl. Gent. 51 ; Griseb. 1. c. G. quinqwfolia, L., doubtless meant for quinqufflora.
G. amarelloides, Pursh, Fl. i. 186. Moist hills, Canada, Maine to Michigan, and along the
Alleghanies to Florida.
Var. OCCidentalis, Gray. Sometimes 2 or 3 feet high and paniculately much
branched: inflorescence more open : calyx-lobes more foliaceous, linear or lanceolate, un-
equal, reaching to the middle of the broader funnelform corolla. Man. ed. 1, 359, ed. 5, 387.
G. quinqueflora, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3496, mainly. Ohio to Minnesota and south to Ten-
nessee and Louisiana.
Var. parviflora, Raf., collected in Virginia, Kentucky, &c. (Griseb. in DC. 1. c. 100),
is a depauperate and small-flowered state of the preceding variety, and is G. amarelloides,
Michx. Fl. i. 175.
120 GEXTIANACE2E. Gentiana.
2. PXEUMONXNTHE. Corolla (funnelforra or salverform) plicate at the si-
nuses, the plaits more or less extended into thin-membranaceous teeth or lobes :
no crown nor glands : stigmas distinct : flowers almost always 5-merous : capsule
more or less stipitate. Pneumonaathe, Necker. Pneumonanthe, CJwndropltylla,
Ccelanthe, Tretrorhiza, &c., Griseb.
* Root annual, and habit of the preceding section: leaves marginless : flowers cymose : ca!yx
short, 5-cleft : anthers oblong-linear, introrse, remaining erect.
G. Douglasiana, Bong. A span high, slender, cymosely branched : leaves ovate ; the
lowest rosulate ; the cauline of few remote pairs and somewhat cordate (2 to 4 lines long) :
corolla white, a third to half inch long; its lobes oblong, shorter than the funnelform tube,
not double the length of the conspicuous and equally broad 2-cleft accessory lobes in the
sinuses: capsule stipitate, obovate, ancipital above: seeds proportionally large (a line
long), elongated-oblong, with a close coat, apiculate at both ends. Veg. Sitka, 38, t. 6 ;
Griseb. in Ilook. Fl. ii. 60, t. 148. Alaska to Oregon.
* * Root annual or biennial in our species: dwarf and small plants: leaves small and with white
cartilaginous or scarious margins: flowers solitary and terminal: calyx narrow, 4-5-toothed :
corolla salverform when expanded; the lobes or plaits in the sinuses broad and emarginate :
anthers cordate, versatile: seeds oblong, with a close coat. Chondrophylla, Bunge, Griseb.
G. humilis, Stev. Stems single or numerous from the slender root, 1 to 5 inches long,
erect or ascending : leaves glaucescent and broadly white-margined ; the radical orbicular
or ovate and rosulate (a quarter to half inch long) ; cauline linear-oblong, erect, connate-
sheathing, 2 or 3 lines long: corolla whitish or dull-colored ; its tube little exceeding the
calyx ; the limb half inch in diameter : capsule clavate-obovate, at length exserted on a
long and stout stipe much beyond the flower. Act. Mosq. iii. 258 ; Griseb. 1. c. ; Engelm.
in Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 217, t. 0, fig. 1-5. G. aquatiat, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 97, fig. 2,
not L. G. Fremontii, Torr. in Frem. Rep. 94. Grassy banks of streams in the Rocky
Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado. (Asia.)
G. prostrata, Heenke. Stems weaker than in the preceding and when elongated the
lateral ones often procumbent : leaves ovate, less erect, greener, and less white-margined :
flower (in the American plant always 1 and in the European sometimes) 4-merous : corolla
azure-blue, in fruit enclosing the linear-oblong rather short-stipitate capsule. Jacq. Coll.
ii. 66, t. 17, fig. 2; Griseb. 1. c. ; Engelm. 1. c. t. 9, fig. 9-14. (var. Americana) ; Herder, 1. c.
G. mitans, Bunge, 1. c. 1. 11, fig. 2. Alpine regions of the Rocky Mountains, from Colorado
northward, and to Kotzebue Sound, Aleutian Islands, &c. (N. E. Asia to Tyrolese Alps.
Antarc. Amer.)
* * * Root perennial : flowers comparatively large, mostly short-pedtmcled or sessile : anthers
linear or oblong, more or less extrorse, remaining- erect : usually a pair of bracts under the flower.
Pneumonanthe, Griseb.
H Rocky-Mountain and Pacific species: anthers unconnected, seldom connivent.
-w- Dwarf, 1-5-flowered : cauline leaves only 2 to 4 pairs.
G. glauca, Pall. Stem 2 to 4 inches high : leaves oval, glaucous, 3 to 5 lines long: calyx
campanulate ; its teeth shorter than the tube : corolla blue, half inch or more long ; its
tube cylindraceous, and ovate obtuse lobes short ; the short lobes of the plaits ovate and
entire : seeds oval, irregularly 3-4-wing-crested. Fl. Ross. ii. 104, t. 93, fig. 2 ; Griseb. in
Hook. Fl. ii. 58, t. 147. Higher and northern Rocky Mountains to Kotzebue Sound.
(Kamts. to Siberia.)
G. frigida, Hsenke. Stems 1 to 5 inches high, 1-3-flowered : leaves linear, varying to
lanceolate or spatulate, thickish, 1 to 3 inches long, the pairs connate-sheathing at base :
calyx-tube obconical, longer than the oblong-linear lobes : corolla funnelform, an inch and
a half long, yellowish-white or tinged with blue, purplish-dotted ; the lobes short and
broad; the plaits entire and broad but slightly extended at summit: seeds with a loose
cellular coat extended into crested longitudinal ridges. Jacq. Coll. ii. 13; Froel. Gent.
39, t. 1 ; Griseb. in DC. 1. c., with var. alf/icla. G. al.rjida, Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. 107, t. 95, a
large form. G. Romanzovii, Ledeb. in Bunge, 1. c. 1. 11, fig. 1. Alpine region of the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado and Utah, Parry, &c. St. Paul and Shumagin Islands, Harrington,
Elliott, &c. (Kamts. to Carpathian Mts.)
G. Newberryi, Gray. Stems 1-flowered, 2 to 4 inches long, and ascending from the
axils of the rosulate-radical leaves : these obovate or spatulate, an inch or more long ;
Gentiana. GENTIAN ACE^E. 121
cauline leaves much smaller, connate-sheathing ; the lowest obovate, the uppermost lanceo-
late : calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, nearly the length of the oblong-campanulate tube :
corolla broadly funnelform, inch and a half long, pale blue, white within, greenish dotted ;
its lobes ovate, mucronate ; the interposed appendages 2-cleft or laciniate, subulate-tipped:
seeds round-oval, smooth, broadly winged. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, Bot. Calif, i. 482.
G. calycosa ? Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 80. Sierra Nevada, California, in or near the
alpine region, from Mariposa Co. north to S. Oregon, Newberry, Brewer, &c.
H. .H- Low: stems several from the same caiidex: cauline leaves 6 to 10 pair?, more or less con-
nate or even sheathing at base; the uppermost involucrate around the sessile terminal flower or
3-5-flowercd cluster: corolla campanulate-funnelform, blue, 1 to 1^ inches long; the lobes
broadlv ovate, and the appendages at the sinuses 2-cleft or lacerate.
G. setlgera, Gray. Stems stout, about a foot long, decumbent : leaves thick and pale,
oval or the upper oblong, very obtuse, an inch or less long ; the pairs all with a connate-
sheathing base, the two uppermost involucrate around and covering the base of the soli-
tary flower : calyx-lobes oval, about the length of the tube : corolla almost campanulatc ;
the appendages of the plaits small and short, produced into 2 or 3 capillary bristles which
nearly equal the lobes : forming seeds orbicular, winged. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot.
Calif. 1. c. California, on Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., in damp soil, Bolander.
G. calycosa, Griseb. Stems erect, a span to a foot high : leaves ovate (0 to 15 lines
long), commonly equalling or exceeding the internodes ; the lowest pairs usually smaller
and with connate-sheathing base, the upper hardly* so; the involucrate uppermost leaves
somewhat exceeding the calyx of the commonly solitary flower : calyx-lobes ovate or
oblong, or even subcordate, about the length of the turbinate tube : corolla oblong-funnel-
form, its appendages in the sinuses triangular-subulate, laciniate, or 2-cleft at the tip,
shorter than the broadly ovate lobes : seeds lanceolate, acuminate, wingless. Gent. 1. c. &
Hook. Fl. t. 146; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Varies with stems only 2 to 4 inches high, and
small leaves crowded (var. strlcta, Griseb. 1. c.) ; also with taller and more slender stem
2-3-flowered, occasionally with one or two axilliary conspicuously pedunculate flowers
subtended by a pair of smaller bracts. California (Sierra Nevada, Bridges, Brewer, Lem-
mon), Oregon (Tolmie), and Rocky Mountains, lat. 42-49, Porter, Li/all.
G. Parryi, Bngelm. A span or more high : leaves glaucescent, thickish, ovate, varying
to oblong-lanceolate, three-fourths to inch and a half long, most of the pairs with some-
what sheathing base ; the upper 2 or 3 involucrating the 1 to 5 flowers, concealing the
calyx and sometimes almost equalling the (bright purple-blue) corolla: lobes of the calyx
short-linear, small, moderately or much shorter than the campanulate (sometimes spa-
thaceons-cleft) tube: appendages at the sinuses of the corolla narrow, deeply 2-cleft, little
shorter than the obovate lobes : seeds lanceolate, wingless, obtuse or less acute than in
G. calycosa, which the broad-leaved forms of this much resemble. Trans. Acad. St. Louis,
ii. 218, t. 10 ; Watson, Bot. King, 279. G. calycosa, var. Parryi, Herder, 1. c. 178. Alpine
and subalpine regions in the Rocky Mountains, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and N. E.
Nevada, Parry, &c.
H- -H- -H- Stems either tall or low, many-leaved : flowers not involucrate : style manifest.
= Corolla (blue or bluish) oblong-campanulate, with broadly ovate lobes more or less narrowed at
base, and the intervening plaits or lobes entire: calyx-lobes usually from ovate to lanceolate,
equalling or longer than the tube : seeds wingless.
G. platypetala, Griseb. Stems a span high, ascending, densely leafy above, bearing
a single sessile flower: leaves ovate-roundish, recurved-spreading : lobes of the 5-parted
calyx ovate, acute : campanulate tube of the blue corolla twice the length of the calyx ;
its short lobes somewhat reniform, mucronate (2 lines long and 3 wide), double the length
of the triangular acute and entire plaits. Gent. 191, & in Hook. 1. c. ; DC. 1. c. " Sitka,
Kotzebue." The char, from Grisebach. Referred to G. calycosa by Herder, and it must
resemble its smaller form ; but the sinus-plaits are said to be entire.
G. Menziesii, Griseb. 1. c. Stems a foot or less high, slender : leaves from narrowly
oblong to lanceolate (inch and a half or less long), somewhat 3-nerved : flowers one or two,
short peduncled or sessile : calyx according to Grisebach spathaceous and the lobes obso-
lete, in our specimens with oblong-lanceolate foliaceous lobes (5 lines long) equalling the
turbinate-oblong tube : corolla an inch long ; its lobes 3 lines long and wide ; its plaits
truncate and obscurely 2-3-crenate : seeds ovate-lanceolate or oblong, barely acute or both
122 GENTIANACE.E. Gentiana.
ends obtuse. G. sceptrum, var. humilis, Engelm. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 483. Bogs, W.
Oregon (Menzies, E. Hall) to Mendocino Co., California, Bolander.
G. SCeptrum, Griseb. 1. c. Stem erect, 2 to 4 feet high, simple or short-branched above,
few-several-flowered: leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate (11 to 3 inches long), indis-
tinctly 3-7-nerved : calyx-lobes unequal, lanceolate to ovate-oblong : corolla 1J to 2 inches
long, sometimes greenish-dotted ; its lobes nearly 4 lines long and wide ; its plaits truncate
or with barely rounded entire summit : seeds narrowly lanceolate and with scarious acu-
mination. Hook. Fl. t. 145 ; Gray, Bot. Calif., excl. var. W. Oregon to Brit. Columbia.
= = Corolla (blue or bluish) funnelform. with ovate lobes not narrowed at base; the plaits
extended into conspicuous iaciniate-toothed or cleft appendages, which sometimes almost equal
the lobes : margins of the leaves scabrous : seeds surrounded by a distinct and rather broad wing,
ovate or oblong.
G. Oregana, Engelm. Stems erect and rather stout, a foot or two high, sometimes
more slender and ascending: leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-oblong (1 to li inches long) :
flowers few at the summit, or occasionally several and racemose-scattered : bracts oblong or
ovate: calyx-lobes from oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, as long as the tube: corolla broadly
funnelform, over an inch long ; its short lobes roundish. Engelm. in herb. G. affinis, var.
ovata, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 483. Brit. Columbia and W. Idaho (Lyall, Spaldiny) to Oregon
(Nevius, &c.) and W. California. Foliage and corolla somewhat as in G. calycosa, but the
smaller forms nearly approaching G. ajjinis.
G. affinis, Griseb. Stems clustered, a span to a foot high, mostly ascending : leaves
from oblong or lanceolate to linear : flowers from numerous and thyrsoid-racemose to few
or rarely almost solitary : bracts lanceolate or linear : calyx-lobes linear or subulate, une-
qual and variable, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shorter sometimes minute :
corolla an inch or less long, rather narrowly funnelform ; its lobes ovate, acutish or mu-
cronulate-pointed, spreading. Gent. 1. c. & DC. 1. c. 114; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray,
1. c., excl. var. Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Colorado, and from the Sierra
Nevada, California, to British Columbia, thence east to the Saskatchewan.
+ i Upper Mississippi-valley species: flowers almost sessile, 2-bracteate under the calyx:
corolla open-funneKorm with conspicuously spreading lobes : anthers merely counivent, soon
separate: seeds conspicuously winged, oblong, all attached at or near the sutures.
G. puberula, MicllX. About a foot high, mostly single-stemmed from the root, very
leafy, at least the upper part of the stem, with the margins and midrib of leaves and
sepals minutely puberulent-scabrous : leaves rigid, from oblong-lanceolate (or the lower
oblong) to lanceolate-linear, an inch or two long : flowers solitary or several and clustered :
calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate or subulate-linear, about the length of the tube : corolla bright
blue, 1 to 2 inches long; the ovate lobes (a fourth to even half inch long) widely spread-
ing in anthesis, twice the length of the 2-cleft and sometimes Iaciniate-toothed appendages.
Fl. i. 176 (descr. not good as to corolla) ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 347, ed. 5, 389. ( G. Suponaria,
var. puberula, ed. 1.) Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio, Kentucky, and Kansas to Wisconsin
and Minnesota.
-I ) ) Atlantic U. S. species (one or two crossing the Mississippi): seeds covering the whole
parieties of the capsule: style manifest, in most conspicuous.
H- Corolla eampanufate-funnelform, with the short lobes little if at all spreading in anthesis : an-
thers cohering in a ring or short tube: stem usually several-flowered : flowers sessile or very
short-peduncled and 2-bracteate under the calyx, clustered at summit and often in upper axils.
Calvx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous: seeds winged or appemlaged.
G. Elliottii, Chapm. Puberulent-roughish in the manner of the preceding, a span to a
foot or more high, slender : leaves from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate,
an inch or less long, the broadest subcordate: flowers 1 to 3 terminal, and sometimes also
in the axils, sessile, leafy-bracted : calyx-lobes lanceolate or broader, foliaceons, twice or
thrice the length of the tube, ciliolate-scabrous: corolla bright blue, 1 to 14- inches long;
the broadly ovate obtuse lobes (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the broad and 2-
clef t erose-dentate or somewhat fimbriate appendages : seeds conspicuously winged, ovate-
or oblong-lanceolate in outline. Fl. 356, specially the var. parri/Min, " G. Cate.sbcei, Ell. not
Walt." according to Chapman. Perhaps an extreme form of the next ; but the Florida
plant appears to be quite distinct. S. Carolina 1 to Florida.
G. Saponaria, L. Stem a foot or two high, smooth, or somewhat scabrous above : leaves
from ovate-lanceolate or oblong to broadly lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, more or less nar-
Centiana. GENTIANACE.E. 123
rowed at base : calyx-lobes from linear to spatulate or oblong, mostly equalling and some-
times exceeding the tube : corolla light blue, an inch or more long, its broad and roundish
short lobes erect, little and often not at all longer than the 2-cleft and many-toothed inter-
vening appendages: seeds nearly as in the preceding. Spec. i. 228 (Moris. Hist. iii. 484,
sect. 12, t. 5, fig. 4; Catesb. Car. i. t. 70); Griseb. I.e. (excl. var.) G. Catesbiei, Walt.
Car. 109; Bot. Mag. t. 1039. G. Elliottii, var.? lutifolia, Chapm. I.e. Moist woods,
W. Canada and New York to Florida and Louisiana. A somewhat polymorphous species.
G. Andrews!!, Griseb. Stems stout, a foot or two high, smooth : leaves from ovate- to
broadly lanceolate, gradually acuminate, contracted at base, 2 to 4 inches long : calyx-
lobes lanceolate to ovate, usually spreading or recurved, shorter than the tube : corolla as
the preceding but more oblong and the lobes obliterated or obsolete, the truncate and
usually almost closed border mainly consisting of the prominent fimbriate-dentate inter-
vening appendages : seeds with a conspicuous wing, oblong in outline. Gent. 287, & in
Hook. Fl. ii. 55 (with var. linearis, which is merely a narrower-leaved state); Gray, Man.
1. c. G. Saponaria, Froel. Gent, 32 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t, 79. G. Catcsbwi,
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 418. Moist ground, New England and Canada to Saskatchewan, and
south to the upper parts of Georgia. Corolla from bright to pale blue, with white plaits,
sometimes all white.
= = Calvx-Iobes and bracts (also leaves) smooth and naked on the margins (or sometimes very
minutely ciliolate- scabrous under a lens, especially the lower part of the bracts): seeds distinctly
winged: flowers in a leafy-involucrate capitate cluster, and often solitary or clustered in upper
axils.
G. alba, Muhl. Smooth throughout : stem stout, 2 feet high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate and gradually acuminate from a cordate-clasping base, 2 to 4 inches
long: flowers usually rather numerous in the compact terminal cluster: calyx-lobes ovate
or subeordate, acute, reflexed-spreading, shorter than the tube : corolla dull white and
commonly tinged with yellowish or greenish, often an inch and a half long, like that of
G. Saponaria, but more campanulate and open; its ovate lobes twice the length of the
broad and erose-toothed appendages. Cat. ed. 2, 29, & Fl. Lancast. ined. ; Nutt. Gen.
1. 172 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360, ed. 5, 388. G. ochroleuca, Sims, Bot, Mag. t. 1551 ; Griseb.
in DC. 1. c., in part ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. 1. c., not Froel. G.flavida, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser.
2, i. 80. Low grounds and mountain meadows, W. Canada and Lake Superior, south to
Illinois, Kentucky, and the mountains of Virginia, east to Perm, and New York 1 Begins
to flower early in August.
G. linearis, Froel. Smooth throughout : stem slender and strict, a foot or two high :
leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 1-J- to 3 inches long, 2 to 5 lines wide, and with some-
what narrowed base : flowers 1 to 5 in the terminal involucrate cluster, and often solitary in
one or two axils below : calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, shorter than the tube : corolla blue,
an inch or more long, narrow-f unnelform ; the erect lobes roundish-ovate and obtuse, 2 lines
long, a little longer than the triangular acute and entire or slightly 1-2-toothed appendages.
Gent. 37; Pursh, Fl. i. 186, excl. syn. Michx. G. Pncumonanthe, Michx. Fl. i. 176; Bigel.
Bost. ed. 2, 105, not L. G. Pseudo-pneumonanthe, licevn. & Sell. Syst. vi. 146. G. Saponaria,
var. linearis, Griseb. 1. c. (excl. syn. G. Catesbiei, Ell., & G puberula, Michx., & char, foliis
margine scabris) ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 106, t. 81 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 389. G. Saponaria, var.
Frcelichii, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 360. Bogs, along the Alleghanies of Maryland and Penn. to
northern New York and New England, New Brunswick (Fowler), and towards Hudson's
Bay (Michan.r). Distinctly different from G. Pneumonanthe of the Old World in inflores-
cence, corolla, and distinctly winged seeds.
Var. lanceolata. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost
ovate-lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long and even half inch wide) : appendages of the sinuses
of the corolla sometimes very short and broad. G. rubricaidis, Schwein. in Keating, Narr.
Long Exped. Mississip. Minnesota and along Lake Superior. Also Herkimer Co., New
York, Paine. Approaches narrow-leaved forms of G. alba.
= = = Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth or nearly smooth margins : seeds oval and com-
pletely wingless, even marginless.
G. ochroleuca, Froel. Smooth, rather stout, a span to a foot high, often branching :
leaves obovate or the upper oblong, all conspicuously narrowed at base, 1 to 3 inches long,
pale : flowers sessile or nearly so in terminal and sometimes lateral leafy clusters : calyx-
lobes linear, unequal, longer than the tube ; the longer little exceeded by the somewhat
124 GEXTIANACE.E. Genliana.
open-funnelfonn greenish-white corolla, which is greenish-veiny and often purplish-striped
(and 1-J inches long) ; its lobes triangular-ovate and acute, much exceeding the triangular
oblique and entire or sparingly toothed appendages. Gent. 35; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell. Sk. i.
340; Griseb. 1. c. partly; Gray, Man. 1. c. G. Virginiana etc., Pluk. Aim. t. 180 (poor).
G. villosa, L. Spec., i. e. pi. Gronov., but it is glabrous. G. Saponaria, Walt. Car. 109, not L.
G. incarnata, ISims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1856. G. intermedia, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2303. G. serpcntaria,
Raf . Ann. Nat. 13 ? Dry or damp grounds, Pennsylvania to Florida and Louisiana.
H- -w- Corolla more funnelform and with longer spreading lobes : anthers connivent but not con-
nected: flowers solitary on the stem or occasional branches, commonly pedant-led and naked.
G. angustif olia, Michx. Smooth : stems scattered, a span or two long, slender, ascend-
ing, commonly simple : leaves narrowly linear, thickish, an inch or two long, a line or two
wide ; the lower narrowed downward ; the uppermost smaller and sometimes forming bracts
to the flower : calyx-lobes resembling the uppermost narrow leaves, longer than the tube :
corolla 2 inches long, deep and brilliant azure-blue, somewhat brown-dotted within (also a
snow-white variety with a greenish hue outside) ; the lobes ovate, half inch long, widely
spreading in anthesis, much longer than the broad and conspicuous laciniate appendages :
seeds slender, wingless. Fl. i. 177; Ell. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 356. G. purpnrea, Walt. Car.
109, not L. G. porphi/ris, Gmelin. G.frigida, var. Drummondii, Griseb. in DC. 1. c. Ill, the
white-flowered variety from Florida. Low pine-barrens, New Jersey (not " Canada ") to
Florida. A most beautiful species.
6. PLEUR6G-YNE, Eschsch. (Formed of nl?vnov, rib or side, and ywiy,
female; from the remarkable stigmas, which, instead of terminating the ovary,
occupy the greater part of the length of the two sutures below its apex.) Small
annuals of cold regions in the northern hemisphere, of three or four nearly related
species. Genus more related to Swertia than to Gentiana, the appendages to
the corolla, as in the former, adnate and apparently glandular at base. Linnsea,
5. 188 (182G). Lontatoyonium, Braun in Flora, 1830, 221.
P. rotata, Griseb. Stems 2 to 10 inches high, the smaller simpler and 1-flowcred ; the
larger either simple and racemosely several-flowered or fastigiately much branched : leaves
linear or lanceolate, or the radical ones short and spatulate : sepals similar to the upper
leaves, in ours mostly narrowly linear; the longer equalling the blue or whitish corolla:
lobes of the latter ovate becoming oblong-lanceolate, 4 or 5 lines long, bearing at base a
pair of glandular and scale-like processes : ovary and capsule linear-oblong or lanceolate,
nearly marginless. Griseb. Gent. 309, & Hook. Fl. ii. 65; DC. Prodr. ix. 122; Herder,
1. c. 181. Sicertitt rot/itu, L. ; Pall. Fl. Ross. ii. t. 89, fig. 1, 2. Gentiuna sulcata, Willd. Spec.
i. 1351. G. ro/uta, Froel., Bunge, &c. Labrador and Hudson's Bay to the high north-west
coast, Kotzebue Sound, &c., and Rocky Mountains south to lat. 39 : in the latter always
the slender-leaved form, var. tenuifolia, Griseb. (Kamts. to Greenland.)
P. Carinthiaca, Griseb. Low, few-flowered : leaves shorter and usually ovate : sepals
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla : ovary and capsule oblong-
ovate, distinctly margined. (Alps of Eu., east to N. E. Asia.)
Var. pusilla. Leaves lanceolate or spatulate : sepals oblong-lanceolate, after anthe-
sis becoming as long as the ovate corolla-lobes and the oblong-ovate capsule. (Near var.
SteUeriana, Griseb., G. Stelleriana, Cham., ir< rtiu rotata, Pall. 1. c. as to fig. 3; but leaves
not ovate, &c.) Swertia pusilla, Pursh, Fl. i. 101. P/enroyijne Purshii, Steud. Nom. Lab-
rador and alpine region of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, according to Pursh,
the latter station very doubtful. Riviere du Loup, E. Canada, Dr. Thomas. (Himalayas,
Lapland.)
7. SWERTIA, L. (Emanuel Sweert, a German herbalist.) The genuine
species are simple-stemmed perennials, occasionally with alternate leaves, the
lower tapering at base into a margined petiole ; the inflorescence thyrsoid ; the
flowers blue, varying to white, in summer. Seeds flat, commonly margined.
S. perennis, L. A span to foot or more high : lowest leaves oblong or obovate-spatu-
late (2 to 4 inches long), tapering into a long petiole ; upper cauline few and narrower,
Frasera. GENTIANACEJE. 125
sessile ; some commonly alternate : inflorescence racemiform or narrowly paniculate, few-
many-flowered : flowers 5-merous : sepals narrowly lanceolate : lobes of the corolla (4 to 6
lines long) oblong-ovate becoming lanceolate, the base bearing a pair of nectariferous pits
which arc crested with a fringe. Engl. Bot. t. 1041 ; Fl. Dan. t. 2047 ; Jacq. El. Austr.
iii. t. 243. Ours the var. obtusa, Griseb. (S. obtusa, Ledeb.), with obtuser lower leaves and
corolla-lobes, but passing into the other and European form. Rocky Mountains in Colo-
rado, Utah, &c., and Alaska. (N. E. Asia to Eu.)
8. FRASERA, Walt. (John Eraser, of Great Britain, made collections
in this country 1785-9G, published Walter's Flora Caroliniana.) Large and
stout herbs, or some smaller and more slender ; with single erect stem from a
mostly biennial and thick bitter root, verticillate or opposite leaves, the broader
ones commonly somewhat nervose, thyrsoid or paniculate-cymose inflorescence,
and copious flowers, produced in summer. Calyx-lobes from linear to ovate.
Corolla dull white, yellowish, or bluish, and commonly dark-dotted, mostly of firm
texture, not " deciduous " but marcescent. Flowers seldom, if ever, 5-merous.
Species all N. American, and all but one western ; the genus mostly well marked
in aspect, but in floral character distinguished from Swertia only by the distinct
style ; and this is very short in F. Parryi and F. thyrsiflora.
* Leaves marginless : a single round gland upon each corolla-lobe ; no crown at base : capsule (as
far as known) strongly flattened parallel with the valves: seeds orbicular, wing-margined: stem
large and stout: sepals narrow, almost the length of the corolla.
F. thyrsiflora, Hook. Stem 2 or 3 feet high : leaves in pairs or threes, oblong or
spatulate-obovate, the cauline 3 or 4 inches long: flowers in a dense interrupted thyrsus:
sepals subulate-linear (4 lines long) : lobes of the pale blue corolla ovate-oblong, thin, bear-
ing the gland near the base: style short and conical, in some flowers hardly any! Kew
Jour. Bot. iii. 288, where the flowers are said to be 5-merous ! F. Carolinensis, Hook. Fl. ii.
66. Swertia fastigiata, Pursh, Fl. i. 101. Idaho and interior of Oregon, on the tributaries
of the Columbia, Lewis, Douylas, Geyer, Sjialiliiif/. Hare and little known. Pursh's plant
seen in herb. Lambert, where the true station is recorded : " in moist and wet places on the
Quamasli flats, June 4, 1806," at which date Lewis and Clarke were on the Kooskooskie
(now Salmon) River, near which the species was collected by Spalding : the flowers in
both 4-merous. Douglas's and Geyer's specimens not seen.
F. Carolinensis, "Walt. Stem 3 to 8 feet high : leaves mostly in fours, 12 to 4 inches
long ; the radical and lowest spatulate-oblong ; uppermost lanceolate ; those of the ample
and open thyrsoid-paniculate inflorescence often only opposite and small or reduced to
bracts : flowers mostly slender-pedicelled : sepals narrowly lanceolate : corolla ochroleucous
and with brownish-purple dots ; its broadly oblong lobes bearing the large and long-
fringed gland below the middle : style slender-subulate : stigma of 2 oval lobes. Car. 87 ;
Torr. Fl. 187, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 89. F. Wnlteri, Michx. Fl. i. 97 ; Bart. Med. ii. t. 35. Swertia
difformis, L. herb., not Spec. Rich dry soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Georgia.
Thick bitter root has been used as a tonic, under the name of American Columbo.
* * Leaves marginless : a pair of oblong glands on each corolla-lobe and a separate crown below
them: capsule compressed contrary to the deep-boatshaped or almost conduplicate valves : seeds
oblong, flat, margined: sepals narrow-linear, equalling the corolla.
F. speciosa, Dougl. Stem stout, 2 to 5 feet high, very leafy : leaves in fours and sixes,
nervose ; the radical and lowest cauline obovate or oblong, 6 to 10 inches long ; the upper
lanceolate and at length linear : flowers very numerous in a long leafy thyrsus : the slender
pedicels and peduncles at length strict : lobes of the greenish-white or barely bluish and
dark-dotted corolla oval-oblong, acutish, half inch long, bearing the pair of contiguous and
densely long-fringed glands about the middle, and a distant transversely inserted and seta-
ceously multifld scalelike crown near the base : usually some minute sctse between the
bases of the filaments: style subulate, shorter than the ovary. Griseb. Gent. 329, in
Hook. Fl. ii. 66, t. 153, & DC. 1. c. 131; Watson, Bot. King, 279; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 484.
Tcssaranthiitm radiatum, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, ii. 142. In the mountains, Wyoming
to Oregon, and south to New Mexico and the Sierra Nevada of California.
126 GENTIAN ACEyE. Frasera.
=fc * * Leaves with cartilaginous white margins, thickish, lanceolate or linear: glands on tlie
corolla-lobes solitary, but sometimes 2-lobed.
-I Capsule turgid ; its valves strongly convex : seeds elongated-oblong, thickish, scabrous, mar-
ginless : corolla-lobes with a double longitudinally adnate crown confluent with the gland : in-
florescence loosely paniculate.
P. paniculata, Torr. Stem 2 or 3 feet high: cauline leaves linear, opposite (about 3
pairs) : flowers in a loose and ample panicle, slender-pedicelled : sepals ovate, barely half
the length of the whitish corolla : lobes of the latter oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long,
bearing a plane and roundish discolored gland about the middle, which is lightly fringed
round the border, its base confluent with a pair of coronal crests, which are adnate down
the lobe, bilamellate and strongly ciliate fimbriate above, tapering and tubular below :
filaments distinct to the base : style slender-subulate : stigma very small. Pacif. II. Rep.
iv. 120. N. Arizona, sand bluffs at Inscription Rock in the Zuni country, Bigelow. Habit
of the two following species. What was described as a pair of glands rather belongs to the
crown.
H 4 Capsule compressed parallel with the flat or flattish valves : seeds as far as known flat,
smooth, and acute-margined.
H- Inflorescence ample and effusely paniculate; the pedicel* longer than the flowers : corolla white
or yellowish with .scattered dark dots, of rather firm texture and enduring ; the lobes acuminate
or mucronate, longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals.
F. Parryi, Torr. Stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high, including the large and very compound
pyramidal or corymbose panicle : leaves in pairs or occasionally in threes, lanceolate, or
the radical oblong, 3-nerved, 3 or 4 inches long ; the upper becoming much shorter, often
ovate-lanceolate, and soon reduced to small bracts : lobes of the white corolla ovate, be-
coming oblong, half inch long, bearing a large and lunate-obcordate conspicuously
fringed gland about on the middle, the base naked and destitute of a crown : some very
minute setae at the base of the filaments : style distinct, but only one fourth the length of
the ovary: stigma small. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150, & Pacif. II. Hep. iv. 120; Gray, Bot.
Calif, i. 484. Southern and eastern part of San Diego Co., California, to the borders of
Arizona, Coulter, Parry, Palmer.
F. albomarginata, Watson. Stem more slender, 1 to 3 feet high, including the
ample and very compound broad cymose panicle : leaves in fours and sometimes opposite,
linear, or the lower and radical oblanceolate, and the uppermost reduced to subulate bracts
subtending the long branches of the panicle : lobes of the greenish-yellow corolla ovate,
becoming oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the sepals,
bearing the obcordate moderately villous-fringed gland about on its middle, this decurrent
into a longitudinally adnate crown with fringed free margins and a somewhat hooded base :
style slender : stigma small. Bot. King, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. S. Utah and S. Ne-
vada, Palmer, Miss Searls, Parry. Leaves with conspicuous silvery-white and commonly
undulate border.
H- -M- Inflorescence a virgate interrupted thyrsus of 3 to 5 pairs of sessile (or the lower short-
peduncled) dense cymes, forming a series of glomerate clusters: pedicels very short: leaves nar-
row and gramineous, merely opposite; the cauline only 3 to 5 pairs: corolla lavender-blue, of
thin texture: the lobes ovate or oblong becoming narrower, 3 or 4 lines long, rather longer than
the subulate-lanceolate sepals; the fringed gland elongated, extending from the base to near the
middle, saccate and with a longer and coarser fringe at base : crown stamineal, consisting of a
conspicuously laciniately parted or nearly entire scale between the filaments: style slender,
twice the length of the ovary: stigma entire: capsule flat, few-seeded.
F. nitida, Benth. Completely glabrous, a foot or more high, slender : leaves linear-
lanceolate (2 to 4 lines wide, the upper 2, and the radical or 8, inches long), those
subtending the upper flower-clusters reduced to small bracts : corolla sometimes greenish-
spotted ; the lobes barely acute, bearing an elongated oblong obtuse gland : thin scales
between the filaments ovate or oblong-linear, entire or sparingly laciniate, longer than the
ovary. PI. Hartw. 322; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Foothills of
the Sierra Nevada, California, to the Dalles in Oregon.
F. albicaulis, Dougl. Very minutely pruinose-puberulent : sepals rather longer and
narrower: corolla-lobes ovate-lanceolate and acuminate; the gland oblong-linear: scales
between the filaments more or less dissected into setiform processes : otherwise as the pre-
ceding. Griseb. 1. c., & Hook. Fl. ii. 07, t. 151. Interior of Oregon and Idaho, on the
eastern waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Geyer, Spaldmj.
Obolaria. GENTIAN ACE^. 127
9. HALENIA, Borkh. (John Halen, who wrote of Kamtschatka plants.)
Low herbs (of N. Asia and America) ; with opposite leaves, and small terminal
and axillary often panicled cymes of usually 4-merous flowers ; the corolla whitish,
bluish, or yellowish. Occasionally or in some flowers the spurs or nectariferous
gibbosities are wanting or nearly so.
H. deflexa, Griseb. Annual, to 18 inches high : radical leaves obovate or spatulate
and pctioled ; cauline oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved (an inch or so long) :
sepals lanceolate or spatulate and acuminate : corolla dull whitish or purplish, 3 or 4 lines
long; the lobes triangular-ovate and acute; spurs deflexed or obliquely descending, thick-
ish, considerably shorter than the corolla. Gent. 324 ; Hook. Fl. ii. G7, t. 155. Swertia
corniculata, Michx. Fl. i. 97, not L. S. deflexa, Smith in Rees. Cycl. S. Michauxiana, Hoein.
& Sch. Syst. vi. 130. Damp and cool woods, N. Maine and New York to Lake Superior
and northern Rocky Mountains, Labrador, &c.
Var. Brentoniana, a depressed form, with rather shorter and thicker spurs. H,
Brentoniana, Griseb. 1. c. ; Hook. 1. c. t. 150. Newfoundland and Labrador. //. hcterantha,
Griseb. 1. c., & Hook. 1. c. 1. 156, also Newfoundland, appears to be nearly the same, with
some corollas spurless.
H. Rothrockii, Gray. Annual, a span or two high, loosely flowered : leaves linear :
pedicels slender : sepals linear-lanceolate : corolla bright yellow, 4 or 5 lines long ; the
lobes ovate; spurs divaricate and slightly ascending, shorter than the corolla. Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 84; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 21. Arizona, on Mount Graham, Rothrock.
10. BAHTONIA, Muhl. (Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia,
one of the earliest teachers of botany in the U. S.) Small and filiform annuals
or biennials, of Atlantic U. S. ; with fibrous root, simple or paniculately branch-
ing stems, leaves reduced to subulate appressed scales or bracts, and small pedun-
culate scattered flowers with white corolla. Willd. in N. Schrift. Berl. iii. 144
(1801) ; Torr. Fl. 185 ; Benth. & Hook.' Gen. ii. 818. Ceiitaurella, Michx. Fl.
i. 97, 1803. Andrewsia, Spreng. Syst. i. 428.
B. tenella, Muhl. A span to a foot high, rather rigid : flowers racemose or racemose-
panicled, barely 2 lines long : lobes of the yellowish-white corolla oblong, little longer
than the calyx (sometimes twice as long) : ovary 4-angled and the cell somewhat cruci-
form. Willd. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 389. Sayina Vinjuiica, L. Centaurella paniculata,
Michx. 1. c. 1. 12, fig. 1. C. aulumnalis, Pursh, Fl. i. 100 ; Griseb. 1. c. Centanriiun autumnale,
Pers. Syn. i. 137. Andrewsia autumnalis, Spreng. 1. c. Centaurella Mos'eri, Steud. Nom. ;
Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix. 121, an occasional form, with leaves or scales and branches mostly
alternate. Open woods, Newfoundland to Wisconsin and Louisiana ; flowering late.
B. Verna, Muhl. A span high or less, corymbosely or racemosely 1-9-flowered, the stem
weaker or less rigid : lohes of the white corolla obovate-spatulate, 3 or 4 Hues long, very
obtuse, thrice the length of the calyx : ovary compressed. Centaurella verna, Michx. 1. c.
fig. 2 ; Griseb. 1. c. C. vernalis & C.cestivalis, Pursh, 1. c. Centauriuin vernum, Pers. 1. c. An-
drewsia verna, Spreng. 1. c. Bogs, S. Virginia to Florida and Louisiana ; flowering in early
spring.
11. OBOLARIA, L. (OpoAo's, a small Greek coin, from the rounded
leaves.) Gray, Chloris, 21, t. 3. Single species.
O. Virginica, L. Herb a span or less in height from a tufted fibrous perennial root, of
dull purplish-green hue and rather fleshy texture, simple or sparingly branched above : lower
leaves reduced to obtuse loose scales ; upper ones cuneate-obovate, about half inch long
and wide : flowers usually in threes and nearly sessile in the axils and terminating the stem
and branches, white or purplish, 4 lines long, produced in spring. Spec. ii. 632 (Gronov.
Virg.) ; Darl. Fl. Cest, ed. 1, 21, t. 2 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 90; Reuter in DC. Prodr.
xi. 45; Gray, 1. c., & Man. ed. 5, 390. Orobanche Virginiana, etc., Moris. Hist. iii. 504, sect.
12, 1. 16, fig. 23 ; Pluk. Aim. t. 209, fig. 6. Moist woods, New Jersey to Illinois and south
to Georgia and Texas.
128 GEXTIANACE^E. Menyanthes.
12. MENYANTHES, Tourn. BUCKBEAN. (Aucient name, from /t^V,
mouth, and lirdo^, flower, some say from its flowering for about that time.) Bog-
perennials (of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere) ; with long and
thickish creeping rootstocks, bearing either trifoliolate or renit'orni leaves on long
petioles, with scarious sheathing base, and a naked erect several-many-flowered
scape ; fl. in spring or early summer. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 819.
M. trifoliata, L. Petioles and scape a span or two high, stout : leaf divided into 3 oval
or oblong-obovate pinnately veined entire or repand leaflets : flowers racemose : corolla
white or tinged with rose; the tube longer than the calyx ; the upper surface of the lobes
copiously fimbriate-bearded. Lam. 111. 1. 100 ; Fl. Dan. t. 541 ; Bigel. Med. t. 40 ; Reiehenb.
Ic. Germ. t. 1043. Bogs, Newfoundland and Labrador to Penn., Ohio, and northward:
also Rocky Mountains to California and Aleutian Islands. (Japan to Eu. and Greenland.)
M. Crista-galli, Menzies. Petioles and scape at length slender and a foot or two high :
leaf reniform and sometimes emarginate, crenate ! (2 to 4 inches wide) : flowers in a simple
or 1-2-forked cyme: corolla white ; its tube not longer than the calyx ; the lobes naked
but with a medial crest. Hook. Bot. Misc. i. 45, t. 24. Villarsia Crista-jalli, Griseb. 1. c.
Marshy ground, coast of Br. Columbia to Alaska, Men~ies, Mcrtcns, &c.
13. LIMNANTHEMUM, Gmelin. FLOATING HEART. (From lifirrj,
marsh or pool, and urfiffior, blossom.) Perennial fibrous-rooted water-plants (of
temperate and tropical regions) ; with proliferous or stolouiferous growth ; the
leaves orbicular or ovate and deeply cordate, entire or repand, floating ; the flowers
in our species as if umbellate-fascicled on the petiole, produced all summer, some-
times polygamous. Stolons sometimes tuberiferous.
L. lacunosum, Griseb. Petioles and stolons filiform, much elongated : leaves orbic-
ular-cordate, an inch or two long, mostly quite entire : umbel of flowers borne near to the
base of the leaf, often accompanied by a fascicle of thickened and short spur-like rootlets :
corolla white, a third to half inch in diameter; its broadly oval lobes naked (except a
crest-like yellowish gland at base), twice the length of the lanceolate calyx-lobes : style
none: seeds numerous, smooth and even. Gent. 347, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 141, in part;
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 303, ed. 5, 300. Vil/arsia lacunosa, Vent. Choix, 9; Pursh, Fl. i. 139, excl.
syn. V. cordata, Ell. Sk. i. 230, a fitter name. Shallow ponds, &c., Canada to Florida
and Louisiana.
L. tracliyspermum, Gray, 1. c. Larger : petioles, &c., stouter : leaves cordate-orbicu-
lar, 2 to G inches in diameter, with margins sometimes repand, of thick texture, the dis-
colored lower surface reticulate-veined, spongy and pitted : umbel usually destitute of
thickened rootlets : expanded corolla three-fourths inch wide : style none : seeds roughened.
L. lacunosum, var. anstrale, Griseb. Gent. 1. c. Anomjmos aqiiatica, Walt. Car. 109. Villarsia
atjuatica, Gmel. Syst. i. 447. V. tracki/sperma. Ell. 1. c. Meni/anthes traehysperma, Michx. Fl.
i. 126. Ponds and streams, Maryland (Canby) and Virginia to Florida and Texas.
ORDER XCI. POLEMONIACE^E.
Herbaceous or rarely shrubby plants, with bland colorless juice, simple or di-
vided leaves and no stipules, perfect and regular 5-merous flowers except that
the free ovary is trimerous (3-celled with placentas in the axis) ; the persistent
calyx imbricated, and the corolla dextrorsely convolute (and not plicate) in the
bud ; the fruit a 3-celled loculicidal capsule, usually with a thick placental axis ;
the few or many seeds small, amphitropous or nearly anatropous, with a thin or
soft coat, commonly developing mucilage when wetted ; the embiyo straight and
rather large in the axis of a fleshy or harder albumen, the cotyledons flat or
flattish and rather broad. Stamens on the corolla alternate with its lobes, distinct.
Phlox. POLEMONIACEJE. 129
Style one, 3-lobed or cleft ; the introrse stigmas (or lobes of the style stigmatic
down the inner face) slender. Hypogynous disk generally manifest. Almost
exclusively American, and remarkable among the hypogynous gamopetalous
orders for the 3-merous pistil, but in 2 or 3 species of Gilia 2-merous. The corolla
is not always perfectly regular, and the o stamens are very commonly unequal in
length or insertion. Cobcea, common in cultivation, is very exceptional in the
order, climbing by tendrils belonging to pinnate leaves, and its capsule septicidal.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 247 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 820.
* Stamens unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, not declined.
1. PHLOX. Corolla strictly salverform, with slender tube and narrow orifice. Filaments
very short and unequally inserted : anthers mostly included. Ovules solitary or few in
each cell. Seed unaltered when wetted. Leaves opposite and entire.
2. COLLOMIA. Corolla tubular-funnelform or salverform, with an open orifice, from
which the unequally inserted filaments commonly protrude. Ovules solitary or numerous.
Seed-coat developing mucilage and projecting uncoiling spiral threads (spmcles) when
wetted, except in one species. Leaves mostly alternate, and pinnately incised or divided.
* * Stamens equally inserted in or below the throat or sinuses of the corolla.
3. LCESELIA. Corolla tubular or funnelform, somewhat irregular, the limb being more
or less unequally cleft ; the naked filaments declined. Otherwise as Gilia.
4. GILIA. Corolla from campanulate to funnelform and salverform, regular. Filaments
not declined, naked (rarely pubescent) at base. Ovules and seeds from solitary to numer-
ous. Leaves various.
5. POLEMONIUM. Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate, regular. Filaments more
or less declined and usually pilose-appcndaged at base, slender. Ovules and seeds few or
several in each cell. Calyx herbaceous, not scarious below the sinuses nor the lobes cos-
tate, accrescent. Leaves all alternate, pinnate or pinnately parted.
1. PHLOX, L. (Ancient Greek name of Lychnis, from g^oi, flame.) N.
American herbs, or a few suffrutescent, chiefly perennials, many cultivated for
their ornamental blossoms. Cauline leaves sessile and opposite, or some of the
upper varying to alternate. Flowers cymose, showy, from blue-purple or lilac to
crimson and white ; the calyx narrow, and the corolla strongly convolute in the
bud. Most species with long filiform style about equalling or surpassing the
corolla-tube, but some with short included style, perhaps by dimorphism ; but
only in P. subulata have both forms been found in the same species.
1. Perennial herbs of the Atlantic States, with flat (broad or narrow) leaves,
and solitary ovules.
* Stem strictly erect (smooth or sometimes rough): cymules compact, numerous, in a pyramidal
or corymbose panicle or elongated thyrsus : pedicels very short: corolla with entire rounded lobes:
fl. summer.
P. paniculata, L. Stem stout, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate and ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, tapering at base, or the uppermost more or less cordate : panicle ample,
pyramidal-corymbose : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous : corolla pink-purple varying to
white. Spec. i. 151 ; Lam. 111. t. 103 ; Gray, 1. c. 240. P. undulata, Ait. Kew. i. 205. P.
cordata, Ell. ; Sweet, Brit, Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 13. P. acuminata, Pursh ; Bot, Mag. t. 1880.
P. conjmbosa, Sweet, 1. c. t. 114. P. scabra, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. t. 248. P. Sickmanni,
Lehm. in Act. Nat. Cur. xiv. t. 46. P. dccussata, Hortul. (Some of the above smooth,
others rough or hairy forms.) Open woods, Penn. to Illinois, Louisiana, and Florida.
P. maculata, L. Stem more slender, li to 2 feet high, commonly purple-spotted :
leaves very smooth, thickish ; the lower lanceolate and the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate
from a rounded or cordate base : panicle narrow and usually long : calyx-teeth triangular-
lanceolate, short: corolla pink-purple. Spec. i. 152; Lam. 111. t. 108; Jacq. Vind. t. 127.
P. pyramidal/s, Smith, Exot. ii. t. 87 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 233, with P. reflexa, Sweet, 1. c.
t. 232, & P. pendu/iflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 46, robust cultivated forms. Rich
woodlands and along streams, N. Penn. to Iowa and Florida.
9
130 POLEMOXIACE^S. Phlox.
Var. Candida, Michx., is a white-flowered form, commonly with spotless stem.
P. suaveolens, Ait. 1. c., fide Benth. P. tardijlora, Penny, fide Benth. P. long/flora, Sweet,
1. c. ser. 2, t. 31. With the ordinary form.
* * Stems, at least the flowering ones, ascending or erect : cymules corymbed or sometimes sim-
ple : flowers chiefly pedicelled : lobes of the corolla broad, obovate or obcordate.
-1 Calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular-subulate: whole plant glabrous or nearlv so, never viscid:
stems ascending or erect: pedicels equalling or shorter than the calyx: lobes o'f the pink or rose-
red corolla rounded and entire : fl. early summer.
P. OVata, L. Stems rather low, ascending from a decumbent or creeping base: leaves
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, the uppermost often subcordate and the lowest tapering into a
margined petiole : calyx-teeth short and broad, ovate or triangular-lanceolate, acute.
Bot. Mag. t. 528; Gray, 1. c. P. Carolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 216 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1344; a taller
form, with narrower more tapering leaves and pointed calyx-teeth, approaching the next
species. P.latifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 143. P. trijlmi, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 29. Open
woods, from Alabama northward in the mountain region to Pennsylvania.
P. glaberrima, L. Stems taller and erect : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, or the
uppermost narrowly ovate-lanceolate, tapering gradually to an acute point, firm in texture,
almost veinless, bright green and glossy above, often with revolute margins : calyx-teeth
triangular- or lanceolate-subulate, very sharp-pointed. Spec. 1. c. 152 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Gard. ser. 2, t. 30; Benth. in DC. 1. c. P. reni'uta, Aikin in Eaton, Man. Prairies and
open woodlands, N. Virginia and Ohio to Wisconsin and south to Florida.
Var. suffruticosa, a form with more rigid stems, either smooth or scabrous, or the
inflorescence strongly rough-puberulent, and the upper leaves broadly lanceolate, verging
to narrow-leaved forms of the preceding species. P. suffruticosa, Willd. Enum. 200;
Bot, Reg. t. 08. P. nitida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 730. P. Carolina, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1344 ; Sweet,
Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 190, not L. P. Inflora, Michx. Fl. i. 143 ? P. carnca, Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 2155, smooth form. P. Carolina, var. nitida & var. pnhcrula, Benth. in DC. L c. Georgia
and Tennessee to Florida and Louisiana.
1 -H- Calyx-teeth long and slender : flowering stems erect, ascending, or sometimes spreading, at
least the summit and the calyx more or less hairy or glandular-pubescent : fl. in spring.
-H- No runners or prostrate sterile shoots.
P. Floridana, Benth. Stems erect and strict, a foot or two high, slightly hairy or nearly
glabrous below, as are the lanceolate-linear or broadly linear rather rigid leaves, the
summit and the corymb glandular : teeth of the glandular-pubescent calyx lanceolate-
setaceous : lobes of the light purple corolla roundish-obovate, entire. Prodr. 1. c. 304 ;
Chapm. Fl. 309. Dry open woods, Florida, Chapman, JRiif/d. Foliage, &c., nearly as in
the preceding, the calyx approaching the following.
P. pilosa, L. Villous-hairy, pubescent, or sometimes glabrate : stems erect, slender (a
foot or two high) : leaves linear or lanceolate, usually tapering gradually from near the
sessile base to the acute point : corymb at length loose : teeth of the hairy more or less
viscous calyx subulate-setaceous or awn-like : lobes of the (pink, purple, rose, or sometimes
white) corolla obovate and entire. Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1307 ; Lodd. Cab. t. 1251. P. aris-
tata, Michx. ; Lodd. Cab. t, 1731 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 80. P. cusp/data, Schecle in Linn,
xxiii. 139. Dry or sandy woods, prairies, &c., from New Jersey to Iowa and Saskatche-
wan, and south to Florida and Texas. Very variable as to foliage and pubescence.
Slender southern forms pass into
Var. detonsa, Gray. Smoother or almost glabrous, but corymb and calyx more or
less pubescent : except in the calyx nearly approaches narrow-leaved forms of P. glaberrima.
Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. P. aristata, Benth., partly. Alabama and Florida to Texas.
P. amtiena, Sims. Softly villous-pubescent, or sometimes hirsute : stems ascending,
simple (a span or two high) : leaves erectish, short, oblong-lanceolate or nearly linear,
seldom acute, the uppermost subtending or involucrating the compact cymose cluster:
calyx-teeth narrow-subulate, very acute, but not awn-tipped: lobes of the (purple or
pink, seldom white) corolla (half inch long) almost equalling the tube, obovate, entire, or
rarely emaginate. Bot. Mag. t. 1308 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 251. P. pilosa, Walt.,
Michx., &c., not L. P. pilosa, var. Walteri, Gray, Man. ed. 2. P. Walter! , Chapm. Fl. 1. c.
P. procumbens, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 372, not Lehm. P. involucrata, Wood, Classbook, 1801, 568.
Hills and dry barrens, Virginia and Kentucky to Florida.
Phlox. POLEMONIACE.E. 131
H- -H- Sterile shoots from the base creeping or decumbent : leaves comparatively broad, and with
the steins and calyx softly more or less viscid-pubescent: pedicels rather slender.
P. divaricata, L. Stems diffuse or ascending, the sterile shoots decumbent or somewhat
creeping and bearing ovate sessile leaves : cauline leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, rather
acute : cyme open : calyx-teeth slenderly linear-subulate : lobes of the bluish or lavender-
colored (1 to li inches wide) corolla cimeate-obcordate or barely emarginate (Bot. Mag.
t. 163, & P. Canadensis, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 221), or not rarely quite entire (var.
L'l/ihfimli, Wood. P. tjlutinosa, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 177, as to specimens, but
flowers not "red or scarlet.") Damp woods, W. Canada and New York to Iowa, Florida
and Arkansas. Corolla with the sinuses open. Style (always '? ) very short.
P. reptans, Michx. Stems weak and slender ; the sterile long and prostate or creeping,
runner-like, bearing obovate or roundish leaves with narrowed base; the flowering erect, a
span or more high, bearing 3 or 4 pairs of oval or oblong mostly obtuse leaves : cyme sim-
ple, few-flowered : calyx-teeth linear-subulate : lobes of the purple or violet corolla round-
ish, mostly entire, about half the length of the tube. Vent. Malm. t. 107. P. stolonifera,
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 563; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 293. Damp woods of the Alle-
ghany region and near it, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and Georgia. Corolla-tube an inch
long; style long, the stigmas and some of the stamens often more or less projecting.
* * * Stems diffuse and branching, slender, low (a span high): flowers scattered or barely
cymulose, peduncled; the peduncles often elongated : lobes of the corolla narrowly cuneate and
bilid : calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate : fl. spring.
P. bifida, Beck. Minutely pubescent: leaves linear (an inch or two long, a line or two
wide), glabrate : lobes of the pale violet-purple corolla 2- (rarely 3-) cleft to or below the
middle into oblong or nearly linear diverging segments. Am. Jour. Sci. xi. 167 ; Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 373. Prairies of Illinois and Missouri.
P. Stellaria, Gray. Very glabrous: leaves barely somewhat ciliate at base, linear (an
inch or two long, a line or more wide), acute, rather rigid: flowers scattered, mostly long-
pcduncled : lobes of the " pale blue or almost white " corolla bifid at the apex into barely
oblong lobes. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 252. Cliffs of Kentucky River (above Lexington ? ),
in fissures of the 7iiost precipitous rocks, Short. S. Illinois, G. If. French, &c. Bases of the
filiform and tufted or creeping steins rigid and persistent.
2. Suffruticulose and creeping-cespitose, evergreen, east of the Mississippi,
with mostly crowded and fascicled subulate and rigid leaves: lobes of the corolla
at most obcordate : fl. early spring.
P. SUbulata, L. (GROUND or Moss PIXK.) Depressed, forming broad mats, pubescent,
when old glabrate ; leaves squarrose-spreading, ciliate, varying from lanceolate- or subu-
late-linear to almost acerose, 4 to 10 lines long : flowers mostly slender-pedicelled : calyx-
lobes subulate: lobes of the (pink, purple, or white) corolla obcordate or rarely entire:
ovules solitary or in pairs (or rarely 3) in each cell. (Style generally long and ovules
solitary.) Jacq. Fragm. t. 44 ; Bot. Mag. t. 411, & t. 415 (as spf(tcra). P. setacea, L., form
with slender leaves. P. nivalis, Lodd. Bot, Cab. t. 780; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. 1. 185: style
short; and ovules commonly (but not always) 2 or rarely 3 in each cell, and corolla white.
P. Hentzii, Nutt., a state of the last with lobes of the corolla entire or nearly so. P. aris-
tata, Lodd. I.e. 1. 1731, a white-flowered variety. Rocky bare hills and sandy banks,
S. New York to Michigan, Kentucky and Florida. Very variable species.
P. PROCUMBENS, Lehm. (Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1828; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 7 ; Lodd.
Cab. t. 1722 ; P. subulata, var. latifolia, Benth. in DC. 1. c.), is unknown as a wild plant, and
is apparently a hybrid between P. subulata and P. amaena.
3. Suffruticulose or suffrutescent, rarely herbaceous to the ground, natives of
the Rocky Mountain region and westward, chiefly with narrow or minute and
thickish-margined leaves, and branches or peduncles mostly one-flowered, in
spring and summer. (Species most difficult, passing into one another.)
* Densely cespitose and depressed, mostly forming cushion-like evergreen mats or tufts ; the short
leaves (l to 5 lines long) crowded up to the solitary and sessile (or in the last species short-pe-
duncled) flowers, and also fascicled, scarious-connate at base, the old ones marcescent: ovules
solitary in each cell. The earlier species of the series most depressed, pulvinate, and imbricate-
leaved ; the last looser, longer-leaved and approaching the next subsection.
132 POLEMONIACE.E. Phlox.
-I Leaves moie or less beset or ciliate with cobweb-like or woolly hairs,
H- Very short, broadish or scale-like, soft, barely mucronate. appressed-imbricated : plants very
depressed, moss-like, forming pulvinate tufts : lobes of the corolla entire.
P. Richardsonii, Hook. Rather loosely tufted : leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 lines long,
sparsely lanate above, and with thickened reflexed margins; the marcescent older ones lax
and spreading: tube of the "brilliant lilac" corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx,
the broadly cuneate-obovate lobes 3 lines long. Hook. Fl. ii. 73, 1. 160. Arctic sea-
coast, Richardson, Pullcn.
P. foryoid.es, Nutt. Habit somewhat of SelagineUa rupestris, copiously lanate : leaves
(even the marcescent ones) very densely appressed-imbricated in 4 strict ranks on the loosely
tufted branches, scale-like, ovate- or triangular-lanceolate, minute (only H lines long), with
rather inflexed margins : tube of the corolla considerably longer than the calyx, its cune-
ate lobes barely a line and a half long. PL Gamb. 153. High Rocky Mountains in
Wyoming, lat, 42-45, Nuttnll, Parry.
P. muscoides, Nutt. Like the preceding, more resembling some canescent moss; the
branches much tufted, very short ; leaves less strictly qnadrifarious and less lanate, ovate-
lanceolate, mucronulate: tube of the corolla not surpassing the calyx. Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 42, t. 6, fig. 2. Rocky Mountains, at the sources of the Missouri, Wi/eth.
H- -H- Leaves subulate or acerose, somewhat rigid, less appressed : plants forming broad mats, 2 to
4 inches high.
P. Hoodii, Richards. Sparsely or loosely lanate, becoming glabrate ; leaves subulate,
rather rigid, erect, somewhat loosely imbricated: tube of the (white ?) corolla not exceed-
ing the calyx ; its lobes obovate, entire, 2 to 2i lines long. Frankl. Journ. Appx. t. 28.
Sandy plains and hills of the Saskatchewan, &c., from lat. 54, and along the Rocky
Mountains down to the south-west part of Wyoming.
P. canescens, Torr. & Gray. More lanate and canescent : leaves subulate, imbri-
cated, soon recurved-spreading above the appressed base (3 to 5 lines long) ; tube of the
white corolla at length exceeding (often about twice the length of) the calyx; the obovate
lobes entire or emarginate, 3 or 4 lines long. Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 8, t. ; Watson, Bot.
King, 259. Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado to the Sierra Nevada in Califor-
nia and New Mexico. Apparently passes into the preceding.
.)__ +- Leaves rigid (one third to half inch long), destitute of woolly or cobwebby hairs, the mar-
gins naked or ciliate with rigid or rather soft hairs: plants either densely or loosely tufted; the
leaves mostly less crowded.
P. ceespitosa, Nutt. Leaves linear-subulate or oblong-linear, commonly much crowded,
hispid-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or with some short glandular-tipped rigid hairs : corolla
with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx; its lobes obovate, entire, 3 lines long. Jour.
Acad. Philad. vii. 41, t. 6, fig. 1. Var. riyida, Gray, in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 254, is a de-
pressed form, with acerose-subulate at length recurved-spreading rigid leaves. P. rirjida,
Benth. in DC. Var. randmsala, Gray, 1. c., is a very dwarf, pulvinate-tufted form, with
short and erect closely imbricated leaves, only 2 or 3 lines long ; and is P. Hoodii, Gray,
Enum. PI. Parry (298) in Am. Jour. Sci. Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Montana, &c., to
Oregon and the high Sierra in California. Laxer narrow-leaved forms pass into the next.
P. Douglasii, Hook. Less densely tufted, either pubescent or nearly glabrous : leaves
acerose or narrowly linear-subulate, less rigid and usually less crowded, often spreading,
their margins hirsutely-ciliate next the base or naked : flowers subscssile or short-pedun-
cled: corolla (purple, lilac, or white) with tube more or less exceeding the calyx, and
obovate entire lobes about 3 lines long. Hook. Fl. ii. 73, t. 158 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
1. o. Eastern and western sides of the Rocky Mountains, from Montana to L T tah, west to
Oregon and the borders of California. Passes into the subjoined forms.
Var. diffusa, Gray, 1. c., with more loosely spreading or cespitose-decumbent stems,
and lax spreading leaves, growing in moister places. P. diffusa, Benth. PI. Hartw. 325.
Western slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, California to British
Columbia.
Var. longif 61ia, Gray, 1. c., a rigid form, of more arid regions, and long and narrow
less fascicled leaves (linear-filiform or acerose, 5 to 8 lines long, either ascending or spread-
ing), approaching P. longifolia. W. Nebraska to Oregon and N. E. California.
PJtlox.
POLEMONIACE^E. 133
* * Loosely tufted or many-stemmed from a. merely woody-persistent base, or wholly herba-
ceous, with linear or lanceolate (or rarely ovate) spreading (approximate or sometimes distant)
leaves, which are little if at all fascicled in the axils: flowers slender-peduncled, solitary or
somewhat cymulose.
) Style long and slender, often equalling or almost equalling the tube of the corolla.
H- Arctic, with rather flaccid leaves and stems.
P. Sibirica, L. Mostly villous-pubescent, especially on the margins of the narrow linear
leaves, depressed and loosely cespitose, less than a span high : tube of the corolla little
longer than its obcordate or emarginate lobes, seldom surpassing the calyx: ovules 2 in
each cell. (Gmel. Fl. Sib. iv. t. 4G, fig. 2.) Trautv. Imag. t. 24. Kotzebue Sound. (N.
E. Asia.)
++ ++ Temperate, inhabiting the plains and mountains from the borders of British Columbia south-
ward : leaves and commonly erect or ascending stems more firm or rigid : calyx-tube between the
stroiv ribs scarious, inclined to be membranacepus and more or less replicate, forming intervening
angle's : the narrowly subulate and mostly rigid teeth shorter than the tube of the rose-colored
or sometimes white corolla.
P. linearifolia, Gray. Glabrous, above sometimes minutely hirsute-pubescent, corym-
bosely much branched from a ligneous base, a spaii or more high : leaves very narrowly
linear (an inch or two long, about a line wide) : calyx-tube mostly saliently 5-angled from
the broader base by the strong replication of the white-membranaceous sinuses ; the lobes
nearly acerose : tube of the corolla little exceeding the calyx ; the obovate-cuneate lobes
entire or barely retuse : ovules 2 in each cell. P. speciosa, var. linearifolia, Hook. Kew.
Jour. Bot. iii. 239, mostly. P. speclosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1351 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. From
the Dalles to the upper waters of the Columbia, Douglas, Spalding, Gcyer, &c.
P. longifolia, Nutt. Nearly glabrous or pubescent, much branched or many-stemmed
from a ligneous base, 3 to 8 inches high : calyx more or less angled by the white-mem-
branaceous replicate sinuses : leaves mostly narrowly linear (1 to 24- inches long) : lobes of
the corolla obovate- or oblong-cuneate, entire or retuse : ovules almost always solitary in
each cell. Jour. Acad. Philacl. vii. 41. P. speclosa, var., Hook. Fl. ii. 72. P. humilis,
Dougl. ; Benth. 1. c. : a small and short-peduncled form, sometimes apparently passing into
P. Donr/lusli, var. lonr/i folia. From the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains, Montana to
Colorado, west to Nevada and Oregon, and north to British Columbia or nearly : south-
westward passing into
Var. Stansburyi, Gray, 1. c. Conspicuously piibescent throughout, or sometimes
glabrate, generally stouter and more open in growth : leaves from linear to linear-lanceo-
late : pubescence of the branches and calyx viscid or glandular : corolla mostly pink or
rose-color, and its tube commonly twice the length of the calyx ; the lobes emarginate or
erose at the apex : ovules sometimes a pair in one or two of the cells. P. speciosa, var. ?
Stansburyi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 145. Utah and Nevada to New Mexico and Arizona.
Passes into
Var. brevifolia, Gray, 1. c., a depressed or dwarf form ; with leaves 9 to 4 lines long,
rigid and with more cartilaginous margins, at least the lower lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late : peduncles either short or none, or elongated. From Dakotah (Black Hills) to N.
California and Arizona.
P. adsurgens, Torr. Glabrous, except the slender peduncles and scarcely replicate-
angled calyx, which are glandular-pubescent : stems diffuse and ascending, slender (a span
or two long) : leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, 5 to 10 lines long, all but the lower
much shorter than the internodes : tube of the corolla nearly twice the length of the
calyx; its lobes obovate, entire (about 5 lines long) : ovules solitary in each cell. Gray,
Proc, Am. Acad. viii. 2-30. Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Prof. A. Wood, C. W. Citsick.
H 1__ Style very short, mostly shorter than the ovary and the linear stigmas : calyx-tube cylin-
draceous, the tliin-mcmbranous portion between the fibs not projecting into salient angles.
P. speciosa, Pursll. Above somewhat viscid-puberulent or glandular, below often gla-
brous, a foot to even a yard high ; the branches ascending from a shrubby base : leaves
lanceolate or linear (an inch or two long) ; the upper especially broadest at base : flowers
corymbose : corolla rose-pink or nearly white ; its tube little exceeding the calyx ; its
lobes obcordate: ovules solitary. Gray, Proc. I.e. & Bot. Calif, i. 48G. P. speciosa, var.
latffoHa, Hook. Kew. Jour. Bot. 1. c. P. d/'nar/cata, Durancl. PL Pratten., not Michx.
P. occidental, Durand. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 125 : a broad-leaved form. Interior plains of
134 POLEMONIACE^. Phlox.
the upper Columbia to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, California. In the larger Cali-
fornian specimens, the corolla is an inch or more in diameter.
Var. Sabini, Gray, 1. c. Differs only in the lobes of the corolla being entire or
barely retuse (obovate with a narrowed cuneate base). P. Sabini, Dougl. in Hook. 1. c. ;
Benth. 1. c. P. speciosa, var. elutior, Hook. Fl. ii. 72. Spokan River, Dour/las, Lijall.
Var. \VoodllOUSei, Gray, 1. c. Small form, a span high, with linear leaves not
broadened at base, and a much smaller corolla ; its cuneate-obcordate lobes only 4 lines
long. P. nana, Torr. in Sitgreaves Rep., not Nutt. Arizona, near Williams Mountain,
Dr. WoodJiouse.
P. nana, Nutt. Glandular and roughish-pubescent, loosely and copiously branching
from a somewhat ligneous base, a span or more high: leaves linear (an inch or two long),
those of the branches often alternate : flowers scattered or somewhat corymbose : corolla
rose, "red" or " white/' with tube somewhat exceeding the calyx; its ample and broadly
cuneate-obovatc or roundish lobes entire or nearly so (about half inch long) : ovules 2 or
often 3 in each cell. PI. Gamb. 153 ; Gray, Proc. 1. c. 256. P. triovnlata, fhurber in Bot.
Mex. Bound. 145. Var. glabdla, Gray, 1. c., is merely a less pubescent or glabrate form,
less branched and more erect, the leaves narrower and all opposite. New Mexico, es-
pecially on the Rio Grande, and adjacent borders of Colorado and Texas.
4. Annuals, all Texan, more or less pubescent with viscous or glandular
many-jointed hairs : leaves linear or oblong, most of the upper ones alternate :
calyx at length splitting almost to the base, the linear or subulate-lanceolate lobes
setaceous-tipped : style shorter or not longer than the stigmas : ovules in each
cell 1 to 5 : seeds with somewhat wing-like angles.
P. Drummoildii, Hook. Loosely branching, villous and glandular: leaves mostly
oblong or lanceolate, mucronate-pointed ; the upper commonly half-clasping by a broader
somewhat cordate base : flowers 7iiostly in crowded eymose clusters : calyx-lobes lanceolate-
subulate, soon recurved : corolla red, varying to rose, purple, or white ; the lobes broadly
obovate, entire or nearly so (about half inch long) ; the tube usually pubescent : ovules
solitary in the cells. Bot. Mag. t. 3441 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1949 ; Br. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 316.
Texas, especially in the eastern districts, and everywhere familiar in gardens.
Var. villosissima, Gray. A very villous and viscous form, with more scattered
flowers of large size, and barely spreading calyx-lobes : lobes of the pale corolla half inch
lonar and broad. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 257. S. Texas on the Nueces, Wr'njht.
Var. tsnuis, Gray, 1. c. A small and slender form, much less pubescent ; with
mostly linear or almost glabrous leaves (about an inch long), rather narrower instead of
dilated at the base, and an open cyme of small flowers : lobes of the pink or purple corolla
only 2 to 4 lines long. Common in Eastern Texas, Dru.mm.ond, Lindheimer, Wright. Seem-
ingly very distinct.
P. Roemeriana, Scheele. Loosely branched from the base, a span or more high,
sparsely hirsute or glabrate (except the calyx-tube): leaves lanceolate, or the oblong or
spatulate lower ones often glabrous except the margins : flowers solitary or sparse : calyx-
lobes linear, merely spreading : corolla pink or rose-colored ; the glabrous tube not exceed-
ing the calyx, about half inch long, shorter than the ample roundish-obovate entire
lobes : ovules in each cell 4 or 5 ! Linna\a, xxi. 752. P. macrnntha, Buckley, in Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1862, 5. Texas, near San Antonio, &c., on high prairies. Commonly with most of
the leaves alternate !
2. COLLiOMIA, Nutt. (KM.n< glue or gluten, the seeds when wetted mu-
cilaginous.) Annuals or biennials of the western region, some with showy
flowers worthy of cultivation. Lower leaves usually opposite. Nutt. Gen. i.
126 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 258.
1. EUCOLLOMIA, Gray. Ovules solitary or in the last species 2 or 3 in each
cell : corolla salverform or almost so : annuals, more or less viscid-pubescent or
glandular. - - Collomia, Benth. in DC. Prodr.. with one Navarretia. ( C. gracilis
Collomia. POLEMONIACEJE. 135
alone wants the spiricles, which are so conspicuous on the seed-coat of the gen-
uine species, in which they were first detected.)
* Calyx obconical : leaves sessile, entire or sometimes sparingly incised,
t Flowers capitate-crowded and leafy-bracted, or a few of them scattered.
C. grand.ifl.6ra, Dougl. Erect, a foot or two high : leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate,
or uppermost lance-ovate : calyx-lobes broad and obtuse : corolla buff or salmon-color, nar-
row-funnelform, an inch long, showy. Lincll. Bot. Reg. t. 1174 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2894.
Plains, &c., from the Rocky Mountains, lat. 48, to Nevada and California. Var. tenuifolia,
Benth., is a form with more slender corolla.
C. linearis, Nutt. More branching and in age spreading, a span or two high : calyx-
lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute : corolla half inch long, from lilac-purple to nearly white,
very slender, little enlarged at the throat ; the limb small. Gen. i. 126 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 11GG; Hook. Bot, Mag. t. 2893. Lake Winnipeg and Mackenzie River (and even New
Brunswick, on the coast, Fowler, perhaps a chance introduction), west to the Pacific, and
south to California and Colorado. Passes into
Var. SUbulata, Gray. 1. c. A low and slender form, diffusely branching from the
base: leaves narrow and acute: flowers few in the lower forks: calyx-lobes attenuate-
subulate ; the tips almost awnlike from a broad base, rather longer than the tube. C. tine-
toria, Kellogg, Proc. Acad. Calif, iii. 17, t. 2. Nevada and adjacent parts of California
and Oregon.
t -i Flowers scattered, all solitary in the forks.
C. tenella, Gray. Slender, 3 or 4 inches high, loosely branched, viscid : leaves linear
with a long tapering base, obtusish : flowers solitary in all the forks, remote, almost ses-
sile : calyx-lobes rather broadly triangular, acute, shorter than the broadly turbinate tube,
about half the length of the narrow purplish corolla, this 3 or 4 lines long. Proc. 1. c. ;
Watson, Bot. King, 202, & Bot. Calif, i. 488. Dry hills, Utah and Nevada to eastern and
northern parts of California.
* * Calyx rounded at base : leaves sessile, entire, the lower oftener opposite : flowers rather loosely
cymose'or scattered. The mucilage-cells of the seed-coat wholly destitute of spiral fibres !
C. gracilis, Dougl. At length corymbosely much branched and spreading, 2 to 6 inches
high : leaves lanceolate, or linear or the lowest oval or obovate : corolla 5 lines long, pur-
ple or violet ; the narrow tube yellowish and seldom longer than the subulate-linear
lobes of the deeply-cleft calyx. Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1022, & DC. Prodr. ix. 308.
Giiia gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924. Collomia micrantha, Kellogg, 1. c. fig. 3. Colorado
and New Mexico and from Brit. Columbia south to Arizona. (W. S. Amer.)
$::$: Calyx obt use or acute at base : leaves all alternate and mostly incised or pinnately divided,
all the low'er petioled: corolla pinkish-purple, slender, half inch or less long, twice or thrice the
length of the calyx.
C. gilioides, Benth. Stems loosely branching, erect or diffuse, a span to 2 feet long :
leaves nearly simply cut or parted into lanceolate or narrowly oblong divisions : flowers
loose or scattered : calyx obtuse or rounded at base, deeply cleft ; the lobes linear-subu-
late : stamens moderately unequal in insertion : ovules solitary or rarely in pairs : capsule
globular. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. I.e. (with var. (jliit.inosa) & Bot, Calif. I.e. C. gilioides
& C. yhitinosa, Benth. 1. c., the latter a more viscid state of this variable species. Gilia
dtvaricatn, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 155, a slender form.
C. heterophylla, Hook. Low, diffuse : leaves thin, mostly pinnatifid with the lobes
again incised, or bipinnatifid, some of the uppermost less cut or even entire and bract-
like, subtending the more or less capitate or looser clusters of flowers : calyx acute at
base, cleft barely to the middle ; the lobes ovate-lanceolate : stamens very unequally in-
serted : ovules 2 or 3 in each cell: capsule ellipsoidal. Bot. Mag. t. 2895; Bot. Reg. t.
1347. Courtoisia lipinnatificla, Reichb. Tc. Exot. t. 208. Gilia Sessci, G. Don. Navarretia
heterophylla, Benth. in DC. 1. c. Brit. Columbia to California: common.
2. PHLOGXNTHEA, Gray, 1. c. Ovules numerous, i. e. 6 to 12 in each cell:
filaments unequal as well as unequally inserted, sometimes a little declined:
biennials (sometimes perhaps perennials), or annuals, slightly if at all viscid.
(Species of Gilia, sect. Ipomopsis, Benth.)
136 POLEMONIACE^. Collomia.
* Cauline leaves simply pinnately parted into few (3 to 7) narrow-linear or often almost filiform
divisions, very numerous, all alternate: inflorescence thyrsiform or panicled: corolla salverform,
with tube little if at all dilated upward.
C. Cavanillesiana, Don. Biennial (or perhaps perennial southward) with a somewhat
woody base, more or less pubescent, virgately branched : flowers in small clusters in a
narrow or raceme-like leafy thyrsus : pedicels very short or none : corolla white, ochroleu-
cous, or tinged with purple, only half inch long; the tube 2 or 3 times the length of the
calyx; the sinuses somewhat unequal; lobes oblong: filaments moderately unequally
inserted high in the considerably funnelform-expanded throat : anthers roundish : ovules
5 to 7 in the cells. Syst. iv. 247 ; Gray, 1. c. 260. Phlox piiwata, Cav. Ic. t. 528. Cantua
glpmeriflora, Juss. Ann. Mus. Par. iii. 119. Gt'lia cjlomcriflora, Bcnth. 1. c. G. nudtiflora, Nutt.
PI. Gamb. 1. c. New Mexico and W. Texas to Arizona. (Mcx.)
C. Thurberi, Gray. Resembles the preceding in foliage and growth, but only minutely
pubescent : inflorescence more spicate : flowers much larger : corolla blue or lilac, showy,
salverform ; the tube an inch or rather more in length, very slightly and gradually dilated
upwards, 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx and of its orbicular lobes : filaments in the
throat: anthers short-oblong: ovules 8 or 9 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. I.e. 201.
New Mexico, near the Santa Rita coppermines, and in Arizona, Thurber.
C. longiflora, Gray, 1. c. Annual, glabrous, loosely paniculate-branched : divisions of
the leaves long and slender : flowers loosely somewhat corymbose on slender peduncles :
corolla white, strictly salverform and Phlox-like, showy ; the tube often an inch and a
half long, with narrow orifice; lobes orbicular or ovate (sometimes abruptly pointed):
filaments very unequally inserted into the upper part of the tube, or 2 or 3 of them in the
throat : anthers elongated-oblong : ovules 10 or 12 in each cell. Cai/tuu loni/i flora, Torr. in
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 221. G'dia longijlora, Don, Benth., &c. W. Nebraska and Colorado to
borders of Texas, and Arizona ; common in pine forests.
* * Leaves mostly entire, narrowly linear, scattered: corolla truly funtielform.
C. leptalea, Gray. Slender annual, 2 to 18 inches high, minutely glandular, otherwise
glabrous, branching into an effuse panicle : leaves 6 t 20 lines long, or the uppermost
reduced to small subulate bracts, the lower sometimes with 2 or 3 small lobes : peduncles
filiform or capillary: calyx small; its lobes subulate: corolla pink-red, 5 to 10 lines long;
its slender tube longer than the calyx, and rather abruptly expanded into a wide funnel-
form throat of about the length of the oval spreading lobes. Proc. Am. Acad. I.e.
6 Bot. Calif, i. 488. Gil/a capillaris, Kellogg in- Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. California; com-
mon on moist or wet banks in the Sierra Nevada, &c. A delicate species ; the corolla in
shape like that of Gilia tenul/lora.
3. LCESELIA, L. (John Lcesel, of the 16th century, author of a Flora
Prussica, &c ) Somewhat shrubby or suffruticulose plants (of Mexico and ad-
jacent districts) ; with more or less rigid and commonly spinulose-toothed or
spinulose-ciliate leaves, and the uppermost forming conspicuous bracts to the
clustered flowers. But the following species form a section, GILIOPSIS, connect-
ing with Gitia, having more scattered flowers, hardly any bracts, and very nar-
row leaves (all alternate), merely with rigidly mucronate tips. Limb of the
corolla irregular by one of the lobes being separated by deeper sinuses from the
others ; the cuneate lobes erosely truncate or 3-denticulate : filaments incurved
below the apex. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 86.
L. tenuifolia, Gray. Much branched from a somewhat woody perennial base, a span to
a foot high, nearly glabrous : leaves linear-acerose, entire, or the lower and larger with 2 or
3 spreading subulate lobes : flowers rather crowded at the summit, the branches short-pedi-
celled : calyx-lobes subulate : corolla bright red, narrowly tubular-funnelform, an inch long ;
the tube 3 or 4 times the length of the lobes : capillary filaments and style conspicuously
exserted : ovules 8 or 10 in each cell. Bot. Calif, i. 500, & Proc. 1. c. Cantillas Moun-
tains, on the lower border of San Diego Co., California, Mr. Dunn, Palmer.
L. effusa, Gray. Diffusely much branched and rigid from an apparently annual root,
a foot high, nearly glabrous : leaves all entire and filiform or very narrowly linear, short
Gilia. POLEMONTACEJE. 137
(a quarter inch or less long) : flowers effusely paniculate : calyx-teeth short and broadly
triangular: corolla pink purple, short-funneli'orm, 5 lines long; its lobes fully as long as
the tube, unequal, about equalling the incurved filaments and style. Proo. Am. Acad.
1. c., & Bot. Calif, i. 021. With or near the preceding species, Palmer.
4. GfLJA, Ruiz. & Pav. (Dedicated to Philip Gil, who helped Xuarez to
write a treatise on exotic plants cultivated at Rome.) --North American, chiefly
Western, with a few S. American species ; several cult, for ornament. Flowers
in some species, especially in 3 and 9, tending to dimorphism, mainly in the
length of the style. A polymorphous genus : most of the sections have been
taken for genera, but they lack definiteness. Gray, Pror. Am. Acad. viii. 2(J1.
SERIES I. Leaves either opposite or palmately divided to the sessile base,
usually both ; their divisions from narrowly linear to filiform : seed-coat in many
species mucilaginous when wetted, but destitute of spiricles.
1. DACTYLOPI-IYLLUM, Gray, 1. c. Corolla campauulate, rotate, or short-fun-
nelform; the lobes obovate : filaments slender: ovules numerous or sometimes
few in each cell : seed-coat when wetted developing more or less mucilage-cells
from beneath the epidermis : low or slender annuals, loosely and mostly rather
small-flowered : leaves opposite or the upper alternate.
* Flowers snbsessile or short-pedicelled in the forks of the stem, at length crowded: calyx deeply
cleft or parted, the lobes unequal : corolla campanulate with hardly any proper tube (the filaments
inserted on its base); lobes entire or nearly so: plants barely 2 inches high, with 3-7 -parted
leaves.
G. Parryee, Gray. Pubescent, much branched from the base, forming a tuft : leaves
short, 5-7-parted ; the divisions linear-acerose (barely quarter inch long) : calyx deeply 5-
cleft; lobes acerose with broad thin-scarious margins: corolla (white, yellowish or purple,
half an inch long) with broadly ovate somewhat pointed lobes as long as the undivided
portion ; the throat below each crowned as it were by a broad adnate and emarginate or
obcordate scale : anthers oblong : capsule oval-oblong, many-seeded : seeds angular, not
mucilaginous when wetted. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 76. G. Kennedy!, Porter in Bot. Gazette,
ii. 77. Desert Plains, S. E. California : near the head of the Mohavc, Lemmon, Parry, Pal-
mer. Kern Co., W. L. Kenned//. Dedicated to Mrs. Parry, one of the botanical party which
discovered it. A handsome pygmy annual ; remarkable for having appendages to the
corolla not unlike those of many HydrophyllacecR.
G. demissa, Gray. Less pubescent, diffusely branching, forming a depressed tuft:
leaves 3-parted, or some of them simple (half inch long) ; the divisions acerose: calyx 5-
parted: corolla (white, sometimes purplish, 3 lines long) with obovate obtuse lobes and a
naked throat: anthers oval : ovules 6 or 7 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 263, & Bot.
Calif, i. 489; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. 1. 19. Desert plains, S. E. California and W.
Arizona to S. Utah, first collected by Fremont, next by Cooper.
* * Flowers loose or scattered on slender or capillary pedicels: calyx barely 5 -cleft : corolla shorl-
fuimelform or approaching rotate, and with entire lobes: the filaments 'inserted in the throat:
anthers oval : leaves 3-7-parted, more or less hispidulous, or rarely glabrous. Gilia Dactylo-
phyllum, Benth. in DC.
G. liniflora, Benth. Erect, at length diffuse, 6 to 18 inches high, nearly glabrous :
leaves Spurrey-like ; the divisions nearly filiform : flowers paniculate : pedicels 5 to 15 lines
long: corolla white or barely flesh-colored, somewhat rotate; its throat pubescent at base
of the filaments ; the obovate lobes thrice the length of the narrow tube, 3 to 5 lines long
in the larger forms : ovules in the cells 6 to 8. Benth. in Bot. Reg. no. 1622, & DC. 1. c.
315; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5895. California: rather common; passing freely into
Var. pharnaceoides, Gray, 1. c., a smaller form, with capillary diffuse branches
and flowers of only half the size. G. pfuirnacenides, Benth. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. 74, t. 161.
California to Brit. Columbia and eastward to the Rocky Mountains; the smallest states
strikingly different from the original G. lu/iflora.
G. pusilla, Benth. 1. c. Small, diffuse, 2 to 6 inches high, very slender : divisions of the
leaves filiform-subulate or acerose (3 to 5 lines long) : capillary pedicels 5 to 10 lines long :
138 POLEMOXIACE.E. Cilia.
corolla purplish with yellow throat or nearly white, broadly short-funnelform, 2 lines or
more long ; the obovate lobes equalling or longer than the campanulate throat and short
proper tube : filaments nearly glabrous at base, inserted below the sinuses : ovules 3 to 5
in each cell. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. The proper species, with corolla barely
exceeding the calyx, Guadalupe Island and Lower California, Palmer, Orcutt, &c. (Chili.)
Var. Californica, Gray, 1. c. Corolla with larger lobes, 2 or 3 lines long, and
twice the length of the calyx. Bot. Calif, i. 490. G.Jilipes, Beuth. PI. Hartw. 325.
California to Oregon.
G. Bolanderi, Gray, I.e. Like the variety of the foregoing; but the tube of the
(blue- or purple-tinged) corolla long and narrow, almost equalling the narrow cylindra-
ceous calyx-tube, rather longer than the oblong lobes along with the very short and slightly
dilated throat: filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous : ovules 2 to 5 in each
cell. California, on dry hills, Sonoma Co., to the Sierra Nevada, Bolandcr, A. Wood, Mrs.
Austin, Mrs. Ames. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long, but the comparatively small lobes only aline
and a half long. Longer pedicels an inch or so in length.
G. aurea, Nutt. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high : divisions of the hispidulous
leaves narrowly linear, barely 3 lines long : pedicels seldom longer than the flower, some-
what cymose : corolla mostly yellow, open and short-funnelform ; the rounded obovate
widely spreading lobes about as long as the obconical throat and the very short proper
tube: filaments inserted just below the sinuses, glabrous at base: ovules about 10 in each
cell. PI. Gainb. 155, t. 22; Gray, 1. c. From Sta. Barbara, California, to Arizona and
New Mexico. Corolla with the limb a third to half inch in diameter when fully expanded,
bright or light yellow, sometimes purplish in the throat ; or, in
Var. decora, Gray, 1. c., white or pale violet, with or without brown-purple in the
throat. California (Fremont, Brewer, c.) and through Arizona to New Mexico.
* * * Flowers terminating the branches, rather short-pedicelled : corolla short-funnelform, its
ample lobes fringe-toothed or denticulate: leaves all undivided and opposite. Fenzlii, Bentli.
Gllia Dianthoides, Endl.
G. dianthoides, Endl. Branching from the base, 2 to 5 inches high, more or less
pubescent : leaves narrow-linear : corolla an inch or more long, lilac or purplish usually
with darker or yellowish throat ; the slender nearly included glabrous filaments inserted
towards its base: ovules 12 to 20 in each cell. Atakt. t. 29; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4870.
Fendia dianthi flora, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. F. spcciosa (a large-flowered form), F.
concinna (a depauperate state), Xutt. Gamb. 157. California, from Santa Barbara and the
islands southward. A showy little plant, varying greatly in the size and hue of the flowers ;
the corolla-lobes in one form (coll. Coulter) only minutely erose-denticulate.
2. LINANTIIUS, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform ; the narrow tube about
equalling the cylindrical tube of the calyx (which is white-scanous, except the
ribs, prolonged into acerose-linear teeth) ; the broadly cuneate-obovate lobes com-
monly minutely or obsoletely erose or crenulate, strongly convolute in the bud :
stamens included in the tube of the corolla : filaments inserted below its middle,
slender: ovules 20 to 40 in each cell: capsule cylindraceous or oblong: erect and
slender glabrous annuals, about a span high or taller, with leaves all opposite,
filiform or nearly so, 3-5-divided, or the lower simple, sometimes nearly all
simple, especially in depauperate specimens : flowers mostly showy, white or
nearly so, terminal or in the forks and subsessile. Linanthus, Benth., formerly.
G. dichotoma, Benth. Flowers showy ; the lobes of the corolla from half to nearly
an inch long: anthers linear: seeds roundish, with a very loose arilliform external coat,
not developing mucilage when wetted. DC. 1. c. 314; Gray, 1. c. Linanthus dic/iotomus,
Benth. in Bot. Beg. I.e. Cilia Linanthus, Steud. Nom. California and Arizona; common
westward. Leaves all entire only in some depauperate specimens.
G. Bigelovii, Gray. Flowers inconspicuous ; the lobes of the corolla not over 2 lines
long, hardly surpassing those of the calyx and only half or one-third the length of its tube:
anthers oval: seeds oval or oblong, with a close coat, freely developing mucilage when
wetted. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 265; Watson, Bot. King, t. 25. G. dichotoma, var. parvi-
flora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147. W. borders of Texas to E. California.
Gilia. POLEMONIACE^E. 130
i
3. LEPTOSIPHON, Endl., Benth. Corolla salverform, with the tube mostly
filiform and elongated ; the very short throat commonly abruptly more or less
cyathiform-dilated : stamens inserted in the throat or orifice : anthers short :
ovules numerous : annuals, mostly low or slender, with opposite narrow leaves,
and handsome but commonly small flowers crowded into a capitate leai'y-bracted
cluster. (Style either very long and more or less exserted, or rather rarely short
and included, in different individuals of the same species.) - - Leptosiphon, Benth.
* Palmately-leaved genuine species, hairy, leafy-stemmed; commonly with leaves fascicled in the
axils and all 5-7 -parted; their divisions linear-filiform: filaments slender, exserted more or less
from the throat of the corolla, shorter than its entire lobes : ovules 6 to 10 in each cell.
t Large-flowered, and the tube of the corolla only equalling or little exceeding the obovate lobes.
G. densi.fi.6ra, Benth. Rather stout and large, often strict : numerous divisions of the
leaves filiform, somewhat rigid : tube of the lilac or nearly white corolla (half inch long)
little if at all exserted beyond the calyx, and villous-hirsute bracts. Gray, Proc. 1. c.
Leptosiphon densiflorus, Benth. in Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18; Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 172-5; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 3578. Gilia Leptosiphon, Steud. Nom. Varies with corolla-tube a little more
exserted, when it is G. yrandiflora, Steud. & Benth. 1. c. and Leptosiphon. ynuidijiorus, Benth.
in Bot. Reg. California; common towards the coast.
t -t Slender-flowered; the filiform tube of the corolla 2 to G times the length of the lobes; these
from 4 to less than 2 lines long, oval or ovate. Species difficult to deline.
G. brevicula, Gray. A span high, corymbosely branched, minutely pubescent and
above glandular : leaves few and short (quarter of an inch long) : tube of the corolla only
5 to 9 lines long, but much exceeding the calyx and bracts, hardly twice the length of
the (purple or violet) lobes : otherwise much like the next. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 79.
Southeastern California, on the Mohave River, Palmer.
G. androsacea, Steud. A span to a foot high : corolla much exserted beyond the
hirsute or villous-ciliate bracts and subtending leaves, lilac, pink, or nearly white with yel-
low or dark throat ; its tube an inch or less long, thrice the length of the lobes (limb 8 to
10 lines in diameter). Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 401. Leptosiphon androsaceus, Benth. in
Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3491; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1710. California ;
common west of the Sierra Nevada.
Var. rosacea, Gray. A dwarf and tufted form, with rose-red corolla, varying
however into other hues. Bot. Calif. 1. c. Leptosiphon parvijioms, var. rosaceus, Hook,
f. Bot. Mag. t. 58G3. Near San Francisco, Kelfajy.
Var. detonsa, Gray, 1. c. Slender and almost glabrous form, the bracts and leaves
merely hispidulous-ciliate. Western part of California, Bridi/es, Bracer. A less marked
form occurs on the borders of Nevada, Anderson.
G. micrantha, Steud. Slender, a span or so high : tube of the corolla extremely
slender, three-fourths to inch and a half long, 4 to 6 times longer than the lobes ; these 2 or
3 lines long: pubescence of the bracts, &c., short and soft, rarely hirsute-ciliate. Gray,
Proc. 1. c. excl. syn. var. rosaceus, Bot. Mag. Leptosiphon parr/ floras & L. Intuit, Benth. in
Bot. Keg. Gilia micrantha & G. lutea, Benth. in DC. 1. c. California; common through
the western part of the State. Flower from purplish or lilac to cream-color, sulphur-yel-
low, and even golden yellow (var. aurea, Benth. PI. Hartw.).
Var. longituba (G. lonyituba, Benth. PI. Hartw. 324) is one of the larger-flowered
forms, apparently passing into G. androsacea. Monterey, Harticcn, &c.
G. tenella, Benth. Mostly depressed, small : tube of the corolla less slender in propor-
tion to the size of the limb (6 to 9 lines long, the lobes only 14-) : bracts and leaves hispidu-
lous-ciliate. PI. Hartw. 325. Leptosiphon hicolor, Nntt. PI. Gamb., chiefly. Puget Sound
to Santa Barbara, California. Has been confounded with the two foregoing. Corolla dull
purple, or pink, with yellow throat.
G. ciliata, Benth. Rigid, rough, 4 to 12 inches high, the taller stems virgate : tube of
the corolla slightly or not at all exserted beyond the very hirsute or hispid-ciliate bracts
and subtending leaves (6 to 9 lines, and the lobes only li lines long) : calyx-lobes acerose.
PI- Hartw. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. California, reaching into Nevada, &c. Greyish with short
pubescence on the stems, and longer both rigid and softer spreading hairs fringing the
leaves and bracts. Corolla rose or violet, fading to white.
140 POLEMONIACE2E. Gilia.
* * Entire-leaved, wholly glabrous, very dwarf : anthers sessile in the throat of the corolla, the
cuneatc lobes of which are somewhat undulate-toothed or 1-3-dentate at the broad apex: ovules
10 to 10 in each cell.
G. nudicaulis, Gray. Very glabrous, an inch to a span high, at length branching from
the base: stem (a long internode) leafless from the cotyledons up to the inflorescence,
which is a close head or glomerule subtended by an involucre of several ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate foliaceous bracts : corolla white, pink, or yellow ; the tube 3 or 4 lines long
and thrice the length of the calyx, rather longer than the lobes. Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
266; & Bot. Calif, i. 492. Collontia nudicaulis, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 369. Sandy
plains, in spring, interior of Oregon and Nevada to Colorado.
4. SIPHONELLA, Gray. Like Leptosiphon, but tube of corolla not surpassing
the calyx, and its throat more fiumelform, ovules only 2 or 4 in each cell, and
flowers less glomerate : perennials, more or less woody or suffrutescent at base,
cinereous-puberulent or the 3 7 -parted leaves glabrate : calyx cylindraceous, firm-
herbaceous, soon 5-parted ; the abrupt margins of the lanceolate-subulate lobes
and the sinuses not at all scarious : corolla white, with yellow throat, obovate
lobes (3 or 4 lines long), and tube externally puberulent: filaments short, slightly
exserted : anthers short. Siphonella, Nutt. herb.
G. Nuttallii, Gray. Stems or branches a span to a foot high, rather simple, terminated
by a dense leafy cluster of flowers: divisions of the leaves narrowly linear (6 to 9 lines
long), mucronate : ovules a pair in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 267; Watson, Bot.
King, 265, t. 26. Western side of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Utah to Arizona,
S. California, and Washington Terr.
G. floriblinda, Gray. Taller and more slender, paniculately or corymbosely branched :
the copious Mowers in rather loose cymose clusters, often pedicelled . divisions of the leaves
very slender, almost acicular or filiform : ovules 4 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., &
Bot. Calif, i. 492. San Diego Co., California, on the southern borders, aud east to Arizona,
Coulter, Palmer, &c. Upper leaves rarely alternate.
5. LEPTODACTYLON, Benth. Corolla salverform, with tube more or less ex-
ceeding the calyx ; the throat somewhat funnelform-dilated : filaments short,
inserted in or below the throat : anthers short, included : ovules numerous in each
cell : seeds with a close coat, developing neither spiricles nor mucilage when
wetted : perennials or undershrubs, commonly tufted, very leafy : leaves all alter-
nate, except in one species, and much fascicled in the axils, palmately 3-7 -parted,
acerose or subulate, rigid and pungent: flowers showy (rose, lilac, or white), soli-
tary and sessile or few in a cluster at the summit of short branches or bratichlets.
Leptpdactylon, Hook. & Arn.
* * Leaves all opposite : stems or branches almost herbaceous from a woody base.
G. Watsoni, Gray. Roughish-puberulent and glandular, or at length smoothish : slender
branches a span high from the woody caudex : leaves not much fascicled, widely spread-
ing ; the slender acerose divisions ((i to 8 lines long) often shorter than the internodes;
calyx-lobes barely half the length of the tube : corolla nearly white (with purplish throat) ;
its tube and lobes each half inch long: anthers at the orifice: ovules 10 or more in each
cell. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King, 265, t. 26. Rocky hills, Utah, Watson.
* * Leaves all alternate, or sometimes the lower opposite: stems decidedly woody.
G. Californica, Benth. Branches and very crowded soon widely spreading leaves
tomentose-pubesceut, or rather villous when young: corolla (rose or lilac, its ample limb
an inch and a half in diameter) with broadly wedge-obovate lobes, their margin often
minutely erose : anthers linear-oblong, included in the upper part of the tube : ovules 20 or
more in each cell. DC. Prodr. 1. c. Leptodactylon Californicum, Hook. Arn. Bot. Beech.
349, t. 89 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4872. Dry hills, W. California, south to San Bernardino Co.
G. pungens, Benth. Branches and mostly erectish or little-spreading leaves viscid-
pubescent, puberulent, or glabrate: corolla rose, white, or "yellow" (Dougl.), the lobes
POLEMONIACEJ3. 141
narrower and only half as large as in the preceding : anthei's in the throat, oblong : ovules
8 or 10 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. G. punyens & G. Hookeri, Benth. in DC. 1. c.
Plains of the Upper Platte and Columbia to Arizona and E. California. Widely varia-
ble. The original C'antua punycns, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 26 (sEyochloa Torre yi, Don), of
the Platte, is a low glabrate form.
Var. ceespitosa, Gray, 1- c. (Leptodactylon ccespitosum, Nutt. PI. Gamb.), is a low and
dense form, imitating Phlox Douylasii in growth. Scott's Bluffs, Wyoming, Nuttall.
Var. Hookeri, Gray, 1. c. (PMox Hookeri, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 73, t. 159, & G.
Hookeri, Benth.), is taller, with sparser more rigid leaves, and viscid-pubescent flowering
shoots. Interior of Oregon, California, &c. Flowers not found to be " yellow."
Var. squarrosa, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, with virgate branches, beset with
stouter and more rigid recurved-spreading pungent leaves. Dry interior region, Nevada
to Idaho and Washington Terr.
SERIES II. Leaves alternate and pinnately incised, cleft, or divided, or rarely
entire, occasionally some of the lowermost opposite : filaments slender : seed-coat
(as in Collomia) when wetted mucilaginous and sending out threads containing
each a spiral coil (spiricle), except in a few species.
G. NAVARRETIA, Gray, 1. c. Flowers capitate-crowded and densely foliaceous-
l.-racted (in the last species less so) : lobes of the calyx and of the mostly (some-
times nearly palmately) multifid bracts rigid and acerose-pungent or spinulose,
often laciniate or unequal: corolla slender, tubular-funnelforin or almost salver-
form, and with rather small oval or oblong lobes : filaments inserted in or below
the throat : anthers short : stigmas and cells of the ovary sometimes reduced to 2 :
low and much-branching annuals, sometimes glandular-viscid, never white-woolly ;
with chiefly 1 2-pinnately divided or cleft leaves, their lobes commonly subulate
and pungent. Navarretia, Ruiz & Pav., Benth.
* Leaves and bracts, or some of them, more than once pinnately parted, i. e. their primary divisions
incised or parted.
H Ovules and seeds numerous (8 to 12) in each cell: stamens included in the throat of the corolla,
comnionlv unequal in length and slightly so in insertion: herbage very glandular-viscid and
unpleasantly aromatic-scented. 4
G. squarrosa, Hook. & Arn. Rather stout and rigid, often a foot high : upper leaves
and bracts spinescent : tube of the small blue (or sometimes whitish) corolla rather shorter
tlian the mostly entire calyx-lobes. Bot. Beech. 151; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 269.
G. punrjens, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2977. Hoitzia sqnarrosa, Esch. sEtjochloit pnni/fiis, Benth. in
Bot. Reg. 1. c. Navarretia squarrosa, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. 368. N. pumjens, Hook. Fl. ii. 75.
Plains of California and Oregon ; a common fetid weed.
-I 4 Ovules varying from 1 to 2 or 3 to 4 in each cell : stamens exserted out of the throat of
the corolla, at length mostly equalling the lobes: herbage less viscid or glandular, in some not
at all so.
G. cotulsef 61ia, Steud. Rigid, a span to a foot high, pubescent or below glabrate, above
mostly minutely glandular : leaves chiefly 2-pinnately parted ; the subulate divisions of the
upper and of the bracts spinescent : tube of the violet-blue or white corolla hardly longer
than the lobes of the sparsely villous calyx ; the throat funnelform : ovules solitary
or rarely a pair in each of the (frequently only 2) cells of the ovary. sEt/ochloa pubescens
& cotuhv folia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. Navarretia pubescens & cotidcefolia, Hook. & Arn. 1. c. ;
Benth. in DC. 1. c. California ; common westward, on dry hills : exhales the odor of Anthe-
mis Cottda.
G. intertaxta, Steud. Erect or widely branched, low and rather stout, neither viscid
nor glandular : stem retrorsely pubescent : leaves mainly glabrous, with divaricate acerose-
spincscent divisions sparingly divided or simple : flowers densely glomerate : tube of the
calyx and base of the bracts strongly villous with white spreading hairs ; its lobes equalling
the white corolla : ovules and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. - - Navarretia intertexta, Hook. 1. c.-
Plains of Columbia River to California and the Rocky Mountains. Corolla 3 or 4 lines
long, the stamens equalling its lobes.
142 POLEMONIACE^:. Gilia.
G. minim?., Gray. Depressed, often forming broad tufts (half inch to 2 inches high),
glabrate : leaves acicular and with simpler and fewer divisions than the preceding: tube of
the calyx white-hairy in the broad sinuses, as long as the unequal lobes, which equal or
exceed the white corolla : ovules 1 to 3 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot.
King, 266. Navarntiu minima, Nutt. PI. Gainb. 100. Interior of Oregon and Nevada to
Colorado and Dakota, in very arid districts. Corolla a line and a half long; the stamens
mostly shorter than its lobes.
G. Breweri, Gray. Erect or at length much branched and diffusely spreading, an inch
to a span high, very minutely glandular-puberulent all over: flowers less glomerate:
leaves with mostly simple aeicular-subulate divisions : calyx-lobes similar to these, narrowly
subulate, about equalling the yellow corolla, 3 or 4 times the length of the tube (which is
even shorter than the capsule) : ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot.
Calif, i. 4H4; Watson, 1. c. Sierra Nevada, California (Brewer, &c.), and through the in-
terior to Utah and Wyoming. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long.
G. leucocephala, Gray, 1. c. Slender, a span or less high, seldom rigid, not glandular,
glabrous, except some woolly pubescence at the summit of the stem and of the thin calyx-
tube : leaves soft ; their often simple divisions slender ; those of the bracts barely pungent :
corolla white, longer than the calyx (4 lines long) : stamens considerably exserted : ovules
2 in each cell. Navarretia leucor>'/Jin/n, Benth. PI. Hartw. 324. California, on the Sacra-
mento and its tributaries, and Mendocino Co., in low grounds.
* * Leaves simply pinnatilkl or incised, or many of them entire.
t All slender and filiform, except the bracts of the small heads, which are more or less palmately
3-5-cleft :. corolla rather slender, 3 or 4 lines long: stems slender, not over a span high, diffusely
branched: often with proliferous filiform brandies.
G. divaricata, Torr. Not glandular-viscid, glabrate ; the bracts and especially the
calyx woolly-pubescent : divisions of the uppermost leaves and the similar bracts acerose :
corolla purple or apparently yellowish: ovules 5 to 7 in each cell. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 270, & Bot. Calif, i. 494. California, from Lake Co. to Mariposa Co., up to 8000
feet in the Sierra Nevada.
G. filicaulis, Torr. More paniculate, glandular-viscid but not pubescent : upper leaves
filiform or setaceous and entire : bracts somewhat cuneate and the lobes pungent; the inner
shorter than the violet corolla: ovules solitary or at most a pair in each cell. Gray, 1. c.
California, Mariposa Co. to Butte Co.
-) -1 Leaves broader and rigid, linear or lanceolate, with spinulose lobes ; the floral ones dilated
at base and often cartilaginous : stems stout, 2 to 8 inches high: flowers densely glomerate:
corolla violet or purple, a third to half inch long, about twice the length of the subulate spinescent
calyx-lobes.
G. viscidula, Gray, I.e. Viscid-pubescent, at length much branched: cauline leaves slen-
der and laciniate-pinnatifid or parted into setaceous-subulate ascending lobes ; the floral and
bracts only moderately dilated : ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. Navfirn tin n'scidula, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 325, a small form. Dry hills, California, from Santa Barbara to the Sacramento
and east to the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.
G. atractyloid.es, Steud. Pubescent and very viscid, also very rigid, especially the
leaves and bracts ; these lanceolate or the uppermost even ovate, all pinnatilid, and with
divaricate subulate-spinesc-ent lobes: flowers less glomerate: ovules 6 or 7 in each cell.
sEgochloa atractyloides, Benth. in Bot. Keg. 1. c. Nm-arrHtit atractyloides, Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 368 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 310. California, from Santa Cruz to San Diego Co.,
in open and dry ground.
) H -1 Depressed, an inch or two high, at length prostrate, hardly if at all viscid: leaves up-
wardly dilated : flowers comparatively loose and scattered : corolla half to two thirds inch long,
tubular-funnelform, much exceeding the calyx.
G. setosissima, Gray. Pubescent or glabrate, strikingly setose ; the very long white
bristles terminating the lobes of the calyx and the 3 to 7 lobes or teeth of the narrowly
cuneate or linear leaves, and scattered or sometimes clustered down their sides : corolla
white, purple, or mottled ; the limb slightly irregular: ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. Proc.
Am . Acad. I.e. 271, & Bot. Calif. 4^4. Nnnin-itin s< /<><;*x/i>ta, Torr. & Gray, Bot. Ives
Colorad. 22. N. Schottii, Torr. Mex. Bound. 145 (G. Scliottii, Watson, Bot. King) ; an early
and depauperate form. Deserts of S. E. California, to W. Arizona and S. Utah, first col-
lected by Coulter.
Ulliu. rOLEMONIACE^E. 143
7. HUGELIA, Gray. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliaceous-bracted : the
3-5-cleft bracts and calyx densely implexed-vvoolly ; lobes of the latter acerose
or subulate and cuspidate or pungent : corolla salveri'orm ; the lobes ovate or
oblong: filaments filiform, exserted : anthers deeply sagittate : herbage floccose-
lanate, at least when young, neither glandular nor viscid: leaves or their simple
divisions very narrow and mostly rigid. Hugelia, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. Gilia
Collomioides & Pseuducollomia, Endl., Benth. in DC.
* Woody-based and rigid perennial : corolla violet-blue : ovules few or several in each cell.
G. densifolia, Benth. Canescent-lanate when young, glabrate with age : tufted stems
a span to a foot or more high from a ligneous base, leafy to the top, simple or sparingly
branched : leaves rigid, mostly pinnatifid or incisely laciniate into short-subulate spinu-
lose lubes : flowers densely capitate-glomerate: tube of the corolla (half inch long) twice
or thrice the length of the calyx : anthers sagittate-linear. DC. Prodr. ix. 311 ; Gray, 1. c.
(Hii'jetia densifolia, Benth. in Bot. Reg.), a short and stout form, with crowded leaves. G.
elunt/ata, Steud. ; Benth. I. c., a taller and looser form, with cells of the ovary usually only
2-3-ovulatc. California near the coast, from Santa Clara Co. southward, and thence to
W. Arizona and S. Nevada.
* * Herbaceous, and the root annual or biennial : leaves or divisions nearly or quite filiform.
4 Corolla violet, blue, or purple, or fading to white: ovules few (but seldom if ever solitary) in
the cells.
G. virgata, Steud. White-floccose becoming glabrate : stem slender, either simple and
virgate (a span to a foot high) or with virgate branches from the base and pauiculately
branched above : leaves slender-filiform ; the lower mainly entire and the upper rarely
more than 3-parted : flowers usually in rather small capitate clusters : corolla blue or lav-
ender; the tube 4 to 6 lines long, surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes: anthers linear-sagit-
tate, a line long. Hwji'lia I'fr./dta, Benth. 1. c. ; Hook. Ic. t. 200. California, on dry hills
from Monterey southward, and east to Arizona.
Var. floribunda, Gray. A remarkable form, with corymbose branches terminated
by much larger and very many-flowered capitate clusters : most of the leaves (even the
lower) pinnately 3-7-parted : corolla-lobes 3 or 4 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., & Bot.
Calif, i. 495. Santa Clara Co. to San Diego Co., Wallace, Brewer, Palmer.
G. floccosa, Gray. More branched and generally lower than the foregoing, 2 to 12
inches high, similarly floccose-woolly, at length diffuse or spreading : corolla from violet-
blue to whitish ; its tube 3 or 4 lines long, surpassing the subulate calyx-lobes : anthers
narrowly oblong, fully half a line long. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 495, excl.
syn. " Hugelia lutea, Benth." -Dry plains and desert, southern and eastern portions of Cali-
fornia and S. E. Oregon to Utah and Arizona.
G. filifolia, Nutt. Flowers smaller ; the lobes of the corolla seldom over a line in length,
and its tube hardly if at all exceeding the calyx and bracts : anthers cordate-oval, a quar-
ter or third of a line long : otherwise like small forms of the preceding. PI. Gamb. 156 ;
Gray, 1. c. Santa Barbara and San Isabel, California, to the Rio Colorado.
Var. diffusa, Gray, 1. c. A diffuse form, barely a span high ; the leaves commonly
rather shorter and less slender. Interior of Nevada and Arizona to the western frontier
of Texas.
I H Corolla yellow: ovules solitary in the cells.
G. lutescens, Steud. A span high, closely resembles G. floccosa except in the above
particulars, and the bright sulphur-yellow corolla only 3 lines long ; its tube not exserted
and lobes hardly exceeding a line in length : anthers elongated-oblong : capsule oval, 3-
seeded. Benth. in DC. 1. c. 311. Hw/elia lutea, Benth. in Bot. Reg. 1. c. W. California;
back of Monterey 1 Dou/jlas. Back of San Simeon, Palmer, confirming the yellow color of
the corolla.
8. ELAPHOCERA, Nutt. Flowers capitate-congested or sometimes more
loosely cymose, more or less foliaceous-bracted : bracts and calyx-lobes commonly
cuspidate or aristulate (but not pungent), and pubescent or ciliate with long and
many-jointed somewhat viscid hairs : corolla (white or barely purplish) salver-
144 POLEMONIACEJ3. Gilia.
form ; the tube little exceeding the calyx ; its lobes oval or oblong : stamens
shorter than the corolla-lobes, inserted in or near the sinuses : biennials, short-
lived perennials, or annuals, low or dwarf, more or less woolly-pubescent when
young : leaves simply pinnatifid or entire.
* Leaves all entire, acerose-subulate or filiform: filaments slender. (Approaches H-ugelia.)
Gr. "Wrigiltii, Gray. Stems rigid, virgate, a foot high from an indurated or woody base
or perennial '? root, very leafy to the top : leaves rigid, cuspidate-tipped : flowers capi-
tate-crowded : bracts ovate-lanceolate, the larger ones sparingly laciniate, tipped with an
awn-like cusp, as are the subulate calyx-lobes; these slightly shorter than the tube of the
corolla : ovules 3 or 4 in each cell (4 lines long). Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 273. W. Texas,
on the Rio Grande 40 to 60 miles below El Paso, Wri/jttt.
G. Gunnisoni, Torr. & Gray. Annual, a span high, slender, at length almost glabrous,
loosely paniculate-branched : leaves scattered, linear-filiform : bracts short, lanceolate,
entire, tipped (like the triangular calyx-lobes) with a short cusp: flowers capitellate; the
heads terminating slender peduncle-like branches : tube of the corolla slightly longer than
the calyx and longer than its lobes: ovules 2 or sometimes 3 in each cell. Pacif. 11. Rep.
ii. 129, t. 9. S. E. Utah, Kreusfddt, Newberrij, Brandegee.
* * Leaves all or most of them pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or sometimes all
entire: filaments short: tube of the corolla not at all or at length slightly exceeding the calyx:
flowers densely capitate-clustered: perennials of short duration or biennials; the base of the
simple or clustered stems or root hard and ligneous.
G. spicata, Nutt. Stems rather stout, erect, simple, or several from the fusiform root, a
span or two high : capitate flower-clusters crowded in an elongated virgate and spike-like
thyrsus : leaves thickish, almost filiform, some about 3-clef t, occasionally all entire, barely
mucronate : corolla-lobes oblong-ovate, shorter than the tube : anthers subsessile in the
throat : ovules 4 to G in the cells. Benth in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290 ; Gray, 1. c. G. spicata^
& G. trijida, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 156. Rocky Mountains, Wyoming to Colorado and Utah.
Var. capitata, Gray, 1. c. A dwarf form : leaves nearly all entire : thyrsus short
and capitulif orm : filaments as long as the anther : approaches the next species. Alpine
region, from Black Hills in Dakota to Colorado.
G. COngesta, Hook. Stems erect or spreading (3 to 12 inches high) from a tufted base,
bearing single terminal or few and corymbose capituliform cymes : leaves with 3 to 7 mu-
cronate divisions, or some of them entire : lobes of the corolla oval, nearly as long as the
tube, which does not exceed the usually aristulate-tipped calyx-lobes : exserted filaments at
length as long as the anthers : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. Hook. Fl. ii. 75, & Ic. t. 235.
Wyoming and Colorado east of the Rocky Mountains to Oregon and the Sierra Nevada,
California. Tube of the white corolla not over 2 lines long.
Var. crebrifolia, Gray, 1. c. Depressed ; the tufted stems 2 or 3 inches long,
crowded with small entire leaves, and terminated by a single capitate cluster. G. crebri-
folia, Nutt. 1. c. Mountains of Colorado and Utah. Connected with G. coiyesta by some
intermediate forms.
G. iberidifolia, Benth. Leaves more rigid than in the preceding and the lobes cuspi-
date-tipped, as also the bracts : capitate cymes corymbose : filaments shorter : ovules soli-
tary in each cell. Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 290. Scott's Bluffs and Blackwater, North
Platte, Nebraska and Wyoming, Geyer, II. Enyelmann. Perhaps only a form of G. conyesta.
* * * Leaves pinnatifid, trifid, or some of them entire: flowers cymulose-glomerate and leafy
bractecl, or at length loose : low annuals, brandling from the base, only a span high : calyx-lobes
aristnlate-cuspidate.
G. pumila, Nutt. Stems loosely woolly, at least when young, leafy : leaves narrowly
linear, entire or most of them 2-4-parted into diverging linear lobes, mucronate : tube of
the corolla slender, about thrice the length of its lobes and twice the length of the aristu-
late-tipped calyx-lobes : filaments slender, inserted in the sinuses, exserted, shorter than the
lobes of the corolla: ovules about 6 in each cell. PI. Gamb. 156; Gray, 1. c. G. trijida,
Benth. in Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 291. W. Texas, and New Mexico to W. Nebraska, and west
to the Sierra Nevada. Tube of the corolla 3 or nearly 4 lines long; the limb small.
G. polycladon, Torr. Stems puberulent or sparsely pubescent, diffuse, very few-leaved :
leaves pinnatifid or incised ; the lobes short, oblong, abruptly spinulose-mucronate, those
Gilia. POLEMONIACE2E. 145
subtending the cj'tnose cluster longer than the flowers : tube of the corolla hardly exceeding
the aristulate-mucronate calyx-lobes: .anthers in the throat, on very short filaments:
ovules 2 in each cell. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147 ; Watson, Bot. King, 268. Western Texas
to Utah and W. Nevada. Corolla a line or two long, white with a tinge of rose-color.
9. IPOMOPSIS, Benth., partly. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate, inconspicuously
bracted or ebracteate : corolla scarlet or red, with white varieties, narrowly tubular-
fimnelform, gradually and regularly enlarging upward, very much surpassing the
subulate calyx-lobes and its own ovate or lanceolate spreading or recurving lobes :
stamens inserted in the throat or below the sinuses of the corolla, not longer than
its lobes : anthers oval or short-oblong : ovules numerous : biennials, not woolly,
and usually showy-flowered. Ipomopsis, Michx. fpomeria, Nutt.
* Stem virgate, leafy: leaves pinnately parted into filiform or narrowly linear divisions: inflores-
cence contracted.
G. coronopifolia, Pers. (STANDING CYPRESS.) Glabrous or barely pubescent : stem
2 to 6 feet high, very leafy throughout : divisions of the leaves and rhachis nearly filiform,
acute and mucronate : flowers very numerous in a long and narrow compact thyrsus or
panicle, inodorous : calyx-lobes setaceous-subulate, as long as the tube : corolla an inch or an
inch and a half long, scarlet (within yellowish and dotted with red) ; the lobes ovate, mode-
rately spreading, barely exceeding the slender filaments : seeds not developing mucilage
nor spiral threads when wet, but with a lax reticulate-cellular outer coat! Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 1G91. Polemonium rnlintm & Ipomira rubra, L. Canti/ti thyrsoidea, Juss. C. pinnatifida,
Lam. C. coronopifolia, Willd. (..'. elri/mis, Poir. Ipbmopsis clcqans, Michx. ; Smith, Exot.
t. 13. Ipomeria coronopifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 124. (lllia F/wiifuna, Don (Ccmtna, Nutt.), &, G.
Beyrichiana, Bouehe, are mere forms. Dry sandy soil, South Carolina and Florida to
Arkansas and Texas. Common in gardens.
G. aggregata, Spreng. Somewhat pubescent : stems 2 to 4 feet high, less leafy, some-
times loosely branching: leaves thickish, with narrowly linear mucronulate divisions:
thyrsoid narrow panicle loose or interrupted ; the (fragrant) flowers sessile in small mostly
short-pedunculate clusters : calyx commonly glandular ; its lobes subulate : corolla from
scarlet to pink-red (rarely white), with narrow tube ; the lobes ovate or lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, widely spreading, soon recurved : filaments slender : seeds when wetted devel-
oping mucilage and spiricles. Syst. i. 626 ; Don, Brit. Fl. Garcl. ser. 2, t. 218 ; Gray, 1. c.
Cantua ar/rjrct/nta, Pursh. (Ipomeria ar/r/reyutn, Nutt.) C. coronopifolia? & C. nr/rjrcrjatci , Torr.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 220. Ipomopsis rlfi/ans, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1281. Gilia pulcheUa, Dougl.
in Hook. Fl. ii. 74 ; Benth. 1. c. W. Nebraska to W. Texas, New Mexico to Oregon, E.
California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) More or less heterogone-dimorphous : both
stamens and style included (and the style shorter) in some individuals, both exserted (and
the style longer) in most. Varies greatly : the extremes being
Var. attenuata. Corolla-lobes lanceolate, tapering gradually from the very base
into a slender acumination : calyx-lobes equally slender. Colorado, in Middle Park, Parry.
A white-flowered form, with stamens and style included.
Var. Bridges!!, Gray, 1. c. Stems low (6 to 18 inches) and diffuse or spreading,
as if from a perennial root : corolla bright red ; its lobes oblong-ovate and merely acute :
calyx-lobes shorter and broader, from subulate-lanceolate to deltoid : lobes of the leaves
thicker and obtuse. California, through the Sierra Nevada.
* * Stem low, loosely paniculate-branched : upper leaves reduced to bracts.
G. subnuda, Torr. Glandular-puberulent, a span or two high : leaves all undivided,
mainly crowded at the indurated base, spatulatc or oblong and tapering into a margined
petiole, sparsely and irregularly dentate ; the few upper linear and entire ; the uppermost
subulate and minute : flowers rather crowded in a few small clusters : calyx-lobes subulate,
about the length of the campanulate tube : corolla orange or scarlet ; the tube (half inch
long) thrice the length of the ovate obtuse lobes : anthers included in the throat on very
short filaments : seeds developing mucilage and spiricles. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276.
Arizona and S. Nevada to New Mexico, Newberry, Stretch, Palmer.
G. Haydeni, Gray. Almost glabrous, above slightly glandular, a span or more high,
effusely much branched, somewhat corymbose : radical leaves pinnatifid ; those of the
10 -
146 POLEMONIACE^E. Gilia.
branches linear and subulate, bract-like, entire : flowers mainly pedicellate : calyx-lobes
subulate, shorter than the tube: corolla rose-red, slender; the tube (half inch long) several
times longer than the obovate lobes : anthers subsessile in the throat : ovules only 6 in
each cell : seeds fewer, neither spirilliferous nor mucilaginous when wetted. Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 79. S. W. Colorado or adjacent Utah, on the San Juan, Brandcgee.
10. GILIA"NDRA, Gray. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate and hardly bracted,
rather small : corolla bluish or white, salverform ; the tube hardly double the
length of the calyx and little longer than its own obovate lobes : these surpassed
by the slender and much exserted filaments : anthers short : ovules about 6 in
each cell : seeds destitute both of mucilage and spiricles : glandular-puberulent
and rather low biennials, with simply piunatifid leaves, the radical in a dense
rosulate tuft : calyx-lobes triangular.
G. stenothyrsa, Gray. Stem simple, virgate, very leafy up to the racemiform narrow
thyrsus : leaves pinnately cleft into short oblong lobes : bracts small and entire : stamens
moderately exserted : corolla somewhat f unnclform, apparently white, nearly half inch
long. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 276. Uinta Mountains, Utah, Fremont.
G. pinnatifida, Nutt. Stem simple or loosely branching, a span to 2 feet high: inflores-
cence open-paniculate, often compound : leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrowly
oblong lobes: these sometimes again 1-2-lobed ; stamens conspicuously exserted (3 lines
long, inserted just under the sinuses) : corolla strictly salverform, pale blue or violet, or
the narrow tube white (this and the lobes 2 or 3 lines long). Gray, 1. c. Rocky Moun-
tains, common from S. 'Wyoming through Colorado (and Utah ?) to New Mexico.
11. MICROGI'MA, Benth. Flowers scattered, very small: corolla white, sal-
verform : stamens inserted on and included in the tube : ovules solitary in the
cells: much-branched annuals, with filiform or slender-subulate and entire (or
sometimes 3-parted) small leaves : calyx short-campanulate, 5-toothed.
G. minutiflora, Benth. Glabrous, or minutely glandular-puberulent above : stem erect,
a foot or two high, with many virgate and rigid slender branches : upper leaves all reduced
to minute subulate appressed bracts ; the lower longer and some of them 3-parted : flowers
terminating and also sparsely spicately disposed along the branchlets, 2 lines long : tube of
the corolla about twice the length of the calyx and of its own lobes : filaments slender :
capsule oval: seed oblong. DC. Prodr. ix. 315. Co'/omia (Picrocolla) linoides, Nutt. PI.
Gamb. 159. Interior of Oregon (or now Idaho, not "California"), Douglas. Wyoming
on the Upper Platte, Ni/ttull, Fr< i/m.it.
G. tenerrima, Gray. Minutely and sparsely glandular, low, effusely much branched :
brandies filiform: leaves entire: flowers loosely panic-led, on slender divergent pedicels,
minute : capsule globular (barely a line long) : seed turgid oval. Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
277 ; Watson, Bot. King, 270. Utah, Bear River Valley, near Evanston (in fruit), Watson.
12. EUGI'LIA, Benth., Gray. Flowers scattered, crowded, or rarely capitate-
glomerate, inconspicuously bracted or ebracteate : corolla from funnelform to
nearly rotate: stamens usually inserted in or just below the sinuses of the corolla,
not exceeding its lobes (or rarely moderately so) : filaments slender : leaves
various, all or chiefly alternate.
* Ovules solitary in the cells: corolla funnelform with slender elongated tube and rather abruptly
dilated throat (in the manner of Ifavarretin, lint no pungent or even mucronate tips to calyx-
lobes or leaves) : sinuses of calyx somewhat replicate : very depressed small perennials, with fili-
form rootstocks and crowded leaves, among which the violet or purplish flowers are solitary and
subsessile in the forks or axils.
G. Larseni, Gray. Filiform creeping rootstocks elongated : stems rising only an inch or
two above ground : leaves pedately 5-7-parted or the upper 3-cleft, rather surpassing the
flowers, soft-pubescent: corolla half inch long, with tube slightly exceeding the calyx ; its
rounded lobes somewhat surpassing the stamens and style. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 84, & Bot.
Calif, i. 497. California, on Larsen's Peak, in loose volcanic ashes, Lemmon, John Larsen.
Gilia. POLEMONIACE.E. 147
G. debilis, W^atson. An inch or two high, minutely pubescent: leaves oblong, 2-3-
lobed or entire, tapering into a short petiole, shorter than the flowers : corolla two thirds
inch long ; the tube exceeding the calyx : lobes of the latter conspicuously 3-nerved :
stamens more or less and the style prominently exserted : " seed without mucilage or spi-
rides." Am. Naturalist, via. 302 ; Rothrock, in Wheeler Rep. t. 19. S. Utah, Wheeler.
* * Ovules and seeds few or numerous in the cells.
H- Root annual.
H- Corolla more or less funnelform. having a distinct tube : corolla from blue to purplish or some-
times white: flowers in the tirst species much crowded and short-peclicelled, in the last scattered.
= Seeds developing mucilage and spiricles when wetted, mostly numerous : leaves once to thrice
pinnately divided or cleft : "herbage somewhat pubescent or glabrate.
G. capitata, Dougl. Stem slender, a foot or two high, nearly glabrous : leaves 2-3-pin-
nately divided into slender or even filiform-linear lobes : flowers numerous in dense capitate
clusters terminating long naked peduncles : calyx glabrous or nearly so : corolla light blue
(4 or 5 lines long) ; its tube about the length of the narrowly oblong or lanceolate-linear
lobes and the nearly glabrous calyx, only slightly dilated at the throat : stamens inserted
in the very sinuses of the corolla. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2698; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1170;
Brit, Fl. Gard. t, 287. W. California and Oregon. Common in gardens.
G. achilleaefolia, Benth. Generally more pubescent and rather stouter than the pre-
ceding, and the head like flower-clusters larger and less compact : flowers larger : calyx
more or less woolly ; its lobes with short recurved tips : lobes of the violet-blue or lavender-
purple corolla obovate or broadly oblong; its throat abruptly and amply dilated. Bot.
Reg. no. 1G22, & Prodr. 1. c. 311; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5939; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 447.
Common throughout W. California.
G. multicaulis, Benth. 1. c. A span to a foot high, at length diffuse : leaves mostly
twice pinnately parted into narrow linear lobes : flowers fewer and in a less dense shorter-
peduncled cluster than the preceding, some of the pedicels in fruit equalling the calyx :
corolla (4 lines long) violet ; its proper tube shorter than the calyx, and its obovate or
ovate lobes not longer than the funnelform throat: capsule ovoid. Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 498. G. achillcKfo/ta, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1682 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3440 ; Brit. Fl. Gard.
n. ser. t. 280, not Benth. G. millefoliata, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 35, a dif-
fuse and small-flowered form. G. stricta, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 755. Polcnwninm ccipittifum,
Eschsch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. 1826? California, very common throughout the western
part of the State.
Var. tenera, Gray, I. c., a depauperate and attenuated form, in dry and poor soil,
with peduncle more loosely 3-5-flowered, or even 1-flowered. G. stricta, Liebm. Ind. Sem.
Hafn. 1853 ? With tiie ordinary form.
G. tricolor, Benth. A span to a foot or two high, mostly slender, paniculately branched,
at length diffuse : leaves (as of the preceding or more slender) and calyx, &c., usually more
viscid-pubescent : flowers few or several and short-pedicelled or snbsessile in cymulose
rather short-peduncled clusters : corolla (half inch long) twice or thrice the length of the
calyx, with very short and yellowish proper tube, ample campanulate-funnelform throat
marked with deep brown-purple, and lilac or violet roundish lobes which surpass the
stamens. --Hort. Trans, viii. t. 18; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1701; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 264 ;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3463. California, throughout the western part of the State: common
in cultivation.
G. latiflora. A span or two high, effusely paniculate, glabrous, and the inflorescence and
calyx sparsely glandular : radical leaves simply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate (an inch or
two long), with short ovate or triangular and cuspidate-tipped lobes ; the canline few and
small or minute, all but the lowest entire and subulate : paniculate cyme very loose : pedicels
equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla (7 to 11 lines long) purple with yellowish or
brownish throat, dilated-funnelform, abruptly contracted below into a narrow tube which
slightly exceeds the calyx ; its lobes rounded-obovate : capsule ovoid. G. tenva.fl.ora, var.
latiflora, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 278, & Bot. Calif. I.e. California, San Diego and
Los Angeles Co., Fremont, Wallace, Palmer (402).
G. tenuiflora, Benth. A foot or more high, slender, loosely paniculate above: radical
and lower leaves bipinnately parted or divided, or simply divided and the narrow divisions
148 POLEMONIACE^I. Gilia.
incised, tho lobes short ; the upper becoming simple, small and entire : branches loosely
few-flowered: pedicels shorter than the flower: corolla (7 to 9 lines long) rose-color with
violet throat, narrowly funnelform or even trumpet-shaped; its slender tube fully thrice
the length of the calyx : capsule ovoid-oblong. Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1888 ; Gray, 1. c., excl.
var. California, from Monterey southward.
G. inconspicua, Dougl. Mostly low, a span to a foot or more high, usually with slight
woolly pubescence when young, and viscid glandular, branching from the base : leaves
mostly pinnatifid or pinnately parted, or the lowest bipinnatifid, with short mueronate-cus-
pidate lobes ; the uppermost becoming small, subulate, and entire : flowers cither somewhat
crowded and subsessile or at length loosely panicled and some of them slender-pedicelled :
corolla violet or purplish (3 to 5 lines long), narrowly funnelform, with proper tube shorter
or slightly longer than the calyx. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2883 (corolla too snlverform) ;
Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. G. pan-ifiora, Spreng. Syst. i. G26. Cantua parviflora, Pursli,
Fl. ii. 7-00. I/io/nojisis inconspicua, Smith, Exot. t. 14. Wyoming to the western border of
Texas, and west to California and British Columbia. Very variable in size and form of
corolla, passing into
Var. sinuata, Gray, 1. c. Corolla larger, at least in proportion to the calyx, becom-
ing thrice* its length, with tube more cxsertcd and throat and lobes more ample. G. sinuata,
Dougl.; Benth. in DC. I.e. G. arenaria, Benth. I.e. Oregon and California to New
Mexico. Some forms approaching the two preceding.
.= = Seeds destitute of mucilage and spiricles when wetted, numerous: leaves nearly all radical,
barely pinnatifid or toothed; the cauline mainly reduced to small subulate bracts of the open
compound panicle, which is about a span high : MHII tlo\\vrs with very short, others with slender
pedicels, in the manner of G. Inconspicua and related species.
G. leptomria, Gray. Minutely somewhat glandular-viscid : radical leaves oblong or
broadly lanceolate (an inch or more long), incisely toothed or sinuate-pinnatifid ; the ob-
tuse teeth or lobes minutely mucronate-cuspidate : cymose panicle effuse: flowers incon-
spicuous: corolla whitish, 2 or 3 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx, slender-
funnelform, and with very small acute lobes : capsule ovoid, equalling or surpassing the
triangular acute calyx-teeth. Proc. I.e. & Bot. Qilif. i. 403 ; Watson, Bot. King, 270,
t. 26, fig. G-ll. Interior desert region, Nevada and Utah, Watson, Parry, Lcmmon.
G. latifolia, "Watson. Viscid-pubescent and above glandular: radical leaves oval or
roundish (an inch or two long), distinctly petioled, repand-dentate and the broad short
teeth slender-spinescent : panicle loosely many-flowered : corolla pinkish, 2^ lines long,
cylindraccous, little longer than the calyx; its lobes acute: capsule oblong, comparatively
large (3 lines long), somewhat exceeded by the spinescent-subulate calyx-lobes. Am. Nat-
uralist, ix. 347. S. Utah, Parry.
.I... .,_,. Corolla campanulate or rotate : pedicels slender or filiform, scattered.
= Western species, diffuse and slender, barely a span high: pedicels becoming horizontal or
at length refracted.
G. micromsria, Gray, 1. c. Nearly glabrous, glandless, effusely much branched:
branches filiform: radical and lower leaves pinnatifid, and the lobes obtuse; the upper
linear and entire : pedicels capillary, half inch long, axillary or opposite the leaves : flower
barely a line long: corolla campanulate, white, a little longer than the 5-cleft calyx: cap-
sule globular: seeds few, not mucilaginous. Watson, I.e. fig. 12-14. N. W. Nevada,
Watson, Lemmon.
G. filif ormis, Parry. Completely glabrous and smooth : stem erect ; the branches fili-
form and spreading: leaves all filiform or nearly so and entire: scattered capillary pedi-
cels (from 1 to 11 lines long) at length refracted: corolla cream-color, very open-campanu-
late, 2 lines long, deeply 5-cleft, exceeding the 5-parted calyx ; its lobes truncate and
obscurely erose-denticulate : capsule globular : seeds rather few, mucilaginous but not
spirilliferons when wet. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75. St. George, S. Utah, Parry.
Perhaps this species belongs to the Dactyhp/iyllum ; but all except the lowest leaves are
alternate.
G. Campanulata, Gray. Minutely pubescent when young, obscurely viscid, diffusely
branched from the base, depressed: leaves lanceolate; the lower sparingly pinnatifid-
toothed ; the upper small and entire : pedicels not longer than the flower : corolla white,
oblong-campanulate, 3 or 4 lines long, twice the length of the 5-parted calyx, moderately
Polemonium. POLEMONIACE^. 149
6-lobed : stamens inserted next the base : anthers oblong: ovules about 7 in each cell.
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 279; Watson, 1. c. fig. 10-18. W. Nevada, on the banks of the
Truckee River, Watson.
= = Texan and Mexican: pedicels erect or ascending, loosely and effusely paniculate : seeds
mucilaginous and spirilliferous when wetted, rather numerous.
G. incisa, Bentll. Merely pubcrulent : stems slender and weak, diffusely branched from
the base, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves thin ; the radical and lower cauline slender-
petioled, roundish-ovate or obovate, acutely and incisely toothed or lyrately cleft; the
upper lanceolate, sparsely laciniate ; uppermost linear, more entire, sessile, and gradually
reduced to subulate bracts: pedicels an inch or two long, rigid: corolla rotate, deeply 5-
cleft (white or blue, half inch or less in diameter), deeply 5-lobed; the lobes ovate: fila-
ments filiform : anthers oblong-oval. DC. Prodr. ix. 312. G. Lind/teinteriana, Scheele in
Linn. xxi. 753. Shady banks and thickets, Texas. (Mex.)
-) -1 Root perennial or base of stems lignescent.
H- Corolla (as far as known) rotate and blue: leaves rigid.
G. rigidula, Benth. Glabrous or viscid-glandular: stems a span or so high, slender and
diffusely branched from a stout lignescent base : leaves mostly pinnately (or the upper-
most nearly palmately) parted or cleft into few or several lanceolate-linear or subulate
lobes: pedicels scattered, an inch or less long: corolla completely rotate (f to 1^ inches in
diameter), 5-parted; its lobes obovate: filaments filiform: anthers elongated-oblong:
ovules and seeds several in each cell. DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 280. G.
glandidosa, Scheele, 1. c., one of the viscid-glandular forms. (Corolla opening wide in after-
noon sunshine, closing at sunset, Luidhtimcr.) Rocky plains and hills, Texas and New
Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.)
Var. acerosa, Gray, 1. c. More dwarf, rigid, and suffruticose : branches very leafy :
the leaves all with slender-subulate or acerose and somewhat pungent divisions : pedicels
short : flower rather smaller : anthers barely oblong. Northern New Mexico and borders
of Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
G. csespitosa, Gray. Depressed-cespitose, with a stout lignescent caudex : leaves nearly
all densely crowded on the very short tufted shoots, viscid-puberulent, spatnlate or some-
what lanceolate, entire, thickish, half inch long or less: flowering shoots scape-like, 1 to 3
inches high, 1-5-flowered : flowers short-pedicelled : calyx narrow, 2 lines long, 5-cleft ; the
lobes slender-subulate : corolla and stamens not seen : ovules few in each cell. Proc. Am.
Acad. xii. 80. Rabbit Valley, Utah, on barren sandstone cliffs, at 7000 feet, L. F. Ward.
Its proper place in the genus quite uncertain, perhaps next G. subnuda.
M- -H- <'orolla tubular-fun nelform: habit and foliage whollv of Pulemonium confertum, var. melll-
tum, but stiimens straight.
G. Brandegei, Gray. Very viscid with glandular pubescence, pleasantly odoriferous,
cespitose : stems a span to near a foot high, simple : leaves all pinnate, elongated-linear in
circumscription ; the radical crowded and with short dilated and scarious sheathing petiole ;
the cauline scattered and similar : leaflets very small and numerous, 2 lines long, from oval
to oblong-linear, sessile, some simple, others 2-parted and so appearing verticillate: flowers
several in a short and racemiform leafy thyrsus : corolla golden yellow, trumpet-shaped, an
inch or less long, more than twice the length of the oblong or cylindraceous obtusely 5-
lobed calyx; its lobes oval and short : the stamens included in its throat (not declined or
curved) : anthers roundish : ovules few in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 85. San Juan
Gap, and Waggon-wheel Gap, on the Rio Grande, S. W. Colorado, on the face of high per-
pendicular cliffs, T. S. Brandff/ee.
Var. Lambornii. Corolla lurid-yellowish or greenish. Alpine region of Sierra
Blanca, S. Colorado, R. H. Lamborn, A. Gray.
5. POLEM6NIUM, Tourn. GREKK VALERIAN, JACOB'S LADDER.
(Ancient name, from TtoXe/w,-, war, or more probably from the philosopher /7ota-
/^eor.) Herbs, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, and one in the
southern ; the leaflets or divisions of the pinnate leaves sessile and not serrate.
Inflorescence racemiform, thyr^iform, or cymulose-paniculate ; the upper pedicels
ebracteate. Flowers blue or white, rarely purplish, usually showy, produced in
150 POLEMOXIACE2E. Polemonium.
summer. Anthers commonly oblong in the bud, oval in the blossom. Hypogy-
nous disk fleshy and saucer-shaped, somewhat crenate. Seed-coat developing
mucilage and spiricles when wetted. Genus marked rather by habit than char-
acter, the first and last sections too near Gilia.
1. Corolla strictly or even narrowly funnelfonn ; its tube more or less ex-
ceeding the oblong or cylindraceous calyx, prominently longer than the lobes : fila-
ments naked or nearly so and not dilated at base, usually inserted on the middle
of the tube, or occasionally adnate higher : leaflets very small and crowded, so as
seemingly to be verticillate : inflorescence capitate-congested or spiciform : cespi-
tose perennial. (Transition to Gilia )
P. COnfertum, Gray. A span or more high from a tufted rootstock, glandular-pubes-
cent and viscid, musky-fragrant : radical petioles conspicuously scarious-dilated and sheath-
ing at base : leaflets 1 to 3 lines long, mostly 2-3-divided, and so appearing as if in fascicles
or whorls ; the divisions from round-oval to oblong-linear : flowers densely crowded, honey-
scented : corolla deep blue, from half to a full inch long ; its roundish lobes 2i or 3 lines
long: ovules about 3 in each cell. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1803, 73, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 280,
& Bot. Calif, i. 500 ; Watson, Bot. King, 271 ; Robinson, Garden, 1870, with a colored
plate. P. viscosum, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 154, in small part. Alpine region of the Rocky Moun-
tains from lat. 49 southward to Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and in the high Sierra Nevada.
California.
Var. mellitum, Gray, 1. c. Usually a taller form : inflorescence more lax and leafy,
becoming spiciform or racemose: corolla pale or sometimes white, fully an inch long, more
narrowly funnclform ; the lobes only one third or fourth the length of the tube. With the
ordinary form in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah.
2. Corolla campanulate-funnelform, with tube not surpassing the open cam-
panulate calyx and shorter than the ample spreading limb : filaments usually
dilated and pilose-appendaged at base : inflorescence open and with very few
bracts: leaflets simple and entire, sometimes confluent: root perennial.
# Low, about a span high from cespitose-branching and mostly thickened rootstocks: flowering
stems only 1-3-leaved: flowers cymulose: leaflets seldom half an inch long.
P. viscosum, Nutt. Dwarf and with thick densely tufted rootstocks, viscid-puberulent :
leaflets very numerous and crowded or even imbricated, thickish, ovate or roundish, at most
a line and a half long : flowers in a rather close cymulose cluster : corolla blue or whitish,
barely twice the length of the calyx, its rounded lobes (2 lines long) about the length of the
included tube: filaments not appendaged at base. PI. Gamb. 154 (mainly, excluding
what relates to the " elongated lanceolate segments of the calyx ") ; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. 1. c. High Rocky Mountains, towards the sources of the Platte, Ntdtall.
P. humile, Wllld. More slender, and from somewhat creeping rootstocks, more or less
viscid-pubescent : leaflets 15 to 21, from round-oval to oblong, 2 to lines long : flowers
rather few in the clusters : corolla blue or purplish ; its ampler rounded lobes much longer
than the short included tube: filaments pilose at the dilated base : ovules 2 to 4 and seeds
1 or 2 in each cell. Roem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 702; Cham, in Linn. vi. 502. A polymor-
phous or complex species, of which the large-flowered high northern form, with rather long
viscid pubescence about the calyx, &c., may be taken as type, after Chamisso, viz. his P.
humile and his var. macranthum. P. Rickardsonii, Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2800. P. lanatttm,
Fischer. P. capitatnm, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317, mainly (excl. syn. Lindl. Bot. Reg.,
which belongs rather to P. cteruleum ; also excluding the original of Eschscholtz, from Cali-
fornia, which must be Gilia multicaulis or G. achiUecefolia). P. pulchellum, var. macranthum,
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 85. Arctic coast to St. Paul's and Shumagin Islands. (Kamts.
to Spitzbergen.) Lobes of the corolla often 5 lines long.
Var. pulchellum. Viscid pubescence mostly minute, or the leaflets often nearly
glabrous and naked : flowers smaller : the lobes of the corolla only 3 or 2 lines long, violet
or lavender blue, in some forms nearly white. (Varies in small-flowered forms with style
and even stamens exserted.) P. pulchellum, Bunge, in Lcdeb. Fl. Alt. i. 233, & Ic. Ross.
Polemonium. POLEMONIACEJE. 151
t. 20. P. moschatum, Wormskiold. P. luunile, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1304. P.pulcherrimum^ook.
Bot. Mag 1 , t. 2979, a more viscid, lax or diffuse, and small-flowered form ; the corolla violet,
varying to white, its lobes narrower. N. W. and Arctic coast, and southward along the
Rocky Mountains to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada. (Kamts. & Siberia.)
* * Taller, from slender rootstocks or roots : leaves and leaflets larger.
H Ovules G to 12 in each cell: stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high: leaflets numerous and mostly approxi-
mate, not rarely continent or the rhachis winged: seeds in the same species either wing-angled
or marginless : "corolla blue, varying to white.
P. caeruleum, L. Either glabrous or viscid-pubescent : stem mostly strict and virgate,
1 to 3 feet high, 5-10-leaved : leaflets from linear-lanceolate to oblong-ovate (9 to 20 lines
long) : flowers numerous in a naked and narrow thyrsus or panicle: calyx cleft to or be-
yond the middle: corolla an inch or considerably less in diameter: elongated style usually
considerably and stamens often somewhat longer than the corolla. Fl. Dan. t. 255;
Reiehcnb. Ic. Germ. t. 1334 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 371. Wet or moist ground ; very rare in
the N. Atlantic States (in swamps in New York, viz. Schoharie Co., Dr. Howe, Delaware
Co., B. D. Gilbert, Hcrkimer Co., Clinton, also Warren Co., New Jersey, Porter; a form with
rather open-panicled inflorescence and broadish leaflets) ; but common in western wooded
mountain districts, viz. from Colorado Rocky Mountains to California, Oregon, and far
northward. (N. Asia, Eu.)
Var. acutiflorum, Ledeb., is a high northern and reduced form, a foot to a span
high, with few and large flowers, and ovate more or less acute corolla-lobes, which exceed
the stamens and sometimes even the style. P. acutiflorum, Willd. in Roem. & Sch. 1. c. ;
DC. Prodr. 1. c. High N. W. coast and Aleutian Islands, &c. (Siber., N. Eu.)
P. foliosissimum. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong-scented : stem a foot
or more high, very leafy throughout: leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (seldom
an inch long) : flowers corymbose-cymose, smaller than those of the preceding : corolla
commonly white or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx, which is
5-cleft to or beyond the middle : style and stamens not protruding. P. acruleiim, var.?
pterosperma, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317 ; but the seeds, as in P. azruleum, are either mar-
ginless or wing-margined. P. cceru/enm, \&r. foliosissimum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 281.
Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to Utah and Idaho.
Some forms approaching the preceding species ; but it is more like P. Mexicanum, Cerv.,
which is loosely branched, and has the violet corolla little exceeding the calyx, the lobes of
the latter barely half the length of the tube.
.)__ -I Ovules onlv 3 or 4 in each cell : stem lax or with diffuse branches and open corymbiform or
paniculate inflorescence: leaflets fewer (5 to 15) and rather large, membranaceous, only the ulti-
mate at all confluent : herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent, neither viscid nor glandular: style
and stamens rather shorter than the corolla.
P. carneum. A foot or two high, rather stout: leaflets from ovate to oblong-lanceolate
(often an inch and a half long): branches somewhat umbellately 3-5-flowered: calyx
deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate-oblong : corolla salmon-color or flesh-color (fading to pur-
plish), 8 to 12 lines long (the ample limb sometimes 1$ inches in diameter when fully
expanded); its lobes rounded-obovate. In mountain woods, Siskij'ou Co., California,
Greene. Also near San Francisco, Kcllojg, G. li. Vascy.
P. reptans, L. A foot or less high, slender, weak and at length diffuse or spreading (but
never creeping) : leaflets ovate- or lanceolate-oblong: flowers several and loosely panicu-
late-cymulose on the branches : calyx with ovate lobes shorter than its tube : corolla light
blue, half inch or less in length. Lam. 111. 1. 106 ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1887. Open woods, New
York to Alabama and west to Minnesota and Missouri.
3. Corolla almost rotate, shorter than the broad and open deeply 5-cleft
calyx : filaments almost naked at base: flowers scattered: root annual. (Another
transition to Gilia.)
P. micranthum, Benth. Much branched from the base, slender, diffuse, more or less
viscid-pubescent : stems or branches 3 to 8 inches long : leaflets 5 to 13, obovate or lanceo-
late (2 to 4 lines long) : peduncles mostly solitary opposite the leaves : corolla whitish, a
line or two long: ovules 2 or 3 in each celt. DC. Prodr. ix. 318; Gray, 1. c. Springy
ground, British Columbia to California and Nevada : fl. in spring. (S. Chili, P. antarcticum,
Griseb. ex Benth.)
152 HYDROPHYLLACEJE.
ORDER XCII. HYDROPHYLLACE.E.
Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with watery insipid juice, alternate or sometimes oppo-
site leaves, no stipules, mostly a scorpioid inflorescence in the manner of Borra-
ginacea:, regular 5-merous 5-androus flowers, with the stamens borne on the base
or lower part of the corolla alternate with its lobes, a 2-merous ovary, and the
two styles distinct or partly united (in Romanzoffia completely united into one) :
stigmas terminal. Ovules amphitropous or anatropous, from 4 to very many,
pendulous, or when numerous almost horizontal. Hypogynous annular disk at
the base of the ovary often conspicuous. Fruit a capsule, one-celled with
two parietal placentae, or incompletely 2-celled by the approximation or meeting
of the placentae (borne on semisepta), or even completely 2-celled by their union
in the axis. Seeds with a close and usually reticulated or pitted testa, and a
small or slender embryo in cartilaginous or firm-fleshy albumen. Scorpioid cymes
sometimes complete, more commonly reduced to geminate or solitary false spikes
or racemes (which in description may be termed spikes or racemes) ; the pedi-
cels bractless. Calyx o-parted, or of nearly distinct sepals. Benth. in Linn.
Trans, xvii. 267 ; A.DC. Prodr. ix. 287 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. ix.312, & Bot.
Calif, i. 501.
TRIBE I. IIYDROPHYLLE^E. Ovary and capsule strictly 1-celled, lined with a
pair of expanded, at first fleshy, at maturity thin and membranaceous placentae,
which form a lining to the pericarp, and enclose the 4 or more amphitropous
ovules and seeds. Calyx sometimes appendaged at the sinuses. Corolla mostly
convolute in the bud. Style more or less 2-cleft. Ovary hispid, at least at tlie
apex. Capsule globose, loculicidal, i. e. dehiscent by the dorsal sutures. Seeds
by abortion commonly fewer than the ovules, globular, or angled by mutual pres-
sure : albumen cartilaginous.
* Stamens and style mostly conspicuously exserted : calyx nearly unchanged in fruit :
root perennial or biennial : leaves alternate.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM. Calyx early open, with or without a small appendage at each
sinus. Corolla campanulate ; the tube within bearing a linear longitudinal appendage
opposite each lobe, with infolded edges, forming a nectariferous groove. Filaments and
style long and filiform, the former bearded at the middle: anthers linear or oblong, in-
flexed in die bud. Seeds 1 to 4 ; the ovules only 4.
* * Stamens shorter than the corolla : calyx accrescent in fruit : root annual : lower and
sometimes all the leaves opposite.
2. NEMOPHILA. Calyx with a reflcxed appendage at each sinus. Corolla rotate or
approaching campanulate, usually longer than the calyx; the base within mostly with 10
appendages" Anthers usually sagittate-oblong. Ovules 4 to 20. Seeds commonly with
a deciduous or more persistent caruncle.
3. ELLJSIA. Calyx destitute of appendages at the sinuses, usually much enlarged
under the fruit. Corolla campamilate, shorter or little longer than the calyx ; the
internal appendages minute or obsolete; lobes in aestivation either all convolute, or
one exterior, or rarely quincuncial. Anthers oval or oblong. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds
not carunculate.
TRIBE II. PHACELIE/E. Ovary either strictly 1-celled or 2-celled by the meeting
of the linear or lanceolate placentse in the axis ; these separating in the loculicidal
dehiscence, and borne on the middle of the semiseptiferous valves, or sometimes
falling away. Calyx naked at the sinuses, deeply 5-parted. Corolla imbricated in
the bud. Style from 2- parted to (rarely) entire; the branches at the apex or the
stigmas obscurely if at all thickened. Ovary mostly hispid or pubescent, at least
its apex. Albumen cartilaginous or firm-fleshy.
HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 153
* Leaves all opposite, entire : flowers cymose : style 2-cleft at the apex.
4. DRAPERIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals narrow-linear, equal. Corolla tubular-funnelform,
with 5 short lobes, not appendaged within. Stamens unequal and somewhat unequally
inserted low down on the tube of the corolla, included. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of
collateral ovules pendulous from near the apex of each cell. Style long and filiform.
Capsule globose-didymous, membranaceous ; the thin semi-septa commonly adnate to each
valve, and the membranaceous central or placental portion falling with the four seeds.
* * Leaves all or all but the lowest alternate: flowers cymose, scorpioid-racemose or
spicate, or rarely in the forks.
-i Style 2-cleft, at least at the apex.
5. PHACELIA. Calyx-lobes all similar or nearly so. Corolla deciduous, not yellow.
Stamens equally inserted low down on the corolla. Inflorescence scorpioid. (Ovules and
seeds when reduced to a pair collateral and nearly as long as the cell.)
6. EMMENANTHE. Corolla (yellow or yellowish and campanulate) persistent ! Other-
wise as Phacelia. Seeds several.
7. CONANTHUS. Calyx-lobes all similar, narrow. Corolla deciduous, funnelfprm, not
appendaged; the slender filaments unequally inserted more or less high up on its tube.
Stigmas capitellate. Seeds with a thin smoothish testa, 10 to 20. Flowers solitary and
subsessile in the leafy forks of the stem. Habit of Nama.
8. TRICAR,DIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals very dissimilar; 3 outer large and cordate,
2 inner linear. Corolla broad-campanulate, deciduous. Stamens equally inserted on the
base of the corolla. Ovary glabrous : ovules and seeds about 8. Flowers racemose.
+- +- Style and even the stigma entire : ovary glabrous.
9. ROMANZOFFIA. Calyx-lobes or sepals similar. Corolla funnelform or almost cam-
panulate ; the stamens inserted on the base of its tube, unequal. Style filiform : stigma
small. Inflorescence scapiform, loosely racemose. Leaves round-reniform and crenate-
lobed.
* * * Leaves (alternate) and 1-flowered peduncles all radical: style 2-cleft at apex.
1 0. HESPEROCHIRON. Calyx 5-( rarely G-7-)parted ; the lobes linear-lanceolate, occa-
sionally unequal. Corolla campanulate or rotate, deciduous ; the stamens inserted on the
base of its tube. Ovary pubescent. Leaves spatulate or oblong, entire.
TRIBE III. NAME.E. Styles 2, distinct to the base ; their tips or stigmas commonly
clavate-thickened or capitate. Ovary completely or incompletely 2-celled. Cap-
sule loculicidal ; the valves bearing the (usually placentiferous) half-dissepiments
on their middle. Seeds with firm fleshy albumen. Corolla imbricated in the bud,
not appendaged within. Leaves simple, alternate, or sometimes imperfectly oppo-
site. (Closely connected with the foregoing tribe through Draperia and Conanthus
on the one hand, and Lemmonia on the other.)
* Ovules and seeds only 2 in each cell, one above the other : placentas not transversely
dilated or bilamellar.
11. LEMMONIA. Corolla short-campanulate. Filaments and styles short and included,
subulate : the former equally inserted, abruptly dilated or as it were appendiculate at the
very base : anthers cordate-didymous. Stigmas small. Capsule membranaceous, 2-
valved. Seeds proportionally large, globular-obovate. Depressed annual.
* * Ovules and seeds numerous or several, on transverse lamelliform placentae, which
approximate or cohere in the axis of the ovary, but separate in the loculicidal dehis-
cence and are borne on the half-dissepiments or half-valves of the capsule.
12. NAMA. Corolla funnelform or somewhat salverform. Filaments and styles filiform,
more or less included ; the former commonly unequal and often unequally inserted,
slightly and gradually if at all dilated at base. Capsule membranaceous ; the valves and
placentae undivided. Ovules and usually the seeds numerous. Mainly low herbs or
suffrutesccnt.
1 3. ERIODICTYON. Corolla funnelform or approaching campanulate. Filaments and
style more or less included. Capsule crustaceous, 4-valved, i.e. first loculicidal, then sep-
ticidal, tlms splitting into 4 half-carpels, which are closed on one side, owing to the widely
dilated placentae, and partly open on the other. Seeds rather few, pendulous. Shrubby,
with leaves mostly dentate.
TRIBE IV. HYDROLEE2E. Ovary and capsule completely 2-celled, and with large
and fleshy inseparable placentae; the dehiscence septicidally septii'ragal, or often
154 HYDROPHYLLACE^;. Hydrophyllum.
irregular, leaving the thin dissepiment with the central placenta. Styles 2. Corolla
nearly rotate, imbricated in the bud. Seeds very numerous, with fleshy albumen.
Leaves all alternate, simple and entire.
14. HYDROLEA. The only genus.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM, Tourn. WATERLEAF. (Formed of w&op,
water, and yvD.ov, leaf, a name of no obvious application.) North- American
herbs ; with petioled ample and lobed or divided alternate leaves, and cymose
clusters of violet-blue or white flowers, in early summer.
1. HYDROPHYLLUM proper. Perennial, with fleshy horizontal rootstocks :
calyx naked at the sinuses, except occasionally in the last species.
* Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate : at least the calyx and inflorescence hispid.
) Peduncles shorter than the petioles, generally shorter than the mostly dense inflorescence:
anthers short-oblong.
H. macrophyllum, Nutt. Hispid or rough-hirsute, stout, 2 or 3 feet high : lower
leaves commonly a foot long ; the divisions oval or oblong, obtuse, 2 or 3 inches long, in-
cisely toothed ; the upper ones confluent : stout peduncles commonly forked : cymes very
dense : calyx white-hispid, not deeply parted ; its divisions triangular-subulate, tapering
gradually from the broad base, loosely spreading: corolla dull white, half an inch long.
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 111. Rich woods, Ohio to Virginia and Alabama, and west to
the Mississippi.
H. Capita/turn, Dougl. Only a span or so in height, tufted : copious fascicled roots
fleshy and almost as large as the short rootstocks : leaves longer than the stem, and with
blade mostly shorter than the petiole, ovate or roundish in general outline, 2 or 3 inches
long, softly hirsute or pubescent, pinnately 5-7-parted or at base divided ; the divisions
2-3-lobed or cleft ; the lobes oblong, obtuse and mucronate : flowers capitate-cymose :
calyx very hispid. Benth. in Linn. Trans, xvii. 273 (excl. Calif, pi. &c.) ; A.DC. Prodr.
ix. 280; Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 292 (var. pumilum) ; Watson, Bot. King, 219. Hillsides,
&c.. Washington Terr, to the Sierra Nevada, California, and Utah.
Var. alpinum, "Watson, 1. c. Nearly acaulescent in dense tufts : flowers distinctly
pedicellate in a somewhat open cyme close to the ground: calyx densely white-hairy, but
less hispid. Eastern California and Nevada, in the higher Sierra Nevada and Humboldt
Mountains.
-f -t Peduncle elongated, surpassing the petiole and often surpassing the subtending leaf: anthers
oblong-linear. .
H- Pauline leaves elongated-oblong in general outline, pinnately parted or divided into 7 to 15
divisions.
H. OCCidentale, Gray. Pubescent, hirsute, or sparingly hispid, a foot or two high :
divisions of the leaves oblong, an inch or two long, mostly incised or few-cleft, obtuse :
peduncles rather slender : cymes mostly dense or capitate : calyx deeply parted, its divi-
sions lanceolate and rather obtuse, more erect: corolla violet-purple, varying to white, a
third inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 314, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. //. capitatum, Torr. Pacif. R.
Rep. iv. 125, not Dougl. Oregon (Nnttall) and N. & W. California.
Var. "W^atsoni, Gray, 1. c. Commonly low, sometimes almost stemless, soft-pubes-
cent, especially the lower side of the leaves (which is sometimes canescent), as also the
sparsely hispid calyx : cyme sometimes open. //. macrophyllum, var. occidentale, Watson,
Bot. King, 248, mainly. Sierra Nevada, California, to Utah, Anderson, Bolander, Watson, &c.
Var. Fendleri, Gray, 1. c. Pubescence mainly hirsute or hispid, not at all canescent
or cinereous : divisions of the leaves inclined to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, in-
cisely serrate: peduncle shorter: cyme rather open: corolla white or nearly so. Shady
ravines, Santa Fe", New Mexico, to Colorado, Fendler, Greene, T. M. Coulter, &c.
H- -H- Catiline leaves ovate in general outline, 3-5-parted or divided.
H. Virginicum, L. Stem (a foot or two high) and bright green leaves almost glabrous,
or with some scattered hairs : divisions of the leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate-lanceolate
or rhomboid-ovate, acuminate or acute, coarsely incised-toothed ; the lowest commonly
2-cleft and the terminal one often 3-lobed : peduncle usually once or twice forked : cyme
Nemophila. HYDROPHYLLACEJE. 155
at length open : calyx 5-parted to the very base into narrow linear and spreading hispid-
ciliate divisions : corolla nearly white or sometimes deep violet, about a fourth of an inch
long. Lam. 111. t. 07 ; Sehkuhr, Handb. t. 35; Bot. Reg. t. 331. Rich woods, Canada
to the mountains of Carolina and through the western States northward to Washington
Terr, and Alaska (violet-flowered form). Fleshy rootstock strongly toothed by the per-
sistent bases of former radical petioles.
* * Leaves palmately 5-7-lobed: calyx often bearing minute teeth in the sinuses.
H. Caiiadense, L. A foot or less high from thickish and scaly-toothed rootstocks, nearly
glabrous or very slightly and sparsely hirsute even on the calyx : stems simple and naked
below, 1-2-loaved at the summit : leaves bright green, rounded and with a cordate base,
5-7-cIeft to near the middle ; the larger ones 5 to 7 inches wide ; the radical ones on stout
petioles as long as the stem, not rarely furnished with several small and distant pinnately
arranged lateral divisions : peduncles mostly shorter than the cauline petioles, commonly
forked : small cymes rather open : divisions of the deeply 5-parted calyx narrowly lan-
ceolate-linear : corolla open-campanulate, mostly greenish-white : filaments very villous.
Lam. 111. t. 97 ; Bot. Reg. t. 242. Damp woods, Canada to the mountains of Carolina,
and west to the Mississippi.
"1. DECEMIUM, Hal. Biennial : calyx appendaged with a reflexed lobe at
each sinus, and somewhat accrescent under the fruit (in the manner of Nemophila,
to which genus this approaches) : stamens little longer than the open-canipaimlate
corolla. Viticella, Mitch. Nov. Gen. 62.
H. appendiculatum, Michx. A foot or so high, loosely brandling, hirsute with long
spreading hairs, and above minutely somewhat viscid-pubescent: radical leaves pinnately
5-7-parted or divided; cauline rounded, with truncate or cordate base, palmately 5-7-
angulate-lobed or the lower deeper cleft, somewhat dentate ; the lobes very acuminate :
peduncles exceeding the upper leaves : cymes loosely paniculate : pedicels filiform, equal-
ling or longer than the calyx ; the divisions of the latter lanceolate-subulate, spreading,
broadening at base under the one-seeded fruit. Fl. i. 134. //. (Decemium) tr'dolum, Raf. Fl.
Ludov. 33. Decemium hirtum, Raf. Med. Fl. ii. 215. Nemophila puniciilata, Spreng. Syst.
i. 569; Beck, Bot. 256. Damp woodlands, Upper Canada to mountains of Carolina, and
west to Missouri and Wisconsin.
2. NEMOPHILA, Ntitt. (Afyo?, a grove, and ytl.s-co, I love.) N. Amer-
ican annuals, in California chiefly winter-annuals, diffuse, more or less hirsute, of
tender texture ; with opposite or alternate and usually piimatifid leaves, one-
flowered terminal or lateral peduncles, in one or two species inclined to be race-
mose, and white, blue, or violet corolla, which in one species only is shorter than
the calyx. -- Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 179 ; Barton, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 61 ;
Gray, 1. c. 314, & Bot. Calif, i. 503. (The larger-flowered species are common
ornamental annuals in gardens.)
* Ovules 8 to 24, maturing 5 to 15 seeds : leaves all or almost all opposite, surpassed by the slender
peduncle. (All California!!.)
4 Seeds globular, smooth or minutely pruinose, with a very prominent papilhuform caruncle.
N. maculata, Bentll. Leaves lyrately pinnatifid into 5 to 9 short lobes, or the upper-
most somewhat cuneate and 3-lobed : corolla white, with a deep violet blotch at the apex
of each of the broad lobes ; its very broad scales partly free, hirsute-ciliate with long
sparse bristles. Lindl. in Jour. Hort. Soc. iii. 319, & fig.; PI. Hartw. 326; Paxt. Mag.
xvi. t. 6 ; Fl. Serres, v. t. 431. California, valley of the Sacramento to the Sierra Nevada.
Corolla varying from 9 to 20 lines in diameter.
+ Seeds oblong-oval, at maturity usually more or less tuberculate-corrugated or rugose:
caruncle more deciduous.
N. insignis, Dougl. Leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 9 oblong and often 2-3-lobed
divisions : corolla bright clear blue ; the scales within its base short and roundish, partly
free, hirsute with short hairs. Benth. 1. c. 275, & Trans. Hort. Soc. i. 479 ; Bot. Reg.
156 HYDROPHYLLACE^:.. Nemophila.
t. 1713; Bot. Mag. t. 3485. N. Menziesii, var., Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 372. Common
nearly throughout California, flowering, like the other species, from early spring onward.
Corolla from an inch or more down to little over half an inch in diameter.
N. Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. Mostly smaller than the preceding : leaves pinnatifid
into 3 to 9 lobes : rotate corolla from light blue to white, and commonly with dark dots or
spots, especially towards the centre, or sometimes with a dark eye ; the scales at its base
narrow, wholly adherent, their free edge densely hirsute-ciliate : appendages to the calyx
usually small. Bot. Beech. 152, & 372, first form ; Gray, 1. c. N. linfflora, Fisch. & Meyer,
Sert. Petrop. fol. & t. 8, a large blue-flowered form, the corolla an inch wide. N.pedun-
culata, Benth. 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 142 (as to char. & pi. coll. Coulter), a small-
flowered form. N. utontdfia, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Petrop. 1835, & Sert. Petrop. 1. c. ; Bot.
Reg. t. 1940; Bot. Mag. t. 3774. N. discoididis, Hortul. ; Fl. Serres, ii. t. 75, a cult, form,
with the dark spots confluent into a uniform dark brown-purple eye, or almost covering the
corolla (Regel, Gartenfl. 1364, t, 442). Common in California, extending to Oregon. Co-
rolla from half an inch to at most an inch in diameter ; the larger forms many-ovulate and
much resembling N. insiynis ; the smaller passing towards N. parviflora, and sometimes only
7-9-ovulate.
* * Ovules only 4, i. e a pair to each placenta: loaves all or mainly alternate : flowers mostly
large : internal scales of the corolla very broad and partly free, conniving or united in pairs at
the base of the filaments: seeds globose, with inconspicuous caruncle or none: peduncles rarely
exceeding the leaves, or the later ones forming as it were a naked few-flowered corymb or
raceme.
N. phacelioid.es, Nutt. Sparsely hirsute, a foot or two high : leaves all but the
earliest alternate, with naked petioles, 5-9-parted ; the divisions oblong or oval, the larger
ones 2-5-lobed : appendages of the calyx oblong or ovate, almost half the length of the
lobes: corolla ample, blue; the appendages in throat hairy outside : seeds obscurely im-
pressed-punctate. Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Pliilad. ii. 179, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. scr.
v. 192 ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. ii. t. 01 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2373 ; Bot. Reg. t. 740 ; Brit. Fl. Card.
t. 32. N. Nutlallii, Colla, Ilort. Rip. App. i. t. 5. N. hlrsnta & N. pilosn, Buckley in Proc.
Acad. Philad. Low grounds, Arkansas and Texas. Corolla an inch or more in diameter,
with white or pale centre.
N. aurita, Lindl. Hirsute, and the weak stems usually retrorsely hispid, a foot or two
long: leaves all with dilated clasping base or winged petiole; the lowest opposite, deeply
pinnatifid; the 5 to 9 oblong or lanceolate divisions more or less retrorse : appendages of
the calyx small: corolla violet, from two-thirds to nearly an inch in diameter; its internal
scales with ero.se and somewhat ciliatc margins: seeds favose-reticulated. Bot. Reg. t.
1601 ; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser. t. 338. California, from the Sacramento Valley to San Diego.
Upper peduncles almost always bractless and at length racemose.
N. racemosa, Nutt. More slender and weak than the preceding: leaves shorter and
with fewer divisions and a naked petiole destitute of auricled base : flowers only half the
size, the upper ones racemose. Gray, Proc. I.e. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. San Diego, Nuttull ;
Island of Catallna, Dull and Baker. Leaves of ovate rather than linear outline. Corolla
little longer than the calyx, only 4 or 5 lines wide.
# * * Ovules only 4, i. p. a pair to each placenta: lower leaves opposite, and the upper commonly
alternate: flowers small or minute: corolla more campaiiulate; its internal scales delicate and
nearly glabrous, or obsolete: seeds oval or globose, the caruncle at length evanescent: peduncles
shorter than the leaves: plants small or slender, diffuse or prostrate, hirsute-pubescent.
i Corolla, as in all preceding species, longer than the calyx.
N. parviflora, Dougl. Leaves pinnately 3-9-parted or cleft, or below divided ; the
divisions obovate or oblong; the distinct lower ones either sessile or petiolulate, the upper
confluent : appendages of the calyx rather conspicuous : corolla light blue or whitish, 3 to
5 lines in diameter; its lobes considerably longer than the tube; its oblong append-
ages manifest, wholly adherent by one edge : anthers oblong-sagittate : filaments filiform,
inserted on the very base of the corolla. Benth. 1. c. 275 ; Gray, 1. c. N. parviflora & N.
pedtinciil(tt:i,U(tn\i.V\. ii. 79. N. heterophytta, TFisch. & Meyer, I.e.; a larger-flowered form.
- Shady places, British Columbia to California ; common, and exceedingly variable in the
foliage, size of corolla, c. Seeds from one to four, smooth and even, with obscure im-
pressed punctures or pits, or becoming rather deeply pitted or scrobiculate. All but the
upper leaves mostly opposite.
EUisia. HYDROPIIYLLACE^. 157
N. microcalyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Leaves pinnately 3-5-parted or divided, or the
upper only 3-cleft ; divisions obovate or cuneate, 2-3-lobed or incised, all approximate,
commonly the whole leaf with a triangulate-reniform or cordate general outline : appen-
dages of the calyx small and inconspicuous, in flower less evident than in fruit : corolla
whitish or bluish, 1 to 2 lines long ; its lobes shorter than the campanulate tube ; the append-
ages (always '?) obsolete : filaments short, inserted rather high on the tube of the corolla :
anthers oval. Sort. Petrop. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. 368. A T . evanescens, Darby, S. Bot. N.
parviflora, A. DC. 1. c., as to Louisiana plant. EHisia microcalyx, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc.
1. c. ; Hook. Conip. Bot. Mag. i. 172. E. ranunculacea, Nutt. 1. c., ex char. Moist woods,
Virginia to Florida, Arkansas, and Texas. Leaves prevailingly and often all but the lowest
opposite. Seeds either globular or oval, when young minutely and sparsely pruinose with
little papilla;, when old with impressed punctures.
H -I Corolla decidedly shorter than the calyx.
N. breviflora, Gray. A span or more high, at length diffuse : leaves sometimes all
alternate, pinnately 3-5-parted ; the divisions approximate, oblong lanceolate, acute, entire,
(3 to 9 lines long) : peduncles seldom exceeding the petioles ; appendages of the calyx
nearly half the length of the proper lobes, both ciliate with long hirsute bristles : corolla
whitish or tinged with violet, broadly short-campanulate ; the lobes considerably shorter
than the tube; internal appendages cuneate, the broad free summit fimbriate-incised :
style minutely 2-cleft at apex : seed solitary, almost filling the cell, globose, nearly smooth
and even ; the caruncle evanescent. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 315. A", parrijlora, Watson, Bot.
King, 249, excl. char. Utah, in Parley's Park, Watson. Interior of Oregon, Tolmie,
W. C. Cusick. When full grown, the habit is somewhat that of Flocrkea. Seed nearly
2 lines in diameter.
3. ELLiSIA, L. (In honor of John Ellis, an English correspondent of John
Bartram and of Linnteus, and who published the first account of Dioncva, &c.) -
North American annuals, with tender herbage, somewhat hirsute ; the once to
thrice pinnatifid leaves either all opposite or the upper alternate ; peduncles soli-
tary or racemose ; corolla whitish, mostly small in comparison with the at length
stellate calyx.
1. EUELLI'SIA, Gray. Ovules in the manner of the tribe all on the inner
face of the placenta?, a pair to each : seeds globose, uniform, alveolate-reticulated :
leaves once pinnately parted.
E. Nyctelea, L. A span to a foot high, at length very diffuse : leaves on naked or
barely margined petioles, the upper mostly alternate ; the divisions 7 to 13, lanceolate,
acute, mostly 1-3-toothed or lobed : peduncles solitary in the forks or opposite the leaves,
or some of the later ones racemose and secuud : calyx-lobes lanceolate or at length ovate-
lanceolate, gradually acuminate, longer than the capsule : corolla cylindraceous-campanu-
late, rather shorter than the calyx: seeds very minutely reticulated. (Moris. Hist. iii.
451, sect. 2, t. 28; Ehret in Act. Ups. i. 97, t. 5; Trew. PI. Sel. t. 99.) Linn. Spec. ed. 2,
1GG2. E. amliir/im, Nutt. Gen. i. 118, merely a slender form. Polcmonium Nyctelea, L. Spec,
ed. 1, &c. Damp and shady places, New Jersey to Virginia and west to Saskatchewan
and Missouri ; flowering through spring and summer.
E. membranacea, Bentll. Weak, a foot or two long, sparsely beset with short hirsute
or hispid hairs or bristles, otherwise glabrous : leaves mostly opposite, on narrowly winged
or margined petioles ; the divisions 3 to 9, linear, obtuse, entire, or sometimes with a lobe :
flowers chiefly bractless and becoming racemose on a terminal peduncle : calyx-lobes oblong
or at length obovate, very obtuse, rather shorter than the open-campanulate corolla, not
exceeding the capsule: seeds rather coarsely reticulated. Benth. 1. c. 274; A. DC. 1. c. ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 505. California, from the Bay of San Francisco to San Diego. Flow-
ers very much smaller than in the preceding : corolla 4 lines in diameter, one lobe outside
in aestivation. Ovary beset with a few subulate bristles.
2. EUCRY'PTA, Gray, 1. c. Ovules a pair on the back as well as on the face
of each placenta ; the seeds of the two dissimilar, oval ; the outer ones (usually
158 HYDROPHYLLACE^l. Eilisia.
solitary) flattened mid hidden betvve:-n its placenta and the valve : leaves twice or
even thrice pinnately parted. Eucrypta, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 159.
B. chrysanthemifolia, Benth. 1. c. Afoot or two high, erect, paniculately branched,
more or less hirsute and scabrous : leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, on short
petioles auriculate-dilated at base, finely twice or thrice (or the uppermost once) parted or
cleft into small and short lobes : flowers loosely racemose, the short filiform pedicels bract-
less : calyx-lobes ovate or broadly oval, about equalling the small striate-nerved capsule,
shorter than the open-campanulate corolla : seeds oval; the ordinary ones (2 to 4 maturing)
rugosc-tuberculate, terete, discharged upon dehiscence ; a posterior one (or sometimes a pair)
enclosed between each valve and the placenta which lines it, meniscoid, smooth, usually
rather larger than the others. Eucrypta puntcnlata & E.foliosa, Nutt. 1. c. Phacelia micran-
tha, var.? Upinnatifida, Torr. in Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21. California, from Contra
Costa Co. to San Diego and to the borders of Arizona. Corolla and fruiting calyx about
3 lines in diameter, sometimes smaller. (Islands of Lower Calif.)
4. DRAPERIA, Torr. (Dedicated to Professor John William Draper of
New York, chemist and historian.) A single species. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
vii. 401, x. 316, & Bot. Calif, i. 505.
D. systyla, Torr. 1. c. Low and diffuse or decumbent perennial herb, branching from
slightly lignescent base, silky-hirsute and somewhat viscid, leafy : leaves all opposite, ovate,
entire, pinnately veined, slender-petioled : flowers crowded in a pedunculate terminal once
or twice 2-3-fid cyme ; the unilateral spikes or racemes of which slightly elongate in
age: sepals narrow-linear: corolla light purplish, 4 or 5 lines long: capsule thin; the oval
placental portion usually separating from the dissepiment in dehiscence : seeds oval and
angled ; the coat very minutely or obscurely reticulated. Nama systyla, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 37. California, ravines and shaded hillsides, along the Sierra Nevada ; first col-
lected by Lobb.
5. PHACELIA, Jnss. (From cpuxel.o^ a cluster or fascicle, alluding to the
crowded flowers of the original species.) -- Annual or some few perennial herbs
(all American, chiefly N. American) ; with alternate simple or compound leaves,
and more or less scorpioid cymes or so-called racemes or spikes. Corolla deciduous
(as generally in the order), at least thrown off by the enlarging capsule (ex-
cept in P. sericea /), blue, purple or white, never yellow, except the tube of certain
species ; the tube with or sometimes without appendages within ; these when
present generally in the form of 10 vertical folds or lamellar projections (borne
on a lateral vein), in pairs, either adnate to or free from and alternate with the
base of the slender filaments. Calyx-lobes commonly narrow, often wider up-
wards, more or less enlarging in fruit. Seed-coat reticulated or pitted. Gray,
Man. ed. 5, p. 3G9, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 31(3. Phaceiia, Cosmanthus (Nolte),
Eutoca (R. Br.), & Microgenetes, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 292, 297.
1. EUPHACELIA, Gray. Ovules 4, i.e. a pair to each placenta: seeds as
many or by abortion fewer, vertical ; the testa areolate-reticulate or favose : lobes
of the campanulate corolla entire (or rarely erose-dentate) ; the tube with 10 lami-
nate appendages in pairs at the base of the stamens. -- Phacelia, Juss., A.DC.
* Lower leaves and all the branches opposite : no hispid or hirsute pubescence : spikes or branches
of the cyme hardlv at all scorpioid: pedicels much shorter than the calyx. (An anomalous
species.)
P. namatoides, Gray. Annual, a span high, brachiately branched, glabrous and glau-
cous below, above glandular-pubescent : leaves narrowly -lanceolate, entire, tapering at
base, obscurely petioled ; only the uppermost alternate, equalling or surpassing the rather
loose spikes or branches of the cyme : sepals spatulate-linear, a little shorter than the
Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 159
narrovv-campanulate blue corolla, exceeding the globular sparsely hirsute-pubescent cap-
sule : stamens and at length deeply 2-parted style included : appendages at base of fila-
ment short : seeds alveolate-reticulated. Proc. Am. Ac-ad, x. 017, & Bot. Calif, i. 506.
Nama racemosa, Kellogg, Proc. Ac-ad. Calif, v. 51. California, in the Sierra Nevada from
Calaveras to Nevada Co., at Cisco, Summit Station, &c., Bolander, Kellogg. Corolla and
capsule a line long.
# * Leaves (as in the rest of the genus) all alternate: pubescence or some of it hispid or hirsute:
spikes or branches of the cyme scorpioid and dense: pedicels short or hardly any (except in P.
pedicellata) : appendages of the corolla broad and salient, usually more or less united at the base
of the filament.
-1 Leaves all simple and entire, or some of the lower pinnately 3-5-partect or divided; the segments
or leaflets entire : capsule ovate, acute : seeds densely alveolate-punctate, upper end acutish.
P. circinata, Jacq. f . Hispid and the foliage strigose, and either green or canescent, a
span to 2 feet high from a perennial or biennial root : leaves from lanceolate to ovate,
acute, pinnately and obliquely straight-veined ; the lower tapering into a petiole and com-
monly some of them witli one or two pairs of smaller lateral leaflets : inflorescence hispid ;
the dense spikes thyrsoid-congested : corolla whitish or bluish, moderately 5-lobed, longer
than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx-lobes : filaments much exserted, sparingly
bearded. Eclog. 135, t. 91 ; Benth. 1. c. ; A. DC. Prodr. 1. c., where see the older synonymy.
(Aldea circinata, Willd. Enum.) P. heteropliijlla, Pursh, Fl. i. 140. P. CaUjbriuca, Cham, in
Linn. iv. 495. P. hastata, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 80. P. leucophyUa, Torr. in Frein. Rep. 93.
P. canescens, Nutt. PL Gamb. 159, a dwarf very canescent state. Dry ground, Dakota to
British Columbia, New Mexico, and California. (S. to the Straits of Magellan.) Very
variable: dwarf forms sometimes with a naked scape-like stem.
Var. calycosa, Gray, 1. c. Divisions of the calyx more foliaceous and ample, and
in fruit with narrowed base, oblong to obovate-spatulate, reticulated. California ; not rare
in the western part of the State, under otherwise varying forms.
P. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Resembling the preceding but smaller and slender, from an
annual root: corolla blue or violet, more broadly campanulate, nearly twice the length of
the linear calyx-lobes : filaments glabrous, a little shorter than the corolla. Monte Diablo,
California, on dry and soft sandstone, Brewer. Leaves seldom an inch long, exclusive of
the petiole of the lowermost ; many of them 8-5-parted ; the lanceolate lobes ascending.
Corolla barely 3 lines long.
P. humilis, Torr. & Gray. Annual, diffusely branched from the base, a span high,
pubescent, or the inflorescence often hirsute : leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate,
rather obtuse ; the lower rarely with one or two lateral ascending lobes, the veins branch-
ing : spikes loosely paniculate or solitary, in age rather slender : pedicels either all very
short, or the lower sometimes almost as long as the calyx : corolla indigo-blue, rather
deeply lobed, surpassing the usually linear calyx-lobes : filaments moderately exserted,
glabrous or sparingly bearded above. Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 122, t. 7 ; Watson, Bot. King, 250.
Sierra Nevada, California, from Siskiyou to Mariposa Co., and E. Nevada. Leaves an
inch or two in length. Corolla 2 or 3 lines long.
Var. calycosa, Gray. A strict and slender form : corolla apparently pale : calyx-
lobes larger and spatulatc, as in the similar variety of P. circinata. Proc. Am. Acad. &
Bot. Calif, i. 507. E. side of the Sierra Nevada, near Mono Lake, Bolander.
* H Leaves simple, all petioled, rounded-cordate, somewhat palmately lobed or incised, the lobes
serrate.
P. malvaefolia, Cham. Rather tall and stout, from an annual ? root, hispid with spread-
ing or reflexed stinging bristles, and the foliage more or less pubescent: leaves (1 to 3
inches in diameter) green and membranaceous, round-cordate, incisely 5-9-lobed, acutely
toothed : somewhat palmately ribbed at base : spikes solitary or geminate : corolla (3 or 4
lines long) white, longer than the unequal linear and spatulate calyx-lobes : stamens ex-
serted : seeds alveolate-scabrous. Linn. iv. 494; Gray, 1. c. California, Bay of San
Francisco, Chiunisso, Kellor/y, G. R. Vasey.
* 4 -i Leaves oblong or narrower in outline, pinnately toothed, lobed, or compound, and the
lobes or divisions toothed or incised: capsule globular "or ovoid, obtuse : seeds with excavated
ventral face divided by a salient ridge: annuals, or rarely biennials (or one perennial?), mostly
with cymosely or umbellately or thyrsoid congested spikes.
w- Calyx, c., not setose-hispid: stamens and style more or less exserted.
100 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Phacelia.
= Pedicels short, when any, and erect in the fruiting spike : divisions of the calyx entire, little
exceeding the capsule : seeds minutely reticulated.
P. integrifolia, Torr. A span to 2 feet high, strict, viscid-pubescent or hirsute, very
leafy : leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, sessile or the lower short-petioled with a com-
monly subcordate base, simply or mostly doubly crenate-toothed, sometimes incised : spikes
crowded, at first thyrsoid : corolla narrow-campanulate, whitish or bluish : stamens and
style long-exserted ; the latter cleft to the middle : capsule short-ovoid. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii. 222, t. 3, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 143 ; Watson, 1. c. Gypseous soil, Colorado and N. W.
Texas to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
Var. Palmeri, Gray, 1. c. A strict form, apparently from a biennial root, more hir-
sute and viscid : leaves more acutely sinuate-toothed: inflorescence thyrsoid-contracted.
S. Utah, Palmer, Siler, and intermediate forms by Parry and Ward.
P. crenulata, Torr. A span or two high, often branched from the base and somewhat
spreading, viscid-pubescent or hirsute : leaves mainly petioled, spatulate-obong, crenately
toothed or pinnatifid, sometimes lyrate and the lowest divisions distinct or nearly so ; the
lobes crenulate-toothed : spikes soon open and spreading : corolla rotate-campanulate,
bright violet or paler ; the internal appendages very broad : stamens moderately exserted :
style cleft far beyond the middle : capsule globular. Watson, Bot. King, 251 ; Gray, 1. c.
Rocky slopes, New Mexico to Arizona and N. W.Nevada. Flowers commonly deep-
colored, half-inch in diameter, and showy, sometimes considerably smaller and paler.
P. glandulosa, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent and glandular, softly if at all hirsute, a span to
a foot or more high : leaves irregularly and interruptedly twice pinnatifid, or below divided ;
the numerous lobes small, oblong, somewhat incised, obtuse : calyx-lobes oblong or spatu-
late : corolla (2 lines long) bluish, purplish, or white, with lobes shorter than the tube :
stamens and 2-clef t style moderately or conspicuously exserted : seeds with the minute
reticulations even. Nutt. PL Gamb. 160 (very pubescent and viscid form); Gray, I.e.
P. Popei, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 172, t. 10 (less pubescent form, with corolla lobes
quite entire). Eutoca ylandulosa, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 293. Gravelly soil, N. W.
Texas and Colorado to Arizona. (Mex.)
Var. Neo-Mexicana, Gray, 1. c. Lobes of the corolla either slightly or conspicu-
ously erose-denticulate. P. Nco-Mcxicana, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143. Colorado
and New Mexico.
P. congesta, Hook. Pubescent and commonly cinereous, hardly in the least viscid or
glandular, a foot or more high: leaves pinnately 3-7-divided or parted, and with a few
interposed small lobes ; the main divisions oblong or oval, incisely pinnatifid or irregularly
lobed ; the lower ones mostly petiolulate and the upper confluent : calyx-lobes linear or
somewhat spatulate : corolla blue (3 lines long); the lobes as long as the tube : stamens
more or less exserted : seeds reticulate-scabrous, the fine sharp meshes being as it were
toothed at the junctions. Bot. Mag. t. 3452 ; A. DC. 1. c. 240. P. conferta, Don. P. tnna-
cetifolia, A. DC. 1. c., as to pi. Tex. Borland. Margin of thickets, &c., throughout Texas.
Not rarely cultivated.
Pedicels slender and horizontal, or divisions of calyx 3-5-lobed, much longer than the cap-
sule, villous. Extra-limital species, of Lower California.
P. pedicellata. A foot or less high, villous or soft-hirsute and glandular: root annual:
leaves pinnately 3-5-divided ; the divisions oval or oblong, incised and numerously toothed ;
the lower nearly sessile, the uppermost confluent or larger and 3-cleft : flowers much
crowded in short panicled or cymose-clustered racemes, small : pedicels filiform, about the
length of the flower, somewhat deflexed in fruit : calyx-lobes linear or in age oblanceolate,
entire, villous (as also the pedicel), hardly twice the length of the globular capsule : corolla
apparently white (little over 2 lines long), moderately surpassed by the stamens and
2-cleft style ; the internal appendages short and rounded : seeds rugose-reticulated and
somewhat tuberculate at maturity. Lower California, Dr. Thomas H. Streets.
P. phyllomanica, Gray. A foot or two high from a rigid (and possibly perennial)
base, very leafy, canescent with soft-tomentose and some longer villous pubescence, not
glandular : leaves elongated-oblong in outline, pinnately parted or below divided ; the
divisions 9 to 18 pairs, linear-oblong, pinnatifid ; the short lobes 1-2-toothed or entire : con-
densed spikes thyrsoid-crowded : flowers nearly sessile : calyx-lobes foliaceous, all or 2 or 3
of them pinnately 3-5-parted : corolla violet, a little longer than the calyx ; the expanded
Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 161
limb 3 lines in diameter: stamens and style slightly exserted : fruit not seen. Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 87. Guadalupe Island, off Lower California (beyond our limits), Palmer.
Var. interriipta, Gray, 1. c. Lower, and with pubescence more villous or hirsute :
leaves with fewer and sparser divisions (the larger crenately pinnatifid) and some very
small interposed lobes. With the other form.
H- -H- Calyx more or less setose-hispid, in fruit usually much surpassing the capsule; the
divisions entire, hut often dissimilar: seeds favose-pitted or in age tuberculate : style "2-parted.
(Species running together or dillicult to discriminate: leaves mostly 1-3-pinnately "divided and
incised: corolla light violet or bluish, varying to white.)
P. tanacetifolia, Benth. Erect annual, roughish-hirsnte or hispid, not glandular, or
above slightly so, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves pinnately 9-17-divided into linear or oblong-
linear once or twice pinnately parted or cleft divisions, all sessile or nearly so ; the lobes
mostly linear-oblong : spikes cymosely clustered, at length elongated: very short fruiting
pedicels ascending or erect : calyx-lobes linear or linear-spatulate, not twice the length of
the ellipsoidal capsule : stamens and style conspicuously exserted : seeds with very narrow
pits bounded by thick walls. Bot. Keg. t. 1096; Bot, Mag. t. 370:) ; Brit. Fl. Gard. n. ser.
t. 360. California, very common, at least near the coast. Variable in foliage : the var.
tenuffolia, Thurber in Bot. Mex. Bound., is a common form, with fine Tansy-like foliage.
Common garden annual.
P. ramosissima, Dougl. About 2 feet high, decumbent or ascending from a perennial
root (according to E. L. Greene) ; the branches divergent, pubescent and more or less
viscid or glandular, or above hispid : leaves 5-9-divided or parted into oblong or narrower
pinnatifid-incised divisions : spikes glomerate, short and dense, little elongated in age :
flowers subsessile and in fruit ascending on the rhachis : stamens and style usually mode-
rately exserted : appendages to the corolla with a merely acute free apex : calyx-lobes
from linear-spatulate to obovate, twice or thrice the length of the ovate or short-ovoid
capsule: seeds oblong. Benth. in Linn. Trans. I.e. 280; Hook. Fl. ii. 80 (but ovary not
glabrous in original specimens) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 319, & Bot. Calif, i. 508, excl.
var. P. tanacetifolia, Thurber in Bot, Mex. Bound. 143. Washington Territory and Oregon
(through the dry interior) to San Diego Co., California, and Arizona. In some forms very
near the foregoing.
P. hispida. A foot or less high from an annual root, diffusely branching, hardly viscid,
setose-hispid with long and slender white bristles : leaves with fewer and coarser divisions
than the preceding, the uppermost sometimes merely laciniate-incised : spikes soon loose
and loosely paniculate, 2 or 3 inches long in fruit : flowers nearly all on short but manifest
and slender horizontal pedicels : stamens and style equalling or barely surpassing the
corolla : calyx-lobes narrowly linear with attenuated base, nearly equalling the corolla, in
fruit 4 to 6 lines long and about 4 times the length of the globose capsule : seeds short-
oval. P. ramosissima, var. liispida, Gray, I.e. Western part of California, from Santa
Barbara to San Diego, Nuttall, Wallace, Torrey, Cleveland. Bristles resembling those of
Borage.
P. ciliata, Benth. Erect or ascending, a span to a foot or more high from an annual
root, more or less pubescent or sparingly hirsute above : stems scabrous : leaves pinnately
parted, or the lower divided and the upper merely cleft ; the divisions or lobes oblong,
pinnatifid-incised : spikes rather short and in fruit rather loose : pedicels short or hardly
any, ascending : stamens and the 2-parted style shorter than or not surpassing the
corolla : appendages of the latter with pointed tips : calyx-lobes from lanceolate to ovate,
more or less shorter than the white or bluish corolla, accrescent and becoming venose-
reticulated in age, then sparsely ciliate with short rigid bristles, 4 or 5 lines long, only
twice the length of the ovate mucronate capsule : seeds oval, fa.vosc. Linn. Trans. 1. c. ;
Gray, 1. c. California, from the Sacramento and the vicinity of San Francisco to Monte-
rey, apparently in shaded moist soil.
* * * Flowers in loose and only slightly scorpioid racemes; the pedicels equalling or surpassing
the flowers: appendages of the very open corolla long and rather narrow, villous on the edge,
approximate between the stamens, from which they are remote : seeds with a rather fleshy
obscurely areolate testa.
P. bipinnatiflda, Michx. A foot or more high from a slender biennial root, erect,
paniculately branched, hirsute-pubescent and above mostly viscid and glandular : leaves
slender-petioled, green and thin, pinnately 3-7-divided ; the divisions ovate or oblong-ovate,
11
162 HYDROPHYLLACE^:. Phacelia.
acute, coarsely and irregularly incised or pinnatifid ; the lower short-petiolulate and the
uppermost confluent : racemes loose, 7-20-flowered : pedicels spreading or in fruit recurved :
calyx-lobes linear, loose, longer than the globular capsule : corolla rotate-campanulate,
violet-blue, over half an inch in diameter, with rather short rounded lobes and very con-
spicuous internal appendages : stamens (bearded) and style usually more or less exserted.
Fl. i. 134, t. 16 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 369. Shaded banks of streams, Ohio and Illinois to
Alabama : flowering in June.
Var. brevistylis, Gray. A remarkable form, with corolla about one half smaller :
style and especially the stamens not exserted. P. brevistylis, Buckley, in Am. Jour. Sci.
xlv. (1843) 172. Alabama, Buckley, Nevius, &c.
2. CosiiXNTHUs, Gray. Ovules and seeds of Enphacelia : corolla destitute
of internal appendages, almost rotate ; its lobes fimbriate : filaments (villous-
bearded) rarely longer than the corolla : ovary villous-hispid at the summit,
otherwise glabrous : low annuals, with loosely racemose flowers in the manner of
the last preceding species and of earliest of the next section. Man. Bot. ed. 2,
328, & 5, 369. Cosmanthus, Nolte. Cosmanthus Eacosmanthus, A.DC. in part.
P. Purshii, Buckley. A span to a foot high, diffusely branched from the base, sparsely
hirsute : cauline leaves pinnately 5-11-parted, the upper closely sessile ; lobes oblong or
lanceolate, acute : racemes rather many-flowered, sometimes forking : calyx-lobes linear :
corolla light blue varying to white (half inch in diameter). Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci.
xlv. 172 ; Gray, Man. 1. c. P. fimbriata, Pursh, &c. Cosmanthns fimhriatus, Nolte, A.DC.
Prodr. ix. 297. Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Minnesota and Missouri, North
Carolina and Alabama. Pedicels filiform, G to 10 lines long. Perhaps only a variety of
the next. Seeds as in the preceding.
P. fimbriata, Michx. Weak and diffuse, a span high, less hirsute : cauline 3-7-clef t or
lobed or the lower lyrately divided ; the lobes obtuse or roundish : racemes few-flowered :
pedicels filiform : calyx-lobes linear-oblong or spatulate : corolla white (only 3 or 4 lines
broad), rather shorter than the stamens. Fl. i. 134; Gray, Man. 1. c. In woods of the
higher Alleghany Mountains, Virginia to Alabama ; flowering early.
Var.? Boykini, Gray. More robust, evidently growing in more exposed soil :
racemes rather many-flowered, at length strict, with fruiting pedicels erect and not longer
than the calyx : corolla far less fimbriate, bluish. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320. Upper part
of Georgia, Boykin. Perhaps a distinct species, more likely a state of P. fimbriata, growing
in a lower and warmer region.
3. COSMANTHOI'DES, Gray. Ovules and seeds 3 to 8 (rarely only a pair) on
each placenta, the latter with reticulated testa : appendages of the rotately or
open-campanulate corolla wanting, or very inconspicuous and remote from the
stamens : capsule globular and pointless : low annuals of the Atlantic United
States, early-flowering, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate, with mostly pinnatifid leaves,
the upper closely sessile, simply racemose flowers, and somewhat villous-bearded
filaments about the length of the blue or white corolla.
* Ovules 2 to 4 on each (at length deciduous) placenta: globose capsule thin-walled: slender and
smoothish little annuals, with the aspect of Cusm'tnthtis, but lobes of the corolla entire, its base
with no appendages or only obscure vestiges. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 320.
P. glabra, Nutt. Slender, 3 to 8 inches high, glabrous except a few hirsute short hairs
chiefly on the margins of the leaves and calyx: corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter : calyx-
lobes in fruit little longer than the capsule, mostly oblong or oval : otherwise as in P. par-
viflora. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 192 ; Gray, 1. c. Low prairies, Arkansas and
Eastern Texas. Very like slender and smoother forms of the next, into which it probably
passes. Ovules 4 in some flowers, 5 to 7 or 8 in others.
P. parviflora, Pursh. A span or more high, sparsely hirsute or glabrate, branched
from the base : radical and lowest cauline leaves lyrately pinnate, with 3 to 5 roundish
leaflets or divisions, or sometimes simple and entire ; the upper mostly sessile and 3-9-
parted or cleft into oblong or linear-lanceolate lobes : racemes loose, several-many-flowered ;
Phacella. HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 163
the spreading filiform pedicels longer than the fruiting calyx : corolla light blue or nearly
white, 4 to 6 lines in diameter: calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, in fruit nearly twice the
length of the capsule (this only a line and a half long). Fl. i. 140; Gray, Man. I.e.
(1'luk. t. 245, fig. 5.) Polcmonium dubium, L. Eutoca pare! flora, R. Br. in Richards. App.
Frankl. Journ. 30 ; Benth. 1. c. Cosmanthus parcijiorus, A.DC. 1. c. Phacella pusilla, Buck-
ley, 1. c., ex char. Shaded places, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Carolina, Missouri, and Texas :
the south-western and also Virginian forms passing into
Var. hirsuta, Gray. More hirsute and the stems less slender, apparently growing
in more open or dry soil : corolla larger, 5 to 7 lines in diameter. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.
P. lursula, Xutt. 1. c. 191. Prairies and barrens, south-western part of Missouri to eastern
Texas. Also similar forms from Giles Co., Virginia, and Stone Mountain, Georgia,
Canby. Well developed capsule 2 lines long. Ovules only 4 in some flowers, 8 in others.
# * Ovules (and commonly the seeds) about 8 on each placenta: plants stouter, with less divided
leaves : vestiges of appendages to the corolla sometimes manifest, in the form of very narrow
lamellae approximate in pairs 'bet ween the stamens.
P. patuliflora, Gray. Rather softly cinereous-hirsute or pubescent, and the inflorescence
somewhat glandular, branched from the base, a span to a foot high, erect or diffuse : leaves
obovate or oblong (an inch or two long) ; the lowest lyrate-pinnatifid ; the upper commonly
only pinnatifid-incised, sessile : racemes lax, at length elongated : pedicels spreading or
nodding, especially in fruit, 4 to 7 lines or more long : corolla deep blue with yellow base,
from half to three quarters inch in diameter ; the lobes somewhat erose-denticulate : calyx-
lobes lax or spreading, linear or somewhat lanceolate, occasionally becoming spatulate or
obovate, sometimes twice the length of the rather thin-walled capsule. Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 321. Eutoca patuliflora, iMigelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 45. Phacelia hispida, Buckley in
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1831, 403. Low prairies and thickets, Texas along and near the
coast, Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wrijht, Buckley, &c. Capsule 2 lines long : placentae at
length deciduous : seeds apparently as in the next.
P. strictiflora, Gray, 1. c. Shorter and stouter than the preceding, more cinereous-hir-
sute : leaves rather more pinnatifid (an inch or so long) : racemes in fruit strict and mostly
dense, with pedicels erect and not longer than the capsule : corolla similar or rather larger :
calyx-lobes usually becoming spatulate : capsule firm-coriaceous (3 lines long) : seeds
round-oval, minutely alveolate-reticulated and coarsely more or less tuberculate-rugose !
Eutoca strictiflora, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c. Sand-hills, San Felipe and Austin, Texas, Drum-
mond, Lindheimer, E. Hall. Also Mississippi, Spillman. Perhaps a variety of the last,
growing in more exposed soil. Capsule of firmer texture ; the placentae inclined to be
adnate. In the seeds alone there is some approach to the character of the Microgeru tes
section.
4. GYMXOBYTHUS, Gray. Ovules and seeds very numerous on the dilated
placentas, descending or nearly horizontal ; the testa favose-pitted : appendages of
the rotate-campanulate corolla wholly absent : capsule ovate and pointed : style
2-parted : very glandular and viscid California!! annuals, with ovate dentate leaves,
simple or sometimes geminate loose racemes, and very slender filaments (usually
a little bearded at base) about the length of the corolla. Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 321. Cosmanthus Gymnobythus, A. DC.
P. Viscida, Torr. A foot or two high, branching, hirsute at base, very glandular above :
leaves ovate or obscurely cordate, doubly or incisely and irregularly dentate (an inch or
two long) : corolla deep blue with purple or whitish centre, from half to nearly an inch in
diameter. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143; Gray, I.e. & Bot. Calif, i. 513. Eutoca viscida, Benth.
in Bot. Reg. t. 1808 ; Bot. Mag. t. 3572. Cosmanthus viscidus, A.DC. 1. c. 296. Open soil,
along the coast of California, from Santa Barbara southward. Calyx-lobes linear or be-
coming obscurely spatulate, about the length of the abruptly cuspidate-pointed capsule ;
the firm placentae of which persist on the valves.
Var. albiflora, Gray, 1. c., differs only in its white corolla. Eutoca albiflora, Nutt.
PI. Gamb. 158. Same range.
P. grandifl6ra, Gray, 1. c. Very like the preceding, or disposed to be more hispid and
robust : corolla purplish or white, an inch to an inch and a half iu diameter. Eutoca
164 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Phacelia.
grandijlora, Bonth. in Linn. Trans. 1. c. 278. E. speciosa, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 1. c. Cosmanthns
grand iflor us, A. DC. I.e. California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward, Dou/jlas, Nuttall,
Peckham, &c. Capsule 4 lines long, the cuspidate persistent and indurated base of the
style a line in length.
5. WHITL^VIA, Gray. Ovules and seeds numerous or rather few ; the testa
favose-pitted : appendages of the corolla reduced to 5 small truncate or emar-
ginate scales, one aduate to the inner base of each capillary somewhat exserted
filament : style 2-cleft above the middle : California!! annuals, with inflorescence
and habit of the preceding section, but less glandular, and with longer petioles and
pedicels, and looser racemes, the flowers showy. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 321.
* Corolla large (purple or blue, varying to white in cultivation), with tube longer than the rounded
lobes and much longer than the linear calyx-lobes: placentae and seeds of preceding section.
Wliitlitvla, Harvey.
P. Whitlavia, Gray, 1. c. About a foot high, loosely branching, hirsute and glandular :
leaves ovate or deltoid, incisely toothed : corolla with cylindraceous ventricose tube usually
an inch long, thrice the length of the lobes : appendages to the filaments hairy. Whitlarin
grandijlora (and W. minor), Harvey in Lond. Jour Bot. v. 312, 1. 11, 12; Bot. Mag. t. 4813.
S. California, Coulter, &c. Cultivated as an ornamental annual.
P. campamilaria. Lower: leaves subcordate, less deeply dentate: tube of the truly
campanulate corolla half inch long, expanded at throat, barely twice the length of the
lobes: appendages to the filaments glabrous and smaller; otherwise much resembles the
preceding, and almost as showy. S. California, San Bernardino Co., Parry and Leminon.
San Diego Co., Cleveland.
* Corolla rotate-campanulate, deeply-] obed, hardly twice the length of the narrow calyx-lobes:
racemes very loose : pedicels filiform, widely spreading : herbage hirsute or somewhat hispid and
glandular.
P. Parryi, Torr. A span or two high, rather slender: leaves ovate, irregularly and in-
cisely doubly toothed or laciniate, or the lowest sometimes pinnately parted ; the upper
cauline longer than their petioles : corolla cleft beyond the middle, deep violet, two-thirds
inch in diameter: filaments bearded: ovules on each placenta 20 or 30 and seeds 15 to 20.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 144 ; Gray, 1. c. California, near Los Angeles and San Diego, Parry,
Cooper, Davidson, &c.
P. longlpes, Torr. Slender, loosely branched : cauline leaves roundish-oval or subcor-
date, coarsely and obtusely 5-8-toothed, about half inch long, all shorter than the petioles:
corolla hardly half an inch long, apparently white, 5-cleft barely to the middle ; ovules on
each placenta 8 or 10, and the seeds fewer Gray, 1. c. Santa Barbara Co , California,
Torrey.
6. EUTOCA, Gray. Ovules and seeds several (G to 12) or more numerous
on each placenta ; the testa areolate-reticulated or favose-pitted, but not trans-
versely rugose: appendages of the mostly campanulate corolla in the form of
10 vertical salient lamella;: capsule ovate or oblong. (Chiefly occidental, one or
two boreal ; habit very various, several distinguished from analogous Euphacelice,
&c.,only by the ovules and seeds.) Man. ed. 2, 329, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 322.
Eutoca, R. Br., excl. spec. Eutoca Ortkeutocd, A. DC.
* Perennials, or annuals, with conspicuously (in P. Bolanden and P. Jfohavensis more slightly)
exserted stamens and dense scorpioid inflorescence : appendages of the open-campanulate corolla
conspicuous and usually broad, more or less oblique, at base united in pairs with or across the
base of the filament, forming a kind of sac behind it.
-* Root annual : spikes solitary terminating the branches, or geminate : ovules only 4 to 9 on each
placenta : anthers oval.
H- Low, a span or more high, diffusely branched, merely hirsute and with finer somewhat viscid
pubescence: leaves from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or rarely 1-2-toothed or incised,
tapering at base into a short petiole: appendages to the corolla elongated-oblong and adnate up
to the truncate summit : capsule ovate, acute.
P. Mohavensis. Barely a span high: leaves lanceolate or the lowest linear-oblong
(aboiit an inch long) : racemes at length an inch or two long and strict : short pedicels erect :
Phacdia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 165
calyx-lobes spatulate-linear : glabrous filaments and 2-parted style (3 or 4 lines long)
slightly surpassing the purple corolla : ovules only 4 or 5 to each placenta. South-eastern
California, on the Mohave River, May, 1876, Palmer. Habit somewhat of P. Menziesii,
but lower, more diffuse, less hispid, and with different appendages to the corolla, this fully
4 lines long.
Var. exilis, a slender form, more erect : leaves and calyx-lobes all linear and slightly
broader upward : corolla only 3 lines long : seeds as in the next species. Bear Valley on
the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, Parry & Lemmon.
P. grisea, Gray. A span or two high, more cinereous with a sparse hirsute and a close
finer pubescence, rather stout : leaves ovate or oblong : spikes more densely hirsute or
even hispid, at length 4 to 6 inches long, densely flowered : calyx-lobes obovate-spatulate,
little exceeding the capsule : corolla nearly white : filaments and 2-cleft style conspicuously
exserted ; the former minutely and sparsely retrorsely papillose or hirsute : ovules 5 or 6
to each placenta : seeds coarsely alveolate. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 80. W. California, on
Pine Mountain, back of San Simeon Bay, Palmer, 1876.
H- -H- Taller, setose-hispid : leaves pinnatifid and incised, petioled : appendages to the corolla
large, free and pointed at apex.
P. loassef 61ia, Torr. A foot high, somewhat viscid-pubescent as well as hispid with long
and stiff spreading bristles : leaves ovate or oblong, rarely subcordate, more or less pin-
natifid, and the lobes acutely toothed or incised : spikes geminate : corolla short-campanu-
late (3 lines long), little exceeding the linear-spatulate calyx-lobes ; its internal appendages
transverse and auriculate-incurved, with the free apex acuminate or cuspidate : naked fila-
ments and 2-parted style conspicuously exserted : ovules 6 to 9 on each placenta : seeds
angled, alveolate. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 323, & Bot. Calif,
i. 509. Eidoca louse? fulia, Benth. 1. c. California, near Monterey, Dowjlas, Parry. Little
known, in aspect between P. malvcefuliu and P. ramosissima.
f -f Root probably perennial: scorpioid inflorescence at length open and geminate-racemose:
ovules and seeds about 50 on each dilated placenta: stamens hardly surpassing the very open
corolla: leaves conspicuously petioled, incised.
P. Bolanderi, Gray. Hispid with slender bristles, also viscid-pubescent, especially
above: stem stout, erect, a foot or two high, freely branching: radical and lower cauline
leaves lyrate and oblong in outline, with one or two pairs of small and incised lateral divi-
sions ; the terminal division and the short petioled upper leaves ovate or oval (2 or 3 inches
long), coarsely incised or lobed, truncate or subcordate at base : corolla nearly rotate when
expanded and almost an inch in diameter, white ; its appendages semi-obovate, almost as
broad as long, distinctly connected at base in front of the actuate and sparingly bearded
filaments: anthers oblong: style cleft nearly to the middle: capsule broadly ovate, acute,
shorter than the lanceolate or at length spatulate lobes of the calyx. Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 322, & Bot. Calif, i. 509. Cottonaby Creek, 20 miles north of Noyo, Mendocino Co., Cali-
fornia, Bolander. Lowest leaves 4 inches long, exclusive of the petiole. Cymes once to
thrice forked ; the short racemes at length opeii : pedicels 1 or 2 or sometimes the lower
3 lines long. Calyx 3 or at length 4 lines long, decidedly shorter than the ample corolla.
-t H -1 Root perennial: spikes of the congested cyme once to thrice geminate or crowded at
the summit of a terminal peduncle, short and densely-flowered: ovules and seeds rather few:
appendages of the corolla very broad and obtuse: stamens and style conspicuously exserted:
anthers linear or oblong: leaves all petioled, incisely lobed.
P. hydrophylloid.es, Torr. A span or two high from slender subterranean shoots
proceeding from a thickened stock or root, canescently pubescent, and above hirsute or
hispid as well as glandular : leaves silky-pubescent both sides, slender-petioled, ovate or
rhomboidal, an inch or two long, obtuse, incisely few-toothed or lobed, or sometimes the
lowest lyrate, having one or two nearly detached small basal lobes or divisions : short
spikes or racemes of the glomerate cyme not elongating: corolla violet-blue or whitish ;
its appendages semi-oval, united at base with that of the naked filament : anthers short-
linear : style almost 2-parted : capsule about the length of the calyx, abruptly mucronate-
pointed : seeds 6 to. 8, angled. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 400, x. 323, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
Dry sandy or gravelly soil in the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-9,000 feet, from Mariposa
to Sierra Co., Brewer, Bolander, Lemmon, &c. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long : the appendages as
in the following species, but hardly connected in front of the base of the filament.
166 HYDROPHYLLACE2E. Phacelia.
P. procera, Gray. Erect, 3 to 7 feet high, minutely soft-pubescent ; the summit of the
simple stem glandular, but even the calyx not hispid : leaves green and menibranaceous,
2 to 5 inches long, ovate-lanceolate and ovate, acute, mostly laciniate-pinnatifid or cleft;
the lobes 2 to 4 pairs and acute : spikes of the glomerate or bifid cyme somewhat length-
ened with age : corolla white or bluish; the semi-obcordate oblique appendages united over
the base of the sparsely bearded filament : anthers oblong: style 2-cleft above the middle :
capsule globular-ovate, hardly inucronate : seeds 10-18, wing-angled. Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 323, & Bot. Calif, i. 509. In mountain meadows of the Sierra Nevada, California,
Nevada to Siskiyou Co., Bolander, Lemmon, Greene. Flowers at length very short pedicelled :
corolla cleft to the middle.
# * Perennial, with long exserted stamens and spiciform-thyrsoid inflorescence : appendages of
the campanulate tnarcetcent-persistent corolla conspicuous, oblong, vertical, wholly free from the
filament : ovules moderately numerous.
P. sericea, Gray. A span to a foot high from a branching caudex, silky-pubescent or
canescent, or the simple virgate stems and inflorescence villous-hirsute, rather leafy to the
top : leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow-oblong numerous and often again few-
cleft or pinnatifid divisions, silky-canescent or sometimes greenish; the lower petioled ;
the uppermost simpler and nearly sessile : short spikes crowded in a naked spike-like
thyrsus : corolla violet-blue or whitish, very open-campanulate, cleft to the middle : anthers
short-oval : style 2-cleft at the apex : capsule ovate, short-acuminate, a little longer than
the calyx and marcescent-persistent corolla, 12-18-seeded : seeds oval-oblong, terete, acutish,
longitudinally costate and transversely alveolate, reticulated. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2,
(1862) xxxiv. 254, & Proc. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King, 252. Entoca sericea, Graham ; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 3003; & Fl. ii. 79. E. pusilht, Lehm. Pugill. Higher mountains of Colorado
and Nevada, and north to British Columbia and the arctic region. Corolla 3. and stamens
and style 7 to 10 lines long. Shallow alveolations of the seed in vertical rows.
"Var. Lyallii, Gray. Low, less silky : leaves green and sparsely hirsute-pubescent,
more simply pinnatifid ; the lobes short and broad : inflorescence thyrsoid-capitate. Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 323. Rocky Mountains in lat. 49, at 6-7,009 feet, Li/all, &c.
= * * Annuals, with stamens about the length of the rotate-campanulate corolla, and the densely-
flowered spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-cymose or paniculate : appendages of the corolla
long and narrow, free at apex, and at base free from the (glabrous or slightly hairy) filaments:
anthers short : calyx-lobes linear : style 2-cleft at apex : capsule ovate, acuminate or acute.
P. Franklinii, Gray. A span to a foot or more high, soft-hirsute or pubescent : stem
erect, simple or corymbose at summit : lower leaves petioled and pinnately or somewhat
bipinnately divided or parted into numerous and short linear-oblong divisions or lobes, the
upper sessile and less divided: spikes cymose-glomerate or crowded, little elongated in age :
corolla pale blue or almost white: ovules 40 or more : capsule about the length of the
calyx : seeds oval, minutely alveolate in vertical lines (nearly as in P. sericea, but the lines
less conspicuous). Man. ed. 2, 329, & ed. 3, 370. Entoca Franklinii, R. Br. 1. c. t. 27 ; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 2985. Shores of Lake Superior to Bear Lake, and on Snake River, south-
western Idaho.
P. Menziesii, Torr. A span to a foot high, at length paniculate-branched, hispid or
roughish-hirsute, usually also minutely cinereous-pubescent : leaves mostly sessile, linear
or lanceolate and entire, or some of them deeply cleft ; the lobes few or single, linear or
lanceolate, entire : spikes or spike-like racemes thyrsoid-paniculate, at length elongated
and erect : corolla bright violet or sometimes white : ovules 12 to 16 : capsule shorter than
the calyx : seeds oblong, coarsely favose-reticulated. Watson, Bot. King, 252. Hydrophyl-
lum lineare, Pursh, Fl. i. 134. Eutoca Menziesii, R. Br. 1. c. t. 27, fig. 1-5 ; Hook. Fl. 1. c. &
Bot. Mag. t. 3762 ; Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 334. E. muhiflora, Dougl. in Lehm. Pugill. &
Bot. Reg. t. 1180. E. hetcrn/)//lf.a, Torr. in Stansb. Rep. Open soil, Montana to Utah, and
west to British Columbia, Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada in California. Very floriferous
and handsome : corolla half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter.
* * * * Annuals, with stamens shorter than (in P. divaricata sometimes equalling) the corolla,
and spiciform or racemiform inflorescence.
i Leaves pinnately compound, and seeds excavated and ridged on the ventral face, in the manner
of P. conyest/i, tanacetifolia, ike.
P. infundibuliformis, Torr. A foot or so high, villous-hirsute or somewhat hispid,
viscid-glandular: leaves all petioled and pinnately divided ; the divisions 5 to 11, oval or
Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 167
oblong, incisely pinnatifid ; the short lobes very obtuse or retuse, sometimes 1-2-lobed :
spikes mostly cymose or geminate, elongated in fruit, dense ; the pedicels very much
shorter than the calyx : corolla pale purple or white, funnelform ; the rounded and some-
what erose lobes not half the length of the tube ; its appendages narrow-oblong, free from
the stamens : ovules 8 to 12 on each dilated placenta : style 2-cleft at the tip : capsule
oblong, very obtuse or retuse, membranaceous, about the length of the narrow spatulate
calyx-lobes: seeds (about 20) oval, reticulated. Bot. Mex. Bound. 144. New Mexico,
near the Santa Rita copper mines, Wriijht, Bit/flow (and south into Chihuahua, Bigelow).
Habit of P. congesta, &c. Corolla nearly 3 lines long, narrow. Capsule 3 lines long.
j -t Leaves simply pinnatifid ; the lobes short and obtuse.
H- Flowers crowded in at length elongated spikes : corolla small, white or nearly so.
P. bracliyloba, Gray. A foot or two high, erect, roughish-pubescent, viscid-glandular
above : leaves elongated-oblong or spatulate, short-petioled ; the 7 to 15 lobes entire or
obtusely few-toothed : spikes solitary or geminate, at length much elongated and slender:
pedicels very short : corolla campanulate ; the lobes about half the length of the tube ; its
long and narrow appendages nearly free from the stamens : ovules about 6 on each pla-
centa : style 2-cleft above the middle : capsule oblong-oval, very obtuse, membranaceous,
shorter than the narrow spatulate calyx-lobes : seeds oval, reticulated. Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 324, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Eutoca brachyloba, Benth. I.e. California, near Monterey and
Santa Barbara (Douglas, Brewer, Torre y), to San Diego Co. (Cleveland) and the Mohave
region, Palmer.
H- - Flowers looselv racemose, long-pedicelled : corolla (blue or purple or varying to white) open-
campanulate, twice the length of the calyx ; the appendages elongated, nearly free from the base
of the usually sparsely bearded filament: low and diffuse, a span or less high, with the leaves
mostly at or near the base.
P. Douglasii, Torr. Diffuse, pubescent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs: leaves
elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into several or numer-
ous pairs of lobes ; the terminal lobe not larger nor parallel-veined : racemes at length
elongated : pedicels filiform, mostly longer than the flower : calyx-lobes spatulate : append-
ages to the tube of the ample corolla semi-oblanceolate : style 2-cleft above the middle :
ovules to each dilated placenta 12 to 14 : capsule ovate, mucronate : seeds roundish-oval,
scrobiculate. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143 ; Gray, 1. c. Eutoca Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. California,
apparently rather common in the western part of the State south of Monterey. Habit
somewhat of Nemophila insignis. Pedicels half an inch to an inch long, spreading. Corolla
generally half an inch high, and proportionally broad when expanded.
P. Davidsonii, Gray. Resembles the preceding, but more hairy and hoary, the foliage
with strigose, the racemes and calyx with villous-hirsute and spreading pubescence : leaves
deeply pinnatifid into 2 to 4 triangular entire lateral lobes and a much larger oblong ter-
minal one, the evident veins of which are nearly parallel with the midrib (in the manner
of P. humilis and of the succeeding) ; some of the upper leaves occasionally entire : pedi-
cels seldom longer than the fructiferous calyx, in age inclined to be recurved-ascending dr
sigmoid : calyx-lobes narrowly spatulate : appendages to the tube of the corolla semi-oval :
ovules to each placenta 8 or 10. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 324, & Bot. Calif, i. 510, a depau-
perate and small-flowered form. California, in Kern Co., Prof. Davidson, the small form
above mentioned. San Bernardino Co., a larger form, with flowers fully the size of P.
Douglasii, and limb or lobes of the corolla bright purple, Parry and Lemmon.
-I H H Leaves entire (or the lower rarely 1-2-lobed or toothed), petioled, not fleshy nor cordate,
the veins somewhat parallel or converging: pubescence not glandular: flowers spieate-racemose :
calyx hirsute or hispid with long spreading hairs: appendages of the tube of the corolla broader
at base and united with the base of the (usually pubescent or sparsely bearded) filaments: capsule
ovate, acute or mucronate, 6-16-seeded, much shorter than the linear or linear-spatulate enlarging
calvx-lobes: seed with favose-pitted or scrobiculate testa.
H- Corolla narrow, somewhat, funnelform, little longer than the calyx, apparently pale or white,
much exceeding the stamens.
P. circinatif ormis, Gray, 1. c. Erect, a span or so high, hispid and puberulent : leaves
ovate and oblong-lanceolate, parallel-veined, somewhat strigose-hispid : racemes or spikes
dense : style 2-cleft above the middle : ovules 4 (or rarely more) to each placenta. Eutoca
phacelioides, Benth. 1. c. California, Douglas (from whose collection only is the species yet
known), probably from the vicinity of Monterey. Aspect of a small form of P. circinata,
Corolla 2 to 3 lines long. Fruiting calyx 5 lines long.
168 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Phacelia.
++ Corolla broadly open-campanulate, violet or blue, not rarely nearly equalled by the stamens
and style.
P. CUTVipes, Torr. Diffuse, 2 to 4 inches high, hirsute and puberulent : leaves from
oval to lanceolate, mostly shorter than the slender petiole : racemes simple, at length
loose, the lower pedicels as long as the calyx : style cleft to the middle : ovules 8 or 10 to
each placenta. Watson, Bot. King, 252; Gray, I.e. Foothills of the desert region,
W. Nevada (Carson City, Watson), and Owens Valley, California, Dr. Horn. Habit of P.
humilis. Blade of the leaf to 10 lines long. Corolla barely 3 lines high. Hispid calyx
in fruit becoming 4 and 5 lines long. Pedicels from a line to 5 lines long in fruit ; the
lowest sometimes sigmoid-curved (deflexed and then ascending); and petiole sometimes
" more or less abruptly curved," whence the specific name, which ordinarily seems rather
inappropriate.
P. divaricata, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely spreading, a span high, more or less hirsute and
pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, mostly longer than the petiole, occasionally 1-2-toothed
or lobed at base, the veins curving upwards : spikes or racemes at length loose ; the pedi-
cels usually much shorter than the calyx : style 2-cleft at the apex : ovules 12 to 20 on
each placenta (or rarely fewer ?). Etttoca divaricata, Benth. 1. c. ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1784 ;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3706. E. Wrangeliana, Fisch. Meyer ; Don, Brit. Fl. Card, ser. 2,
t. 362, a form (var. Wrangdiana, A.DC.) with leaves inclined to be lobed or 1-2-toothed.
California, common about San Francisco Bay. Leaves 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers
pretty large ; the expanded corolla often three-fourths of an inch broad.
-1 -i- i -i Leaves entire or somewhat cvenate-lobed or toothed, slender-petioled. the veins di-
vergent or commonly obsolete : pubescence viscid or glandular: corolla narrow-campanulate or
somewhat funnelform, the appendages of the tube linear or oblong and nearly free from the
unequal glabrous filaments: style 2-cleft only at the apex. (Species peculiar to the interior
desert region.)
++ Flowers and the very dense short spikes closely sessile : calyx equalling the narrow corolla:
leaves thickish, spatulate-oblong.
P. cephalotes, Gray, 1. c. Divaricately branching from the very base, nearly prostrate,
more or less viscid-pubescent and the calyx, &c., hispid-hirsute : leaves chiefly radical and
at the bifurcations, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, nearly veinless, oblong or spatulate,
entire (about half an inch long and tapering into the commonly longer petiole) : sessile
spikes or heads radical and in all the forks, at length oblong : calyx-lobes spatulate-linear,
twice the length of the oval obtuse 8-10-seeded capsule : seeds with a lax cellular-reticu-
lated pellicle. P. cunipes, Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 16, not Torr. Southern Utah,
Bishop, Mrs. Thompson, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long, cylindraceous, white or yellowish, with
the short limb blue or purplish ; the internal appendages linear. Earliest spike radical,
much shorter than the subtending leaves ; the first internode of the prostrate branches
2 to 4 inches long.
H- -H- Flowers not so crowded, more or less racemose : calyx conspicuously shorter than the some-
what open-funnelform or campanulate corolla, a little longer than the obtuse capsule: leaves
thickish, apparently fleshy-coriaceous, roundish or oval, the veins mostly obscure.
P. demissa, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely branched from the base, less than a span high, viscid-
puberulent or glabrate : leaves from orbicular to obscurely reniform or subcordate, entire
or repand, half inch in diameter: flowers rather few and short-pedicelled in a sessile or
verv short-peduncled spike which is mostly shorter than the petioles and the internodes of
the branches : corolla apparently white, barely 2 lines long, little exceeding the linear
calyx-lobes; its short appendages narrowly oblong: capsule (2 lines long) short-oval, very
obtuse, about 10-seeded : seeds oblong, proportionally large, alveolate-reticulated. New
Mexico, Palmer.
P. pulchella, Gray, 1. c. Diffusely branched, barely a span high, merely viscid-puberu-
lent : leaves roundish-ovate or obovate, entire or crenate-toothed. obtuse or acutish at base,
half an inch or less in length : flowers numerous in the at length elongated panicled
racemes : pedicels mostly shorter than the calyx : corolla deep purple ( with a yellowish base),
commonly thrice the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes : capsule narrowly oblong, very
obtuse, about 30-seeded. P. crassifolia, Parry in Am. Naturalist, 1. c., not Torr. Southern
Utah, on gypseous clay knolls, Parri/. A showy vernal species. Corolla 4 or 5 lines long,
with an ampler limb than in the related species ; the appendages conspicuous, semi-oval.
Seeds not half the size of those of the preceding species, short-oval, pitted.
Phacelia. HYDROPHYLLACE^l. 169
P. pusilla, Torr. Very small, not over 3 inches high, simple or loosely branching, glan-
dular-pubescent : leaves broadly oval or oblong, entire, a quarter to half an inch long :
flowers few in a loose raceme, on filiform pedicels : corolla white, not twice the length of
the narrow linear or obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes : capsule narrow-oblong, obtuse and
mucronulate, 18-24-seeded. Watson, Bot. King, 253 ; Gray, 1. c. Western part of
Nevada to the borders of California, " under sage-brush and junipers," Watson. Corolla
hardly but capsule fully 2 lines long. Seeds somewhat pyriform, roughish-scrobiculate.
Pedicels 1 to 5 lines long.
H- -H- -H- Flowerslooselvracemo.se in fully developed inflorescence: calyx shorter than the cam-
panulate corolla, rather longer than the short-pointed capsule : leaves round-cordate and creuately
lobed or repand, obscurely palmately veined.
P. rotundifolia, Torr. Diffusely branched, 2 to 4 inches high, glandular-hirsute: leaves
crenately 7-13-toothed or even lobed, mostly with a deep-cordate base (a quarter to a full
inch long), usually much shorter than the petiole: pedicels shorter than the linear-spatula te
calyx-lobes : corolla white : style obscurely 2-cleft at apex : capsule oval-oblong, abruptly
pointed, 60-100-seeded. Watson, Bot. King, 253 ; Gray, 1. c. S. E. borders of California,
near Fort Mohave, to S. Utah and Arizona, Cooper, Palmer, Parry. Corolla 2 lines long.
Capsule 2 lines long. Seeds globular, scrobiculate.
7. MICROGENETES, Gray. Ovules and seeds of the preceding section ; but
the latter oblong and strongly corrugated transversely (vermiculiform !) : style
2-cleft only at the apex : stamens unequal, included : corolla with internal appen-
dages present or rarely wanting : low annuals, all W. American : leaves mostly
pinnatiiid. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 32G.
* Corolla short, almost rotate; the appendages 10 transverse plicae in the throat, remote from the
stamens! Helminthospermum, Torr. in herb.
P. micrantha, Torr. Slender, paniculatcly branched, a span or more high, minutely
hirsute-glandular : leaves membranaceous, pinnately parted into 5 to 9 obovate or oblong
very obtuse and mostly entire lobes ; the lower with margined petiole, the upper with
dilated and sometimes auriculate partly clasping base : racemes geminate or panicled,
very loose: pedicels as long as the calyx: corolla (bright blue with a yellowish tube, or
sometimes pale) little exceeding the obovate or spatulate and enlarging calyx-lobes: cap-
sule globular, obtuse, 20-24-seeded. Bot. Mex. Bound. 144; Gray, I.e., & Bot. Calif.
i. 511. New Mexico and Arizona, from the Rio Grande near El Paso to S. Utah, and the
borders of California. Corolla barely 2 lines in diameter when expanded: no vertical
appendages at the base of the stamens and on the intermediate veins, but a pair of com-
pletely transverse short and narrow folds high upon the short tube, stretching from the mid-
vein of each lobe nearly to the lateral vein which springs from near its base. Style short,
glabrous. Calyx in fruit 2 lines long. Seeds cylindraceous, incurved, very deeply
rugose transversely and tuberculate.
* * Corolla funnelform or cylindraceous; the appendages vertical, long and narrow, united more
or less to the base of the filaments (in the Chilian P. Cuminf/u obsolete): style more or less
hairy below in our species : seeds miuutel v reticulated as well as coarselv corrugated : leaves chiefly
pinnatifid, and the petioles naked. Mlcrogenetes, A.DC. Prodr. ix.'232. Phacelia Euylypta,
Watson, Bot. King, 1. c.
-t- Corolla white or pale purple, slightly longer than the little-dilated calyx-lobes, 2 or at most
3 lines long.
P. Ivesiana, Torr. About a span high, diffusely much branched from the base, hirsute-
pubescent and glandular: leaves pinnately parted into 7 to 15 linear or oblong and entire
or incisely few-toothed lobes, rarely bipinnatificl : racemes loose, 6-20-flowercd : narrow
appendages of the corolla adnate to the filament only at base: capsule oblong, 16-24-
seeded. Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 21; Watson, Bot. King, 254. Utah, Nevada, and
Arizona, from Salt Lake to the south-eastern borders of California. This species most
resembles P. Cwmingii, the Microyenetcs Cuminrjli, A.DC. Narrow calyx-lobes becoming 3
or 4 lines long, and conspicuously surpassing the capsule. Seeds over half line long,
strongly rough-corrugated.
* ) Corolla conspicuously longer than the calyx; the limb violet or blue-purple; the throat and
tube yellow or whitish.
170 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Phacdia.
H- Leaves deeply once or twice pinnatifid : short fruiting pedicels erect : corolla half inch long :
pubescence minute, more or less viscid.
P. Fremontii, Torr. 1. c. A span to a foot high, much branched from the base : leaves
once pinnatifid into 7 to 15 oblong or obovate entire or obtusely 2-3-lobed divisions : flow-
ers crowded in the at length elongated spiciforin raceme : corolla broadly f unnelform,
double the length of the spatulate calyx-lobes ; the long and narrow appendages united
below with the filament or almost free from it : capsule oblong : seeds 20 to 30, strongly and
somewhat evenly corrugated. Watson, Bot. King, 253 ; Gray, 1. c. S. Utah and Nevada
to W. Arizona and Kern Co., California.
P. bicolor, Torr. Lower and more diffuse : leaves pinnately parted and the divisions
again irregularly pinnatifid into small nearly linear lobes : spiciform racemes loosely 10-20-
flowered : corolla narrowly funnelform (sometimes 7 lines long), thrice the length of the
narrowly linear and obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes ; the long and narrow appendages
united for more than half their length with the filament, forming a long tubular cavity
behind it: capsule oval-oblong: seeds about 16, shorter, minutely corrugated. Watson,
Bot. King, 255; Gray, I.e. W. Nevada and adjacent parts of California in the Sierra
Nevada, first collected by Anderson. The handsomest of the section.
H- -H- Leaves merely pinnatifid-dentate : corolla only 3 or 4 lines long.
P. gymnoclada, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, a span or less high, some-
what viscid-pubescent ; the primary branches decumbent and with long naked internodes :
leaves obovate or oblong, obtuse, coarsely and obtusely toothed (an inch or less long),
mostly shorter than the petiole: spike several-flowered: short-f unnelform corolla (rarely
white) not twice the length of the linear or obscurely spatulate-hirsute calyx-lobes; its
appendages united with the lower part of the filament : capsule globose-ovate, 8-lG-seeded.
Watson, 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. W. Nevada and E. California, in the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada and Humboldt Mountains, Watson, Lanmon.
P. crassifolia, Torr. Diffusely branched from the base, 3 or 4 inches high, viscid-
pubescent : leaves some what fleshy, oblong-ovate, scabrous (3 to 6 lines long), tapering into
a short petiole ; the lower witli a few short obtuse teeth ; the cauline entire : racemes
rather loosely few-flowered ; the short pedicels spreading: funnelform corolla fully twice
the length of the linear calyx-lobes ; the obscure appendages free from all but the very
base of the filament: capsule ovoid, 6-8-seeded. Watson, Bot. King, 255. Reese River
Valley, Nevada, Watson. Seeds rather strongly rugose, oblong, half a line long.
6. EMMENANTHE, Bentli. (From t'^Vw, I abide, and uvdog, flower,
the corolla persisting.) Low annuals (of California and Nevada), with much
the habit and general character of certain sections of Phacdia, but the yellow
or cream-colored campanulate corolla persistent (not carried off by the enlarging
capsule). Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 328, & Bot. Calif, i. 514.
1. MILTI'TZIA, Gray. Diffuse or depressed, and with the general characters
of Phacelia Microgenetes, except the persistent corolla : flowers small : calyx-
lobes broader upward : seeds more or less rugose transversely or obliquely, as well
as minutely reticulated. Miltitzia, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 296.
# Corolla bright yellow, merely 5-lobed, exceeding or at least equalling the calyx both in blossom
and fruit, withering -persistent and enclosing the capsule; the tube within mostly with 10 narrow
appendages : style persistent : herbage pubescent.
E. parviflora, Gray. Depressed, densely pubescent and viscid : leaves deeply pinnatifid :
flowers crowded in short spikes or racemes, on very short pedicels : corolla not longer than
the linear obscurely spatulate calyx-lobes : style hardly longer than the ovary: ovules 20
to 40 : seeds 15 to 20. Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 85, 1. 15. Shores of Klamath Lake, borders
of California and Oregon, Newberry. Specimen poor. Except for the greater number of
ovules and the shorter style (which may be inconstant), this would be referred to the next.
E. lutea, Gray. Diffusely branched, decumbent-spreading, more minutely pubescent,
somewhat viscid but hardly or slightly glandular : leaves oblong or obovate, incisely few-
lobed or toothed or pinnatifid : flowers rather crowded in short racemes ; the lower pedi-
cels often longer than the calyx : corolla exceeding the spatulate-linear calyx-lobes : style
Conanthus. HYDROPHYLLACE^. 171
filiform, much longer than the ovary : ovules about 12. Eutoca? lutea, Hook. & Am. Bot.
Beech. 373; Hook. Ic. t. 354. Miltitzia lutea, A. DC 1. c. Emmenantlie parvijlura, Watson,
Bot. King, 257, not Gray. S. E. borders of Oregon (Tolmie), and W. Nevada to the bor-
ders of California, Anderson, Watson, Lemmon. Corolla nearly 3 lines long : the linear
appendages (like those of many Phacelice) plainly discernible in this and the preceding,
but readily overlooked, slightly confluent below with the adnate base of the filaments.
Hypogynous disk conspicuous, saucer-shaped, much larger and more free than in the pre-
ceding.
E. glandulif era, Torr. Very slender, 3 or 4 inches high, diffusely branched, minutely
glandular-pubescent and viscid: leaves small (a quarter to half inch long), oblong or spat-
ulate, incisely few-toothed or the upper entire : flowers numerous in slender spikes or
racemes, mostly on very short pedicels : corolla narrow-campanulate, exceeding the linear
calyx-lobes: style filiform: ovules G to 12. Watson, Bot. King, I.e. W. borders of
Nevada, Anderson, Watson. Corolla 2 lines long : the appendages not found. Probably a
mere form of the preceding.
* * Corolla apparently nearly white, 5-cleft, short-campanulate, usually shorter than the calyx
and capsule, investing the base of the latter at maturity, its internal appendages not manifest:
leaves mostly entire: capsule 8-10-seeded.
E. glaberrima, Torr. Wholly glabrous and glandless, diffuse or decumbent, a span or
less high, much branched : leaves thickish, somewhat succulent, oblong-spatulate or obovate,
entire, or the lower incisely 2-4-toothed (half an inch or more long), tapering into the pe-
tiole : flowers few or several, in short or at length elongated often geminate spikes or
racemes ; the short pedicels appressed : corolla not exceeding the spatulate or oblong thick
calyx-lobes : style not longer than the wholly glabrous ovary : ovules 8 or 10 : capsule
pointed with the subulate indurated base of the style. Watson, Bot. King, 1. c. Nevada,
in the lower Ilumboldt and Reese River Valleys, Watson. Also N. Arizona, Newberry, being,
according to Watson, the Eutoca aretioid.es of the botany of the Ives Expedition.
E. pusilla, Gray. Pubescent, an inch or two high, at length diffusely branched: leaves
spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, entire or nearly so (2 to 5 inches long), tapering into a peti-
ole of equal length : peduncles slender, loosely and racernosely 3-7-flowered ; the earliest
ones scapiform : pedicels spreading : corolla about half the length of the linear obscurely
spatulate calyx-lobes and of the ovoid very blunt capsule : style very short, at length
deciduous. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87, & Bot. Calif, i. 515. North-western Nevada, Watson,
Lemmon. Calyx in blossom one line, in fruit 2 lines long.
2. EMMENANTHE proper. Erect, with comparatively large and very broad
cream-colored corolla : divisions of the calyx ample and broader downward (ovate-
lanceolate) : style deciduous: placentae conspicuously dilated in the axis: seeds
somewhat rugosely alveolate-reticulated.
E. penduliflora, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid :
leaves pinnatifid into numerous short and somewhat toothed or incised lobes : racemes
panicled, mostly short and loose, at base occasionally bracteate : pedicels filiform, as long
as the at length pendulous flowers : filaments slightly adnate to the very base of the
broadly campanulate corolla : ovules about 16. Linn. Trans, xvii. 281. California, not
rare from Lake Co. to San Diego, and east to S. Utah. (South to Guadalupe Island.)
Corolla 5 lines long, with short rounded lobes, and no trace of internal appendages. Seeds
oblong-oval, a line long.
7. CONANTHUS, S. Watson. Etitoca? Conanthus, A.DC. (Name not
happily chosen, formed of xcom,*, cone, and arOog, flower, referring to the elon-
gated fnnnelform corolla.) A single species, which would be referred to Nama
except for the united styles ; the flowers apparently 2-3-morphous as to length
and insertion of style and stamens.
C. aretioid.es, W^atson. A small and depressed winter-annual, 2 or 3 inches high,
repeatedly forked from the very base, forming a matted tuft, hirsute-hispid, copiously
flowering through a long season : leaves spatulate-linear : flowers comparatively large and
172 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. Tricardia.
conspicuous, sessile in the forks, fully half inch long: corolla purple, funnelform, with
rather long narrow tube and ample limb : calyx-lobes filiform-linear, not widening upward,
hispid with long spreading hairs : stamens unequally inserted : style 2-cleft at the apex,
sometimes only slightly so: ovules about 20: seeds usually fewer; the testa thin and
translucent, smooth, or in age obscurely and sparsely excavated. Bot. King, 250; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 329, & Bot. Calif, i. 585. Eiitoca aretioides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech.
374; Hook. Ic. t. 355. E. ? (Conanthus) aretioides, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 295. Nama demissti,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, in part. Through the dry interior region, from Oregon
to Arizona along the eastern borders of California. Style and filaments sometimes long
and sometimes short in different plants, but not reciprocally so.
8. TRICARDIA, Torr. (From roi- three, and xandtit, heart, referring to
the shape of the three larger sepals.) Sepals thin ; the three exterior much
enlarging after flowering, becoming somewhat scarious and finely reticulate-veiny.
Corolla with the 10 narrow internal appendages free and rather distant from the
filaments. A single (Nevadan) species :
T. W^atsoni, Torr. Perennial herb, branched from the base ; the ascending stems a
span high, pubescent with long and soft cottony hairs, more or less glabrate with age :
leaves all alternate, glabrate, entire ; the radical and lower cauline spatulate-lanceolate, an
inch or two long, and tapering into a conspicuous margined petiole ; the upper much
smaller, short-petioled or sessile and more oblong : flowers rather few, loosely racemose :
short pedicels in fruit recurved : corolla purplish, about 3 lines wide, moderately 5-lobed :
stamens and style included : larger sepals of the fruiting calyx becoming two-thirds of an
inch long and wide, strongly cordate, much longer than the ovate pointed incompletely 2-
celled capsule : ovules 4 to each placenta : " seeds a line long, oblong, slightly roughened."
Watson, Bot. King, 258, t. 24. Western Nevada, at Truckee Pass, Watson. Rio Virgen,
S. Utah, Parry.
9. ROMANZ6FFIA, Cham. (Dedicated to Count Nicholas Romansoff',
the promoter of Kotzebue's voyage, in which the original species was discovered.)
Low and delicate perennial herbs, with the aspect of Saxifrage ; the leaves
mainly radical, all alternate, round-cordate or reniform, crenately 7-1 1-lobed, long-
petioled ; the lobes gland ular-mucronulate. Scapes or flowering stems a span or
less in length, racemosely or sometimes paniculately several-flowered ; the pedicels
filiform. Calyx-lobes oblong-linear or lanceolate. Corolla pale pink or purple,
varying to white, delicately veiny. Ovary and retuse capsule 2-celled or nearly
so : the placentas narrowly linear, many-seeded. Seeds oval : the testa alveolate-
reticulated.
R. Unalaschkensis, Cham. Loosely somewhat pubescent : rootstock not tuberifer-
ous : scape erect, 3 to 5 inches high ; the erect or ascending pedicels shorter than the flow-
ers : calyx-lobes herbaceous, a little shorter than the very short-f unnelform corolla and
equalling or surpassing the capsule : style short. Cham, in Hor. Phys. Berol. 71, t. 14;
Chois. Hydrol. t. 3 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Saxifraya nutans, Don. Unalaska and
adjacent islands, Chamisso, Nelson, Harrington, Dall, &c.
R. Sitchensis, Bongard. Slightly and sparsely pubescent or glabrate : slender root-
stocks tuberiferous : scapes filiform, weak, a span long ; the spreading pedicels longer than
the flowers : calyx-lobes very glabrous, much shorter than the funnelform corolla, and
shorter than the capsule: style long and slender. Vcg. Sitk. 41, t. 4; Torr. in Pacif. R.
Rep. iv. t. 25 ; Hook. Bot, Mag. t. (3109 ; Gray, 1. c. Sitka to the coast range of California,
as far south as Redwoods occur, viz. to Monterey Co.
10. HESPEROCHlRON, S. Watson. (Hesperus, evening, used for
western, and Chiron, a Centaur distinguished for his knowledge of plants, i. e.
Western Centaury, the plant having been supposed to belong to the Gentian
Nama. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 173
family). --Dwarf stemless perennials, or possibly biennials (W. N. American),
soft-pubescent ; with entire spatulate or oblong leaves, on mostly elongated mar-
gined petioles, crowning the caudex or rootstock ; and from their axils sending
forth naked one-flowered peduncles, equalling or shorter than the leaves. Parts
of the flower occasionally in sixes or sevens. Corolla purplish or nearly white ;
the tube and the base of the subulate filaments more or less hairy or hirsute ; the
lobes often slightly'unequal. Disk none. Base of the calyx obscurely adnate to
the broad base of the conical-ovate ovary, which tapers into the rather stout style :
stigmas minute. Ovary 1-celled ; the narrow placentae projecting more or less on
incomplete half-dissepiments : ovules 20 or more to each placenta. Capsule
loculicidal, 15-20-seeded. Seeds pretty large, with a somewhat fleshy minutely
reticulated testa. -- A genus of doubtful affinity, but most probably Hydrophyl-
laceous. -- Watsou, Bot. King, 281 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330, & Bot. Calif,
i. 516; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 829.
H. Californicus, Watson. Leaves copious in a rosulate radical tuft : corolla some-
what oblong-campanulate ; the lobes shorter than the tube. Bot. King, 281, t. 30. Ourisia
Californica, Benth. PI. Hartw. 327. Hesperochiron latifolius, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v.
44, a large form. Hills and meadows, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite north-
ward to Washington Terr., and east to the mountains of Utah. Leaves an inch or two
long, besides the petiole, into which the blade abruptly contracts or gradually tapers.
Corolla from nearly half to three-fourths of an inch long in the largest specimens ; the
lobes oblong. Here belongs Nicotiana nana, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833.
H. pumilus, T. C. Porter. Leaves fewer, crowning the rather slender rootstock:
corolla nearly rotate ; its lobes longer than the tube, which is densely bearded within.
Hayden, Geol. Rep. 1872, 768 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. Vtllarsia pumila, Dougl. ;
Griseb. in Hook. Fl. ii. 70, t. 157. Springy and marshy ground, mountains of Idaho to
Oregon, Douylas, Geijer, Hayden, &c. Also Plumas Co., California, Mrs. Austin.
11. LEMM6NIA, Gray. (Named after John Gill Lemmon, the discoverer,
a most ardent and successful explorer of E. Californian and Nevadan botany.)
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 162. Single species.
L. Californica, Gray, 1. c. Small and depressed winter-annual, canescently pubescent,
and the calyx white-villous : stem branched from the base, divergently and repeatedly
dichotomous : leaves alternate, rosulate at base, and crowded at the summit of the branches ;
entire, spatulate and tapering into a short petiole, nearly veinless, 3 to 5 lines long : flow-
ers sessile, solitary in the lower forks, cymose-glomerate at the leafy extremity of the
branches : sepals very narrowly linear, not widening upward, in fruit 2 lines long and
exceeding the short-oval refuse capsule : corolla apparently white, a line long, not surpass-
ing the calyx, moderately 5-lobed : styles shorter or not longer than the ovary : placente or
half-dissepiments narrow, adhering to the valves : seeds half a line long, somewhat rugose-
foveolate in the manner of Conanthus. Desert region of San Bernardino Co., California,
about the sources of the Mohave River, May, 1876, J. G. Lemmon.
12. NAMA, L. (Nam*., a stream or spring, in allusion to supposed place of
growth of the original species.) Chiefly low herbs, some few suffrutescent or
woody-based (N. & S. American and one Hawaian), of various habit; the corolla
purple, bluish, or white ; the stamens sometimes equally, oftener unequally adnate
to the base or lower part of the tube. (Besides the following there are several
species in the bordering parts of Mexico.) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 337,
viii. 282, x. 330, & Bot. Calif, i. 517, 621.
1. Low annuals, merely pubescent or hairy : leaves entire : flowers terminal
or lateral, or in the forks of the stem.
174 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. Nama.
* Leaves decurrent on the stein.
N. Jamaicense, L. Diffusely spreading or prostrate, soft-pubescent : leaves membrana-
ceous (an inch or two long), broadly obovate or spatulate, tapering into a petiole-like base
which is continued into wing-like margins of the stem : flowers mostly solitary, terminal
and soon extra-axillary, short-pedicelled : corolla white, hardly longer than the narrow
linear sepals: capsule narrow oblong. Lam. III. t. 184; P. Browne, Jam. t. 18. Low
grounds, Texas, Florida. (W. Ind., Mexico.)
* * Leaves not decurrent.
-1 Cauline leaves all sessile, the upper by a more or less clasping base : villous-pubescent and
somewhat viscid : seeds very numerous.
N. imdulatum, HBK. Erect, diffusely branched, at length procumbent, leafy : branches
a span to a foot long : leaves oblong ; the upper with a broad sessile base, the lower spatu-
late : flowers commonly subsessile : corolla fuunelform, somewhat longer than the linear-
spatulate sepals : capsule oblong, more or less shorter than the sepals : seeds oval, with a
smooth and thin diaphanous coat, which is obscurely striate lengthwise and minutely
pitted under a strong lens. HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 130. (Mexico.)
Var. macranthum, Chois. (Hydrol. 18, t. 2, fig. 1) ; a looser and less leafy form,
with flowers (solitary or 2 and 3 together) on pedicels which vary from 1 to 5 lines long :
corolla (4 or 5 lines long) almost twice the length, and capsule only about half the length
of the spatulate-tipped sepals. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 330. N. Berlaridieri, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 282. Texas, along the Rio Grande near its mouth, and on the Mexican
side of the river.
N. stenocarpum, Gray. Like the preceding, or sometimes with narrower leaves :
pedicels, if any, short and rigid in fruit: capsule cylindrical, nearly linear (3 lines long),
nearly equalling the narrow linear sepals : seeds short, angled by mutual pressure, with a
thickish and opaque strongly reticulated and somewhat alveolate coat (only a quarter of
a line long). Proc. Am. Acad. x. 331. N. undulatum, Gray, 1. c. viii. 282, not HBK.
Texas near the mouth of the Kio Grande, Berlandier. Along the northern borders of
Mexico to the province of Sonora on the borders of Arizona, Palmer.
-i -i Leaves not at all clasping, more or less tapering at base, at least the lower petioled.
-H- Corolla narrow-funnelform, mostly much longer than the calyx: seeds oval, with a thin and
diaphanous close coat: tlowers subsessile or short-peduucled.
N. hispidum, Gray. A span to a foot high, repeatedly forked, hispid or hirsute :
leaves broadly or narrowly linear-spatulate, most of the cauline ones sessile : flowers
lateral and solitary, or 3 to 5 in terminal unilateral nearly bractless clusters : sepals nar-
rowly linear, very little if at all broadened upwards : capsule narrowly oblong, 30-40-
seeded : seeds smooth, very obscurely rugulose when highly magnified. Proc. Am. Acad.
v. 339, & Bot. Calif, i. 517. N. Jamaicensis, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh., not Linn. N.
dichotoma & N. bijlora, var. spatluduta, partly, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 147, &c. Plains and
prairies, Texas to Arizona, and south-eastern borders of California. The extreme western
form, with softer pubescence, sometimes has 3 or 4 styles and placentae.
N. demissum, Gray. Dwarf, diffuse or depressed, 2 or 3 inches high, hirsute-pubescent,
sometimes hispid: leaves linear-spatulate, all or most of them tapering into a petiole:
flowers subsessile in the forks : sepals very narrowly linear, not at all broader upwards :
capsule short-oblong, 10-16-seeded : seeds much larger than in the preceding (oval or
oblong, a quarter to a third of a line long). Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283 (mainly) ; Watson,
Bot. King. 259, 460; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 517. Interior desert region, Washington Terr, to
Nevada, and Utah (form with corolla, only 3 lines long) ; also S. Utah, Arizona, and the
south-eastern borders of California ; the latter forms with ampler purple or crimson corolla,
4, 5, or nearly G lines long. Filaments very unequally inserted, their adnate bases with
somewhat free margins.
N. Coulteri, Gray. Diffusely branched from the base, ascending, a span high, hirsute-
pubescent, somewhat viscid : leaves oblong-spatulate, the lower tapering into a petiole :
flowers mostly in the forks and short-pedicelled : sepals with spatulate-dilated tips, not
half the length of the narrow funnelform corolla: capsule narrowly oblong, 50-60-seeded :
seeds short-oval, obscurely rugulose-pitted. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 283, & Bot. Calif. 517.
"California," Coulter. But probably from Arizona or the adjacent part of Mexico.
Corolla 5 lines long.
Eriodictyon. HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 175
H- -H- Corolla short-funnelform, hardly exceeding the calyx: seeds with a thickish opaque coat,
coarsely pitted or sculptured.
N. dichotomum, Ruiz & Pav. A Mexican and South American species, with oval or
oblong-lanceolate leaves.
Var. angustifolium, Gray. Erect, a span high, minutely pubescent, glandular :
stem repeatedly forked and with a nearly sessile flower in each fork : leaves narrow, linear
or nearly so (an inch or less long, a line or two wide) : sepals narrowly linear and slightly
broadened upwards: capsule oblong-oval (nearly glabrous): seeds oval-oblong, marked
with about 5 longitudinal rows of large pits, from 4 to 6 in each row. Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 284. New Mexico, Fendler, Wright. Also Colorado, Hayden, Rothrock, Brandegee.
Possibly a distinct species. Sometimes a weed of cultivated ground.
2. Suffruticose and cespitose-procumbent, silky-woolly : leaves entire : flowers
thyrsoid-glomerate : ovary and styles hirsute.
N. Lobbii, Gray. Leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly
sessile (an inch or two long), more or less persistent ; the older with revolute margins and
becoming glabrate ; the younger white with the soft villous wool : flowers clustered in the
upper axils and at the summit, nearly sessile : sepals subulate-linear, more than half the
length of the narrow funnclform (purple) corolla. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 37, viii. 285, &
Bot. Calif. 1. c. Sierra Nevada, California, Lobb, KeUoijij, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Lemmon, &c.
Forming dense and broad tufts, the older stems rigid and woody. Corolla half an inch
long : the filaments unequally adnate high up. Fruit not seen.
3. Perennial or woody-stemmed, erect, hirsute or hispid : leaves sessile, un-
dulate or sinuate-dentate : flowers glomerate or spicate. (Approaching Wigandia,
but with the narrowly funnelform corolla (also the capsule) of Nama)
N. Rothrockii, Gray. A span or two high from an apparently deep perennial root, her-
baceous, cinereous with a fine and somewhat viscid roughish pubescence, at least the inflores-
cence and calyx hispid with sharp spreading bristles : leaves lanceolate-oblong, almost
pinnatifid ; the pinnate veins running straight to near the sinuses between the strong teeth,
there forking : flowers numerous in a capitate terminal cluster : sepals hardly dilated
upward, half inch long, nearly equalling the corolla : ovary and capsule slightly hirsute :
seeds rather few (almost a line long), oval, minutely reticulate-pitted. Bot. Calif, i. (321 ;
Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. t. 18. Meadows on S. Kern River, California, Rothrock.
N. Parryi, Gray, 1. c. Stem 6 feet high ! below woody, over half inch in diameter and
with a large brownish pith: leaves (as far as seen) linear, 2 or 3 inches long, 2 or 3 lines
broad, villous-hirsute, numerously pinnate-veined, somewhat bullate ; the margins revolute
and undulate or repand : flowers unilateral and the fruit densely spicate on the few
branches of the compact scorpioid cyme : sepals nearly filiform, little surpassing the oval
capsule, barely 2 lines long : seeds oval (half line long), minutely reticulated. S. E. Cali-
fornia, on the Mohave slope of the San Bernardino Mountains (seen only in winter ves-
tiges), Parry.
13. ERIODlCTYON, Benth. (Formed of tQior, wool, and dixrvov, net-
work, on account of the netted veins and woolliness of the under surface of the
leaves.) Low shrubs (California to New Mexico) ; with alternate pinnately
veined and finely reticulated leaves, of firm or coriaceous texture, their margins
mostly beset with rigid teeth, at base tapering into more or less of a petiole ; the
flowers scorpioid-cymose, forming a terminal usually naked thyrsus. Sepals nar-
row, not enlarging upwards. Corolla violet or purple, or sometimes white.
Filaments adnate variably and sometimes very extensively to the tube of the
corolla, usually sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or completely 2-celled by the
meeting of the dilated placentae in the axis. Capsule small (a line or two long),
globose-ovate, pointed. Benth. Bot. Sulph. 35; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 313,
331, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
176 HYDROPHYLLACE^E. Eriodictyon.
E. tomentosum, Benth. 1. c. White-tomentose with a dense coat of short villous
hairs, sometimes rusty-colored with age, 6 to 10 feet high : branches leafy to the top .
leaves oblong or oval, rigid, obtuse (2 to 4 inches long) : cymes at length broad : calyx
densely and corolla slightly villous, the latter somewhat salverform and about twice the
length of the former. Torr. Mex. Bound. 148, &c. E. crasslfoluim, Benth. 1. c., described
from flowers with imperfect corollas. Southern part of California, San Gabriel to San
Diego and Tejon.
E. glutinosum, Benth. ! c. Glabrate, glutinous with a balsamic resin, 3 to 5 feet
high: leaves lanceolate (3 to 6 inches long), irregularly more or less serrate, sometimes
entire, whitened beneath between the reticulations by a minute and close tomentum, above
glabrous : cymes in an elongated naked thyrsus: corolla tubular-funnelform (half an inch
long), thrice the length of the slightly and sparsely hirsute calyx. Wnjandia Californica,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 364, t. 88. Dry hills, rather common in California. Infusion
of the leaves in spirit used as a tonic, under the name of Yerba Santa.
E. angustifolium, Nutt. Glabrate and glutinous : leaves narrowly linear or narrowly
lanceolate, rigid, and the margins at length revolute : corolla 2 or 3 lines long, short-funnel-
form or approaching campanulate : otherwise nearly as in the preceding. PI. Gamb. 181.
E. ylutinosum, var. angustifolium, Torr. 1. c. S. Nevada, Arizona, and adjacent parts of New
Mexico. Leaves 1^ to 4 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide.
14. HYDR6LEA, L. (Td<og, water, the plants inhabiting wet places.)
Herbs, or rarely suffruticose plants (widely diffused in warm climates) ; with
ovate or lanceolate pinnately veined entire leaves, numerous on the stems, often
with a spine in the axils, and clustered blue or rarely white flowers. Sepals dis-
tinct to the base. Corolla rotate or very open campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens
about the length of the corolla : filaments dilated at the insertion. Capsule
globular ; the fleshy or spongy placentas very large. Seeds minute, generally
striate-ribbed. Styles and placentas occasionally varying to 3. Ours appear to
be perennials, flowering through the summer.
H. corymbosa, Ell. Spineless or nearly so : stem slender, a foot or two high, above
minutely pubescent: leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile (an inch or so long), glabrous:
flowers in a terminal corymbose cyme: sepals linear-lanceolate, villous-hispid ; shorter
than the corolla: filaments and styles long and filiform. Sk. i. 330; A. W. Bennett in
Jour. Linn. Soc. xi. 275. Pine-barren ponds, S. Carolina to Florida. Expanded corolla
two-thirds of an inch in diameter.
H. affinis, Gray. More or less spiny, glabrous throughout or nearly so : stems ascend-
ing : leaves lanceolate, somewhat petioled (2 to 5 inches long) : flowers in short axillary
leafy-bracted clusters : sepals ovate, equalling the corolla : styles shorter than the capsule.
Man. ed. 5, p. 370. H. leptocaulis, Featherman, Louisiana Univ. Rep. 1871. S. Illinois
to Texas. Often confounded with the next.
H. Caroliniana, Michx. More or less spiny, sparsely villous-hispid or the leaves
nearly glabrous: stem ascending: leaves lanceolate, short-petioled (3 or 4 inches long):
flowers in short axillary clusters, or solitary in the upper axils : sepals linear or linear-
lanceolate, about the length of the corolla: styles shorter than the capsule. Fl. i. 177.
77. f/nadrivalvis, Walt. Car. 110, an older but false and deceptive name. 77. paniculata, Raf.
Neobot. G4. N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana ? (S. Amer.? )
H. OVata, Nutt. Spiny, minutely soft-pubescent and above slightly hirsute : stems a
foot or two high, paniculately branched at summit : leaves ovate, sometimes ovate-lan-
ceolate (8 to 20 lines long) : flowers clustered at the end of the branches : sepals lanceolate,
very villous-hirsute, shorter than the corolla ; this an inch broad when expanded : filaments
and especially the styles long and filiform. Fl. Arkans. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. scr. 2,
v. 196; Chois. Hydrol. t. 1 ; A. W. Bennett, 1. c. 270. 77. oratifoti'a, Raf. Neobot. (1836),
64. 77. Ludoviaana, Featherman, 1. c. Margin of ponds, Arkansas, W. Louisiana, and
Texas. (S. Araer.)
BORRAGINACE^E. 177
ORDER XCIII. BORRAGINACE2E.
Mostly scabrous or hispid-hairy plants, with watery juice, entire and alternate
(or partly opposite) leaves, no stipules, prevalently scorpioitl inflorescence, and
regular flowers (in Echium the corolla, &c., irregular), the 5 or sometimes 4
stamens on the tube or throat of the corolla, as many as and alternate with its
lobes, a single style rising between the divisions of a deeply 4-parted ovary, or
from the summit of an undivided one, the cells or lobes of which contain a solitary
ovule, the seed with little or no albumen, the embryo straight or rarely curved,
its radicle superior or centripetal. Flowers perfect, generally 5-merous. Calyx
and corolla free ; the lobes of the latter imbricated, convolute, or sometimes plicate
or induplicate in the bud. Ilypogynous disk usually present, but inconspicuous.
Pistil of 2 biovulate carpels, although seemingly of 4 and uniovulate. Ovule
anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit of 4 nutlets (or by abortion fewer), or a
drupe containing 2 to 4 nutlets or cells, rarely reduced to one. Some of the
first great division have serrate and even incised leaves, and are trees or shrubs,
of tropical or subtropical regions : these well distinguished from related orders
by the superior radicle. The true Borraginacece are almost all herbs, mainly of
temperate climates, with undivided style and even stigma, surrounded at base by
the four distinct divisions of the ovary. Inflorescence and its nomenclature as
in the preceding order.
I. Ovary undivided (or only laterally 4-lobed) and surmounted by the style.
TRIBE I. CORDIE^E. Style twice bifid: stigmas terminal, not annular. Fruit
drupaceous. Cotyledons longitudinally plicate or corrugated. Trees or shrubs,
with leaves sometimes dentate.
1. CORDIA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, merely toothed or lobcd. Corolla funnel-
form or salverform ; the lobes and stamens sometimes more than 5. Stigmas clavate or
capitate. Ovary and drupe 4-celled, 4-seeded, or fewer by the abortion of some of the
cells and seeds of the hard stone.
TRIBE II. EIIRETIE/E. Style once bifid or 2-parted (the divisions sometimes
coalescent to the top) : stigmas more or less capitate. Cotyledons plane. Trees,
shrubs, or low herbs.
* Fruit drupaceous : ovules mostly amphitropous : trees or shrubs.
2. BOURREBIA. Calyx globular or ovoid, closed in the bud, valvately splitting at the
summit into 2 to 5 teeth. Corolla campanulate or short-funnelform. Drupe containing
4 more or less separable one-seeded nutlets.
3. EHRETIA. Calyx 5-parted or 5-cleft, imbricated or open in the bud. Corolla from
short-funnelform to rotate. Drupe usually containing 2 two-celled two-seeded nutlets.
* * Fruit dry : ovules anatropous, pendulous : herbaceous or suffruticulose plants.
4. COLDENIA. Calyx 5-parted, or in original species 4-parted; the divisions narrow.
Corolla short-funnelform or nearly salverform, seldom much surpassing the calyx; the
lobes rounded, imbricated or sometimes partly convolute in the bud. Stamens included.
Style 2-cleft or 2-parted. Ovary entire or laterally 4-lobed, 4-celled. Fruit separating at
maturity into 4 one-seeded nutlets, or by abortion fewer, or in one species by suppression
one-celled and one-seeded. Cotyledons thickish. Albumen none.
TRIBE III. IIELIOTROPIE.rE. Style entire, sometimes wanting : stigma peltate-
annular, forming a complete ring, surmounted usually by an entire or 2-lobed (from
hemispherical to subulate) tip or appendage. Ovules pendulous. Seeds with a
straight or incurved embryo, in sparing or copious albumen. Leaves entire, rarely
denticulate. Inflorescence more or less scorpioid.
12
178 BORRAGINACE^E.
5. TOURNEFORTIA. Fruit drupaceous. Shrubs or woody twiners, or rarely almost
herbaceous. Otherwise nearly as Hdiotropium.
6. HELIOTROPIUM. Calyx deeply 5-parted, persistent. Corolla salverform or funnel-
form, plaited and mostly imbricated in the bud. Stamens included : filaments short or
none : anthers connivent, sometimes cohering by pointed tips. Ovary 4-celled, 4-ovuled.
Fruit dry, 2- or 4-lobed, separating into 2 indurated 2-celled and 2-seeded closed carpels, or
more commonly into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Seed sometimes with rather copious albumen,
and, with the embryo, curved. Low herbs or undershrubs ; the flowers almost always
small.
II. Ovary 4-parted (rarely 2-parted) from above into one-celled one-ovuled
divisions surrounding the base of the undivided (rarely 2-lobed) style: stigma
not annular, terminal.
TRIBE IV. BORRAGEJE. Style entire, in Ecltium 2-cleft at the apex: stigma trun-
cate or depressed-capitate, in a few species of Lithospermum tipped with a rudi-
mentary terminal appendage. Ovules amphitropous or almost orthotropous and
commonly ascending or erect, or when anatropous mostly pendulous. Nutlets 4
(or by abortion fewer), distinct, or sometimes at base united in pairs. Radicle
superior or centripetal. Albumen none. Chiefly herbs, with somewhat mucilagi-
nous watery juice and entire leaves. Flowers mostly near, but not in the axil of
leaves or bracts, or bractless in scorpioid so-called spikes or racemes. ^Estivation of
the corolla imbricated, except when otherwise indicated. (The depressed or elevated
disk, receptacle, or axis on which the nutlets are inserted, and from which they fall
away, is called the gynobase.)
* Corolla and stamens regular : style entire, or sometimes barely 2-cleft at the very apex,
i Ovary only 2-parted: fruit involved in a bur-like transformed portion of the calyx.
7. HARPAGONELLA.. Calyx at first slightly but in fruit exceedingly unequal ; three
of the lobes nearly distinct ; the remaining two more united, closely enwrapping the fruit,
and becoming cornute with 7 to 9 divergent long and uncinately glochidiate soft-spinous
processes, forming a bur. Ovule erect, anatropous. Nutlets one or sometimes both
maturing, obovoid-oblong, thin-coriaceous, very smooth, obliquely fixed by the narrowed
base to the small depressed gynobase. Seed filling and conformed to the nutlet, erect or
ascending. Radicle directed to the gynobase. Corolla, stamens, style, &c., as in
Pectocarija.
) -i Ovary 4-parted or 4-lobed : fruit of 4 nutlets, or by abortion fewer, subtended
or surrounded by the unchanged or merely accrescent calyx.
H- Nutlets divergent or divaricate (either radiately or in pairs), outwardly or backwardly
extended much beyond the insertion (which is by a roundish or oblong areola or scar) :
seed accordingly horizontal or obliquely ascending, with radicle centripetal : but the
anatropous ovule (and ovary -lobes) in flower erect or ascending. (Calyx deeply 5-cleftor
parted, spreading or reflexed in fruit : corolla appendaged with strong fornicate processes
almost closing the throat : stamens short, included.)
8. PECTOCARYA. Nutlets flat and thin (depressed-obcompressed), attached at the inner
end underneath to the small depressed gynobase, either winged, laciniate-bordered, or
pectinately setose around the thin margin ; the bristles or prickles simply uncinate at tip.
Style short : stigma capitate. Annuals, with minute white flowers imperfectly opposite
the leaves.
9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets equally divergent, horizontal or obliquely ascending on a
depressed or pyramidal gynobase, turgid, wingless, all over glochidiate-muricate, mostly
separating (by an ovate or roundish scar at the upper end of the inner face) and carrying
away an exterior portion of the indurated style from below upward, by which they are
for a time pendulous. Stigma small, on a comparatively long style. Perennials or bien-
nials, with flowers in usually bractless racemes.
H- -H- Nutlets erect and parallel with the style, or sometimes incurved,
= Obliquely attached by more or less of the ventral face or angle, or by the base or pro-
longation of it, to
a. The more or less elevated (from low-conical or globular to subulate) gynobase which
supports the style (and when narrow has been termed the base of the style), not stipi-
tate, and the scar not excavated.
BORRAGINACE^;. 179
10. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets armed (either along a distinct margin or more or less
over the whole back) with glochidiate prickles, forming burs. Calyx 5-parted, reflexed
or open in fruit. Corolla short-salverform or somewhat funnelform, white or blue; the
throat closed with prominent fornicate appendages.
1 1. ERITRICHIUM. Nutlets unarmed or rarely with a row of (non-glochidiate) prickles
around the back, very rarely wing-bordered. Calyx 5-parted or deeply cleft, closed or
not spreading in fruit (rarely circumscissile-deciduous). Corolla with or occasionally
without fornicate appendages at the throat, white or blue, in one species yellow!
1 2. AMSINCKIA. Nutlets crustaceous or coriaceous, unappendaged, triquetrous or ovate-
triangular, attached below the middle to an oblong-pyramidal gynobase. Corolla salver-
form or tubular-funnelform, with a slender tube and open throat; the limb sometimes
plicate at the sinuses, yellow. Style filiform : stigma capitate or 2-parted. Cotyledons
each 2-parted.
6. Nutlets conspicuously stipitate, and the stipe more or less hollowed at the insertion upon
the broadly pyramidal or globular gynobase.
13. ECHIDIOCARYA. Calyx 5-parted, lax in fruit. Corolla between short-salverform
and rotate, slightly constricted at the more or less appendaged throat ; the tube not
exceeding the calyx, shorter than the roundish lobes. Filaments very short, inserted on
the middle of the tube : anthers oblong, included. Style short: stigma capitate. Nut-
lets ovate-trigonous, oblique, acutely cristulate-muricate or rugose, dorsally and ventrally
carinate, incurved-ascending on a stout stipe; the stipes either united in pairs or distinct.
Leaves all alternate. Flowers white.
c. Nutlets sessile or obscurely stipitate on a flat or merely convex receptacle.
14. ANTIPHYTUM. Corolla (short), &c., of Eritrichium. Nutlets crustaceous, ovate,
rounded on the back and granulate or rugulose, carinate ventrally down to the flat
roundish scar close to the base, which is either slightly protuberant and rather large, or
smaller and somewhat stipitate : gynobase plane or barely umbonate by the base of the
style. Flowers racemose, white, mostly bracteate. Leaves commonly opposite !
15. MERTENSIA. Corolla from tubular-funnelform or trumpet-shaped to almost cam-
panulate, with open throat, bearing obvious or obsolete transverse folds for crests.
Stamens with either flattened or nearly filiform filaments. Style filiform : stigma entire.
Nutlets from somewhat fleshy to coriaceo-membranaceous, attached by a small or
short scar just above the base to a barely or sometimes strongly convex gynobase. Peren-
nials, often smooth and glabrous, with blue or rarely white flowers, mostly bractless.
= = Nutlets sessile and directly (usually centrally) attached by the very base to a plane
gynobase;
a. The flat scar not excavated or perforate and bordered with a ring, mostly small.
16. MYOSOTIS. Corolla short-salverform or almost rotate; its throat contracted by
transverse crests ; the rounded lobes convolute in the bud ! Anthers ovate or oblong.
Nutlets small, ovoid, smooth and shining, thin-crustaceous ; the scar small. Racemes
mainly ebracteate.
17. LITHOSPERMUM. Corolla salverform, funnelform, or sometimes approaching
campanulate, either naked or with pubescent lines or intruded gibbosities or low trans-
verse crests at the throat. Filaments mostly A r ery short : anthers short, included. Style
slender : stigma mostly truncate-capitate or 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, bony, either polished
and white or dull and rough. Flowers all subtended by leaves or bracts.
18. ONOSMODIUM. Corolla tubular or oblong-funnelform, with open and wholly
unappendaged throat ; the lobes erect or hardly spreading, mostly triangular and acute ;
the sinuses more or less inflexed. Stamens not surpassing the corolla-lobes : filaments
flat or dilated : anthers oblong-linear or sagittate, erect (sometimes in Mexican species
becoming transverse). Style filiform or capillary, very long : stigma small and truncate,
exserted before the corolla opens. Nutlets ovoid or globular, bony, smooth and polished,
white. Flowers all subtended by leafy bracts.
6. The scar large and excavated, bordered by a prominent margin. (Old World plants.)
1 9. SYMPHYTUM. Corolla oblong-tubular, ventricose above the insertion of the sta-
mens, or with campanulate-dilated limb, and with 5 short nearly erect lobes or teeth ;
the throat closed by 5 prominent lanceolate or linear papillose-margined scale-like
appendages. Anthers lanceolate, more or less included. Style filiform : stigma small.
Nutlets obliquely ovoid, crustaceous or coriaceous, the cartilaginous prominent ring den-
ticulate at the edge.
* * Corolla irregular with limb oblique and lobes unequal. (Old World genera.)
20. LYCOPSIS. Corolla somewhat salverform ; the tube curved at the middle ; the
more or less spreading lobes rather unequal ; the oblique throat closed with hispid for-
180 BORRAGINACE.E. Cordia.
nicate scales. Stamens and style included: stigma 2-lobed. Nutlets ovoid, oblique,
coriaceous, coarsely reticulate-rugose, erect, almost laterally attached to a thickened
protuberant gynobase ; the scar large, oval, excavated or perforate, bordered by a
thickened cartilaginous ring.
21. ECHIUM. Corolla funnelform, with dilated throat oblique and not at all appendaged ;
the lobes unequal, roundish, erect or slightly spreading. Stamens unequal and exserted :
filaments filiform. Style long and filiform, 2-cleft at apex : stigmas small. Nutlets car-
tilaginous, rough or rugose, ovoid, acute, erect, fixed to the fiat gynobase by a plane and
marginless scar.
BORRAGO OFFICINALIS, L. (BORAGE), with very rotate blue corolla, is a not uncommon
annual in country gardens, but does not run wild. (JMTIIALODES LIXIFOLIA, Moench, of
S. Europe, is given in Hooker's Flora Boreali-Americana, on the strength of a specimen re-
ceived from Newfoundland, to which it cannot be native, and the plant is rare in gardens,
in which O. VERNA is a hardy perennial, but it does not escape.
1. CCJRDIA, Phunier, L. (Valerius Cordus, a German botanist of the 16th
century.) Tropical or subtropical trees or shrubs, the greater portion American.
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 838.
1. Corolla large, an inch or two long,- funnelform, deciduous ; the tube longer
than the cylindraceous calyx; its lobes and the stamens 5 to 12: drupe enclosed
in the enlarged calyx: inflorescence open-cymose. Sebestenoides, DC.
C. Sebestena, L. Tall shrub or small tree, scabrous-pubescent or smoothish : leaves
ovate (4 to 8 inches long): flowers pedicelled : calyx not striate ; the teeth irregular and
obtuse : corolla varying from orange to flame-color, 5-8-lobed. Bot. Rep. 1. 157. C. speciosa,
Willd., DC. Keys of Florida. ( W. Indies, &c.)
C. Boissieri, A. DC. Sof t-tomentose : leaves oval or oblong-ovate, when old minutely
rugose and somewhat scabrous above : calyx not pedicelled, somewhat campannlate and
striate ; the teeth often acute : corolla white with a yellow centre, 5-lobed, externally
downy. DC. Prodr. ix. 478 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. Southern frontier of Texas
and New Mexico, Berlandier, Gregg, Schott, &c. (Mex.)
2. Corolla small or proportionally large, salverform or funnelform, deciduous :
calyx short, not sulcate-striate ; its lobes and those of the corolla as well as stamens
no more than 5, sometimes 4 : flowers in our species capitate-glomerate, and the
leaves serrate ! Myx, Endl.
C. globosa., HBK. Shrub hirsute or somewhat hoary : branches slender, spreading :
leaves oblong-oyate, obtusely serrate (an inch or two long), the pinnate veins rather con-
spicuous and the upper surface often rugose : peduncle mostly short : calyx-teeth nearly
filiform, longer than the tube: corolla funnelform, white (2 to 4 lines long), about twice
the length of the calyx. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 76. Varronia globosa, L., & V. bullata in
part. Cordia bnllata, DC. Prodr. ix. 496 ; Chapm. Fl. 329. Keys of Florida, Blodgett, &c.
(W. Ind. to Isthmus.)
C. podocepliala, Torr. A foot or two high, woody only at base, minutely strigose-
hirsute, scabrous : branches slender, erect : leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, narrowed at the base into a short petiole, coarsely serrate (an inch or two
long) : peduncles filiform, 2 to 4 inches long, bearing a small and very dense head: calyx-
teeth triangular-subulate or ovate, very much shorter than the tube : corolla broadly fun-
nelform, white or pale purple (half inch or more long), its narrow tube hardly exceeding
the calyx. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. Lower Rio Grande, Texas to the borders of New
Mexico, Wright, Biyelow, Schott, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
C. GREGGII, Torr. 1. c., which is hardly of this section, is a Mexican species, found only at
a considerable distance from our frontiers.
2. BOURRERJA, P. Browne. (Named after one Bourrer, a Nuremberg
apothecary, not Beurrcr, therefore the orthography Beurreria, Jacquin and others,
is not to prevail over the original form.) Tropical American trees and shrubs ;
Colderiia. BOIIRAGINACE.E. 181
with white flowers in open terminal cymes. Lobes of the style not rarely coales-
cent even to the stigma. -- Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 840, excl. syn. Hymen-
esthes, Miers, which is a Cordia. Bourreria & Crematomia, Miers, Bot. Contrib.
ii. 230, 242.
B. Havanensis, Miers. Shrub or small tree, glabrous or nearly so : leaves mostly
obovate-oblong and acute at base (about 2 inches in length), bright green and shining
above, coriaceous, entire : cyme loose : calyx at length campanulate, glabrous or puberu-
lent, a little shorter than the tube of the corolla : style cleft only at the apex, or even quite
entire: drupe as large as a pea, orange. But. Contrib. ii. 238, t. 35 (E/tretia Havanensis,
Wilkl.), with B. recurva & B. omta, Miers, 1. c. B. tomentosa, var. Havanensis, Griseb.
(Ehrctin tomentosa, Lam.), is probably a pubescent form of the same species. Pittonia similis,
Catesb. Car. ii. t. 79. Ehretia Beurreria, Chapm. Fl. 329, not L. (the B. succulenta, Jacq.).
Key? of Florida, Blodqett, &c., a glabrous and smooth form. (\V. Ind.)
Var. radula. Upper face of the leaves tuberculate-scabrous or hispidulous from
pnpillosities, the lower and the branchlets either glabrous or minutely pubescent.
B. radula, Don, Syst. iv. 390 ; Chapm. 1. c. ; Miers, 1. c. B. rirgata, Griseb., not Swartz, ex
Miers. Efurtia radula, Poir., ex Miers. Keys of Florida, Blod//c/t, Palmer, &c. (W. Ind.)
3. EHRETIA, L. ( George Dlunysnis Ehret, a gifted botanical painter of
the 18th century.) - -Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical; with small white flowers
in open cymes or panicles, or rarely almost solitary. Benth. & Hook. 1. c.
E. elliptica, DC. Tree 15 to 50 feet high : leaves oval or oblong, sometimes serrate,
nearly smooth and glabrous or (with the branchlets and open cymes) minutely hirsute-pu-
bescent and the upper face very scabrous : divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate, acu-
minate, as long as the campanulate tube of the corolla : drupes yellow, globose, of the
size of small peas (the thin pulp edible). I'rodr. ix. 503; Torr. Mex. Bound. 136 ; Miers,
Contrib. ii. 228, t. 85. River-bottoms South-western Texas, Berlandier, Lindheimer, &c.
(Adjacent Mex.)
4. COLDENIA, L. (Dr. Cadwallader Golden, Colonial Lient.-Governor
of New York, a correspondent of Linnanis.) - - Low herbaceous or stiff rutescent
plants, canescent or hispid ; with small and mostly white flowers sessile and
usually in clusters; the original species a prostrate annual, with usually 4-merous
flowers and coarsely toothed leaves, the strong simple veins of which run to the
sinuses. (Lam. 111. t. 89 ; Gcertn. Fruct. t. 68, embryo wrongly figured.) Genus
extended by the addition of several North and W. South American species,
diverse in habit and minor characters, which might well form more than half as
many subgenera as there are species, but may be ranked under three. (Insertion
of stamens probably both high and low in the same species.) Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. v. 340, viii. 292, x. 48, & Bot. Calif, i. 520 ; Benth. & Hook. 'Gen. ii. 841.
1. EUCOLDENIA, Benth. Fruit merely 4-sulcate ; the nutlets with plane
contiguous sides and thick crustaceous walls, or in one species reduced by abortion
to a single cell : corolla not appendaged within : stamens equally inserted : veins
of the leaves straight and simple. Stegnocarpus & Ptilocalyx, Torr.
C. canescens, DC. Prostrate or procumbent, with somewhat ligneous perennial base,
white-sericeous or tomentose : leaves (barely half inch long) ovate or oblong, entire, petioled,
obscurely veined : flowers solitary or in small clusters at the axils or forks : calyx-lobes
linear-lanceolate : fruit depressed-globose ; the four thick-walled nutlets smooth and rounded
on the back, obscurely rugose on the plane sides, pointless: embryo slightly curved.
Prodr. ix. 559 ( Stegnocarpus) ; Gray, 1. c. Sterjnocarpus canescens, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep.
ii. 169, t. 7. S. Texas to Arizona, Berlandier, Wright, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
182 BORRAGINACE^:. Coldenia.
C. Greggii, Gray. Suffruticulose, a foot or two high, tomentose-canescent : leaves ovate
or oval (2 to 4 lines long), short-petioled, almost veinless, entire, the margins revolute :
flowers capitate-glomerate at the summit of the branches : calyx-lobes filiform from a
broader base, elongated-plumose with long villous hairs : ovary obscurely 4-lobed ; but the
fruit even, ovate-oblong, by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded, the walls comparatively thin,
showing mere vestiges of three abortive cells: embryo straight. Ptiloca/yx Greggii, Torr.
1. c. 170, t. 8. Ifocky ravines, New Mexico, and south-western borders of Texas, Gregg,
Wright, &c. (Adjacent Alex.)
2. EDDYA, Gray. Fruit deeply 4-lobed ; the mature nutlets rounded and
only ventrally united, thin-walled but crustaceous, rough-granulate: corolla not
appendaged : stamens unequally inserted : narrow leaves with very thick midrib,
veinless. Eddya, Torr. 1. c.
C. hispidissima, Gray, 1. c. Suffruticulose, diffuse, soon procumbent, a span or two
high, very setose-hispid, and with some minute cinereous pubescence : leaves fascicled,
rigid, lanceolate, soon linear or acerose by strong revolution of the margins, dilated at
base ; the lower or primary ones petioled : flowers scattered : calyx-lobes linear, resembling
the leaves: embryo straight. Eddya hispidissima, Torr. I.e. 170, t. 9. Dry hills, &c.,
W. Texas ( Wright, c.) to Arizona and S. Utah.
3. TIQUILIA, DC. Fruit deeply 4-lobed (or by abortion occasionally fewer) ;
the thin-walled nutlets rounded and united only at the centre, smooth and shining :
stamens equally inserted : leaves entire, petioled, veined. Tiquilia, Pers. Gala-
pagoa. Hook. f. In our species ( Tiquiliopsis, Gray, 1. c.), the corolla is appen-
daged within, and the cotyledons either 4-parted around or incumbent upon the
radicle.
C. Nuttallii, Hook. Prostrate annual, repeatedly and divergently dichotomous, canes-
cently pubescent, also sparsely hirsute or hispid : leaves ovate or rhomboid-rotund, 2 to 4
lines long and on longer petioles, with two or at most three pairs of strong and somewhat
curving veins, and margins somewhat revolute : flowers densely clustered in the forks and
at the ends of the naked brandies : calyx-lobes linear, sparsely hispid, equalling the tube
of the pink or whitish corolla : filaments shorter than the anthers, inserted nearly in the
throat of the corolla, the tube of which bears 5 short obtuse scales near the base : nutlets
oblong-ovate, marked with a linear and rhaphe-like ventral scar : embryo straight: cotyle-
dons very deeply horseshoe-form, their elongated bases almost enclosing the radicle. Kew
Jour. Bot. iii. 296 ; Watson, Bot. King, 248 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 520. Tiquilia brevifolia,
Nutt. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136, & Wilkes Exped. xvii. 417, t. 12, under the name of
T. Oreqana. Arid plains, Arizona through Utah and E. California to Wyoming and
Washington Terr.
C. Palrneri, Gray. Apparently perennial or even Suffruticulose at base, less prostrate,
more canescent but not hispid or even hirsute : leaves obovate or ovate, about the length
of their petiole, plicate-lincate by about 6 pairs of straight and strong veins : flowers fewer
in the clusters : calyx less deeply cleft ; the lanceolate lobes about half the length of the
bluish corolla, which bears 5 salient plates above the base of the tube, extending to the
insertion of the slender filaments : nutlets only one or two maturing, globular, with an
orbicular scar : cotyledons very thick, somewhat hemispherical, not even cordate, incum-
bent on the radicle. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 292, & x. 49 ; Watson, 1. c. Tiquilia brevifolia,
var. plicata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 136. Sandhills on the Mohave and Colorado,
E. California and W. Arizona, Emory, Schott, Cooper, Palmer.
5. TOURNEF6RTIA, L. (Joseph Pitlon dc Tournefort, of France, the
great botanist of the 17th century.) -- Shrubby, arborescent, or rarely nearly
herbaceous plants ; a rather large genus all round the world in and near the
tropics, one or two extratropical. Flowers white, small, unilateral and as it were
spicate on the scorpioid cyme-branches, usually destitute of bracts. A polymor-
phous and artificial genus, in a few species too nearly approaching the next.
Hdiotropium. BORRAGINACE.E. 183
* Lobes of the small white corolla slender-subulate, valvate-induplicate in the bud.
T. volubilis, L. Slender slirub, with filiform s.armentose more or less twining branches,
and minute usually rusty pubescence : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate,
slender-petioled : spikes of the loose cyme filiform and divaricate : slender flowers merely
2 lines long: drupe 1-3-seeded. Sfessersmidtia volubilis, Roem. & Sch. Syst. iv. 544; Miers
Contrib. ii.^210. Keys of Florida. ( W. Ind., &c.)
* * Lobes of the white corolla broad, more or less plicate in the bud and undulate.
T. mollis, Gray. Erect from a suffrutescent base, a foot or less in height, branching,
canescently silky-tomentose : leaves deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, obtuse, and with undulate
margins, rather long-petioled : flowers middle-sized, crowded in a pair of naked peduncled
spikes : tube of the corolla a little longer than the calyx, and longer than the rounded un-
dulate or crenulate lobes : drupe globose-ovate, minutely tomentose, excavated at base,
by abortion about 2-seeded. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum molle, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 138. On the Rio Grande, Texas, at or opposite Presidio del Norte, Biyelow. Leaves
about 2 inches long, including the petiole. Corolla apparently white, 3 lines long, the
limb rather ample. Fruit probably fleshy in the living plant.
T. gnaphal6d.es, R. Br. Somewhat fleshy shrub, very white silky-tomentose through-
out, thickly leafy : leaves spatulate-linear, obtuse : flowers densely clustered : corolla
fleshy, downy outside : drupe ovate-conical, deeply excavated at base, with thin flesh,
and 2 two-seeded nutlets. Heliotrojrinm gnaphulodes, Jacq. Amer. 25, t. 173. (Pluk. Aim.
t. 193, fig. 5.) Coast of Florida, ( W. Ind.)
6. HEL.IOTR6PIUM, Tourn. TOURNSOLE, HKLIOTROPE. (Ancient
Greek name, not indicating that the flowers turn to the sun, but that they begin
to appear at the summer solstice.) - - Herbs, or low more or less shrubby plants,
belonging mainly to the warmer parts of the world, represented in cultivation by
the vanilla-scented If. Peruvianuw, and in the southern part of the United States
bv several indigenous and two or three naturalized species : fl. all summer. -
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 843.
1. EUPLOCA, Gray, 1. c. Fruit didymous, solid ; the two carpels each split-
ting into two almost hemispherical one-seeded nutlets, their internal face flat and
smooth : embryo semicircular in rather copious albumen : corolla large, naked
and not appendaged, strongly plicate in aestivation : anthers slightly cohering by
their minutely bearded tips : style long and filiform : cone of the stigma truncate
and bearded with a penicillate tuft of strong bristles : flowers scattered. Ea-
ploca, Nutt.
H. COnvolvulaceum, Gray. Low spreading annual, strigose-hirsute and hoary, much
branched : leaves lanceolate, or sometimes nearly ovate and sometimes linear, short-peti-
oled : flowers generally opposite the leaves and terminal, short-peduncled : limb of the
bright white corolla ample, angulate-lobed ; the strigose-hirsute tube about twice the length
of the linear sepals: anthers inserted at or above its middle. Mem. Am. Acad. vi. 403,
& Proc. v. 340. Euploca convolvulacea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 189 ; Hook. Ic.
t. 651 ; Torr. in Marcy Rep. t. 15. E. grand! flora, Torr. memory Rep. 147. Sandy plains,
Nebraska to W. Texas. Soda Lake, S. E. California, Dr. Cooper. A showy plant ; the
sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset (Nnttall), in cultivation open nearly all day : tube
of corolla (including the abruptly somewhat dilated throat, constricted at orifice) 4 lines
long; the rotate border about half an inch broad ; the wide sinuses not produced into teeth
or appendages, but obscurely emarginate. Style fully thrice the length of the ovary :
annular stigma obscurely 4-lobed ; its strongly bearded terminal appendage rather longer,
truncate or obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit somewhat pubescent or hairy.
2. EUHELIOTROPIUM. Fruit 4-lobed and separating at maturity into 4 one-
celled one-seeded nutlets : style usually short : cone or tip of (he stigma slightly
bearded or naked, rarely obsolete : corolla plicate or induplicate in the bud ; the
184 BORRAGINACE^:. Heliotropium.
lobes obtuse (with one exception) and usually broad : inflorescence in most species
either distinctly or indistinctly scorpioid. Euheliotropium & Ortltoslachys,
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844. Heliotropium & Schleidenia (Endl.), Fresenius in
Fl. Bras. viii. 31, 33.
; Flowers all or some of them accompanied bv bracts or leaves; when spicate, the so-called spikes
not naked, nor conjugate or forking to form a cyme, nor strongly coiled: anthers generallv with
tips connivent or cohering over the stigma. Orthostachys, R. Br. ; A. DC.; Benth. &'Hook.
Preslea, Mart. Schleidenia, Endl.
-t Stigma-tip elongated (sometimes 2-cleft): anther-tins lightly or only at first cohering: corolla
with naked and open throat, white: leaves narrowly linear: nutlets globular, beakless, externally
hispid or pubescent.
H- Divisions of the calyx similar, more or less shorter than the tube of the corolla: nutlets with a
pair of pits on the inner face.
H. Greggii, Torr. A span high, diffusely spreading from a slightly woody base, strigose-
cinereous : slender branches leafy : leaves narrowly linear, flat, about an inch long and a
line wide: flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile in an at first crowded and short scor-
pioid spike, with or often mainly without bracts : corolla with an ample and slightly
5-lobed limb : anthers long, acuminate, minutely bearded at tip : stigma-tip subulate-
conical, much thicker than the very short style, as well as much longer. Bot. Mex. Bound.
137 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 49. Sandy or gravelly soil, western borders of Texas, New
Mexico, and adjacent part of Mexico, first collected by Dr. Gregg. Flowers very fragrant :
corolla a third to nearly half an inch broad when expanded.
H. angustifolimn, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect and densely branched from a
woody base, strigose-canescent : branches rigid, very leafy : leaves very narrowly linear,
with revolute margins, almost filiform when dry (4 to 9 lines long) : spike few-flowered, at
length slender, nearly straight, bracteate at base or without bracts : flowers small, short-
peduncled : corolla salverform, with narrow canescent tube and 5-parted limb ; the lobes
ovate-lanceolate (acute!) ; hardly a line long, or half the length of the tube : anthers with
mucronate glabrous tips : stigma-tip slender-subulate, longer and hardly broader than the
rather long style. Bot. Mex. Bound. 137. South-western borders of Texas, Wright.
(Adjacent Mex., Gregg.)
H- -H- Divisions of the calyx very unequal, the larger about the length of the corolla : nutlets
without pits on the inner face: inflorescence not in the least scorpioid.
H. tenellum, Torr. A span to a foot high, erect from an annual root, paniculately
branched, slender, strigose-canescent : leaves narrowly linear, with more or less revolute
margins (about an inch long and a line wide) : flowers scattered, terminal, becoming lateral
and axillary, on rather slender peduncles, many of them bractless : limb of the corolla
rather shorter than the narrow canescent tube; the lobes oblong or obovate, a line long:
anthers oblong and with nearly naked blunt tips scarcely at all cohering: stigma-tip nar-
rowly subulate, 3 or 4 times the length of the short style. Torr. in Marcy Hep. t. 14, &
Bot. Mex. Bound. 138. Lithospermum tenellum, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 189.
L. angustifolium, Torr. in Ann. Lye. ii. 225, not Michx. Open dry ground, Kentucky to
Alabama, west to Kansas and throughout Texas.
I -) Stigma-tip conical or more slender: anthers cohering by minutely bearded tips: corolla
appendaged and throat sometimes almost closed by a pubescent projection or gibbosity at or below
the base of each fold of the sinuses: divisions of the calyx usually of unequal breadth: nutlets
in our species heakless.
-H- Diffuse or tufted, a span or l^s high: internal appendages of the corolla small roundish puber-
ulent gibbosities low in the throat.
H. COnfertifolium, Torr. Suffruticulose, very much branched and tufted, silvery-white
with a dense silky-hirsute pubescence : leaves crowded throughout and imbricated along
the upper part of the branches, from narrowly oblong to linear, 2 or 3 lines long, equally
white both sides, the margins somewhat revolute: inflorescence not in the least scorpioid :
flowers sessile among the leaves, mainly glomerate with them at the end of the branches
and hardly surpassing them : corolla pale purple ; its silky-hairy tube hardly longer than
the calyx ; limb angulate-5-lobed, only 2 lines in diameter : style thrice the length of the
ovary: annular stigma much broader than the subulate-conical tip. Herb. Torr. H. lim-
batum & var. cofertifolitun, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 138, not //. limbatum, Benth. South-
western borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wrlijht, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
Heliotropium. BORRAGINACE^. 185
H. phyllostachyum, Torr. Annual, diffusely spreading, strigulose-hirsute: leaves
oblong or broadly lanceolate, plane- (3 to 7 lines long), obtuse, contracted abruptly at base
into a short petiole, those subtending flowers similar : flowers small, loosely unilateral-
spicate along the branches, very short-peduncled, some bractless, others at the axils of
leaves : calyx-divisions unequal, lanceolate, in fruit one of them mostly ovate-lanceolate
and larger: corolla white, hardly exceeding the calyx, its lobes ovate and the folds at the
sinuses sometimes more or less extended into teeth : style very short : nutlets with 2 deep
pits. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c., in part (1859). II. myosotoides, Chapm. Fl. 330(1860).
Rocky hills, southeastern part of Arizona, Wr'tyht. Key West, Florida, Blodyett, Palmer.
Flowers barely a line long. Fruiting-calyx becoming 2 lines long, the larger sepal fully
twice the length of the depressed-globose fruit. The Mexican specimens of Berlandier
referred to this by Dr. Torrey seem rather to belong to //. hispidum, HBK.
= = Erect, about a foot high : internal appendages of the throat of the corolla prominent and
derlexed.
H. polyphyllum, Lehm. Many-stemmed from a ligneous base or root, minutely stri-
gulose-cinereous : stems very leafy throughout: leaves linear-oblong or lanceolate, 3 to 7
lines long, very short-petioled or sessile : flowers approximate in a leafy slightly scorpioid
spike : divisions of the calyx broadly lanceolate or one lanceolate-ovate : tube of the
(mostly white) corolla not longer than the calyx, nearly equalling the moderately 5-lobed
limb (this 3 or 4 lines in diameter) ; the strong folds of the sinuses produced at base into
conical and pouch-like appendages : style short : nutlets 2-pitted on the inner face. Lehm.
Asper. 63, & Ic. t. 8; Gray, 1. c. H. glomeratum, A.DC. Prodr. ix. 550? H. bursiferum,
C.Wright in Griseb. Cat. Cub. 211. Schleidenia polijplujlla, Fresen. in Fl. Bras. I.e.
E. Florida, Buckley, Palmer, &c. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
Var. Leavenworthii, Gray, 1. c. Stems a foot or two high, the larger plants de-
cidedly shrubby : corolla golden yellow ! //. Leacenworthii, Torr. ined., at least as to the
original specimen. Everglades of S. Florida, Leavenworth, Palmer, Garber. Appears to
differ only in the yellow color of the corolla, which is remarkable.
* * Flowers bractless, in distinct unilateral scorpioid spikes, which are commonly in pairs or
once or twice forked, forming the scorpioid cyme of this and related orders: anthers free. (Style
none and the corolla mainly white in our species.) Euheliotropium, DC., &c. Heliotropium,
Fresenius, 1. c.
-t Pubescent annuals, not fleshy : anthers pointless or mucronulate.
H. EUROPIUM, L. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent, loosely branched : leaves oval
or obovate, long-petioled : spikes in pairs or single, becoming slender: flowers small, scent-
less : stigma-tip long and slender-subulate, 2-clef t at apex. Waste grounds of Southern
and rarely in Northern Atlantic States : nat. from Eu.
H. inundatum, Swartz. A foot or two high, strigose-cinereous, branching from the
base: leaves spatulate-oblong, varying to oblanceolate (commonly an inch long), rather
slender-petioled : spikes 2 or 4 in a cluster, filiform, hirsute : flowers very small, crowded
(corolla barely a line or so long): stigma thick, surmounted by a short obtuse cone. -
Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 343; DC. Prodr. ix. 539. H. procumbens, canescens, & cinereum, HBK. Nov.
Gen. & Spec. iii. t. 206. Texas to the frontiers of California (Coulter). (S. Am. & W.
Ind.) The stems may become indurated, but the root is annual.
-I -i Wholly glabrous perennial (or sometimes annual?), fleshy and glaucous : anthers acuminate.
H. Curassavicum, L. Diffusely spreading, a span to a foot high : leaves succulent,
oblanceolate, varying on the one hand to nearly linear, on the other to obovate (an inch or
two long) : spikes mostly in pairs or twice forked, densely flowered : corolla with a rather
ample 5-lobed limb (3 lines broad) and open throat (white, with a yellow eye, sometimes
changing to blue !) ; the lobes round-ovate, rather shorter than the tube: stigma umbrella-
shaped, as wide as the glabrous ovary, flat, not surmounted by a cone! Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 2669. Sandy seashore from Virginia (or farther north as a ballast-weed), and from
Oregon southward ; also in the interior, chiefly in saline soils. (Widely distributed over
most warmer parts of the world.)
3. TIAHIDIUM. Fruit at maturity more or less 2-lobed, and separating into
2 two-celled and two-seeded (or by abortion one-seeded) carpels, which may at
length each split into 2 nutlets, with or without empty cavities or false cells :
186 BORRAGINACE^E. Heliotropium.
style very short or none : flowers in bractless scorpioid spikes, which are either
solitary, geminate, or collected in a cyme. Tiaridium, Lehm. Asper. 13 (1818) ;
Cham. Heliophytum, DC. Heliotropium Heliophytum with Cochranea (Miers),
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 844.
* Fruit didymous ; the nutlets parallel.
H. ANCHUS^EFOLIUM, Poir. ; Fresen. in Fl. Bras. viii. 46 (which is Tourneforlia heliotropioides,
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3096, and probably also Heliophytum sidcefolium, DC.), is a low perennial,
with oblong or lanceolate repand leaves, and a pedunculate close cyme of 3 or 4 spikes of
bright violet-blue flowers, much resembling those of the Sweet Heliotrope (II. Perunianum),
but not sweet-scented, and the nutlets when fresh with a thin fleshy exocarp : stigma sessile
and with a depressed cone. It is a native of Buenos Ayres and S. Brazil, is cultivated for
ornament, occasionally appears among ballast-weeds at Philadelphia, and is becoming spon-
taneous in East Florida.
H. parviflorum, L. Annual, or becoming woody at base, more or less pubescent, a foot
or two high : leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at both ends,
pinnately veined, slender-petioled, some of them opposite : spikes single or somethnes in
pairs, filiform, 2 to 6 inches long: flowers small and crowded (a line long), white : fruit
hardly a line long, blunt, commonly with no distinct empty cell. Heliophijtum parviflorum,
DC. ; Fresen. 1. c. 45, t. 10, fig. 6. Keys of Florida and southern borders of Texas.
(Mex., Trop. Amor.)
H. glabriusculum, Gray. A span high, diffusely branching from a perennial and per-
haps rather woody base, minutely and sparsely strigulose-pubescent : branches slender,
leafy to the top : leaves green and except the midrib beneath nearly glabrous (an inch or
less long), rather obtuse and sometimes undulate, hardly veiny, short-petioled : spikes
rather short, solitary or forking: corolla white with a green eye; its tube longer than the
calyx and about the length of the oval lobes (these a line long) : fruit cinereous-pubes-
cent ; the nutlets turgid, by abortion often only 1-seeded, 3^-toothed at summit, commonly
with 3 empty cells or spaces. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 50. Heliophytum g'abriusadum, Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 139. VV. borders of Texas, Wright, Bigelow. (Adjacent Mex.)
* * Fruit mitre-shaped (whence the name Tiaridium, founded on the following species); its two
lobes diverging : style deciduous.
H. INDICUM, L. Coarse annual, hirsute, erect : leaves ovate or oval, sometimes rather cor-
date, on margined petioles, obscurely serrate or undulate : spikes mostly single, densely-
flowered (becoming a span to a foot long) : corolla bluish, the limb 2 or 3 lines in diameter :
fruit glabrous ; the nutlets acutely ribbed on the back, within a pair of large empty cells.
Sims, Bot. Mag. 1. 1837. Tiaridium Indicum, Lehm. ; Cham, in Linn. iv. 452, t. 5. Hdio-
phijtum Indicum, "DC.; Fresen. 1. c., t. 10, f. 4. Waste grounds of the Southern Atlantic
States, reaching to Illinois along the great rivers. (Nat. from India, &c.)
7. HARPAG-ONELiLA, Gray. (Diminutive of harpago, a grappling-
hook.) Single species with the aspect of Pectocarya, in company with which it
grows. Corolla only a line long, white ; the rounded lobes imbricate-convolute
in the bud. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 88, & Bot. Calif, i. 531 ; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 846.
H. Palmeri, Gray, 1. c. Small and insignificant annual, diffusely and rather simply
branched from the base, strigulose-hirsute : leaves linear ; the upper or bracts lanceolate :
flowers soon lateral and scattered, a little above and partly opposite the leaf, on short at
length strongly recurved and rigid peduncles: body of the bur-like fruiting calyx, oblong
or fusiform, completely enclosing the solitary nutlet, or sometimes a pair. (Guadalupe
Island, off Lower California, Palmer.) Arizona, near Tucson, E. L. Greene.. The two globu-
lar lobes of the ovary are unilateral, on the side of the style next the enveloping calyx-
lobes, and distinct ; they apparently belong to different carpels, each of which wants the
other half. Both carpels uniovulate and alike in flower, and both, according to Bentham,
are sometimes fertile and enclosed together in the calyx. Sometimes one is excluded and
naked, but falls away without maturing.
Cynoglossum. BORRAGINACEJE. 187
8. PECTOCARYA, DC. (Compounded of TZEXTO^ combed, and x(w,
in place of xuQVor, nut, referring to the pectinate border of the nutlets.) Dim-
inutive annuals, of the western coast of America, diffuse, strigose-hirsute or canes-
cent ; with narrow linear leaves, and small and scattered flowers along the whole
length of the stem, on very short and sometimes recurved pedicels : corolla white,
minute. Meisn. Gen. 279 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 847.
1. KTENOSPERMTJM. Nutlets bordered with a coriaceous undulate or laciniate
wing, geminately divergent. Ktcnospermutn, Lehm. Del. ISem. Ilort. Hamb.
1837, without char. Pectocarya, DC. Prodr. x. 120.
P. linearis, DC. Diffuse : nutlets with narrowly oblong body (one or two lines long),
surrounded by a broad wing, which is pectinately or laciniately and often irregularly parted
or cleft into subulate teeth, ending in a delicate tmcinate-tipped bristle : cotyledons ob-
long. Benth. Gen. 1. c. P. linearis & P. C/tiicnsis, DC. Prodr. 1. c. P. Chilensis, C. Gay,
Fl. Cliil. t. 52, bis, fig. 2. P. Chilensis, var. California, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. v. 124. P.
later (flora, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 531, &c., not DC. Cynoijlossum lineare, Ruiz & Pav. Fl. ii. 6.
Dry gravelly soil, southern part of California, Utah, and Arizona. (Chili.) One form,
answering to P. linearis, DC., has coarsely cleft nearly plane wings ; another, answering to
P. Chilensis, DC., has narrower and more pectinate teeth to a somewhat incurved wing,
and the nutlet arcuate-recurved in age.
P. penicillata, A. DC., 1. c. Very diffuse and slender: nutlets with oblong body (aline
long) surrounded by a merely undulate or pandurate wing (incurved in age), its rounded
apex thickly and the sides rarely or not at all beset with slender uncinate bristles : cotyle-
dons oblong-obovate. Cynoylossnm penicillatum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 371. British
Columbia (Macoun) to California and W. Nevada. (The Missouri habitat and the syn.
of Nuttall, cited by A. DeCandolle, belong to Echinospermum Redowskii.)
P. LATERIFLORA, DC., of Peru, has broadly obovate and less gemmate nutlets, as noted by
Bentham, with the wing dentate in the manner of P. linearis.
2. GRTJVELIA. Nutlets broadly obovate and equably divergent (a line long),
the wing or margin entire : cotyledons broadly obovate. Gray, Froc. Am. Acad.
xii. 81. Gruvelia, A.DC. Prodr. x. 119.
P. setosa, Gray, 1. c. Hispid, as well as minutely strigose-pubescent, rather stout :
calyx-lobes armed with 3 or 4 very large divergent bristles : nutlets bordered by a broadish
(entire or obscurely undulate) thin-scarious wing; the faces as well as margins beset with
slender uncinate-tipped bristles. S. E. California, on the Mohave desert, Palmer.
P. pusilla, Gray, 1. c. Strigulose-canescent, slender : nutlets cuneate-obovate, wingless,
and with a carinate mid-nerve on the upper face, the acute margin beset with a row of
slender uncinate-tipped bristles. Gruvelia pusilla, A.DC. Prodr. x 119; C. Gay, Fl. Chil.
1. c. fig. 3. Common about Yreka, in the northern part of California, apparently native,
Greene. (Chili.)
9. CYNOG-L6SSUM, Tourn. HOUNDSTONGUE. (A'tW, dog, and j'/teoo-o-a,
tongue, from the shape and soft surface of the leaves of the commonest species.)
Mostly stout and coarse herbs ; with a heavy herbaceous scent, and usually
broad leaves, the lower petioled. Flowers in panicled mostly bractless racemes
(purple, blue, or white), in summer.
* Biennial weed of the Old World: nutlets with somewhat depressed back surrounded by a slightly
raised margin, ascending on the pyramidal gynobase, and after separation hanging by the splitting
from the base of exterior portions of the long-subulate indurated style.
C. OFFICINALE, L. COMMON HOUNDSTONGUE. About 2 feet high, soft-pubescent, some-
what canescent, leafy to the top : leaves lanceolate or the lower oblong : flowers rather
large: corolla rotate-campanulate, dull red purple (and a white variety), little exceeding
the calyx Fl. Dan. t. 1147; Schk. Handb. t. 30. Pastures and waste grounds, Atlantic
States : burs adhering to fleece, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)
188 BORRAGINACE^E. Cynoglossum.
* * Perennial and indigenous: racemes elevated on a naked terminal peduncle: nutlets hori-
zontal or nearly so, tumid, not margined,
-1 Separating from the low-pyramidal gynobase and usually carrying away portions of the rather
short slender-subulate style.
C. Virginicum, L. About 2 feet high, hirsute, few-leaved : radical and lowest cauline
leaves oval or oblong (4 to 10 inches long) and rather abruptly contracted into a long
margined petiole ; the upper oblong or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously cordate-clasping :
common peduncle half a foot or so in length : tube of the corolla hardly longer than the
calyx-lobes (1 or 2 lines long) and not longer than the comparatively ample (pale blue)
lobes. C. amplexicaule, Michx. Fl. i. 132. Open woods, Upper Canada and Saskatchewan
to Florida and Louisiana.
1 -I Nutlets horizontal on a very depressed gynobase, at separation free from the long and slen-
der stxle: Pacific species, with violet or blue and rather large paniculate-racemose flowers.
C. OCCidentale, Gray. Hirsute-pubescent or in age almost hispid, about a foot high :
lower leaves spatulate, tapering gradually into winged petioles ; the upper from lanceolate
to ovate and partly clasping : tube of the corolla longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes,
and twice or thrice the length of its own roundish lobes : style wholly filiform : nutlets
very tumid, almost globular, 4 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, & Bot. Calif, i. 531.
California, in the Sierra Nevada from Plumas Co. northward, Burr/ess, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin.
C. grande, Dougl. Soft-villous-pubescent, hardly hirsute below, becoming glabrate in
age, about 2 feet high : lower leaves ovate- or subcordate-oblong and acute or acuminate,
4 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles of about the same length ; the upper smaller, from
ovate to lanceolate, abruptly contracted into shorter winged petioles : tube of the corolla
slightly exceeding the ovate calyx-lobes, and hardly longer than its own ample lobes (these
2 or 3 lines long) : slender style thicker towards the base: mature fruit unknown. Hook.
Fl. ii. 85 ; DC. Prodr. x. 153 ; Gray, 1. c. C. officinale, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 152, not L.
In woods, from Monterey, California, to Washington Terr.
C. Iseve. Smooth and glabrous, except some soft and apparently deciduous pubescence on
the lower face of the leaves (which otherwise resemble those of C. grande), and more on
the lanceolate divisions of the calyx: flowers few: lobes of the corolla (1 or 2 lines long)
about half the length of the tube : filiform style hardly thickened downward : fruit not
seen. Pluuias Co., California, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames.
* * * Perennials of doubtful genus (fruit unknown), with linear sessile leaves, bracteate racemes,
rotate blue corolla, and short style.
C. ciliatum, Dougl. A foot or more high, canescently hirsute, the hairs on the lower
part of the stem retrorse : leaves tomentose-hirsute, ciliate, 3-nerved ; the lower 4 inches
long and 2 lines wide, the upper an inch long : racemes subcorymbose : calyx-lobes lanceo-
late, obtuse: stigma capitate. Lehm. Pug. ii. 24, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 85, from which the
above description has been compiled. "Dry banks of mountain streams, Little Falls of
the Columbia and upwards to the Rocky Mountains, Douglas."
C. Howard!. Depressed-cespit'ose, sericeous-canescent with appressed pubescence : leaves
mainly crowded on the tufted branches of the caudex, 5 to 8 lines long, spatulate-linear :
flowering steins an inch or two high, 3-4-leaved, densely few-flowered at the summit : bracts
linear, equalling the linear calyx-lobes : corolla with rounded lobes (a line and a half long) ;
fornicate appendages large ; the tube very short : stigma truncate. Rocky Mountains in
Montana, Winslow J. Howard. In flower only : apparently related to the preceding.
10. ECHINOSPERMUM, Swartz. STICKSEED. (Formed of tjrtvos, a
hedgehog, and Galena, seed, referring to the prickly bur.) Annuals, biennials,
or occasionally perennials (the greater part of the Old "World), either pubescent
or hispid ; with racemose or spicate flowers, usually small, blue or whitish ; the
inflorescence either bracteate or nearly bractless. The nutlets are troublesome
burs.
1. LAPPULA. Prickles of the fruit glochidiate-barbed at the apex, naked
below (when only marginal sometimes confluent by their bases into a wing.)
Lappula, Mocnch. Echinospennum Homalocaryum & Lnppula, A. DC.
Echinospermum. BORRAGINACE^E. 189
* Racemes panic-led, leafy -bracteate onlj' at base, minutely bracteate or bractless above: slender
pedicels recurved or deflexed in fruit : calyx-lobes lanceolate or oblong, shorter than the fruit,
and at length refiexed under it: scar of the nutlets ovate or triangular, medial or infra-medial:
gynobase short-pyramidal : biennials or annuals, some perhaps perennials, pubescent or hirsute,
not hispid.
*- Corolla short-fiinnelforin (blue) ; the tube surpassing the calyx, about the length of the lobes.
E. diffusum, Lelim. A foot or so high : leaves oblong-lanceolate ; or the lowest spatu-
late, narrowed at base into long wing-margined petioles ; the upper sessile, from oblong-
lanceolate to ovate or cordate, passing into small bracts : racemes commonly loose and
spreading : fruiting pedicels 3 to 5 lines long : limb of the bright blue corolla from half
inch in diameter to much smaller : style slender: fruit a globose bur; the nutlets 3 lines
long, densely nuiriculate-scabrous, rather sparsely armed throughout with long and flat-
tened prickles ; the scar large and broadly ovate : gynobase broadly pyramidal. Pug.
ii. 23, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 83. E. neri-osum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 146, fig. 42. E.
deflexnm, \ar.floribitndnin, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 541, in part. Open woods, &e., Oregon, and
California, along the Sierra Nevada, where it is common.
4 -t Corolla rotate (from blue to nearly white); its tube shorter than the calyx and the lobes.
E. floribundum, Lelim., 1. c. Rather strict, 2 feet or more high, or sometimes smaller :
leaves from oblong- to linear-lanceolate ; the lowest tapering into margined petioles :
racemes numerous, commonly geminate and in fruit rather strict : nutlets with elongated
triangular back naked (2 lines long), merely scabrous ; and the margin armed with a close
row of flat subulate prickles, their bases often confluent; scar smaller and narrowly ovate.
Hook. Fl. ii. 84, t. 1(34. E. deflexum, var. floribundum, Watson, Bot. King, 246 ; Gray,
1. c., mainly. E. subdecitmbens, Parry in Proc. Davenport Acad. i. 148, a small form, said to
be perennial. Lake Winnipeg to British Columbia, and south to New Mexico and Cali-
fornia. Limb of corolla varying from 2 to 5 lines in diameter.
E. deflexum, Lelim. Diffusely branched, a foot or so high : leaves from oblong to
lanceolate : racemes lax, loosely paniculate : flowers soon sparse, smaller than in the pre-
ceding : nutlets smaller, and the mostly naked back (a line long) broader. Asper. 120, &
in Hook. I.e. Myosotis drflexa, Wald. Act. Holm. 1810, 113, t. 4; Fl. Dan. 1. 1568. Sas-
katchewan, and Winnipeg Valley, Druminoiid, Bourgeau. Brit. Columbia, Li/ull. Habit
intermediate between the preceding and following ; the American specimens having occa-
sionally some few prickles developed from the rough-granulate dorsal face of the nutlets.
Fruit as well as flowers about half the size of that of E. floribundum. (Siberia to Eu.)
E. Virginicum, Lelim., 1. c. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, erect, with long and widely spread-
ing branches : radical leaves round-ovate or cordate, slemler-petioled ; cauline (3 to 8 inches
long) ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends; uppermost passing into
lanceolate bracts : loosety paniculate racemes divaricate, filiform : pedicel and flower each
about a line long : corolla slightly surpassing the calyx, pale blue or white : fruit globular,
2 lines in diameter, armed all over with short prickles. Myosotis l r injiniana, L. Spec. 189.
M. Virginica, L. Spec. ed. 2, 189 (Moris. Hist. iii. 449, sect. 11, t. 30, fig. 9). Cynoglossum
Morisoni, DC. Prodr. x. 155. Borders of woods and thickets, Canada to Alabama and
Louisiana.
* * Spikes leaf y-bracteate : pedicels erect or merely spreading, stout, shorter than the calyx:
lobes of the latter little shorter than the small corolla, becoming foliaceous and often unequal,
mostly exceeding the fruit : scar of the nutlets long and narrow, occupying most of the ventral
angle, corresponding with the subulate gynobase: annuals, with rough or hispid pubescence:
leaves linear, lanceolate, or the lower somewhat spatulate.
E. LAPPULA, Lelim., I.e. Erect, a foot or two high, branched above; nutlets rough-granu-
late or tuberculate on the back, the margins with a double row of slender and distinct
prickles, or these irregular over most of the back. Fl. Dan. t. 692. Waste and culti-
vated grounds, from the Middle Atlantic States to Canada. (Nat. from Eu.)
E. Redowskii, Lehni., I.e. Erect, a span to 2 feet high, paniculately branched: nut-
lets irregularly and minutely muricately tuberculate; the margins armed with a single
row of stout flattened prickles, which are not rarely confluent at base. Gray, Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1862, 165 ; Watson, Bot. King, 246, t. 23, fig. 9-12. Myosotis Redowskii, Hornem.
Hort. Hafn. i. 174. E. intermedium, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. & le. ii. t. 180. (N. Asia.)
Var. OCCidentale, "Watson, 1. c., the American plant, is less strict, at length
diffuse, and the tubercles or scabrosities of the nutlet are sharp instead of blunt or round-
190 BORRAGINACE/E. Echinospermum.
ish, as in the Asiatic plant. E. patulum, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 84 ; Torr in Wilkes Exp.
xvii. 418. E. Lappula, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech., not Lehm. E. pi/osnm, Buckley in Proc.
Acad. Philad. 18(51. Cynoglossum pilusunt? Nutt. Gen. i. 114. Plains, Saskatchewan and
Minnesota to Texas, and west to Arizona and Alaska.
Var, cupulatum, Gray. Prickles of the nut'et broadened and thickened below
and united into a wing or border, which often indurates and enlarges, forming a cup (the
disk becoming depressed), with margin more or less incurved at maturity, sometimes only
the tips of the prickles free. Bot. Calif, i. 530. E. strictum, Nees in Neuwied, Trav. App.
17 ; Torr. in Pacif. It. Rep. ii. 15, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c., not Ledeb. E. Redoirskii, var.
strictum, Watson,!, c. E. Texanuin, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 260. E. scubrosum, Buckley, 1. c.
Nebraska to Texas and Nevada, with the common form, into which it passes.
2. ECHINOGLOCHIN, Gray. Prickles of the marginless nutlets (disposed
without order over the back) beset for their whole length with .short retrorse
barbs ; the scar next the base, ovate: calyx open but not reflexed in fruit: aesti-
vation of the white corolla between convolute and imbricate (i.e. convolute ex-
cept that one lobe is wholly interior) ; the fornicate appendages small: pedicels
of the partly bracteate raceme erect, apparently articulated with the axis. Proc.
Am. Acad. xii. 1 Go.
E. Greenei, Gray, 1. c. Annual, with the habit of Eritrlcltiirw full-urn, diffusely branched
from the base, a span high or more, strigulose-pubescent with whitish hairs, and the calyx
silky-hirsute with fulvous-yellow hairs : leaves linear (a line or more wide, the lower an inch
or two long), obtuse : racemes simple or forked, rather loose, leafy or bracteate at base and
occasionally above : flowers 2 lines long: calyx-lobes oblong-linear, obtuse, nearly equalling
the corolla : dilated limb of the latter 2 lines wide or nearly : stamens low on the tube :
nutlets a line and a half long, shorter than the calyx, ovate-trigonous, obtusely carinate on
the back, acutely carinate ventrally down to the low scar, minutely tuberculate-scabrous
throughout ; the scattered barbed prickles terete, rather slender, a third to half line long.
- Northern part of California, common about Yreka, E. L. Greene. An additional link
between Echinospermum and Eritrichium, perhaps deserving the rank of a genus.
11. ERITRf CHIUM, Schrader. (Composed of tQiov, wool, and TUI^IQV,
small hair, the original species being woolly-hairy.) Now a large genus of wide
distribution, but most largely W. N. American, between Myosotis on one hand
and Echinospermum ou the other, not quite definitely distinguished from the
latter. Lower leaves not rarely opposite. Flowers (spring and summer) white,
in a few blue, only in the last species yellow. Calyx circumscissile and deciduous
from the fruit in a few species, otherwise persistent. A. DC. Prodr. x. 12-i, excl.
spec. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 55 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 850. Kr-ynitzkia,
Plagiobotlirys, &c., Fisch. & Meyer.
1. EUERITRICHIUM, Gray, 1. c. Nutlets obliquely attached by the base of
inner angle to a low-conical or pyramidal gynobase ; the scar roundish or oblong,
small : seed amphitropous. ascending : tube of the corolla not exceeding the calyx :
pedicels not articulated with the rachis.
# (EcHixosrERMoiDEA.) Nutlets with a pectinate-toothed or spinulose dorsal border: cespitose
dwarf perennials. Eritrichium, Schrader.
E. nanum, Schrader. Cespitose in pulvinate tufts, rising an inch or two above the
surface, densely villous with long and soft white hairs : leaves oblong, 3 to 5 lines long :
flowers terminating very short densely leafy shoots, or more racemose on developed few-
leaved stems of an inch or more in height, short-pedicelled, some of them bracteate :
corolla with limb very bright casrulean blue, 2 or 3 lines in diameter : crest-like or wing-
like border of the nutlet various, mostly cut into slender teeth or lobes. (Alps of Eu.)
Var. aretioides, Herder. More condensed : leaves varying from ovate to lanceo-
late : long villous hairs sometimes with papillose-dilated base. Radde, Riesen, iv. 253;
Eritrichium. BOKRAGINACE^E. 191
Gray, 1. c. E. aretioides, DC. Proclr. x. 125 ; Seemann, Bot. Herald, 37, t. 8. E. villosum,
var. aretioides, Gray in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1803, 73; Watson, Bot. King, 241. Myosulis
nana, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 225. M. aretioides, Chain, in Linn. iv. 443. Highest
Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, and north-west arctic coast and
islands. Teeth or spines of the nutlets not rarely with a few bristly points, so that they
would be glochidiate in the manner of Echinospermum if retrorse. The Rocky Mountain
plant is very near the European, but whiter-villous. The form on the N. W. coast more
sparsely and less softly villous, passing into
Var. Chamissoilis, Herder, 1. c. A stouter form, with broader leaves imbricated
on the steins, and the grey hairs commonly with papillose-dilated base. E. Chainissonis,
DC. 1. c. Myosolis vitlosa, Cham. 1. c. Island of St. Paul. (Adjacent Asia.)
* * (MYOSOTIDEA.) Nutlets not appemlaged, ovate, oblong, or trigonous : low and mostly diffuse
or spreading annuals (in South America some perennials), sparsely or minutely hirsute : leaves
linear ; the lower commonly opposite : (lowers white, some bracteate, others racemose or spieate
and bractless.
-! Flowers very small : corolla only a line long ; the folds or appendages in its throat inconspic-
uous and smooth: stems diffuse or decumbent, a span or so in length.
E. plebeium, A. DC. Sparsely and minutely hirsute or glabrate : leaves lax (the larger
2 inches long and 2 lines wide) : flowers scattered, on pedicels shorter than the calyx,
which is open in fruit and the divisions foliaceous-accrescent : nutlets ovate-trigonous, a
line long, coarsely rugose-reticulated, glabrous, sharply carinate ventrally down to the
large ovate scar and dorsally only along the narrowish apex. Gray, 1. c. Lithospermum
plebeium, Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. iv. 446. Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Harrington.
E. Calif ornicum, DC. Slender, more or less hirsute : leaves mostly smaller and nar-
rower : stems flowering from near the base : flowers almost sessile, most or all the lower
accompanied by leaves or bracts, at length scattered : calyx lax or open in fruit : nutlets
ovate-oblong, transversely rugose and minutely scabrous or smooth, small ; the scar almost
basal. Prodr. x. 130; Watson, Bot. King, 242. Myosot.is Californica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind.
Sem. Petrop. 1835. Springy or muddy ground, through California and Oregon to New
Mexico and Wyoming. Passes into
Var. SUbglochidiatum, Gray. Slightly succulent : lower leaves inclined to
spatulate: nutlets when young minutely more or less hirsute or hispid, especially on the
crests of the rugosities, some of these little bristles becoming stouter and appearing glo-
chidiate under a lens! Bot. Calif, i. 526. E. California to Wyoming and Colorado.
H I Corolla surpassing the calyx, witli comparatively ample limb 2V to 4 or even 5 lines in
diameter, therefore appearing rotate; the appendages in its throat conspicuous and yellow-
puberulent : inflorescence more racemose : most of the lower leaves opposite, merely sparsely
hirsute : calyx when young often ferrugineous-hirsute.
E. Scouleri, A. DC. Slender, mostly erect, a span to a foot high : leaves narrowly linear
(an inch or two long) : flowers in geminate or sometimes paniculate slender naked spikes,
most of them bractless : pedicels erect or ascending, from very short to at most a line
long: calyx .erect in fruit: nutlets rugulose, glabrous, half line long; the scar small.
Gray, 1. c. Myosotia Chorisiana, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 83, not Cham. M. Scouleri, Hook. &
Arn. Bot, Beech. 370. Eritrichium plebeium, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 124, not DC. E.
Chorisianum, plebeium, & part of Californicum, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 397. Compara-
tively dry soil, W. Oregon and California. Seems to pass into the next.
E. Chorisianum, DC. At first erect, soon diffusely spreading or decumbent : larger
leaves 2 to 4 inches long : flowers in lax usually solitary racemes, many of them leafy-
bracted : pedicels spreading, sometimes filiform and 2 to 9 lines long, sometimes even
shorter than the calyx : corolla more funnelform, its ample limb 3 to 5 lines in diameter :
nutlets (half line long) minutely rugose-tuberculate ; the scar narrow. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. x. 56, & Bot. Calif, i. 525. E. connatifolium, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 103,
fig. 51. Myosotis Chorisiana, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c. Wet ground, California along the
coast and the bays of Monterey and San Francisco.
2. PLAGIOBOTHRYS, Gray, 1. c Nutlets broadly ovate-trigonous, incurved
(the narrowed tips conniving over the short style), rugose, attached by the middle
of the concave or seemingly hollowed ventral face to a globular or short-conical
gynobase, by means of a salient caruncle-like portion, which at maturity separates
192 BORRAGINACE^E. Eritrichium.
from a corresponding deep cavity of the side of the gyuobase, and persists 011 the
nutlet in place of the ordinary areola or scar (when only one nutlet matures it
becomes incumbent) : seed aniphitropous, attached above the middle of the cell :
herbage villous-hirsute : calyx in the original species at length circumscissile
above the base \--Playiubothrys, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sern. Petrop. 1835, 46;
not well characterized, the fruit being probably immature.
* (GEXUINA. ) Mature nutlets very concave ventrally ; the caruncle narrow and projecting,usually
oval, each fitting into an orbicular cavity of the globular gynobase : low annuals, with small
flowers, and villous or silky-hirsute but not hispid calyx.
-1 Nutlets dull or slightly shining, cartilaginous or coriaceous; the lines or ribs narrow and ele-
vated, bounding depressed areola;; the dorsal keel more or less salient.
E. fulvum, A. DC. A span to a foot high, slender, branched from the leafy base, loosely
hirsute or merely pubescent : leaves linear or the lower and larger lanceolate or spatulate ;
the upper sparse and small: spikes at maturity nearly filiform, bracteate only at base:
calyx, &c., densely clothed with dark-ferruginous and some merely fulvous hairs, circum-
scissile from the mature fruit ; the lobes narrow-lanceolate : limb of corolla 2 lines in
diameter: nutlets (a line long) rugose with broad and shallow areolations. Prodr. x.132;
Gray, 1. c. 57. Hyosotis ftdva, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 38 (the Chilian plant, which has
rather longer and narrower calyx-lobes), & 369. Playiolothrys ruftscens, Fisch. & Meyer,
1. c ; A. DC. 1. c. 134. P. canescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 397 (no. 411, Hall). Open
grounds, California and Oregon, toward the coast. (Chili.)
E. canescens, Gray, 1. c. Stouter and generally larger than the preceding, leafy, vil-
lous-hirsute ; the pubescence whitish, even that of the calyx barely fulvous : leaves linear:
calyx larger and with broader lanceolate lobes, less closed over the fruit and hardly if at all
circumscissile: nutlets usually with more prominent transverse ribs. Plagioboihry& ca-
nescens, Benth. PI. Hartw. 326. W. California and north to the Columbia River.
-t H Nutlets crustaceous, vitreous-shining or enamel-like at maturity ; the lines bounding the
long transverse and closely packed ruga: very slender and impressed: low plants, seldom a
span high: limb of corolla' a line or two in diameter: calyx hardly if at all circumscissile at
maturity.
E. tenellum, Gray, 1. c. Hirsute with rather soft hairs ; those of the calyx more or less
fulvous or rusty-yellowish: stems slender and erect: radical leaves in a rosulate tuft,
oblanceolate or broadly linear; the cauline rather few and small : spike few-flowered and
interrupted, leafy only at base: calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate: nutlets (a line long)
very shining, somewhat cruciate from the abrupt contraction at both base and apex, hol-
lowed on the ventral face, the close and straight transverse wrinkles either smooth or
sparsely and sharply muricate. E.fuh'um, Watson, Bot. King, 243 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 397, not A. DC. Myosotis (Dasymorpha) Icnella, Nutt. in Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. v. 295.
Northern California to. British Columbia, Nevada, and Idaho.
E. Torreyi, Gray, 1. c. More hispidly hirsute, the hairs even of the calyx greyish, much
branched from the root : stems diffuse or decumbent, leafy ; the flowers mainly leafy-
bracteate : leaves broadly oblong : nutlets rather larger than in the preceding and less
shining, broadly ovate, not cruciate nor muricate but smooth (or next the margins obscurely
tuberculate), the straight wrinkles rather broader: caruncle not projecting. California,
Sierra Nevada, near Yosemite Valley, Torrey. Sierra Valley, Lemmon ; the latter a de-
pressed and very leafy form, with scattered flowers, accompanied throughout by leaves.
# * (AMBIGUA.) Mature nutlets moderately incurved, affixed to the obtusely conical or pyra-
midal gynobase by a vertical narrow crest (answering to the caruncle) which occupies the middle
third of the concave face of the nutlet (terminating above in the sharp ventral keel which ex-
tends to the apex); the cavities of the gynobase oblong-ovate in outline : calyx, &c., more or less
setose-hispid.
E. Kingii, Watson. Apparently biennial, villous-hirsute and more or less hispid : stems
a span or so high, rather stout : leaves from spatulate or oblong to spatulate-linear : inflo-
rescence at first thyrsoid ; the flowers in short spikes or clusters which are commonly leafy
at base : tube of the corolla not longer than the lanceolate calyx-lobes ; its limb 4 lines in
diameter, or sometimes one-half smaller : nutlets coriaceous, dull, irregularly rugose, not
distinctly carinate on the back, fully a line long. Bot. King, 243, t. 23 (in flower) ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 60, & Bot. Calif, i. 528. Eastern portion of the Sierra Nevada, in Ne-
Eritrichiwm. BORRAGINACE.E. 193
vada and California ; Truckee Pass, Watson, a larger-flowered form. Sierra Valley, Lemmon,
a smaller-flowered form and with some fruit. Connects Plagiobothrys with the following
section.
3. KRYNITZKIA, Gray. Nutlets ventrally attached from next the base to
the middle or to the apex to the pyramidal or columnar or subulate gynobase ;
the scar mostly sulcate or slightly excavated: seed from amphitropous to nearly
anatropous, commonly pendulous : corolla (except in the last species) white :
calyx 5-parted, closed in fruit. Krynitzkia, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop.
1841, 52. Krynitzkia & Piptocalyx, Gray, 1. c.
* (EuKRYNiTZKiA.) Nutlets without acute lateral angles or margins, the sides more commonly
rounded: corolla mostly small; the tube not surpassing the mostly setose-hispid calyx: anthers
oval: root annual.
H Calyx early circumscissile ; the 5-cleft upper portion falling away, leaving a membranaceous
somewhat crenate-margined base persistent around the fruit : corolla with naked and open throat :
anthers mucronatc: flowers all leafy-bracteate and sessile. Piptocalyx, Torr.
E. circuinscissum, Gray. Depressed-spreading, very much branched from the annual
root, an inch to a span high, whitish-hispid throughout: narrow linear leaves (a quarter to
half inch long) and very small flowers crowded, especially on the upper part of the
branches: nutlets oblong-ovate, smooth or minutely puncticulate-scabrous, attached by a
narrow groove (with transverse basal bifurcation) for nearly the whole length to the pyra-
midal-subulate gynobase. Proc. Am. Acacl. x. 58, & Bot. Calif, i. 527. Lit/iospermum cir-
cuinscissum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 370. Piptocalyx circumscissus, Torr. in Wilkes Exp.
xvii. 414, 1. 12. Desert plains, E. California to Utah, Wyoming, and Washington Terr.
H 4 Calyx neither circumscissile nor disarticulating from the axis in age; the lobes linear-
oblong, obtuse, nearly nerveless: the bristles short and even, not setose or pungent: corolla with
minute if any appendages at the throat: nutlets attached for the whole length to a slender
columnar gynobase by a groove which does not bifurcate nor sensibly enlarge at base: flowers all
leafy-bracteate, short-pedicelled : style at length thickened!
E. micranthum, Torr. Hirsute-canescent, slender, 2 to 5 inches high, at length dif-
fusely much branched : leaves linear, only 2 to 4 lines long : flowers in the forks, and much
crowded in short leafy spikes, about equalling the upper bracts : corolla barely a line high,
and its lobes one to two-thirds of a line long, obscurely appendaged at the throat : nutlets
oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, smooth and shining or dull and puncticulate-scabrous (half
to two-thirds of a line long) : style becoming thicker than the gynobase, or even pyramidal.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 141; Watson, Bot. King, 244. Dry plains, western border of Texas
through Utah and Arizona to E. California, where larger flowered specimens connect with
Var. lepidum. Less slender and more hirsute : corolla larger, its expanded limb 2 or 3
lines in diameter; the appendages or folds in the throat very manifest: nutlets nearly a
line long, puncticulate-scabrous. California, in San Diego Co., D. Cleveland.
) 4 4 Calyx not circumsdssile, 5-parted, conspicuously and often pungently hispid with lnrge
stiff bristles, and the lobes usually with a stout midnerve; the whole calyx (or short pedicel) in
several species inclined to disarticulate at maturity and to form a sort of bur, loosely enclosing
the nutlets: inflorescence scorpioid-spicate, without or partly with bracts.
H- Gynobase slender and narrow : nutlets with narrow grooved scar, or continued into a groove
above the attachment and so running the whole length of the ventral face : spikes when developed
mainlv bractless : leaves in all linear.
= Lobes of the fructiferous calyx very narrow; the strong bristles below reflexed and partly unci-
nate: appendages in the throat of the small corolla obsolete or wanting: only one nutlet
usually maturing.
E. oxycaryum, Gray. Somewhat canescently strigulose-pubescent or above hirsute,
slender, 6 to 20 inches high : leaves narrow : spikes dense in age, but slender, becoming
strict, and with the sessile fruiting calyx appressed : this at most 2 lines long, thickly beset
toward the base with stout reflexed bristles (of a line or less in length), the tips of some
of them curving : nutlet ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate, very smooth and shining,
fully a line long, much surpassing the subulate gynobase and style, affixed to the latter
only by the lower half or third of the narrow ventral groove. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 58, &
Bot. Calif, i. 526. M yosotis flaccida, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 3G9, ex Benth., not Dougl.
Krynitzkia leiocarpa, Benth. PI. Hartw. (no. 1872), 326, not Fisch. & Meyer. Common in
W. California. (Not seen from Oregon.)
13
194 BORRAGINACE^E. Eritrichium.
= = Lobes of fructiferous calyx very narrowly linear, twice or thrice the length of the nutlets,
armed with remarkably long and straight spreading bristles : appendages in throat of corolla evident.
E. angustifolium, Torr. Hispid with spreading bristles, a span high, diffuse : leaves
narrowly linear : spikes often geminate, dense and slender : corolla barely a line long and
with a small limb: calyx-lobes almost filiform in age, seldom over a line long, beset with
divaricate bristles of the same length : nutlets half a line long, ovate-triangular, with mi-
nutely granulate surface, all four maturing, little longer than the conical-subulate gyno-
base, to which they are attached by a narrow grooved scar with somewhat broader base.
Pacif. II. Kep. v. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 141. South-eastern California and Western
Arizona. (Lower Calif.)
E. barbigerum. Hispid and hirsute, stouter, a span to a foot high, freely branching :
leaves broader : spikes solitary or paniculate, elongating ; the flowers at length rather
sparse and less secund : limb of the corolla sometimes 3 lines in diameter : catyx-lobes
linear-attenuate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, thickly beset with long shaggy bristles (of 1 to
2 lines length), which are sometimes accompanied with long white-villous hairs: nutlet
commonly by abortion solitary, and a line or more in length, surpassing the style, ovate-
trigonous and somewhat acuminate, muricate-papillose, attached by the lower half and
more to the subulate-columnar gynobase, the scar dilated at base (infertile ovary-lobes
remaining on the gynobase, attached for almost their whole length). S. California, from
Santa Barbara Co. to S. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer, Smart, Rothrock, &c. Has been
confounded in imperfect specimens with the preceding and some of the following.
= = = Lobes of the fructiferous calyx less attenuated, and the bristles less elongated: appen-
dages of the throat of the corolla conspicuous: all four nutlets usually maturing.
E. leiocarpum, "Watson. Roughish-hirsute or hispid, with mostly ascending hairs, a
span to a foot high, usually branching freely: spikes when elongated becoming rather
loosely-flowered: limb of corolla 2 lines or less in diameter: fructiferous calyx-lobes sel-
dom over 2 lines long, from narrowly lanceolate to narrow-linear : nutlets ovate and oblong-
ovate, very smooth and shining, a line or less long, somewhat surpassing the persistent
style, attached from the middle downward to the subulate gynobase by a very slender scar
which is divergently bifurcate at the very base. Bot. King, 244; Gray, I.e. Echino-
spermum leioctirjjuni, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1835, 36. Knjiut~kia leiocarpa,
Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1841, 52 ; A.DC. 1. c. Mi/osotisJJaccida, Dougl. in Hook.
Fl. ii. 82. California to borders of British Columbia, and east to New Mexico and
Saskatchewan. A wide-spread and also variable species.
E. muriculatum, A.DC. Stouter, leafy, more hirsute-hispid with spreading hairs, a
foot or two high : spikes often geminate or collected in a 3-5-radiate pedunculate cyme :
limb of corolla 2 or 3 lines in diameter : calyx-lobes lanceolate, in fruit only 1 to 2 lines
long and seldom twice the length of the nutlets : these ovate-triangular, obtuse, a line
long, not equalling the style, dull or nearly so, muricate-papillose on the back and some-
times on the inner faces also, attached to the subulate gynobase for two-thirds of their
length by a grooved scar which widens downward and is transversely dilated at base.
Prodr. ix. 132. Myosotis muricata, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 369. California, Dong/as
(specimen, in flower only, wrongly referred, in Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59, to E. cancscens), Brewer,
Palmer (in fruit, San Buenaventura and back of San Simeon Bay), Coulter, Xantus, &c.
Var. ambiguum. Fruit of E. muriculatum, or usually sparsely and more minutely
muriculate, equally dull, equalling and usually somewhat surpassing the persistent style,
yet occasionally shorter: in whole habit, sparse spikes, and generally the longer and nar-
rower calyx-lobes agreeing with E. leiocarpum, of which there is also a form with lanceolate
and shorter calyx-lobes. E. muriculatum, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 416, t. 13; Gray,
1. c., mainly. E. angnstifolium, Watson, Bot. King, 241, not Torr., at least not the original
plant. California and Nevada to Washington Terr.
H- -H- Gynobase broader, pyramidal or conical: nutlets with a correspondingly broader scar
(E. Texanum excepted): corolla small or minute (the limb only a line or two in diameter):
calyx very hispid with yellowish or fulvous bristles: rough-hispid annuals, with spikes loose in
fruit, and mostly leafy-firacteate at base.
= Nutlets all fertile and alike, small: midrib of calyx-lobes not thickened.
E. pusillum, Torr. & Gray. Low (2 or 3 inches high) and slender: linear leaves
mainly clustered at the root : flowers rather crowded in small spikes : calyx-lobes ovate-
Eritrichium. BORRAGIXACE.E. 195
lanceolate: crests in throat of corolla inconspicuous: nutlets half a line long, ovate-tri-
angular, strongly rmiricate-granulate on the rounded back, which is bordered by acute
angles ; the inner faces very smooth and concave when dry ; the ventral angle beveled by
the deltoid-lanceolate scar which terminates below the apex in a narrow groove : gynobase
subulate-pyramidal. Pacif. H. Rep. ii. 171. North-western borders of Texas and adjacent
New Mexico, Pope, Wri(jht. Calyx in fruit about a line long, apparently not deciduous
with the fruit.
E. hispidum, Buckley. A span or more high, greyish-hispid, diffusely much branched,
even the loose paniculate spikes mostly leafy : leaves linear : flowers rather scattered :
calyx-lobes lanceolate : crests in throat of the corolla rather conspicuous : nutlets half
to two-thirds of a line long, triangular-ovate, without lateral angles, coarsely granulate
(sometimes almost smooth) round to the deltoid or triangular-lanceolate excavated scar.
- Proc. Acad. Philacl. 1861, 462 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 59. E. JicUotropioides, Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 140, mainly, excl. syn. DC. Plains and sandy banks, W. Texas to New
Mexico, extending into Mexico. Calyx a line long, closed at maturity, and deciduous with
the enclosed fruit, like a bur.
= = Nutlets either solitary or dissimilar : calyx-lobes linear, obtuse, thickish, closed over the
fruit (2 or 3 lines long) ; the midrib below becoming much thickened and indurated.
E. Texanum, A. DC. About a foot high, loosely branching, rough-hispid : leaves obovate-
oblong or spatulate, or the uppermost linear : spikes mostly leafless : flowers nearly sessile :
calyx in fruit separating by an articulation : nutlet usually only one maturing, fully a line
long, oblong-ovate, rounded on the back, smooth and even, but minutely puncticulate, fixed
by a narrow scar from base to below the middle to a small conical-columnar gynobase.
Gray, 1. c. Texas, about Austin, &c., Dntmmond, Wright, E. Hall. Flowers smaller and
midrib of the sepals less thickened than in the next.
E. crassisepalum, Torr. & Gray. A span high, diffusely much branched from the
base, very rough-hispid : leaves oblanceolate and linear-spatulate : flowers short-pedicelled,
many or most of them bracteate : lobes of the persistent calyx greatly thickened below in
fruit : nutlets ovate, acute, rounded on the back, dissimilar, three of them muricate-granu-
late and one larger and smooth or nearly so (fully a line long), fixed to the conical-pyra-
midal gynobase from base to middle by an ovate-lanceolate excavated scar. Pacif. 11.
Rep. ii. 171 ; Gray, Proc. I.e. Plains, Western Texas and New Mexico to Nebraska and
Saskatchewan. The larger and smooth nutlet, like the similar and only fertile one of E.
Texanum, appears to be unusually persistent. Short pedicel thickened and indurated with
the calyx at maturity, disposed to separate tardily by an articulation.
* * (PTF.RYGIUM.) Nutlets and flowers of the foregoing subsection; hut the former (either all or
three of them) surrounded by a conspicuous firm-scarious crenate or lobedwing: crests in the
throat of the corolla rather small.
E. pterocaryum, Torr. Annual, slender, loosely branching, hirsute : leaves linear, or
the lowest spatulate, often hispid : inflorescence at first cymose-glomerate, usually develop-
ing a pair of short spikes, mostly bractless : calyx-lobes oblong and in fruit ovate, erect,
and with rather prominent midrib : corolla very small (its limb less than a line in diam-
eter) : nutlets oblong-ovate, rough or granulate-tuberculate on the rounded back, affixed
for nearly the whole length to the filiform-subulate gynobase by a narrow groove which
widens gradually to the base ; one of them commonly wingless and rounded at the sides ;
the others with lateral angles extended into a broad radiately striate wing with toothed or
crenulate margins. Wilkes Exp. xvii. 415, t. 13 ; "Watson, Bot. King, 245 ; Gray, 1. c.
Dry interior region, from the plains of the Columbia River, Washington Territory, through
Nevada and the borders of California to Arizoua, New Mexico, and the borders of Texas.
Fruiting calyx 2 lines long, rather sparsely hispid, very short-pedicelled, apparently not
falling with the fruit. Nutlets a line and a half long, including the surrounding broadly
ovate wing.
Var. pectinatum, Gray, 1. c., has all the nutlets winged, and the wings pectinately
cleft half way down. S. Utah and Arizona, Parry, Palmer.
# * # (PsEUDO-MvosoTis.) Nutlets triangular or triquetrous, with acute or even winged lateral
angles, attached by half or nearly their whole length to the subulate or slender-pyramidal gyno-
base: the scar very slender and usually with transversely dilated base: corolla with prominent
fornicate crests at the throat, and near the base within annulate : biennials or perennials, mostly
with thyrsiform and leafy-bracteate inflorescence.
196 BORRAGINACE^E. Eritrichium.
H Tube of the corolla not longer than the calyx and little if any longer than the lobes ; a ring of
10 small scales or glands above the base within : anthers oval or oblong : style rather short.
H- Nutlets margined all round with a firm entire wing: plant setose-hispid: corolla small.
E. holopterum, Gray. About a foot high, perhaps from an annual root, loosely pan-
iculate-branched, rather slender : leaves linear, an inch or so long, very rough with the
papilliform bases of the rigid short bristles paniculate spikes rather few- and at length
loosely flowered : calyx and corolla about a line (and the former becoming 2 lines) long:
immature nutlets ovate-trigonous, a line long, muriculate on the convex back, abruptly
wing-margined (the wing nearly the breadth of the dorsal disk), attached for nearly the
whole length to the conical-subulate gynobase. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81. Ehrenberg,
Arizona, Palmer.
E. setosissimum, Gray. Stem robust, 2 feet or more high from an apparently biennial
root, nearly simple, very hispid (as is the whole plant) with long and stiff but slender
spreading bristles (with or without papilliform base), also cinereous with fine spreading
hairs : leaves lanceolate-spatulate, the lower 4 or 5 inches long (including the tapering base
or margined petiole) : spikes in fruit elongated (3 or 4 inches long), dense and strict in a
naked thyrsus : corolla 2 or hardly 3 lines long : anthers on short and thickened inflexed
filaments : fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long ; the lobes oblong-lanceolate, carinate by a
strong midrib : nutlets obcompressed, almost 3 lines long, broadly ovate in outline, dull,
merely scabrous on the back ; the conspicuous wing much narrower than the disk and ex-
tended round the base ; the scar narrow at base : gynobase elongated-subulate. Proc.
Am. Acad. 1. c. Shores of Fish Lake, Utah, at the elevation of 8,700 feet, L. F. Ward.
Known only in fruiting specimens, which so much resemble E. glomeratum, var. virgatum,
that intermediate forms may occur, and the great size, flatness, narrow-based scar, and con-
spicuous wing of the nutlets may prove inconstant.
-w- -H- Nutlets acutely triangular, wingless.
E. Jamesii, Torr. A span or two high from a perennial root, rather stout, branched
from the hard or lignescent base, canescently silky-tomentose and somewhat hirsute, be-
coming strigose-hirsute or even hispid in age : leaves oblanceolate or the upper linear,
obtuse : spikes somewhat panicled or thyrsoid-crowded, moderately elongating, bracteate :
limb of the short and broad corolla about 3 lines wide : fruiting calyx mostly closing over
the depressed-globular fruit, which consists of 4 closely fitting very smooth and shining
broadly triangular nutlets (hardly higher than wide). Marcy Rep. 294, & Bot. Mex. Bound.
140 ; Gray, 1. c. E. multicaule, Torr. 1. c., a more hispid form. Myosotis suff'rutlcosa, Torr.
in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 225. Plains and sandy shores, western borders of Texas and New
Mexico to Arizona and Wyoming. Nutlets almost exact quarters of a sphere, or with
angles more acute and sides rather concave, attached by the inner angle, also with a
short transverse scar at base.
E. glomeratum, DC. A span to a foot or more high from a biennial root, greyish-hirsute
and hispid : leaves spatulate or linear-spatulate : inflorescence thyrsiform and mostly dense ;
the short and often forked lateral spikes at length commonly exceeding the subtending
leaves : calyx very setose-hispid : limb of the corolla 3 to 5 lines in diameter : the crests
truncate : nutlets forming an ovoid-pyramidal fruit ; each triangular-ovate, sparsely more
or less tuberculate-rugose on the back (a line long), with sharp lateral edges, and sulcate
ventral angle extending into a broad basal scar. Watson, Bot. King, 242, t. 23 ; Gray, 1. c.
Cyno'jlossum glomeratum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729. Jfyosotis glomerata, Nutt. Gen. i. 112 ; Hook. Fl.
ii. 82, 1. 162. Rockclia glomerata, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 1. c. ; Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii.
45. E.r/lomeratum, V&T. hispidissimum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 140. may be taken for nearly
the original of Nuttall and Bradbury, of the Upper Missouri. Plains of Saskatchewan
to New Mexico and Utah. Two varieties mark the opposite extremes.
Var. humile, Gray. Barely a span high, often tufted on an apparently perennial
root : pubescence less hispid and generally canescent, at least the lower leaves ; these
spatulate, an inch or more long : thyrsus spiciform : pubescence and bristles of calyx
either whitish or tawny yellow. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 61. Rocky Mountains from the
British Boundary to Utah, at 8000 feet, and higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, California.
Passing on one hand into the typical form, on the other approaching the next species.
Var. virgatum, Porter. Very hispid, not at all canescent : stem strict, a foot or
two high, flowering for most of its length in short and dense nearly sessile clusters, which
Amsinckia. BORRAGINACE^E. 197
are generally much shorter than the elongated linear subtending leaves and forming a long
virgate leafy spike : nutlets less or slightly rugose on the back, at most a line and a half
long. Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorado, 102 ; Gray, 1. c. E. glomeratum, Gray in Am. Jour.
Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 225. E. virgatum, Porter in Hayden Rep. 1870, 479. Along the base and
eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains up to 8000 feet, Colorado, Parry, Hall, Porter, &c. A
well marked form, clearly biennial.
H 1 Tube of the salverform corolla longer than the calyx, and twice or thrice the length of the
lohes; the ring within (at base of the tube/ inconspicuous and truncate, its glands indistinct;
crests of the tin-oat large, of ten elongated : anthers linear-oblong: style long and filiform: silky-
canescent perennials, with contracted thyrsoid inflorescence. Pseudomyosotis, A.DU.
E. fulvocanescens, Gray. A span or so high, cespitose: leaves linear-spatulate or
oblanceolate, silky-strigose or even tomentose ; the lower with bright white and soft hairs ;
the upper and the thyrsoid glomerate inflorescence and calyx with fulvous-yellow more
hirsute hairs and some hispid bristles : corolla white : nutlets roughish or granulated.
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 91, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. E. ylomeratum, var. 1 fulvocanescens, Watson, Bot.
King, t. 23, fig. 7. Mountains of New Mexico (Fendler, &c.) to those of Nevada, and north
to Wyoming. Habit of the dwarf and hoary forms of the preceding species, with longer
corolla, style, and anthers of the next.
E. leucoph&um, A. DC. A span to a foot high, many-stemmed from the lignescent
base or root: leaves silky-strigose and silvery-canescent, lanceolate and linear, acute:
spicate-glomerate inflorescence and calyx hirsute and hispid with spreading whitish or yel-
lowish hairs and slender bristles : corolla cream-colored or yellow : style very long : nutlets
ovate-triquetrous, smooth and polished, ivory -like, large (1^ or 2 lines long) : gynobase very
slender. Gray, 1. c. Myosotis leucopluea, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 82, t. 163. Barren grounds,
interior of British Columbia and Oregon, Southern Utah, and near Mono Lake, E. Cali-
fornia. Anthers (always?) borne on the tube of the corolla close below the throat.
ROCHELIA PATENS, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 44, founded on a specimen collected by
Wyeth on " Flat-Head River " in the Rocky Mountains, would seem to be an Eritrichium, but
has not been identified, nor is the specimen to be found in the Academy's herbarium.
12. AMSf NOKIA, Lehm. (In memory of Win. Amsinck, a burgomaster
of Hamburg and benefactor of the botanic garden.) Rough-hispid annuals (W.
N. American and one Chilian) ; with oblong or linear leaves, and scorpioid-spicate
flowers, sometimes the lowest and rarely (in the last species) all leafy-bracteate ;
the corolla yellow, slender, with open throat, either wholly naked or with minute
bearded crests. Stout bristles of the herbage commonly with pustulate-dilated
base. Calyx-lobes in several species disposed to be occasionally united 2 or 3
together almost to the top. Flowers in most species all heterogone-dimorphous, at
least in the insertion of the stamens ; when these are high the throat of the corolla
is quite naked. -- Lehm. Del. Sem. Hainb. 1831, 7 ; Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem.
Petrop. 183o, (1) 26; DC. Prodr. x. 117; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 851.
1. Nutlets (resembling those of Eritrichium lencopheeum, which is peculiar in
its long and yellow corolla) ovate-triquetrous, straight, at maturity very smooth
and polished, attached at the lower part of the sharp inner angle by a narrow-
scar, all three faces plane or nearly so.
A. vernicosa, Hook. & Arn. A foot or more high, erect, sparsely setose-hispid :
leaves from linear to ovate-lanceolate : tube of the light yellow corolla slightly longer
than the calyx. Bot. Beech. 370; DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54, & Bot. Calif.
i. 525. California, near the coast, Douglas, Coulter, &c. Nutlets almost 2 lines long, in
shape resembling a grain of buckwheat.
Var. grandiflora, Gray. Robust, strongly setose-hispid, remarkably large-flowered,
the more exserted and funnelform tube of the corolla almost half an inch long, and the
limb ample: nutlets broader, rather concave on the back. Bot. Calif. 1. c^ Lower
Sacramento, at Antioch, Kellojg.
198 BORRAGINACE^. Amsinckia.
2. Nutlets (not unlike those of Eritrichium Plagiobothrys} rugose or
muricate, dull, ovate-trigonous and somewhat incurved, carinate ventrally down
to the short and broad usually somewhat protuberant scar.
* Nutlets crustaceous, tessellate-rugose : calyx-lobes obtuse.
A. tessellata, Gray. Coarsely and strongly hispid, stout, a foot or two high : leaves
from linear-lanceolate to oblong, mostly obtuse : tube of the orange-yellow corolla some-
what longer than the ferrugineous-hisp'id calyx (about 3 lines long) and much longer than
the lobes : nutlets very broadly ovate, with narrowed apex and flattish back, thickly
covered with granulate-warty projections which fit together in age, forming more or less
conspicuous transverse lines or wrinkles ; the scar toward the middle of the ventral face.
Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. A. lycopsoides, Watson, Bot. King, 240, partly.
Dry grounds, California from the Contra-Costa range through the interior to. Nevada and
S. Utah. Calyx-lobes either narrowly or rather broadly lanceolate.
* * Nutlets muricate or sharply scabrous, in age sometimes loosely rugose. (Species difficult to
discriminate.)
-1 'Calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate or linear, acutish, all over hispid and hirsute: leaves
linear or lanceolate.
A. echinata, Gray, 1. c. Stem strict, 2 or 3 feet high : corolla light yellow, about twice
the length of the fulvous-hispid calyx, little dilated at the throat ; the limb 2 or 3 lines in
diameter : immature nutlets with the strongly convex and carinate back muricate with
soft slender prickles and intermediate scabrous points, not rugose. S. E. California in the
Mohave region, Cooper.
A. intermedia, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. A foot or two high, branching: bristles even
of the calyx whitish or barely fulvous : leaves from oblong lanceolate to linear: corolla
not above 3 lines long, little exceeding the calyx; the small limb hardly at all plaited:
nutlets very convex and carinate on the back, muricate-scabrous and at maturity obliquely
more or less rugose. DC. I.e.; Gray, Bot. Calif. I.e. A. lycopsoides, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. x. 54, in part; and of gardens. Bcnthamia lycopsoides, Lindl. (Introd. Nat. Syst.) in
Hort. Soc. Lond. 1828, &c., thence becoming A. lycopsoides of cultivation, but probably not
of Lehm. California and W. Nevada to the borders of Brit. Columbia; a common and
variable species.
A. spectabilis, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. Mostly slender, a span (when depauperate) to
a foot high : leaves mostly linear : tube of the bright orange corolla twice or thrice the
length of the linear lobes of the ferrugineous-hispid calyx, nearly half inch long, or some-
times shorter; the throat enlarging, and the limb conspicuously plaited in the bud (a third
to half inch wide) ; anthers when high protruded from the throat : nutlets granulate-rugose,
carinate and roundish on the back. A. spectabilis & A. Donylasiana, DC. I.e. Open
ground, California from San Diego to Plumas Co.
^ -i Calvx looselv enclosing the fruit, more sparsely setose-hispid, greener and soft-herbaceous
in texture"; the lobes lanceolate or ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, 2 or 3 of the lobes not rarely united.
A. lycopsoides, Lehm. Loosely branched, soon spreading, sometimes decumbent,
sparsely but strongly setose-hispid, the bristles on the foliage at length with very pustulate
base : leaves greener, from lanceolate to ovate, the margins commonly undulate-repand :
upper flowers mainly bractless : corolla light yellow, about 4 lines long, with tube little
or considerably exceeding the calyx ; the throat little enlarged and limb 2 or 3 lines in
diameter: anthers short, included : nutlets reticulate-rugose. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1. c., name
only ; DC. Prodr. x. 117 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 524. Coast of California, from San Simeon
Bay northward to Oregon. Passes into
Var. bracteosa, a smaller-flowered and more decumbent form (corolla 2 or 3 lines
long and the limb a line or two broad), with most of the flowers subtended by a foliaceous
bract. IMospprnmm lycopsoides, Lehm. Pug. ii. 28, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 89, therefore properly
the original of Amsinckia lycopsoides, Lehm. 1. c. San Francisco Bay to Puget Sound.
13. ECHIDIOCARYA, Gray. ('E/t&oi', a diminutive viper, and XO.QVOV,
nut, the nutlets with the stalk resembling the head and neck of a snake or other
reptile.) Annuals or biennials of two species, with the habit of Eritrichium
Mertensia. BORRAGINACE.E. 199
Plagiobothrys, intermediate between that group and Antiphytum, hirsute, hardly
hispid, branched from the base ; the steins or branches diffuse, a span or two
high ; leaves spatulate-linear, all alternate ; scorpioid spikes slender and at length
remotely flowered, bractless, or with some scattered foliaceous bracts : white corolla
with lobes sometimes almost convolute in the bud. Gray in Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 854 ; Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89, xii. 163.
E. Arizonica, Gray, 1- c. Lobes of the corolla a line or less long ; the throat somewhat
narrowed by very small and rather obscure intrusive folds : nutlets attenuate and much
compressed at apex, sparsely cristate-muricate, hardly longer than their thick basal stipes,
which are united at base in pairs over the prominent receptacle, the pair with a very large
excavated scar. Arizona, on the Verde Mesa, Dr. Smart. Also near Tucson, Greene.
E. Calif ornica, Gray. Corolla larger ; the orbicular lobes a line or two in length ; the
throat closed by strong andpuberulent intrusive appendages : nutlets smaller (a line long),
less acute, coarsely rugose-alveolate and the sharp elevated rugosities often echinulate ;
the stipes supra-basal, all four wholly distinct, laterally compressed, shorter than the
diameter of the nutlet ; the small caruncular scar concave. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164.
San Bernardino Co., S. E. California, Parry & Lemmon, no. 278, coll. 187(3.
14. ANTfPHYTUM, DC., partly. (Jlrri, opposite, and qpvrdv, plant;
the leaves in the typical species being all opposite, in this unlike most of the
order.) Restricted in Benth. & Hook. Gen. PI. ii. 859 to Brazilian species, all
suffruticose and opposite-leaved, with short-stipitate areola to the nutlets. But
the subjoined species exhibit the characters of the genus in a lesser degree. -
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 54. (In separating from the insertion, a delicate
funicle-like process, which penetrated a minute central perforation of the scar,
persists on the flat gynobase.)
A. heliotropioid.es, A. DC. Woody perennial ? a foot or two high, paniculately much
branched, softly strigose-hirsute and at least when young canescent : leaves linear, an inch
or less long ; the lower mainly opposite : flowers rather small and scattered, on filiform
pedicels much longer than the calyx, the lobes of which are oblong-linear : corolla almost
rotate, with conspicuous crests in the open throat : stigma capitate : scar of the nutlets
large and sessile, but edged with an acute salient margin ; the minute perforation above
its centre. Prodr. x. 122; Gray, 1. c. Eritrichium heliotropt aides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
140, as to the plant of Berlandier only. San Carlos, on the Mexican side of the Rio
Grande, close to Texas. Turgid nutlets only half a line long, not (as in the next) con-
tracted behind the scar.
A. floribundum, Gray, 1. c. Herbaceous from a " perennial " or perhaps biennial root,
a foot or two high, paniculately branched above, cinereous with fine and close and with a
coarser nearly hispid pubescence : leaves perhaps all alternate, narrowly linear, an inch or
so long ; the upper gradually diminished to linear-subulate bracts : flowers very short-
pedicelled, in short panicled racemes or spikes : lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate, acu-
minate : corolla rotate-campanulate (3 lines in diameter), not appendaged in the throat :
filaments longer than the anthers : stigma 2-lobed : nutlets granulate, acute ; the salient
ventral edge terminated a little above the base of the nutlet by the small and protuberant
or slightly stipitate scar. Eritrichium floribundum, Torr. I.e. South-western Texas, on
or near the Rio Grande, in the mountains of Puerte de Paysano, Bigelow. Flowers some-
times 6-merous.
15. MERTENSIA, Roth. (Francis Charles Mertens, a German botanist,
1797.) Perennials, of the cooler parts of the northern hemisphere, either gla-
brous and remarkably smooth, or with some soft or moderately scabrous pubes-
cence ; the leaves commonly broad, and the lowermost petioled ; the flowers
commonly handsome, blue, purple, or rarely white, paniculate-racemose or cymose,
200 BORRAGIXACE^. Merterusia.
all pedicellate, the lowest occasionally leafy-bracteate. Fl. spring and summer.
DC. Prodr. x. 87 ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 039, & Proc. Am.
Acad. x. 52 ; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. (Stamens, in all but one of our species, pro-
truding from the throat, but shorter than the limb of the corolla.)
1. STENHAMMJRIA. (Steenhammera, Reicheub., wrongly written.) Nutlets
very smooth and shining, acute, fleshy-herbaceous, in age becoming utricular ; the
scar small : corolla short, 5-lobed ; the crests in the throat evident.
M. maritima, Don. Very smooth, pale and glaucous, much branched and spreading :
leaves fleshy, ovate, obovate, or spatulate-oblong, an inch or two in length, upper surface
sometimes becoming pustulate : flowers small (3 or 4 lines long) on long and slender pedi-
cels : tube of the blue or whitish corolla hardly as long as the limb and shorter than the
ovate-triangular lobes of the calyx : filaments rather narrower and much longer than the
anthers. Syst. iv. 320. Cerinthe maritima, Dill. Elth. t. 65. Pulmonaria maritima, L. ;
Lightfoot, Fl. Scot, i. 134, t. 7 ; Fl. Dan. t. 65. P.parvijiora, Michx. Fl. i. 132. Lithospermum
maritimum, Lehm. Asper. 291. Steenhammera maritima, lleich. Fl. Excurs. i. 387. Stenham-
maria maritima, Fries, Summa, 12 & 192. Hippoglossum maritimum, Hartw. ex Lilja in Lmncea,
xvii. 111. Sea-shore, Cape Cod to Hudson's Bay, and Puget Sound to Polar coasts
(Greenland, N. Eu., & Asia.)
2. EUMERTENSIA. Nutlets dull and with obtuse angles if any, wrinkled or
roughish when dry. (Corolla commonly villous inside near the base, and below
sometimes with a 10-toothed ring.)
* Corolla trumpet-shaped, with spreading border nearly entire; the plicate crests in the throat
obsolete : filaments slender, much longer than the oblong-linear anthers : hypogynous disk pro-
duced into two opposite narrow lobes which become as high as the ovary.
M. Virginica, DC. Very smooth and glabrous, pale, a foot or two high : leaves obovate
or oblong, veiny, or the lowest large and rounded and long-petioled : racemes at first short
and corymbose : flowers on nodding slender pedicels : corolla purple and blue, an inch
long, between trumpet-shaped and salverform, many times exceeding the short calyx.
M. pulmonarioides, Roth, Cat. Pulmonaria Virginica, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 160. (Trew,
PI. Sel. t. 42.) Alluvial banks, New York to Minnesota, S. Carolina in the mountains,
and Tennessee : fl. spring ; not uncommon in gardens.
* * Corolla (blue, rarely white) with conspicuously 5-lobed limb, which above the throat (i.e.
the whole expanded upper portion) is usually open-campanulate ; the small crests in the throat
obvious and commonly puberulent or pubescent.
H Filaments enlarged, as broad as the anthers and shorter or only a little longer, always inserted
in the throat of the corolla nearly in line with the crests: style long and capillary', generally
somewhat exserled. (There are traces of some dimorphism as to reciprocal length of filaments
and style, at least in one species.)
H- Tube of the corolla twice or thrice the length of the limb and of the calyx.
M. oblongifolia, Don, 1. c. A span or so high, smooth or almost so : leaves mostly
oblong or spatulate-lanceolate, rather succulent, and veins very inconspicuous : flowers in
a somewhat close cluster : lobes of the 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft calyx lanceolate or linear,
mostly acute : tube of the corolla 4 or 5 lines long, narrow ; the moderately 5-lobed limb
barely 2 lines long. Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 295 ; Watson, Bot. King, 238. Pulmonaria
oblongifolia, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 43. Lithospermnm maryinatum, Lehm. in Hook.
Fl. ii. 86. Mountains of Montana to the borders of British Columbia, and south to
Nevada, Utah and Arizona, at 6-9,000 feet. On moist slopes ; flowering early.
++ ++ Tube of the corolla little or not twice longer than the throat and limb.
Stems mostly tall, 1 to 5 feet high: loaves ample and mainly broad, veiny; the upper with
very acute or acuminate apex; the lowest ovate or subcordate (usually 3 or 4 inches long and
long-petioled) : calyx deeply 5-parted.
M. Sibirica, Don, 1. c. Pale and glaucescent, glabrous and smooth or nearly so, very
leafy : cauline leaves oblong- or lanceolate-ovate, hirsute-ciliolate : short racemes panicled :
calyx-lobes oblong or oblong-linear, obtuse, commonly ciliolate, half or a quarter the
length of the tube of the bright light-blue corolla ( this and the limb each about 3 lines
long). Gray, 1. c. Pulmonaria Sibirica, L. Spec. i. 135, not Pall. P. denticulata, Roam. &
Mertensia. BORRAGINACE^E. 201
Sch. Syst. iv. 746. P. ciliata, James in Long Exped. ; Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 224.
Mertensia denticulate., Don, 1. c. M. ciliata, Don, 1. c. ; DC. Prodr. x. 92. M. stoinatcchoides,
Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 147, fig. 43. Along mountain streams from the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado to the higher parts of the Sierra Nevada, California, and far north-
ward. (E. Asia.)
Var. Drummondii, Gray, 1. c. Dwarf, a span high : leaves oblong, sessile, only
about an inch long, with barely denticulate-scabrous margins and obsolete veins : corolla
only 5 lines long ; the tube little if at all longer than the limb and hardly twice the length
of the ovate-oblong obtuse lobes of the calyx. Lithospermum Drummondii, Lehui. Pugill.
ii. 26, & in Hook. Fl. ii. 86. Mertensia Drummondii, Don, Syst. iv. 319. Arctic sea-shore,
Richardson. Formerly and wrongly referred to M. alpina ; but apparently an arctic variety
of M. Sibirica.
M. paniculata, Don, 1. c. Greener, roughish and more or less pubescent : cauline leaves
ovate to oblong-lanceolate : racemes loosely panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear and
mostly acute, hispid-ciliate or throughout hirsute, equalling or only half shorter than the
tube of the purple-blue (6 or 7 lines long) corolla. Gray, 1. c. Paimonaria paniculata, Ait.
Kew. ed. 1, i. 181 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2680. P. pilosa, Cham, in Linn. iv. 49. P. pubescens,
Willd. in Rcem. & Sch. iv. 744 ? Lithospermum Kamtschaticum, Turcz. in Bull. Mosc. 1840,
75. Mertensia paniculata, pilosa, pubescens ? & Kamtschatica, DC. 1. c. M. Sibirica, Torr. in
Wilkes Exp. xvii. 412. Lithospermum corymlosum, Lehm. Pugill. ii. 27, therefore M. corym-
losa, Don, 1. c. (Some forms connect with the preceding species, which is on the whole
quite distinct.) Hudson's Bay and Lake Superior, thence to the Rocky Mountains (south
to Utah and Nevada), Alaska, Behring Straits. (N. E. Asia.)
Var. nivalis, Watson, an alpine form, a span or so high, with thicker leaves only
an inch long, and rather slender tube to the corolla : ambiguous between this species,
M. oblong if olia, and the next. Bot. King, 239. High mountains of Utah, up to 12,000 feet,
Watson.
= = Stems from a foot down to a span high: leaves smaller (one or two inches long), nearly
veinless, obtuse or barely acute, pale or glaucescent.
M. lanceolata, DC. Either glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, simple or paniculately
branched : leaves from spatnlate-oblong to lanceolate-linear : racemes at length loosely
panicled : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, sometimes obtuse, ciliate or hirsute, or rarely gla-
brous, more or less shorter than the tube of the blue (5 or 6 lines long) corolla, which is
hairy near the base within : filaments generally longer than the anthers. Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 53. Pnlntonaria lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, rather large form. P. marginata,
Nutt. Gen. i. 115. Lithospermum marginatam, Spreng. Syst. i. 547. Mertensia alpina, Gray in
Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c., in part ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6178. Hillsides, along the lower
Rocky Mountains and their eastern base, from Dakota and Wyoming to northern New
Mexico. A variable species ; the largest forms approaching too near the preceding; the
smaller extremely different in appearance. Seemingly occurs in two forms as to length
of style and filaments, the latter conspicuous in both forms.
Var. Fendleri, Gray, 1. c., is a (commonly hirsute) state, with calyx 5-cleft only to
the middle. M. Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. New Mexico (Fendler, Palmer) and
Colorado.
f H Filaments extremely short and narrower than the anthers, inserted either on the margin of
the throat or about the middle of the tube (evidently heterogone-dimorphous) : style in both kinds
included.
M. alpina, Don, I. c. A span or more high, either nearly glabrous and smooth or pubes-
cent: leaves oblong, somewhat spatulate or lanceolate, rather obtuse ; the cauline sessile
(1 or 2 inches long) : flowers in a close or at length loose cluster: calyx 5-parted or deeply
5-cleft ; its lanceolate lobes equalling or rather shorter than the tube of the corolla, which
hardly ever exceeds its limb : anthers nearly sessile, in the low-inserted form scarcely
equalling the conspicuous crests of the corolla : style in this form reaching only to about
the base of the anthers, in the other reaching almost to the mouth of the tube. Gray in
Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c., mainly, & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 53. Puhnonaria alpina, Torr. in Ann.
Lye. 1. c. Mertensia brevisti/la, Watson, Bot. King, 239, t. 23, fig. 1, 2, the form with low
anthers and short style. Colorado Rocky Mountains, at 9-11,000 feet, and at lesser eleva-
tion in those of Utah. Corolla 3 or 4 lines long.
202 BORRAGINACE.E. Myosoti*.
16. MYOSOTIS, L. FORGET-ME-NOT. (From pv<,; mouse, and o^, toroV,
ear, i. e. mouse-ear, to which the leaves of some species are likened.) Low and
small or spreading herbs, usually soft-hairy ; with sessile cauline leaves, and small
mostly blue flowers in at length elongated racemes, destitute of bracts. Stamens
and style in the genuine species included. Fl. summer or spring.
* Calyx open in fruit, beset with fine and short appressed hairs, none of them hooked or glandular-
tipped: racemes very loose, with widely spreading pedicels: herbage green; the pubescence
being rather sparse and short.
M. PALUSTRIS, Withering. (FORGET-ME-NOT.) Perennial by subterranean stolons: stems
soon decumbent, rooting at base : leaves lanceolate-oblong : calyx-lobes triangular, much
shorter than the tube : corolla with flat limb (3 or 4 lines in diameter), sky-blue with yel-
lowish throat: nutlets somewhat angled or carinate ventrally. Koch, Germ. 504 ; Syme,
Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t. 1104. M. scorpioides, var. palustris, L. &c. In wet ground, probably
only where it has escaped from cultivation, and not indigenous. (Nat. from Eu.)
M. laxa, Lehm. Perennial from filiform subterranean shoots, or perhaps annual : stems
very slender, decumbent : pubescence all appressed : leaves lanceolate-oblong or somewhat
spatulate : pedicels usually double the length of the fruiting calyx : lobes of the latter as
long as the tube : limb of the corolla rather concave (2 or 3 lines broad, paler blue) : nut-
lets about equally convex both sides. Asper. 83 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 338. M. caspitosa, var.
laxa, DC. Prodr. x. 105. M. palustris, var. micrantha, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 81. M. palustris,
var. laxa, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 365. M. lingulata, Lehm. Asper. 110 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 252
(M. caispitosa, Schultz ; Syme, Engl. Bot. 1. c. t. 1103), a European form. In water and
we't ground, New York and Canada to Newfoundland. (N. Asia, Eu.)
* * Calyx closed or with lobes erect in fruit, beset with looser and some bristly hairs having
minutely hooked tips.
M. sylvatica, Hoffin. Perennial, not stoloniferous, hirsute-pubescent, either green or
cinereous : stems erect : leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate ; the radical conspicuously
petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx or longer: calyx almost 5-parted, hirsute with erect
hairs mixed near the base with some more spreading and hooked ones ; the lobes merely
erect or slightly closing in fruit: corolla with (blue or at first purple) flat limb, 3 or 4 lines
in diameter : nutlets more or less margined and carinate ventrally at the apex. Perhaps
none of the typical form in N. America. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. alpestris, Koch. Stems tufted, 3 to 9 inches high: racemes more dense:
pedicels shorter and thicker, ascending, seldom longer than the calyx : nutlets larger.
M. alpestris, Schmidt ; Lehm. Asper. 86 & in Hook. Fl. 1. c. ; Syme, Engl. Bot. ed. 3, t.
1106. M. rupicola, Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 2559. IJocky Mountains, from Colorado (in the
higher alpine regions) and Wyoming (mainly with short pedicels) northward, and north-
west to Kotzebue Sound. (N. Asia, Eu.)
M. arvensis, Hoffm. Annual or sometimes biennial, loosely hirsute: stem erect, loosely
branching, often a foot or more high : leaves oblong-lanceolate : racemes loose, naked and
peduncled : pedicels spreading in fruit, longer or twice longer than the equal 5-cleft calyx,
which is copiously beset with spreading hooked hairs : corolla blue (rarely white) ; the con-
cave limb a line or so in diameter: calyx closed in fruit. Lehm. Asper. I.e.; Syme, I.e.
t. 108. M. scorpioides, var. arvensis, L. M. intermedia, Link., DC. Fields in low grounds,
New Brunswick to Louisiana (?), rare, perhaps not native. (Eu., N. Asia.)
M. VERSI'COLOR, Pers. Annual, slender, hirsute : leaves narrowly oblong : racemes slender,
mostly naked at base : pedicels much shorter than the deeply and equally 5-cleft calyx :
corolla yellowish, then blue, at length violet, not larger than in the preceding species,
which it otherwise resembles. Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 480; Syme, 1. c. t. 1110, not Lehm. in
Hook. Fl. Fields, sparingly introduced (Delaware, Canby). (Nat. from Eu.)
M. verna, Nutt. Annual or biennial, roughish-hirsute or hispid: stems erect, 3 to 9
inches high : leaves spatulate or linear-oblong : racemes strict, leafy at base : pedicels
erect or appressed below but spreading toward the apex, equalling or shorter than the
5-cleft hispid unequal calyx: corolla white, small. Gen. ii. in addit. unpaged; Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 365. Lycopsis Viryinica, L. Spec. i. 139, the plant of Gronov. Virg. M'/osotis
ttr/iia, Gray, Man. ed. 1, not Link. M. inflfxa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. 98.
Dry ground, E. New England to Florida, Texas, Missouri, &c.
Lilhospermum. BORRAGINACE/E. 203
Var. macrosperma, Chapm. Taller, looser, often a foot high : pedicels rather
moi-e spreading : flowers larger : the calyx sometimes 3 lines long, with lower calyx-lobes
twice the length of the upper : nutlets larger in proportion. Fl. 333. M. macrosperma,
Engelm. 1. c. M. versicolor, Lehm. in Hook. Fl. ii. 81. Florida to Texas: also W. Idaho,
Oregon, and British Columbia ; sometimes passing into the typical form.
17. LITHOSPERMUM, Tourn. GHOMWELL. (From liOo^ a stone,
arid GTTfQiia, seed.) Chiefly herbs ; with reddish roots, sessile leaves, and axillary
or subaxillary or leafy-bracted flowers, developed in spring and summer, sometimes
dimorphous as to length of style and height of insertion of anthers reciprocally.
Calyx 5-parted. Stamens in our species with very short filaments. Stigma com-
monly single and truncate-capitate, sometimes as in 3, capitate-2-lobed ; in L.
arvense there is a pair of stigmas below a slender bifid apex, a transition toward
the mode in Heliotropiece.
1. Annuals, with small at length widely scattered flowers : corolla white or
whitish, little longer than the calyx.
L. ARVEXSE, L. Slightly canescent with minute appressed hairs: stem loosely branching
from the base, erect, a span to 2 feet high : leaves linear or lanceolate, with prominent
midrib and obsolete lateral ribs : corolla funnelform, about 3 lines long; the throat with
puberulent lines : nutlets dull, coarsely wrinkled and pitted, brownish. Spec. 132 ; Fl.
Dan. t. 456; Engl. Bot. 123. Waste sandy grounds, not rare from Canada southward.
(Nat. from Eu.)
L. Matamorense, DC. Hirsute or hispid : stems much branched from the base and
diffusely spreading, slender: leaves oblong, very obtuse (an inch or so long), at length
rough : pedicels very short : corolla almost campanulate, 2 lines long, a prominent trans-
verse crest at base of each lobe : nutlets at length shining but usually brownish and
uneven, also coarsely pitted. Prodr. x. 76. L. prostratitm, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad.
1861. Plains and river-banks, Texas, Berlandier, Writ/lit, &c.
2. Perennials, with small or rather small flowers : corolla greenish-white or
pale yellow, short ; its tube hardly if at all longer than the calyx : mature nutlets
bony, white and polished.
4S= Corolla with intruded crests in the throat: flowers sparse, or at least the fruits scattered : nutlets
apt to be solitary.
+ Pubescence soft, fine, and short, only the tipper face of the leaves becoming scabrous.
L. OFFICINALE, L. Copiously branching, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves lanceolate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, acute, pale (2 inches or less long) ; a pair of lateral ribs more or less manifest:
tube of the dull-white corolla considerably longer than the limb : style nearly equalling
the stamens: nutlets less than 2 lines long. Engl. Bot. t. 134; Fl. Dan. t. 1034. Road-
sides, Canada and New England. (Nat. from Eu.)
L. latifolium, Michx. More sparingly and loosely branched : leaves greener, ovate
and broadly oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate, all acute and the lower tapering at
base (2 to 5 inches long), with 2 to 4 pairs of ribbed veins : tube of the corolla little longer
than the limb : style shorter than the stamens : nutlets globose-ovate, over 2 lines long.
Fl. i. 131 ; Jacq. Eclog. t. 136. L. qfficinale, var. lutifolinm, Willd., &c. Open ground and
borders of thickets, Upper Canada to Wisconsin and soutli to Virginia and Tennessee.
Flowers yellowish-white, or sometimes light yellow, when it is L. lutescens of N. Coleman
in Cat. PL Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1874, 29.
-t H Pubescence hispid or rough-hirsute.
L. tuberosum, Rugel. Stem at first low, in age often more than 2 feet high, with some
spreading branches : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, or the large radical ones obovate-
oblong, mostly obtuse ; the upper triple-ribbed, the others nervose-veined ; bristles of the
upper and even of the lower face at length with pustulate base : flowers short-pedicclled :
corolla "yellowish-white," 2 or 3 lines long: nutlets globular, much shorter than the at
204 BORRAGLNACE.E. Lithospermum.
length elongated-linear calyx-lobes : " roots bearing oblong tubers." DC. Prodr. x. 76 ;
Chapm. Fl. 332. Florida, on rocky river-banks, Ruyel, Chapman. Texas, Wrinht, Lind-
heimer, only in fruit. Larger leaves at length 4 to inches long, and calyx-lobes in the
Texan plant becoming almost half inch long.
* * Corolla nearly naked at the throat, but obscurely puberulent and thickened under each lobe:
inflorescence dense and very foliose.
I_i. pilosum, Nutt. Soft-hirsute and pubescent, pale or canescent : stems numerous from
a stout root, a foot high, strict, mostly simple, very leafy : leaves linear and linear-lanceo-
late, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly tapering from near the base to apex ; the lateral ribs or
veins obscure : flowers densely crowded in a leafy thyrsus : corolla campanulate-funnel-
form, almost half an inch long, silky outside, dull greenish-yellow : style slender : nutlets
broadly ovate, acute, smooth and polished, 2 to 2 lines long. Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 43 ; Wats. Bot. King, 238. L. Torreyi, Nntt. 1. c. L. rude rale, Dougl. in Hook.
Fl. ii. 89. Hills and canons, Montana and British Columbia to Utah and the eastern bor-
ders of California.
3. BATSCHIA, Endl. (Puccoov.) Perennials, with long and deep red
roots (filled with dyeing matter), very leafy stems, and mostly showy flowers:
corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx (except in cleistogenous or depauperate
blossoms), more or less appressed-pubescent outside; the lobes commonly undulate
or crenulate and sinuses plicate-infolded': pubescent crests in the throat apparent:
stigma capitate 2-lobed : nutlets white, smooth and polished, the inner face rather
conspicuously carinate. Batschia, Gmelin.
* Corolla light yellow, rather small; later floral I'-nvcs reduced to bracts, not surpassing the calyx.
L. multiflorum, Torr. Minutely strigose-hispid : steins virgate, often paniculate at sum-
mit, a foot or two high : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate : flowers numerous, short-pedicelled,
the later spicate : corolla narrow (5 or 6 lines long), with very short rounded lobes and
tube fully twice the length of the calyx ; the crests or folds in the throat inconspicuous.
Watson, Bot. King, 238 (remark) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 51. L. pilosum, Gray in Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 2-30, not Nutt. Lower Rocky Mountains, Colorado to Arizona
and W. Texas. Expanded limb of corolla 5-cleft, the minutely undulate rounded lobes
only a line and a half long : ring at base of the tube sparingly bearded. Anthers in all
known specimens inserted high in the throat and the style only half the length of the
corolla ; but a counterpart form may be expected.
* * Corolla bright and deep yellow or orange ; the tube from one half to twice longer than the
calyx, and the crests at the throat little if at all projecting or arching; the lobes barely undulate
or entire : floral leaves or foliaceous bracts large, much surpassing the calvx. (Dimorphism as to
height of insertion of stamens and length of style manifest.)
L. Calif ornicum, Gray. Soft-hirsute, a foot high : leaves lanceolate or oblong : corolla
hardly an inch long; its proper tube hardly twice the length of the calyx ; its funnelform
throat considerably longer than the very short lobes, almost destitute of crests ; the glan-
dular ring at base of the tube inconspicuous and naked. --Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., & Bot.
Calif, i. 522. L. canescens, Torr. in Pacif. II. Rep. iv. 124, not Lelnn. California, in
Nevada and Plumas Counties, Bigelow, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin. Short-styled and high-sta-
mened form only known.
L. Canescens, Leam. (Puccoox of the Indians.) More or less canescent when young:
stem hirsute, a span to a foot or more high : leaves oblong-linear or the upper varying to
ovate-oblong, mostly obtuse, softly silky-pubescent, greener with age but not rough : corolla
orange-yellow, with rather ample deeply 5-cleft limb, prominent crests in the throat, and
glandular ring at the base naked : flowers nearly sessile. Gray, Proc. 1. c. L. canescens,
& L.sericeum, Lehm. Asper. 305, 306. Batschia canescens, Michx. Fl. i. 130, t. 14 ; Barton, Fl.
Am. Sept. t. 58. Anchnsa cane.sccns, Mulil. Cat. Plains and open woods, in sandy soil,
Upper Canada and Saskatchewan to Alabama, New Mexico, and Arizona. Tube of the
corolla 3 or 4 lines long; the well-developed limb about half an inch in diameter ; in one
form style about the length of the tube and stamens, inserted below its middle. To this
species also belongs L. sericeum, Lehm., but not Anchnsa Viryinica, L., which as to the Lin-
naean herbarium is not identified, as to the plant of Clayton's herb, is an Onosmodium, as to
Morison's is probably L. hirtinn, and as to Plukenet's may be either of the Puccoons.
Onosmodlum. BORRAGINACE^E. 205
L. hirtum, Lehm., 1. c. Hispid or hirsute, and at length rough, a foot or two high:
leaves lanceolate or the lower linear and floral ovate-oblong: corolla bright orange, with
ample and rotate deeply 5-eleft limb and prominent crests in the throat; the ring at
base within bearing 10 very hirsute lobes or teeth : flowers mostly pedicelled : calyx-lobes
elongated and linear-lanceolate. Bnischia C'arolincnsis, Gmel. ?yst. i. 315. B. Gmelini,
Michx. 1. c. Anchusa Itirta, Muhl. Cat. Lithospermum decumbens, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii. 225. L. Bejariense, DC. 1. c. 79. Pine barrens, &c., Michigan to Minnesota, Virginia,
Florida, Texas, and Colorado. Tube of the intense orange corolla 4 or 5 lines long, the
outspread limb sometimes almost an inch in diameter, but often half smaller. In some
specimens, the stamens are inserted on the middle of the corolla and the style rises to
the throat ; in others, the style rises only to the middle and the stamens are in the throat.
* * * Corolla bright yellow, salverform ; its tube in well-developed Howers 2 to 4 times the length
of the calyx ; the crests in the throat conspicuous and arching; the lobes undulate and more or less
erose : later flowers cleistogeuous. Pentalophus, A. DC.
L. angustifolium, Michx. Erect or diffusely branched from the base, a span to a foot
or more high, minutely scabrous-strigose and somewhat cinereous: leaves all linear:
flowers pedicelled, leafy-bracted, of two sorts ; the earlier and conspicuous kind with tube
of the corolla an inch or less in length and the rounded lobes commonly crenulate-erose ;
later ones, and those of more diffusely branching plants, with inconspicuous or small and
pale corolla, without crests in the throat, probably cleistogenous, the style shorter than the
nutlets ; in these the pedicels are commonly recurved in fruit : nutlets usually copiously
impressed-punctate, conspicuously carinate ventrally. Michx. Fl. i. 130 (the state with
inconspicuous flowers) ; Bebb in Am. Naturalist, vii. 691. L. linearifolium, Goldie in Edinb.
Phil. Jour. 1822, 319, the same state (unless possibly Goldie's plant is L. an-ense). L. brevi-
florum, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 44, a similar state. Long-flowered plant is Batschia
longijlora (Pursh, Fl. i. 132), & B. decumbens, Nutt. Gen. i. 114. L'dhospernnun lotujiflorum,
Spreng. L. incisum, Lehm. 1. c. ; Hook. Fl. ii. t. 16-3. L. Ma/u/anense, Spreng. ; Hook. 1. c.
t. 166, a small and smaller-flowered form. Pentalophus longiflorus & P. Mandanensis, A.DC.
Prodr. x. 87. Dry and sterile or sandy soil, prairies and banks of streams, Illinois and
Wisconsin to Saskatchewan and Dakota, soutli to Texas, and west to Utah and Arizona.
Root thick and deep, abounding in violet-colored dye. Glandular ring at base of corolla
naked. In the state with large and showy flowers, as far as known, the stamens are
always borne at the upper part of the tube, and the filiform style is slightly exserted :
but perhaps there is some heterogone-dimorphism. There are seemingly all stages
between these conspicuous and the cleistogenous blossoms which are produced through
the season.
18. ONOSMODIUM, Michx. ('Ovoapu, and ii8os, likeness, from the re-
semblance to the Old-World genus Onosma.) Perennials (of the Atlantic States
and Mexico, &c.), rather stout and coarse, rough-hispid or hirsute; with nervose
or costate-veined leaves, and leafy-bracteate flowers crowded in scorpioid spikes
or racemes, when fruiting more separated ; the bracts resembling the leaves.
Fl. spring and summer, strongly proterogynous, the style early exserted. Corolla
greenish-white or yellowish-green: a glandular 10-lobed ring adnate to the base
of the tube within. Nutlets as in most Lithosperma. -- Michx. Fl. i. 132.
Onosmoditim and Macromeria in part, Don ; DC. Prodr. x. 68 ; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. ii. 851). True Macromeria (exsertd) has versatile anthers on capillary and
long exserted filaments.
1. MACROMERIOIDES. Corolla 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx, narrow ;
the sinuses plane : filaments slender, longer than the linear-oblong obtuse anthers.
Macromeria, Don, & DC. partly. (One or two Mexican species have the
anthers promptly versatile or transverse ; in ours they remain erect.)
O. Thurberi. Somewhat sparsely strigose-hispid with short bristles (at least on the
foliage) and minutely appressed-pubescent or when young canescent : stem simple, 2 or 3
feet high : leaves pinnately 5-7-ribbed ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate or oblong (4 or 5
206 BORRAGINACE.E. Onosmodium.
inches long), passing into ovate bracts (at length an inch or two long) : leafy-racemose inflo-
rescence in age elongated, many-flowered : pedicels 4 or 5 lines long : calyx parted to the base
into narrow linear lobes (often an inch long) : corolla narrowly trumpet-shaped, 2 inches
long, whitish and densely villous outside, yellow inside ; the lobes oblong-ovate, obtuse,
nearly equalled by the erect anthers. Macroineria viridiflom, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 139,
not DC., according to Ic. Mex. t. 904, which has broadly subcordate-ovate and acute corolla-
lobes, giving the appearance of " excised sinuses," shorter and versatile anthers, &c. New
Mexico, Thurber, Bigelow, Wriyht. Arizona, in dry woods, Rothrock. The portions of base
of the corolla lobes which are interior in the bud are roundish-auriculate.
2. ONOSMODIUM proper. Corolla seldom twice the length of the calyx ; the
lobes somewhat condupiicate in the bud ; the sinuses gibbous-iuflexed : filaments
shorter (in our species very much shorter) than the mostly sagittate glandular-
mucronulate or acuminate anthers : leaves pinuately nervose-ribbed. Onos-
modinm, Michx.
O. Bejariense, DC. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, hispid with spreading bristles :
leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-7-ribbed (the lower obtuse, upper acutish) ; upper surface
appressed strigose-hispid, the lower more or less canescent with fine and soft pubescence :
flowers short-pedicelled : corolla f unnelforin (6 to 9 lines long), about twice the length of
the calyx, white; the greenish ovate-triangular acuminate lobes about one quarter the
length of the tube, minutely pubescent externally and with some long hirsute hairs.
Prodr. x. 70. 0. Carol inianum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c., not DC. Border of thickets,
nearly throughout Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier.
O. Carolinianum, DC., 1. c. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid : leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides : flowers nearly
sessile : corolla short (4 or 5 lines long), yellowish-white, oblong-funnelform ; its ovate-
triangular acute lobes very hairy outside, and nearly half the length of the tube. Litlio-
spermum Carolinianum, Lam. 111. & Diet. Suppl. ii. 837. Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 383.
Alluvial grounds, Upper Canada to Georgia and Texas.
Var. molle. A foot or two high ; the pubescence shorter and less spreading or
appressed: leaves mostly smaller (about 2 inches long), when young softly strigose-canes-
cent beneath. Onosmodium molle, Michx. El. i. 133, t. 15 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 302. Purshia
mollis, Lehm. Asper. 382. Illinois to Saskatchewan, Utah, and Texas.
O. Virginianum, DC., 1- c. Strigulose-hispid throughout with mostly appressed short
bristly hairs : stems rather slender, a foot or two high, often paniculate : leaves narrowly
oblong or somewhat lanceolate, obtuse (1 to 2i inches long), 3-5-ribbed : corolla yellowish,
small (4 lines long) ; the lobes lanceolate-subulate, sparingly long-bristly outside, little
shorter than the cylindraceous tube. 0. hispidum, Michx. 1. c. Purshia hispida, Lehm. 1. c.
Lithospermum Virginianum, L. Hillsides and banks, New England to Florida and Louisiana.
The specific names conferred by Michaux on this and the preceding species were replaced
in the Prodromus by earlier ones under Lithospermum ; which may be agreed to, Michaux's
O.hispidum being far less hispid than 0. Carolinianum, and 0. molle is a misnomer except for
the western variety (which cannot be separated) on which Michaux's species is founded.
19. S"YMPHYTUM, Tourn. COMFRET. (Ancient Greek and Latin
name.) Coarse perennial herbs ; with large and thick bitterish roots, mucilagi-
nous juice, and loose or nodding racemose flower-clusters : bracts small or none.
Fl. early summer. All of the Old World.
S. OFFICINALE, L. (CoMFREY.) Two or 3 feet high from very thick roots, branching,
rather soft-hirsute : cauline leaves long-decurrent on the branches, ovate-lanceolate and
narrower, large : corolla yellowish-white, half inch long : style exserted : nutlets wrinkled
or almost smooth. Escaped from gardens into moist grounds sparingly in N.Atlantic
States. (Nat. from Eu.)
S. ASPERRIMUM, Sims, a Caucasian species, with almost prickly stems, verj r scabrous leaves,
and blue-purple flowers, is cultivated both as an ornamental and as a forage plant, and is not
unlikely to run wild.
Eckium. CONVOLVULACE^E. 207
20. LYCOPSIS, L. BTJGLOSS. (dvxot;, wolf, and otyig, face or likeness;
from some fanciful resemblance.) Coarse setose-hispid annuals, of the Old
World, small-flowered and leafy-bracted, one species sparingly introduced into
the Eastern Atlantic States.
L. ARVENSIS, L. Rough and inelegant weed, a foot or two high, with spreading bristly
hairs at length pustulate at base : leaves lanceolate, undulate-margined : flowers more or
less racemose : corolla blue, or at first purple ; the tube not longer than calyx ; lobes barely
a line long. Dry waste grounds, Canada to Virginia : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)
21. ECHIUMj Tourn. VIPER'S BUGLOSS, BLUEWEED. (Old -Greek name,
from f%i$, a viper ; the shape of the nutlets likened to a snake's head.) Bien-
nials (or rarely shrubs), of the Old World; flowering in summer. One species
an introduced weed.
E. vuLcARE, L. Rough-hispid herb, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate, or the upper
linear, sessile : flowers in short lateral spikes disposed in a raceme-like thyrsus : corolla
almost an inch long, showy, purple changing to deep blue (rarely pale). Roadsides and
meadows of the Middle Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)
ORDER XCIV. CONVOLVULACE.E.
Herbs or shrubs, with stems generally twining or trailing, and many with milky
juice ; the leaves alternate and petioled, destitute of stipules ; peduncles truly
axillary, 1-flowered or cymosely 3 many-flowered ; flowers regular and perfect,
5-merous or rarely 4-merous, except as to the gynoecium which is almost always
2-carpellary ; calyx mostly of distinct and imbricated sepals, persistent ; corolla
either plicate and the plaits convolute, or induplicate-valvate, or sometimes im-
bricated in the bud, the limb either lobed or entire ; stamens as many as the
corolla-lobes and alternate with them, usually inserted low down on the tube ;
hypogynous disk commonly annular and manifest ; ovary 2-celled or rarely
3-celled, with a pair of erect anatropous ovules in each cell, or spuriously
4-6-celled (each cell being more or less divided into a pair of 1-ovuled half-cells
by a false partition), or rarely 2-4-parted from above around the style in the
manner of Borracjinacece ; style single or once or twice divided ; stigmas terminal
or iutrorse ; fruit capsular or sometimes fleshy ; seeds comparatively large, filled
by a crumpled or plaited embryo involving or partly surrounded by a little muci-
laginous or fleshy albumen, its cotyledons ample and foliaceous, or in Cuscula
a spiral embryo and no cotyledons. Cuscuta moreover is leafless. Nolanece form
an exceptional tribe with several or many indehiscent carpels, narrow cotyledons,
&c., but are all South American, and connect with the following order. The
present large order is well distinguished from all its allies by the character of the
solitary or geminate seeds, size and nature of the embryo, and inferior radicle,
along with the usually twining or trailing growth, alternate leaves, &c.
TRIBE I. DICHONDREJE. Ovary divided into 2 or 4 carpels or almost separate
lobes, surrounding a pair of basilar styles.
1. DICHONDRA. Corolla deeply 5-cleft or 5-parted, not plicate; the lobes imbricated
in the bud. Filaments and anthers short. Ovary 2-parted, forming 2 indeliiscent or irreg-
ularly bursting utricles in fruit : styles 2 or at base united into one, filiform : stigmas
capitate. Seed by abortion solitary, globular, smooth. Embryo biplicate : cotyledons
elongated-oblong. Creeping herbs.
208 CONVOLVULACE^E. Dichondra.
TEIBK II. CONVOLVULE^E. Ovary entire. Plants with ordinary foliage, not
parasitic.
* Corolla plicate at the sinuses and the plaits dextrorsely convolute : cotyledons broad,
often emarginate.
2. IPOMGEA. Style undivided, terminated by a single capitate or 2-3-globose stigma.
Corolla from salverform or funnelform to nearly campanulate. Ca.psule globular, 40- (or
by abortion fewer-) seeded, 2-4-valved.
3. JACQUEMONTIA. Style undivided : stigmas 2, ovate or oblong, thick but somewhat
flattened. Otherwise as Ipomoea and Convolvulus, and intermediate between the two.
4. CONVOLVULUS. Style undivided or 2-clef t only at the apex : stigmas 2, from linear-
filiform to subulate or ovate, when broad sometimes flattish. Stamens included. Corolla
from funnelform to campanulate. Capsule globose, 2-celled, or sometimes imperfectly
4-celled by spurious partitions between the two seeds, or by abortion 1-celled, mostly
2-4-valved.
5. BRE WERIA. Style 2-clef t or 2-parted ; the divisions simple, each bearing a capitate
stigma. Corolla, stamens, and capsule of Convolvulus.
6. E VOLVULUS. Styles 2, distinct or sometimes united below, each 2-clef t : stigmas
linear-filiform or somewhat clavate. Corolla from funnelform to almost rotate. Otherwise
like Convolvulus on a small scale, not twining.
* * Corolla not plicate in the bud, 5-cleft : cotyledons linear, biplicate, entire.
7. CRESSA. Styles 2, distinct, entire : stigmas capitate. Calyx of 5 nearly equal sepals,
equalling the oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla ; the limb of the latter 5-parted into
oblong-ovate lobes, lightly convolute-imbricate and somewhat induplicate in the bud.
Filaments filiform, exserted from the throat of the corolla. Ovary 2-celled, 4 ovuled.
Capsule by abortion often 1-seeded. Stems not twining.
TRIBE III. CUSCUTE^E. Ovary entire. Leafless parasitic twining herbs, destitute
of foliage and of all green color ; the spirally coiled filiform embryo even destitute
of cotyledons. Corolla imbricated in the bud, appeudaged below the stamens.
8. CUSCUTA. The only genus.
1. DICHONDRA, Forst. (Formed of 34% double, and pyfyo?, grain or
roundish mass, from the twin fruit.) Small prostrate and creeping perennials
(found almost all round the warmer parts of the world, but most in America) ;
with filiform stems, slender petioles to the reniform or round-cordate entire leaves,
and naked peduncles bearing a single small flower. Corolla greenish or yellowish-
white. Carpels pubescent. Char. Gen. 3U, t. 20. The following maybe the
only species.
D. repens, Forst. Soft-pubescent or slightly sericeous, but green or greenish : leaves
mostly with a deep basal sinus : sepals obtuse, at length obovate with narrowed base or
spatulate: corolla-lobes ovate, nearly glabrous. Lam. III. t. 183; Smith, Ic. Ined. t. 8.
D. sericea, Swartz, Prodr. 54, & Fl. Ind. Occ. t. 11, a small and silky form. D. Carolinensis,
Michx. Fl. i. 130, a large and greener form. D. repens, macrocalyx, & sericea, Meissn. in Mart.
Fl. Bras. vii. 357. Wet ground, Virginia to Texas, near the coast, and Arizona. (Trop.
& S. Am., Asia, Oceanica, Australia, S. Africa.)
D. argentea, W^illd. Canescently sericeous and silvery : leaves mostly with a shallow
sinus or even truncate, and with comparatively short petioles : sepals from oblong-oval to
lanceolate : corolla-lobes oblong-lanceolate, acutish, villous outside. Hort. Berol. 297,
t. 81 ; Meissn. 1. c. S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex., S. Amer.)
2. IPOMC&A, L. MORNING GLORY. (According to Linnaeus, composed
of t'u>, Inog, and opoios, like ; but t\l) is a worm.) A large genus, mainly of
twining herbs, some prostrate, diffuse, or even erect : fl. summer. Calyx not
bracteate at base, but the outer sepals commonly larger. Limb of the corolla
entire or barely 5-angulate, or slightly 5-lobed. Valves of the capsule usually
septifragal. Cotyledons broad, commonly 2-lobed. Genus here taken in the
Ipomcea. CONVOLVULACE^. 209
extended sense, as in Meissn. iu Mart. Fl. Bras. vii. 215, & Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 870.
I. LEUCANTHA, Jacq., a South American species, is mentioned by Choisy in DC. Prodr. as
having been collected by Charpentier in Arkansas ; but we have it not.
I. CAROLINA, L. (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 91), belongs to the Bahamas and other West Indies,
not Carolina.
ANISEIA AUREA, Kellogg, in Proc. Calif. Acad. iii. 229, with plate, is a 5-foliolate Ipomoea
of Lower California, perhaps undeseribed, and the same as no. 81 in the collection of Xan-
tus, in the same district, which was referred to /. sinuata, \ax.fvliis inteyris, in Proc. Am. Acad.
v. 105.
1. CALONYCTION, Griseb. Corolla salverform, ample, with very long tube,
flat limb, and throat not dilated ; in aestivation contorted : sepals herbaceous,
becoming coriaceous, the outer sometimes cornute-tipped : style capitate-didymous :
ovules 4, geminate in 2 cells, or commonly solitary in 4 : fiovvers white, opening
at evening and for one night, fragrant. Caloi/yction, Choisy.
I. Bona-ELOX, L. Extensively twining, glabrous : stem lactescent, usually becoming
muricate-tuberculose : leaves from ovate-cordate to hastate, entire or 3-5-lobed, acuminate :
peduncles 1-7-Howered : outer sepals commonly witli an infraterminal cusp or horn : corolla
with slender tube 3 or 4 inches long and limb 4 or 5 inches wide, green externally between
the plaits : stamens and style short-exserted : capsule ovate-conical, acute : seeds glabrous.
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 403 ; Bot. Mag. t. 752. Calom/ction speciosum, Choisy, Convolv. 59, & in
DC. Prodr. ix. 345. S. Florida, perhaps indigenous : cult, for ornament, especially south-
ward. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer., and scattered through most tropical regions.)
2. QUA"MOCLIT, Meissn., &c. Corolla salverform or with somewhat funnelforrn
but narrow tube ; the limb not contorted in the bud : sepals membranaceous or
herbaceous : stamens and style more or less exserted : ovules solitary in the
4 cells, i. e. the 2 cells bilocellate by a spurious partition : flowers red, opening by
day. (Ours glabrous annuals.) Qiiamoclit, Tourn., Choisy.
I. QUAMOCLIT, L. (CYPRESS- VINE.) Slender: leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform
divisions, short-petioled or sessile : peduncles few-flowered : corolla over an inch long,
scarlet-red ; the tube narrowly f unnelform above ; lobes ovate : sepals merely mucronate
or blunt. (Hybridizes with the following.) Lam. 111. t. 104 ; Bot. Mag. t. 244. Quamo-
clit vulgaris, Choisy, &c. Cult, and sparingly spontaneous in S. Atlantic States. (Trop.
Amer., &c.)
I. COCcinea, L. Rather tall-climbing : leaves slender-petioled, cordate, or with somewhat
sagittate or hastate base, conspicuously acuminate, entire, or angulate, or 3-5-toothed :
peduncles few-sevcral-flowered : corolla 9 to 20 lines long, scarlet or verging to orange ;
the tube clavate ; limb obscurely lobed, half to two-thirds inch wide : sepals mostly with
slender appendage below the tip. Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 221 ; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 499. 7. luteola,
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 35, with orange-colored corolla. Qnamocl/t coccinea, Moench, Moth. 453 ;
Choisy in DC. - River-banks, &c., Middle and S.Atlantic States (apparently introduced^
but well naturalized), and New Mexico and Arizona, where it is probably indigenous.
(Trop. Amer., &c.)
Var. hederifolia. Leaves from angulate (or the earlier quite entire) to 3-lobed or
even 3-parted, or sometimes pedately 5-parted : corolla usually rather larger. 7. hederifolia,
L. ; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. t. 76, fig. 1. 7. sanr/tn'iirn, Vahl, Symb. iii. 33; Bot. Reg. t. 9;
Bot. Mag. t. 1769. Quamoclit hederifolia, Choisy. W. Texas to Arizona. (Trop. Amer.)
3. EUIPOMCEA. Corolla funnelforrn or nearly campanulate : stamens and
style not exserted. Ipomcea, fiatatas, Pharbitis, & Aniseia, Choisy. Jpomcea &
Pharbitis, Meissn.
* (MORNING GLORY.) Lobes of the stigma and cells of the ovary 3 (rarely varying to 2) : sepals
long and narrow, acuminate or attenuate upward, herbaceous.. mostly hispid or hirsute below:
corolla funnelform, purple, blue, and white: seeds glabrous. Pharbitis, Choisy.
14
210 COXVOLVULACE^E. Ipomcea.
-t Root annual : flowers opening early in the morning, soon closing under sunshine. (All in-
cluded under Conculrulus he.de.ra.ceus, L., Hort. Cliff. & Spec. ed. 1.)
I. hederacea, Jacq. Leaves deeply 3-lobed and deeply cordate; the lobes ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, and the middle one narrowed at base, lateral ones sometimes repand -
2-lobed : peduncles either short or very short, 1-3-flowered : pedicels none or hardly any :
sepals (two-thirds to near an inch long) linear-attenuate from a dilated and densely long
villous-hirsute base, in age the upper part recurved-spreading : corolla short-funnelform,
sky-blue with whitish tube, less than 2 inches long. Ic. Rar. t. 30 ; Bot. Reg. t. 85 ; Meissn.
I.e. 228; but not the Convolvulus hederaceus, L. Spec. ed. 2, 219, at least as to the cited
figures of Dill. Elth., but clearly C. Nil, L. 1. c., as to the lower figure cited (fig. 02), and
therefore of Amer. authors. /. barbata, Roth, Cat. i. 37. Pharbitis hederacea, Choisy, 1. c.
Waste and cult, grounds, Penn. to Florida and Louisiana, barely naturalized northward,
perhaps indigenous far southward. (Trop. Amer. and now widely dispersed.)
I. NIL, Roth, Cat. i. 16, and of most botanists who distinguish /. hederacea, ( Convolvulus Nil,
L. 1. c., only as to fig. 91 in Dill. Elth., & Bot. Mag. t. 188, and doubtless C. hederaceus, L., as
to Dill. Elth. t. 81, fig. 93), is an Old World species with larger and longer corolla (2 or 3
inches long), attenuate and erect calyx-lobes an inch long, the peduncle and pedicels short
but distinct, the leaves less lobed, &c. To this belongs Pharbitis triloba, Miq., and P. Nil, var.
limbata, Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5720, a cultivated plant. To it properly belongs the Oriental
name 2V//.
I. Mexicana. Slender : earlier leaves angulate-3-lobed or some entire ; the others as in
I. hederacea, or the middle lobe often broadest at base: peduncles slender (from half inch
to 3 inches long), commonly equalling or even surpassing the petiole : fruiting pedicels (1 to
3) as long as the calyx : sepals (only half inch long) lanceolate, rather sparsely hirsute or
hispid with comparatively short hairs, erect : corolla violet-purple, only an inch long, and
limb an inch or so in diameter. Convolvulus flore pur/mreo, &c., Dill. Elth. t. 83, fig. 9G,
therefore in part C. hederaceus, L. : it might have taken this specific name had not another
of the confused species been early taken up by Jacquin in Ipomoea. I. Nil, var. diversifolia,
Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 3~43, viz. Pharbitis diversifolia, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1988. /. Nil,
Meissn. in Fl. Bras. 1. c. 228, in part, & t. 79, fig. 1. New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler,
Wright, Thurber, &c. (Mex., &c.) Nearer to the following than to the preceding.
I. purpurea, Lam. (COMMON MORNING GLORY.) Leaves cordate, entire: peduncles
elongated (2 to 5 inches long), 1-5 flowered : umbellate pedicels fully twice the length of
the calyx, thickened and usually refracted in fruit : sepals lanceolate, half inch long, less
hirsute : corolla about 2 inches long, violet, purple, or pink, varying to white and diversely
variegated. Conrolrxlns purpureus, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 113, 1005, 1682. Pharbitis his-
pida, Choisy, 1. c. Cult, grounds, an escape from cultivation in the Atlantic States.
Texas, Berlandier. San Diego Co., California (Cleveland), where it may be indigenous.
(Mex., &c., and widely dispersed.)
* H Root perennial : flowers more diurnal?
I. Liindheimeri. Finely appressed-pubescent (the stem retrorsely so), when young
canescent : leaves deeply 5-clef t or 5-parted, all or the 3 interior lobes ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate with a much contracted base, the contracted portion often half the length of the
dilated lobe: peduncle slender, 1-2-flowered (1 to 3 inches long) : pedicels a quarter to half
inch long : sepals lanceolate-linear from an at length broadish base, fully an inch long,
erect, sparsely hirsute (all alike) : corolla light blue, clongated-funnelform with narrow
tube, about 31 inches long. /. heterophijUa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149, not Ortega.
Rocky soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Lindheimer, Wright. (Adjacent Mex., Gregy.)
I. cathartica, Poir. Glabrous or nearly so, even to the calyx : leaves cordate, acu-
minate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed or deeply clef t : peduncles equalling the petiole,
1-5-flowered : outer sepals larger and ovate-lanceolate, the inner narrowly lanceolate, all
long-acuminate : corolla 2| or 3 inches long, pink-purple or crimson. Diet. Suppl. iv.633;
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 473. /. fastirjiata, Chapm. Fl. 433, not Sweet. Convolvulus pudibimdus,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 999. Pharbitis cathartica, Griseb. 1. c. S. Florida, Blodyett, Palmer. Per-
haps introduced. (Bahamas to Brazil.)
* * Stigma 2-lobed or entire: ovules only 4 and proper cells of the ovary only 2 , but these in
some divided by cellular matter forming an additional partition between the two seeds: sepals
membranaceous, or rather fleshy, or becoming coriaceous, mostly very much imbricated.
fpomcea. CONVOLVULACE.E. 211
-I Creeping (or at least prostrate and not twining) perennials, glabrous or nearly so: flowers rather
large, opening at morning.
I. Pes-caprae, Sweet. Herbage succulent : leaves orbicular, mostly emarginate at
both ends, 2-glandular at base, fleshy, pinnately many-veined, 2 or 3 inches long, about
equalled by the petiole: sepals oval, obtuse : corolla (nearly 2 inches long) broadly short-
funnelform, purple : mature capsule 2-celled : seeds rusty-pubescent. " Hort. Lond.
ed. 2, 289 ; " Roth, Nov. PI. 109 ; Desc. Ant. ii. t. 130. /. mar it I ma, R. Br. ; Bot. Reg. t. 319.
/. orbicitlaris, Ell. Sk. i. 257. Convolvulus Pes-caprce & Brusiliensis, L. Drifting sands of
the coast, Georgia to Texas. (Most tropical coasts.)
I. acetosaefolia, Roem. & Sch. Stem slender, extensively creeping and freely rooting:
leaves slightly succulent, slender-petioled, exceedingly various ; the earlier oblong or sub-
cordate, or emarginate at both ends, either entire or panduriform or 3-lobed ; the others
sometimes linear, sometimes deeply 3-5-lobed or parted, and the lobes narrowed at base ;
lobes obtuse : peduncles 1-flowered : sepals oblong, mucronate or acuminate : corolla
oblong-f unnelform, white with yellowish throat, 1 to '2 inches long : capsule globose, thin-
walled, half inch broad, 4-eelled : seeds densely villous-vvoolly, globular. Syst. iv. 246;
Desc. Ant. ii. 1. 145 ; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 255, t. 94. /. caniosa, R. Br. Prodr., ex Benth.
Fl. Austr.' iv. 420. Convolvulus Uttoralis, L. C. acetosajolius, Valil, Eel. i. 18. C. stoloniferus,
Desr. in Lam. Diet. iii. 550 ; Cyr. PI. Rar. i. 14, t. 5. C. obtusilobus, Michx. Fl. i. 139 ; Ell.
1. c. Batatas acetosivfulia & Uttoralis, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 008, excl. syn. 7. lon/jifolia,
Benth. Sandy sea-coast, S. Carolina to Texas. (Most tropical shores.)
I. longifolia, Benth. Prostrate stems stout, 6 to 10 feet long: leaves thickish, short-
petioled, pinnately-veined, from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, merely obtuse at base,
mucronate at tip, 2 to 5 inches long : peduncle 1-flowered : sepals broadly oblong or oval,
very obtuse : corolla very broadly open-funnelform, white with purple throat, 4 inches
long, or when widely expanded 3 or 4 inches in diameter: capsule ovate, 2-celled, with
firm-coriaceous valves, an inch long: seeds oblong, rather minutely hairy at the angles.
PI. Hartw. 16 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 21 ; Torr. Bot, Mex. Bound. 149. /. Shumardi,
Torr. in Marcy Rep. 191. S. E. Arizona, Tkurber, C. Wright. (Adjacent Mex.)
I. BATATAS, Lam., the SWEET POTATO of cultivation, belongs here, although it has the
fleshy roots of the following, and the stems trail rather than creep : the leaves vary from
cordate-hastate to deltoid, and from nearly entire to laciniate-lobed or parted. Origin un-
known, unless from I.fastigiata of Trop. Amer.
f 1 Twining, or at first trailing, but not creeping: leaves cordate or sagittate, or with divisions
broader than linear.
H- Perennials, with immense fleshy-farinaceous roots: leaves cordate, entire, or some of them 3-5-
lobed : peduncles one several-flowered : sepals oblong or ovate, obtuse or merely mucronate, over
half iiiL-h long: corolla over,2 inches long.
I. Jalapa, Pursh. Freely twining from a napiform or thick fusiform root (white, some-
times weighing 40 or 50 pounds), torhentulose-pubescent, at least the lower face of the
shallow-cordate plicate-veiny repand or sometimes lobed leaves (these 3 to 5 inches long) :
corolla "opening at night," 3 or 4 inches long, white or light pink-purple ; the narrow tube
and throat 3 or 4 times longer than the calyx and deep purple : ovary imperfectly 4-celled :
seeds densely clothed with long villous wool. Fl. i. 146 ; Bot. Reg. t. 342, 621 ; Griseb. 1. c.
Convolvulus Jalapa, L. Mant. 43 ; Desf. in Ann. Mus. Par. ii. 126, t. 40, 41 ; Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 1572. fpomcea macrorhiza, Michx. Fl. i. 141. Conrolndus macrorhisus, Ell. Sk. i. 352.
Ipomcea Mechoacan, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 289. 7. Mlchauxii, Sweet, 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl.
343. 7. Purshii, Don, Syst. 1. c. Batatas Jalapa, Choisy, Convolv. & DC. 1. c. 333. Light
sandy soil along the coast, S. Carolina to Florida. (Mex., TV. Ind., &c.) Apparently same
as the Mexican false or Mechoacan Jalap, but root of the U. S. plant hardly purgative.
I. pandlirata, Meyer. Glabrous or nearly so : stems trailing or twining : root very
long and large (at length weighing 10 to 20 pounds) : leaves (2 to 4 inches long) usually
cordate and entire, or some of the later angulate or panduriform-cordate, occasionally
hastate-3-lobed : corolla rather broadly f unnelform, 2 or 3 inches long, white with a dark-
purple throat : ovary only 2-celled: seeds woolly on the angles. Esseq. 100, as to name
only ; Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 588 ; Choisy, 1. c. 331. Convolvulus megakrhizos, etc., Dill. Elth. 100,
t. 85, fig. 99. C. pandumtus, L. ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1939 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Barton, Med. t. 23.
C. candicans, Solander in Bot. Mag. t. 1603, with some minute pubescence of leaves. Var.
212 CONVOLVULACEJE. fyomcea.
rubescens, Choisy, 1. c., is merely a longer-flowered form, from Kentucky ; and Convolvulus
ciliolatus, Michx. 1. c., from Knoxville, Tennessee, is probably the same. Dry ground,
Upper Canada to Florida and Texas. There is a double-flowered state.
-H- -H- Perennial with a thick root : leaves all sagittate : peduncle mostly 1-flowered: sepals as of
the preceding but barely half inch long: corolla proportionally very large.
I. sagittata, Cav. Glabrous : stems slender : leaves deeply sagittate, otherwise entire,
acute or acuminate ; some with linear-lanceolate lobes; some (at least the earlier) larger
and broader, with ovate-lanceolate outline and oblong obtuse basai lobes : corolla pink-
purple, 2 or 3 inches long; the tube with the narrowish throat very much exceeding the
calyx : seeds somewhat villous on the back or sides. Ic. ii. 4, t. 107 ; Desf. Fl. Atl. i. 177.
/. sagittifolia, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 437 ; Chapni. Fl. 344. Convolvulus Carolinensis, &c., Catcsb.
Car. i. 35, t. 35. C. speciosus, Walt. Car. 93. C. sarjittifolius, Michx. Fl. i. 138. Salt
marshes on the coast, N. Carolina to Texas. (Cuba, Spain and Barbary.)
H. -H- -W- Perennials with roots not very large and thick, or annuals: corolla an inch and a half
long or smaller.
= Calyx almost an inch long, large for the size of the corolla.
I. sinuata, Ortega. Root perennial : stem (rather woody at base) and petioles hirsute
witli long spreading hairs from a papilliform base : leaves nearly or quite glabrous, 7-parted ;
the divisions lanceolate or narrowly oblong, sinuately and laciniately pinnatifid or incised :
calyx equalling the throat of the open-funnelform corolla (white with purple eye) : seeds
glabrous. Dec. vii. 84 ; Choisy, 1. c. ; Chapni. 1. c. /. d/ssecta, Pursh, not Willd. Convol-
vulus disscctus, L. Mant. 204 ; Jacq. Obs. iv. t. 28, Vind. ii. 1. 159. Near the coast in
Georgia to Texas. (Trop. Amer.)
= = Calyx in fruit over half inch long, setose-hispid.
I. foarbatisepala. Apparently annual, glabrous except the calyx : leaves pedately 5-7-
parted ; the divisions lanceolate with narrowed base, an inch or two long, or the lateral
ones mostly short, entire : peduncles 1-2-flowered, not longer than the petiole : sepals
attenuate-linear from a broader base, nearly equal, in fruit 7 or 8 lines long, a third longer
than the 2-celled 4-seeded globular capsule, the back strongly hispid with long and stout
spreading bristles : corolla purple, less than an inch long : stigmas 2, globose : seeds gla-
brous or minutely scurfy. W. borders of Texas; declivity of mountain near El Paso,
Wright (1849, no. 507). Calyx nearly as of /. hederncea, Jacq., but with stiffer beard.
= = = Calyx 5 to 9 lines long, completely glabrous : root perennial.
I. Thlirberi. Glabrous throughout, apparently with only low twining stems from a thick-
ened root or tuber: leaves palmately or pedately and deeply 5-7-cleft (an inch or more in
diameter) ; the widely divergent lobes triangular-lanceolate, or the one or three middle
ones somewhat caudately prolonged, the narrow tip obtuse : peduncle short, 1-flowered,
clavate in atje : corolla, &c., not seen : sepals in fruit 8 or 9 lines long, lanceolate-attenuate
from a broader base, nearly twice the length of the 4-celled 4-valved globular coriaceous
capsule: seeds clothed with fine brownish somewhat furfuraceous pubescence. South-
eastern border of Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Thnrber (no. 960), Wriijht.
I. trifida. Don. Much resembles I. mmmntata ; but the root perennial, the pubescence
shorter and softer, peduncles longer, and calyx glabrous. Convolvulus trijidus, HBK. Nov.
Gen. & Spec. iii. 107. (Trop. Amer.)
Var. Torreyana. Nearly glabrous throughout, freely twining : leaves cordate, about
2 inches long ; some entire or merely angulatc : most 3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the lateral
externally rounded : peduncles surpassing the leaves, umbellately 3-10-flowered : pedicels
in age murieulate-scabrous : sepals oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mucronate-acuminate,
chartaceous, 5 lines long, not at all ciliate: corolla funnelform, pink or lilac-purple, over
an inch long : capsule globular, chartaceous, simply 2-celled, either glabrous or sparingly
pilose at tip, about equalling the calyx: seeds glabrous and very smooth./, commutata,
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 149^ not Roem. & Sch. /. fastiylata ? Torr. 1. c., not Sweet. W.
and S. Texas, ]Vrif/lif, Bi</plou\ Lindheimer, Schott.
Var. Berlandieri. Perhaps only a depauperate form : leaves smaller and deeper
cleft, some almost 3-parted ; the middle lobe lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and longer,
giving a somewhat hastate outline ; the lateral divisions often 2-lobed or 2-3-cleft and
their lobes acute: peduncles only an inch long. Bejar, Texas, Berlandier. Referred by
Choisy to /. commutata.
fpomasa. CONVOLVULACE^. 213
= = = = Calj'x 3 to 6 lines long, thinnish, pilose or at least ciliate with some long and soft
hairs rising from a more rigid or papilliform base, more or less longer than the small and thin-
walled globular 12-L-clled capsule, which is sparsely pilose but sometimes glabrate at the upper
part: seeds glabrous : stems freely twining: root annual.
I. COmmutata, Roem. & Sch. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves (2 or 3 inches
long), cordate, some entire, some strongly 3-lobed with middle lobe ovate-lanceolate and
acuminate ; the lateral usually shorter and broader, sometimes again 2-lobed : peduncles
slender, li to 3 inches long, 1-3-flowered : sepals oblong, acuminate, 5 lines long: corolla
an inch or more long, purple or pink. Syst. iv. 228 ; Choisy, 1. c. Convolvulus Carolinus,
L. Spec. i. 154 (Dill. Elth. 100, t, 84, fig. 98) ; Michx. Fl. i. 139. fpomcea Carolina, Pursh,
Fl. i. 145, not L., which is W. Indian. /. trichocarpa, Ell. Sk. i. 258, which slightly antedates
the name commutata, but is misleading, the fruit being not rarely glabrate or glabrous.
Dry or low grounds, S. Carolina to Texas.
I. lacunosa, L. Slightly pubescent or hirsute, or nearly glabrous : leaves as the pre-
ceding or less lobed, more commonly ovate-cordate and entire, conspicuously acuminate :
peduncles shorter : sepals commonly broader and mostly naked, except the long-ciliate
margins : corolla half inch or so in length, narrow-f unnelform, white or with a purple
acutely 5-anguhite border : globose capsule more turgid and pilose. Spec. i. 161 (Dill. 1. c.
t. 87, fig. 102) ; Michx. 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. Convolvulus micranthus, Riddell, Syn. Fl. W. States,
70. River banks and low grounds, Pcnn. to Illinois, S. Carolina, and Texas.
I. triloba, L. Stems slender, sparsely pubescent : leaves usually glabrous, very deeply
3-lobed or almost 3-parted ; the divisions mostly entire ; the middle ovate or lanceolate-
ovate with narrowed base ; the lateral semicordate : peduncles usually elongated : sepals
3 lines long, oblong-ovate : corolla narrow, two-thirds inch long, resembling that of the
preceding, but purple. Choisy, 1. c. 383; Chapm. Fl. 343. Key West, Florida; perhaps
introduced. (Trop. Amer.)
= = = = = Calyx only 2 lines long, naked and glabrous, shorter than the glabrous simply
2-celled thin-walled capsule: herbage glabrous throughout: root not seen.
I. "Wrightii. Stems very slender: leaves all digitately divided into 5 narrowly lanceolate
entire leaflets (all 12 to 18 lines long, or the lateral shorter, obtuse or acutish and mucro-
nulate) : peduncles slender, 1-flowered, not exceeding the petiole : sepals ovate, very obtuse,
equal : corolla pink or purple, narrowly f unnelform, half inch long : capsule ovoid, 4 lines
long: seeds globular, minutely and densely puberulent. Texas, Wriijlit, probably fro7ii
the southern part of the State. Habit of /. i/nintjnefolia, but leaves, corolla, &c., different.
A plant resembling it was collected by Dr. Palmer on the Yaqui River, in the north-
western part of Mexico, in which the leaves seem to be pedate, and the -long filiform
peduncles coil in the manner of tendrils.
I. cardiophylla. Very glabrous : leaves broadly cordate and with basal lobes somewhat
incurved, entire, acuminate, an inch or two long : peduncles mostly 1-flowered and shorter
than the slender petiole : sepals ovate, acute, thickisli but scarious-margined, more or less
muriculate-glandular on the back : corolla purple, three-fourths inch long, campanulate-
funnelform above the narrow tube, which barely equals the calyx : capsule ovoid, half
inch long ; the thin valves finely lineolate : seeds oval, brownish-puberulent. Western
borders of Texas, in the mountains near El Paso, Wright. In calyx and foliage considerably
resembling 7. violacea.
~*~~ -*~- H Stems erect or diffuse, feebly if at all twining, never creeping or even prostrate : leaves
or their divisions all linear or narrower and entire.
-H- Leaves simple and entire : flowers large : root perennial, immense, weighing from 10 to 100
pounds.
I. leptoph^lla, Torr. Very glabrous: steins erect or ascending (2 to 4 feet high), and
with recurving slender branches : leaves linear (2 to 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide), short-
petioled, acute : peduncles short, 1-2-flowered : calyx 3 or 4 lines long ; the sepals broadly
ovate, very obtuse, outer ones shorter : corolla pink-purple, fimnelform, about 3 inches
long : capsule ovate, an inch long : seeds rusty-pubescent. Freni. Rep. 95, & Emory Rep.
148, t. 11. Convolvulus Caddoensis, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862. Plains of Ne-
braska and Wyoming to Texas and New Mexico : a striking and showy species, first col-
lected, in Long's Expedition, by Dr. E. James, who singularly mistook it for an annual.
Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 223. (Convolvulus.)
214 CONVOLVULACE.E. Ipomtea.
-n- -H- Leaves pahnately or pedately divided or parted,
= Almost sessile and the divisions all simple : root perennial, an oblong tuber.
I. muricata, Cav. A span or two high, erect, loosely branched, glabrous, slender : leaves
of 5 (or sometimes pedately 7) narrowly linear or filiform mueronate-acute divisions or
leaflets (6 to 10 lines long) : peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-flowcred : sepals lanceo-
late-ovate, tuberculate-muricate on the back or midrib: corolla narrowly funnelform,
crimson-purple, an inch long: capsule globose, nodding, hardly 3 lines long : seeds almost
glabrous. Ic. v. 52, t. 478, fig. 2; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. Convolvulus cajJillaceus,
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. jii. 97. New Mexico and Arizona. (Mex., &c )
= = Leaves distinctly petiolate: root annual: stems diffuse, filiform.
I. leptotoma, Torr. Diffuse or procumbent and feebly twining, a foot or two long,
glabrous up to the pedicels : leaves pedately 5-7-parted into narrowly linear attenuate-
acuminate or acute divisions; the middle and longer one an inch or two long: peduncles
slender, equalling or exceeding the leaf, 1-2-flowered : pedicels and lanceolate attenuate-
acuminate 3-nervcd sepals hirsute : corolla funnelform, purple, over an inch long : capsule
globose-ovoid, shorter than the calyx : seeds glabrous. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. Arizona,
Tliurber, Wright, Palmer.
I. COStellata, Torr. 1. c. Erect and diffuse, at length procumbent or slightly twining,
glabrous or minutely hirsute: leaves pedately 7-9-parted into linear or somewhat spatulate
(or the upper into filiform) divisions of somewhat equal length (half to an inch long) :
peduncles filiform, surpassing the leaf, 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate-lanceolate or oblong,
acute, glabrous (as is the pedicel), carinately 1-nerved or obscurely 3-nervcd; the keel of
the outer ones salient and often undulate-cristate or tuberculate : corolla narrowly funnel-
form, approaching salverform, a third or hardly half inch long, twice or thrice the length
of the calyx, pink-purple or paler, with 5 short mucronate-pointed lobes : capside globular,
as long as the calyx : seeds minutely puberulent. S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)
3. JACQUEM6NTIA, Choisy. ( Victor Jacquemon*, a French naturalist
and traveller, died in India.) A rather small genus, tropical or subtropical,
mostly with the aspect of Convolvulus. Fl. summer. Seeds in ours roughish.
J. ABUTILOIDES, Bcnth., to which belongs Dr. Kellogg's Aniseia cizurca, is of Lower Cali-
fornia. It is doubtful if either of the following are indigenous.
J. Violacea, Choisy. Twining, pubescent or almost glabrous : leaves cordate or ovate-
lanceolate,- cuspidate-acuminate : peduncles slender, umbellately or cymosely several-
flowered : sepals ovate, acuminate ; the outer larger and subcordate ; corolla short-funnel-
form, half inch long, violet. Chapm. Fl. 344. Convolvulus ri<>l<tr< us, Vahl. C. pcntanthos,
Jacq. Ic. Rar. ii. t. 31G ; Bot. Mag. t. 2151. Key West, Florida, Blodyrtt. (Trop. Amer.)
J. tamnifolia, Griseb. Erect or at length twining, fulvous-hirsute : root annual : leaves
cordate and ovate, long-petioled, pinnately veiny : peduncles elongated, capitatcly many-
flowered : glomerate cluster involucrate with foliaceous bracts : sepals subulate-linear, fer-
rngineons-hirsute, 5 lines long, nearly equalling the violet corolla. Fl. W. Ind. 474 ;
Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 302. Jpomaca tamnifolia, L. (Dill. Elth. t. 318, fig. 414.) Convolvulus
ril.iiit.iis, Vahl. C. tanviifnlina. Ell. Sk. i. 258. Cult, and waste grounds, from S. Carolina
and Arkansas southward. (Trop. Amer.)
4. CONVOLVULUS, L. BINDWEED. (From convoho, I entwine.) -
Herbs or somewhat shrubby plants (of many species, most of them in the Old
World), either twining, erect, or prostrate ; with small or rather large flowers (in
summer), some opening at dawn, some in bright sunshine. Convolvulus & Caly-
stegia, R. Br. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 874.
1. CALYSTEGIA. Stigmas from ovate or oval to oblong, thickish : solitary
flower involucellate by a pair of persistent membranaceo-foliaceous broad bracts,
which are close to the calyx and enclose or exceed it : corolla open in sunshine :
ovary and capsule commonly somewhat one-celled by the imperfection of the par-
Convolvulus. CONVOLVULACE^E. 215
tition : perennials, with filiform creeping rootstocks. Calystegia, R. Br., Hook.
& Benth., &c.
CALTSTEGIA PARADOXA, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, which was described from Sherard's herbarium,
and supposed to come from Virginia or Carolina, is not recognizable, and is certainly no true
Calystegia.
C. Soldanella, L. Glabrous, fleshy : stems low and mostly short, creeping or trailing :
leaves rcniform, entire or obscurely angulate, often emarginate, an inch or two wide, long-
petioled : bracts roundish and obscurely cordate, not longer than the sepals : corolla pink-
purple, 12 to 18 lines long, short-f unnelform : stigmas ovate. Spec. i. 159 ; Engl. Bot.
t. 314; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 533. Cah/stegia Soldanella & C. renifonnis, R. Br. Prodr. 433.
Sands of the Pacific coast, Puget Sound to California. (Most Pacific shores, Eu., &c.)
C. spithameeus, L. Soft-pubescent or tomentose: stem erect or ascending, or sometimes
decumbent, a span to 2 feet long, mostly simple and not twining: leaves short-petioled,
oblong, with rounded or subcordate or sometimes short-sagittate base: bracts ovate, not
auricled at base : corolla white, campanulate-f unnelform, 1^- to 2 inches long : stigmas oval.
Spec. i. 158 ; EH. Sk. i. 251. C. stuns, Michx. Fl. i. 136. Ca.lt/stetjia spithamtva & C. tomen-
tosa, Pursh, Fl. i. 434. C. spithamcea, Hook. Exot. t. 97, but stigmas too narrow. Dry and
sandy or rocky soil, Canada to Wisconsin and south to Florida.
C. sepium, L. Glabrous, or more or less pubescent, freely twining : leaves slender-petioled,
deltoid-hastate and triangular-sagittate (2 to 5 inches long), acute or acuminate; the basal
lobes or auricles either entire or angulate-2-3-lobed : peduncles mostly elongated : bracts
cordate-ovate or somewhat sagittate, commonly acute : corolla broadly f unnelform, 2 inches
long, white or tinged with rose-color: stigmas from oval to oblong. Curt. Fl. Lond.
t. 32 ; Engl. Bot. t. 313 ; Fl. Dan. t. 458. Cali/stetjia sepium, R. Br. Prodr. 483 ; Reichenb.
Ic. Germ, xviii. t. 1340. Moist alluvial soil, or along streams, Canada and N. Atlantic-
States to Utah. (Eu., &c.)
Var. AmericamiS, Sims. Corolla pink or rose-purple: bracts obtuse. Bot.
Mag. t. 732. C. a f pi inn of Am. authors in large part. Calystegia sepium, var. rosea, Choisy
in DC. Prodr. ix. 433. Canada to Carolina and Oregon. (N. Asia.)
Var. repens. Corolla from almost white to rose-color : bracts from very obtuse to
acute : herbage from minutely to tomentose-pubescent : sterile and sometimes flowering
stems extensively prostrate : leaves more narrowly sagittate or cordate, the basal lobes
commonly obtuse or rounded and entire. Coni-olrulus repens, L. Spec. i. 158 (as to pi.
Gronov., excl. syn. Plum. & Rheede) ; Michx. 1. c. Calystegia sepium, var. puhescens, Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 376. C. Catesbeiana, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729 ; Choisy, 1. c. Canada 1 to Texas, and
west to Dakota and New Mexico, on banks and shores. Sometimes with almost glabrous
and thickish leaves; Calyste.gia sepium, var. maritima, Choisy, in part. (The species widely
diffused over the world and variable.)
2. Stigmas linear or oblong-linear, flat : bracts at the base of the calyx as in
the preceding section or smaller, or various at the base of a short pedicel. Cali-
fornian species.
C. OCCidentalis, Gray. Glabrous or minutely pubescent : stems freely twining : leaves
slender-petioled, from angulate-cordate with a deep and narrow sinus to sagittate or the
upper hastate ; the posterior lobes often 1-2-toothed : peduncles elongated, surpassing the
leaf, sometimes proliferously 1-3-flowered : bracts at base of calyx ovate or obscurely cor-
date, membranaceous, equalling it or rather longer, mostly obtuse : corolla campanulate-
f unnelform, white or pinkish, 12 to 24 lines long: stigmas linear. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 89,
& Bot. Calif, i. 533. Dry hills, W. California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego.
Var. tenuissimus, Gray, 1. c., a form with narrowly hastate or sagittate leaves
(only an inch or two long), the middle and mostly the basal lobes narrowly lanceolate :
bracts ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Santa Barbara and San
Diego, Nuttall, Cooper, &c.
C. Californicus, Choisy. Minutely and often densely pubescent : stems very short
and erect from filiform rootstocks, flowering close to the ground, or at length with prostrate
branches a span or even a foot long : leaves slender-petioled, from ovate or round-obovate
to deltoid or subcordate and obtuse, or the later somewhat sagittate or hastate and acute
216 CONVOLVULACE^E. Convolvulus.
(an inch or so long) : peduncles shorter than the petiole : bracts at base of calyx oblong,
obtuse, about equalling and somewhat resembling the outer very obtuse sepals : corolla
broadly f unnelform, li to 2 inches long, white, cream-color, or flesh-color : stigmas linear-
obfong. DC. Prodr. ix. 405; Gray, 1. c. Calystegia siibacaulis, Hook. Am. Bot. Beech.
363. W. California, on hills, &c., from San Francisco Bay southward.
C. Villosus, Gray, 1. c. Densely velvety-tomentose throughout, mostly silvery-white,
low : steins decumbent or prostrate, feebly if at all twining : leaves slender-petioled, from
reniform-hastate to sagittate, an inch or less long ; the basal lobes often angulate-toothed :
peduncles shorter than the leaf: bracts at base of and equalling the calyx, oval or ovate,
white-tomentose : corolla campanulate-f unnelform, cream-color, an inch long: stigmas nar-
row-linear. Calystegia villosa, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 17. Dry and sandy soil,
California, Monterey Co., and Plumas Co. to Tejon.
C. luteolus, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or soft-pubescent : stems a span or two long and
ascending or more elongated and twining : leaves slender-petioled, from triangular- or del-
toid-hastate to sagittate, an inch or two long : peduncles equalling or surpassing the leaves :
bracts about their own length distant from the calyx, narrowly oblong varying to linear-
lanceolate. 2 to 4 lines long, much smaller than the chartaceo-coriaceous very obtuse
unequal sepals, a second flower rarely in the axil of one of them (occasionally the bracts
alternate) : corolla 12 to 18 lines long, campanulate-funnclform, pale yellow (sometimes
purplish or fading to purple"?): stigmas linear. Iponwta sayitfifolia, Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 151 (as to Calif, plant) ; Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 127, the stigmas certainly linear !
Convolvulus Califomicus, Benth. PI. Hartw. 326, not Choisy. California, from around San
Francisco Bay northward, and in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada.
Var. fulcratus, Gray, 1. c. Soft-pubescent : bracts foliaceous, hastate or sagittate,
and short-petioled, resembling diminutive leaves, 3 to 6 lines long, about their length dis-
tant from the calyx or sometimes closely subtending it. Convolvulus arvensis, var. villosus,
Torr. 1. c. Foothills of the Sierra Nevada from the Stanislaus southward.
3. Stigmas filiform or narrowly linear : no bracts at or near the base of the
calyx.
# Procumbent or low-twining perennials: bracts of the 1 3-flowered peduncle small or minute and
subulate: corolla an inch or less long, broadly short-funnelform.
* Introduced species, nearly glabrous : leaves broad and entire.
C. ARVENSIS, L. Mostly procumbent: leaves oblong-sagittate or somewhat hastate, an inch
or two long ; the basal lobes short and acute : bracts a pair at the base of the pedicel,
small, subulate: corolla white, commonly tinged with rose: stigmas filiform. Fl. Dan.
t. 459; Reicbenb. Ic. Germ, xviii. t. 1337. Old fields, N. Atlantic States. (Sparingly nat.
from Europe.)
-) H Indigenous Texan species, cinereous-pubescent or caneseent : leaves commonly lobed or
dentate: flowers opening in afternoon sunshine: corolla ferrugineous-silky-hirsute outside in the
bud.
C. hermannioides. Sericeous-tomentulose : stems 3 to 5 feet long, mainly procumbent :
leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, and with sagittate or narrowly cordate base,
1 to 3 inches long, repand- or sinuate-dentate, sometimes obsoletely so, rather short-
petioled ; the veins not plicate-impressed above nor prominent beneath : peduncles rather
longer than the leaves, 1-2-flowered : sepals half inch long or nearly so, oval-oblong,
mucronate and obtuse or barely acute : corolla white, an inch long, the border merely
angulate. C. Hermannice, Choisy in DC. 1. c. as to Texan plant ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
148, not of L'Her., which is Peruvian and Chilian. Texas, in dry prairies. Narrow-leaved
forms approach the next.
C. incanus, Vahl. Cinereous or canescent with a close and short silky pubescence
(rarely greener and glabrate) : stems filiform, 1 to 3 feet long, mainly procumbent : leaves
polymorphous ; some simply lanceolate- or linear-sagittate or hastate (1 or 2 inches long,
2 or 3 lines wide, obtuse and mucronate, entire, and with the narrow elongated basal lobes
entire or 2-3-toothed) ; some pedate, having narrowly 2-3-cleft lateral lobes or divisions,
some more coarsely 3-5-parted, with lobes entire or coarsely sinuate-dentate ; some of the
early ones ovate- or oblong-cordate and merely sinuate-dentate : peduncles 1-2-flowered,
as long as the leaf : sepals a quarter inch long, oval, obtuse, or merely mucronate-tipped :
Breweria. CONVOLVULACEJE. 217
corolla white or tinged with rose, half inch long, the angles salient-acuminate. Symb.
iii. 23 (1790). C. Bonariensis & C. dissectus, Cav. Ic. v. t. 480 (1799). C. equitans, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 16. C. hastutus, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 194. C.lubatus, Engelm. &
Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 44. C. ylaucifolitis, Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 412, but probably not Ipomaea
glaucifolia, L., viz. Dill. Elth. t. 87. fig. 101, which is " glaucous and glabrous." -- Dry-
prairies and hills, Arkansas and S. Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (Mex., Extra-trop.
S. Amer.)
* * Erect and much branched feebly twining perennial, glabrous throughout, small-leaved.
C. longipes, ^ftfatson. Stems slender, loosely much branched, a foot to a yard high:
leaves mostly linear-hastate, short-petioled (an inch or two long, a line or two wide),
thickish, veinless, entire, cuspidate-mucronate, the upper gradually reduced to linear-
subulate bracts ; these on the 1-flowered peduncles mostly alternate : sepals ovate, obtuse,
often mucronulate, the outer shorter : corolla fully an inch long, broadly f unnelform,
glabrous throughout, white or cream-color: stigmas very narrowly linear: seeds globular,
minutely tuborculate. Am. Naturalist, vii. 302; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 534; Rothrock in
Wheeler Rep. t. 20. Arid desert region, S. Nevada and S. E. California, Lieut. Wheeler,
Dr. Horn, Palmer.
5. BREWERIA, R. Br. (/Samuel Brewer, an English Botanist or ama-
teur of the 18th century.) Chiefly perennial herbs, some suffruticose, of the
warmer parts of the world, resembling Ipomcea and Convolvulus ; with simple
entire and usually short-petioled leaves, and the corolla mostly silky-pubescent or
silky-hirsute outside in the bud, with angulate or obscurely lobed border: fl.
summer and autumn. Prodr. 487; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 877. Stylisma,
Raf. in Ann. Sci. Phys. viii. 268 ; Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 450. Bonamia^
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 336, & Man. ed. 5, 376, not Thouars, in which the
corolla is lobed and not plicate.
, * Procumbent: peduncles very short and 1-flowered : capsule large : seed glabrous.
B. OValifolia. Sericeous-canescent : leaves ovate or oval, mostly subcordate, an inch
long: style 2-cleft above the middle: capsule globose, half inch in diameter, about the
length of the broadly ovate sepals, by abortion 1-seeded. Evolvulus ? oualifolius, Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 150. S. W. borders of Texas, on the Rio Grande (the Mexican side) below
San Carlos, Parr//. Corolla not seen.
* * Procumbent slender perennials : peduncles slender and elongated, 1-5-flowered : flowers small :
corolla almost campanulate: capsule small. Sty/.isma, Kaf., &c.
B. humistrata. Sparsely pubescent or glabrate : leaves from elliptical and subcordate
to narrowly linear (an inch or two long), mucronate, and the broader emarginate : peduncles
1-7-flowered : bracts shorter than the pedicels : sepals glabrous or almost so, oblong-ovate,
acuminate: corolla white, half inch long: filaments hairy: styles united at base. Con-
volvulus humistratus, Walt. Car. 94. C. patens, Desr. in Lam. Diet. iii. 547. C. trichosnnthes,
Michx. Fl. i. 137, partly. C. Sherardi, Pursh. Fl. ii. 730? C. tenellus, Lam. 111. i. 459 ;
Ell. Sk. i. 250. Ecolvulus ? Sherardi, Choisy. Stylisma erolmlmdes, Choisy, 1. c., in part.
S. humistrata, Chapm. Fl. 346. Bonamia humistrata, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 376. Dry pine bar-
rens, Virginia to Louisiana.
B. aquatica. Soft-pubescent or cinereous-tomentulose : leaves from elliptical to subcor-
date-lanceolate, very obtuse, seldom over an inch long : peduncles 1-3-flowered : sepals
strongly sericeous-pubescent, acute or acuminate: corolla rose-purple: filaments glabrous:
styles distinct nearly to base. Conrolrulns agnations, Walt. 1. c. ; Ell. 1. c. C. trirhosanthcs,
Michx. 1. c., partly. C. erianthus, Willd. in Spreng. Syst. i. 610. Stylisnm aquatica, Chapm.
1. c. Bonamia aquatica, Gray, 1. c. Wet pine barrens and margin of ponds, North Carolina
to Texas.
B. Pickeringii. Pubescent, or the leaves glabrate : these from narrowly spatulate-
linear with acute and subsessile base to filiform-linear : peduncles seldom surpassing the
leaves, 1-3-flowered : bracts foliaceous and exceeding the flowers : sepals villous-sericeous,
ovate, obtuse, half the length of the ovate-conoidal capsule : corolla white, a third of
218 CONVOLVULACE^:. Evolvulus.
an inch long, equalled by the almost glabrous filaments and the moderately 2-oleft style.
Convolvulus Pickerinfjil,1on.; M. A. Curtis in Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. i. 129; Gray, Man.
ed. 1, 349. Sttjlisma evolvuloid.es, var. angustifolia, Clioisy in DC. 1. c. S. Pickeringii, Gray,
Man. ed. 2, 335 ; Chapm. 1. c. Bonaniia Pickeringii, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 376. Dry pine
barrens and prairies, New Jersey to North Carolina ; Louisiana and Texas ; also W.
Illinois, H. N. Patterson.
6. EVOLVULUS, L. (From evolco, I unroll, the name a counterpart of
Convolvulus.) Low and small herbaceous or suft'rutescent plants (of the warm
parts of the world, largely American) ; with erect or commonly diffuse or pros-
trate stems, not twining, entire leaves, one-few-flowered and sometimes paniculate
peduncles, and small flowers, produced in summer and autumn. Corolla in ours
almost rotate, white, rose-colored, or blue.
E. MUHLENBERGII, Spreng. Pugill. i. 27, habitat not given, is something not identified, and
by "peduncles opposite the leaves" not of this order.
* Peduncles filiform, 1-3-flowered, mostly longer than the leaves: either perennials or annuals ?
E. alsinoid.es, L. Villous or 'hirsute, commonly with some long and spreading hairs:
stems slender, diffuse or decumbent, a foot or two long : leaves from oval or oblong to
lanceolate, somewhat petioled : pedicels at length nodding or refracted on the peduncle :
corolla about 3 lines broad. (Founded on the Asiatic plant, Burm. Zeyl. ii t. 6, fig. 1, &
t. 9, fig. 1, and Hheede, Malab. xi. t. 64, apparently also indigenous to the New World,
and diverse.) E. alsinoides, var. hirticaulis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 150. E. diffusus, Chapm.
Fl. 345. S. Florida and Texas, Blodgett, Berlandicr, \Vriijht, &c. (All trop. regions ?)
E. linifollUS, L. Too like narrow-leaved and slender forms of the preceding, but the fine
sericeous pubescence all appressed : leaves small and linear-lanceolate, nearly sessile : blue
corolla only 2 or 3 lines in diameter. Spec. ed. 2, i 392, founded on Convolvulus herbaceits,
erectus, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 152, 1. 10, fig. 2, not Choisy in DC. S. Arizona, near Tucson,
Greene. (Mex., W. Ind., c.)
E. Arizonicus. Minutely sericeous or cinereous with fine appressed pubescence, pani-
culately branched : stems very slender, erect and diffuse or decumbent-spreading : leaves
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, subsessile or short-petioled (6 to 12 lines long, 2 or 3 wide) ;
the upper reduced to bracts so that the inflorescence becomes paniculate: peduncles mostly
1-flowered : sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute : corolla blue or bluish, half inch in diameter
when expanded. E. alsinoides, Torr. 1. c., partly. E. holosericeus, var. obtusatus, Torr. 1. c.,
partly, excl. syn. Sandy or dry prairies, Arizona and New Mexico ; a common species
of the region. (Adjacent Mex.)
E. mucronatus, SwartZ. Glabrate and green, or when young sparsely villous-seri-
ceous with appressed pubescence : stems decumbent or prostrate : leaves thickish, oval or
round-obovate (about half inch long), short-petioled, the obtuse or retuse apex mucronate :
peduncles barely surpassing or some shorter than the leaves : corolla pale blue or white,
4 lines in diameter. Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 475 ; Meissn. 1. c. 345. E. glabriusculits, Clioisy,
Conv. 156, & in DC. 1. c. 448 ; Chapm. 1. c. South Florida, Blodrjett. Perhaps E. nuinmu-
larius, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (not L.), on the Mississippi below New Orleans. (Trop. Amer.)
# * Peduncles or rather pedicels (hihracteolate at base, solitary and one-flowered) short, usually
verv short; the lower sometimes half the length of the leaf, recurved in fruit: very low peren-
nials.
Upper surface of the leaves green and glabrous, otherwise sericeous : corolla white or pale
blue.
E. sericeus, Swartz. Steins slender or filiform, a span or two high : leaves subsessile,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate (6 to 10 lines long), erect or ascending, mucronate-acuminate
or acute; silky pubescence fine and close-pressed, sometimes short, whitish or fulvous:
sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter. Prodr. 55, & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 576 ;
Nutt. Gen. i. 174 ; Chapm. 1. c. ; Choisy, 1. c. ; Meissn. in Fl. Bras. vii. 353. Convolvulus
erectus, herbaceus, &c., P. Browne, Jam. 153, t. 10, fig. 3. E. holosericeus, Torr. 1. c. partly,
not HBK. Pine woods, &c., Florida to Louisiana, Texas, and Arizona. The western
forms with looser and longer hairiness. (Mex., W. Ind., S. Amer.)
C'uscuta. CONVOLVULACE^}. 219
E. DfscoLou, Benth. (E. Itolosericeus, var. obtusatus, Choisy, 1. c.), of Mexico, with shorter and
procumbent or prostrate stems, ovate or oblong obtuse leaves, more villous pubescence and
larger corolla, seems to be a good species, as Meissner also supposes ; but is not found on our
immediate borders. Dr. Torrey's plant so referred is mainly E. Arizonicus.
i -f Both sides of the leaves, stems, and calyx densely silky-villous.
E. argenteus, Pursh. Stems numerous from a lignescent base, rather stout and rigid,
erect or ascending, a span or so high, very leafy : dense pubescence sometimes silvery-
canescent, usually fulvous or ferruginous : leaves from spatulate and obtuse to linear-
lanceolate and acute (a quarter to half inch long) : pedicels very short : sepals lanceolate-
subulate : corolla purple or blue (not " yellow " as says Pursh), 3 to 6 lines in diameter.
Fl. i. 187, not R. Br. ; Choisy, 1. c. ; Torr. 1. c. E. pilosus, Nutt. Gen. i. 174 (as additional
name), & in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 195, not Lam. E Nuttallianus, Rcem. & Sch.
Syst. vi. 198. Sterile plains and prairies, Nebraska to Texas and west to Arizona. Pine
Key, Florida, Blod/jctt, in small and insufficient specimens. (Adjacent Mex.)
7. CRESSA, L. (Greek name for a female Cretan.) Genus apparently
of a single but very variable and widely diffused species.
C. Cretica, L. Low canescent perennial, much branched from a lignescent base, erect or
diffuse, a span or two high, very leafy : leaves entire, from oblong-ovate to lanceolate,
sessile, 2 to 4 lines long : flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled in the upper axils, or the
upper crowded as if in a leafy-bracteate spike : corolla white, 2 or 3 lines long, sericeous-
pubescent outside. Lam. 111. t. 183 ; Sibth. Fl. Graeca, t. 256. (S. Eu., Afr., S. Asia,
Australia, &c.)
Var. Truxillensis, Choisy. A more silky-villous and stouter form, mostly larger-
leaved : capsule larger, 2 or 3 lines long. Choisy in DC. 1. c. 440 ; Torr. 1. c. C. Truxil-
lensis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 119. On or near the sea-shore or in saline soil, Cali-
fornia, and from Arizona to S. Texas. (Hawaian Islands, S. Amer., &c.)
8. CUSCUTA, Tourn.* DODDER. (Name said to be of Arabic derivation.)
Flowers 5-merous, rarely 4-merous, white or whitish, small, in loose or dense
cymose clusters, usually produced late in the season. Calyx cleft or parted.
Corolla from campanulate or somewhat urceolate to short-tubular, with the
mostly spreading lobes between convolute and imbricated in the bud, not
plicate, marcescent-persistent either at base or summit of the capsule. Sta-
mens inserted in the throat of the corolla above as many scale-like lacerate
appendages (scales) ; these rarely absent. Ovary globular, 2-celled, 4-ovuled.
Styles distinct, or rarely united, persistent : stigmas globose, or in Old- World
species filiform. Capsule 1-4-seeded, circumscissile or transversely bursting,
or indehiscent. Seeds large, globular, or angular by mutual pressure. Embryo
filiform, spirally coiled in the firm-fleshy albumen, wholly destitute of cotyledons,
but the apex, or plumule, often bearing a few alternate scales, germinating in the
soil, but not rooting in it, developing into filiform and branching annual stems
of a yellowish or reddish hue, which twine dextrorsely upon herbs or shrubs,
and become parasitic by means of suckers which penetrate the bark in contact,
the base soon dying away. Small scales of the same color as the stem take
the place of leaves and bracts. Choisy in Mem. Genev. 1841 (cited " Cusc.") &
DC. Prodr. ix. 452 (1845) ; Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. (1842), 333, Gray,
Man., & Trans. St. Louis Acad. i. 453 (1859), here cited as " Cusc."
1. GR^MMICA, Engelm. I.e. Styles (more or less unequal) terminated by
peltate-capitate stigmas. Grammica, Loureiro. (Comprises the greater part
of the species of this large genus, almost all of them American and Polynesian.)
* Contributed by Dr. GEORGE ENGELMAJSN.
220 CONVOLVULACE^E. CusctHa.
* 'CLTSTOGKAMMICA, Engelm. 1. c.) Capsule indehiscent.
* Calyx gamosepalous.
-H- Ovary and capsule depressed-globose.
= Flowers in dense or globular clusters: corolla with short and wide tube, in age remaining at
base of the capsule : styles mostly shorter than the ovary.
C. obtusiflora, HBKL. Steins orange-colored, coarse: lobes of calyx and corolla
rounded, as long as the tube : scales various. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 122 ; Engelm. Cusc.
491. (Cosmop.)
Var. glandulosa, Engelm. 1. c., the only form in our flora, has all parts of the
flower (1 to 1J lines long) dotted: scales large, equalling or exceeding the tube, deeply
fringed. Wet places, Georgia to Texas, on Polyrjonutn, &c. (W. Ind.)
C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Stems coarse, orange-colored : lobes of calyx and corolla
acute, often longer than the tube: scales small, 2-cleft, often reduced to a few teeth.
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378; & Cusc. 494. C. PoJyyonorum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sri.
xliii. 342, t. 6, rig. 26-2D. Wet places in the Mississippi Valley from Arkansas to Wis-
consin ; also in Penn. and Delaware, often on Polyyonum. Flowers white, 1 to 1 lines
long; the thin capsule pale greenish-yellow.
C. arvensis, Beyrich. Stems pale and slender, low: flowers smaller (scarcely a line
long) : calyx-lobes obtuse, mostly very broad: those of corolla acuminate, longer than the
tube, with inflexed points: scales large, deeply fringed. Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 2,
336, ed. 5, 378, Cusc. 494, &F1. Calif, i. 535. Calyx often large and angled (var. pcntagona,
Engelm. 1. c., & C. fjeittat/ona, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 340, t. G, fig. 22-24), sometimes
smaller and papillose or glandular-verrucose (var. rerrucosa, & C. verrucosa, Engelm. 1. c.
fig. 25), and in a western form (\nr.calycina, Engelm. I.e.) larger-flowered, approaching
the preceding species. Rather dry soil, on various low plants, New York to Florida and
Texas, Illinois and Missouri, California and Oregon: the varieties principally in Texas.
(Mex., S. Amer.)
= = Flowers in paniculate often compound cymes : styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary.
C. temiiflora, Engelm. Stems coarse and yellow, usually rather high-climbing :
flowers (a line or less long) on short thick pedicels, often 4-merous : lobes of calyx and
corolla oblong, obtuse ; the latter mostlj* shorter than the slender deeply campanulate
tube : scales shorter than the tube, fringed : marcescent corolla capping the large capsule.
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 350, ed. 5, 378, & Cusc. 497. C. Ce/ihahmthi, Engelm. in Am. Jour.
Sci. 1. c. fig. 1-6. On tall herbs or shrubs, such as Cr-phahnttlms, in wet places, Fenn.
(Porter) to Wisconsin, north to Saskatchewan, and south to Texas and Arizona. Readily
distinguished from small-flowered forms of C. Gronoi-ii by the depressed capsule covered by
the corolla.
C. Californica, Choisy. Capillary stems low : flowers rather small, delicate, in loose
cymes : lobes of the calyx acute : those of corolla lanceolate-subulate, as long as the cam-
panulate tube or longer : scales none or rudimentary. Cusc. 183 ; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech.
364; Engelm. Cusc. 498, & Bot. Calif, i. 535. (Independently published, in the same year,
1841, by Choisy and by Hook. & Arn.) California, on arid herbs, Erior/onum, &c., in dry
soil. Among various forms the following are the extremes.
Var. breviflora, Engelm. 1. c. Flowers scarcely over a line long, on shorter
pedicels: calyx-lobes acuminate, equalling or surpassing the tube of the corolla : filaments
and anthers short : style hardly longer than ovary : corolla marcescent at base of or
around the 2-4-seeded capsule. From the coast at Monterey, &c., to the Sierra Nevada.
Var. longiloba, Engelm. 1. c. Flowers' longer-pedicelled and larger (14- to 2
lines long) : calyx-lobes often with recurved tips : corolla-lobes often twice the length of
the tube : filaments and anthers more slender: styles much longer than ovary : capsule
mostly' 1-seeded, enveloped by the corolla. Principally S. California and Arizona.
-H- -H- Ovary and capsule pointed; the latter enveloped or capped by the marcescent corolla.
= Flowers sliort-pedicelled or clustered.
C. salina, Engelm. Stems slender, low. flowers (H to 2-i lines long) delicate white;
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, as long as the similar but mostly broader and over-
lapping denticulate lobes and as the shallow-campanulate tube of the corolla : filaments
about as long as the oval anthers : fringed scales mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes
Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE.E. 221
incomplete : styles equalling or shorter than the ovary : capsule surrounded (not covered)
by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded. Bot. Calif, i. 536. C. subinclusa, var. ab-
breviata, & C. Californica, var.? squamigera, Engelm. Cusc. 499,500. Saline or brackish
marshes of the Pacific coast, on Salicornia, Stueda, &c., California to Brit. Columbia, and
eastward to Arizona and Utah. Intermediate between the preceding and following, distin-
guished from the former by larger flowers and the presence of infra-stamineal scales ;
from the latter by less crowded flowers, more open, and of more delicate texture.
C. subinclusa, Durand & Hilgard. Stems rather coarse : flowers sessile or short-
pedicelk'd, at length in large (half to full an inch thick) and compact clusters, 2-i to 3| or 4
lines long: calyx cupulate, fleshy ; its lobes ovate-lanceolate, overlapping, much shorter
than the cylindrical tube of the corolla : lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, minutely
crenulate, much shorter than the tube : oval anthers nearly sessile : scales narrow, fringed,
reaching only to the middle of the tube : slender styles longer than the ovary : capsule
capped by the marcescent corolla, mostly 1-seeded. Jour. Acad. Pliilad. ser. 2, iii. 42, &
Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11; Engelm. disc. 500, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, the most common
species throughout the State, on shrubs and coarse herbs. The long and narrow tube of
the corolla, only partially covered by the thick and mostly reddish calyx, readily distin-
guishes this species.
C. denticulata, Engelm. Low stems capillary: flowers (about a line long) on short
pedicels, in small clusters : tube of the broadly campanulate corolla included in the round-
lobed denticulate calyx, and as long as its round-ovate lobes : oval anthers on very short
filaments: scales reaching to the base of the stamens, denticulate at the rounded tip:
styles as long as the ovary : stigmas very small, not much thicker than the style : capsule
covered by the marcescent corolla, 1-2-seeded. Am. Naturalist, ix. 348, & Bot. Calif, i.
536. South-western Utah, in dry soil, on herbs and low shrubs, Parry.
= = Flowers move pedicelled, in paniculate cymes.
a. Acute tips of corolla-lobes inflexed or corniculate.
C. decora, Choisy (but name altered). Stems coarse: flowers fleshy and more or less
papillose : lobes of the calyx triangular, acute ; those of the broadly campanulate corolla
ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, spreading: scales large, deeply fringed: capsule
enveloped by the remains of the corolla: seeds usually 4. Engelm. Cusc. 502; Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 378, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; the negative prefix in C. indecora, Choisy, omitted.
(U. S. to Brazil.)
Var. pulcherrima, Engelm. 1. c. The larger form, with coarser stems, and con-
spicuous flowers 1^- to 2^ lines long and wide : anthers and stigmas yellow or deep pur-
ple. C. pulcherrima, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 750. C. neuropetala, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci.
xlv. 75. Wet prairies, on herbs and low shrubs, principally Leguminosce and Composites (the
largest-flowered forms in brackish soil on the Texan coast), Florida and especially in
Texas, north to Illinois, and west to Arizona and California. (W. Ind., Mex., Brazil.)
Var. indecora, Engelm. 1. c. Stems lower and more slender : flowers smaller, in
looser paniculate clusters, often warty (C. verrucosa, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. xliii.
341, fig. 25) or papillose-hispid ( C. hispidula, Engelm. 1. c. xlv. 75). C. indecora, Choisy,
Cusc. 182, t. 3, fig. 3, & DC. 1. c. 457. Texas, &c., first collected by Berlandier.
C. inflexa, Engelm. Similar to the preceding : flowers of the same structure, but
smaller (only a line long), generally 4-merous : corolla deeper, with erect lobes, finally
capping the capsule: scales reduced to a few teeth. Cusc. 502, & Gray, Man. ed. 5.
C. Coryli, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 337, fig. 7-11. C.umbrosa, Beyrich, in part;
Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 1, 351. Open woods and dry prairies, on shrubs (hazels, &c.)
or coarse herbs, S. New England to Arkansas, and Nebraska.
C. RACEMOSA, Martins, var. CHILIANA, Engelm. Stems coarse: flowers (H to 2 lines long)
in loose panicles, thin in texture: tube of corolla deeply campanulate, widening upward ;
the spreading lobes shorter, acutish : scales large, deeply fringed. Cusc. 505, & in Bot,
Gazette, ii. 69. C. suaveolens, Seringe ; Gay, Fl. Clu'l. iv. 448. C. con/mbosa, Choisy, Cusc.
180, not R. & P. C. Hassiaca, Pfeiffer in Bot. Zeit. i. 705. Introduced into California with
seeds of Medicago satica, as also 40 years ago into Europe, whence, after causing much
damage for several years, it has now disappeared. (Adv. from Chili.)
b. Obtuse lobes of the corolla spreading.
C. Gronovii, TATilld. Stems coarse, often climbing high : corolla-lobes mostly shorter
than the deeply campanulate tube : scales copiously fringed : capsule globose, umbonate^
222 CONVOLVULACE^I. Cuscufa.
Willd. Rel. ex Roem. & Sch. vi. 205; Clioisy, Cusc. t. 4, fig. 1; Engelm. Cusc. 507, & in
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. C. Americana, L. Spec. i. 124, as to pi. Gronov. Virg. C. vuhjivaga,
Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 338, t. 6, fig. 12-10. C. vmlrosa, Beyrich, ex Hook. Fl. ii. 78.
Wet shady places, Canada to Iowa and south to Florida and Texas ; the commonest
and most diffused Atlantic species. Flowers sometimes 4-merous (from less than a line to
2 lines long, usually about 1 lines) : calyx usually thick and warty, and corolla glandular-
dotted, very variable in size and compactness of clusters (sometimes 2 inches thick), and
size of capsule (mostly 2 lines, sometimes 3 lines in diameter).
Var. latiflora, Engelm. 1. c., is a form with flowers of more delicate texture, and
shorter tube and longer lobes to the corolla. C. Saururi, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c.
fig. 17-21. Common northward.
Var. calyptrata, Engelm. 1. c., distinguished by the corolla eventually capping
the capsule. Louisiana and Texas.
Var. curta, Engelm. 1. c., perhaps a distinct species, representing C. Gronovii west
of the Rocky Mountains, and imperfectly known, has smaller flowers, with broad lobes of
the corolla and calyx half the length of its tube, very short bifid scales, and styles much
shorter than the ovary. C. umbrosa, Hook. 1. c., in part.
C. rostrata, Shuttleworth. Similar to the preceding : flowers larger (2 or 3 lines
long), more delicate and whiter: lobes of the corolla and calyx shorter than its tube:
slender styles longer : ovary bottle-shaped : capsule long-pointed. Engelm. in Bost. Jour.
Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 225, Cusc. 508 ; & Gray, Man. ed. 5, 379. Shady valleys in the Alle-
ghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward, on tall herbs, rarely on shrubs.
-j -1 Calyx of 5 distinct and largely overlapping sepals, surrounded by 2 to 5 or more similar
bracts: styles capillary: scales of corolla large and deeply fringed: capsule mostly 1-seeded,
capped by the marcescent corolla.
H- Flowers on bracteolate pedicels, in loose panicles.
C. CUSpidata, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers (11 to 2 lines long) thin, membra-
naceous when dry : bracts and sepals ovate-orbicular and oblong lobes of the corolla cuspi-
date or mucronate, rarely obtuse, shorter than the cylindrical tube : styles many times
longer than the ovary, at length exserted. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist. Soc. v. 224, & Cusc. 1. c.
Wet or dry prairies, on Ambrosia. Ii-a, some Leguminosce, &.c., Texas to Nebraska, occa-
sionally straying down the Missouri as far as St. Louis (H. Ec/yert). The northern form has
laxer inflorescence and fewer bracts under the calyx.
H- -H- Flowers closely sessile in densely compact clusters.
= Bracts and sepals concave and appressed.
C. squamata, Engelm. Orange-colored steins slender : glomerules few-flowered,
often contiguous : flowers white, membranaceous when dry (2-J- to 3 lines long), cuspi-
date or obtuse sepals and lanceolate acute lobes of the corolla, both shorter than the
cylindrical upwardly widening tube: styles many times longer than ovary. Cusc. 510.
W.Texas and New Mexico. Common in the bottomlands on the Rio Grande from El
Paso to Presidio del Norte. Similar to the last, but the larger and whiter flowers are
closely sessile.
C. COmpacta, JUSS. Stems coarse : flowers (nearly 2 lines long) at length in continuous
and often very thick clusters : orbicular bracts and sepals crenulate, nearly equalling or
shorter, and ovate-oblong lobes much shorter than the cylindrical tube of the corolla :
styles little longer than the ovary. Choisy, Cusc. t. 4, fig. 2, & in DC. Prodr. ix. 458;
Engelm. 1. c. C. r< nmti flora & C.fruticum, Bertol, Misc. x. 20. Canada to Alabama along
and west of the Alleghany Mountains, west to Missouri and Texas, in damp woods, almost
always on shrubs. The original C. compacta of Jussieu's herbarium is a slender form, with
smaller flowers and more exserted corolla : it is found from N. New York southward along
the Alleghanies. The var. adpressa, Engelm. Cnsc. 511 (Lrpidanchc adpressa, Engelm. in
Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 77, and probably C. ac.aulis, Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13), is the common
form westward.
= = Bracts (8 to 15) and sepals with recurved-spreading and crenate tips.
C. glomerata, Choisy. Stems coarse, orange-colored, soon withering away, leaving
dense flower-clusters closely encircling in rope-like masses the stems of the foster plant :
sepals nearly equalling and its oblong obtuse lobes much shorter than the cylindrical up-
wardly widening tube of the corolla: styles several times longer than the ovary. Cusc.
Cuscuta. CONVOLVULACE^. 223
184, t. 4, fig. 1, & DC. 1. c. ; Engelm. disc. 510. C. paradoxa, Raf. I.e. ? LepiJanche com-
positarum, Engelm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xliii. 344, fig. 30-35. Wet prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin,
Kansas and Texas, mostly on Helianthus, Vernonia, and other tall Composite, The rope-like
twists, half to three-fourths inch thick, of white flowers with golden yellow anthers im-
bedded in a mass of curly bracts, have a singular appearance and justify Rafinesque's
name, which probably belongs here.
* * (EuoKAMMiCA, Engelm. Citsc. 476 ) Capsule more or less regularly circumscissile, usually
capped by the remains of the corolla: styles capillary and mostly much longer than the depressed
ovary.
-i Lobes of the corolla acute.
C. odontolepis, Engelm. Stems slender: flowers conspicuous (24- to 3 lines long), on
short pedicels in large clusters : lobes of the campanulate calyx and of the tubular corolla
ovate, acute, rather shorter than the cylindrical tube: scales hardly reaching to the base
of the anthers, incisely dentate toward their rounded apex. Cusc. 480. Arizona,
Wr'ujht, on Amaranihus. A large-flowered species, distinguished from the large-flowered
Mexican forms of C. corymbosa by its acute lobes of calyx and corolla.
C. leptantha, Engelm. 1. c. Stems low and capillary : flowers (2 to '2$ lines long),
4-merous, on slender fascicled pedicels : papillose calyx and lanceolate lobes of the
corolla much shorter than the slender tube : scales incisely dentate and much shorter than
the tube. Mountains of W. Texas, on a prostrate Euphorbia (albo-marginata), Wriyht.
The only N. American species (as far as known) with uniformly 4-merous flowers.
C. umbellata, HBK. Stems low and capillary : flowers ( U to 2 lines long) few together
in umbel-like clusters, usually shorter than their pedicels : acute calyx-lobes and lance-
olate-subulate lobes of the corolla longer than its shallow tube : scales deeply fringed and
exceeding the tube : styles mostly little longer than the ovary. - - Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 121 ;
Engelm. Cusc. 487. Dry places, on low herbs (Portulaca, &c.), from S. E. Colorado to
Texas and Arizona. (Mex., &c.)
-l -1 Lobes of the corolla broad and obtuse.
C. applanata, Engelm. Stems low and slender: flowers (a line or rather more in
length) clustered on short pedicels: rounded lobes of calyx and corolla thin in texture, as
long as the wide and shallow tube : scales deeply fringed, often exceeding the tube : styles
scarcely longer than the ovary : marcescent corolla enveloping the depressed capsule.
Cusc. 479. On weeds, such as Ambrosia, Mirabilis, &c., S. Arizona, Writjht. Glomerules
3 or 4 lines thick, often strung together like beads. Capsule much broader than high.
C. AMERICANA, L. (Sloane, Jam. 85, & Hist. i. 201, t. 128, fig. 4, and the plant in herb. L.)
Coarse stems climbing high : flowers (a line or two long) very abundant, on short pedicels in
globose clusters : calyx globular-cupulate, almost enclosing the corolla ; the lobes of which
are much shorter than the slender tube: anthers globular and almost sessile : scales short,
more or less dentate : seed usually solitary. This S. American and West Indian species,
easily known by its proportionally large calyx and small corolla, is here characterized be-
cause it may be looked for in South Florida.
2. MONOGYNKLLA, Engelm. 1. c. Styles united into one : stigmas capitate :
capsule circumscissile. Monogynella, Desmoulins. (Consists of few species, of
the largest size, mostly Asiatic, extending to Europe, S. Africa and N. America.)
C. exaltata, Engelm. Stems thick, climbing high : lobes of the fleshy calyx and corolla
orbicular, the former covering and the latter half the length of the corolla-tube : anthers
sessile: scales small, bifid or reduced to a few lateral teeth: styles two-thirds united.
Cusc. 513. S. W. Texas, from the Colorado to the Rio Grande, on trees, such as Diospyros
Texana, Ulmus crassifoUa, Live Oak, &c. Stems a line or two thick, climbing 10 to 20 feet
high. Flower 2 lines long. Capsule 3 to 5 lines long.
3. EUCUSCUTA, Engelm. 1. c. Styles distinct, equal, bearing elongated
stigmas : capsule circumscissile. (Old-World species.)
C. BpfLiNUM, Weihe. Stems slender, low: globular flowers (half line long) sessile in dense
heads : corolla short-cylindrical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute calyx-lobes,
surrounding the capsule : scales short and broad, denticulate : stigmas longer than the
224 SOLANACE.E.
styles. Archiv. Apoth. viii. 54; Reichenb. Ic. Crit. t. 693; Choisy, I.e. C. densiflora,
Soyer-Willem. in Act. Soc. Linn. Par. iv. 281,. Flax-fields of Europe, doing much injury,
occasionally appearing in those of the Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu.)
ORDER XCV. SOLANACE.E.
Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, commonly rank-scented, with watery juice, alternate
leaves and no stipules ; the inflorescence properly terminal and cymose, but
variously modified, sometimes scorpioid-raceoiiform in the manner of orraginace<e
and HydrophyUacece, the pedicels either not accompanied by bracts or not in their
axils; flowers perfect and regular (or only slightly irregular) and 5-4-merous ;
the stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla-lobes; these induplicate-
valvate or plicate (rarely merely imbricate) in the bud ; ovary wholly free, nor-
mally 2-celled with indefinitely many-ovuled axile placentae, and surmounted by
an undivided style : stigma entire or sometimes bihuneUar ; ovules anatropous or
amphitropous ; fruit either capsular or baccate ; embryo terete and incurved or
coiled, or sometimes almost straight, in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons rarely
much broader than the radicle. The leaves, although never truly opposite, are
often unequally geminate, so as to appear so. Obviously distinguished from Cun-
volvulacece by the greater number and the character of the seeds, less definitely so
from ScrophulariacetB by the regular flowers with isomerous stamens and plicate
or valvate aestivation of the corolla, and centrifugal inflorescence, but in the last
tribe nearly confluent with that order by the imperfection or abortion of one or
three of the stamens, and some obliquity and bilabiate imbrication of the limb or
lobes of the corolla. Nicandra has a regularly 3-5-celled ovary ; that of Lycoper-
sicum, &c., becomes several-celled in cultivation ; that of Datura is spuriously
4-celled.
BASSOVIA? HEBEPODA, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 407, characterized from a specimen com-
municated to De Candolle by Teinturier of New Orleans, in fruit only, is a mere riddle. It is
said to resemble Bassovia Incida.
WITHANIA MORISOXI, Dunal, 1. c., is doubtless not a Virginian or even a Mexican plant.
From the figure it is likely to have been \V. somnifcm, as Dunal suggested.
TIUBE I. SOLANE^E. Corolla (mostly short) with the regular limb plicate or val-
vate in the bud, usually both, i.e. the sinuses or what answers to them plicate and the
edges of the lobes induplicate. Stamens (normally 5) all perfect. Fruit baccate
or at least indehiscent, sometimes nearly dry. Seeds flattened : embryo curved or
coiled, slender ; the semiterete cotyledons not broader than the radicle.
* Anthers longer than their filaments, either connivent or connate into a cone or cylinder:
corolla rotate : calyx mostly unchanged in fruit: parts of the flower 5 or varying to
more, especially in cultivation.
1. LYCOPERSICUM. Anthers connate into a pointed cone, tipped with an empty closed
acumination ; the cells dehiscent longitudinally down the inner face. Otherwise as in the
next, but leaves always pinnately compound.
2. SOLANUM. Anthers connivent or lightly connate : the cells opening at the apex by a
pore or short slit, and sometimes also longitudinally dehiscent even to the base; the con-
nective inconspicuous or obsolete.
* * Anthers unconnected, mostly shorter than their filaments, destitute of terminal pores,
dehiscent longitudinally.
H Calyx not investing the fruit, nor much changing under it.
3. CAPSICUM. Calyx short, either truncate or merely 5-G-dentate. Corolla rotate,
deeply 5-6-cleft, valvate in the bud, not plicate. Anthers oblong or somewhat cordate.
Berry, or juiceless and thin-coriaceous pericarp, acrid-pungent, girt only at base by the
nearly unchanged calyx.
SOLANACE^E. 225
4. SALPICHROA. Calyx 5-partecl or 5-cleft ; the divisions narrow, herbaceous. Corolla
from tubular to (in ours) short-urceolate, 5-lobed; the lobes short, valvate-induplieate in
the bud. Stamens inserted high on the tube of the corolla! Berry globular or oblong.
5. ORYCTES. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes narrow, herbaceous. Corolla short-tubu-
lar or oblong, 5-toothed ; the triangular lobes plicate in the bud, apparently erect. Sta-
mens inserted on the base of the corolla, included : filaments filiform, unequal : anthers
didymous. Berry apparently dry, globose, 10-20-seeded. Embryo apparently of this
tribe, but not seen mature.
4 +- Calyx herbaceous and closely investing the fruit or most of it, not angled.
6. CHAMJESARACHA. Corolla rotate, 5-angulate, plicate in the bud. Filaments fili-
form : anthers oblong. Berry globose, filling the investing calyx, and its summit usually
more or less naked. Pedicels solitary in the axils, refracted or recurved in fruit.
-!.(-( Calyx becoming much enlarged and membranaceous-inflated, enclosing the
fruit, reticulaie-veiny,
H- Five-toothed or lobed, vesicular in fruit : ovary 2-celled.
7. PHYSALIS. Corolla rotate or rotate-campanulate, plicate in the bud, 5-angulate or
obscurely 5-lobed. Stamens not connivent. Calyx in fruit 5-angled or 10-costate, and
the teeth or short lobes connivent, completely and loosely enclosing the juicy berry.
Pedicels solitary.
8. MARGARANTHUS. Corolla urceolate-globose and 5-angular-gibbous above a short
narrow base, and with minutely 5-toothed contracted orifice, including the connivent
stamens. Otherwise as Phi/Kalis.
i-s- -H- Five-parted calyx connivent-vesicular in fruit : ovary 3-5-celled.
9. NICANDRA. Corolla open-campanulate, with entire or obscurely lobed border,
strongly plicate in the bud. Filaments filiform, included, dilated into a pubescent scale
at base. Calyx strongly 5-angled ; the scarious-membranaceous and reticulated divisions
cordate-sagittate, the deflexed auricles at the sinuses acuminate. Fruit globose, dry or
nearly so at maturity. Pedicels solitary, recurved.
TRIBE II. ATROPE^E. Corolla with the regular limb imbricated in the bud, the
sinuses little or not at all plicate. Stamens (i or 5) all perfect. Baccate fruit
and seeds as in the preceding.
10. LYCIUM. Calyx campanulate, irregularly 3-5-toothed or cleft, or somewhat truncate,
valvate or nearly so in the bud. Corolla from campanulate to tubular-funnelform or
salverform ; the lobes oblong or roundish, plane. Stamens often exserted : filaments
filiform : anthers short. Style filiform : stigma capitate or broadly 2-lobed. Berry
globular or oblong, subtended by the calyx, few-many-seeded, rather dry. Seeds reni-
form or rounded, flattened. Flowers either 5-merous or 4-merous.
TRIBE III. HYOSCYAME.E. Corolla with the limb either plicate or imbricated in
the bud. Stamens (5) all perfect. Fruit a capsule. Seeds and embryo as in the
preceding tribes.
1 1 . DATURA. Calyx prismatic or tubular, 5-toothed, in ours at length circumscissile near
the base, the base remaining as a peltate border under the fruit (rarely splitting length-
wise). Corolla funnelform, with ample spreading border 5-10-toothed, convolute-plicate
in the bud. Stamens included or slightly exserted : filaments long and filiform. Style
long: stigma bilamellar. Capsule muricate or prickly (rarely smooth), commonly firm
and 4-valved from the top, sometimes fleshy and bursting irregularly at the top, 2-celled ;
the large many-seeded placenta? projecting from the axis into the middle of the cells
and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the ovary and fruit
are 4-celled except near the top, and the placenta? as if borne on the middle of the
abnormal partitions. Seeds large, reniform-orbicular.
12. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx urceolate or tubular-eampanulate with a 5-lobed limb, en-
larged and persistent, becoming many-costate and reticulate-veiny, enclosing the capsule.
Corolla short-f unnelform, with an oblique 5-lobed limb, plicate-imbricated in the bud ;
the lobes sometimes conspicuously unequal, those of one side being smaller! Stamens
more or less exserted and declined. Style filiform : stigma capitate-dilated. Cap-
sule membranaceous, circumscissile towards the summit, which separates as a lid. Seeds
less flattened.
TRIBE IV. CESTRIXE.E. Corolla (usually elongated) with the regular limb in-
duplicate-valvate or induplicate-imbricated in the bud. Stamens (mostly 5) all
perfect. Fruit either baccate or capsular. Seeds little or not at all flattened. Em-
15
226 SOLANACEJE. Lycopersicum.
bryo either straight or only slightly curved ; the cotyledons usually broader than
the radicle.
13. OESTRUM. Corolla salverform or tubular-f unnelform ; the short lobes induplicate-
valvate in the bud. Filaments filiform : anthers short, explanate after dt-hiscence.
Ovary usually short-stipitate, few-ovuled. Fruit a rather dry globular berry. Seeds
few, or by abortion solitary, with a smooth testa : cotyledons usually broad and flat.
14. NICOTIANA. Corolla funnelform or salverform, plicate and somewhat imbricate in
the bud. Filaments filiform, mostly included : anthers ovate or oblong, often explanate
after dehiscence. Ovary normally 2-celled, with large and thick placenta?, bearing very
numerous ovules and seeds. Style filiform : stigma depressed-capitate and often 2-lobed.
Fruit a capsule, more or less invested by the persistent calyx, septicidal and also usually
loculicidal at summit ; the valves or teeth thus becoming twice as many as the cells, i.e.
usually 4. Seeds very small, with granulate or rugose-foveolate testa : cotyledons little
broader than the radicle.
TRIBE V. SALPIGLOSSIDE^E. Corolla with lobes (either regular or somewhat
irregular) plicate or induplicate and also more or less bilabiately imbricated, the two
superior external. Stamens 5, conspicuously unequal, four being didynamous and
the fifth smaller, the latter (and even one pair of the others) sometimes imperfect
or abortive. Seeds globular or angular, not compressed. Embryo curved or nearly
straight, with cotyledons usually broader than the radicle. (Transition to Scropliula-
riacece.)
* Stamens all five perfect (or rarely the fifth wanting), inserted low down on the funnel-
form or salverform corolla, included.
15. PETUNIA. Calyx 5-parted. Anther-cells distinct Hypogynous disk fleshy. Stigma
dilated-capitate, unappendaged. Capsule with 2 undivided valves, parallel with and sepa-
rating from the placentiferous dissepiment.
16. BOUCHETIA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, 5-cleft, with narrow lobes. Corolla short-
f unnelform. Anthers connivent ; their cells somewhat confluent at summit. Hypogy-
nous disk none or obscure. Stigma transversely dilated, somewhat reniform. Capsule
at length 4 valved. Seed-coat minutely reticulated.
* * Stamens 4, didynamous, the fifth a sterile filament, included in the throat of the long-
tubed corolla.
17. LEPTOGLOSSIS. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Corolla salverform, with slender
tube and more or less gibbous ventricose throat, at base of which the stamens are in-
serted. Anthers somewhat reniform, confluent at summit; the upper pair much smaller,
sometimes imperfect. Stigma or the style under it petaloid-dilated. Capsule vnembra-
naceous, 2-valved ; the valves at length 2-cleft.
1. L.YCOPEBSICUM, Tourn. TOMATO, &c. (y/i'xoj, wolf,
peach.) Chiefly annuals, natives of the warmer parts of America; with once
or twice pinnate leaves, rounded petiolulate leaflets, racemes (so called) of small
flowers becoming lateral or opposite the leaves, articulated pedicels reflexed in
fruit, and red or yellow pulpy berries, in cultivation esculent and often becoming
several-celled.
L. ESCULENTUM, Mill., var. CERASIFORME. (CHERRY-TOMATO.) Annual, hirsute on the
branches and more or less glandular : leaves interruptedly 1-2-pinnate ; the larger leaflets
incised and toothed, the interposed small ones rounder and often entire : calyx little shorter
than the yellow corolla : inflorescence bractlcss : berry globose and even, small. L. cerasi-
forme, Diinal. Solatium Lycnpersicum, var., L. S. Psendn-Lympersicum, Jacq. Vinci, t. 11.
The normal form, probably, of the Tomato of the gardens : spontaneous on the southern
borders of Texas (Berlandier, &c.) : introduced from Trop. Amer.
2. SOL.ANUM, Tourn. NIGHTSHADE, &c. (Late Latin name of Night-
shade, probably from solamen, solace.) Herbs or sometimes shrubs, of various
habit; with the leaves (as in many other genera of the order) often geminate,
the proper leaf being accompanied by a smaller lateral or extra-axillary (rameal)
Solanum. SOLAXACE2E. 227
one, and the peduncles also extra-axillary or lateral. Flowers cymose, mostly
after the scorpioid manner, or by unilateral suppression in appearance racemose,
or rarely solitary, sometimes polygamous through the abortion of the pistil of
many of the flowers. A vast genus, generally diffused over the temperate and
warmer parts of the world, but sparingly represented in North America.
S. ViRGiNiANUM, L. (founded on Dill. Elth. t. 267, and Pluk. Aim. t. 62, fig. 3), is some
one of the very prickly exotic species and not of Virginian origin.
S. MAMMOSUM, L., a West Indian species, attributed to Virginia by Linnaeus and succeed-
ing authors, is unknown in the country. The less hairy S. aculeatissimum may sometimes
have been taken for it. In Chapman's Flora a form of S. Melongena seems to represent it.
S. TEXANUM, Dunal in DC. Prodr. xiii. 359, is probably not Texan, although raised from
seed said to have been coHected there. It is a plant of the Melongena (Aubergine or Egg-
Plant) type, and is probably S. integrifolium, Poir. (S. jEthiopicum, Jacq. Vind. t. 2, not L. ),
and according to Tenore his 5. Lobelii. It has a 7-8-cleft calyx, and the fruit (from a solitary
fertile flower) 5-10-celled.
S. FLORIDANUM, Dunal, 1. c. 306, taken up from an imperfect specimen so named by Shut-
tleworth in herb. DC., collected by Rugel at St. Mark's, Florida, is not identified, is prob-
ably some waif of ballast ground, and, having long-hairy and retrorse-prickly stems and
pinnately parted leaves, cannot be a variety of S. Carolinense, to which Chapman referred it.
1. Fruit naked, i. e. not enclosed in the accrescent calyx (in one species
somewhat so) : stamens all alike.
* Tuberiferous-perennial, pinnate-leaved : anthers blunt.
S. tuberosum, L. (POTATO-PLANT), var. boreale. Low, more or less pubescent: tubers
about half an inch in diameter, sending off long creeping subterranean stolons : leaflets
5 to 7, ovate or oval, and with only one or two interposed small ones, or sometimes none
at all: peduncle few-flowered: corolla blue or sometimes white, angulate-5-lobed. S.
Fendleri, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxii. 285; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 151. New
Mexico, especially in the mountains, and southward: apparently not specifically distinct
from the Potato-plant, which extends along the Andes to Chili and Buenos Ayres.
S. Jamesii, Torr. Low, a span or so in height : leaflets 5 to 9, varying from lanceolate
to ovate-oblong, smoothish ; the lowest sometimes much smaller, but no interposed small
ones: peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered: corolla white, at length deeply 5-clef t :
otherwise as in the last. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227; Gray, 1. c. Mountains of Colorado
to New Mexico and Arizona. (Mexico, probably under several names.) Seems on the
whole distinct ; but Fendler's no. 669 belongs here, at least in part.
* * Annuals (at least in our climate), simple-leaved, never prickly, but the angles of the stem
sometimes minutely denticulate-asperate : anthers blunt: pubescence when present simple:
flowers and globose berries small.
-I Leaves deeply pinnatificl.
S. triflorum, Nutt. Green, slightly hairy or nearly glabrous, low and much spreading :
leaves oblong and pinnatifid, with wide rounded sinuses ; the lobes 7 to 9, lanceolate, 3 or
4 lines long, entire or sometimes 1-2-toothed : peduncles lateral, 1-3-flowered : pedicels nod-
ding : corolla small, white, a little longer than the 5-parted calyx : berries green, as large
as a small cherry. Gen. i. 128. Plains from Saskatchewan to New Mexico, chiefly as a
weed near habitations and in cultivated ground.
-i -) Leaves varying from coarsely toothed to entire: flowers in small pedunculate umbel-like
lateral cymes : corolla white and sometimes bluish : berries usually black when ripe, rarely red or
yellowish, only as large as peas. (Section Morella, Dunal. )
S. nigrurn, L. Low, green and almost glabrous, or the younger parts pubescent :
leaves mostly ovate with a cuneate base, irregularly sinuate-toothed, repand, or some-
times entire, acute or acuminate : calyx much shorter than the corolla. Includes many
and perhaps most of the 50 and more species of Dunal in the Prodromus, weeds or weedy
plants, widely diffused over the world, especially the warmer portions. A. Braun's charac-
ters for several species, founded on the hairiness or smoothness of the filaments, length
of the anthers and of the style, and whether the calyx is loosely appressed to the ripe
berry or reflexed, do not hold out. Our common form, the true S. niyrum, has corolla only
228 SOLANACE^E. Solanum.
3 or 4 lines in diameter, filaments more or less hairy inside, style little if at all projecting,
and fruiting calyx merely spreading. To this belongs mainly the following, referred to N.
America by Dunal : viz. S. pterocaido,T)uim\. (Dill. Elth. t. 275, fig. 356), S. crenato-dentatiun,
ptycanthum, and probably inops, DC. Common in damp or shady, especially cultivated and
waste grounds, appearing as if introduced. (Cosmopolite.)
Var. VII.LUSUM, Mill. Low, somewhat viscid-pubescent or villous : leaves conspicu-
ously angulate-dentate, small: filaments glabrous to the base: berries yellow. 5. vll-
losum, Lam. Ballast-grounds, Philadelphia, &c. Var. ALATUM (S. alatum, Moench, S.
mimatum, Benth.), a similar form, but with angled brandies and red berries, has reached the
shores of San Francisco Bay, California. ( Adventive from S. Eu.)
Var. Dillenii. Taller and leaves mostly entire or merely repand : filaments more or
less bearded, at least at the base : style exserted or sometimes not exceeding the stamens.
-Dill. 1. c. fig. 355. S. Dillenii, Schult, Dunal, 1. c. ; A. Braun, Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol.
1853. Florida to S. America. Entire-leaved forms differ from the next only in the hairy
filaments. S. Americanum, Mill. Diet., with glabrous leaves, should be the same, but S.
Besseri, Weinm., to which Dunal refers it, is a canescently-puberulent variety, with rather
large and entire leaves. (S. American.)
Var. nodi9.6ru.in. Slender, of ten tall : leaves entire, rarely few-toothed, acuminate :
filaments glabrous : style generally exsertt d : calyx in fruit reflexed. S. nodiflorum, Jacq.
Ic. Rar. t. 326. Texas and New Mexico to S. America. Seems to pass into
Var. Douglasii, Gray. Either herbaceous and annual, or southward decidedly with
lignescent stem 3 to 5 or even 10 feet high : leaves variously angulate-toothed, or some
nearly entire : flowers larger : corolla 5 to 8 lines in diameter, white, or sometimes light
blue : filaments hairy inside : fruiting calyx erect. Bot. Calif, i. 538. S. Douglasii, Dunal
in DC. 1. c. 48. S. umbelliferum, var. trachycladon, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 17, a remarkably
large form. W. California.
S. GRACILE, Link. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, rather tall (2 or 3 feet high), with
virgate spreading branches : leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acutish or obtuse, entire or
nearly so : corolla white or bluish (about 5 lines in diameter) : filaments slightly hairy
inside : style exserted beyond the anthers : stigma rather large : calyx somewhat appressed
to the (black) berry. Hort. Berol.; Dunal, 1. c. 54, not Sendt. Coast of N. Carolina,
Curtis. Ballast-grounds near Philadelphia. (Nat. or adv. from Extra-trop. S. Amer.)
# # * Perennial and more or less woody, at least the base, never prickly : anthers merely oblong
or linear-oblong, not tapering but very blunt at apex: leaves rarely geminate.
jf Pubescence of simple or in one species of branching hairs, never stellate: cells of the anther
opening bv a short vertical slit at the apex, which extends downward usually for the whole
length.
H- Corolla 5-partecl: pedicels solitary or few in a lateral fascicle: common peduncle hardly any :
beny large, scarlet.
S. PSEUDO-CAPSICUM, L. (JERUSALEM CHERRY.) Low erect shrub, with spreading
branches, very leafy, glabrous : leaves oblanceolate or oblong, often repand, bright green
and shining, narrowed at base into a short petiole: corolla white: berry globose, scarlet,
rarely yellow, half inch or so in diameter. Cult, for ornament, nat. in Florida, &c., from
Madeira, where probably it is not indigenous.
+* -H. Corolla 5-parted or deeply cleft, violet, purple, or sometimes white: peduncles slender, ter-
minal or soon lateral, bearing several flowers in a paniculate or umbel-like cyme; the pedicels
nodose-articulated at base : stems or branches mostly sarmentose orflexuous: leaves inclined to
be cordate and often 3-Iobed : berries small, red.
S. DULCAMARA, L. (BITTERSWEET.) More or less pubescent: shrubby stems climbing
and somewhat twining several feet high : leaves ovate and acuminate, mostly slightly
cordate, some with an auriculate lobe on one or both sides at base, which are sometimes
nearly separated into small leaflets: corolla half inch in diameter: berry oval. Curt.
Lond. ii. t. 5; Bigel. Med. t. 18. Near dwellings and in low grounds, Northern Atlantic
States. (Nat. from Eu.)
S. triquetrum, Cav. Nearly glabrous: stems suffrnticose, flexuous or sarmentose,
hardly at all climbing, a foot to a yard high : branches angled but hardly triquetrous :
leaves deltoid-cordate (and the larger 2 inches long), varying to hastate, and in smaller
forms to hastate-3-lobed or even 5-lobed, with the middle lobe lanceolate or linear
and prolonged (an inch or only half an inch long) : cymes commonly umbellately few-
Solanum. SOLANACE^. 229
-flowered : pedicels in fruit clavate-thickened at summit : corolla nearly as the preced-
ing: berry globose. Ic. iii. 30, t. 259; Dunal, 1. c. 153, with the small-leaved variety.
S. Lindheimerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 766. Low grounds and thickets, W.Texas
(Berlandier, Lindheimer, Wright, &c.) to Arizona "? Coulter. (Mex.)
H- -H- -H- Corolla angulate-5-lobeJ, ample and widely rotate, blue or violet, varying to white :
peduncles mostly short, terminal or becoming more or less lateral, thickened often as if into a
cupulate node at" the articulation of the slender pedicels: " berries purple," the base covered by
the appressed moderately accrescent calyx.
S. Xanti, Gray. Herbaceous nearly to the base, viscid-pubescent with simple hairs, or
glabrate : branches slender: leiives ovate or ovate-oblong, thinnish, entire or undulate-
repand, occasionally auriculate-lobed at the base, which is obtuse or rounded, or some of
the upper acute, or the larger subcordate : cyme often forked : corolla about an inch in
diameter. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 90, & Bot. Calif, i. 539. California, throughout the
length of the State and into the borders of Nevada : confused in collections with the fol-
lowing species. Calyx lobes (as in that) ovate or triangular, equalling or shorter than the
short and broad tube. Style much exserted. Pubescence of jointed viscid hairs, some of
them gland-tipped.
Var. Wallace!, Gray, 1. c. Leaves and flowers much larger; the former sometimes
4 inches long, and the violet corolla fully an inch and a half in diameter : branches and
the forking cyme villous. Island of Santa Catalina off San Pedro, California, Wallace.
(Coulter's no. 586, without flowers, may be a glabrous form of this.)
S. umbellif erum, Escll. Woody below, tomentose-pubescent and cinereous with short
many-branched hairs, sometimes glabrate : flowering branchlets mostly short and leafy :
leaves rarely ovate and acute, commonly obovate and oblong, obtuse, entire, half inch to
an inch or two long, more or less acute or narrowed at base, or the lower and larger ones
rounded, on short petiole : umbels short-peduncled, few-several-flowered : corolla about
three-fourths inch in diameter. Esch. in Mem. Acad. Petrop. x. 281. S. Califomicum &
S. genistoides, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 86 ; the latter a starved and twiggy very small-leaved form,
of arid soil or the dry season. California, common from the foot-hills to the coast, pro-
ducing handsome blue (rarely white) flowers throughout the season.
H- -I Pubescence of stellate hairs or down: cells of the anther opening- only by a short terminal
transverse slit or hole: corolla 5-ptirted, downy outside: peduncles usually terminal, erect,
rather long and stout, bearing a many-flowered cyme.
S. verbascifolium, L. Shrub erect, very soft-tomentose throughout : leaves ovate,
rounded at base (4 to 10 inches long), entire, very hoary beneath : corolla white, its lobes
ovate : ovary woolly. Jacq. Vind. i. t. 13. Key West, Florida; also in Mexico near the
Texan borders. (Tropics.)
S. Blodgettii, Chapm. Shrub spreading, with rather slender branches, hoary with a
fine somewhat f urfuraceous and roughish pubescence : leaves narrowly oblong, obtusish
at both ends (3 to 5 inches long), greenish and roughish above, soft and canescent beneath,
entire : cyme twice or thrice forked : pedicels as long as the flower, erect in fruit : corolla
white, deeply 5-parted, its lobes lanceolate (4 lines long) : ovary glabrous : berry green, turn-
ing red. Fl. 349. Key West, &c., South Florida, Dr. Hasler, Bhdrjett, Palmer. Perhaps
merely an unarmed form of some normally prickly species, allied to S. lancecefolium and
S. igneum.
* * * * Perennials, or one or two introduced weeds here annuals, more or less prickly : anthers
more or less elongated and tapering at the apex; the cells opening only bv a terminal hole:
berries in all our species glabrous.
H Corolla deeply 5-parted and not plaited : leaves entire: scurfy down stellate: calvx 5-toothed:
peduncles terminal or soon lateral : berries red.
S. Bahamense, L. Shrubby, beset with straight and subulate tawny prickles: leaves
lanceolate-oblong, obtusely pointed or obtuse (2 to 4 inches long), sometimes repand,
stellate-scurfy with a minute roughish pubescence, which is denser but scarcely canescent
beneath : flowers racemose, on slender pedicels which are recurved in fruit : divisions
of the purplish or whitish corolla (3 or 4 lines long) linear with tapering tips, a little hairy.
Dill. Elth. t. 271, fig. 250. S. radula, Chapm., L c. not Vahl. Keys of Florida, Blodgett,
Palmer. (W. Ind.)
H -t Corolla 5-parted and not plaited: leaves sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid: no scurf, and the
pubescence all of simple hairs: calyx deeply 5-cleft: anthers broadly lanceolate: peduncles
230 SOLANACE.E. Solatium.
lateral, short, few-flowered : berries smooth, becoming red or yellow. (Tropical American, spar-
ingly introduced as weeds on and near the coast of Southern Atlantic States, growing as annuals'.)
S. ACDLEATISSIMUM, Jacq. Villous with scattered long and weak jointed hairs, or soon
nearly glabrate, beset (even to the calyx) with slender-subulate straight prickles : leaves
pretty large, membranaceous, ovate or slightly cordate, mostly sinuate-pinnatifid : corolla
white, its lobes ovate-lanceolate : berry globose : seeds very flat and thin, with a membra-
naceous border. Jacq. Ic. Kar. t. 41. Waste grounds, a weed near dwellings, from N.
Carolina to Florida and Texas. (Nat. from tropics.)
) -f -t Corolla 5-cleft or angulate-5-lobed, plicate in the hud: pubescence all or partly stellate.
-H- Indigenous perennials, a foot or two high, with deep running rootstocks : corolla violet, rarely
white: anthers lanceolate or linear-lanceolate: pedicels recurved or reflexed in fruit : mature
berries naked, merely subtended by the calyx.
S. elseagnifolium, Cav. Silvery-canescent all over by the dense and close scurf -like
pubescence, composed of many-rayed stellate hairs: stems often woody at base: prickles
small and acicular, sometimes copious, sometimes nearly or wholly wanting: leaves lan-
ceolate and varying to oblong and to linear, rather obtuse, sinuate-repand or entire :
cymes at first terminal, short-peduncled, few-flowered: pedicels rather long: calyx 5-
angled, with slender lobes fully as long as the tube : corolla moderately 5-lobed, about an
inch in diameter ; the lobes triangular-ovate : ovary white-tomentose : berry globose, seldom
half an inch in diameter, yellowish, or at length black. Ic. iii. t. 243. S. leprosum, Ort.
Dec. ix. 115; Dunal, Sol. t. 12, a prickly and sinuate-leaved form. S. ^flavidum, Torr. in
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227. 5. Hlndsianum, Benth. Sulph. 39. S. Texense, Engelm. & Gray,
PI. Lindh. i. 45. S. Raemerianum, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 707. Prairies and plains, Kansas to
Texas, and west to S. Arizona. (Lower Calif., Mex., Extra-trop. S. Amer.)
S. Torreyi, Gray. Cinereous with a somewhat close furfuraceous pubescence composed
of about equally 9-12-rayed hairs : prickles small and subulate, scanty along the stem and
midribs, or sometimes nearly wanting : leaves ovate with truncate or slightly cordate base,
sinuately 5-7-lobed (4 to 6 inches long) ; the lobes entire or undulate, obtuse, unarmed :
cymes at first terminal, loose, 2-3-fid : lobes of the calyx (often 0) short-ovate with a long
abrupt acumination : corolla an inch and a half in diameter ; its lobes broadly ovate :
berry globose, an inch in diameter, yellow when mature. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 44. S.
plnti/p/ii/llitm, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 227, not HBK. S. mammositm ? Engchn. & Gray,
PI. Lindh. i. 46. Prairies, &c., Kansas and Texas. Anthers 4 to 5 lines long. Flowers
large and handsome.
S. Carolinense, L. Hirsute or roughish-piibescent with 4-8-rayed hairs, many of them
with the central division elongated: prickles stout and subulate, yellowish, copious or
rarely scanty: leaves oblong or sometimes ovate, obtusely sinuate-toothed or lobed or sin-
uate-pinnatifid : cymes or racemes simple, soon lateral, loose, few-several-flowered : lobes
of the calyx acuminate : corolla an inch or less in diameter, light blue or rarely white, the
lobes ovate: berries about half inch in diameter, globose. (Dill. Elth. t. 269; but the fig.
of Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 331 is dubious.) Sandy soil and waste grounds, Connecticut and S.
Illinois to Florida and Texas. Southward a troublesome weed in cult, grounds. Vnr.
Flnridanum, Chapm. Fl. 349, is a mere form with decp-lobed leaves.
Var. hirsutum (S. liirstitum, Xutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 109, S. pumilnm, Dunal,
1. c.), judging from an imperfect original specimen, is a depauperate, and more hirsute
variety, little prickly, with leaves merely repand and tapering to the base, as in the low-
est leaves of S. Carnlincnsp,. S. Pled, Dunal, 1. c., may be a more developed state of the
same. Milledgeville, Georgia, Boykin, &c.
H- -H- Introduced annuals or more enduring and woody in the tropics, with partly simple pubes-
cence: anthers lanceolate: racemose fructiferous pedicels merely spreading: berry wholly or
partly enveloped by the loose calyx.
S. SISYMBRIIFOLIUM, Lam. Green, stout, villous-pubescent with simple more or less glan-
dular and viscid hairs, mixed on the leaves with some few-rayed stellate hairs (their middle
division elongated), much armed even to the calj'x with long-subulate straight prickles:
leaves deeply pinnatifid and the oblong lobes sinuate or even again somewhat pinnatifid :
flowers several or numerous in terminal or soon lateral pedunculate racemes : corolla light
blue or white, an inch or more in diameter, 5-lobed : lobes of the 5-parted calyx lanceolate,
becoming ovate-lanceolate and at length loosely and completely or incompletely surround-
ing the globose red berry: seed.; minutely reticulate-pitted. Dunal in DC. 1. c. S. vis-
Salpichroa. SOLAXACE^E. 231
cosum, Lag. S. inflntum, Hornem. S. branccefolium, Jacq. Eel. t. 7. S. decurrens, Balbis. 5.
Balbisii, Dunal ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2828, 3954. 5. Sabeanum, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad.
1862. Waste grounds, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, and Texas : adventive or escaped from
cultivation. (Brazil and Buenos Ayres.) Calyx not greatly accrescent and not enclosing
the berry in wild specimens, and in some later flowers of cultivated plants.
2. ANDROCEKA. Fruit enclosed by the close-fitting and horridly prickly
calyx and even adhering to it : stamens and especially the style much declined :
anthers tapering upwards, linear-lanceolate, dissimilar ; the lowest one much
longer and larger, and with an incurved beak : seeds thickish, coarsely undulate-
rugose : racemose pedicels erect in fruit : leaves 1 3-pinnatifid : annuals, some-
times woody below, armed with straight prickles. Audrocera, Nutt. Gen. i. 129.
Nycterium, Vent, in part, but not the typical one, which has a naked fruit.
S. heterodoxum, Dunal. Pubescent with glandular-tipped simple hairs, with a very
few 5-rayed bristly ones on the upper face of the irregularly or interruptedly bipinnatifid
leaves ; their lobes roundish or obtuse and repand : corolla violet, an inch and a half or
less in diameter, somewhat irregular, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate-acuminate : four anthers yel-
low, and the large one tinged with violet. Sol. 235, t. 25 (small-flowered form cult, at
Montpelier) ; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 47; Jacq. Eel. ii. t. 101. S. (Nt/cterium) citrulli-
folium, Braun, Ind. Sem. Frib. 1849 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 152. W. Texas and New
Mexico. (Mex.) Leaves Watermelon-like in form and division.
S. rostratum, Dunal. Somewhat hoary or yellowish with a copious wholly stellate
pubescence, a foot or two high : leaves nearly as in the foregoing or less divided, some of
them only once pinnatifid : corolla yellow, about an inch in diameter, hardly irregular, the
short lobes broadly ovate. Sol. 234, t. 24, in DC. 1. c. 329. S. heterandrum, Pursh, Fl. i.
156, t. 7. S. Bfjnrlense, Moricand in DC. 1. c. Androcera lobata, Nutt. Gen. i. 129. Plains
of Nebraska to Texas. (Mex.) S. cornutum, Lam., of Tropical Mexico, should be known
by its simple pubescence.
3. CAPSICUM, Tourn. CAYENNE PKPPER. (Name conjectured to come
from x7mo, to gulp down, alluding to the pungency of the fruit used as a con-
diment, or from crtpsa, a pod, the pericarp of the larger-fruited species being dry at
maturity and almost capsular.) Herbs or shrubs, originally all American and
nearly all tropical, green and commonly glabrous ; with many-times forking stems,
ovate and entire or merely repand thin and usually acuminate leaves, and small
solitary or cymose flowers on slender (or when the fruit is recurved stouter)
pedicels : corolla mostly white : anthers generally bluish ; the red or yellowish
berries (or in some cultivated forms vesicular pod-like fruits) charged with a
very pungent aromatic acridity. Fingerhuth, Mon. Caps. 1832.
C. FRUTESCENS, L. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with flexuose branches : berry ovate-oblong,
obtuse, half an inch or more long, on an erect or inclined peduncle. Key West, Florida.
(Nat. from Trop. Amer. )
C. baccatum, L. (BIRD PEPPER.) Shrubby, a foot or two high, with slender divergent
branches : leaves slender-petioled : calyx more or less toothed in the flower, truncate in
fruit : berry elliptical-globular or globose : peduncles in fruit erect. Fingerh. 1. c. 19, t. 4,
fig. 0. C. microphyUum, Dunal in DC. 1. c. 421 (sometimes small-leaved). S. Texas to Ari-
zona, indigenous. S. Florida, doubtless introduced. (Trop. Amer. and other tropical regions.)
4. SALPICHRC-A, Miers. (HalTtifa trumpet, and iQwg, complexion or
color, the typical species having trumpet-shaped and handsome corolla ; but in
some it is urceolate and rather short, in ours especially so.) South American,
except the dubious
S. "Wrightii. Low herb, apparently perennial, pubescent with rather slender simple
hairs : leaves membranaceous, ovate, entire (an inch or more long), slender-petioled : pedi-
232 SOLANACE^E. Orycles.
eels solitary or sometimes 2 or 3 together, soon deflexed: calyx hirsute (a line and a half
becoming in fruit 2 or 3 lines long), divided to the base ; the divisions lanceolate : corolla
oblong and hardly longer than the calyx, naked within : dry berry globose, 4 lines in
diameter : seeds Hat, rugose, oval, with excised hilum. Arizona on the Sonoita, Wright
(no. 1692), with mature fruit and some undeveloped flower-buds; from the habit, calyx,
seeds, and high insertion of the stamens referred to the present genus.
5. ORYCTES, S. Watson. (Dgvxr^?, a digger, name given to this dubious
plant because it grows in the country of the Digger Indians.) A single species,
known only from incomplete materials.
O. Nevadensis, Watson. A low and insignificant winter-annual, 2 to 4 inches high,
when young somewhat scurfy or pruinose-pubescent, rather viscid : leaves oblong-ovate or
lanceolate, undulate, tapering at base into a petiole : pedicels 3 or 4 in a lateral fascicle,
shorter than the flower : calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, rather shorter than the corolla,
about the length of the globose berry, loose : corolla 3 lines long, narrow, apparently
cylindraceous, blue or purplish; the sinuses deeply induplicate in the bud: filaments
somewhat hairy, inclined to be unequal in length ; the longer ones and the filiform style
nearly equalling the corolla : seeds orbicular, flattened, foveolate-reticulated. Bot. King,
274, t. 28, fig. 9, 10; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 893; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 542. W Nevada,
at the eastern base of the Virginia mountains, near the Big Bend of the Truckee, under
Artemisia bushes, in spring, Watson.
6. CHAM^ESARACHA, Gray. (Saracha is a tropical American genus,
dedicated by Ruiz & Pavon to Isidore Saracha, a Spanish Benedictine : the prefix
%a[M'.i, on the ground, makes the meaning low Saracha.) Texano-Californian
depressed perennials ; with mostly narrow leaves, either entire or pinnatifid, and
tapering into margined petioles, filiform naked pedicels, and either white, ochroleu-
cous, or violet-tinged corolla ; the close-fitting calyx in fruit obscurely if at all
veiny. -- Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 891. Saracha Chamcesaracha, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 62.
* Stems branching, diffuse or at length depressed-procumbent: fruiting calyx almost globose:
seeds thickish, rugosely favose.
C. Coronopus, Gray. Green, almost glabrous, or beset with some short and roughish
hairs, diffusely very much branched : leaves lanceolate or linear with cuneate-attenuate
base, varying from nearly entire to laciniate-pinnatifid : peduncles elongated : calyx more
or less hirsute (the hairs often 2-forked at tip). Bot. Calif, i. 540. Solatium Coronopus,
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 64. Withmiin ? Coronopus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Saracha
(Cham<rsaracha) Coronopus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 62. Clayey soil, Texas to southern
parts of Colorado and west to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Corolla (yellowish), berry
(nearly white), and fruiting calyx nearly as in the next species, with which some speci-
mens seem to connect. To this probably belongs Saracha acutifolia, Miers in Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. 1849, & 111. S. Am. PI. ii. 19, described from an incomplete specimen in Coulter's
collection, from California, or probably Arizona.
C. Sordida, Gray, 1. c. Much branched from the root or base, somewhat cinereous with
short viscid or glandular pubescence, which occasionally becomes furfuraceous, also more
or less villous with longer hairs : leaves from obora.te-spatulate or cuneate-oblong to
oblanceolate, and from repand to incisely pinnatifid (or even with the lobes sinuate-in-
cised) : calyx when young viscid-villous. Withania? sordida, Dunal in DC. I.e. 456,
Torr. 1. c. Solannm ronio/tes, Moricand ex Dunal, 1. c. 64. S. Linsecnmii, Buckley in Proc.
Acad. Philad. Saracha (Chamresaracha) sordida, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Dry or
clayey soil, Texas and South-western Kansas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Corolla
dull pale yellow or sometimes violet-purple, about half inch in diameter. Berry the size
of a pea, all but the summit closely invested by the herbaceous calyx. Dunal's two
plants are the same, both being rather hoary and less hairy forms of a very variable
species.
Physalis, SOLANACE.E. 233
* * Stems very short and tufted on a branching rootstock : fruiting calyx hemispherical, open :
seeds very flat, smoothish and minutely punctate.
C. nana, Gray. Seldom a span high, sometimes nearly acaulescent, minutely cinereous
with appressed pubescence, not viscid : leaves crowded and large in proportion, oblong-
ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly acute, entire or undulate, an inch or two long, and with
the roundish or cuneate base abruptly contracted into a margined petiole of about equal
length : peduncles mostly shorter than the petioles : rotate corolla white or bluish, 7 to 9
lines wide. Saracha (Chamcesaracka) nana, Gray, Proc. I.e. Sierra Co., California, at
about 5,000 feet in the Sierra Nevada, Bolunder, Lemmon.
7. PHYSALIS, L. GROUND CHERRY. (r/>t>ff/.tV, a bladder, from the
bladdery-inflated fruiting calyx which characterizes the genus.) -- Herbs, chiefly
American or of probably American origin ; with entire, toothed, or lobed leaves,
very commonly geminate, and solitary or sometimes geminate (rarely ternate)
drooping or nodding pedicels ; the flowers small or middle-sized, white, yellow, or
violet-purple : berries greenish, red, or yellow, often edible. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. x. 62.
1. CHAJIJEPHYSALIS, Gray, 1. c. Young parts sparsely (or on stalks and
calyx densely) scurfy -gran ul if ero us, otherwise quite glabrous : some leaves sinu-
ate-pinnatifid : corolla flat-rotate : anthers short, yellow : seeds comparatively few
and large, thickish and somewhat rugose-tuberculate round the back. (Habit
nearly of Ckamcesaracha, but fruiting calyx of true Physalis.}
P. lobata, Torr. Low and small, diffusely branched from a perennial root : leaves ob-
long-spatulate or obovate, from repand to sinuate-pinnatirid (an inch or two long), the base
cuneately tapering into a margined petiole : pedicels commonly geminate, longer than the
flower: corolla violet (probably never "yellow"), 6 to 9 lines in diameter, the centre with
a 5-6-rayed white-woolly star : globular-inflated fruiting calyx strongly 5-angled, half inch
or more long, with short bluntish teeth. Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 226 (1826) & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 152. P. Subeana, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861. Solanum luteoliflorum,
Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 01, at least as to var. subintegrifolium. Plains, Texas to Colorado
and W. Arizona.
2. PHYSALIS proper. Not granulose-scurfy : leaves never pinnatifid : corolla
mostly rotately spreading from a somewhat campanulate throat or base : seeds
with a thin and even margin.
P. ALKEKENGI, L., the Winter Cherry of the south of Europe, with white 5-lobed corolla
and a red berry in a calyx which turns red also, and
P. PERUVIAN.*., L., the Cape Gooseberry, with greenish-yellow corolla spotted by a brown-
purple star in the centre, and a yellow berry, both perennial-rooted species, were intro-
duced into cultivation several years ago, for their esculent fruit, under the name of
Strawberry Tomato. But they have now mainly disappeared.
P. CARPENTERII, Riddell, Cat. Fl. Ludov. (N. O. Med. & Surg. Jour. viii. 758, 1852, name
only), referred to Witluinia Morisoni, in Bot. Gazette, iii. 11, is some adventitious Atlteiuea.
* Corolla pure white or tinged with blue, wholly destitute of any dark centre, tomentose at the
throat, proportionally large, widely rotate, with border almost entire: pubescence simple: fruit-
ing calyx ovate-globose.
P. grandifldra, Hook. Annual, with stout erect stem 2 feet or more high, viscid-pu-
bescent and young parts villous with some long and slender viscid hairs : leaves oblong-
ovate or lanceolate-ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly entire : pedicels often in threes,
shorter than the flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate: corolla often an inch and a half in diam-
eter : anthers yellow, commonly with a tinge of violet : fruiting calyx less than an incli
long, well filled and distended by the berry, the angles therefore obsolete, and the summit
open. Fl. ii. 90; Gray, Man., & Proc. Am. Acad. x. 63, 381. S. shore of Lake Superior
to the Saskatchewan district, springing up in new clearings. Connects with Ckamcesaracha
through C. nana.
234 SOLANACE^. Physalis.
P. WYightii, Gray. Annual, a span high, widely branched, nearly glabrous ; the ap-
pressed and rather sparse pubescence on pedicels and young parts very short and mi-
nute : leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, sinuate-toothed or repand, acute at base, about
an iuch long : pedicels filiform, longer than the flower and the fruiting calyx : corolla over
half inch in diameter, apparently pure white : anthers with or without a tinge of violet :
fruiting calyx half inch long, nearly filled by the berry. S. W. Texas, on prairies of the
San Pedro, Wrirjht.
* * Corolla lurid greenish-white or yellow, mostly darker-colored or brownish in the centre, with
or without a brown-purple eye, small or middle-sized, 3 to 10 lines in diameter.
4 Strictly annuals, glabrous or nearly so; the pubescence if any minute, and neither viscid nor
stellate : anthers violet.
.M. Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines broad : fruiting calyx at first acutely angled and inflated, closing
over, but at full maturity nearly replete with the greenish-yellow berry: stem and branches con-
spicuously angular: petioles long and slender.
P. obsciira, Michx. Branches widely diffuse : leaves broadly deltoid-ovate, mostly with
truncate or subcordate base, unequally dentate, abruptly acuminate, membranaceous (14 to
3 inches long) : slender pedicels about half an inch long : corolla (3 or 4 lines broad) pale
yellow with a dark eye : calyx deeply 5-cleft into lanceolate-subulate lobes, in fruit ovate-
pyramidal and acuminate (over an inch long), very smooth, with 5 strong keeled angles
which are hardly obliterated at maturity, the 5 intermediate nerves much less distinct.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 64. P. obscura, var. glabra, Michx. Fl. i. 149. P. pruinosa, Ell. Sk.
i. 279, not L. P. Brasiliensis, Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 133 ?" Carolina," Michaux.
Key West, Florida, Blodijett. Near Houston, Texas, E. Hall, no. 503.
P. angulata, L. Erect, or at length declined or spreading, 2 to 4 feet long: leaves
mostly ovate-oblong and with somewhat cuneate base, coarsely and laciniately toothed (2
to 5 inches long) : slender pedicels an inch or more long : corolla (3 to 6 lines broad) green-
ish-white or yellowish and with no distinct eye : calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, trian-
gular : fruiting calyx at first ovate-pyramidal and 10-angled, the 5 principal angles sharply
keeled, at full maturity nearly replete and globose-ovate. Dill. Elth. i. 13, t. 12. Open
rich grounds, through the Middle and Southern Atlantic States. (Widely diffused over
tropical regions.)
Var. Linkiana, Gray, 1. c. Leaves with margin more laciniate-dentate ; the irreg-
ular salient teeth lanceolate-subulate: calyx-lobes longer and narrower. P. Linkiana,
Nees in Linn. vi. 471. (Moris. Hist. iii. 52b', sect. 13, t. 3, fig. 22, exaggerated.) S. Atlan-
tic States. (Trop. Amer.)
P. sequata, Jacq. f . Erect, much branched, a foot or two high, the younger stems and
branches a little hairy or pubescent: leaves ovate or oblong, repand or sinuate-toothed
(an inch or two long or rarely larger) : pedicels very short (a line or two long) : corolla
(3 to 5 lines broad) light yellow witli a brownish eye: calyx-lobes short and broadly ovate-
triangular: fruiting calyx ovate-globose at maturity, about equally 10-nerved, an inch or
considerably less in length. Eclog. ii. t. 137 ; Nees, 1. c. ; Dunal, 1. c. P. Philadelphia,
var. minor, Dunal, 1. c. 450. Waste grounds, S. Texas and New Mexico to the border of
California or near it. (Mex., W. Ind.)
++ ++ Corolla larger. 7 to 10 or sometimes 12 lines broad : fruiting calyx at maturity replete and
distended with the large reddish or purple berry, and open at the mouth, sometimes bursting.
P. Philadelphia, Lam. Erect stem and branches angled, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves
obliquely ovate or oblong, repand-angulate and sometimes few-toothed (2 to 4 inches long) :
corolla greenish or yellowish with a dark eye : calyx-lobes broadly ovate or triangular, not
longer than the tube; fruiting calyx globular, an inch in diameter. Diet. ii. 101. P.
cheiH'/ioili't'oliii, Willd., not Lam. "P. atriplicifdia, Jacq. Fragm. t. 85." -In fertile soil,
Pennsylvania to Illinois and Texas : sometimes cult, for the esculent fruit.
t * Annuals or perennials, strong-scented, villous or pubescent with viscid or glandular simple
hairs: fruiting calyx ovate-pyramidal and carinately ii-angled at maturity, closed, loosely envel-
oping the green or at length yellow berry: leaves ovate or cordate.
H- Root annual : anthers violet.
P. pubescens, L. A foot or two high, with at length widely spreading branches : leaves
ovate or cordate, varying from nearly entire to coarsely and obtusely repand-toothed,
sometimes becoming nearly glabrous except on the midrib and veins (commonly about 2
inches long) : corolla barely half inch in diameter when expanded, dull yellow with a
1'hgsali*. SOLANACE.E. 235
purplish brown eye: pedicels (3 to 5 lines long) much shorter than the fruiting mostly
pubescent and viscid (inch to almost 2 inches long) calyx. (Moris. Hist. iii. 527, sect. 13,
4, 3, fig. 24; Dili. Elth. t. 9, fig. 9.) P. obscura, var. viscido-pubescens, Michx. 1. c. P. hir-
siita & P. fiiibescens, Dunal in DC. I.e. P. viscosa? Ell. Sk. i. 279. P. pruinosu, L. (from
N. America !), is most probably a form of this with long pedicels and yellowish anthers,
same as Dill. Elth. t. 9. Low grounds, New York to Iowa, Florida, and westward from
Texas to the borders of California. (Trop. Amer., &c.)
-H- -H- Perennial : anthers mostly yellow.
P. Virgilliana, Mill. A foot or so high from slender and deep creeping subterranean
shoots, at length spreading or decumbent, pubescent or hirsute-villous with (usually more
or less viscid) many-jointed hairs : leaves ovate, occasionally subcordate, either repandly
or saliently few-toothed or some nearly entire : corolla from three-fourths to a full inch in
diameter, dull sulphur-yellow with a brownish centre: calyx-lobes narrowly triangular:
pedicels half to an inch long, equalling or shorter than the fruiting calyx. Diet. no. 4, &
Fig. PL 138, t. 200, fig. 1; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 65 (by mistake "P. Vinjinica"). P.
heterophylki , Nees in Linn. vi. 403, excl. syn. Walt. " P. nutans, Walt. Car. 99 1 " ex Nees,
1. c. ; but no such name in Walter. P. heterophytta, nyctaginea, & viscido-pubescens, Dunal, 1. c.
P. viscosa, Gray, Man., not L. Light or sandy soils, Upper Canada to Florida and Texas.
This early name of Miller, taken up for the present species in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c., must
from the size of the flower belong to it, or to a broad-leaved and hairy form of P. lanccoluta.
Miller's remark that " the root does not creep in the ground," is most applicable to the
latter ; but the color as well as size of the corolla and the " pale yellow " fruit, also the
diffuse growth, best accord with this common species.
Var. ambigua, Gray, 1. c. A coarse and very villous form with anthers violet !
P. Pennsyloanica, Hook. Fl., at least in part. Wisconsin (Lapham) to Saskatchewan,
Bourgeau, Drtunmond, &c.
P. hederaefolia, Gray, 1. c. A foot or less high, erect or at length diffuse from a
thick perennial stock or root, densely viscid-pubescent or on young parts more or less vil-
lous, not unpleasantly scented : leaves roundish-cordate or almost reniform, or sometimes
ovate, coarsely and obtusely angulate-toothed (three-fourths to an inch and a half in
diameter): corolla half an inch in diameter: anthers yellow: calyx-lobes triangular:
pedicels (2 to 4 lines long) shorter than the flower, much shorter than the fruiting calyx.
P. Allcekenfjil var. dir/italifolia & P. mollis, in part, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 153 Rocky
hills, New Mexico to S. W. Texas, Arizona, and adjacent parts of Mexico. " Herbage des-
titute of the nauseous odor of the common viscid species, rather sweet-scented," Wright.
Var. puberula, Gray, 1. c. Pubescence short and minutely glandular, less viscid:
stems inclined to be procumbent and leaves smaller. Western borders of Texas, Wrir/ht.
P. Palmeri. A span or two high from a thickish perennial stock, erect, viscid-pubescent
with short jointed hairs : leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, or the lowest rotund (rarely even
subcordate), angulate-dentate with few obtuse teeth, the upper leaves acute (10 to 18 lines
long) : corolla light yellow with brownish centre, 7 or 8 lines in diameter: pedicels mostly
longer than the flower: fruit not seen. Rock Spring in the Providence Mountains, S. E.
California, Palmer. Apparently allied to the preceding.
H -1 1 Perennials, not viscid, mostly low: anthers almost always yellow.
-H- Very minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous throughout, no stellular pubescence whatever:
corolla (yellowish) wholly destitute of a darker eye: leaves all cordate or broad and abrupt at
base, thickish : pedicels long and liliform.
P. GLABRA, Benth. (not Martins & Gal.), of Lower California, if found within the United
States will be known by being completely smooth, and the leaves ovate- or hastate-lanceolate.
P. crassif 61ia, Bentll. Minutely puberulent, or the leaves at length nearly glabrous :
stems a span to a foot long, branching from the base, sometimes soon procumbent : leaves
ovate or rounded-subcordate, repand or entire : pedicels commonly an inch long : corolla
ochroleucous, half inch in diameter: fruiting calyx an inch long, 5-angled. Bot. Sulph.
40; Gray, 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 541, the small-leaved form. S. E. California and Western
Arizona. (Lower Calif.)
Var. cardiopliylla. A more upright form : leaves thinner and larger (6 to 15 lines
long), sometimes with a few angulate and more prominent teeth. P. cardiophylla, Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 153. On or near the Rio Colorado, Fort Mohave, Fort Yuma, &c.
236 SOLANACE^E. Phi/salis.
-H- -H- Pubescence stellular or branching, at least on the calyx, &c. : leaves all or most of them
cordate or ovate with abrupt base : corolla usually with darker eye : anthers occasionally with a
tinge of blue: fruiting calyx globose-ovate.
P. Fendleri, Gray, 1. c. Pruinose-puberulent ; the pubescence microscopically minute
and partly simple, partly branched or stellular, sometimes a little glandular : stems a span
to a foot high from a deep tuberous stock, slender, much branched : leaves small (an inch
or less long), from deltoid-ovate or slightly cordate to ovate-lanceolate, and from repand-
undulate to coarsely sinuate-toothed, mostly acute : pedicels shorter than the flower : corolla
half an inch in diameter. P. inollis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., in part. Rocks and plains,
New Mexico, Fendler, Thurber, Wright, Biyelow, Parry. Also S. Colorado.
P. mollis, Nutt. Softly cinereous-tomentose or canescent throughout with stellate or
many-branched woolly hairs : steins a span to a foot or more high : leaves varying from
ovate (or some of the lower obovate) to rounded-cordate, mostly obtuse, angulate-toothed
or repand (an inch or two long), on slender petioles : pedicels usually filiform and equalling
the petiole : corolla half to three-fourths inch in diameter : fruiting calyx an inch or more
long. Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 194 ; Torr. 1. c., in part ; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. x. 66. P. toinentosa, Dunal in DC. 1. c. ? not Walt. Thickets and banks of streams,
Arkansas (Nuttull, &c.) and Texas. (Mex.) Sometimes very white-woolly (as in coll.
E. Hall) ; but passing into
Var. cinerascens, Gray, 1. c. Greenish ; the pubescence much shorter and less
dense, the hairs less compound : leaves roundish, rarely at all cordate, some of the lower
with cuneate base : pedicels sometimes shorter. P. Pennsylcanica, var. cinerascens, Dunal
in DC. 1. c. 435. Indian Territory (Palnn-r) and through Texas (Drummond, Schott, E. Hall,
&c.) to Mexico. Berlandier collected it at Matamoras.
-M- -H- -H- Pubescence stellular, or simple and somewhat rigid, or nearly none : leaves from oval
to lanceolate-linear and tapering into the petiole, or in the tirst species'occasionally subcordate:
style commonly clavate.
P. viscosa, L. Cinereous or when young almost canescent with short and soft stellular or
2-3-forked pubescence : stems ascending or spreading from slender creeping subterranean
shoots, a foot or two long : leaves ovate or oval, varying to oblong and obovate, entire or
undulate (1^ too inches long): pedicels about the length of the petioles: corolla two-
thirds to three-fourths inch in diameter, greenish-yellow with a more or less dark throat :
fruiting calyx globose-ovate, an inch or more long: berry yellow or orange. Dill. Elth.
t. 10 ; Jacq. Vind. t. ISO ; Michx. Fl. i. 149 ; Gray, 1. c. P. Pennsijh-anica, L. Spec. ed. 2,
1670, but not from Pennsylvania or near it. P. toinentosa, Walt. Car. 99. P. mar it i inn,
M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, vii. 407. P. Jacgui/ii, Link, Enum. Berol. ; Duual, 1. c.
P. Walter/, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 112. In sands on and near coast, Virginia
(L.), N. Carolina to Florida. (Buenos Ayres, &c.) Specific name from the viscous berry.
Var. spathulsefolia, Gray, 1. c. Leaves spatulate or oblong-lanceolate, gradually
tapering into the petiole. P. pultesce.m, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 19. P. lanr.eolata,
var. spat/iulti'foliti, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. I.e. Sea beaches, Florida and Texas. Glabrate
forms approach the next.
P. angustifolia, Nutt. Bright green, very minutely stellular-pubescent when young,
or glabrous from the first, except a fine soft stellular pubescence on the margins of the
leaves, or at least on the calyx-lobes : stems erect or ascending from filiform running
shoots, a span to a foot or more high: leaves from oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate to
linear, tapering into a very short petiole (l^-3 inches long) : corolla three-fourths inch
in diameter when expanded : flowering calyx broadly campanulate and 3 or 4 lines long,
the subglobose fruiting calyx seldom an inch long. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 112 ; Gray,
1. c. Sandy coast and Keys of W. Florida.
P. lanceolata, MicllX. More or less hirsute-pubescent with short and stiff (or on the
stem often longer and somewhat villous-hispid) tapering hairs, most of which are simple,
a few 2-3-forkrd, varying to nearly glabrous : stems a span to a foot high from rather
stout subterranean shoots, angled, somewhat rigid : leaves pale green, varying from oblong-
ovate to narrowly lanceolate, and from sparingly angulate-few-toothed to undulate or
entire, mostly acute at base or tapering into a short petiole : corolla ochroleucous with
more or less dark eye, two-thirds to three-fourths of an inch in diameter : calyx (4 or 5
lines long) commonly hirsute, in fruit conical-ovate with sunken pyramidal base, 1 to lj
Lycium. SOLANACE.E. 237
inches long ; berry reddish. Fl. i. 149 ; Ell. 1. c. ; Dunal in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. P. pumila,
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 193. P. Pennsi/lcanica, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 382, in
part, not Linn. 1 P. Elliotti, Kunze in Linn. xx. 33. Dry open ground and bottoms, Lake
Winnipeg to Florida and Texas, Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico. Calyx-lobes vary-
ing from triangular-lanceolate to ovate-triangular ; fruiting calyx pyramidal-ovate, large.
Var. Isevigata, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or almost so throughout, or with some ex-
tremely short and pointed appressed rigid hairs on young parts, calyx, &c., or on the mar-
gins of the leaves : petioles commonly longer. P. longifolia, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc. 1. c. P. jiit/iii/a ? var. Sonone, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c. Nebraska to Texas, New
Mexico and Arizona.
Var. hirta, Gray, 1. c. A remarkable and ambiguous form, approaching P. mollis,
var. cinemscens ; much of the hirsute pubescence of the leaves being 2-3-forked, as also
are some of the villous-hispid abundant hairs of the stem. P. Pennsylvania*, var., Gray in
E. Hall's list, Coll. Tex. no. 501. Wet woods, Houston, Texas, Drummond, E. Hall.
Lawrence, Kansas, J. H. Carndh.
8. MARGARANTHUS, Schlecht. (Composed of paQ-yoQW, a pearl, and
^, flower, from a fancied resemblance of the corolla.) Resembles an annual
Physalls on a small scale, except in the globular (livid or violet-tinged) corolla ;
the small berry wholly included iu the globular and vesicular fruiting calyx,
rather dry, 20-30-seeded. Single species.
M. solanacaus, Sclllecht. Nearly glabrous slender annual, a span to two feet high,
erect, divergently branched : leaves membranaceous, ovate and ovate-lanceolate, entire or
somewhat repand, occasionally 1-2-toothed, an inch or two long, slender-petioled : pedicels
short, recurving: corolla barely 2 lines and globular-conical fruiting calyx 4 to 6 lines long.
Ind. Sem. Hort. Hal. 1838, & Hort. Hal. Ic. i. t. 1 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 154. M.
tennis, Miers, 111. ii. 74, t. 57, with more acute or acuminate leaves. Southern and western
borders of Texas (Berlandier, referred to Phi/salis divaricata by Dunal in DC. Prodr. 1. c.
414) and New Mexico, Wriyht, Bigdow. (Mex.)
9. NICANDRA, Adans. APPLE-OF-PEUU. (Nicander of Colophon.)
Single species, sparingly naturalized, from gardens : fl. summer.
N. PHYSALOIDES, Gajrtn. Glabrous annual, 3 or 4 feet high, with the habit of an overgrown
Phi/salis, and very smooth Stramonium-like leaves laciniate- or sinuate-lobed : pedicels
solitary, recurved : flower rather showy : corolla blue or bluish (an inch long and with a
broad nearly entire limb): fruiting calyx over an inch long: included fruit so dry and
thin-walled as to appear capsular. Fruct. ii. 237, t. 131; Miers, 111. ii. t. 43. Atropa pluj-
saloides, L. ; Jacq. Obs. t. 98. Waste grounds near dwellings and old gardens. (Peru, and
now dispersed through warm regions.)
10. LYCIUM, L. (Lycia, the country of the earliest-known species.)
Shrubby plants (of warm-temperate and dry tropical regions), often spinose ; the
entire and usually narrow leaves commonly fascicled in the axils, often veinless.
Flowers from greenish or white to purple, on solitary or fascicled terminal or
axillary pedicels, in spring or summer. -- Miers, 111. S. Am. PL ii. 88 ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. v. 45, vii. 388, & viii. 292.
* Introduced from Old World, sparingly escaped from cultivation.
L. VULGARE, Dunal. (MATRIMONY-VINE. BOX-THORN.) Tall, the long and slender
branches recurving or somewhat climbing, glabrous : spines few or none : leaves oblong-
lanceolate with a tapering base or somewhat spatulate : peduncles slender : corolla short-
funnelform, dull greenish-purple; the style and slender filaments equalling its lobes : berry
oval, orange-red. L. Barbarum, L., in part. Escaped into waste grounds and thickets in
Penn., &c. (Mediterranean region.)
238 SOLANACE^. Lycium.
# * Indigenous, southern and western : berries red or reddish (one species excepted), globular.
4 Largo-flowered : f unnelform corolla nearly an inch long.
L. pallidum, Miers. Glabrous : stems and branches widely spreading, 2 to 4 feet high,
spiny : leaves pale, spatulate and oblanceolate, an inch or two long : pedicels about
equalling the deeply 5-cleft calyx : corolla greenish, tinged with purple ; the lobes broad
and rounded: filaments exserted : anthers tipped with a deciduous point. 111. 1. c. 108,
t. 67; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 154; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 45. New Mexico and Ari-
zona : also S. Utah, Fremont, Fendler, &c.
+- H Large calyx, with lobes commonly longer than or equalling the tube, foliaceous and obtuse:
corolla half inch long or less : stamens included : herbage puberulent.
H- Flowers 4-merous.
Li. Palmeri, Gray. Apparently unarmed, with slender branches : leaves narrowly spat-
ulate : flowers short-pedicelled, 4 or 5 lines long: calyx-lobes lanceolate, equalling the
oblong-campanulate tube of the corolla, which is little longer than its oval lobes. Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 292. Yaqui River, W. Sonora, Mexico, added because it may reach
Arizona.
H- -H- Flowers 5-merous : corolla-lobes ovate, short, recurved-spreading.
L. Cooperi, Gray. Branches stout, and with some very short spines ; leaves spatulate,
minutely viscid-pubescent or puberulent, half inch or more in length : pedicels at least
equalling the cylindraceous at length campanulate calyx, both hirsute or pubescent ; the
oblong-lobes of the latter more or less shorter than the tube : corolla narrowly funnelform,
apparently white, half inch long, its lobes obtuse : filaments hairy at base : anthers oval,
mucronulate. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif. 542. South-eastern border of Cali-
fornia and adjacent part of Arizona, Cooper, Palmer.
Var. pu.bifl.6ra. Corolla strongly pubescent outside : calyx shorter. On the Mohave
River, with the ordinary form, Palmer.
L. puberulum, Gray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, with slender divergent and sp'mescent
branches : leaves obovate and oblong-spatulate, a quarter to half inch long, minutely and
densely puberulent : flowers solitary and sessile in the fascicles of leaves : calyx-lobes
oblong, much shorter than the tube of the corolla, twice the length of their own tube :
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, tubular-funnelform, white, with the triangular-ovate acute lobes
not longer than the abruptly dilated throat and tinged with greenish-yellow : filaments
glabrous, inserted in the throat : anthers roundish-cordate. Proc. 1. c. vi. 4(3. Borders of
Texas and New Mexico, on the Rio del Norte, near El Paso, Wright.
L. macrodon, Gray, 1- c. Spiny : leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, glabrate, 2 to 4 lines
long: pedicels at most a line and a half long: lobes of the minutely viscid calyx narrowly
linear, twice the length of the short campanulate tube (3 lines long), half the length of
the narrow corolla : filaments a little hairy at base : anthers oval-oblong. California or
Nevada ? Fremont, 1849 : not since seen.
4 -)_ 4 Short-flowered ; the tube and throat of corolla only a line or two lung, and the limb
comparatively large: calyx with short lobes or teeth or irregularly cleft : herbage glabrous or
nearly so.
H- Corolla comparatively large, nearly half inch in diameter: leaves fleshy.
L. Carolinianum, "Walt. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high, widely spreading, spiny : leaves
linear-spatulate or so thickened as to be clavate, an inch or less long: pedicels slender:
flower 4-5-merous : calyx short, irregularly cleft in age : corolla purple, its almost rotate
limb deeply parted into oval lobes: slender filaments (woolly at base) and style elongated.
Car. 84; Michx. Fl. i. 95; Miers, 1. c. t. 71. L. salsnm, Bartr. Trav. 9. Salt marshes,
S. Carolina to Texas.
H. -M- Corolla small; the expanded limb under 3 lines wide, about equalled by the stamens:
pedicels a line or two long or none: branches more or less spinescent : leaves linear-spatulate.
L. Calif ornicum, Nutt. Slender stems very much branched, 2 feet high: leaves thick-
ish and apparently fleshy-coriaceous, very small (1 to 3 lines long), from obovate or spat-
ulate to nearly linear : pedicels sometimes hardly any : tube of the white corolla included
in the campanulate 4-toothed calyx ; its rotate 4-parted limb barely 2 lines in diameter.
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 542. Clayey hill-sides, California, near San Diego, Nuttall (without
flowers), Cleveland, Palmer. (Islands of Lower California.)
Datura. SOLANACE^E. 239
L. parviflorum, Gray. Stems 2 to 4 feet high : leaves 2 to 5 lines long, narrow, not
fleshy : corolla (2 lines long) funnelform, rather more than twice the length of the short-
campanulate often irregularly 2-3-clef t ealyx ; the 4 lobes very short : style at length much
exserted. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 48. Southern Arizona, Thurber.
L. barbinodum, Miers. Stouter, 6-10 feet high; the old spurs or nodes densely short-
woolly: leaves linear-spatulate, 6 to 12 lines long: corolla (2 lines long) with narrow
tube about equalling the commonly 2-3-cleft short calyx, abruptly enlarged into a broadly
campanulate throat; the lobes 5, short, roundish. 111. 1. c. 115, t. 08, the corolla badly
drawn and unlike the description. N. W. Mexico (Seemann) and Magdalena, Sonora, T/tur-
ber (who says the berries are white and translucent) ; doubtless in adjacent Arizona.
L. BREVIPES, Benth., and L. RICHII, Gray, are little known species of Lower California.
i 4 -i -) Long-flowered; the corolla tubular or when funnelform with tube and throat over
two lines long and much exceeding the lobes, white, cream-color, or tinged with, violet: stamens
little if at all exserted.
H- Leaves, pedicels, and calyx puberulent: flowers 5-merous.
L. Fremonti, Gray. Stem 2 to 4 feet high: leaves spatulate, 4 to 9 lines long : pedicels
shorter than or barely equalling the cylindraceous calyx: corolla narrowly tubular-funuel-
form, 4 to C lines long, with very short ovate lobes : filaments nearly naked : style soon
exserted. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 46, & Bot. Calif, i. 543. S. E. California or Nevada, Fre-
mont. Arizona, Palmer.
Var. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Calyx shorter-campanulate : corolla broader and merely
4 lines long : filaments slightly hairy at base. Williams Fork, N. Arizona, Biyelow.
L. gracilipes, Gray. Minute pubescence somewhat viscid or glandular : leaves small
(2 to 6 lines long), spatulate or the smaller oblong-obovate, thickish : pedicels filiform, as
long as the flower : calyx campanulate, short-toothed : corolla elongated-f unnelform, half
inch long, white witli a violet tinge or sometimes deep violet ; the lobes rounded-ovate,
very obtuse, a line long : filaments inserted low in the throat, a little hairy at base : anthers
and style not exceeding the corolla-lobes. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81. Williams Fork, N.
Arizona, Palmer.
-H- -H- Glabrous throughout, or merely some woolly pubescence on the spurs at the insertion of the
leaves and pedicels : flowers in the same species either 5-merous or 4-merous.
= Pedicels filiform, as long as the commonly 4-merous rather short funnelform corolla.
L. Berlandieri, Dunal. Spiny, 3 to 8 feet high, with mostly slender brandies : leaves
spatulate-linear, 6 to 12 lines long : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, mostly thrice the length
of the campanulate calyx which nearly includes its narrow proper tube ; the lobes oval or
oblong (a line long) : filaments villous at base. DC. Prodr. xiii. 520; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 47. L. stolidum & L. senticostun, Miers, I.e. t. 68, 71. S. Texas, Berlandier,
Wright, to Arizona, Palmer.
= = Pedicels (1 to 3 lines long) shorter than the tubular-funnelform corolla: flowers copious.
L. Andersonii, Gray. Exceedingly branched, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves mostly very
small (2 to 6 lines long), linear-spatulate or broader: calyx short-campanulate : corolla
half inch long or nearly, tubular, very gradually widening upward ; the expanded limb
only 2 or 3 lines wide ; its rounded lobes with nearly glabrous edges : filaments slightly
hairy at base : berries bright red, "edible." Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 388, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
Utah, S. Nevada, and N. Arizona, first collected by Anderson.
Var. "Wrightii, Gray. More leafy and sparsely flowered, spiny, smaller-flowered :
corolla 4 or 5 lines long. Bot. Calif. 1. c. L. stolidum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound., in part.
L. Berlandier!, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 47, in small part. S. Arizona, Wriyht, Palmer.
L. Torreyi, Gray, 1. c. More or less spiny, 4 to 8 feet high : leaves mostly larger than
in the preceding, sometimes over an inch long and over 2 lines wide : pedicels 2 or 3 lines
long : corolla 5 or 6 lines long, more funnelform ; the limb about 4 lines wide, and the lobes
tomentulose on the edges : filaments woolly at base : berries red, " not edible." L. barbi-
node, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 363, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 154. Western border of Texas,
near El Paso, to S. E. California.
11. DATT^TRA, L. STRAMONIUM, THORN-APPLE. (From the Arabic
name, Tatorah.) Herbaceous plants, or some tropical species woody and arbo-
240 SOLANACE^:. Datura.
rescent, of rank odor, and narcotic-poisonous qualities, natives of America and
tropical Asia ; with ovate leaves, and large flowers on short peduncles in the
forks of the branching stems, produced through the season. Corolla commonly
white or violet, usually more or less fragrant.
D. ^VRBOREA, the Tree-Stramonium, representing the section Brugmansia, with very large
pendulous flowers, and oblong indehiscent fruit refiexed, cultivated in conservatories, may
perhaps have become spontaneous on the southern borders of the United States.
1. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed : border of the corolla with 5 acute teeth : cap-
sule dry, 4-valved: seeds thickish, with a dark-colored and more or less rugose or
pitted crustaceous coat : annuals, with flowers erect.
* Capsule strictly erect: seeds somewhat scrobiculate-rugose.
D. INERMIS, Jacq. Vind. iii. 44, t. 82, which may sometimes be met with in waste ground, is
very similar to L>. Stramonium, but with a perfectly smooth and unarmed capsule.
D. STRAMONIUM, L. (COMMON STRAMONIUM or JAMESTOWN-WEED.) Green, glabrous, 1 to 4
feet high : leaves sinuately and laciniately angled and toothed : corolla white, about
3 inches long : capsule thickly armed with short stout prickles, the lower ones mostly
shorter. A weed of waste grounds, common, especially in the Atlantic States. (Nat.
from Asia ? )
D. TATULA, L. Stem purple, commonly taller: corolla pale violet: prickles of the capsule
all nearly equal : otherwise similar to the preceding. Waste grounds in the Atlantic
States. (Nat. from trop. Amer.)
D. QUERCIFOLIA, HBK. Green, and young parts commonly somewhat pubescent : leaves
sparingly but mostly deeply sinuate-pinnatifid : corolla nearly as of D. Tatuhi : capsule
armed with large and unequal flattened prickles, some of the upper not rarely an inch long
(nearly as in D. ftrox). S. W. borders of Texas to Arizona. (Nat. from Mex.)
# * Capsule nodding: seeds rugose-tuberculate.
D. DISCOLOR, Bernh. More or less cinereous-pubescent, low : leaves sinuately or laciniately
toothed : corolla white tinged with purple, 2 or 3 inches long : globose capsule and its stout
large prickles pubescent. Linn, (in Lit.) viii. 138; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 105. D.
Thomasii, Torr. in Pacif. R, Rep. v. 362, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 155. Colorado, Arizona, and
S. E. California. (Introd. ? from Mex.)
2. Calyx tubular, mostly 5-toothed: corolla large, G to 8 inches long; the
border with 5 or 10 acute teeth : capsule nodding on the short recurved peduncle,
globose, succulent, bursting irregularly at maturity : seeds flatter, with a softer
and pale smoothish coat : flowers erect.
D. meteloides, DC. Pruinose-glaucescent with minute pubcrulence or pubescence, a
foot to 3 feet high from a (at least -commonly) perennial root: leaves unequally ovate,
merely repand or nearly entire: calyx cylindrical, about 3 inches long: corolla white
suffused with violet, sweet-scented, 7 or 8 inches long when well developed, the widely
dilated and very open funnelform limb 5 or G inches in diameter, and with 5 slender subu-
late teeth : persistent base of the calyx narrow : capsule 2 inches in diameter, thickly
muricate with short and equal prickles : seeds with a narrow and sometimes cord-like mar-
gin. Dmial in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 544 (the descr. and drawing of Mocino and Sesse wrong
as to 10-dentate corolla) ; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 154; Fl. Serres, t. 1266. D. Wrii/litii.
Hortul. ; Regel, Gartenfl. viii. t. 260. D. Mc-trl, var. quinfjneciispida, Torr. in Pacif. R. Hep.
vii. 18. Along streams, S. W. Texas, on the Rio Grande, to Arizona and Santa Bar-
bara, California. (Adjacent Mex.)
12. HYOSC^AMUS, Tourn. HENBANE. (From vg, t>6c, a kog, and
Kvafjiog, a bean, said to poison swine.) -- Natives of the Old World, one species,
the medicinal Ifenbane, sparingly introduced.
H. NfoER, L. (BLACK HENBANE.) Biennial with a fusiform root, or sometimes annual,
viscid-pubescent or villous, heavy-scented (narcotic), a foot or two high: leaves oblong,
Nicotiana. SOLANACE^E. 241
sinuate-toothed or somewhat pinnatifid, the upper all more or less clasping and partly de-
current; uppermost subtending the secund at length spicate flowers : corolla lurid-yellowish
with reticulated purple veins. Waste grounds and roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)
13. OESTRUM, L. (Ancient Greek name of some plant, applied by Lin-
naeus to this genus.) Shrubs or low trees of tropical America. Leaves entire,
short-petioled, pinnately veined. Flowers variously clustered on axillary pe-
duncles, or forming a terminal panicle or corymb ; the corolla narrowly tubular-
funnelform or clavate : berries reddish or blackish. Several are in cultivation,
both day-blooming and night-blooming, the latter very sweet-scented. One
species is sparingly spontaneous in Florida, viz.
C. niUKxiTM, L. Glabrous: leaves oblong, very bright green above: flowers sessile in a
short close cluster on an axillary peduncle : corolla white, enlarging very gradually from
base to summit, not narrowed at the throat, half an inch long, with lobes short and roundish,
open through the day. (Dill. Elth. t. 154, fig. 186.) Key West. (Adv. from W. Ind.)
14. NICOTIANA, Tourn. TOBACCO. (In memory of John Nicot, who
was thought to have introduced Tobacco into Europe.) -- Herbs, or one peculiar
species arborescent, mostly American, narcotic-poisonous, heavy-scented, usually
viscid-pubescent ; with entire or sometimes repand or pandurate leaves, and pani-
culate or racemose flowers.
1. TABA"CU:M, Don. Capsule septicidal, dividing the two placentas ; the valves
at length 2-cleft at the apex : leaves ample : flowers diurnal, naked-panicled :
corolla funnelforai with ventricose throat and acute or acuminate spreading lobes
or teeth, purplish-red or rose-color, sometimes white in cultivation.
N. TABACUM, L. (COMMON TOBACCO.) Tall annual, more or less glutinous-pubescent:
leaves from ovate- to narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, the lower commonly 2 or 3 feet
long: flowers pedicelled: corolla about 2 inches long. Cult, from S. Amer., and sponta-
neous in waste grounds along the south-western borders of the United States.
Var. UNDULATA, Sendtner, a marked form, with long and narrow lanceolate gradually
caudate-acuminate leaves, undulate below, and corolla-lobes caudate-acuminate. Mart.
Fl. Bras. x. 106. N.l.ancifolin, Willd., & N. Yharrensis, HBK. To this probably belongs the
Yaqni Tobacco, found by Dr. Palmer cultivated in Arizona, and also N. caudata, Nutt. PL
Gamb., at Monterey, California.
2. NICOTIA, Gray. Capsule septifragal, 2-4-valved (in anomalous forms
several-valved) ; the thin dissepiment remaining with the entire central placenta:
corolla mostly white or greenish. Ours annuals. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 907.
# Corolla oblong-inflated, open throughout the day: leaves all broad and petioled.
N. RUSTICA, L. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent : leaves ovate or the lower
rounder and subcordate, very obtuse (often a foot long) : flowers thyrsoid-paniculate :
calyx with broad round-ovate teeth, not equalling the globular at first merely 2-valved
capsule : corolla about three-fourths inch long, lurid yellowish or greenish, not thrice the
length of the calyx, inflated from a short narrow base and with contracted orifice ; the
short and rounded lobes reticulate-veiny. Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i. 25; Reiehenb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. xx. t. 1626. Spontaneous in waste grounds, rare, formerly cult, by Indians. Prob-
ably indigenous to the Old World, but of unknown nativity.
* Corolla salverfomi or tubular-funnel form : calyx-lobes narrow.
< Leaves undulate-crisped or repand, or pandurifWm. all the upper more or less clasping: flowers
vespertine : tube of the corolla almost filiform, 1 to 2i inches long: filaments very short, inserted
in the throat: stem loosely branching, racemosely loose-flowered.
N. plumbaginifolia, Viv. Somewhat scabrous-pubescent or glabrate : cauline leaves
sessile and with partly clasping base, undulate and sometimes even crisped along the mar-
gins; the lowest oblong or obovate-spatulate ; the others oblong-lanceolate and acuminate,
16
242 SOLANACE^E. Nicotiana.
above passing into linear-subulate bracts : corolla greenish-white, less than 2 inches long,
somewhat contracted between the limb and the subclavately dilated throat ; the lobes 2 or
3 lines long, acute. Dimal in DC. 1. c. 569. Damp grounds around Matamoras, Ber-
landier. Probably on the Texan side of the Rio Grande also. (Mex., W. Ind.)
N. repanda, Willd. Minutely pubescent or above glabrate, 2 or 3 feet high, with loose
slender branches, extending into open racemose or somewhat paniculate naked inflores-
cence: leaves thin (3 to 6 inches long and 1 to 4 wide), ovate, or tlie lower obovate and
sometimes panduriform, commonly repand ; the lowest contracted into a winged petiole;
upper deeply cordate-clasping : bracts minute or often wanting : calyx-lobes slender, fully
as long as the short-campanulate acutely 10-ribbed tube : corolla with tube frequently 2
inches long, somewhat clavate or funnelform at the open throat ; the spreading limb
white, or sometimes tinged with rose, 7 to 12 lines in diameter ; its lobes short and obtuse
or acutish. Lehm. Nicot. 40, t. 3 (depauperate) ; Dimal in DC. 1. c., but not Hook. Bot.
Mag. and perha-ps not N. It/rata, HBK. N. panditrata, Dunal, 1. c. N. Roemeriana, Scheele
in Linn. xxi. 707. Low grounds, Texas. (Mex.)
-( -K- Leaves entire, or the margins sometimes obscurely undulate : filaments slender,
n- Equally inserted low down on the tube of the salverform corolla, which is not enlarged at the
throat, and is very much longer than the small obtusely 5-lobed limb.
= Leaves, even the lower, with more or less clasping base : flowers open throughout the day.
N. trigonoph^lla, Dunal. Viscid-pubescent : stem 1 to 3 feet high, simple or vir-
gately branched : leaves all sessile or only the lower tapering into a winged petiole, and
obovate-oblong; the upper oblong-lanceolate with a broader cordate half-clasping base, or
some spatulate-lanceolate with a dilated auriculate-clasping base (1 to 4 inches long) : in-
florescence at length loosely paniculate-racemose, with the later bracts very small or want-
ing, and somewhat unilateral pedicels about the length of the calyx : calyx-lobes subulate-
lanceolate but rather obtuse, equalling the campanulate tube, attaining the middle of the
corolla-tube, about equalling the 4-valved capsule, somewhat callous-margined : corolla
greenish-white or yellowish, about three-fourths inch long, somewhat pubescent, a little
constricted at the orifice ; the tube slightly enlarging upward ; the sinuately-lobed limb
about 4 lines in diameter. DC. Prodr. xi. 5(32; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 545. N. mult/jlora,
Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 362, excl. " Nutt. PI. Gamb." N. ipomopsfflora, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. v. 166, and perhaps of Dunal, 1. c., but the figure in Mocino & Sesse, Ic. Fl. Mex.
ined. t. 009, represents a more funnelform corolla. N. </!a/iduIosa, Buckley in Proc. Acad.
Philad. 18G2, 166. Texas to S. E. California. (Mex.)
N. Palmeri. Viscid-tomentose throughout, except the corolla : stem apparently 3 feet
high, loosely branched above: leaves as of the preceding, but acuminate and mostly with
undulate margins, the larger 5 or 6 inches long : flowers sparsely racemose, short-pedicelled :
calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate, somewhat unequal, longer than the tube, half the length
of the corolla, conspicuously surpassing the capsule : corolla white tinged with green, an
inch long, neither constricted nor dilated at the orifice, externally somewhat pubescent :
the conspicuously 5-lobed limb 6 or 7 lines in diameter. Northern Arizona, on Williams
Fork, Palmer (no. 433, coll. 1876).
= = Leaves not clasping : flowers vespertine, and closing before noon or under sunshine.
N. Cleveland!. Viscid-pubescent, or the stem (a foot or two high) villous : leaves ovate
or the upper ovate-lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long) ; the lower obtuse and with margined
petiole not dilated at base ; the upper subsessile and gradually narrowing from a broad and
rounded or truncate subsessile base into an acuminate apex : bracts lanceolate : flowers
paniculate-racemose ; calyx-lobes linear, unequal ; the longer fully twice the length of the
tube, more than half the length of the corolla : the latter greenish-white tinged with violet,
almost glabrous, an inch long, quite salverform ; the somewhat 5-lobed limb half inch in
diameter. California, in dry bed of streams, Chollas Valley near San Diego, Cleveland,
Palmer (no. 267, coll. 1875). Near Santa Barbara, Rothrock, a smaller-flowered form.
N. attenuata, Torr. More or less viscid-pubescent, a foot or two high : leaves all on
naked and mostly slender petioles and acute or merely obtuse at base ; the lower ovate or
oblong (1-J- to 4 inches long) ; the upper from oblong-lanceolate and attenuate-acuminate to
linear-lanceolate or linear: inflorescence loosely paniculate and naked above: pedicels
short : calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate or subulate, with thin edges, almost equal, much
Petunia. SOLANACE^E. 243
shorter than the tube, not over a line and a half long, and not surpassing the capsule :
corolla dull white or greenish, glabrous, slender-salverform ; the tube an inch to inch and
a half long ; the obscurely 5-lobed or angulate limb 4 to 6 lines in diameter. Watson, Bot.
King, 276, t. 27, fig. 1, 2 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 545. Dry ground, California and Nevada to
Colorado. (Guadalupe Island off Lower California, Palmer, referred to A". Bigelovii.)
++ ++ Filaments more or less unequally inserted in the upper part of the tube of the tubular-fun-
nelform or salverfonn but open-mouthed white corolla, which is vespertine and open by day
only in dull weather: capsule thin-walled: herbage viscid-pubescent, often minutely so.
= Ovary and ovate 4-vaIved capsule 2-celled as in all the foregoing : diameter of the limb of the
corolla 'less than the length of the slender tube.
N. Bigelovii, 'Watson. A foot or two high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile or nearly
so ; the lower (5 to 7 inches long) with tapering base ; the upper (3 to 1A inches long) more
acuminate, with either acute or some with broader and partly clasping base : inflorescence
loosely racemiform, with all the upper flowers bractless : calyx-teeth unequal, linear-subu-
late, about equalling the tube, surpassing the capsule : tube of the corolla 1J to 2 inches
long, narrow, with a gradually expanded throat ; the 5-angulate-lobed limb 12 to 18 lines
in diameter. Bot. King, 270, t. 27, fig. 3, 4 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. 546. N. plumbaginifolia 9
var. Bigelovii, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 127. California, from Shasta Co. to San Diego, and
eastward to Nevada and the border of Arizona.
Var. Wallacei, a form with corolla smaller (the tube 12 to 16 lines long), and
calyx-teeth shorter, but variable, sometimes hardly surpassing the capsule : upper leaves
more disposed to have a broad and roundish or subcordatc slightly clasping base: herbage,
&c., more viscid. Near Los Angeles and San Diego, Wallace, Cleveland.
= Ovary and capsule globular, 4-several-celled, at first, somewhat succulent: the valves at
maturity tliin and rather membranous: corolla with ampler limb and proportionally shorter more
funnelform tube. Polydiclia, Don. Pvlydiclis, MILTS.
N. quadrivalvis, Pursh. A foot high, rather stout, more or less viscid-pubescent, low-
branching : leaves oblong or the uppermost lanceolate, and the lower ovate-lanceolate,
acute at both ends, mostly sessile (3 to 5 inches long); the lowest larger and petioled :
flowers few : calyx-teeth much shorter than the tube, about equalling the 4-celled (or
sometimes 3-celled? ) capsule : tube of the corolla barely an inch long, the 5-lobed limb an
inch and a half or more in diameter ; its lobes ovate and obtusish, veiny. Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 1778 ; Lehm. Nicot. 45, t. 4 ; Nutt. Gen. i. 132 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Poli/diclis quadri-
valvis, Miers, 111. i. 164, & ii. 55, 60, fig. 2-14. Oregon, and cultivated by the Indians from
Oregon to the Missouri : their most prized tobacco-plant. Perhaps a derivative of the
preceding species.
Var. multivalvis, Gray, 1. c. An abnormal form of cultivation (by aborigines),
generally stouter, with calyx, corolla (often over 2 inches wide), and stamens 5-8-merous,
and capsule several-celled, sometimes an inch in diameter. N. multivalvis, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t, 1057. Polijdiclis multivalvis, Miers, 1. c. t. 60, fig. 1 & 9. Oregon, probably known only
as an escape from aboriginal cultivation.
N. NANA, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 833, Nierembergia nana, Miers, must be Hcsperochiron Californicus.
15. PETtJNIA, Juss. (Petun is an aboriginal name of Tobacco.) - - Viscid
South American herbs, with entire leaves, the upper disposed to become opposite,
and scattered flowers becoming lateral : two large-flowered species and their
hybrids familiar in gardens ; an inconspicuous small-flowered one is a naturalized
weed, and perhaps indigenous along the southern borders of the U. S. It forms a
peculiar section, and has received several generic names.
P. parviflora, Juss. A small prostrate or diffusely spreading annual, much branched,
more or less pubescent : leaves oblong-linear or spatulate, rather fleshy, seldom half an
inch long, nearly sessile : peduncles very short : calyx-lobes resembling the smaller leaves :
corolla purple with a pale or yellowish tube, 4 lines long, funnelform ; its short retuse lobes
slightly unequal: capsule small, ovoid. Juss. in Ann. Mus. ii. 216, t. 47 ; Miers, 111. i.
t. 23 ; Dunal. 1. <:. 575. Nicotiana pam flora, Lehm. Nicot. 48. Lindernia Montevidensis,
Spreng. Collibrarhna prornmbens, Llav. & Lex. Nov. Mex. Veg. ii. 3. Salpiyhssis prostratn,
Hook. Am. Bot. Beech. 123. Leptophragma prostmtu, Benth. mss. ex Dunal, 1. c. 578.
244 SOLANACE^E. Bouclietia.
Waste grounds and coasts, S. Florida and Texas to California ; also adventive at some
seaports of the Atlantic States: an insignificant little weed. (S. Amor., &c.)
16. BOUCHETIA, DC. (In memory of D. Bouchet, an obscure botanist
of the south of France.) Prodr. xiii. 589, in part; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii.
908. Single species.
B. erecta, DC. 1. c. Much branched from a perennial root, ascending, a span high, mi-
nutely appressed-pubescent : leaves oblong-spatulate, or the lower oval and petioled, and the
upper lanceolate and sessile, rather small: peduncles terminal or lateral and scattered:
corolla white, 6 to 9 lines long, about twice the length of the calyx ; the broadly funnel-
form limb deeply 5-lobed ; lobes roundish. Nierembergia anomala, Miers in Lond. Jour. Bot.
iii. 175, & 111. i. 90, t. 20; Dunal in DC. 1. c. 528; Tori-. Bot. Mex. Bound. 15(3. N. statlccE-
folia, Sendtner in Mart. Fl. Bras. x. 179. Leucanthea Raimerlana, Scheele in Linn. xxv. 259.
Moist prairies and rocky hills, Texas. (Mex., S. Brazil, &c.)
17. LEPTOG-L.6SSIS, Benth. (^arrotf, thin or small, and j-JLaxraiV, in
place of J-P.WTT/V, the mouth of the windpipe, the throat of corolla being narrow.)
Extra-tropical S. American herbs, resembling Nierembergia (which has 5 fer-
tile stamens borne at and exserted from the orifice of the open saucer-shaped
limb), but with tubular-funnelform throat, in the lower part or base of which the
didynamous stamens are inserted. Besides the genuine species, a Texan and a
Mexican species constitute a subgenus,
1. BRACHYGLOSSIS, with strictly salverform corolla of Nierembergia ; the
long and filiform tube abruptly saccate-dilated just under the ample rotate limb :
stigma rather narrowly 2-lobed, and the lobes alate-decurrent on the apex of the
style : habit and foliage of Bouclietia. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 1G4.
L. Texana, Gray, 1- c- Low perennial, diffusely much branched from a suffrutescent
base, a span high, viscid-pubescent: leaves spatulate-obovate or oblong, acute (half inch
long), narrowed at base, the lower into a short margined petiole : peduncles mostly shorter
than the eampanulate-funnelform 5-toothed calyx (the teeth deltoid) : corolla apparently
white ; the filiform tube 8 or 9 lines long; the almost regular broadly 5-lobed plane limb
of about the same diameter ; the very short campanulate throat hardly over a line in
height ami width: winged appendages under the stigma narrower than long: capsule only
half the length of the 10-nerved calyx: seeds somewhat reniform, coarsely transverse-
rugose, otherwise smooth. Nierembergia (Leptoglossis) viscosa, Browallia (Lpptoylossis)
Te.ra/in, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 155, 156. Rocky hills, W. Texas, Writ/lit, Bitjelow. (Ad-
jacent Mexico, at San Carlos, Berlundicr, no. ."194.) L. Coulter!., Gray, I.e., a nearly related
Mexican species of this section, is minutely pubescent, and has ovate leaves on slender
petioles, longer peduncle, calyx cleft to the middle, and very broad wings to the apex of
the style.
ORDER XCVI. SCROPHULARIACE.E.
Herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, with leaves either alternate or opposite
and destitute of stipules, primary inflorescence centripetal and the secondary when
developed centrifugal, perfect flowers with the bilabiately irregular corolla (5)
imbricated and not plicate in the bud, didynamous or diandrous stamens, 2-celled
ovary with axile several-many-ovuled placentae, usually capsular fruit, and ana-
tropous or amphitropous seeds (generally numerous), with a small and straight or
only slightly curved embryo in fleshy albumen, the cotyledons little if at all
broader than the radicle. The calyx and corolla are mostly 5-merous, and the
former persistent ; but sometimes they are 4-merous, at least apparently, and
SCROPHULARIACE^E. 245
either with or without all four stamens present ; sometimes the corolla is nearly
or quite regular, and even with all five stamens present and complete (uniformly
so in Verbascum, abnormally in several species of Pentstemon} ; and the ovules
are sometimes few and definite, rarely solitary. The posterior or superior stamen
is the deficient or abortive one. Corolla wanting in one Synthyris. Style one
and undivided : stigma either entire, or 2-lobed, or bilamellar (bilabiate) ; its lobes
and the cells of the ovary anterior and posterior. Seeds comparatively small,
rarely winged. -=- This large order has its tribes arranged by Bentham and Hooker
(Gen. ii. 915) under three series, hardly to be regarded as suborders, the first of
which closely connects with the preceding order, except as to inflorescence. The
ambiguous SalpiglossidecB are referred to that order.
I. (PsEunosoLANE^E.) Leaves all alternate. Inflorescence simply centri-
petal. Corolla hardly if at all bilabiate ; the 2 posterior lobes external in the
bud. All five stamens sometimes present and perfect.
TRIBE I. LEUCOPHYLLE^E. Corolla campanulate or short- funnelform ; the lobes
plane or merely concave.
1. LEUCOPHYLLUM. Calyx short, 5-partecl ; the lobes nearly valvate. Corolla with
5 rounded and spreading nearly equal lobes. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or rarely 5 and
the fifth imperfect, included : anthers with cells confluent at the apex, at length divari-
cate. Stigma emarginate or bilamellar. Capsule 2-valved, and the valves at length 2-
cleft. Tomentose shrubs.
TRIBE II. VERBASCEJD. Corolla rotate, with hardly any tube. Anthers by con-
fluence 1-celled. (None indigenous to America.)
2. VERBASCUM. Stamens 5, all with anthers ; all or the three superior filaments
woolly-bearded. Style flattened and dilated at apex. Capsule globular or oblong, septi-
cidally 2-valved ; the valves 2-clef t at apex. Seeds very numerous, rugose.
II. (ANTIRRHINIDE^E.) Leaves prevailingly opposite, at least the lower. In-
florescence when simple centripetal, when compound the partial centrifugal ; i. e.
the peduncle cymosely few-several-flowered. Upper lip or lobes of the corolla
external in the bud, with a few occasional and irregular exceptions. Fertile
stamens very seldom more than four.
TRIBE III. ANTIRRHINEyE. Corolla bilabiate and more or less tubular; the base
of the tube gibbous or saccate or spurred on the lower side, and the lower lip often
with an intrusion (palate) at the throat. Capsule opening by irregular perforations
or lacerate chinks, not by normal valves, many-seeded. Inflorescence simple and
racemose, or the flowers solitary and axillary.
* Stamens 4, with more or less 2-celled fertile anthers.
3. LINARIA. Corolla with a spur at base (this rarely abortive) and a prominent palate
nearly closing the throat. In the occasional monstrosity called Peloria, the corolla be-
comes regular by the production of 5 spurs and 5 regular short lobes.
4. ANTIRRHINUM. Corolla merely saccate or gibbous at base, otherwise nearly as
Linaria, or the palate in some species much less prominent. Seeds destitute of any proper
wing.
5. MAURANDIA. Corolla barely gibbous at base, nearly funnelform, ringent, with two
longitudinal and commonly bearded intruded lines or plaits instead of palate. Capsule
equal or hardly oblique. Seeds winged or wingless.
* * Antheriferous stamens only 2 (the anterior pair) ; the posterior reduced to small
abortive filaments.
6. MOHAVEA. Corolla with short tube merely gibbous at base, and very ample bilabiate
but somewhat campanulate-erect limb; the lips obovate-dilated or fan-shaped, the upper
2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed and bearing a prominent but comparatively small palate, bearded
down its middle ; lobes all broad, erose-denticulate, and abruptly short-acuminate. An-
thers of the two fertile stamens one-celled by confluence. Style slender and straight :
246 SCROPHULARIACE.E.
stigma depressed-capitate. Capsule and the cyathiferous seeds of Antirrhinum Pseudo-
rontiitm.
TRIBE IV. CHELOXEJ^. Corolla more or less bilabiate and tubular, not saccate
or otherwise produced at base anteriorly. Antheriferous stamens 4, and rudiment
of the fifth commonly present. Capsule dehiscent by valves. Inflorescence nor-
mally compound (at least the peduncle 2-bracteate), and leaves opposite. (Chion-
opliila is exceptional and of doubtful position, having flowers simply spicate, and
the leaves sometimes alternate. In some species of Collins ia, the flowers are solitary
in the axils on a bractless peduncle or pedicel.)
* Corolla gibbous or saccate on the upper or posterior side of the tube : ovules and seeds
few or solitary in the cells : calyx deeply 5-cleft, campanulate : peduncles or pedicels
simple and ebracteate.
7. COLLINSIA. Corolla declined, deeply bilabiate ; its upper lip 2-cleft, with lobes more
or less erect and replicate ; lower larger and 3-lobed ; its lateral lobes pendulous-spreading ;
middle one conduplicate into a keel-shaped sac which encloses the 4 declined stamens and
style. Filaments long and filiform ; the lower or anterior pair inserted higher on the
corolla than the other: anthers round-renif orm ; their two cells confluent at the apex
into one. Gland at base of corolla on the upper side represents the fifth stamen. Style
filiform: stigma small, entire, or minutely 2-cleft. Capsule ovate or globose, at first sep-
ticidal ; the valves soon 2-cleft. Seeds amphitropous and peltate, concave ventrally.
Leaves undivided.
8. TONELLA. Corolla little declined, obscurely bilabiate, and the 5 more or less unequal
lobes somewhat rotately spreading ; the lower not enclosing the soon ascending stamens ;
tube slightly gibbous posteriorly. Ovules and seeds 1 to 4 in each cell, oval. Cauline
leaves mainly ternately divided or parted.
* # (Genuine Chclonne.) Corolla-tube not gibbous posteriorly : ovules and seeds indefi-
nitely numerous : calyx deeply 5-parted or of distinct sepals, imbricated : inflorescence
mostly thyrsoidal, i.e. the axillary clusters centrifugal or cymose, or when reduced to a
single flower the peduncle or pedicel 2-bracteate : capsule septicidal.
) Sterile stamen represented by a scale on the upper side of the throat of the corolla.
9. SCROPHULARIA. Corolla short ; the tube ventricose and globular or oblong; lobes
5, unequal, four of them erect and the two posterior longer; the fifth or anterior reflexed
or spreading. Stamens 4, declined, usually included or shorter than the corolla lobes :
anthers transverse and confidently 1-celled. Stigma entire or emarginate. Seeds margin-
less, rugose.
-i H Filament of the sterile stamen conspicuous and elongated : corolla from ventri-
cosc-campanulate to elongated-tubular; the limb either obscurely or strongly bilabiate.
10. CHELONE. Seeds surrounded by a broad membranaceous wing. Otherwise nearly
as Pentstemon. Anthers long-woolly as in the first division of that genus ; the wool mainly
confined to the inner face.
1 1. PENTSTEMON. Seeds angulate, marginless. Antheriferous stamens 4, declined at
base, ascending above : filaments filiform : anther-cells either united or confluent at apex.
Style filiform : stigma small, entire.
* * * Corolla-tube not gibbous : ovules and seeds rather numerous : calyx not deeply
cleft: inflorescence simply spicate: capsule at first loculicidal.
1 2. CHIONOPHILA. Calyx f unnelform, thin-membranaceous becoming scarious, merely
and obtusely 5-lobed. Corolla tubular, with slightly dilated throat and bilabiate limb,
somewhat personate ; upper lip erect and slightly concave, barely 2-lobed, the sides some-
what recurved ; lower with convex densely bearded base forming a palate, and 3-lobed,
the short lobes recurving. Stamens of Eupentstemon : cells of the anthers divaricate and
confluent. Sterile filament small and short, or even minute, naked. Style filiform : stig-
ma minute, entire. Capsule oblong, enclosed in the marcescent calyx and corolla, loculi-
cidally 2-valved, and the valves soon septifragal and 2-parted ; placenta I dissepiment
flat. Seeds rather large, oblong, with a very loose and arilliform cellular-reticulated
outer coat.
TRIBE V. GRATIOLE^E. Corolla from bilabiate to almost regular, not saccate or
otherwise produced at base. Antheriferous stamens 2 or 4: no rudiments of the
fifth. Capsule dehiscent, many-seeded. Inflorescence simple and centripetal; the
pedicels solitary in the axil of bracts or leaves and ebracteolate. Leaves opposite (or
verticillate), or only the uppermost alternate.
SCROPHULARIACE^E. 247
* Calyx prismatic and barely 5-toothed, or rarely campanulate and hardly 5-cleft : corolla
more or less bilabiate : stamens 4.
13. MIMULUS. Corolla with either elongated or short tube; upper lip 2- and the lower
3-lobed or parted ; the former often erect and the sides turned back ; a pair of palatine
ridges (either bearded or naked and more or less intruded) running down the lower
side of the throat. Stamens inserted low within the throat or on the tube. Anthers
generally approximate in pairs, on filiform filaments ; their cells divergent, either distinct
or confluent at the apex. Style filiform : stigma bilamellar, or sometimes peltate by the
union of the two dilated lips, or rarely even funnelform. Capsule enclosed in the
calyx, loculicidal ; the placentas either firmly united, or in one section barely contiguous
in the axis.
* * Calyx 5-parted: corolla more or less bilabiate: stamens 4, inserted below the throat,
included : anther-cells distinct.
-) Sepals narrow and nearly alike : capsule septicidal or septifragal.
14. STEMODIA. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, somewhat erect and hardly 2-lobed
upper lip, and more spreading lower one. Anther-cells separate and stipitate. Stigma
2-lobed. Capsule with valves soon 2-parted : placentas left in the axis.
15. CONOBEA. Corolla nearly of the preceding, or more equally 5-lobed. Anther-cells
distinct but not stipitate, parallel. Stigma bilamellar. Capsule septifragal ; valves en-
tire or rarely 2-cleft. Seeds striate.
n H Sepals unequal and imbricated ; the posterior one considerably or much broader than
the anterior; the two lateral interior and usually much narrower: capsule septicidal or
loculicidal ; the valves entire or 2-parted, separating from the undivided placentiferous
column.
16. HERPESTIS. Corolla with short cylindraceous tube, and spreading lips; upper
emarginate or 2-lobed; lower 3-lobed, plane. Anther-cells parallel or divergent. Cap-
sule globose or ovate.
* * * Calyx 5-parted or deeply 4-5-Iobed : antheriferous stamens only 2,
H The posterior pair ; the anterior pair sterile rudiments or sometimes wanting: flowers
not minute: corolla manifestly bilabiate; upper lip entire or 2-lobed; lower 3-cleft :
sepals narrow, little unequal : stigma dilated and mostly bilamellar.
1 7. GrRATIOLA. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips nearly of equal length. Sta-
mens both fertile (with anther-cells distinct) and sterile inserted below the throat and in-
cluded. Capsule both loculicidal and septicidal ; valves separating from the placentif-
erous column. Seeds striate and transversely reticulated.
18. ILYSANTHES. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, or more dilated throat ; upper lip
erect and concave, 2-lobed ; lower larger, spreading, with 3 broad nearly equal lobes.
Fertile stamens inserted rather low down and somewhat included : sterile filaments
inserted at the orifice and forked ; one fork glandular and obtuse ; the other smooth and
naked, acute, sometimes reduced to a mere tooth, sometimes more elongated and even
bearing the rudiment of an anther. Capsule ovoid or oblong, septicidal or septifragal ;
the valves entire, at length separating from the placentiferous column. Seeds foveolate-
rugose.
-t The anterior pair of stamens antheriferous, at least only a single pair antheriferous,
and no rudiments of sterile ones : flowers minute : corolla only 4-lobed : anthers short, of
roundish distinct cells.
19. MICRANTHEMUM. Calyx usually 4-cleft or 4-lobed. Corolla with very short tube,
obscurely bilabiate ; its upper lip short or almost none ; the lower 3-lobed and the middle
lobe longer. Stamens inserted in the throat : filaments short, dilated or appendaged at
base. Style short : stigma dilated or 2-lobed. Capsule globular, thin, becoming 1-celled
by the vanishing of the partition, leaving the several-many-seeded placenta in the axis.
Seeds oblong, minute.
20. AMPHIANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, unequal. Corolla funnelform, with spreading 4-
cluft limb ; lobes rounded, one of them larger. Stamens on the tube of the corolla,
included : filaments filiform, not appendaged. Style subulate : stigma minutely 2-cleft.
Capsule obcordate, compressed, loculicidal ; valves bearing the partition. Seeds numer-
ous, linear-oblong, striate, transversely rugulose.
* * * * Calyx and corolla both 5-lobed and nearly regular : antheriferous stamens 4,
nearly equal : no sterile filament.
21. LIMOSELLA. Calyx campanulate; the lobes short. Corolla between rotate and
campanulate ; its lobes oblong or ovate. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla : fila-
ments slender, unappendaged : anthers by confluence 1-celled. Style short : stigma de-
pressed-capitate. Capsule globose-ovoid, 2-celled only at base ; the large central pla-
centa many-seeded. Seeds ovoid, rugulose.
248 SCROPHULARIACE^:.
III. (RHINANTHIDEJE.) Leaves various. Inflorescence simply centripetal.
Lower lip or lateral lobes of the corolla external in the bud. Stamens very
rarely more than 4.
TRIBE VI. DIGIT ALEJE. Corolla usually little if at all bilabiate; the lobes all
plane, the lateral or one of them external. Anther-cells contiguous at apex and
often confluent. Herbs, or some shrubs, none parasitic.
* Stamens 4 or sometimes 5, nearly equal: corolla short-campanulate or nearly rotate.
22. SCOPARIA. Sepals 4 or 5, rather broad, imbricated. Corolla 4-cleft, densely hairy in
the throat. Stamens 4: anther-cells distinct. Style slightly clavate: stigma truncate.
Capsule septicidal. Leaves opposite or verticillate.
23. CAPRARIA. Sepals 5, narrow, hardly imbricated. Corolla 5-cleft, Stamens often
5 : anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped ; the cells confluent at apex. Style with thick-
ened apex : stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 2-sulcate, loculicidal. Leaves alternate.
* * Stamens 2 (only abnormally 3 or 4), distant, straight, exserted, inserted at or below
the sinuses between the two lateral and the posterior lobe of the corolla : style usually
filiform, with terminal usually small-capitate stigma : capsule mostly compressed and
obtuse or emarginate, few-many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves tardily if at all separat-
ing from the placentiferous axis. (Hypogynous disk mostly conspicuous and crateri-
f orm or annular. )
24. SYNTHYRIS. Corolla from oblong- to short-campanulate, 4-cleft, more or less irreg-
ular (upper lobe longer), sometimes irregularly and variably parted, occasionally want-
ing. Sepals 4, oblong. Anther-cells parallel or somewhat divergent below, not confluent
at apex. Placenta? short, chiefly at the centre of the valves. Seeds discoidal, orbicular
or oval, with very close and strictly conformed smooth coat.
25. VERONICA. Corolla from rotate with very short or hardly any tube to salverform ;
its lobes 4 (or sometimes 5), one usually smaller. Anther-cells more or less confluent at
the apex. Seeds various.
TRIBE VII. GERARDIE.E. Corolla little or not at all bilabiate; the lobes all
plane and mostly spreading, the anterior one external in the bud. Stamens 4:
anther-cells distinct to the very apex, or sometimes one of them wanting. Capsule
loculicidal, many-seeded. Herbs, most of them partially root-parasitic, and their
green foliage inclined to blacken in drying: some African and Indian genera are
wholly parasitic and destitute of green herbage, in the manner of Orobanchacece.
* Anthers by abortion 1-celled : corolla salverform ; tube slender : flowers 2-bracteolate.
26. BUCHNERA. Calyx tubular or oblong, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla with
straight or slightly curved tube, and almost equally 5-cleft widely spreading limb. Sta-
mens didynamous : .anthers approximate in pairs ; the cell vertical. Style with somewhat
clavate and entire apex. Valves of the oblong capsule separating from the placentifer-
ous axis. Seeds with reticulated close coat.
* * Anthers 2-celled ; the cells equal and parallel : pedicels ebracteolate.
* Stamens equal or nearly so, more or less exserted : posterior lobes of the corolla united
to near their middle.
27. SEYMERIA. Corolla short, somewhat campanulate or rotate, pale yellow, calyx 5-
cleft or parted. Filaments short, usually woolly at base : anthers obtuse at base, not
exceeding the corolla-lobes. Capsule globular or ovate, with more or less pointed and
compressed apex. Seeds with a loose reticulated coat.
28. MACRANTHERA. Corolla (orange-color) salverform, with tube very much longer
than the small lobes ; its narrow orifice somewhat oblique ; posterior and partly united
lobes somewhat erect, the others soon reflexed. Calyx 5-parted ; the divisions long and
narrow. Stamens inserted toward the bottom of the corolla : filaments filiform, becoming
conspicuously exserted, sparsely glandular-hairy, as are the linear-oblong anthers when
young: cells of the latter acuminate at base. Style long and filiform : stigma simple or
2-cleft. Capsule globose and bisulcate ; the valves at length 2-cleft. Seeds obovate,
lamellate-crested on the back.
H -i Stamens conspicuously didynamous, shorter than the corolla.
29. GERARDIA. Corolla from campanulate to f unnelform ; the throat ampliate ; limb
5-parted, and with the two posterior lobes often rather smaller or more united. Calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-.cIef t. Stamens commonly more or less hairy : anthers more
or less approximate in pairs. Style filiform : stigma clavate-thickened or flattened. Seeds
usually angulate and with a rather loose coat.
SCROPHULARIACEJ2. 249
TKIBE VIII. EUPHRASIES. Corolla manifestly bilabiate; the upper lip erect and
concave or galeate, entire or emarginate, rarely 2-cleft; the lower 3-cleft, mostly
spreading, external in the bud. Stamens 4 and didynamous, or rarely 2, ascending
under the upper lip: anther-cells distinct, sometimes one abortive or wanting.
Style mostly filiform and stigma entire, rarely 2-lobed. Capsule loculicidal. Leafy
herbs, not rarely drying blackish; these partially root- parasitic.
* Ovules and usually the seeds numerous.
J Anther-cells unequal or dissimilar ; the outer one affixed by its middle ; the other pend-
ulous from its upper end, mostly smaller, sometimes sterile or deficient : seeds with a
loose reticulated coat : leaves alternate or only the lowest opposite.
30. CASTILLEIA. Calyx tubular, laterally flattened, more or less cleft anteriorly or
posteriorly or both ; the lobes entire or 2-cleft. Corolla tubular, more or less laterally
compressed, especially the elongated and concluplicate or carinate-concave and entire
upper lip (galea); lower lip short and small, often very small, o-toothed, 3-carinate or
somewhat saccate below the short teeth ; the tube usually enclosed in the calyx. Sta-
mens 4, all with 2-celled anthers.
31. ORTHOCARPUS. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft anteriorly and pos-
teriorly and the divisions 2-cleft or parted. Corolla mostly with slender tube ; upper lip
(galea) little longer and usually much narrower than the inflated 1-3-saccate lower one.
Stamens 4 ; the smaller anther-cell sometimes wanting.
32. CORDYLANTHUS. Calyx spathaceous, diphyllous (anterior and posterior), or by the
absence of the anterior division monophyllous. Corolla tubular, with lips commonly of
equal length; the upper (galea) nearly as in Orthocarpas ; the lower 3-crenulate or entire.
Stamens of Orthocarpus, or sometimes the shorter pair wanting : anther-cells either ciliate
or minutely bearded at base and apex. Style hooked at tip and somewhat thickened
under the stigma. Seeds mostly few.
H -i Anther-cells equal, parallel and alike in all 4 stamens.
H- Flower 2-bracteolate under the calyx.
33. SCHWALBEA. Calyx tubular, 10-12-ribbed, oblique, 5-toothed ; the posterior tooth
much smaller; the 2 anterior united higher. Corolla with cylindraceous tube and lips of
almost equal length ; the upper erect and galeate, oblong, entire ;. lower erect-spreading,
2-plicate at base, obtusely 3-lobed at summit. Stamens slightly didynamous : anthers
oblong; the cells barely mucronulate at base. Seeds linear, with a loose hyaline coat,
including a small nucleus.
H- -H- Flowers ebracteolate.
34. EUPHRASIA. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 4-cleft, and rarely with a fifth small
posterior lobe. Corolla with dilated throat ; upper lip erect, barely concave, 2-lobed,
and the sides folded back ; lower larger, 3-lobed, spreading ; its lobes obtuse or emargi-
nate. Anther-cells mucronate at base. Seeds numerous, pendulous, oblong, longitudi-
nally silicate. Leaves opposite.
35. BARTSIA. Calyx equally 4-cleft. Corolla with upper lip entire and sides not folded
back. Seeds silicate and with salient or alate ribs. Otherwise much as Enphrasia.
36. PEDICULARIS. Calyx various, clef t anteriorly and sometimes posteriorly. Corolla
with cylindraceous tube and narrow throat, strongly bilabiate ; upper lip (galea) com-
pressed laterally, fornicate or conduplicate ; lower erect at base, 2-cristate above, 3-lobed ;
the lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle one smaller. Anthers transverse, approxi-
mate in pairs. Capsule compressed and often oblique or falcate, rostrate. Seeds nu-
merous, various. Leaves mainly alternate or verticillate.
37. RHINANTHUS. Calyx ventricose-compressed, 4-toothed, inflated in fruit. Corolla
with cylindraceous tube ; galeate upper lip ovate, obtuse, compressed, entire at the apex,
but with a minute tooth on each side below it ; lower lip shorter, with 3 spreading
lobes. Anthers approximate in pairs, transverse, pilose, muticous. Capsule orbicular,
compressed. Seeds few in each cell, orbicular, wing-margined. Leaves opposite.
* * Ovules only two in each cell, one sessile and ascending, the other stipitate and later-
ally attached : flowers ebracteolate : leaves opposite : flowers in our species scattered.
38. MELAMPYRUM. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular, 4-toothed; the teeth usually
setaceous-acuminate, the posterior larger. Corolla with cylindraceous tube, enlarging at
throat : galeate upper lip erect, compressed, obtuse, and with narrow replicate margins or
a tooth to each ; lower rather longer, erect-spreading, biconvex below, 3-lobed at apex.
Stamens 4 : anthers approximate in pairs, nearly vertical ; the cells equal and parallel,
mucronulate at base. Capsule compressed, oblique or falcate : cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds
smooth, strophiolate.
250 SCROPHULARIACE^ffi. Leucophyllum.
1. LEUCOPHYLLUM, Huinb. & Bonpl. (Jevxo,;, light or white, and
mvkjiov, foliage.) Low and much-branched shrubs (of Mexico and its northern
borders), densely scurfy-tomentose with usually silvery -white wool ; the flowers
showy, on short bractless peduncles in the axil of the small obovate or roundish
and short-petioled entire leaves ; the corolla violet-purple. Fl. in spring and
early summer. PL JEquin. ii. 95, t. 109; Miers, 111. ii. 76, t. 58.
L. Texanum, Benth. Shrub 2 to 8 feet high : leaves tomentose, obovate, half inch or
more long, almost sessile: calyx-lobes lanceolate-oblong: corolla almost campanulate ; the
limb an inch in diameter, delicately soft-villous within. DC. Prodr. x. 344 ; Gray in Bot.
Mex. Bound. 115. Southern borders of Texas, Berlandier, Wrujht, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
LJ. minus, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high : leaves minutely silvery-canescent, obovate-
spatulate with long tapering base, half inch or less long: calyx-lobes linear: corolla with
narrower and more f unnelform tube and throat which much exceed the limb ; this half
inch in diameter, sparsely pubescent within. South-western Texas, Wright, Bigelow, Parry.
2. VERBASCUM, L. MULLEIN. (Altered from Barbascum, old Latin
name.) Coarse weeds, from Europe, mostly biennials ; cauline leaves sessile
and often decurrent on the stem: flowering in summer: flowers ephemeral. Hy-
brids abound.
* Woolly or scurfy, tall and stout : flowers yellow, occasionally white.
V. THAPSUS, L. (COMMON MULLEIN.) Densely woolly throughout: stem simple, 3 to 6
feet high, winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong nearly entire crowded leaves :
flowers in a dense long spike, yellow : lower filaments mostly naked Fields, a common
weed in the Atlantic States, rare in the Pacific. A white-flowered form ( V. elongatum,
Willd.), probably of hybrid origin, occurs occasionally. (Nat. from Eu.)
V. LYCHNITIS, L. (WHITE MULLEIN.) Clothed with fine somewhat mealy woolliness,
often paniculate-branched at summit : leaves ovate, acute, somewhat crenate, not decur-
rent, the upper surface becoming naked and green : racemes panicled, close : filaments
white-woolly. Fields, N. Atlantic States, rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
# Slender, green, more loosely-flowered, filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs.
V. BLATTARIA, L. (Morn MULLEIN.) Below glabrous; the loose virgate raceme and
calyx glandular: leaves oblong, obtuse, crenate or sometimes sinuate, not decurrent; the
small upper ones ovate, acute, partly clasping: pedicels solitary and much longer than
the linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes : corolla yellow or white and purple-tinged. V. Clayton! ,
Michx. Fl. i. 148. Roadsides, Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)
V. VIRGATUM, Withering. Somewhat pubescent or hairy as well as glandular, especially
the raceme : pedicels often in twos and threes, not longer than the calyx-lobes : otherwise
very like a taller form of the last. California. (Nat. from Eu. by way of Mexico?)
3. LINARIA, Tourn. TOAD-FLAX. (Name formed from Linum, Flax.)
-Herbs, chiefly natives of the Old World. Calyx 5-parted. Style filiform:
stigma small, nearly entire. Leaves, &c., very various. Fl. summer.
# Indigenous species, slender glabrous annuals or biennials; with entire leaves, linear and alter-
nate on the erect flowering stems, smaller and oblong and mainly opposite or whorled on procum-
bent shoots or suckers from the base : small blue flowers in a naked terminal raceme.
L. Canadensis, Dumont. Flowering stems nearly simple, 6 to 30 inches high : leaves
flat (a line or two wide) : pedicels erect, not longer than the filiform and curved spur of
the corolla. Chav. Mon. Antirr. 140 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3473. Antirrhinum Canadense,
L. ; Vent. Gels, t. 49. Linaria Texnna, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 761, large-flowered form.
Sandy or gravelly soil, Canada to Texas, California, and Oregon. (S. Amer., &c.)
L. Floridana, Chapm. Flowering stem at length paniculately branching, a span or
two high ; its leaves filiform : pedicels spreading, filiform, sparsely and minutely gland-
ular-hispid, much longer than the flower: raceme at length flexuous: spur very short and
inconspicuous, subulate, slightly projecting below the calyx. Fl. 290. Sands of the
Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIACE^. 251
coast, E. and W. Florida. Corolla much smaller than in the preceding, 2 or 3 lines long.
Seeds shorter, paler, smoother, and less broadly truncate at apex.
* * Naturalized from the Old World.
1 Perennial, erect, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous, with narrow entire and alternate pale leaves, and
yellow flowers in a terminal raceme.
L. VULGARIS, Mill. (RAMSTKD, BUTTER & EGGS.) Leaves linear or nearly so, extremely
numerous : raceme dense, often paniculate below : corolla an inch or more long, including
the slender subulate spur: seeds winged. Fields and road-sides, Atlantic States: a
showy but pernicious weed. (Nat. from Eu.)
L. GENISTIFOLIA, Mill. Glaucous, paniculately branched : leaves lanceolate, acute : flow-
ers smaller and more scattered : seeds wingless. Sparingly naturalized near New York.
(Adv. from Eu.)
H 1 Annual, procumbent, and much branched, with broad and abruptly petioled veiny alternate
leaves, and purplish and yellow small flowers from their axils.
L. ELATINE, Mill. Spreading over the ground, slender, hairy : leaves hastate or the lower
ovate, much surpassed by the filiform peduncles : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute : corolla
3 or 4 lines long, including the subulate spur. Sandy banks and shores, rather rare.
Canada to Carolina. (Nat. from Eu. )
L. SPURIA, Mill., like the preceding, but with roundish or cordate leaves and ovate or cor-
date calyx-lobes, and one or two other Old World species occasionally spring up in ballast
or waste grounds near cities. L. Cymbaldria, Mill., a smooth and delicate creeping species,
is common in cultivation, but seldom becomes spontaneous.
4. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn. SNAPDRAGON. (AVT(QQIVOV of Theophras-
tus, from the snout-like aspect of the flowers.) Herbs, rarely shrubby, of very
various aspect, indigenous to the warmer parts of the Old World and of North
America and Mexico, in our species all or all but the lower leaves alternate.
Calyx deeply 5-parted. Cells of the anthers either distinct or more or less con-
fluent.
1. ORONTIUM, Benth., partly. Capsule oblique, firm-coriaceous; the cells
opening by a definite hole at the top : seeds cup-shaped on ventral face, with
thickened incurved border, smooth and carinately one-ribbed on the back.
A. ORONTIUM, L. Annual, a span or two high, erect, slender, glandular-pubescent: leaves
oblong-linear or lanceolate, entire : flowers subsessile : corolla purple or white, half inch
long. Cult, and waste ground, sparingly spontaneous in Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. PSECDORONTIUM, Gray. Capsule not oblique, somewhat didymous, char-
taceo-membranaceous ; the equal cells irregularly bursting at the apex : seeds
strongly cup-shaped ; the body muriculate on the back and far smaller than the
involute wing.-- Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 81.
A. CYATHIFERUM, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 40, t. 19, of Lower California, appears to differ from
the following in having linear-lanceolate sepals, of only half the length of the tube of the
corolla, and a shallower cup to the seeds.
A. chytrospermum, Gray, 1. c. Annual, viscid-pubescent : stem a span to a foot high :
leaves ovate, entire, 3 to 9 lines long and contracted into a margined petiole : flowers
axillary, short-peduncled : sepals oblong-lanceolate, equalling the tube of the purple
corolla (this barely 3 lines long) : cup of the seed several times larger than the body.
Ehrenberg, Arizona, Palmer.
3. ANTIRRHINA'STRUM:, Chavannes. Capsule more or less oblique ; the per-
sistent style or its base bent forward : cells opening by one or two holes : seeds
rugose-alveolate or tuberculate, similar on the two sides : palate of corolla closing
the orifice or nearly so : leaves entire, pinnately veined, and with short petioles
or none.
252 SCROPHULARIACEJE. Antirrhinum.
* Perennial Old World species.
A. MAjus, L. (COMMON SNAPDRAGON.) A foot or two high: leaves thickish, from oblong
to linear, smooth : flowers short-pedicelled in a glandular-pubescent terminal raceme :
corolla 1 or 2 inches long, purple, rose, or white. Sparingly escaped from gardens to
road-sides in Atlantic Status.
* * Indigenous Californian species, annual so far as the root is known, small-flowered: promi-
nent palate closing the orifice of the corolla ; its upper lip spreading and lobes of the lower usually
deflexed : filaments dilated at their apex. Scerorltinum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372, but
a misnomer, the palate not gaping.
+ Erect, in no way climbing, destitute of prehensile branchlets.
n- Flowers racemose-spicate, mostly rose-colored : capsule surmounted by a slender style: seeds
fimbrillate-favose.
A. Virga, Gray. Glabrous throughout : root not seen : stem strict, simple, 2 or 3 feet
high : leaves thickish, linear-lanceolate ; the lower 2 or 3 inches long, often 3 lines wide ;
the upper passing into filiform-subulate bracts of the long virgate spiciform raceme : flow-
ers sometimes secund, soon horizontal: corolla with cylindrical tube (half inch long) fully
twice the length of the lips and of the ovate-lanceolate sepals ; sac at base mammaeform :
filaments viscid-hirsute; the dilated tips of the longer pair broader than the anther:
capsules erect, ovoid, longer than the unequal sepals. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 373, & Bot.
Calif, i. 549. W. California, Bridges, in flower. Mendocino Co. in fruit, G. R. Vasey.
A. glandulosum, Lindl. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid throughout : stem
stout, branching, 3 to 5 feet high, very leafy : leaves lanceolate, mostly sessile, above
gradually passing into bracts of the leafy dense spike or raceme ; these equalling or
shorter than the oblong tube of the corolla : sepals oblong-lanceolate, unequal ; the longer
equalling the capsule: filaments all moderately dilated upwards. Bot. Reg. t. 18'J3;
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 291. Dry ground, California, from Santa Cruz southward.
H- -H- Flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils of all but the lowest almost uniform leaves : corolla
only 3 or 4 lines long, yellowish or dull purplish ; the lips nearly the length of the tube; the sac
prominent : sepals equal, linear, not longer than the ovate-globular capsule ; the whole style indu-
rated and persistent, stout at base.
A . cornutum, Benth.. Viscid-villous, simply branched, a foot or so high: leaves linear-
oblong or lanceolate, obtuse (an inch long) ; the lower tapering into a short petiole: fila-
ments all obliquely obovate-dilated at apex : style rather longer than the capsule : seeds
echinate-favose. PI. Hartw. 328 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Valley of the Sacramento,
California, Hartweg.
A. leptaleum, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-villous, mostly simple, a span or two high : leaves
nearly linear, mainly sessile (the lowest less than an inch long, uppermost small and spatu-
late-oblong) : shorter filaments hardly dilated at apex: style rather shorter than the cap-
sule: seeds rugose-pitted. A. cornutum, Durand in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 11, t. 10, not Benth.
California ; Sierra Nevada from Mariposa Co. to Kern Co.
-1 -t Spreading or erect, branching, producing filiform and at length tortile axillary branchlets
by which the plant is disputed to climb: calyx unequal: corolla i purple, violet, or yellowish-
white) short; both lips spreading, the lower usually conspicuously larger and as long as the tube.
-H- Flowers in a naked spike or dense raceme : bracts minute.
A. Coulterianum, Benth. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, gaining support by its numerous
filiform tortile branchlets acting as tendrils, below glabrous, as also the (from linear to
oval) distant leaves : inflorescence villous-pubescent with viscid and sometimes glandular
hairs; the spike virgate, 2 to 10 inches long: pedicels shorter than the calyx: sepals
linear or lanceolate, obtuse, the 3 upper a little longer, all shorter than the oval or ovate-
oblong glandular-pubescent capsule, which is twice the length of the style. DC. Prodr.
x. 592 ; Gray, 1. c. Santa Barbara Co. to San Diego, California. Corolla either violet-
purple or white with yellowish palate ; the lower lip with its great palate forming the
larger part of the flower ; the tube' only 3 lines long, its sac broad and mammseform.
Tendril-shoots mostly below, sometimes also in the lower part of the inflorescence.
-H- ++ Flowers (purple) scattered along the slender diffuse branches, or somewhat racemose but
leafy-bracteate at the summit, often accompanied by tortile prehensile branchlets from the same
axils: upper sepal conspicuously larger than the others: leaves short, from linear to ovate.
= Peduncles shorter than the flower, mostly shorter than the calyx or hardly any : tube of the
corolla rather 1 tng-r than the lips: seeds tu'ierculate.
Antirrhinum. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 253
A. vagans, Gray, 1. c. Very diffuse, sparsely setose-hirsute and often glandular, vary-
ing to nearly glabrous : leaves from lanceolate to oblong-ovate, thickish : Mowers compara-
tively large (half inch long) : sepals or at least the large and mostly oblong upper one
equalling the tube of the corolla ; the others linear : style slender, as long as the capsule.
Watson, Bot. King, 216, t. 21, fig. 5. A. Coulter ianum, var. appendiculatum, Durand, 1. c.
11, 1. 11. California, common through the western part of the State.
Var. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c., a form with broader and thinner leaves, those of the tor-
tile branchlets orbicular, and unusually large posterior sepal, grows mainly in the shade
of Redwoods. A. Breweri, var. oval/folium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. 375, from the upper
part of the Sacramento River, may be a depauperate form of this, with shorter calyx,
approaching the following.
A. Breweri, Gray, 1. c. Slender, at first erect, a foot or two high, minutely or softly vis-
cid-pubescent : leaves from oblong-linear to oval (half to an inch long), obtuse : pedicels
shorter than the calyx: flowers small; the tube of the corolla (only 3 lines long) con-
siderably longer than the moderately unequal sepals, rather narrowly saccate at base:
style subulate, glandular, at length strongly deflexed, rather shorter than the capsule.
California, common from Lake Co. to Plumas Co. and northward.
= = Peduncles more conspicuous : tube of the corolla not longer than the widely spreading lips,
merely gibbous at base : the weakly tortile branchlets bearing small leaves.
A. Nuttalliaiium, Bentll. Softly viscid-pubescent, sometimes glabrous below, at
length diffusely much branched, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves ovate or subcordate (the largest
an inch long), nearly all distinctly petioled : peduncles or at least the lower ones longer
than the flowers, sometimes longer than the leaf and disposed to be tortile : sepals shorter
than (or the ovate or oval posterior one equalling) the tube of the violet-colored corolla
(this 2 or 3 lines long) : palate very prominent : seeds almost alately costate. DC. Prodr.
x. 592; Gray, 1. c. Common through S. California, near San Diego, &c.
Var. effusum, Gray. Slender stems climbing over bushes by tortile leafy branchlets,
reaching 4 or 5 feet high : filiform peduncles mostly twice the length of the leaves : ribs
of the seeds less wing-like. Bot. Calif, i. 022. S. E. California, in the Mohave region,
Parry, Lcmmon, Palmer.
A. KLingii, "Watson. Slender, mostly erect, a span to a foot or more high, somewhat
hairy at base, above nearly glabrous : leaves from narrowly lanceolate to linear; the upper-
most minute : pedicels at length equalling or exceeding the sparsely glandular calyx : corolla
small (2 or 3 lines long, dull white) ; its tube half the length of the linear-oblong poste-
rior sepal and about equalling the other sepals ; the lips small : persistent style short and
subulate, glabrous, half the length of the slightly oblique globular capsule : seeds favose-
tuberculate. Bot. King, 215, t. 21, fig. 1-4. N. W. Nevada to Utah, Watson, Lemmon, &c.
4. MAURA.NDELLA, Gray, 1. c. Capsule and calyx equal or nearly so : seeds
as in preceding: corolla with prominent palate partly or quite closing the orifice :
herbs with entire or lobed leaves (all but the lower alternate), destitute of pre-
hensile branchlets, but mostly climbing by tortile filiform petioles or peduncles,
or by both, mainly glabrous. Maurandia Antirrhiniflorce, Benth. in DC. I.e.
* Annuals, with mostly lanceolate or linear short-petioled leaves, but long and filiform prehensile
peduncles: calyx rather shorter than the globose capsule.
A. strictum, Gray, 1. c. Erect, nearly simple, a foot or two high : lowest leaves ovate-
lanceolate ; upper ones linear, or the upper floral filiform, much shorter than the tortile race-
mose peduncles: corolla violet-purple (nearly half inch long), with hairy palate and gib-
bous base: capsule crustaceous, tipped with a straight style of equal length. Manrandia
stricta, Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 375; Benth. 1. c. California, near Santa Barbara,
Douglas, Brewer.
A. Cooperi, Gray, 1. c. Climbing 2 to 4 feet high by the long filiform peduncles (of 2 or
3 inches in length) : very slender stems at length much branched: lowest leaves ovate or
oblong; the others linear; upper floral minute: corolla bright yellow (half inch long),
conspicuously saccate at base, with hairy palate : style deciduous from the nearly mem-
branaceous capsule: seeds rough-rugose and with 3 or 4 corky ribs. Ravines near Fort
Mohave, S. E. California, Cooper, Almend'mjer. S. Utah, Parry.
254 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Antirrhinum.
A. filipes, Gray, 1. c. More delicate than the preceding, and with broader more mem-
branaceous leaves: capillary tortile peduncles equally long : flowers very small, "white."
Ives Colorad. Exped. Bot. 19. Arizona, in desert arroyos of the Colorado, Newberry.
Flowers perhaps imperfect, the corolla little exceeding the calyx. Perhaps a depauperate
or attenuated state of the foregoing.
* * Perennial, climbing by the slender tortile petioles and axillary peduncles : calyx longer than
the globular capsule.
A. maurandioid.es, Gray, 1. c. Low or tall climbing : leaves triangular-hastate or the
lower cordate-hastate; the lateral lobes often with a posterior tooth: corolla purple or
sometimes white (half to an inch long), with a nearly closing palate: sepals lanceolate,
very acute : style slender : seeds strongly costate, the ribs corky. Usteria antirrhlniflora,
Poir. Maurandia aittirrhittiflura, Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 83; Bot. Mag. t. 1043; Benth. I.e.
M. personuta, Lagasca. Texas to Arizona and the borders of California. Common in
cultivation. (Mex.)
5. GAMBELIA, Gray, 1. c. Capsule and seeds of preceding section : stems
erect and more or less shrubby, not climbing : palate of the tubular corolla some-
what prominent, but not closing the throat : most of the leaves opposite or in
threes.-- Gambelia, Nutt. PI. Gamb. 149.
A. speciosum, Gray, 1. c. Shrub, 3 or 4 feet high, somewhat pubescent, leafy through-
out : leaves oval or oblong, short-petioled, coriaceous : corolla " scarlet " or pink-red,
hardly an inch long, thrice the length the lanceolate sepals, and the tube thrice the length
of the narrow lips. Gambelia speciosa, Nutt. 1. c. t. 22. California, on the Island of
Catalina, Gambell. (Guadalupe Island, Lower Calif., Palmer.)
A. junceum, Gray, 1. c. Shrubby slender stems glabrous, 2 feet high : leaves small,
oblong-linear, or above hardly any : tube of the corolla 8 to 12 lines long. M. juncea,
Benth. Sulph. 41. From San Diego southward (to the bay of Magdalena in Lower Cali-
fornia, Hinds; also Cerros Island, Dr. Streets).
5. MAURANDIA, Ortega. (Dr. Maurandy, a botanical teacher at Car-
thagena.) -- Perennial herbs (Mexican and Arizonian), climbing by the slender
tortile petioles and sometimes by the axillary peduncles ; the leaves cordate-
triangular or hastate, only the lower opposite ; and showy purple or rose-colored
or rarely white flowers. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 377. Maurandia (excl.
1) and Lophuspermum (Don), Benth. in DC. Prodr. I.e. This comprises the
two true Maurandias with wingless tuberculate seeds, Lbphospermum, of one or
perhaps two species, with seeds bordered by an irregular and lacerate wing ; and
the section EPIXIPHIUM, Engelm., with a narrow entire wing to the seeds, and
capsule pointed by the subulate indurated style, containing the following
species.
M. Wislizeni, Engelm. Glabrous, mostly low-climbing : leaves hastate, or some of
them sagittate ; the lowest obtuse, the others acuminate and with pointed basal lobes :
peduncles short: corolla (pale blue, an inch long) with lips about half the length of the
rather ample tube : sepals in flower linear-lanceolate, becoming in fruit triangular-lanceo-
late and gradually acuminate, much enlarged, rather rigid, very veiny-reticulated, and
strongly saccate-carinate at base, enclosing the coriaceous globose-ovate capsule, and
about the length of the sword-shaped indurated style : seeds compressed, oval, surrounded
by a narrow entire wing, the sides chaffy-rugose. Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 111. New
Mexico, on the banks of the Rio Grande, &c., and adjacent borders of Mexico, Wislizenus,
Parry, Wright, Biyelow.
6. MOHAVEA, Gray. (Name of the river on the banks of which the
plant was discovered by Fremont. It had been previously collected, in fruit
only, by Dr. Coulter.) Single species.
CoUinsia. SCROPHULARIACE^). 255
M. VlSCida, Gray. Erect annual, a span to 2 feet high, corymbosely branched, pubescent
and very viscid : leaves lanceolate, entire, 2 inches long, tapering to both ends, somewhat
petioled ; the lower opposite ; upper alternate : flowers short-pedicelled : sepals lanceolate,
acuminate, nearly equal : corolla inch and a half long, sulphur-colored, with some purple
dots : capsule globular : seeds very numerous, oblong, smooth and even on the back ; the
ventral face deeply cup-shaped, with thickened somewhat corky sides. Gravelly banks,
S. E. California and adjacent parts of Arizona : fl. early spring.
7. COLLtNSIA, Nutt. (Zaccheus Collins of Philadelphia, who published
nothing, but was the most accurate botanist of his place and time.) N. American
winter-annuals, flowering early in spring and summer, low or slender ; with
simple opposite sessile leaves, or the lowest petioled and the upper verticillate,
the uppermost often reduced to subulate bracts. Flowers handsome, in series of
cymosely umbellate fascicles or in whorls, or sometimes solitary in the axils ; the
pedicels ebracteolate, and no common peduncle. Corolla not rarely 2-colored.
The stamens and style occasionally rise out of the sac of the corolla into a more
erect position before all the pollen is shed. Ovules and seeds usually few (6 to
.2) and sometimes solitary in each cell. --Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. i. 190, t. 9 ;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 91, & Bot. Calif, i. 553.
* Flowers short-pedicelled or almost sessile, verticillastrate-crowded, below in the axils of leaves,
above in the axils of bracts: corolla half to three-fourths inch long: seeds several or few,
meniscoidal.
-i Corolla strongly declined ; the much-inflated and gibbous saccate body (which we denominate
the throat) full as broad as long, and forming an obtuse or right angle with the very short proper
tube : gland short and small, sessile : upper pair of filaments more or less bearded toward the
base: ovules and seeds several.
C. bicolor, Benth. A foot or so high, from nearly glabrous to hirsute, or above viscid-
pubescent : leaves more or less dentate and oblong or lanceolate ; the upper usually ovate-
lanceolate, sessile by a broad or subcordate and nervose base : pedicels shorter than the
acute calyx-lobes, mostly several in the fascicle : corolla with lower lip violet or rose-pur-
ple and the upper paler or white (occasionally both white) ; saccate throat very oblique to
the tube ; recurved-spreading upper lip a little shorter than the lower : seeds rugose-reticu-
lated. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1731; Don, Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 307 ; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3488. C. heterophi/1/a, Graham, Bot. Mag. t. 3G95, rare form with lower leaves 3-cleft.
Moist grounds, common through the western part of California. Commonly cultivated.
C. tinctoria, Hartweg. Like the preceding, but with more glandular and viscid brown
or yellowish pubescence, which stains the fingers : flowers almost sessile : calyx-lobes lin-
ear or oblong-linear, mostly obtuse : corolla yellowish, cream-color, or white, usually with
some purple dots or lines; axis of saccate throat forming a right angle with the tube; the
upper lip and its lobes very short: seeds smaller, rounder, and smoother. Benth. PI.
Hartw. 328 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. 553. C. barbuta, Bosse in Verhand. Gartenb. Preuss.
1853, & Bot. Zeit. xii. 905. C. septemnervla, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 224, fig. 69.
Common in California, especially along the Sierra Nevada and its foot-hills.
t H Corolla less declined or oblique; the gibbous throat much longer than broad : stems only a
span or two high : leaves crenate or obtusely dentate, obtuse, thickish, seldom over an inch long.
H- Filaments and interior of corolla somewhat bearded : upper lip of the latter crestless, but with
transverse callosity : calyx-lobes rather broad and obtuse.
C. bartsisefolia, Benth. Puberulent and somewhat glandular, rarely hirsute-pubes-
cent above : stem strict : leaves from ovate-oblong to linear : flower-clusters 2 to 5 or
fewer : corolla purplish or whitish ; its upper lip about the length of the curved gibbous
throat ; the lower with narrow base and emarginate or obcordate lateral lobes : gland ses-
sile and elongated, porrect : seeds only a pair in each cell, smooth. DC. Prodr. x. 318 ;
Gray, 1. c. C. hirsuta, Kellogg, 1. c. 110, fig. 34, a hirsute form. Sandy soil, common
through California, less showy than preceding.
C. corymbosa, Herder. Almost glabrous, cespitose-branching from base and diffuse or
decumbent : leaves oblong or oval, very obtuse, rather fleshy : flowers mainly in a soli-
256 SCROPHULARIACE^E. Collinsia.
tary leafy-bracteate capitate cluster : corolla straightish, white or ochroleucous ; its upper
lip blue or bluish and very short, the lobes being almost obsolete ; lobes of elongated
lower lip entire : gland small, oblong, compressed, short-stipitate : seeds 4 or 5 in each cell,
rugose-reticulated. Ind. Sem. Petrop. 1867, & Gartenfl. 1808, 35, t. 568 ; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 378, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Shore of the northern part of California, Bolander, &c.
(Doubtless not " Mexico.")
H- -H- Filaments and interior of corolla glabrous : upper lip of latter prominently fornicate-crested :
flowers fewer : seeds about 4, smooth.
C. Greenei, Gray. Slender and smaller, erect, glandular-puberulent : leaves oblong-
linear, tapering to base, sparsely and coarsely dentate : flowers 2 to 6 in the clusters, on
pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx : corolla violet-purple, 5 or 6 lines long ; its upper
lip much shorter than the oblong throat, about half the length of the lower; the crest
under the origin of the limb developed into a pair of conspicuous callous teeth on each
side; lateral lobes of lower lip small: gland small and sessile. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 75,
& Bot. Calif. 1. c. On rocks, Lake Co., California, Greene.
* * Flowers slender-pedicelled, umbelliform-verticillate, or sometimes solitary.
-1 Calyx-lobes acute, from lanceolate or even ovate to subulate, usually surpassing the capsule :
plants glabrous, or the stems and pedicels puberulent, not glandular or viscid: leaves in the same
species either somewhat serrate or entire : seeds about 4, smooth or nearly so.
*-+ Eastern species : showy corolla half inch long, with very gibbous throat much shorter than the
limb : upper filaments more or less bearded below.
C. Verna, Nutt. 1. c. Stem 6 to 20 inches high : leaves ovate or oblong, or the lowest
rounded and slender-petioled, and the upper ovate-lanceolate and partly clasping ; the
upper floral reduced to subulate-linear bracts : whorls about 6-flowered : pedicels filiform,
longer than the flowers : throat of the corolla equalling the calyx-lobes ; the ample lower
lip bright blue ; the upper white or purplish ; lobes barely emarginate : gland subulate,
porrect : seeds thick, not flattened, oblong, arcuate. Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 220; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4927. Moist woods, W. New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and Kentucky.
C. violacea, Nutt. Lower: leaves thickish ; the upper lanceolate : whorls 2-4-fiowered :
pedicels as long as the flower : corolla violet ; the upper lip much smaller than the lower ;
all the lobes obcordate. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 179; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xi. 93. Antirrhinum tenellum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 421 '{ Arkansas, Nuttall, Pitcher. Little known
species.
w- -t-t- Western species, one extending north-eastward.
= Flowers showy: corolla strongly declined; its saccate-ventricose throat shorter than the limb.
C. grandiflora, Dougl. A span to a foot high : leaves thickish ; the lowest roundish
and petioled ; upper from oblong to linear and sessile ; the floral in whorls of 3 to 7 : pedi-
cels in whorls of 3 to 9, about the length of the flower: calyx-lobes lanceolate gradually
subulate-attenuate to a very acute point: corolla half to two-thirds inch long, white or
purple with lower lip deep blue or violet ; its very saccate throat as broad as long, almost
or quite transverse with the tube, as long as the recurving (internally 2-callous) upper lip ;
lobes of the larger lower lip merely refuse or emarginate : filaments glabrous : gland ses-
sile and capitate: seeds roundish, smooth. Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1107 ; Gray, I.e. Shady
hills, &c., from Mcndocino Co. California to Brit. Columbia along the coast.
Var. pusilla. Small form, a span or more high : corolla only 4 or 5 lines long, more
blue or violet throughout. Plumas Co. California to Brit. Columbia.
C. sparsiflora, Fisch. & Meyer. More slender: upper leaves all lanceolate and
linear, all opposite, or the uppermost small bracts in threes : pedicels solitary or some of
the upper 2 or 3 in a whorl, sometimes longer than the flower : calyx-lobes from ovate to
deltoid-lanceolate, acute : corolla 4 to 8 lines long, violet ; the saccate throat very oblique
but not transverse ; upper lip hardly shorter than the lower : filaments hirsute below : gland
sessile, elongated-subulate : seeds meniscoidal, acute-margined, obscurely reticulated. Ind.
Sem. Petrop. 1835, ii. 33; Gray, I.e. C. solitaria, Kellogg, I.e. 10. Rocky places, Cali-
fornia, from San Francisco northward.
= = Flowers small, 2 or 3 lines long: corolla less declined or oblique; the oblong gibbous throat
longer than the limb : stigma 2-cleft.
C. parviflora, Dougl. About a span high, at length diffuse or spreading : leaves oblong
or lanceolate ; the upper narrowed at base and entire ; the floral often in whorls of 3 to 5 :
Tonella. SCROPHULARIACE^. 257
pedicels solitary or above 2 to 5 in the whorl, usually longer than the flowers : calyx-
lobes lanceolate or triangular-subulate, usually almost equalling the blue (or partly
white) corolla, hardly longer than the mature capsule: filaments glabrous: gland small,
capitate, short-stipitate : seeds thickish, marginless. Lindl. Bot. Reg. 1. 1802; Hook. Fl.
ii. 94 (misprinted C. paucijiora) ; Gray, 1. c. Shady moist grounds, Upper Michigan (shore
of L. Superior) to the Pacific in Washington Territory, and south to Arizona and Utah.
C. minima, Nutt, in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47, of N. W". Rocky Mountains, is ambiguous,
but apparently a dwarf and large-flowered form of .C. parL'iflora, with corolla proportion-
ally longer, 3 or 4 lines long.
-I -1 Calyx-lobes obtuse: corolla (blue) 3 or 4 lines long, fully twice the length of the calyx:
filaments 'glabrous : gland subulate or conical: stem slender, only a span or so high.
+-1- Not glandular nor viscid : ovules and usually seeds 6 or 7 in each cell ; the latter round-oval,
when young discoidal, reticulated.
C. Parryi. Puberulent : stem strict, simple : leaves (less than an inch long) lanceolate-
linear, obtuse ; the upper mostly entire and closely sessile ; the lowest smaller, narrowly
oblong, crenate, petioled : pedicels solitary, in pairs, or the upper in threes, as long as the
flowers : calyx-lobes oblong, equalling the moderately oblique throat of the deep blue
corolla, not exceeding the capsule : lips of the corolla almost equal in length, not longer
than the throat ; the lobes emarginate. San Bernardino Co., South-eastern California,
Parry, Leuuiion (no. 296).
H. +-t- Filiform pedicels and upper part of the stems more or less glandular-pubescent and viscid :
ovules solitary in the cells: seed oblong, thick, almost terete, somewhat arcuate, smooth: calyx
shorter than the throat of the corolla.
C. Childii, Parry, Herb. Stein mostly simple, puberulent : leaves thinnish; the lower
obovate-rotund or oblong, obtusely more or less serrate, petioled; the upper oblong-lanceo-
late with narrowed base, subsessile : flowers rather few : pedicels and calyx pubescent and
partly glandular : lobes of the latter lanceolate or oblong, surpassing the capsule : corolla
light blue; the oblong moderately oblique throat longer than the lips, the lobes of which
are of about equal length and entire. South-eastern California, in deep woods (of Libo-
cedrusdecurrens) in the San Bernardino Mountains, Parry & Lemmon, H. S. Child. Also Kern
Co., Kennedy.
C. Torreyi, Gray. Stem divergently much branched, very floriferous: slender branches
and pedicels viscid-glandular: leaves thickish, linear with attenuate base and entire, or the
lowest spatulate or oblong and petioled ; floral mainly reduced to subulate 3-4-nate bracts
subtending whorls of 3 to 6 deep blue or violet flowers : corolla rather strongly declined,
thrice the length of the calyx, the lobes of which are shorter than the capsule ; upper lip
equalling and the lower longer than the ventricose throat. Proc. Arn. Acad. vii. 378, &
Bot. Calif. I.e. California, in open woods, through the Sierra Nevada from Mariposa
Co. northward to Siskiyou Co.
8. TONELLA, Nutt. (An unexplained and probably quite meaningless
name.) Two known species, slender annuals, small-flowered, with the habit of
Collinsia. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, xi. 92, & Bot. Calif, i. 555.
T. collinsioid.es, Nutt. Diffuse, nearly glabrous : filiform branches a span to a foot
long: radical and lowest cauline leaves ovate or roundish (3 to 6 lines long), slender-
petioled, mostty entire ; the others shorter-petioled or sessile, many of them 3-parted or
else quite divided into oblong or lanceolate divisions or leaflets; the floral in whorls of
three; uppermost simple and shorter than the slender filiform (solitary, geminate, or some-
times ternate) pedicels: flowers minute: corolla blue, a line long; its 5 lobes of equal
length ; the lower one transversely oval or roundish, very much larger than the oblong
lateral and upper ones, and separated from them by deeper sinuses : ovules solitary in each
cell : capsule exceeding the calyx. Collinsia tenella, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 593, where
the mss. name of Tonella collinsioides of Nuttall is cited. N. California and Oregon, in
shady places.
T. floriblinda, Gray, 1. c. Larger, a foot or two high : most of the cauline leaves 3-5-
foliolate : whorls numerous in a loose elongated raceme, each of 3 to "flowers: corolla
larger, more rotate, 3 or 4 lines broad, much exceeding the calyx, purple ; the three lobes <;f
17
258 SCROPIIULARIACE^;. Scrophularia.
the lower lip obovate and nearly alike, smaller than those of the 2-clef t upper lip : ovules
and seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. W. Idaho, Spalding, Geyer, &c.
9. SCROPHULiARIA, Tourn. FIGWORT. (A reputed remedy for
scrofula.} Rank herbs, chiefly perennials, of homely aspect ; with mostly
opposite leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers forming a narrow terminal thyr-
sus, in summer, proterogynous. Stamens in our species always shorter than the
corolla.
* Corolla bright red, comparatively large, oblong-urceolate.
S. COCCinea, Gray. Glabrous, a foot or two high : leaves deltoid-ovate, slender-petioled,
coarsely dentate, sometimes doubly so : pedicels and calyx minutely glandular : corolla
two-thirds to three-fourths inch long ; the 2-clef t upper lip much longer than the lower :
rudiment of sterile stamen obovate. Bot. Mex. Bound. 111. New Mexico, in moun-
tains near Santa Rita del Cobre, Wnrjht, Birjelow.
* * Corolla lurid-purplish or greenish, 3 or 4 lines long, ventricose-ovoid.
S. nodosa, L. Nearly glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high : thyrsus naked or nearly so, elongated
and open : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, and with rounded or subcordate base,
sharply and often rather doubly serrate : cymes pedunculate: calyx-lobes broadly ovate,
nearly marginless: rudiment of fifth stamen orbicular. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. Marilandica. Taller, sometimes 5 feet high : leaves larger and thinner, acu-
minate, often ovate-lanceolate, seldom at all cordate, mostly simply serrate : pedicels more
slender. S. Marilandica, L. S. lanceolata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 419, form with narrower leaves.
Damp grounds, Canada to Florida, and west to Utah and -perhaps Oregon.
S. Californica, Cham. Leaves smaller, oblong-ovate, with truncate or cordate base, or
the upper narrowly deltoid, acute, coarsely doubly toothed or sometimes laciniate-incised ;
the lower occasionally with a pair of detached lobelets near the summit of the petiole :
thyrsus very loose, mainly naked : peduncles and pedicels minutely glandular : rudiment
of fifth stamen spatulate or cuneiform, either roundish or acutish at base. Linn. ii. 585;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 552. S. nodosa, var., Benth. PI. Hartw. 327. Moist grounds, nearly
throughout California, and in W. Nevada.
10. CHEL.ONE, L. TURTLE-HEAD, BALMONY. (XEJMWJ, a tortoise, the
corolla in shape resembling the head of a reptile ) - - North American perennial
herbs, glabrous or nearly so, large-flowered ; the leaves opposite and acutely ser-
rate. Seeds upwardly imbricated, compressed as well as broadly winged. Sterile
filament shorter and smaller than the others. Capsule ovate : valves entire. Fl.
late summer.
1. EUCHELONE. Flowers in axillary and terminal short and close spikes:
bracts and bractlets imbricated, ovate or orbicular, concave, membranaceous, and
the broad sepals similar : corolla (white or rose-color) strongly ventricose and
with lips of about equal length ; the upper broad and carinate-fornicate, almost
entire, and from under its apex protrudes the recurved tip of the long filiform
style ; the lower moderately spreading, broad, 3-lobed, the middle lobe smaller,
woolly in the throat : filaments woolly.
C. glabra, L. A foot or two (or in Illinois 6 or 7 feet) high : leaves from narrowly to
rather broadly lanceolate (4 or 5 inches long, 4 to 12 lines wide), gradually acuminate,
serrate with sharp appressed teeth, narrowed at base usually into a very short petiole :
bracts not ciliate : corolla white, or barely tinged with rose, an inch long. Spec. ii. 611 ;
Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 76. C. fjlabra, alba, Pursh, &c. Wet places, Newfoundland to
Saskatchewan and south to Florida.
C. obliqua, L. A foot or two high, less strict or with spreading branches : leaves from
broadly lanceolate to oblong (2 to 6 inches long), sometimes laciniately serrate, more veiny
and duller, acute or obtuse at base, mostly short-petioled : bracts ciliolate : corolla deep and
Pentstemon.
SCROPHULARIACE^. 259
bright rose-color. Syst. Nat. & Syst. Veg. ; Schk. Handb. t. 172 ; Bot. Reg. t. 175. C.
foliis ovato-lanceolatis, &c., Mill. Ic. t. 93. C, purpurea, Mill. Diet. C. ylabra, var. purpurea,
Michx., Pursh, &c. .C. glabra, var.' lanceolata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 51. C. latifolin, Muhl. Cat., ex
Ell. Sk. ii. 127. Damp or wet shady grounds, Illinois and Virginia to Florida. Varies
between the preceding and following.
C. Lyoni, Pursh. About 2 feet high : leaves ovate or subcordate, acuminate (4 to 7
inches long), thin, evenly serrate, on rather slender naked petioles: bracts minutely cilio-
late : corolla bright rose-purple. Fl. ii. 737 ; Don, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 293. C. major, Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 1084. Wet ground, mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessee to Georgia.
2. NOTIIOCHELONE. Flowers pedicellate, in a loose open terminal thyrsus :
bracts and sepals lanceolate, acuminate : no bractlets under the calyx : corolla
(violet-purple) with widely open orifice, a very short 2-cleft and not at all forni-
cate upper lip, and a 3-cleft spreading lower one ; the throat and filaments gla-
brous : upper part of the filiform sterile filament hirsute. Accords with Pentste-
mon, except in the winged seeds.
C. nemorosa, Dougl. A foot or two high : herbage of rank somewhat unpleasant odor :
leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acute, acutely dentate, 2 or 3 inches long; the cauline
sessile or almost so by a truncate or subcordate base : peduncles 3-5-flowered, as long as
the pedicels: corolla fully an inch long. Lindl. Bot. Eeg. t,1211; Benth. in DC. I.e.
Pentstemon nemorosus, Trauttv. in Mem. Acacl. Petrop. 1841, 250. Woods along mountain
streamlets, Washington Terr, to the northern borders of California, Newberry, Greene.
11. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE. (ris'vTE, five,
stamen, all five stamens being conspicuously present, the fifth as a sterile filament,
which in rare instances, in several species, has been found to be antheriferous.) -
North American (a few Mexican and one N. E. Asian) perennials, mostly herba-
ceous, some suffruticose ; usually with simple stems or branched from the base ;
the leaves opposite, rarely verticillate or very rarely the upper alternate ; inflo-
rescence from thyrsiform to almost simply racemose ; and the. flowers mostly
handsome, in summer. Nov. Gen. in Act. Phys. Med. Nat. Cur. xiii. (1748)
36 ; Soland. in Ait. Kew. ii. 360 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 320, 593 ; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 56, & Bot. Calif, i. 556. Pentastemon, Trauttv. in Mem. Acad.
Petrop. 1841.
1. EUPENTSTEMON, Gray. Anther-cells soon divaricate or divergent, united
and often confluent at the apex, dehiscent for their whole length or nearly.
* (ERIANTH^KA.) Anthers densely comose with very long wool, in the manner of Chelone, pel-
tately explanate in age: low and suffruticose, with coriaceous leaves.
P. Menziesii, Hook. A span or less to a foot high, woody at base : leaves commonly
ovate, obovate, or oblong, a quarter to an inch long, rigidly serrulate or some entire, gla-
brous or when young pubescent ; the lower short-petioled : inflorescence mostly glandular
or viscid-pubescent, racemose ; the pedicels almost all 1-flowered, usually 1-2-bracteolate :
sepals ovate-lanceolate or narrower and attenuate-acuminate : corolla (violet-blue to pink-
purple) an inch or more long, tubular-funnelform and moderately bilabiate, the upper lip
deeply 2- and lower 3-cleft : sterile filament short and slender, hairy at apex or nearly
naked. Fl. ii. 98; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 56 (var. Lcwisii) & Bot. Calif, i. 55(3.
Gerard! a fruticosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 423, t. 18. Pentstemon Lewisii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 321.
On rocks and mountain tops, Brit. Columbia through the higher Sierra Nevada of
California, and Rocky Mountains of Idaho and Wyoming. Corolla at the north and on
Mt. Shasta, &c., bright violet or bluish. Passes into
Var. Newb^rryi, Gray, a form with rose-purple or pink corolla. P. Newberryi,
Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 82, t. 14. P. Menziesii, var. Robinsoni, Masters in Gard. Chron.
1872, 069, fig. 227. Sierra Nevada, California, the only form southward.
260 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pentstemon.
Var. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c., with entire and obovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong
leaves, and (as far as known) lilac-purple corolla, pink-red at base. P. Dour/lasii, Hook. 1. c.,
in fruit only. P. crassifolius, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. 1. 16. Interior of Oregon and Wash-
ington Terr. Passes into
Var. Scouleri, Gray, 1. c. Leaves lanceolate, or even linear-lanceolate, acute ; the
larger 1 to even 3 inches long, sparsely and acutely serrulate : corolla commonly inch and
a half long, violet-purple. P. Scouleri, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1277. Interior of
Oregon to Brit. Columbia. A form (var. Lyalli, Gray, 1. c. 70) is 2 feet or more high, with
remarkably long willow-like leaves.
^ * (FRUTicosr.) Anthers glabrous, dehiscent through the apex and explanate after dehiscence :
stems branching and shrubby, at least below: leaves coriaceous or chartaceous, small or short,
mostly very short-petioled : filaments all bearded or pubescent at base.
-) Corolla unknown : probably of this section.
P. microphyllus, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent and glabrate, much branched : pri-
mary leaves not seen ; those of axillary fascicles only 2 lines long, obovate, obtuse, entire,
thick-coriaceous: inflorescence racemose: sepals lanceolate-ovate, acute: persistent style
(and therefore probably the corolla) short. Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 119. N. W. Ari-
zona, on Williams Fork, Bigelow.
-i H Corolla red, long and narrow-tubular, an inch or more in length; its upper lip erect and
the lower more or less spreading: inflorescence somewhat glandular, mostly compound: sterile
filament bearded down one side.
P. COrdifolius, Benth. Somewhat scandent over shrubs by long sarmentose branches,
very leafy, scabrous-puberulent : leaves subcordate or ovate with truncate base, acutely
serrate or denticulate, veined, an inch or less long : thyrsus short and leafy : peduncles
several-flowered: sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla scarlet ; its tube near an inch and lips
half inch long. Scroph. Ind. aduot., & DC. Prodr. x. 329. California, common from
Santa Barbara to San Diego.
P. corymbosus, Benth. Erect, a foot or two high, cinereous-pubescent or glabrate :
branches leafy up to the naked and few-many-flowered corymbiform cyme : leaves oblong
or oval, barely obtuse at base, obscurely or sparingly denticulate, somewhat parallel-
veined (half to 2 inches long): sepals lanceolate: corolla scarlet, an inch long. DC.
Prodr. x. 593 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 557. California, from Shasta Co. to Santa Cruz, &c.
P. ternatus, Torr. Glabrous and the long virgate flowering shoots (2 to 4 feet long)
glaucous: leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, acutely serrate or denticulate with salient teeth
(8 to 18 lines long) ; the upper ternately verticillate : flowers in a long racemiform thyrsus :
sepals ovate-acuminate : corolla pale scarlet, an inch long and the lips about 3 lines long.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 115; Gray, I.e. Mountains of S. California, from Kern Co. south-
ward.
H -I -t- Corolla yellow or yellowish, merely tinged with purple, less than an inch long, with tube
shorter than the ringent limb; upper lip fornicate and merely emarginate; the lower pendulous-
recurved.
P. brevifloms, Lindl. Glabrous, 3 to 6 feet high, with slender or virgate branches
leafy to the narrow many-flowered racemiform thyrsus : leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, denticulate, seldom if ever verticillate, an inch or more long : sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate : corolla yellowish with flesh-color, striped within with pink, about half inch
long; upper lip beset with long and viscid hairs: sterile filament naked. Bot. Reg. t.
1946; Gray, I.e. P. carinatus, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. i.62. Dry hills and banks,
California to the borders of Nevada, common on the flanks of the Sierra Nevada.
P. antirrhinoides, Benth. Minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrous, 1 to 5 feet high,
much branched, very leafy : leaves small (barely half inch long), spatulate or oval, entire :
inflorescence leafy-paniculate : peduncles 1-flowered, short : sepals broadly ovate : corolla
ventricose, 8 to 12 lines long, unusually broad, lemon-yellow : sterile filament densely
bearded on one side. DC. Prodr. x. 594; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 6157 ; Gray, 1. c. P. Lobbii,
Illustr. Hort. 1862, t. 315. S. California, San Diego Co., &c.
-1 -I -i ^__ Corolla apparently purplish or flesh-color, not over half inch long, with tube and
throat longer than the open lips' : shrubby at base ; the slender branches more herbaceous.
P. Rothrockii. A span or two high, minutely puberulent, oval- or ovate-oblong, obtuse,
mostly subcordate or truncate at subsessile base, usually undulate-dentate, 4 or 5 lines
Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 261
long : inflorescence loosely spiciform, leafy below : subsessile and mostly solitary 2-brac-
teolate flowers and their bracts or floral leaves commonly alternate : sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, pnberulent, slightly if at all glandular : corolla 4 lines long, rather narrow, glabrous :
sterile filament glabrous. S. E. California, on Little Olanche Mountain, toward the sources
of Kern River, at 10,400 feet, Rothrock.
P. Lernmoni, Gray. Glabrous up to the pedicels, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, rather
remotely leaved : leaves ovate- or oblong-lanceolate, thinnish, acutely and sparsely serru-
late, an inch or less long: thyrsus loose, leafy below: peduncles all opposite, slender, few-
several-flowered : short pedicels and ovate-lanceolate sepals viscid-pubescent : corolla half
inch long, somewhat campanulate-dilated above, viscid or glandular : filament strongly
yellow-bearded on one side of the curved apex. Bot. Calif, i. 557. California, from
Mendocino to Plumas Co., Kellogg, Lemmon.
* -1 -I -i -i Corolla (white or purplish) nearly an inch long, oblong-campanulate from the
base, hardly at all bilabiate.
P. frutescens, Lamb. A span or less high from a woody (subterranean'? or prostrate)
stock : stems pubescent, leafy : leaves oblong, with somewhat narrowed base, denticulate,
glabrous (14- to 3 inches long, 7 to 12 lines wide) : thyrsus terminal, 3-9-flowered : pedicels
and lanceolate acuminate sepals villous and viscid : lobes of the corolla short and broad,
nearly equal and equally somewhat spreading : lower part of the fertile filaments and
most of the sterile one hirsute-bearded. Linn. Trans, x. 250. t. 0, fig. 1; Pursh, Fl. ii.
428 (excl. hab.) ; Bcnth. in DC. Prodr. x. 321. " Unalaschka, Pallas." Not since detected
there, and perhaps a mistake. Certainly not found "on the north-west coast " by Lewis.
(Kamtschatka and Japan !)
* * * (AMBIGUI.) Anthers glabrous, reniforra, not explanate in age, the line of. dehisceuce stop-
ping a little short of the base of the cells : stein suffruticose and leaves thick-coriaceous.
P. baccharifolius, Hook. Glabrous, or the rigid branches obscurely puberulent,
2 feet high, leafy below : leaves oblong, nearly sessile, rigidly and acutely dentate, almost
veinless, an inch long; the uppermost abruptly reduced to small ovate bracts of the loose
and racemose glandular inflorescence : peduncles 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate : corolla deep
carmine-red, an inch long, broadly tubular and with a short moderately bilabiate limb ;
upper lip somewhat erect, 2-lobed ; lower recurved and 3-parted : sterile filament naked.
Bot. Mag. t. 4027; Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 115, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 58. S. W.
Texas, on the San Pedro River, Wright.
* * * * (KLMI'GERA.) Anthers glabrous (rarely villous); the cells dehiscent from the base
towards but not to the apex, consequently not explanate after dehiscence : corolla tubular, littlo
ampliate upward, red: sterile filament mostly glabrous : herbs glabrous and usually glaucescent,
glabrous even to the calyx and outside of the corolla, or merely pruinose-puberulent : steins vir-
gate and simple: leaves all entire; the cauline sessile or partly clasping : thyrsus elongated
and virgate, loosely-flowered, racemiform or paniculate. JElimyera, Reichenb. Elmigera
(Benth. in DC. I.e., excl. spec.), Gray in I'roc. Am. Acad. 1. c.
-l Corolla strongly bilabiate; upper lip erect and concave, 2-lobed at apex; lower reflexed and
3-parted: peduncles and pedicels mostly slender.
P. barbatus, Nutt. Usually tall, 2 to G feet high : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear-
lanceolate; the lowest and radical oblong or ovate : sepals ovate: corolla inch long, from
light pink-red to carmine ; base of the lower lip or throat usually bearded with long and
loose or sparse yellowish hairs : anthers even in the bud divergent, soon divaricate. Gen.
ii. 53; Benth. I.e.; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 21, flesh-colored variety; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 59. Chclone barbata, Cav. Ic. iii. 22, t. 242 ; Bot. Keg. t. 116. C. rucllioides, Andr.
Bot. Rep. t. 34. Elii/ii/cra barbata, Reichenb. in Stcud. Nom. Mountains of Colorado and
New Mexico ; and commonly cult. (Mex.)
Var. Torreyi, Gray, I.e. (P. Torreyi, Benth. in DC. Prodr. I.e.), a tall and usually
deep scarlet-red-flowered form, with few or no hairs in the throat ; but in cultivated and
even in wild specimens the distinction vanishes. W. borders of Texas to Colorado and
New Mexico.
Var. pubarulus, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 114, is pruinose-puberulent, otherwise
like the preceding. Guadalupe Gallon, Arizona, TTiurber.
Var. trichander, Gray, is also like a low form of var. Tonvi/i, except that anthers
are beset with long woolly hairs ! Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 94. S. W. Colorado, Brandegee.
Var. labrosus, Gray. A low and narrow-leaved form, with almost simply race-
mose flowers: corolla apparently red with a yellowish tube; the lips remarkably long (6
262 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Pentstemon.
to 8 lines), the lobes of the lower very narrow. Bot. Calif, i. 622. S. E. California ; on
Mt. Finos, Kern Co. at 7,000 feet, Rothrock. San Bernardino Co., Parry & Lemmon.
Var. WISLIZEXI, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 59 (P. coccineus, Engelm. in Mem. Wisliz.
107), known only from Chihuahua, Mexico, is between P. barbatus and P. imberbis, having
nearly the corolla of the latter, with the early divaricate anthers of the former.
H -1 Corolla obscurely bilabiate and the lobes hardly spreading : peduncles and pedicels short.
P. Eatoni, Gray. A foot or two high, hardly glaucescent : leaves from lanceolate to
ovate; the upper partly clasping: thyrsus virgate and strict, simple; the peduncles very
short, 1-3-flowered, and pedicels seldom much- longer than the ovate-lanceolate sepals :
corolla an inch long, bright carmine-red, tubular, hardly enlarged at the naked throat ; its
broadly oval lobes (2 lines long) all nearly alike except that the two of the upper lip
are united higher: anther-cells usually (but not always) early divergent or divaricate,
dehiscent for only three-fourths their length : sterile filament sometimes minutely bearded
at the apex. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 395, Bot. Calif, i. 5GO, but flowers in Wallace's
collection, mistakenly referred to it, are of P. Cleveland!. P. centranthifolius, Watson,
Bot. King, 219, not Benth. Dry banks and canons, Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, to S.
Nevada and Arizona. Intermediate in aspect between P. barbatus and P. centranthifolius.
***** (SrECiosi.) Anthers with the diverging or divaricate and distinct cells dehiscent
from base nearly or quite to, but not confluent I v through, the apex, not pcltately explanate after
dehiscenee, either glabrous, hirsute, or rarely long-pilose : herbs with simple stems and closely
sessile mostly very glabrous (rarely puberulent) entire cauline leaves : inflorescence never glan-
dular-pubescent or viscid : flowers showy: corolla blue or violet, ventricose-ampliate above ; the
lobes of the moderately or slightly bilabiate limb roundish and equally spreading.
-t Corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, funneltbrm, little ventricose.
P. Fremonti, Torr. & Gray. A span or more high, minutely and densely pruinose-
pubescent : cauline leaves lanceolate or the lowest (like the radical) spatulate : thyrsus
spiciform, virgate, rather densely flowered : peduncles and pedicels very short : sepals
oblong-ovate, acute, with irregular scarious margins : corolla very obscurely bilabiate ; the
lobes 2 lines long: anthers hirsute: sterile filament with dilated bearded apex. Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. CO. Utah, "on the Uinta plains," Fremont.
Var. subglabsr. A span to a foot high, merely puberulent below, glabrous above :
upper leaves oblong-lanceolate: sepals conspicuously acuminate. Idaho (in mountains
near Fort Hall, Burke), &c.
-) -i Corolla an inch to an inch and a half in length, ventricose-ampliate above.
P. strictus, Benth.. Glabrous, or minutely pruinose, more or less glaucous : stem slen-
der, virgate, 6 to 20 inches high : radical leaves from oval to spatulate ; cauline narrowly
lanceolate or linear ; floral reduced to small subulate bracts of the elongated narrow and
loose thyrsus : peduncles and pedicels commonly slender : sepals ovate or oval, obtuse, not
over 2 lines long, barely half the length of the narrow proper tube of the violet-purple or
blue (about inch long) corolla; the throat of which is strongly ampliate : anthers either
thickly or sparsely comose with very long flexuous hairs : sterile filament naked or with
some similar slender hairs. DC. Prodr. x. 324. P. comarrkenus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xii. 81. Rocky Mountains of W. Wyoming to those of S. W. Utah. The original speci-
men (Fremont) is strict, with the inflorescence imperfectly developed, and no good corolla
extant, the cauline leaves 2 or 3 inches long and 2 lines broad. The long and soft, but
rather coarse hairs of the anther are not rarely a line and a half in length.
P. glaber, Pursll. Glaucous or glaucescent and very glabrous : stems ascending or
erect, a foot or two high : leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate:
thyrsus elongated and many-flowered : peduncles and pedicels short, commonly very short:
sepals from orbicular-ovate and merely acute to ovate-lanceolate or strongly acuminate
from a broadish base: corolla (1 to H inches long) bright blue to violet-purple: anthers
(and also the apex of sterile filament) from glabrous to sparsely hirsute; the cells dehis-
cent to or very near their apex. Fl. ii. 728, Bot. Mag. t. 1672, &c., under the form P.
<l/tibra. P. erianthrra, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 53, not Pursh. P. Gordoni, Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4319. P. spednsiis, Dougl. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1720 ; Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2,
t. 259 ; a narrower-leaved form, with anthers and sterile filament commonly naked. P.
Kingii, var. glauca, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 39. Plains of the Upper Missouri, in
Nebraska and Dakota, to Colorado and Arizona, and west to the Sierra Nevada in Cali-
fornia, and Oregon. The following are extreme forms.
Pentstemon. SCROPHULARTACE^. 263
Var. alpinus, Gray. A span high : cauline leaves from narrowly to broadly lan-
ceolate : thyrsus abbreviated and few-flowered. P. afj>inus, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 35.
Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, from the Yellowstone to Pike's Peak.
Var. Utahensis, W^atson. Stems a foot or two high, strict and slender (some-
times pruinose-puberulent) : cauline leaves lanceolate, or even linear lanceolate, the lower
tapering to the base : thyrsus virgate : sepals either narrower or much acuminate : sterile
filament and usually the anthers hirsute. Bot. King, 217. Utah to Arizona and the
borders of California, passing into the P. speciosus, Dougl., and the lower forms into the
preceding variety.
Var. cyananthus, Gray. Usually tall and less glaucescent : leaves all broad ; the
cauline ovate or subcordate and ovate-lanceolate : thyrsus dense : sepals much acuminate
or narrow : corolla bright blue: anthers and sterile filament from hirsute to nearly gla-
brous. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 60. P. cyananthus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4464 ; Watson, Bot.
King, 1. c. Rocky Mountains, Wyoming and Colorado to the Wahsatch in Utah. Seems
very distinct, but passes into P. ylaber.
P. "Wardi, Gray. Low, a span or more high, minutely and densely cinereous-pubescent :
leaves thick, oblong or the upper oblong-lanceolate : corolla externally pale and sparsely
puberulent : anthers cartilaginous ; the cells dehiscent from the acutish base upward for
little more than three-fourths of their length, glabrous : sterile filament also glabrous :
otherwise like the preceding, of which it may be only a variety. Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
82. Glenwood, Utah, L. F. Ward.
****** (GENUINI.) Anthers dehiscent from base to apex and through the junction of
the two cells, glabrous (or merely hirtello-ciliate at lines of deiiiscence), open after dehiscence,
usually explanate in age, in the greater number coiifluently l-celled : herbs, or rarelv suffru tea-
cent at base; the species of the tirst following subdivision approaching the preceding."
t Glabrous throughout (or rarely minutely pruinose-puberulent or glandular) even to pedicels
and calyx: leaves all entire, from linear to ovate, glaucous or pale: stems simple and erect:
thyrsus virgate or contracted, with short or hardly any peduncles : live lobes of the corolla plane :
anthers of cartilaginous or coriaceous texture.
H- Corolla less than an inch long, lilac or mauve-purple, or verging to violet, abruptly campanu-
late-inflated, and the broad rather strongly bilabiate limb widely spreading or open.
P. secundifiorus, Benth. A foot or two high, including the elongated and racemi-
form strict many-flowered thyrsus : cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate (2 or 3 inches long
and lines wide) ; radical spatulate : peduncles 1-3-flowered: sepals ovate or oblong, acute
or obtuse, with somewhat scarious but entire margins : corolla with narrow proper tube
of nearly twice the length of the calyx, abruptly dilated into the broadly campanulate
throat of about one-third inch in height and width ; this nearly equalled by the widely
spreading lips ; the lobes round-oval : sterile filament glabrous or minutely bearded at the
dilated tip. Prodr. x. 324. Mountains of Colorado, common at 8 or 9,000 feet. A well-
marked and beautiful species.
P. Hallii, Gray. Allied to the foregoing, only a span or so high : leaves thickish, linear
and linear-spatulate, or the lowest rather broader, obtuse : thyrsus short and more spici-
form, 5-15-flowered, obscurely viscid : sepals broadly ovate and with widely scarious erose
margins : corolla 7 to 10 lines long, broadly campanulate-inflated from a thickish and in-
conspicuous proper tube which is shorter than the calyx ; bilabiate limb rather short :
sterile filament short-bearded from the apex downward. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. Colo-
rado Rocky Mountains, at 10-12,000 feet (common on Gray's Peak), Hall & Harbour, Parry,
Greene, &c.
Var. Arizonicus. An ambiguous form, almost a foot high, with flowers apparently
intermediate between those of P. Hallii. and P. sfcnmUflorus, and sterile filament of the lat-
ter; but corolla lips shorter than the less abruptly expanded portion. Mount Graham,
Arizona, at 9,250 feet, Rothrock.
H- -H- Corolla two-thirds or three-fourths inch long, from blue to lilac : the tube gradually and mod-
erately dilated into the funnelform throat; lobes of the obscurely bilabiate 5-parted limb
short and widely spreading. (See also P. conj'ertus, Watsoni, &c., which, being glabrous and
entire-leaved, might be referred here.)
P. aciiminatus, Dougl. Glaucous, 6 to 20 inches high, generally stout and rigid, leafy :
leaves coriaceous, somewhat cartilaginous-margined ; radical and lowest cauline obovate
or oblong; upper cauline from lanceolate to broadly ovate, or the upper cordate-clasping,
these mostly acute or acuminate: thyrsus strict, interrupted, leafy below, naked above;
264 SCROPHULARIACE/E. Pentstemon.
the clusters several-flowered, and peduncles and pedicels mostly very short : sepals ovate
and acute or lanceolate: corolla lilac or changing to violet; the limb half or two-thirds
inch in diameter: sterile filament mostly bearded at the dilated tip: capsule firm-coria-
ceous and acuminate. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1285; Hook. Fl. ii. 97; Benth. in DC. I.e.;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 61 (excl. syn. P. secund(flonts), & Bot. Calif, i. 559. P. nitidus,
Dougl. ex Benth. in DC. 1. c. P. Fendleri, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 108, t. 5, & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 114, excl. syn. Plains of the Saskatchewan and Upper Missouri to the interior
of Oregon, and south to Nevada, New Mexico, and the western borders of Texas. (Ad-
jacent Mex.) Seems to pass into
P. C3eruleus, Nutt. Low : leaves (even the radical) all from lanceolate to narrowly
linear (often 3 inches long and only a line or two wide) : thyrsus spieiform and usually
dense : sepals lanceolate-acuminate : corolla blue, varying occasionally to rose-lilac or
white: sterile filament much bearded above. Gen. ii. 52; Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c.
P. angustifolius, Nutt. in Fras. Cat,; Pursh, Fl. ii. 738. Plains of Dakota and Montana to
Colorado at the base of the mountains.
H- -w- -n- Corolla an inch or less long, red, tubular or funnelform, hardly bilabiate; the roundish
or short-oblong lobes all alike, except that the two upper are rather more united: sepals ovate or
roundish, obtuse or acute: peduncles usually manifest and pedicels slender.
= Sterile filament filiform, naked: corolla narrow-tubular, deep scarlet; lobes short, little
spreading.
P. centranthifolius, Benth. Very glaucous : stem strict, leafy, 1 to 3 feet high :
leaves thick, from ovate-lanceolate or the lowest oblong to lanceolate-linear, the upper
with subcordate-clasping base: thyrsus virgate, elongated: corolla fully an inch long;
the lobes (2 lines long) hardly longer than the width of the orifice. Scroph. Ind. & Prodr.
1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5142 ; Gray, 1. c. Che/one centranthifolia, Benth. in Hort. Trans. ;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1737. Open grounds, California, from Monterey southward, and W.
Arizona.
= = Sterile filament dilated at tip and retrorsely bearded down one side: corolla funnelform,
and with rather large and rounded widely spreading lobes.
P. puniceus, Gray. Very glaucous : stem stout, " 1 to G feet high," sparsely leafy :
leaves thick, oblong or the lowest obovate and the uppermost ovate, sometimes connate-
perfoliate : thyrsus virgate, interrupted, many -flowered : corolla almost an inch long, nar-
rowly funnelform, " brilliant scarlet ; " the limb two-thirds inch in diameter. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 113, & Proc. 1. c. Guadalupe Canon, Arizona, Thurber, E. K. Smith.
P. Parryi. Less glaucous : stem virgate, a foot or two high : leaves from oblong to nar-
rowly lanceolate; the upper with auricnlate or roundish partly clasping base; radical
oblanceolate or spatulate : racemiform thyrsus more simple and fewer-flowered : corolla
narrowly funnelform, half to three-fourths inch long, "bright pink" or cherry -red; the
limb half inch in diameter. P. puniceus, var. ? Parri/i, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 1. c.
Western Arizona, Parr;/, Palmer, Greene. Southern Nevada, Miss Semis, Palmer. Southern
Utah, Parry. Some specimens of this have been referred to the preceding, some to the
following species.
P. TA^rightii, Hook. Pale and somewhat glaucous or glaucescent : stems rather stout,
a foot or two high : leaves oblong or the lowest obovate (2 to 4 inches long, an inch or so
wide); upper cauline partly clasping by a roundish base: thyrsus virgate and elongated,
loosely flowered : sepals when in bloom with spreading tips : corolla bright rose-color,
about three-fourths inch long and with ampliate throat, the expanded limb three-fourths
inch in diameter. Bot. Mag. t. 4601 (corolla too deep red), Gray, I.e.; Fl. Serres, vii.
t. 685. W. Texas and New Mexico, Wright, &c.
-{ -t-H -H- ++ Corolla showy, inch and a half or more in length, ventricose-funnelform, somewhat
bilabiate, the upper lip rather smaller: sterile filament hooked at apex: sepals ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, barely acute : thvrsus virgate, with hardly any common peduncles to the few-flowered
clusters: leaves glaucous, thickish, broad; the upper and the ilural rounded, all hut the obovate
radical ones clasping or perfoliate: stem 2 to 4 feet high.
P. grandiflorus, Nutt. Leaves all distinct at base : pedicels short : corolla lilac or
lavender-blue, abruptly ventricose above the proper tube, which exceeds the calyx: sterile
filament minutely pubescent at the dilated apex. Fras. Cat. & Gen. 1. c. ; Benth. I.e.;
Gray, 1. c. P. Braclbnrii, Pursh, Fl. ii. 738. Prairies, from Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Illi-
nois to Nebraska and Kansas. Capsule almost an inch long.
Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 265
P. MurrayariUS, Hook. Cauline leaves connate-clasping, and all the upper pairs
united into an oval or orbicular concave disk : pedicels slender : corolla deep scarlet, grad-
ually widening upward; the lobes rather small: sterile filament wholly glabrous. Bot.
Mag. t. 3472; Gray, I.e. Prairies of E. Texas, collected first by Berlandier, then by
Drummond, &c.
H H Glabrous and glandless throughout, even to the calyx: leaves oblong or ovate, rigid, glau-
cescent, very acutely and as it were spinulosely dentate or denticulate with salient teeth: cymes
of the open elongated thyrsus pedunculate: flowers ample and showy; the corolla an inch long:
sepals ovate, short.
P. spectabilis, Tliurber. Pale or glaucescent, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves thinnish-coria-
ceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate or the lower oblong, acute ; the upper pairs acuminate
and their broad bases connate-perfoliate : thyrsus many-flowered, elongated-pyramidal or
sometimes virgate, a foot or two long: peduncles and pedicels slender (half inch or more
long) : corolla rose-purple or lilac with the ample limb usually violet or blue, a full inch
long, with narrow proper tube twice the length of the calyx, then abruptly dilated into
the campanulate-ventricose or broadly funnelform throat, moderately bilabiate ; the oval
or roundish plane lobes 3 or 4 lines long : sterile filament glabrous. Gray in Pacif. R. Rep.
iv. 19, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 113; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5200. Dry hills and plains, S. Cali-
fornia (from San Gabriel) to Arizona and New Mexico.
P. Cleavelandi, Gray. Resembling the preceding in foliage and growth : but leaves
less broad at base and commonly distinct, sometimes connate-perfoliate ; the lower on
naked petioles : thyrsus smaller and virgate : corolla crimson, three-fourths to a full inch
long, much narrower, tubular-funnelform ; its lobes !$ or 2 lines long : sterile filament mod-
erately bearded above on one side. Proc. Am. Acacl. xi. 94 & Bot. Calif, i. 559. S. E.
California, San Diego Co., Cleveland, Palmer, and San Bernardino Co., at Cucamonga, long
ago collected (panicles only) by Wallace, and now near San Bernardino, by Parry & Lem-
mon. (Adjacent Mex.)
-1 -i -1 Very glabrous up to the loose elongated inflorescence and ovate appresscd sepals:
leaves coriaceous, glaucous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, mostly spinulose-dentate : corolla abruptly
much enlarged and remarkably wide.
P. Palmeri, Gray. Stems 2 or 3 feet high : leaves 1$ to 4 inches long ; the lower peti-
oled ; upper from closely sessile to completely connate-perfoliate, and from very sharply
dentate or denticulate to nearly entire: thyrsus pyramidal-racemiform, glandular or
pruinose-puberulcnt : lower peduncles 2-3-flowered, as long as the pedicels : corolla cream-
white and usually suffused or parti-colored with pink; the short narrow proper tube
hardly surpassing the calyx, very abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate throat
of about three-fourths inch in length and width at orifice; the lips broad; the upper
erectish and 2-lobed ; lower 3-parted, widely spreading, sparingly bearded at base : sterile
filament long- and densely (yellow-) bearded above. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 378, & viii.
291 ; Watson, Bot. King, 220 ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6064 (very highly colored). Arizona
and S. Utah to W. Nevada and S. E. California.
-)- -1- -i -K- Puberuleiit or pubescent and above viscid or glandular : leaves from ovate to lan-
ceolate-linear : thyrsus racennform : corolla ample, purplish; its proper tube little if anv longer
than the lanceolate sepals, abruptly dilated into the ventricose-campanulate or broadly funnel-
form throat ; the spreading limb obscurely bilabiate : sterile filament more or less long-bearded.
-H- Corolla commonly 2 inches long : thyrsus lax and short : stem about a foot high : leaves large
and broad, must ot them acutely denticulate or serrate.
P. Coba^a, Nutt. Soft-puberulent : leaves ovate or oblong, or the lower broadly lanceo-
late and the upper subcordate-clasping (2 to 4 inches long) : corolla abruptly campanulate-
ventricose above the narrow tube, from dull reddish purple to whitish, glabrous within :
slender sterile filament sparsely bearded. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 182 ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3465. Prairies, Kansas to Texas.
-H- -t-+ Corolla about an inch long: thyrsus strict, leafy below: stems a span or two hi"-h : leaves
narrower, mostly entire, or the margins undulate.
P. Jamesii, Beath. Pruinose-puberulent : leaves all narrowly or linear-lanceolate (1| to
3| inches long) : corolla abruptly dilated into a broadly cyathiform-campanulate throat, a
little hairy within: sterile filament moderately bearded. DC. Prodr. x. 325; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 67. P. albidus, in part, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 229, not Nutt. Prai-
ries, &c., S. Colorado, New Mexico, and W. Texas.
266 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Pentstemon.
P. cristatus, Nutt. Pubescent, or above viscid-villous : leaves from linear-lanceolate to
narrowly oblong (1 to 3 inches long) : corolla more funnelform, being less abruptly dilated
upward ; its lower lip long-villous within : sterile filament more exserted, inordinately
yellow-bearded. Fras. Cat. & Gen. ii. 52; Benth. 1. c. P. eriantkera, Pursh, Fl. ii. 737,
excl. syn., not Nutt. Plains, &c., Dakota to Nevada and S. Colorado.
-1 4- -1 -i -i Pruinose-puberulent and glandular or nearly glabrous : leaves all linear and entire,
narrow at base : corolla large, nearly inch and a half long, funnelform, purple or violet, very
obscurely bilabiate; the rounded lobes 2 or 3 lines long: sterile tilament wholly glabrous : in-
florescence very loose, sometimes simply racemose : sepals ovate or oblong.
P. dasyphyllus, Gray. A foot high, simple, densely puberulent, and the few-flowered
simply racemose inflorescence glandular : pedicels alternate, bracteolate only at base :
leaves 3 or 4 inches long, 2 or 3 lines wide (rarely shorter and wider) ; uppermost reduced
to subulate bracts: sepals hardly acute. Bot. Mex. Bound. 112, & Proc. I.e. Eastern
Arizona and New Mexico.
P. stenophyllus, Gray, I.e. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves
3 or 4 inches long and the larger only 2 lines wide, attenuate-acute ; the uppermost and
floral nearly filiform : thyrsus loosely paniculate : peduncles and pedicels slender: sepals
acuminate. Southern Arizona, Wriyld. (Adjacent Mex., Wislizenus.)
P. LANCEOLATUS, Benth., of Mexico, may reach our borders. It is minutely puberulent,
lias leaves mostly broader at base, racemose but not quite simple inflorescence, and a " red "
corolla barely an inch long.
-i -f -t H ^ "*T Puberulent, or viscid-pubescent, at least the inflorescence, or sometimes gla-
brous : leaves various: corolla from an inch down to 4 lines long, not abruptly campanulate-
ventricose above, except in P. Iceoigatus : sepals usually narrow or acuminate.
-w- Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, or the upper cauline when narrower widest at base, undivided :
steins erect or ascending : thyrsus mostly many-flowered.
= Sterile tilament bearded along one side, at least toward the apex.
. Corolla hardly at all bilabiate, funnelform, with proportionally rather ample and nearly equal
spreading lobes, white or whitish, often with a tinge of purple", two-thirds or three-fourths inch
long and the limb about as broad: sterile filament .thinly short-bearded: leaves entire or barelv
and sparingly denticulate : thyrsus strict and verticillastriform-interrupted.
P. tubiflorus, Nutt. Wholly glabrous : stem 2 or 3 feet high, strict, naked above :
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate ; the floral shorter than the remote and densely-flowered
clusters of the much interrupted virgate thyrsus : sepals ovate, merely viscid, only 2 lines
long, very short in proportion to the rather slender tube of the corolla. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. ser. 2, v. 181 ; Benth. 1. c. Low prairies, Kansas and Arkansas. Still rare
and insufficiently known. Thyrsus a span to a foot long, of several whorl-like clusters.
P. albidus, Nutt. Viscid-pubescent, 6 to 10 inches high : leaves oblong-lanceolate or
narrow : thyrsus strict, leafy below, of approximate few-several-flowered clusters : sepals
lanceolate, densely viscid-pubescent, 3 or 4 lines long : corolla with shorter tube and more
cyathiform throat. Gen. ii. 33 ; Benth. I.e. P. terftiflorus, Nutt. in Fras. Cat. P. vls-
cidnlum, Nees in Neuwied Trav. app. 18. Plains, Dakota to Colorado and Texas.
b. Corolla more manifestly bilabiate; lower lip usually somewhat bearded or pubescent within.
1. Leaves ovate, nil or most of them serrate: corolla bright blue or changing to purple, rather nar-
row, half or two-thirds inch long.
P. pruinosus, Dougl. Stem a foot high, pubescent: leaves from ovate to oblong, glau-
cescent, an inch or two long; the radical and lowest and also uppermost cauline commonly
entire ; the others acutely and rigidly dentate or denticulate : thyrsus virgate, interrupted :
peduncles (several-flowered) and pedicels short; these and the lanceolate attenuate-acumi-
nate sepals viscidly villous: lower lip of the deep blue corolla slightly hairy within.
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1280; Benth. I.e. Interior of Oregon and Washington Territory,
Dour/las, LijnU. Little known.
P. OVatus, Dougl. Stem 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or pubescent : leaves ovate and
the upper subcordate-clasping, all acutely serrate (or the radical rarely entire), bright
green : thyrsus looser; the lower peduncles often longer than the clusters : sepals ovate or
oblong, barely acute, glandular : lower lip of the purple-blue corolla bearded in the throat.
-Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2003; Brit. Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 211 ; Benth. 1. c. Woods and banks,
Oregon to Brit. Columbia and the western part of Idaho.
Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 267
2. Leaves from oblong or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, entire, or some denticulate, glabrous : corolla
from a third to two-thirds of an inch in length.
P. attenuatus, Dougl. Stem strict, a foot or two high ; the summit and inflorescence
more or less pubescent and viscid : leaves narrowly oblong to lanceolate, or the upper
sometimes ovate-lanceolate : thyrsus of the next species or less compact : sepals ovate- to
oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowly scarious-margined, as long as the capsule :
corolla narrowly funnelform, over half inch long, ochroleucous, sulphur-yellow, or some-
times violet or blue. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1295; Hook. Fi. ii. 97; Benth. I.e. Interior of
Oregon, Idaho, &c. No indigenous specimens yet seen accord with the figure, in robust-
ness, upper cauline leaves ovate-lanceolate and inch wide, and corolla 9 lines (or according
to Bentham 9 to 11 lines) long. The plants referred here verge to the next, but have longer
corolla, 6 or 8 lines long. The species is still uncertain.
P. confertus, Dougl. Glabrous throughout, or the inflorescence and calyx sometimes
viscid-pubescent or puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves from oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late to somewhat linear, usually quite entire : thyrsus spiciform, interrupted, naked, of 2
to 5 verticillastriform dense many-flowered clusters (either subsessile or the lower pedun-
cled) : pedicels very short : sepals from oblong-lanceolate to broadly ovate, with broad
scarious margins commonly erose or lacerate, rather shorter than the capsule: corolla nar-
row, 4 to 5 or rarely 6 lines long, in the typical forms from ochroleucous to sulphur-color ;
lower lip conspicuously bearded within. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1260 ; Hook. 1. c. ; Benth.
1. c. ; Gray, Proe. Am. Acad. vi. 72. Moist or dry grounds, Northern Rocky Mountains to
Oregon. The commoner state is
Var. CSBruleo-purpureus, Gray, 1. c. A foot or two high, rarely more, or in the
higher mountains from 1U down to 2 inches high ; the latter with capituliform inflorescence :
sepals very variable, commonly very scarious and erose, sometimes with a long herbaceous
acumination : corolla blue-purple and violet. P. procerus, Dougl. ex Graham in Edinb.
Phil. Jour. 1829 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t 2954 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1616 ; Benth. 1. c. P. Tol-
miei, Hook. Fl. ii. 97. P. micranthus, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 45. Saskatchewan
and along the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, west to Oregon and through the whole
length of the Sierra Nevada, California.
P. \V^ats6ni. Glaucescent and glabrous throughout, or inflorescence and calyx minutely
puberulent, but neither glandular nor viscid : stems a foot or more high, ascending or weak :
cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (1 to 2 inches long,
4 to 9 lines wide) : contracted thyrsus rather loose : peduncles several-flowered ; the lower
slender : pedicels longer than the calyx : sepals broadly ovate or orbicular with a small acumi-
nation, somewhat scarious-margined, little over a line long, barely half the length of the
mature capsule : corolla narrowly funnelform, 6 to 8 lines long, violet-purple or partly white ;
lower lip almost glabrous within. P. Fremonti, var. Parri/i, Gray ex Watson, Bot. King,
218. Mountains of W. Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (Fremont, Parry, Watson, Wheeler,
Vasey, Ward, &c.), to borders of Arizona, Palmer.
P. humilis, Nutt. Stems a span or two high, glabrous or above with the inflorescence
and flowers viscid-pubescent: leaves glaucescent, from oblong to lanceolate (an inch or
more long) ; the cauline commonly denticulate : thyrsus strict and virgate, 2 to 4 inches
long : peduncles (2-5-flowered) and pedicels short : sepals ovate or lanceolate and acuminate,
lax : corolla rather narrowly funnelform, half inch long, deep-blue or partly white ; lower
lip somewhat hairy within. Gray, Proc. 1. c. ; Watson, Bot. King, 220. Rocky Moun-
tains from the British boundary to S. Colorado, and west to the Humboldt Mountains in
Nevada. The larger forms may pass into P. yrncilis.
Var. brevifolius. A low and rather diffuse tufted form, with weak stems : leaves
at most half inch in length ; cauline elliptical-oblong; the radical oval or rotund: corolla
light blue. P. humilis, var.? Watson, 1. c. Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains, at 9,000
or 10,000 feet, Watson, Eaton.
3. Leaves from ovate-lanceolate to linear, often denticulate : corolla an inch or three-fourths inch
long: cymes of the more or less open thyrsus pedunculate: sepals lanceolate, acute, marginless.
P. gracilis, Nutt. A foot or less high, glabrous or merely puberulent up to the more or
less viscid-pubescent strict thyrsus : stems slender: cauline leaves mostly linear-lanceolate
(1 to 3 inches long, the serrations when present very acute or subulate) ; the radical spatu-
late or oblong : peduncles 2-several-flowered : corolla tubular-funnelform or almost cylin-
268 SCROPHULARIACEyE. Pentstemon.
draceous, lilac-purple or sometimes whitish, three-fourths to nearly an inch long; the
throat open. Gen. ii. 52; Graham in Bot. Mag. t. 2945; Lodrl. Bot. Cab. t. 1541; Benth.
1. c. P. pubescens, var. yraciUs, Gray, Proc. 1. c. partly. Saskatchewan to Wyoming, and
south in the mountains to Colorado. Intermediate between the preceding and following:
distinguished from slender forms of the latter by the open mouth and nearly terete throat
of the narrow corolla.
P. pubescens, Solander. Stem a foot or two high, viscid-pubescent, or sometimes
glabrous up to the inflorescence: cauline leaves from oblong to lanceolate (2 to 4 inches
long), usually denticulate ; the lowest and radical ovate or oblong: thyrsus loosely-flow-
ered, mostly naked, narrow : flowers drooping : corolla dull violet or purple, or partly
whitish, an inch long, very moderately dilated above the short proper tube, carinate-
angled for the whole length of the upper and deeply plicate-bisulcate on the lower side,
the upper part of the intrusive portion villous-bearded and forming a sort of palate ; orifice
crescentic or almost closed ; the lips and their lobes short : sterile filament densely bearded
far down. Ait. Kew. ii. 300; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1424; Gray, I.e. excl. syn. P. Icevlgatns.
Chelone hirsuta, L. C. Pentstemon, L. Mant. 415. Asariiia caule erecto, &c., Mill. Ic. t. 152.
Peiitstenwn hii-aiitns, Willd. Spec. iii. 227. P. Mackyanus, Knowles in Fl. Cab. ii. 117, t. 74.
P. lonrjifoliiis, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 704 ? Dry or rocky grounds, from Canada to Iowa and
south to Florida and Texas.
P. laevigatus, Solander, 1. c. Mostly glabrous up to the glandular inflorescence :
stem 2 to 4 feet high : leaves of firmer texture and somewhat glossy ; cauline ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate with subcordate-clasping base, 2 to 5 inches long: thyrsus broader:
corolla about an inch long, white and commonly tinged with purple, abruptly campanulate-
inflated above the proper tube, more or less obliquely ventricose, obscurely angled down
the upper side, not at all intruded on the lower; orifice widely ringent, sparingly slender-
bearded at base of the lower lip : sterile filament thinly bearded above. Sims, Bot. Mag.
t, 1425; Miclix. Fl. ii. 21; Pursli, Fl. ii. 427. CMone Pentstemon, L. Spec. ed. 2, 850, excl.
syn. Arduin, Moris. &c. ; Lam. 111. t. 528. P. pubescens, var. multiflorus, Benth. in DC. 1. c.
(P. Diijitulis, var. multi floras, Chapm.) ; a small-flowered and small-fruited form, answering
to the figure by Lam. P. glaucophyllus, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 763? Moist or rich soil,
Penn. to Florida and westward, where the commoner form is
Var. Digitalis. Stem sometimes 5 feet high : corolla larger and more abruptly in-
flated, white. P. Dli/itdlis, Xutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 181 ; Reichenb. Exot.
v. t. 292 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2587 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 327 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 328. Chelone.
Digitalis, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 120. Penn. to Illinois, Arkansas, &c.
P. glauGUS, Graham. Glabrous up to the inflorescence, more or less glaucous : stems
dwarf or ascending, a span to a foot high : leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate or the radical
oblong-ovate (one or two inches long), entire or denticulate: thyrsus short and compact,
either simple or compound, villous-pubescent and viscid or glandular : corolla dull lilac or
violet-purple, less than an inch long, campnnulatc-ventricose above the very short proper
tube, gibbous, not at all plicate-sulcate ; the orifice widely ringent; the broad lower lip
sparsely villous-bearded within : sterile filament bearded mostly at and near the apex only.
-Edin'b. Phil. Jour. 1829, 348; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1280; Gray, Proc. 1. c. P. ylaber, var.
stenosepalns, Regel in Act. Petrop. iii. 121 1 Rocky Mountains north of 49 (Drummond) to
Wyoming and Utah ; southward, chiefly in the form of
Var. stenosepalus, Gray, 1. c. Sometimes over a foot high : thyrsus compara-
tively small and glomerate : sepals attenuate-lanceolate: corolla dull whitish or purplish.
Mountains of Colorado and Utah near the upper borders of the wooded region.
= = Sterile filament bonnlless (rarely with a few minute short hairs), sometimes completely
antheriferous in certain flowers.
P. W^hippleanus, Gray. Glabrous up to the inflorescence or nearly so: stems slender,
a foot long, ascending from a decumbent base, leafy : leaves membranaceous, ovate or
ovate-oblong, entire or repand-denticulate, acute or acuminate, commonly 2 inches long;
lower petioled; upper cauline closely sessile or partly clasping by a broad base: thyrsus
loosety few-flowered: peduncles 2 to 5, slender, 2-3-flowered : pedicels and the narrowly
linear-lanceolate lax and attenuate sepals villous, somewhat viscid: corolla an inch long,
campanulate-ventricose above the short proper tube, decidedly bilabiate ; the lower lip
longer than the nearly erect 2-lobed upper one, sparsely long-bearded within: sterile fila-
Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 269
ment dilated, uncinate at tip. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 73. New Mexico, Sandia Mountains,
Biijelow. Corolla in size and shape, and probably color, resembling that of P. ylaucus.
P. deustus, Dougl. Completely glabrous ; the calyx at most obscurely granular-prui-
nose or glandular : stems a span to a foot high in tufts from a woody base, rigid : leaves
coriaceous, from ovate to oblong-linear or lanceolate (an inch or two long), irregularly and
rigidly dentate or acutely serrate, or some of them entire ; upper cauline closely sessile :
thyrsus virgate or more paniculate, mostly many-flowered : peduncles and pedicels short :
sepals from ovate to lanceolate, nearly marginless : corolla ochroleucous or dull white,
rarely with a tinge of purple, half inch or less long, either narrowly or rather broadly fun-
nelform ; the short lobes widely spreading. Lindl. Bot. Keg. t. 1318; Ik-nth. 1. c. ; Gray,
I.e., & Bot. Calif, i. 559; Watson, Bot. King, 222, who has seen the "filament bearded
with yellow hairs." P. Jtetemnder, Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 123, t. 8, a narrow-
leaved form having the fifth filament in some flowers antheriferous. Dry interior region,
California, on the eastern side of the [Sierra Nevada, and north to the borders of Brit.
Columbia and Montana.
P. heterodoxus. A span or more high, leafy, glabrous nearly up to the inflorescence :
leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, entire ; the cauline closely sessile : thyrsus short, compact,
viscid-pubescent : sepals lanceolate : corolla 7 lines long, narrow-tubular, hardly dilated up
to the small limb, probably purplish : fifth filament filiform, resembling the others, in some
flowers completely antheriferous. P. Fremont.!, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 622, not of Torr. &
Gray. High mountain near Donner Pass, in the Sierra Nevada, California, Torrey.
Species imperfectly known, from insufficient specimens.
.(_(. .j-j. Leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, entire : stems
low-cespitose or spreading, leafy to summit, often suffrutescent at bast-, few-flowered : corolla
over half inch lung, mostly purple or blue, narrowly funnelform: sterile filament bearded down
one side.
= Leaves green and mostly glabrous, broad, half to quarter inch wide.
P. Harbourii, Gray. Tufted nearly simple stems 2 to 4 inches high, puberulent : leaves
about 3 pairs, thickish, obovate, oval, or the uppermost sometimes ovate, these sessile by a
broad base: thyrsus reduced to 2 or 3 crowded short-pedicelled flowers : sepals ovate-
oblong, villous and somewhat viscid : corolla little bilabiate, with rather broad cylindra-
ceous throat and tube, barely twice the length of the round-oval lobes; lower lip bearded
within. Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 71. High alpine region of the Colorado Rocky Mountains,
Hall & Harbour, Parry.
= Leaves cinereous or canescent, a line or two wide: sepals lanceolate: corolla narrowly fun-
nelform, mostly three-fourths inch long: flowering along the short stems in the axils of the
leaves : short peduncles leafy-bracteolate, 1-3-flowered.
P. pumilus, Nutt. Caneseent (even to the marginless sepals) with a dense and fine
short pubescence: stems an inch or two high, erect or ascending, very leafy: leaves lan-
ceolate or the lower spatulate (the latter, including the attenuate base or margined petiole,
an inch or more long) : corolla with regularly funnelform throat, glabrous within : sterile
filament sparsely short-bearded, or more abundantly at the tip. Jour. Acad. .Philad. vii.
46; Gray, 1. c. 67. Rocky Mountains in Montana? " on Little Goddin River," Wyeth. A
small and few-flowered plant.
Var. Thompsoiliae. Cespitose, from half inch to 4 inches high, suffrutescent at
base: stems copiously flowering for their whole length: lowest leaves obovate; upper
lanceolate : corolla two-thirds to three-fourths inch long. S. Utah, Mrs. Thompson, < '-//''
Bishop (a dwarf and depressed form), also Slier, Palmer, a more developed and elongated
form, with corolla apparently bright blue.
Var. incanus. A small and very white-hoary form, few-flowered : leaves only 2 or 3
lines long, spatulate and obovate, more mucronate : corolla half inch long, slightly hairy
within down the lower side, somewhat as in the next. Pahranagat Mountains, S. E.
Nevada, Miss Searls. S. W. Utah, Slier.
P. csespitosus, Nutt. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, spreading, forming depressed
broad tufts 2 to 4 inches high: leaves from narrowly spatulate to almost linear (3 to 8
lines long, including the tapering base or margined petiole) : peduncles mostly secund and
horizontal, but with the flower upturned : sepals more acuminate, and the margins below
obscurely scarious : corolla tubular-funnelform, and the lower side biplicate, the narrow
folds sparsely villous within: sterile filament strongly and densely bearded. Gray, Proc.
270 SCKOPHULARIACE^E. Fentstemon.
Am. Acad. vi. 66; Watson, Bot. King, 219. Rocky Mountains, Wyoming, W. Colorado,
and Utah, Nnttall, Hall & Harbour, Parry, Watson.
Var. suft'ruticosus. A span or more high from a stouter woody base : leaves from
spatulate to obovate and more petioled, thicker, glabrate : sepals less acuminate : corolla
and stamens not seen: probably a distinct species. Utah near Beaver, Palmer, in fruit.
H- -H- -H- Leaves from narrowly linear-lanceolate with tapering base or linear-spatulate to filiform,
entire: steins or branches raceinosely several-man v-fiowered.
= Stem herbaceous to the base, very simple, a foot or two high: corolla broad : sterile filament
glabrous: peduncles mostly opposite.
P. virgatus, Gray. Minutely glandular-pruinose or glabrous : stem strict and elongated :
thyrsus virgate : leaves all linear-lanceolate ( \\ to 4 inches long): peduncles short, 1-3-
flowered : sepals ovate: corolla lilac with purple veins, three-fourths inch long, abruptly
dilated into a broadly campanulate funnelform throat (as wide as long), distinctly bilabi-
ate; the broad lips widely spreading: stamens nearly equalling the lips. v Bot. Mex.
Bound. 112, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 66. New Mexico and Arizona, Fendler, Wr'njld, &e.
Inflorescence and corolla in the manner of P. secundijiorus.
= = Stems or tufted branches mostly simple from a woody base (or herbaceous in the last
species), low: sterile filament longitudinally bearded: short peduncles commonly alternate.
P. linarioides, Gray, 1. c. Cinereous, minutely pruinose-puberulent : stems much
crowded on the woody base, filiform, rigid, very leafy, 6 to 18 inches high : leaves 6 to 12
lines long, from oblanceolate-linear (at most a line wide) to nearly filiform, mucronulate ;
the floral short and subulate : thyrsus racemiform or sometimes paniculate ; only the lower
peduncles 2 i-flowered : pedicel shorter than the ovate or oblong acuminate sepals : corolla
lilac or purple, half inch or more long, with dilated-funnelform throat, less bilabiate than
in the preceding; lower lip conspicuously bearded at base. Arid grounds, New Mexico
and Arizona, Wr'ujlit, Thurber, Parry, &c.
Var. Sileri. A dwarf and suffruticulose form, with smaller and fewer flowers, mostly
1-flowered peduncles subtended by proportionally longer floral leaves, and the lower lip
less bearded. P. aespitosus, var., Parry in Am. Naturalist, ix. 340, a much reduced form.
S. Utah, Slier, Parr,/.
P. Gairdneri, Hook. Cinereous-puberulent : stems a span high, rigid : leaves linear or
the lower more or less spatulate, obtuse, half to full inch long : thyrsus short and simple :
peduncles usually one-flowered: sepals oblong-ovate, glandular-viscid: corolla half inch
long, narrowly funnelform, obscurely bilabiate, purple. Fl. ii. 99; Gray, I.e. Dry inte-
rior of Washington Terr., Oregon, and W. Nevada.
P. laricifolius, Hook. & Arn. Glabrous : lignescent caudex not rising above the
soil: leaves very slender, when dry filiform (the larger a fourth of a line wide, and with
margins revolute, an inch or less long), much crowded in subradical tufts and scattered on
the (2 or 5 inch long) filiform flowering stems: flowers few, loosely racemose, slender-
pedicelled : sepals ovate-lanceolate : corolla tubular-funnelform, half inch long; the small
limb obscurely bilabiate. Bot. Beech. 376 ; Gray, 1. c. Interior of Oregon and Wyoming.
= = = Stems paniculately branching and slender, woody toward the base : corolla between
funnelform and salverform : sterile filament glabrous: peduncles slender, opposite, all the upper
one-flowered.
P. ambiaruus, Torr. Glabrous, a foot or two high, diffuse and often much branched :
leaves filiform, or the lowest linear and the floral slender-subulate : inflorescence loosely
paniculate : sepals ovate, acuminate : corolla rose-color and flesh-color turning to white ;
the rotately expanded limb oblique but obscurely bilabiate ; lobes orbicular-oval ; throat or
its lower side somewhat hairy: sterile filament sometimes imperfectly antheriferous.
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 228, & Marcy Rep. t. 16; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 64. Plains of E.
Colorado and New Mexico to S. Utah and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.) Var. foliosus, Benth.
1. c., is an undeveloped state. Corolla in the typical form with a narrow and somewhat
curved tube and throat, of half inch in length : but it passes into
Var. Thurberi, Gray, 1. c. (P. Thurberi, Torr. in Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 15), with
shorter tube and more dilated throat. The two extremes of this have, in the larger forms,
limb of corolla half inch in diameter with tube and throat together only 3 lines long (Ari-
zona, Palmer, &c.) ; in the smallest, corolla-limb only half the size, with tube and throat
2 or 3 lines long (Arizona and adjacent Mex., Wislizenus, Rothrock). New Mexico, Arizona,
and S. Utah.
Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE^. 271
-H- -H- -H- -H- Leaves pinnately parted into narrowly linear divisions !
P. dissectus, Ell. Merely puberulent : stem slender, 2 feet high : leaves in rather dis-
tant pairs; radical and lowest not seen; upper with 7 to 11 obtuse entire divisions, of
barely half line in width, on a rhachis of equal breadth : thyrsus long-peduncled, umbelli-
form or triradiate, few-flowered : pedicels slender: sepals ovate-oblong: corolla '-purple,"
9 lines long, oblong-f unnelform ; the limb obscurely bilabiate : sterile filament bearded at
the apex. Sk. i. 129 ; Gray, 1. c. Middle Georgia, " Jackson," Darby.
2. SACCANTHERA, Bcnth. Anthers sagittate or horseshoe-shaped ; the cells
confluent at the apex, and there dehiscent by a continuous cleft, which extends
down both cells only to the middle ; the base remaining closed and saccate, some-
times hirsute, never lanate. Pacific-States species, herbaceous or some rather
woody at base, mostly with ample and showy flowers.
* Soft-pubescent and viscid, with broad and thinnish leaves mostly serrate or denticulate.
P. glandulosus, Lindl. Stem rather stout, 2 or 3 feet high : radical leaves ovate or
oblong, 6 or 8 inches long, dentate : cauline from cordate-clasping to ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, usually denticulate or few-toothed : thyrsus contracted and interrupted,
leafy below : cymes short-pedunculate, few-several-flowered : sepals attenuate-lance-
olate, lax : corolla lilac, over an inch long, with f unnelform-inflated throat, and rather short
broad and spreading lips: sterile filament glabrous. Bot. Reg. t. 1262; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3688 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 330 ; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 74. P. statici/bliits,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1770. Mountain woods and along, streams, Oregon and Washington
Terr, to Idaho.
# * Glabrous or merely puberulent: leaves serrate, incisely dentate, or sometimes laeiniate : sterile
filament more or less hairy above : corolla funnelforin and moderately bilabiate, lilac, purple, or
light violet,
-f Over an inch long : calyx remarkably small.
P. venustus, Dougl. Very glabrous : stems rather strict and simple, a foot or two
high, leafy : leaves thickish in texture, oblong-lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate,
closely and subulately serrate (about 2 inches long): thyrsus naked, mostly narrow : pe-
duncles 1-3-flowered : sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, only a line or two long, much
shorter than the proper and narrow tube of the corolla: upper part of fertile filaments
and of the sterile one (as also usually anthers and lobes of the corolla within) sparsely
pilose. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1309 ; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. P. anuenus, Kunze in Linn,
xvi. littbl. 107? Oregon and Idaho.
H__ .)__ Corolla barely or less than an inch long: calyx and pedicels mostly puberulent or viscid-
glandular: stems (a foot or two high) ascending or diffuse : thyrsus paniculate.
P. diffusUS, Dougl. Leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, or the upper subcordate,
sharply and unequally and sometimes laciniately serrate (1-J- to 4 inches long): thyrsus
commonly interrupted and leafy : pedicels mostly shorter than the ovate or lanceolate and
acuminate (sometimes laciniate-toothed) sepals: corolla three-fourths inch long: anthers
glabrous: sterile filament villous-bearded above. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1132 ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3045 ; Gray, 1. c. P. serrulatus, Menzies in Hook. Fl. ii. 95. P. arijutus, Paxt. Mag.
Bot. vi. 271, appears to be a form of this, connecting with the next species. Wooded or
rocky banks, Oregon to Brit. Columbia.
P. Ricliardsonii, Dougl. Stems often loosely branching: leaves ovate- to narrowly
lanceolate in outline, from incised to laciniate-pinnatifid ; the upper commonly alternate
or scattered: thyrsus loosely panicled : sepals (ovate or oblong) and pedicels often gland-
ular and viscid : corolla three-fourths to an inch long : sterile filament sparingly villous-
bearded at apex. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1121 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3391 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t.
1641. Bare rocks, &c., Oregon and Washington Terr.
P. triphyllus, Dougl. Stems slender, about a foot high, usually simple: cauline
leaves lanceolate or linear (an inch or so long), rigid, from denticulate to irregularly pin-
natifid-laciniate ; the upper sometimes ternately verticillate, sometimes alternate: thyrsus
narrow, loosely paniculate : sepals lanceolate, acuminate : corolla comparatively small and
narrow, half to two-thirds inch long: sterile filament densely bearded at apex. Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1245; Benth. in L)C. Prodr. 1. c. Rocks, &c., Oregon to British Columbia.
272 SCROPHULARIACEJE. Penlstemon.
* * * Glabrous or merely puberulent : leaves all entire.
H Corolla blue or violet, half inch long, sleuder-fmmelform, moderately bilabiate : sterile filament
lightly bearded.
P. gracilentus, Gray. Stems slender from a lignescent base, a foot or more high,
rather few-leaved, nuked above, terminating in a loose and rather simple paniculate thyr-
sus : leaves glabrous and green, lanceolate, or the upper linear and the lowest sometimes
oblong, all narrowed at base: peduncles (and calyx) viscid-puberulent, 2-5-flowered; the
lower elongated : pedicels short : corolla-lobes only 2 lines long, moderately spreading.
Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 83, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 75, & Bot. Calif, i. 561. Mountains, N. Cali-
fornia and adjacent parts of Oregon and Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet.
i -t Corolla blue to purple, more ventricose-funnelform, short-bilabiate, two-thirds to an inch
and a half long: sterile filament glabrous. (Species too nearly allied, mostly lignescent or
rather shrubby at base.)
H- Inflorescence and calyx glandular or viscid-pubescent: thyrsus open-paniculate.
P. l&tus, Gray. A foot or so high, cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, above glandular-
pubescent : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and the lowest spatulate : sepals ovate or
oblong, herbaceous: corolla an inch long, blue. Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. Soc. vii. 147, Proc.
Am. Acad. 1. c., & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Open and dry grounds, California to the mountains
above the Yosemite and apparently even to Siskiyou Co.
P. Rcezli, Regel. Smaller, a span to a foot high, below glabrous or minutely puberu-
lent : leaves all lanceolate or linear, or the lower oblanceolate: thyrsus either narrow or
more diffuse and compound, with the branches divergent: corolla smaller (from half to
two-thirds inch long) and narrower, pale blue or violet. Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 326, &
Gartenfl. 1872, t. 239; Gray, Bot. Calif, ii. 567. P. heteropliyllus, var.? Torr. & Gray in Pacif.
R. Rep. ii. 122. Drier parts of the Sierra Nevada, California, from Kern Co. to frontiers
of Oregon and adjacent Nevada. Approaches smaller forms of the preceding.
-H- -H- Inflorescence and calyx, as well as foliage, perfectly glabrous or else minutely puberulent
without glandulosity ; thyrsus usually narrow.
P. Kingii, ^ATatson. Hardly glaucous: stems a span or so high from the depressed
ligneous base, leafy to the top, erect or ascending : leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate-linear,
acutish or obtuse, mostly narrowed to the base, an inch or so long : thyrsus strict, 1 to 5
inches long : sepals ovate-lanceolate and slender-acuminate, equalling the capsule : corolla
comparatively small (two-thirds inch long), ''purple." Nevada and Utah, from the W.
Humboldt to the Wahsatch and Uinta Mountains, Watson, &c.
P. azureus, Bentll. Glaucous, rarely pruinose-puberulent : stems erect or ascending, 1 to
3 feet high : leaves from narrowly to ovate-lanceolate or even broader, the uppermost
wider at base : thyrsus virgate, loose, usually elongated : sepals ovate, with or without a
conspicuous acumination : corolla from 1 to 1 inches long, azure-blue verging or changing
to violet, the base sometimes reddish; the expanded limb sometimes an inch in diameter.
PL Ilartw. 327; Gray, 1. c. ; "Paxt. Fl. Card. t. 64; Lem. Jard. Fl. t. 211 ; Moore, Mag.
1850, t. 209." Dry ground, California, apparently through the length of the State, com-
mon on the Sacramento, &c. Founded on a rather narrow-leaved form, but varies greatly
in the foliage.
Var. Jaffirayanus, Gray, 1. c. A low form : leaves oblong or oval, or the upper
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, very glaucous : peduncles 1-5-flowered : flowers large. P.
Ja(fmijmniis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5045. P. (jlauclfolius, Gray in Pacif. R, Rep. vi. 82.
P. heterophyllus, var. latifoUns, Watson, Bot. King, 222? Northern part of California and
through the Sierra Nevada, also eastward to the Wahsatch Mountains in Utah, if the syn.
Bot. King is rightly referred.
Var. parvulus. Less than a foot high : leaves oblong and oval, barely an inch long :
many-flowered thyrsus rather open: sepals broadly ovate: corolla hardly three-fourths
inch long: would be referred to the preceding variety, except for the smaller flowers.
Northern part of California, in mountains above Jackson Lake, at 8,000 feet, Greene.
Var. angustissimus, the extreme narrow-leaved form : leaves narrowly linear or
sometimes the uppermost narrowly lanceolate from a broad base. Yosemite Valley, &c.
Var. ambigUUS, a rather tall form, paniculately branched and slender, with lanceo-
late and linear leaves all narrowed at base in the manner of the following species, but pale
and glaucescent, and the corolla violet-blue (only an inch or less long) : sepals remarkably
Pentstemon. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 273
small, ovate, merely mucronate. P. hcterophyllus, Watson, Bot. King, 222. Canons of
the Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, viz. of the Provo and American Fork, Watson, &c.
P. heterophyllus, Lindl. Green, seldom glaucescent : stems or branches 2 to 5 feet
high from a woody base, slender: leaves lanceolate or linear, or only the lowest oblong-
lanceolate, mostly narrowed at base : corolla an inch or sometimes more in length, with
narrow tube rose-purple or pink, sometimes changing toward violet ; the bud often yellow-
ish : otherwise hardly distinguishable from narrow-leaved forms of the preceding. Bot.
Reg. t. 1899; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech. 376; Bot. Mag. t. 3853; Gray, 1. c. Dry banks,
through the western and especially the southern part of California.
-H- H 1 .Corolla scarlet-red, tubular-funnelform, conspicuously bilabiate, an iuch long: sterile
filament glabrous.
P. Bridgesii, Gray. A foot or two high from a lignescent base, glabrous up to the vir-
gate secund thyrsus, or pruinose-puberulent : leaves from spatulate-lanceolate to linear;
the floral reduced to small subulate bracts: peduncles (1-5-rlowered) and pedicels short:
these and the ovate or oblong sepals glandular-viscid : lips of the narrow corolla fully one-
third the length of the tubular portion; the upper erect and 2-lobed; the lower 3-parted
and its lobes recurved: anthers deeply sagittate. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 379, & Bot. Calif,
i. 5(30. _ Rocky banks, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yosemite southward, on Wil-
liams Mountain, N. Arizona, and S. W. Colorado (Brandegee).
P. NUTTALLII, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 120, is wholly doubtful, perhaps P. Iwirjatus.
P. CERROSENSIS, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad ii. 19, .from Cerros Island, off the coast of
Lower California, is said to have a tubular yellow corolla, 3-nerved sepals, &c. Probably
not of this genus.
P. CANOSO-BARBATUM and P. ROSTRiFLORUM, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 15, Californian
species, remain wholly obscure.
12. CHION6PHILA, Benth. (Xuav, snow, and qptlfv, beloved, growing
on snow-capped mountains.) DC. Prodr. x. 351 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL
ii. 942. Single species : fl. summer.
C. Jamesii, Benth. 1. c. Dwarf perennial, glabrous or nearly so : leaves thickish, entire,
mostly radical in a tuft, spatulate or lanceolate, tapering into a scarious sheathing base ;
those on the scape-like (1 to 3 inches high) flowering stems one or two pairs, or occasionally
alternate, linear : spike few-many-flowered, dense, mostly secund, imbricate-bracteate :
bracts shorter than the flowers : corolla over half inch long, dull cream-color, in anthesis
twice the length of the calyx, at length more nearly enclosed by it. Gray in Am. Jour.
Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 252. Colorado Rocky Mountains, in the high alpine region, first col-
lected by Dr. James, in Long's Expedition, on James', now Pike's Peak.
13. MiMULUS, L. MONKEY-FLOWER. (Latin diminutive of mimus, a
mime, from the grinning corolla.) Large genus, of wide dispersion, but far most
largely N. American ; with opposite simple leaves, and usually showy flowers
from the axils, or becoming racemose by the diminution of the upper leaves to
bracts. Chiefly herbs, one polymorphous species shrubby; fl. in summer; sev-
eral cultivated for ornament. -- Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 5G3, & Proc. Am. Acad.
xi. 95 ; Beuth. & Hook. 1. c. Mimulus, Diplacus (Nutt.), Eunanus, & Herpestis
Mimuloides, Benth. in DC. Prodr.
1 . EUNANUS, Gray. Annuals, mostly very low, glandular-pubescent or viscid :
flowers sessile or short-pedicelled : calyx 5-angled and 5-toothed ; the angles and
teeth more or less plicate-carinate : corolla in the typical species with long and
slender tube : anthers approximate in pairs, forming crosses : upper part of style
pubescent or glandular : stigma variable, not rarely funnelform or peltate-petaloid :
placentae separated in dehiscence and borne by the half-dissepiment on the middle
of each valve. Eunanus, Benth. in DC.
18
274 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Mimulu*.
* Capsule cartilaginous, 2-4-sulcate, tardily dehiscent, oblique or gibbous at base : calyx gibbous
at base and very oblique at the orifice : corolla purple or violet, with spotted or variegated throat:
leaves entire or obscurely few-toothed.
-< Corolla-tube filiform and long-exserted, in the earlier state much longer than the stems, an
inch or more in length. (Enoe, Gray in PI. Hartw. 329. Mimulus dnoe, Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 503.
M. tricolor, Lindl. Leaves from oblong to linear, obscurely nerved, with narrowed base
nearly sessile : calyx hardly gibbous at base, ampler toward the very oblique orifice :
corolla about inch and a half long, with short-funnelform throat, lips of about equal
length, and lobes similar : capsule short-oval or ovate, slightly compressed rather acutely
angled before and behind : seeds obovate, oblique, much larger than in related species.
Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. iv. 222 (June, 1849); Gray, I.e. Eunanus Coulter!, Gray in Benth.
PI. Hartw. 329, Aug. 1849. California, from the valley of the Sacramento to Mendocino
Co. and eastward, Plumas Co. Stem when beginning to flower only a quarter inch high,
at length may reach 3 inches.
Var. angustatus, Gray, 1. c. Leaves small and linear or nearly so : more slender
tube of corolla sometimes nearly 2 inches long. Plumas to Placer Co., Bolander, &c.
M. Douglasii, Gray, 1. c. Leaves ovate or oblong, the 3-5-nerved base contracted into
a petiole : calyx soon very gibbous at base on upper side : lower lip of corolla very much
shorter than the ample erect lower one, or even obsolete ; the throat more amply funnel-
form : capsule linear or linear-oblong, terete, 4-sulcate, gibbous or somewhat inflexed at the
very base : seeds oval, small, apiculate at both ends, as in all the following species of the
section: stigma very variable. M. nanus, var. subun floras, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 378.
Eunanus Douglasii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 374. California, on gravelly banks, throughout the
length of the State. Stern from a quarter of an inch to inches high : corolla an inch
to one and a half inches long.
( -1 Corolla-tube hardly exserted from the calyx: flowers not surpassing the subtending leaf.
M. latifolius, Gray, I.e. Viscid-pubescent: stem a span high, loosely branching : leaves
all broadly ovate or oval, slightly petioled, membranaceous, 5-nerved at base, 9 to 12 lines
long : calyx in flower hardly oblique, in fruit very gibbous : corolla pink-purple, half to
three-fourths inch long ; the f unnelform throat as long as the tube : capsule narrowly
oblong, laterally sulcate. Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Palmer.
* * Capsule coriaceous or membranaceous, symmetrical : calyx equal at base, campanulate or
short-oblong: stigma peltate-funnelform, and entire or obscurelv 2-lobed. Eunanus, Gray,
Bot, Calif, i. 564.
-) Corolla small, 3 to 6 lines long; the tube slender and exserted: calyx-teeth nearly equal.
M. leptaleus, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-puberulent, 1 to 3 inches high, at length much
branched : leaves from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, 2 to 6 lines long : calyx-teeth
ovate or triangular, not equalling the oblong-ovate obtuse capsule : corolla crimson, with
filiform tube, small throat, and oblique limb U to 3 lines wide. California, in gravelly
soil of the Sierra Nevada, at 5-8,000 feet.
I -i Corolla ampler, half to fully three-fourths inch long, funnelform, with widely spreading
limb and throat gradually narrowed downward into the included or partly exserted tube: steins
from an inch to a span or more high. (Species nearly related.)
-H- Calyx hardly at all oblique ; the teeth almost equal in length.
M. Bigelovii, Gray, 1. c. Leaves oblong ; the upper ovate, acute or acuminate : calyx-
teeth very acutely subulate from a broad base (2 or less lines long), half the length of the
broadly campanulate tube, the anterior ones narrower ; throat of the corolla cylindraceous,
and the ample limb rotate (crimson with yellow centre) : capsule oblong-lanceolate, acute
or acutish, a little exceeding the calyx; the valves membranaceous. Eunanus Bigelovii,
Gray in Pacif. B, Rep. iv. 121. S. California, W. Nevada, and S. Utah.
M. nanus, Hook. & Arn. Leaves from obovate or oblong to lanceolate : calyx-teeth
broadly lanceolate or triangular, acute (a line long), a quarter of the length of the tube :
corolla sometimes rose-purple, sometimes yellow : capsule with tapering apex rather
exceeding the calyx; the valves chartaceous. Bot. Beech. I.e. 378, (var. plur( floras);
Gray, 1. c. Eunanus Tolmioci, Benth. 1. c. E. Fremonti, Watson, Bot. King, 226, not
Benth. Hills, &c., Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent parts of Nevada and Oregon
to Wyoming.
Mimulus. SCROPHULARTACE.E. 275
Var. bicolor, Gray, 1. c. A doubtful and insufficiently known form ; with throat of
corolla short and abruptly dilated, dark purple; the limb yellow. Eunanus bicolor, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 381. High Sierra Nevada in Fresno Co., Brewer.
M. Fremonti, Gray, I.e. Leaves narrowly oblong or the lowest spatulate, obtuse:
calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse or aeutish (less than a line long), less than a quarter the length of
the tube, surpassing the proper tube of the crimson corolla. Eunanus Fremonti, Benth.
1. c. California, from Santa Barbara Co. southward and eastward, first coll. by Fremont.
H- -H- Calvx decidedly oblique at the orifice: the teeth unequal, reaching to the base of the fun-
nelform throat of the" corolla : stem rather slender: leaves quite entire.
M. Parryi, Gray, 1. c. Not pubescent, minutely glandular, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves
oblong or oblanceolate, half inch long : teeth of the campanulate calyx acute; the upper
and larger one ovate ; the others subulate from a broad base, a third or fourth the length
of the tube : corolla yellow or pink, two-thirds inch long: capsule oblong-lanceolate, not
surpassing the calyx. St. George, S. Utah, on gravelly hills, Parry.
M. Torreyi, Gray, 1. c. Viscid-pubescent, a span to a foot high, simple or loosely
branching: leaves oblong or almost lanceolate, sometimes an inch long: calyx-teeth all
broad and obtuse; the posterior one larger and barely a line long: corolla half to three-
fourths inch long, pink-purple : capsule chartaceous, lanceolate-oblong. Eunanus Fremonti,
Gray in Pacif. 11. Rep. vi. 83, not Benth. California, through the Sierra Nevada, at
4,000 feet and upwards, from Mariposa Co. northward, first coll. by Newberry.
1 4 -i Corolla large and wide, an inch or more lonu;, with proper tube very short and included
in the calyx: teethljf the latter very unequal: stein simpler and taller: leaves often acutely
dentate or denticulate with salient teeth. (Transition to Eumimttlus.)
M. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. A foot or less high, viscid-pubescent : leaves oblong, an inch
or two in length ; the lower surpassing the flowers : teeth of the very oblique calyx lan-
ceolate ; the posterior and longer one 3 lines long and half the length of the oblong
tube : corolla purple, an inch long, cylindraceous : capsule fusiform-subulate, somewhat
coriaceous. M. breripes, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, not Benth. California, in foot-
hills and lower part of the Sierra Nevada.
M. brevipes, Benth. A foot or two high, very viscid-pubescent: leaves from lanceo-
late to linear, 1 to 4 inches long : calyx-teeth very unequal, acuminate ; the posterior fully
half the length of the broadly campanulate tube : corolla yellow, sometimes li inches
long, and the expanded limb nearly as broad, campanulate, with ample rounded lobes :
capsule ovate, acuminate, firm-coriaceous. DC. Prodr. x. 369 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound.
116. California, from Monterey to San Diego and San Bernardino.
2. DIPLACUS, Gray. Shrubby, glutinous ; with flowers as of the following
and capsule of the preceding section : tube of the funnelform corolla about the
length of the narrow prismatic carinate-angled calyx : style glandular : stigma
bilamellar: placentae meeting but even in the ovary not united in the axis, in
dehiscence borne on the linear firm-coriaceous valves. Diplacus, Nutt. in Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist. i. 137 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 368.
M. glutinosus, "Wendl. Shrub 2 to 6 feet high, nearly glabrous but glutinous : leaves
from narrowly oblong to linear, from denticulate to entire (I to 4 inches long), at length
with revolute margins : flowers \\ to 2 inches long, short-pedicelled : corolla usually buff
or salmon-color, obscurely bilabiate ; the spreading lobes laciniately toothed or notched.
Obs. 51; Jacq. Schcenbr. iii. t. 364 ; Gray, I.e. M. aurantiacus, Curt. Bot, Mag. t. 354.
Diplacus cjlutinosus & D. latifoUus, Nutt. 1. c. D. stellatus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 18.
Rocky banks, &c., California, common from San Francisco southward. Runs into many
varieties, such as
Var. puniceus, Gray, 1. c. Flowers from orange-red to scarlet, often slcnder-pedi-
celled : corolla-lobes commonly obcordate. Dl/>lacus pan/ecus, Nutt. 1. c. ; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3655. D. glutinosus, var. puniceus, Benth. in DC. 1. c. W. California.
Var. linearis, Gray, 1. c. Flowers very short-pedicelled, red-brown to salmon-
color : calyx commonly pubescent : leaves linear, more rigid, and revolute-margined. M.
linearis, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 27. Diplacus leptanthus, Nutt. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. From Mon-
terey southward.
276 SCROPIIULARIACE^:. Mimultis.
Var. brachypus, Gray, 1. c. Flowers very sbort-pedicelled, salmon-color, large:
calyx viscid-pubescent or villous : herbage often pubescent : leaves linear-lanceolate,
mainly entire. Diplacus lonyijiurus, Nutt. 1. c. From Santa Barbara southward.
3. EUMIMULUS, Gray. Herbaceous : proper tube of the corolla mostly
included in the plicately carinate-angled 5-toothed calyx (the teeth traversed by
the strong nerve) : style glabrous : stigma bilamellar, the lobes or lips ovate or
rotund and equal : placentae remaining united in the axis of the capsule (or partly
dividing, in M. ruMlus completely), from which the thin and usually membra-
naceons valves tardily separate.
* Large-flowered and perennial western species: corolla Ii to 2 inches long, red or rose-color,
with cylindrical body longer than the limb: calyx oblong-prismatic; the short teeth nearly equal:
anthers either villous or almost glabrous in the same species: pedicels elongated : capsule oblong:
leaves several-nerved from the base: seeds with a dull and loose epidermis, longitudinally
wrinkled.
M. cardinalis, Dougl. Villous and viscid, 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, or the lower
obovate-lanceolate ; the upper connate ; all erose-dentate : corolla scarlet, with remarkably
oblique limb; upper lip erect and the lobes turned back; lower rcflexed : stamens ex-
serted. Lindl. Hort. Trans, ii. 70, t. 3; Brit. Fl. Gard. scr. 2, t. 358; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 35GO. Along watercourses, through Oregon and California to Arizona.
M. Lewisii, Pursh. More slender, greener, and with minute or finer pubescence :
leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate, denticulate : corolla rose-red or paler, with tube
and throat proportionally longer; roundish lobes all spreading: stamens included. Fl.
ii. 427, t. 20; Gray, 1. c. M. roseus, Dougl. in Bot. Reg. t. 1501; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3353;
Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 210. Shady and moist or wet ground, Brit. Columbia to Califor-
nia along the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, east to Montana and Utah.
* * Moderately large flowered eastern species, perennial, glabrous: corolla violet, at most an inch
long, with narrow tube and throat more or less exceeding the nearlv equal calvx, and personate
limb : fructiferous calyx oblong : leaves throughout pinnately veined : seeds not wrinkled.
(Corolla rarely varying to white, not very rarely with the lateral lobes of the lower lip exterior
in the bud ! )
M. ringens, L. Stem square, 2 feet high : leaves oblong or lanceolate, closely sessile by
an auriculate partly clasping base, serrate : pedicels longer than the flower : calyx-teeth
subulate, slender: seed-coat rather loose, cellular. Hort. Ups. 17G, t. i. ; Lam. 111. t. 523 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 283. Wet places, Canada to Iowa and south to Texas.
M. alatus, Solander. Stem somewhat wing-angled: leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
less acutely serrate, tapering at base into a margined petiole : pedicels shorter than the
calyx : teeth of the latter short and broad with abrupt mueronate tips : seed-coat close
and smooth. Ait. Kew. ii. 3G1 ; Locld. Bot. Cab. t. 410; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 94.-
Wet places, W. New England to Illinois, and south to Texas.
* * # Small- or moderately large-flowered mainly western species : corolla from yellow or some-
times partly white to brown-red or crimson ; the throat broad and open: seeds with a thin and
smooth or shining (or in M. luttus duller and reticulate-striatc) coat.
-t Leafy-stemmed, not villous, nor leaves pinnately veined, but with 3 to 7 primary veins from or
near the base, and hardly any, or only weak ones, from above the middle of the midrib.
n- Calyx oblique at the orifice ; the posterior tooth largest: leaves mostly broad, dentate, at least
the lower petioled: root fibrous.
= Perennial Ivy stolons or creeping branches : upper leaves sessile by a broad or somewhat clasp-
ing base: lower lip of the corolla bearded at the throat.
M. Jamesii, Torr. & Gray. Diffuse aid creeping, freely rooting, glabrate : leaves
roundish and often rcniform, from denticulate to nearly entire (4 to 12 lines long), all but
the uppermost with margined petioles: flowers all axillary and slender-pedicelled: corolla
light yellow, 4 to G lines long : fructiferous calyx campanulate, about 3 lines long: seeds
oval, shining, almost smooth. Benth. in DC. I.e. 371 (with var. Fremontii) ; Gray,
Man. eel. 2, 287. M. ijlabnitits, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 110, partly, hardly of HBK.
In water or wet places, usually in springs, Illinois to Upper Michigan and Minnesota, west
to the Rocky Mountains in Montana, thence south to New Mexico and Arizona. (Adja-
cent Mex.)
Mimulun. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 277
Var. Texensis. Larger : leaves more ovate, seldom subcordate, usually more strongly
or even laciniately dentate ; the uppermost sometimes reduced, so that the later flowers
become somewhat racemose. M. ylabratus, Bot. Mex. Bovyid. 1. c., mainly. Texas,
Wright, Lindheimer, &c. Probably in drier soil : near M. ylabratus, of S. Am. and Mex.
M. luteus, L. Glabrous or puberulcnt : stems erect, ascending or with later branches
spreading; the larger forms 2 to 4 feet high : leaves ovate, oval-oblong, roundish, or sub-
cordate ; the upper cauline and floral smaller, closely sessile, not rarely connate-clasping ;
all usually acutely dentate or denticulate ; lower sometimes lyrately laciniate : inflores-
cence chiefly racemose or terminal: pedicels equalling or shorter than the flower: corolla
deep yellow, commonly dark-dotted within, and the protuberant base of lower lip blotched
with brown-purple or copper-color, in the largest forms from 1 to 2 inches long : calyx ven-
tricose-campanulate, half inch or less long: seeds oblong, rather dull, striate-reticulated
longitudinally. Spec. ed. 2, 884; Bot. Mag. t, 1501, 3363; Bot. Reg. t. 1030, 1796; Andr.
Bot. Kep. t. 661 ; Gray, 1. c. M. guttatus, DC. Cat. Monsp. 127 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 99. M.
variegatus, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1872. M. rivularis, Lodd. 1. c. t. 1575 ; Nutt. in Jour. Acacl.
Philad. vii. 47. M. lyratus, Benth. Scroph. Ind. 28, form with lower leaves laciniate at
base. M. Scouleri, Hook. Fl. ii. 100 ; a narrow-leaved form. M. Smitltii, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 1674. Moist or wet ground, Aleutian Islands and Alaska to California, and east to and
through the Rocky Mountains. (Along the Andes, &c., to S. Chili.) Most variable and
polymorphous : extreme forms are the following
Var. alpinus, Gray. A span or so high, lax, leafy to top: stem 1-4-flowered:
corolla to 1 inches long : seeds oval : some leaves rather distinctly pinnate-veined above
the middle! Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 71; Watson, Bot. King, 224; Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 567. M. dentatus, Nutt. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 372, appears from an original specimen to be
between this and M. moschatus, var. lonyijlorus. M. Tilingii, Regel, Gartenfl. 1869,321, t. 631;
plant which developed next year into a large many-flowered form, as figured in Gartenfl.
1870, 290, t. 665 (corolla distinctly personate by a palatine protuberance of base of lower
lip, as is often seen in other forms). M. cupre/is, Regel, 1. c. 1864, t. 422 (throat of the
corolla wide open). M. lutens, var. cuprea, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5478. Alaska to high
Sierra Nevada, California, and Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Chilian Andes.)
Var. depauperatus, Gray. Includes reduced or depauperate forms, flowering as
slender annuals, 2 to 10 inches high, with leaves 3 to 6 lines long, fructiferous calyx 2 or 3
lines long, and corolla 3 to 7 lines long. Bot. Calif. 1. c. Af. microphi/Ilas, Benth. in DC.
1. c. 371. Washington Terr, to California and the Rocky Mountains.
= = Apparently only annual : leaves all petiolcd : pedicels long and filiform.
M. alsinoides, Benth. Very glabrous : stems slender, at length diffusely branched, 3
to 12 inches long : leaves from rotund- to rhombic-ovate (from 4 to 16 lines long, besides
the abruptly long-attenuate base or margined petiole), thin, the upper part salient denticu-
late : pedicels at length divaricate : corolla light yellow (or lower lip with a brown spot),
3 to 6 lines long ; the limb small : calyx in flower narrow-cylindraceous, in fruit narrow-
oblong; its teeth all very short. Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. Wet shady places, Oregon
to British Columbia, &c.
Var. minimus, Benth. 1. c., consists of very small and depauperate forms, half
inch to 2 inches high, with corolla 2 to 4 lines long. Same range.
M. laciniatus, Gray, 1. c. Glabrous or slightly pubescent: filiform stem diffusely
branched, a span or less high : leaves on filiform petioles, which mostly exceed the (quarter
to half inch long) hastately 3-lobed or laciniately 3-5-cleft and obscurely 1-nerved blade,
about equalling the pedicels : corolla yellow, 2 lines long : calyx in fruit ovate, 2 lines
long: the teeth rather conspicuous. Sierra Nevada, California, on a branch of the
Merced at Clark's.
H- +H- Calyx equal or nearly so at the orifice, and the teeth almost alike : root annual.
= Cauline leaves contracted at base into margined petioles.
M. PulsiferSB, Gray, 1. c. Viscid throughout, but hardly pubescent, a span high, loosely
branching : leaves from broadly ovate to lanceolate-oblong, sparsely denticulate or entire,
3-nerved at base (half inch or more long), equalled or surpassed by the pedicels : corolla
yellow, 5 lines long : calyx cylindraceous-campanulate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, with short
ovate-triangular teeth. California, in the northern part of the Sierra Nevada, on rocks,
from Sierra Co. to Siskiyou Co., Bolander, Mrs. Pulsifer-Ames, Greene.
278 SCROPIIULARIACE.E. Mimulus.
= = Cauline leaves mainly closely sessile by a broad base.
M. inconspicuus, Gray. Glabrous, 2 to 7 inches high, simple or bra.nched from the
base: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, somewhat 3-5-nerved (quarter to half inch
long) : pedicels as long as flower : corolla 5 lines long, with rather small limb, yellow
or rose-color : fructiferous calyx oval, 4 or 5 lines long, appearing as if truncate ; the
teeth very short. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Damp hillsides or rocks,
Los Angeles to the Sacramento, California, B'ujdow, &c.
== = == Cauline leaves sessile or nearly so by a narrowed obscurely 3-nerved base: plants
minutely viscid-pubescent or glandular, erect, branched from the base, from 2 to 10 inches high.
M. bicolor, Benth.. Viscid-pubescent : leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, sometimes
spatulate, mostly denticulate, an inch long or less; the upper shorter than the pedicels :
corolla half to three-fourths inch long, with ample limb, yellow, or lower lip commonly
white : calyx narrowly oblong, pui-ple-dotted, in fruit 4 lines long ; the teeth comparatively
large (a line long), triangular, acute. PL Hartw. 323; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 568. M.
Prattenii, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 98. California, through the foot-hills of
the Sierra Nevada.
M. Palmeri, Gray. Viscid, but hardly at all pubescent : leaves lanceolate or the lower
spatulate, mostly entire, half inch or so long, all shorter than the filiform pedicels :
corolla nearly three-fourths inch long, ample-funnelform, crimson, thrice the length of the
calyx ; the lobes all about equal and equally spreading : fructiferous calyx 3 or 4 lines
long, narrowly oblong; the teeth broad and obtuse. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82. S. E.
California, on the Mohavc River, Palmer, Parry & Lcmmon. Corolla in shape and color as
of the Eniianits section, foliage, aspect, and capsule of the present group.
M. rubellus, Gray. Viscid and sometimes pubescent : leaves from spatulate-oblong to
linear, entire, rarely with a few salient teeth, a quarter to two-thirds inch long, commonly
equalling the pedicels ; the lower sometimes obovate or ovate : corolla 3 or 4 lines long,
from one-third to twice the length of the calyx, yellow or rose-color, sometimes yellow
varying or changing to crimson-purple: fructiferous calyx oblong, 3 lines long; its teeth
mostly short and obtuse. Bot. Mex. Bound. 116, & Bot. Calif. I.e.; Watson, Bot.
King, 225. M. i/umtioides, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, in part. Gravelly moist banks,
Washington Terr, to Arizona, Colorado, and E. New Mexico, chiefly in the mountains.
Var. latiflorus, ^ATatson, 1. c. Stems an inch or two high : leaves from linear to
oblanceolate : corolla yellow, half to two-thirds inch long, with slender exserted tube, funnel-
form throat spotted with brown-purple, and comparatively large limb, resembling that of
M. bicolor. .!/. montioides, Gray, 1. c., mainly. W. Nevada, on the eastern side of the
Sierra Nevada, &c., Anderson, &c. Adopted in this form in Bot. Calif. 1. c. ; but probably
a distinct species.
H H Leafy-stemmed, villous and viscid, diffuse : leaves membranaceous, more or less pinnately-
veined and pttioled, denticulate or serrate : corolla narrow, light yellow: calyx slightly if at all
oblique; the teeth nearly equal.
M. floribundus, Dougl. About a span high from an annual root, flowering from
almost the lowest axils, at first erect, the lateral branches diffusely spreading: leaves
ovate and the lower subcordate, an inch long or less; the upper shorter than the some-
what racemose pedicels : calyx short-campanulate, becoming ovate or oblong and truncate
in fruit, 3 or 4 lines long ; the teeth short and triangular : corolla 3 to hardly 6 lines long,
about twice the length of the calyx: capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.
1125; Benth. in DC. I.e. 372; Gray, 1. c. AA. peduncdaris, Dougl. in Benth. Scroph. Ind.
29. Capmria pusilla, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 36. Moist soil, Rocky Mountains of
Colorado and Wyoming to California and Oregon.
M. moschatus, Dougl. (MusK PLANT.) More villous and viscous, musk-scented:
stems spreading and creeping, thus perennial, a foot or so long: leaves oblong-ovate, an
inch or two long, mostly exceeding the pedicels : calyx short-prismatic, oblong-campanu-
late in fruit, 4 or 5 lines long; the teeth half the length of the tube, broadly lanceolate
and acuminate, somewhat unequal: corolla usually two-thirds inch long and barely twice
the length of the calyx: capsule ovate, acute. Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1118; Benth. 1. c. ;
Gray, 1. c. Wet places, along brooks, British Columbia to California and Utah.
Var. longiflorus. Corolla elongated, reaching an inch in length, thrice the length
of the calyx: later peduncles surpassing the leaves. The usual form in California, also
in Oregon.
Conobea. SCROPIIULARIACEJE. 279
-i H -i Scapose, i. e. peduncles scape-like : leaves 3-5-nerved, sessile.
M. primuloid.es, Benth. Perennial by filiform stolons : leaves all radical in a rosulate
tuft, or crowded on an upright stem of 1 to 3 inches in height, soft-villous when young,
glabrate with age, from obovate to oblanceolate, sparsely and sharply serrate or nearly
entire, from 5 to 16 lines long : filiform and often solitary pedicels (1 to 4 inches long) and
cylindraceous calyx glabrous : corolla golden-yellow, f unnelform, a quarter to three-fourths
inch long. Scroph. Ind. 1. c., & DC. 1. c. ; Regel, Gartenfl. 1872, t. 739 ; Gray, 1. c. -
Wet soil, through the Sierra Nevada, California, at 6-10,000 feet, extending to the Blue
Mountains of Oregon. Like the other species varies greatly in size of flower as well as in
stature.
4. MIMULOI'DES, Gray. Annual, with corolla of Eumimulus, capsule with
the divided placenta? of Ennanus, but the calyx campanulate and 5-cleft : its tube
not prismatic nor even carinate-angled, but almost nerveless ; its lobes plane :
stigma bilamellar. Herpestis Mimuloides, Benth.
M. pilosus, Watson. A span to a foot high, at length much branched, leafy, soft-vil-
lous and slightly viscid, rarely glabrate, flowering from near the base : leaves lanceolate or
narrowly oblong, sessile, entire, obscurely 3-nerved at base ; the lower surpassing and the
upper hardly equalling the pedicels : calyx oblique at orifice ; the tube somewhat 5-sulcate
below the sinuses ; the posterior tooth equalling and the others shorter than the tube ; all
oblong or ovate, rather shorter than the bright yellow (3 or 4 lines long) rather obscurely
bilabiate corolla: lobes of the latter nearly equal, usually a pair of brown-purple spots on
the lower: capsule oblong-ovate, acute. Bot. King, 225; Gray, I.e. l\f. exilis, Durand
in Pacif. R. Rep. v. 12, t. 12. Herpestis (Mimuloides) pilosa, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag.
ii. 57, & DC. 1. c. 304. Gravelly soil along streams, nearly throughout California, and
along the borders of Nevada to Arizona.
14. STEM6DIA, L. (Name shortened by Linnaeus from P. Browne's
Stemodiacra, meaning stamens with two tips, in reference to the disjoined stipi-
tate anther-cells.) Chiefly tropical species, herbaceous or slightly shrubby, one
reaching our borders.
S. durantifolia, Swartz. Annual with indurated base, or sometimes perennial, viscid-
pubescent : leaves either opposite or 3-4-nate, from oblong- to linear-lanceolate, serrate or
denticulate, narrowed below and with somewhat dilated partly clasping base : inflorescence
spiciform, leafy below: calyx 2-bracteolatc : corolla purplish, quarter inch long. Obs.
p. 240; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 383. Cnpraria durantifolia, L. Stemodia verticillaris, Link;
lieichenb. Ic. Exot. ii. t. 149. Wet grounds, S. Arizona. (Trop. Am.)
15. CONt)BEA, Aublet. (Unexplained name.) Low or spreading an-
nuals, all American ; with opposite leaves, and small flowers on axillary pedicels,
2-bracteolate under the calyx. Our species belong to
1. LEUCOSPORA. Leaves pinnately 3-7 -parted into cuneate-linear divisions :
anther-cells completely disjoined but contiguous: seeds striate-costate. Leuco-
spora, Nutt., with Schistophragma, Benth. in Endl. Gen. & DC. Prodr. x. 392.
C. multifida, Benth. 1. c. A span high, diffusely branched, minutely viscid-pubescent :
pedicels as long as the greenish-white and purplish corolla : sepals very slender : capsule
ovate : seeds small, white, longitudinally costate. Capraria multijida, Michx. Fl. ii. 22,
t. 35. Stemodia multijida, Spreng. Syst. ii. 811. Leucospora multijida, Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Pliilad. vii. 87. Sutera multijida, Walp. Rep. iii. 271. Along streams and shores, Ohio to
Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas: also adventive below Philadelphia.
C. intermedia, Gray. More viscid-pubescent : pedicels shorter than the calyx : sepals
narrowly linear-lanceolate ; the posterior one rather longer: corolla larger (3 lines long):
capsule ovoid-lanceolate: seeds larger, spirally costate. Bot. Mex. Bound. 117. New
Mexico and Arizona, Wriyht, Rothrock.
280 SCROPHULARIACEJE. Herpestis.
16. HERPESTIS, Goertn. f. ('E^Ttr^r^g, a creeping thing, the original
species creeping.) Low herbs (chiefly American), commonly glabrous ; with
opposite leaves, and mainly axillary flowers, in summer.
1. Corolla obviously bilabiate ; the two posterior lobes being united to form
the upper lip : pedicels and calyx ebracteolate : style dilated and 2-lobed at the
apex, or stigma bilamellar. Mercadonia, Metta, & Chcetodiscus, Benth. in DC.
Prodr. & Gen. ii. 952.
* Erect or ascending glabrous perennials, drying blackish : leaves pinnately veined, mostly petioled
and serrate or crenate: anther-cells divergent : style curved at apex : stigmas obovate.
H. nigrescens, Benth. A foot or two high, mostly erect, very leafy : leaves from
oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, serrate, with entire tapering base (1 or 2 inches long) : pedi-
cels equalling and the upper surpassing the leaves: upper sepals oblong-lanceolate, not
much broader than the narrowly-lanceolate lower ones : corolla whitish or purplish :
valves of the capsule often 2-clef t. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 56, & DC. Prodr. x. 394. Gratlola
acuminata, Walt. Car. 61 ; Ell. Sk. i. 15 ; Curtis, PI. Wilmingt. in Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. i.
130. G. incequalls, Walt. 1. c. 1 Gerard ia cunei/dia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. Mutonrea nigrescens,
Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 173. Wet places, Maryland (A. Hay), and North Carolina
to Texas, along and near the coast.
H. Chamaedryoides, HBK. A span or two high, generally diffuse or decumbent :
leaves ovate or oblong, serrate (half or three-fourths inch long), mostly surpassed by the
pedicels : upper sepal ovate ; the lower ones ovate or oblong : corolla yellow. Nov. Gen.
& Spec. ii. 369 ; Benth. 1. c. Erinus procumbens, Mill. Diet. Mercadonia ovata, Ruiz & Pav. ?
Lindernia dianthera, Swartz. Microcarpcea Americana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 368. Moist
ground, Texas. (Mcx., W. Ind., S. Amer.)
Var. peduncularis (// peduncularis, Benth. 1 c.) is founded on a form with erect and
simpler stems, smaller and narrower leaves, and filiform pedicels of thrice their length.
Texas, Dnunmond, also Berlandier, &c. A similar form, but with diffuse or procumbent
stems (H. peduncularis, Chapm. Fl. 291), is from Key West, Florida.
* * Creeping, or ascending from a creeping base, stoloniferous-perennial, rather succulent: stems
villous-pubescent or glabrate : leaves closely sessile and partly clasping, nervose from the base,
entire or obscurely crenulate : capsule 4-valved: corolla blue or violet, varying to white.
-1 Leaves pellucid-punctate, aromatic when bruised : ovary girt by a slenderly 10-12-toothed hypo-
gynous disk : anthers somewhat sagittate : stigma dilated, obscurely 2-lobed : upper lip of corolla
obcordate.
H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems a span to a foot or two long, creeping at base, then
ascending and nearly simple, very leafy : leaves ovate, obtuse, half to nearly an inch long,
sometimes a little pubescent: pedicels shorter than calyx or hardly any: upper sepal
cordate: corolla 5 lines long, ephemeral. Fl. ii. 413; Benth. I.e. Obolaria Caroliniana,
Walt. Car. 166. Momuera amplexicaulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 22. Margin of pine-barren ponds,
New Jersey (?) and Maryland to Louisiana.
H H Leaves not punctate : hypogynous, disk obscure and entire or none : anthers parallel : stigma
2-lamellar: upper lip of corolla merely emarginate.
H. repens, Cham. & Schl. Glabrous, or summit of the creeping stems puberulent :
leaves oval and with broad clasping base (quarter to half inch long) : pedicels about the
length of flower and fructiferous calyx: upper and lower sepals broadly oval or sub-
cordate, reticulate-veiny, in flower almost equalling the white or whitish corolla.
Linnjeai v. 107 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 430. II. micrantha, Benth. 1. c.. mainly (not Pursh,
which is chiefly Micrantlieimnn) ; Ell. Sk. ii. 105, ex char. Gratiola repens, Swartz, Fl. Ind.
Occ. i. 39, & Ic. t. 3 Wet soil, S. Carolina, &c. (W. Ind., Brazil.)
H. rotundifolia, Pursh. Larger : spreading and creeping stems usually villous-pubes-
cent ; leaves obovate or rotund, with cuneate-narrowed but partly clasping flabellately
many-nerved base, often an inch long: pedicels longer than the flower (commonly in
threes) : corolla blue, almost twice the length of the ovate and oval sepals. Fl. ii. 418;
Benth. 1. c. Monniera rotund! folia, Michx. 1. c. Margin of ponds, Illinois and Missouri to
Louisiana and Texas. (Possibly also in " S. Carolina and Georgia," but H. rotundifolia of
Elliot is probably the //. amplexicaulis.)
Gratiola. SCROPHULARTACE.E. 281
HYDRANT-HELIUM EGEXSE, Poepp. of Brazil, with aspect of Herpestis, was picked up in
New Orleans by the late J. Hale, and is enumerated in Mann's Catalogue, also by Chapman
in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10 : but it is probably a ballast waif and transient.
2. Corolla obscurely bilabiate ; the limb being almost equally 5-lobed ; tube
somewhat campanulate : stamens hardly didynamous : anthers sagittate : stigma
capitate. Bramia, Lam. Bramia, Benth.
H. Monniera, HBK. Glabrous perennial, prostrate and creeping, somewhat fleshy :
leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, entire or obsoletely somewhat toothed, sessile (4 to 8
lines long), nearly veinless: pedicels at length longer than the leaves, 2-bracteolate at
apex : upper sepal ovate : corolla (4 or 5 lines long) pale blue. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2557.
H. cuneifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 418. //. Brownei, Nutt. Gen. ii. 42. Gratiola Monniera, L.
Monniera cuneifolia, Michx. 1. c. River-banks and shores near the sea, Maryland to
Texas. (Cosmopolite near the tropics.)
17. G-RATlOLA, L. HEDGE HYSSOP. (From the Latin gratia, grace
or favor, i. e. Herb-of-grace.) Low herbs, of wide distribution ; with opposite
and sessile entire or dentate leaves, and solitary axillary pedicels, usually 2-brac-
teolate under the calyx : fl. summer.
1. GRATIOL/RIA, Benth. Anther-cells transverse and separated bv a mem-
branaceous dilated connective: capsule ovate or globular: soft-herbaceous and
diffusely branching, either annuals or fibrous-rooted perennials from a creeping
base, growing in wet soil.
* Sterile stamens wanting or reduced to minute rudiments.
i Calyx ebracteolate : Pacific species.
G. ebracteata, Benth. A span high or less, erect, nearly glabrous, obscurely viscid :
leaves lanceolate, entire, or sometimes sparingly and acutely denticulate : pedicels slender,
in fruit strict : sepals foliaceous, 3 or 4 lines long, equalling the yellowish corolla, mostly
surpassing the globular and somewhat 4 angled capsule : seeds oblong. DC. Prodr. x.
695; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 570. Oregon and N. California.
-1 4 A pair of foliaceous bractlets close to the calyx and equalling it : Atlantic species, one
extending westward to the Pacific.
-H- Pedicels filiform, equalling or exceeding the leaves: seeds oblong or oval.
= Corolla golden yellow : capsule ovate-conical, acute, much exceeding the reflexed or spreading
calyx.
G. pusilla, Torr. Minutely viscid, almost glabrous, slender, 2 or 3 inches high : leaves
oblong-linear, obtuse, entire (Ii to 4 lines long): corolla 4 lines long; lobes retuse or
emarginate : capsule 2 lines long: seeds comparatively large, obliquely obovate-oblong.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 402. Arkansas and the adjacent parts of Texas, Leavenworth,
Wriijkt, &c.
= = Corolla yellowish or whitish, commonly with a tinge of purple: capsule broadly or globose-
ovate, equalled by the calyx.
G. gracilis, Benth. I. c. Glabrous or nearly so, small and slender, erect : leaves from
oblong- to linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate : corolla 3 lines long : capsule
globular, but acutish. E. Texas, Drummond, &c. Little known.
G. Floridana, Nutt. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, a span or two high : leaves oblong-
lanceolate or broader, entire or repand, sometimes remotely dentate, narrow at base (an
inch long) : corolla 8 lines long, with yellowish tube 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx,
and the rather large white lobes all emarginate: capsule broadly ovate. Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 103 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. (with var.? intermedia, a form verging to next species) ;
Chapm. Fl. 292. Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. Tennessee, Gattinger.
G. Virginiana, L. Viscid-puberulent or more pubescent, or below nearly glabrous,
divergently branched from the base, a span or less high: leaves commonly glabrous,
oblong-lanceolate, acute, from entire to denticulate-serrate, mostly narrow at base (the
larger an inch or two long) : corolla 4 or 5 lines long, with yellowish tube barely twice the
282 SCROPIIULARIACE^. Gratiola.
length of the calyx; lobes nearly white, the two upper emarginate : capsule ovate. Spec,
i. 17 ; Torr. Fl. 13; Benth. 1. c. G. officinalis, Michx. Fl. i. 6, not L. G. Carolinensis, Pers.
Syn. i. 14. G. iieglecta, Torr. Cat. PI. N. Y. G. Missouriana, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci.
x. 253, the viscid form. Conohea boreidls, Spreng. Syst. ii. 771. Canada to Florida and
Texas, and west (chiefly northward) to British Columbia, Oregon, and the eastern part
of California.
H- -H- Pedicels short, mostly shorter than the calyx : seeds linear.
G. sphaerocarpa, Ell. Glabrous or nearly so : stem thick, erect or ascending from a
procumbent creeping base, a span to a foot high : leaves from oblong-lanceolate to obovate-
oval, from acutely dentate to repand, narrow at base (an inch or two long) : corolla 5 or 6
lines long, white : capsule globose, large (2 lines in diameter), pointless, usually somewhat
surpassed by the calyx and bractlets. Ell. Sk. i. 14; Benth. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 292. G.
acununala,Vti}\\, Enum. i. 92, not Walt. G. Vlryiiiica, Pursh, 1. c., as to short pedicel, excl.
syn. Gronov., &c. G. Carolinensis, LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 105. Maryland and
Illinois to Florida and Texas. Remarkable for the size and rotundity of the capsule, and
the short pedicel. (Mex.)
* # Sterile stamens conspicuously represented by a pair of filiform filaments with a minutely
capitate tip: cauline leaves seldom at all narrowed at the partly clasping base : pedicels slender:
stems all more or less creeping at base, and somewhat quadrangular above.
f Corolla golden yellow.
G. aurea, Muhl. Glabrous or obscurely viscid-puberulent : leaves lanceolate, mostly
entire (5 to 10 lines long) : upper pedicels equalling the leaves : bractlets equalling the calyx,
longer than the globose-ovate capsule : corolla half an inch long : sterile filaments short.
Cat. ed. 1, 1813; Pursh, Fl. i. 12 (but the sterile filaments overlooked), excl. syn.; Ell.
Sk. i. 13; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1399; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 404. Lower Canada to
Florida, chiefly eastward.
-i -I Corolla white or purplish-tinged, and the tube yellowish within.
-H- Bractlets conspicuous, either surpassing, equalling, or little shorter than the calyx.
G. officinalis, L. Wholly glabrous : stem quadrangular, a foot or more high : leaves
lanceolate, distinctly 3-nerved, entire or sparingly serrulate (an inch or more long), all ex-
ceeding the pedicels and flower : bractlets usually exceeding the calyx : corolla 8 or 10
lines long: sterile filaments elongated: capsule ovate, acute. Schkuhr, Handb. t. 2; Fl.
Dan. t. 363; Benth. I.e.; Chapm. I.e. (but corolla not "pale yellow"), not Michx.
Georgia, LeConte, in herb. Torr. As this specimen is the only known authority, it is ques-
tionable whether it is really of American origin. (Eu., N. Asia.)
G. VlSCOSa, Schwein. Viscid-puberulent or pubescent, a span high, rather simple :
leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acutely dentate or denticulate, conspicuously clasping
(one or two-thirds inch long), shorter than the pedicels : sepals and bractlets broadly or
ovate-lanceolate : corolla 5 lines long : sterile filaments short : capsule shorter than calyx.
LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 106; Benth. 1. c. N. Carolina and Kentucky to Georgia,
in the upper country.
G. Drummondi, Benth. I.e. Puberulent and somewhat viscid, a span or two high:
leaves lanceolate, acute, sparsely and acutely serrate (6 to 10 lines long), about equalling
the pedicels: sepals and bractlets linear-subulate, much longer than the capsule : corolla
from 5 to 6 lines long: sterile filaments short. Chapm. Fl. 293. Georgia to Arkansas,
Louisiana, and Texas.
-H- *-+ Bractlets minute or obsolete.
G. ramosa, "Walt. Minutely viscid-puberulent, a span or more high : leaves lanceolate
or linear lanceolate, acute, serrate with sharp coarse teeth (G to 10 lines long), equalling
or shorter than the pedicels : sepals linear (2 or 3 lines long), half the length of the corolla :
sterile filaments filiform. Car. 61. G. Vinjinica, Lam. 111. t. 16, fig. 2. G. quadridentata,
Michx. Fl. i. 6; Ell. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. (this specific name later and no better than that of
Walter). S. Carolina to Florida.
2. SOPHRONXNTHE, Benth. 1. c. Anther-cells vertical, contiguous ; the con-
nective not dilated : herbs with erect and strict rigid stems, hirsute or hispid,
growing in less wet soil : flowers subsessile, small : sterile filaments manifest,
IlysantJtes. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 283
filiform, with minutely capitate tip : capsule oblong-conical, acuminate, about the
length of the 2-bracteolate calyx : seeds oval or short-oblong : corolla white or
purplish-tinged.
G. pilosa, MicllX. Stein a foot or two high from an apparently annual root : leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, sparingly and acutely denticulate, closely sessile by a broad
base : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, little exceeding the calyx ; the tube oblong. Fl. i. 7 ;
Pursh, 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. ; Chapni. Fl. 293. G. Penwiana, Walt. 1. c., not L. New Jer-
sey to Florida and Texas.
G. SUbulata, Baldw. A span high from a ligneous perennial root, very leafy : leaves
linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, with revolute margins, rigid : corolla half inch long,
somewhat salverform; its slender tube nearly thrice the length of the calyx, marcescent
and recurving in age. Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Chapm. 1. c. Sophronanthe Jiispida, Benth. in
Lindl. Introd. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445. Coast of Florida, in sandy pine barrens.
G. MEGALOcARPA, Ell. Sk. i. 16, is a factitious species, established by Elliott wholly upon
Pursh's G. acuminata, which is based upon Walter's character, but evidently confused with
some other plant.
G. MiCRANTHA, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 287 (E. Florida, Ware), is characterized as hav-
ing an erect angulate stem, a foot high, lanceolate and serrate acute leaves attenuate at
base, peduncles shorter than the leaves, ebracteolate calyx 4-parted, and stamens 4. Prob-
ably Scojiaria didcis.
18. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (*/;.ty, mud, and a-0//, blossom.) --Low and
rather small flowered annuals, or chiefly so, glabrous, branching ; with opposite
undivided leaves, all but the lowest sessile, and flowers on filiform ebracteolate
pedicels, which are either axillary or by reduction of the leaves racemose or
paniculate, in fruit usually refracted. Calyx-lobes narrow. Corolla violet or
bluish, or partly white. Sterile filaments in ours glandular with a glabrous lateral
lobe. Flowering all summer, in wet soil. Raf. Ann. Nat. 1820, 13; Benth. in
DC. Prodr. x. 418.
I. grandiflora, Benth. 1. c. Stems creeping at base, leafy throughout : leaves roundish,
entire, thickish : peduncles all much surpassing the leaves : corolla (3 or 4 lines long)
about thrice the length of the calyx : lobe of sterile filaments rather long and borne
below the middle. Lindernia gran dl flora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 43. Eastern Georgia and Florida,
Nitttall, Garber, &c.
I. gratioloides, Beiltll. 1. c. Diffusely spreading from the base, or at first simple and
erect, leafy : leaves ovate or oblong, often slightly and acutely few-toothed ; the later
ones reduced to bracts : corolla (3 lines long) hardly twice the length of the calyx : lobe
of sterile filaments short : capsule ovoid, equalling the calyx. Cnpraria <;rtitiIotdes, L.
Spec. ed. 2, 870. G rat tola ana ij all idea, Miclix. Fl. i. 5. G. dilatata, Muhl. Cat. G. atteu-
ucita, Spreng. Syst. i. 39. G. telrarjona, Ell. Sk. i. 15 1 Lindernia pyridaria, Pursh, Fl. ii.
419, not Allioni. L. dilatata & L. attcnnata, Muhl. in Ell. Sk. i. 16; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. i.
81. Herpestis cattitrichoides, HBK. ll/jsunt/i.es riparia, Raf. I.e. Canada to Florida and
Texas; also Oregon and California. (S. Am., E. Asia, and nat. in W. En.)
I. refracta,, Benth. 1. c. Stems a span or two high, erect from a rosulate tuft of spatu-
late-oblong or obovate radical leaves (of an inch or less in length), filiform, below bearing
one or two pairs of small and oblong or oblong-linear entire or obscurely serrate leaves,
and above only linear-subulate bracts, which arc many times shorter than the almost
capillary racemose pedicels: corolla narrow (3 to 6 lines long), four times the length of
the calyx : capsule oblong, from one half to twice longer than the calyx : root perhaps
biennial. Lindernia refracta, Ell. Sk. i. 579. L. monticola, Nutt. Gen. addend. Mostly on
dripping rocks, Western N. Carolina to Florida.
Var. saxipola. Apparently only a smaller form, barely a span high, with more leafy
stems, shorter internodes, and capsule (as far as seen) little surpassing the calyx. -
Lindernia monticola, Muhl. Cat. 01 ? L. saxicola, M. A. Curtis in Am. Jour. Sci. xliv. 83.
llysanthes saxicola, Chapm. Fl. 294. Mountains of S. W. North Carolina to E. Florida.
284 SCROPHULARIACE^E. Micranthemum.
19. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Composed of ^rxooV, small, and
aftfejuor, flower.) Creeping or depressed small (American) annuals, in mud or
shallow water, glabrous, branching, leafy throughout ; the leaves opposite, rounded
or spatulate, sessile, usually 3-5-nerved, entire. Flowers solitary in alternate
axils, white or purplish, inconspicuous. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 330. Hemianthus,
Nutt., includes the species with limb of corolla as it were halved, the upper lip
wanting or nearly so.
M. orbiculatum, Michx. Creeping freely : leaves roundish, 2 to 4 lines long : pedi-
cels shorter than calyx : corolla white, hardly equalling the 4-cleft calyx ; its upper lip or
lobe manifest : stigma capitate. Fl. i. 10, t. 2. M. emaryinatum, Ell. Sk. i. 18. N. Caro-
lina to Texas. (S. Am.)
M. Nuttallii, Gray. Creeping, with ascending branches an inch or two high : leaves
oblong-spatulate or oval-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long: pedicels equalling the campanulate
4-toothed calyx : corolla purplish or white, with obsolete upper lip ; middle lobe of the
lower lip linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones: appendage of the
stamens nearly equalling the filament itself: stigma of 2 subulate lobes. Man. ed. 5,
331. Herpestis mirrantJut, Ell. Sk. ii. 105 1 Henuanthiis micranthemoides, Nutt. in Jour.
Acad. Philad. i. 123, t. 0. Tidal mud of rivers, New Jersey to Florida: fl. late summer
and autumn.
20. AMPHI ANTHUS, Torr. (,<fyg;<, on both sides, uvdog, a flower ; a
blossom produced both at base and apex of the stem.) Single species.
A. pu.sfl.lus, Torr. A minute annual, glabrous, bearing a radical tuft of oblong or obo-
vate leaves (each a line or two long) and a subsessile flower, also sending up a capillary
scape an inch or two high and terminated by another similar flower subtended by a pair of
leaves: corolla white. Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 82; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 425. Shallow pools
on flat rocks, Upper Georgia, particularly on Stone Mountain, Leavenworth, Canby, &c. :
fl. early spring.
21. L.IMOSELLA, L. MUDAVORT. (Limus, mud, and sella, seat.)
Small annuals, or proliferous-perennial by stolons, glabrous (of wide distribution) ;
with fibrous roots and a cluster of entire fleshy leaves at the nodes of the stolons,
and short scape-like naked pedicels from the axils, bearing a small and white
or purplish flower, in summer.
L. aquatica, L. Tufts an inch or two high : clustered leaves longer than the pedicels,
when scattered on sterile shoots alternate, in the typical form with a spatulate or oblong
blade on a distinct petiole ; this in mud rather short, in water elongating to the length of 2
to even 5 inches. Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 1722. From Hudson's Bay to S. Colorado and
the Sierra Nevada, California, in brackish mud, and in fresh water; also on the Pacific
coast 1 ? (Eu., N. Asia, Australia, S. Am.)
Var. tenuifolia, Hoffm. Leaves subulate or filiform, with little or no distinction of
petiole and blade, seldom over an inch or so in length. Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Reichenb. Ic.
Germ. 1. c. L. tenuifolia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 43. L. subnlata, Ives in Am. Jour. Sci. i. 74, with
plate. L. austmlis, R. Br. Prodr. 443. Brackish river-banks and shores. Canada to New
Jersey. (S. Am., Australia, Eu., &c.)
22. SCOPABIA, L. (Scopes, twigs used for brooms.) Tropical Amer-
ican undershrubs or herbs, much branched ; with small and slender-pedicelled
flowers in the axils of the opposite and verticillate leaves.
S. dulcis, L. Annual or suffrutescent, almost glabrous : leaves from oblong-spatulate to
narrowly lanceolate, tapering at base, the larger serrate and incised : s,epals 4 : corolla
white, 3 lines wide. Lam. 111. t. 85. Gratiola micrantha, Nutt. in Am. Jour. Sci. v. 287 ?
S. Florida and perhaps on the Mexican border. (Mex., Trop. & Subtrop. Am., and now
in Asia, &c.)
Synthyris. SCROPIIULARIACE^E. 285
23. C APR/ARJ A, L. ( Caprarius, relating to goats, i. e. Goat-weed. -
Tropical American herbs or undershrubs ; with rather small white or flesh-colored
flowers, on slender often geminate pedicels, in the axils of the alternate serrate
leaves. One species barely reaches our southern border.
C. biflora, L. Stiff ruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, pubescent or glabrous : leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, sharply serrate above the middle : sepals linear-subulate, equalling the capsule.
Key West, and S. Texas on the coast; the glabrous form, mostly 5-androus, C. Mexicana,
Moricand in DC. (Tropical shores.)
24. SY"NTHYRIS, Benth. (From GVV, together, and Ovmg, little door or
valve, the valves of the capsule long adhering below to the short placeutiferous
axis.) W. North American perennials, nearly related to Wulfenia of S. E.
Europe and the Himalayas ; but the anther-cells not confluent and seeds discoidal.
Leaves largely radical and petioled ; those of the simple stem or scape and the
bracts all alternate. Flowers small, purplish or flesh-color, in a simple spike or
raceme ; in summer. Stamens inserted close to the sinuses of the corolla. DC.
Prodr. x. 454, & Gen. ii. 963.
1. Ovules and seeds only a pair in each cell, on a short partition : capsule
divaricately 2-lobed ; the cells transversely oblong : seeds with thickish margins
incurved at maturity : acaulescent, with naked scapes.
S. rotundifolia. Rootstock short and creeping, bearing a tuft of cordate-orbicular doubly
crenate or crenate-incised leaves (glabrous or slightly hairy), and weak scapes hardly
exceeding the petioles (3 or 4 inches long) : pedicels of loose short raceme longer than the
bluish flowers (about half inch long): sepals spatulate : corolla campanulate. S. reni-
formis, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 571, chiefly, not Benth. Oregon, in shady coniferous woods of
the Columbia and Willamette, Nuttall, E. Hall; and probably first collected in woods N. E.
of Fort Vancouver by Gairdner.
Var. cordata, a form with smaller and thicker almost simply crenate leaves of cord-
ate outline. S. renifonnis, var. cordata, Gray, I.e. Gravelly hillsides, Mendocino Co.,
California, Kelloijij & Harfvrd.
2. Ovules and usually seeds several or numerous in each cell: capsule merely
emarginate : seeds plane or meniscoidal, thin-edged.
# Flowers racemose rather than spicate : leaves of the preceding section : capsule orbiculate, much
compressed, acute-edged.
S. reniformis, Benth. 1. c. A span or so high : leaves orbicular-reniform, crenate and
crenately somewhat incised, an inch or two in diameter : surpassed by the somewhat
bracteate slender scape : pedicels mostly shorter than the bluish flowers : capsule trun-
cate-emarginate. Wulfenia reniformis, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 102, t. 71. (Fig. 3 repre-
sents the capsule much too long and too turgid.) Oregon and Washington Terr. " Grand
Rapids of the Columbia and Blue Mountains," Douglas.
Var. major, Hook. Leaves of thicker texture and with multilobulate margin, the
lobelets crenate: raceme spicifonn : capsule strongly emarginate. Kew Jour. Bot. v. 257.
Idaho. Fertile northerly slopes of snowy mountains, highlands of Nez Percez, Geyer,'m
fruit. Porphyry Peak, Prof. Alarcy, in flower.
* * Flowers in a dense spike terminating a stouter and more or less brarteate or leafy scape or
stem: rootstock or caurtex short, thiekish, not creeping: capsule turgid, from short-oval to ellip-
tical, slightly emarginate or retuse.
-i Leaves laciniately cleft or divided, all radical : corolla cylindraceous, considerably longer than
the calyx. 4-cleft to the middle.
S. pinnatifida, Watson. Tomentulose-pubescent and glabrate : leaves slender-peti-
oled, from round-reniform to oblong in circumscription, from palmately to pinnately 3-7-
parted or below divided, and the divisions again laciniately cleft or parted : scape spar-
ingly bracteate, a span high : spike narrow : flowers subsessile : corolla whitish. Bot.
28G SCROPHULARIACE^J. Synthyris.
King, 227, t. 22, wrongly depicted with 2 styles! Utah, in Wahsatch Mountains at 9,000
feet, Watson. S. Idaho, on mountains near Virginia City, Hayden.
Var. laciniata. Leaves all of roundish or reniform outline, and laciniately many-
cleft to the middle or less. Fish-Lake Mountain, Utah, 11,700 feet, L. F. Ward.
H h- Leaves undivided, merely crenate or crenulate : scape or stem leaf v-bracteate.
-H- Corolla mostly 2-parted, rarely 3-partecl, and stamens inserted on its verv base.
S. alpina, Gray. A span or only an inch or two high, early glabrate except the very
lanuginous inflorescence : radical leaves oval or subcordate, an inch or so long on a longer
petiole: base of stem or scape naked: spike very dense, oblong or cylindraceous : bracts
and lanceolate sepals very long-vvoolly-villous at margins : corolla violet-purple, very
unequal ; its broad upper lip twice the length of the calyx, the 2-3-parted lower one
small and included. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251. Colorado Rocky Mountains in
the alpine region, first collected by Parry.
S. plantaginea, Beilth. A footer less high, rather stout ; tomentulose-pubescent when
young, tardily glabrate : radical leaves oblong, rarely cordate, usually obtuse at base,
pale or dull, 2 to 4 inches long : scape very leafy-bracteate : dense spike 3 to 5 inches long :
bracts and ovate sepals glabrate and villous-ciliate : corolla purplish; its upper lip little
exceeding the calyx, twice the length of the 2-3-lobed lower one. Prodr. 1. c. ; Gray,
1. c. Rocky Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico, in subalpine woods, first collected
in Long's expedition, by James.
S. Houghtoniana, Bentll. A foot or two high, pubescent radical leaves cordate or
ovate, 2 or 3 inches long: scape or stem strict, very leafy-bracteate: spike 4 to 8 inches
long, dense, or at base open : bracts and oblong-lanceolate sepals soft-pubescent : corolla
greenish or dull yellowish, not longer than the calyx, variously 2-4-parted ; the divisions
almost equal in length. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 331. Oak-barrens and prairies, Michigan and
Wisconsin to W. Illinois. Rarely with 3-celled ovary, or 5-merous calyx, or 4 stamens,
the additional pair later.
-H- -w- Corolla wanting: stamens inserted on the outside of the hypogynous disk.
S. rubra, Benth.. 1. c. A span to a foot or more high, rather stout, more or less pubes-
cent, and the spike (2 to 5 inches long) tomentose : radical leaves ovate or obscurely
cordate (1 to 3 inches long), thickish ; the cauline similar, but small and sessile: sepals
oblong: capsule turgid. Gymnandra rubra, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. ii. 103. t. 172. Along
streams, interior of Oregon to Brit. Columbia, Montana, and N. Utah. Name inappropri-
ate : perhaps the stamens are reddish.
25. VERONICA, L. SPEEIMVELL, BROOKLIME. (Flower of St. Vero-
nica ?) Herbs in all the northern temperate regions, &c. (in Australia and New
Zealand, in a peculiar section, shrubby or even arborescent, and with a turgid
septicidal capsule), of various habit; the leaves opposite or verticillate, or some-
times the upper alternate, as are the bracts. Flowers small, racemose, spicate, or
solitary in the axils, never yellow ; in spring or summer.
1. LEPTJ(NDRA, Benth: in DC. Corolla salverforni ; the tube longer than
the lobes : stamens and style much exserted, the former inserted low on the tube :
capsule ovate, turgid, hardly at all compressed, not at all emarginate, dehiscent at
apex by all four sutures, at length more loculicidal : seeds numerous, oval and
terete, with minutely reticulated coat: tall perennials: leaves mostly verticillate:
flowers in dense terminal and also upper axillary spikes, minutely bracteate.
Leptandra, Nutt. Gen. i. 7 . Eustachya & Callistachya, Raf.
LEPTANDRA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Lehm. Del. Sem. Hamb. 1839 (Ventnii-n fim/iistifolia, Steud.),
mistakenly said to have been raised from New Orleans seed, is V. tubijiora, Fischer & Meyer,
of E. Siberia.
V. Virginica, L. (CULVKR'S PHYSIC.) Nearly glabrous, or foliage pubescent: simple
stems 2 to 6 feet high : leaves in whorls of 3 to 9, lanceolate and slender-acuminate, some-
Veronica. SCROPHULARIACE^. 287
times oblong, very closely and sharply serrate, 3 to 5 inches long : terminal spike 6 to 10
inches long, with commonly several shorter ones from upper axils : corolla white, some-
times bluish. Spec. i. 9 (Piuk. Aim. t. 70, fig. 2) ; Hoffm. Comin. Goett. xv. t. 1; Thunb.
Fl. Jap. 20 ; Michx. Fl. i. 5. Eustachi/a alba &, purpurca, & Callistachya Viryinica, &c., Ilaf .
Leptundra Viryinic.a, Nutt. 1. c. L. pnrpurea, Raf. Mod. Bot. t. 59. Veronica Sibirica, L.
Spec. eel. 2, i. 12. V. Japonica, Stcud. ; Miq. Prol. Jap. 50. Moist woods and banks,
from Canada and Winipcg Valley to Alabama and Missouri : fl. summer. (Japan and
E. Siberia.)
2. VERONICA proper. Corolla rotate with very short tube : stamens at the
upper sinuses : capsule from emarginate to obcordate-2-lobed : seeds more or less
compressed anteriorly and posteriorly, or plano-convex, or the inner face hollowed :
low herbs.
* Perennials, stoloniferous or creeping at base : racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves.
-t Capsules many-seeded, turgid, orbicular and mainly emarginate : seeds merely compressed or
plano-convex : lower part of stems rooting in shallow water : racemes commonly from opposite
axils, loose and elongated: pedicels slender, widely spreading: corolla pale blue, often purple-
striped.
V. Anagallis, L. Glabrous, or inflorescence glandular-puberulent : leaves sessile by
broadish somewhat clasping base, and tapering gradually to the apex, oblong-lanceolate,
entire or obscurely serrate. Fl. Dan. t. 903; Engl. Bot. t. 781. Canada to Illinois, New
Mexico, and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Asia.)
V. Americana, Schwein. Glabrous : leaves all or mostly petioled, ovate or oblong,
truncate-subcordateat base, usually obtuse : pedicels more slender. Herb. Hook. ; Benth.
in DC. 1. c. V. intermedia, Schwein. in Am. Joiir. Sci. viii. 268, name only. V. Beccabunga
of older Am. authors. F. Anw/nllts, Bong. Veg. Sitk., &c. Canada and N. Atlantic States
to New Mexico, California, and Alaska.
-1 -j Capsule several-seeded, strongly compressed contrary to the partition: seeds very flat:
racemes or spikes from alternate or sometimes from opposite axils: corolla mostly pale blue.
V. SCUtellata, L. Glabrous: stem slender, ascending from a stoloniferous base, a span
or two high : leaves sessile, linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, remotely denticulate (2 or 3
inches long) : racemes several, filiform, flexuous : flowers scattered on filiform elongated
and widely spreading pedicels : capsule biscutelliform, being deeply emarginate at apex
and slightly at base. Fl. Dan. t. 209; Engl. Bot. t. 782 ; Michx. I.e. Swamps. Hud-
son's Bay and N. Atlantic States to British Columbia and N. California. (Eu., N. Asia.)
V. CuAM.TiDUYS, L. Stem ascending from a creeping base, pubescent, at least in two lines :
leaves ovate or cordate, incisely crenate, subsessile : racemes loosely-flowered : pedicels
little longer than calyx : blue corolla rather large: capsule triangular-obcordate. Engl.
Bot. t. (373. Sparingly introduced into Canada, New York, and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.)
V. officinalis, L. Soft-pubescent throughout : stems creeping and procumbent : leaves
short-petioled or subsessile, obovate-oval or oblong, obtuse, serrate, pale (an inch long) :
spikes few, alternate or solitary, rarely from opposite axils, densely many-flowered: pedi-
cels shorter than calyx: capsule obovate-triangular or cuneate, with a broad and shallow
notch at the apex. Fl. Dan. t. 248 ; Lam. 111. t. 13; Engl. Bot. t. 765; Michx. 1. c.-
Dry hills and open woods, New England to Michigan, and south to the mountains of N.
Carolina and Tennessee. (Eu., N. W. Asia.)
V. Kamtchatica, L. f . Villous with somewhat viscid hairs : steins ascending, 1 to 3
inches long, bearing 3 to 5 pairs of leaves separated by short internodes : leaves 6 to 18
lines long, broadly oval, obscurely serrate, contracted into a short petiole-like base: pedun-
cles 1 to 3, erect, surpassing the leaves, somewhat corymbosely 3-8-flowered : pedicels
about the length of calyx and bracts : corolla half inch or more in diameter, perhaps
bright blue. Suppl. 83. V. grandiflora, of G?ertn. in Comm. Act. Petrop. xiv. t. 18, not
of Don, &c. V. aplujlla, var. (Willd. Spec. i. 60; Cham. & Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 556) gran-
difloru, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 476; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 245. Kiska, one of the Aleutian
Islands, Dall. (Kamtschatka and adjacent islands.)
* * Low perennials, with ascending or erect flowering stems terminated by a single raceme:
cauline leaves above passing into bracts: seeds numerous, much compressed or somewhat menis-
coidal. (Specimens disposed to turn dark in drying )
V. FUUT.icui.6sA, L., of Europe, is in Greenland, beyond our limits.
288 SCROPHULARIACE^E. Veronica.
-t Capsule ovate, elliptical, or oblong, merely emarginate : stems erect from a slender creeping
rootstock : leaves all sessile or nearly so : corolla blue or violet.
V. Cusickii. A palm high, glabrous or pubescent: leaves ovate or oblong, entire (half to
three fourths inch long) ; the pairs crowded up to the naked peduncle of the 3-9-flowered
raceme : pedicels slender, often as long as the flower and longer than the oblong-linear
bracts : corolla 4 or 5 lines in diameter, with ample rounded lobes : these surpassed by the
filiform filaments and style; the latter thrice the length of the deflorate calyx. Alpine
region of the Blue Mountains, W. Oregon, W. C. Cusick, a form with glabrous thickish
leaves. Scott Mountains in N. California, at 8,000 feet, E. L. Greene, form with narrower
and hirsute-pubescent leaves, rarely with a denticulation or two. Nearly related to 1".
macrostemon of Bunge.
V. Stelleri, Pall. A palm high, hirsute, leafy up to the sessile corymbose raceme :
leaves ovate, copiously crenate-serrate (three fourths inch long) : pedicels slender, longer
than the flowers : corolla as in the foregoing : stamens barely equalling its lobes : slender
style not surpassing the calyx: "capsule ovate, hardly emarginate." Rcem. & Sch. Syst.
Mant. i. 102; Cham, in Linn. ii. 557; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 481. Unalaska and other
Aleutian Islands. (Kamtschatka and Curile Islands.)
V. alpina, L. A span or rarely a foot high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves mostly
shorter than the internodes of the simple stem, ovate to oblong, crenulate-serrate or entire
(half to full inch long): raceme spiciform or subcapitate, dense, or interrupted below:
pedicels erect, shorter than the calyx (at least in flower), much shorter than the bracts :
corolla with comparatively small limb, 2 or 3 lines in diameter, surpassing the stamens and
short style: capsule elliptical-obovate, emarginate. Fl. Lapp. 7, t. 9, fig. 4; Spec. i. 11 ;
Fl. Dan. t. 1C ; Benth. 1. c. ; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 248. V. Wonnskiuldli, Rcem. & Sch. Syst.
i. 101 (villous inflorescence) ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2975 (as var. of alpina), the larger-leaved
and villous-pubescent form, commonest in N. America. V. nutans, Bong. Veg. Sitk. 39.
Alpine regions, White Mountains of New Hampshire, Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada
for nearly their whole length, and north to Labrador, subarctic regions, and Aleutian
Islands. (Eu., Asia, Greenland.)
-i -i Capsule oblately orbicular and obcordate : lower leaves short-petioled ; upper sessile: corolla
usually bluish or pale with blue stripes.
V. serpylli folia, L. Glabrous or puberulent : stems creeping and branching at base,
with flowering summit ascending 3 to 9 inches high : leaves oval or roundish, entire or
crenulate (half inch or less long) ; the upper passing into bracts of the leafy spiciform
raceme: pedicels erect, as long as the calyx. Fl. Dan. t. 492 ; Engl. Bot. t. 1075.
Open and grassy grounds. Labrador to the mountains of Georgia, New Mexico, and
across the continent to California and Aleutian Islands. (Eu., Asia, S. Am.)
* * Low annuals : flowers in the axils of ordinary or of the upper more or less reduced and com-
monlv alternate leaves: corolla mostly shorter than the calvx. (All but the lirst naturalized
from the Old World.)
-I -1 Seeds flat or flattish, small and numerous: flowers very short-pedicelled, appearing some-
what spicate, the floral leaves being reduced or unlike the others.
V. peregrina, L. (NECKWEED.) Glabrous, or above minutely pubescent or glandular :
stem and branches erect, a span or two high : leaves thickish ; lowest petioled and oblong
or oval, dentate; the others sessile, from oblong to linear-spatulate, mostly alternate;
uppermost more bractlike and entire : capsule orbicular and slightly obcordate. V. Muri-
limclica, Murr. Comm. Goett. 1782, 11, t. 3, not L. V. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 61. V. X<il<t-
]>ensis, HBK. Low grounds, and a weed in damp cultivated soil, throughout the U. S. and
Canada to Brit. Columbia. (S. Am., and now almost cosmopolite.)
V. ARVENSIS, L. Pubescent, a span or two high, soon spreading: lower leaves ovate, cre-
nate, short-petioled: floral sessile, lanceolate, entire: capsule broadly obcordate. Cult,
and waste ground, Atlantic States to Texas : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
4_ -l_ Seeds fewer, cyathiform, much hollowed on the ventral face ( OmpJialospora, Bess.): pros-
trate or spreading annuals : flowers on slender at length recurving pedicels from the axils of
ordinaiy and petioled leaves.
V. AGRESTIS, L. Pubescent : leaves from round-ovate or subcordate to oblong, crenate-ser-
rate, about equalling the pedicels : sepals oblong, surpassing the small corolla : ovules
numerous: capsule orbicular with a deep and narrow emargination, maturing few or soli-
tary seeds. Sandy fields, New Brunswick to Louisiana : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
Seymeria. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 289
V. BUXBAUMII, Tenore. More pubescent: leaves mainly roundish, crenate-dentate, shorter
than the filiform pedicels: corolla larger, nearly half inch in diameter, blue: sepals
divaricate in fruit, ovate-lanceolate : capsule broadly obcordate-triangular, with a widely
open emargination, ripening several or rather numerous seeds. Waste grounds, rare in
Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)
V. HEDER^EFOMA, L. Hairy: leaves roundish, of ten subcordate (half inch long), somewhat
3-5-lobed, commonly shorter than the pedicels : sepals triangular-subcordate, acute, at
length erect: corolla small: capsule turgid, 2-lobed, 4-ovuled, 2-4-seeded. Moist banks,
New Jersey, Penn., &c. : rather rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
V. MARILANDICA, L. Spec. i. 14 (PI. Gronov. Fl. Virg.) is Polypremum procumbens.
V. CAROLINIANA, Poir, Diet. viii. 520, appears to be Mitreola petiolata.
V. RENIFORMIS, Raf. in Med. Rep. & Jour. Bot. i. 228, is not made out : perhaps V. liede-
r<v folia, but its flowers are not " subsessile," nor are they said to be so in the original char-
acter in Med. Repository.
V. PITRSHII, Don, Syst. iv. 573 (V. reniformis, Pursh, Fl. i. 10), collected by Lewis and
Clark " on the banks of the Missouri," is not identified, although described in detail ; probably
not of this genus.
26. BTJCHNERA, L. (/. G. Buchner, an early German botanist.) Erect
perennials or biennials (of both worlds), drying blackish, scabrous; with un-
divided leaves, the lower opposite, and the upper gradually reduced to subulate
bracts of a terminal spike ; the flowers white, bluish or rose-purple, produced in
summer.
B. Americana, L. Rough-hispid : stem strict, 2 feet high : lowest leaves obovate or
oblong, obtuse ; the others from ovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, coarsely and sparsely
dentate, somewhat veiny, sessile : spike short, rather dense, or interrupted : calyx not half
the length of the tube of the purple (inch long) corolla: lobes of the latter cuneate-ob-
ovate.3 or 4 lines long. Spec. ii. 300 ; Michx. Fl. iS. 18; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 498. Moist
sandy or gravelly ground, Western New York and Wisconsin to Virginia, Arkansas, and
Louisiana.
B. elongata, Swartz. Scabrous, but seldom hispid, slender, a foot or more high, long-
naked above : radical leaves obovate ; lower oblong or lanceolate, obscurely or rarely den-
tate; upper linear: spike slender, often few-flowered: tube of purple ("blue or white ")
corolla not twice the length of the calyx; its rounded lobes not over 2 lines long. Fl.
Ind. Occ. ii. 1001 ; Benth. 1. c. Pine barrens, S. Carolina to Florida and Texas. ( W. Ind.,
S. Am.)
27. SEYMERIA, Pursh. (Henry Seymer, an English amateur-naturalist.)
Erect and mostly branching herbs (mainly of Atlantic States and Mexico, one
in Madagascar !) ; annuals or some perennials ; with copious and mostly opposite
incised or dissected leaves, the uppermost reduced to bracts of the somewhat race-
mose or spicate and comparatively small yellow flowers, produced in late summer.
1. Style filiform and long: stigma simple or slightly capitate: corolla gla-
brous within, except a line at the insertion of the stamens : anthers dehiscent
from the apex and tardily to near the base : leaves small : stems paniculately
much branched.
* Leaves filiformly dissected : corolla very deeply cleft; the lobes oblong.
S. tenuifolia, Pursh. Glabrous, or the branches puberulent, very slender, 2 to 4 feet
high: leaves (half inch long) copiously 1-2-pinnately parted: pedicels filiform: corolla
about 3 and capsule 2 lines long : calyx-lobes setaceous : filaments minutely woolly at
base: anther-cells acutish. Fl. ii. 737; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 511. Anonymos cassio'des,
Walt. Afzdla cassioicles, Gmel. Syst. 927. Gerardia Afzelia, Michx. Fl. ii. 20. Low pine
barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas.
* * Leaves or their divisions linear or broader: corolla-lobes obovate or oval, about the length of
the tube and throat : pedicels short.
19
290 SCROPHULARIACE^E. Sei/meria.
H Capsule ovate and gradually acuminate, 4 or 5 lines long, glabrous or nearly so : anthers sagit-
tate, the cells very acute.
S. scabra, Gray. Hispidulous-scabrous, not glandular, slender. 2 feet high : leaves
sparingly pinnately parted into few narrow linear divisions, or the upper few-loLed or
entire: calyx-lobes subulate-linear: corolla glabrous. Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. Mountains
near Ilio Limpio, S. W. Texas, Wright.
-) * Capsule broadly ovate and merely acute, 2 lines long, glandular-hairy: anthers very obtuse.
S. pectinata, Pursh, 1. c. Minutely viscid-pubescent or glabrate, about a foot high,
slender : leaves pinnately parted into rather few short- or oblong-linear divisions, or the
upper incisely few-toothed or entire : calyx-lobes linear : corolla hairy outside, especially
in the bud. Ell. Sk. ii. 122 ; Chapm. Fl. 297. Dry sandy soil, N. Carolina to Florida and
Alabama, and perhaps to Texas.
S. bipinnatisecta, Seem. Very glandular-pubescent and viscid, a foot or two high,
stouter: leaves rather copiously 1-3-pinnately parted; the divisions from linear to oblong,
small, often incisely toothed ; even the bracts and sometimes the oblong-linear calyx-lobes
lobed or incised : corolla somewhat glandular-pubescent outside. Bot. Herald, 323, t. 59;
Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 117, as var. Tcrana, with short pedicels. &c. ; but early flowers
more slender-pedicelled. W. and S. Texas, Lindheimer, Wr'ujht, Biyeloiv, &c. (N. Mex.)
2. Style short, with enlarged and compressed tip : corolla densely woolly
within above the insertion of the very woolly filaments : anthers oblong, freely
dehiscent to base : leaves ample. Brachyyne, Benth.
S. macrophylla, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent or glabrate ; stems rather simple, 4 or
5 feet high : lower leaves pinnately parted, and the divisions lanceolate and incisely toothed
or pinnatifid ; upper leaves lanceolate or oblong, mostly entire : flowers very short-pedi-
celled in the axils of the upper leaves and bracts : calyx-lobes from oval to lanceolate,
about the length of the tube : corolla barely half inch long ; the ovate lobes not longer
than the tube: capsule globose-ovate, with a flat mucronate point. Gen. ii. 49; Benth.
in DC. I.e. Gerardia macrophylla, Renth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 205. River banks and
copses, Ohio to Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas.
28. MACBANTHEBA, Torr. (Mxno b -, long, and r%>, word used for
anther, but it is here the filaments which are long.) Genus of a single species,
most related to Esterhazya of Brazil. Fl. autumn.
M. fuchsioid.es, Torr. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or glabrate, 3 to 5 feet high,
with some strict virgate branches : leaves all opposite, short-petioled, from entire to pin-
natifid or pinnately parted (the larger 4 to 8 inches long) ; uppermost reduced to linear or
lanceolate bracts of the elongated virgate raceme: pedicels (near an inch long) divaricate
or dccurved with incurved apex, so that the flowers are erect : tube of the calyx very
short and broad ; the divisions distant, narrowly linear or somewhat spatulate, often pin-
natifid-incised, rather shorter than the minutely puberulent orange-colored corolla : tube of
the latter cylindrical, half to three-fourths inch long, slightly curved at summit ; the lobes
ovate, about 2 lines long: filaments with short and lax glandular beard: anthers less
bearded or glabrate; the linear cells mucronate-pointed at base. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 203,
6 Ann. Lye! N. Y. iv. 81 ; Benth. 1. c., & DC. Prodr. x. 513; Chapm. Fl. 297. Conradia
furhsioides, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 88, t. 11, 12. Dasi/sfoma tubtilosa, Bertol. Misc. 13,
t. 3. Pine barrens, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida (not "Louisiana "), Dr. Gates, &c.
Var. Lecontei, Chapm. 1. c. Calyx smaller, with subulate wholly entire lobes
usually much shorter than the tube of the corolla : but passing into the preceding form.
M. Lecontei, Torr. 1. c. 83, t. 4. Lower Georgia, LeConte. Middle Florida, Chapman.
29. G-EBABDIA, L. (John Gerarde, the English herbalist of the 16th
century.) Annual or perennial erect and branching herbs (all American and
mostly of Atlantic U. S.) ; with mainly opposite leaves, the uppermost reduced to
bracts of the racemose or paniculate showy flowers. Corolla rose-purple or yel-
low ; the former color rarely varying to white. Fl. late summer and autumn.
Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 291
1. DASYSTOMA, Gray, Man. Corolla more or less funnelform, yellow ; the
proper tube within., as also anthers and filaments, pubescent or villous-woolly :
anthers all alike, hardly included; the cells aristate at base: rather tall and large-
flowered perennials or biennials ; with calyx-lobes sometimes foliaceous and
incised, and comparatively broad leaves often incised or pinnatifid. (For root-
parasitism, see Gray, Struct. Bot. t. 145.) Dasysto/na, Raf. in Jour. Phys. Ixxxix.
99 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 520.
* Pubescence partly glandular and viscid, especially on the slender pedicels and calyx; corolla
pubescent outside : root biennial or annual.
G. pedicularia, L. Paniculatcly much branched, 2 or 3 feet high .soft-pubescent or villous
and viscid, or the foliage hardly so : leaves mostly sessile, an inch or two long, oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate in outline, all pinnatifid ; the divisions crowded and incisely pinnatifid or
toothed : pedicels 4 to 12 lines long : calyx-lobes foliaceous, from linear to oblong, equalling
or longer than the tube, often denticulate or incisely serrate : corolla from 1 to 14- inches
long. Spec. ii. Oil ; Lam. Diet. ii. 529 ; Ell. Sk. 5i 121. Das/jstoma pedicularia, Benth. in
DC. 1. e. Canada and west to the Mississippi, south to Florida.
Var. pectinata, Nutt. A southern more villous and glandular form, with rather
narrower leaves, and more foliaceous lobes of the calyx longer than its tube. Gen. ii. 48.
G. pectinata, Torr. in Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 200. Dasystoma pectinata, Benth. in DC.
1. c. ; Chapm Fl. 298. N. Carolina to Florida and Arkansas.
* * No glandular pubescence: corolla glabrous outside : root perennial.
G. grandiflora, Benth. Densely cinereous-puberulent : stem much branched, 2 or 3
feet high, leafy to the top : leaves somewhat petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate in out-
line, incisely and often lyrately pinnatifid, or the lower more divided and the upper merely
laciniate-dentate (2 inches long) : inflorescence leafy : pedicels shorter or rarely twice longer
than the turbinate calyx-tube : lobes of the calyx lanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed,
equalling or shorter than the tube: corolla inch and a half long. Comp. Bot. Mag. I.e. ;
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 035. Dasystoma Drummondii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. Oak openings, &c., Wis-
consin and Iowa to Tennessee and Texas.
Var. integriuscula. A form with slender branches, bearing either sparsely serrate
or entire leaves ; or the lower laciniate-pinnatifid. G. serrata, Torr., Benth. 1. c. Dasy-
stoma Drummondii, var. serrata, Benth. in DC. W. Louisiana, Hale.
G. flava, L. Densely puberulent and somewhat cinereous : stem nearly simple, 3 or 4 feet
high : leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, entire, or the lower sparingly sinuate-toothed
or pinnatifid (2 to 4 inches long) : pedicels very short : calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate,
entire, about the length of the tube : corolla inch and a half long, much dilated upward.
Spec. ii. 610, as to syn. Gronov. & Pluk., not herb. ; Michx. Fl. ii. 19 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 423 ;
Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 47, t. 74. Dasystoma pubescens, Benth. in DC. 1. c. Open woods, Canada
to Wisconsin and Georgia.
G. quercifolia, Pursh. Glabrous : stem at first glaucous, 3 to 6 feet high, simple or
commonly branching: lower leaves once or twice pinnatifid or incised (3 to 5 inches long)
and the lobes acute; the upper often entire and lanceolate, acute : pedicels equalling or
shorter than the calyx : corolla not rarely 2 inches long, more funnelform and narrower
below than in the preceding. Fl. ii. 423, t. 19. G.flai-a, L., as to herb. Rhinanihus Vir-
ginicus, L., as to Syn. Gronov. G. gktuca, Eddy, Cat. ; Spreng. Syst. ii. 807. Dasystoma.
quercifolia, Benth. in DC. 1. c. Dry woods, from New England and W. Canada to Illinois
and south to Florida and Louisiana.
G. laevigata, Raf. Glabrous or obscurely puberulent, not glaucous : stem slender, a foot
or two high : leaves lanceolate (H to 4 inches long) ; all the upper entire ; the lower often
incised or irregularly pinnatifid : pedicels and lobes of the calyx shorter than its tube :
corolla much dilated above the short tube, an inch long and the limb fully as broad.
Ann. Nat. (1820), 13. G. inter/ n folia, Gray, Man. ed. 1, 307, ed. 6, 335. Dast/stoma querci-
folia, var. 1 integr (folia (& var. inter medial), Benth. in DC. 1. c. Oak barrens, &c., Penn. to
Illinois and the mountains of Georgia.
G. patula, Chapm. Obscurely pubescent or glabrate, not glaucous : stem weak and
slender, loosely branching above, 2 or 3 feet long : leaves as of the preceding, but thinner :
292 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Gcrardia.
pedicels filiform, 8 to 15 lines in length, widely spreading, mostly longer than the bracts or
upper floral leaves: calyx-lobes about twice the length of the tube, spreading: corolla
funnelform, an inch and a quarter long. Chapm. in herb. Dasystoma patula, Chapm. in
Bot. Gazette, iii. 10, 1878. Upper Georgia, in the mountains, on the banks of Horse-leg
Creek, a tributary of the Coosa River, Floyd Co., Chapman.
2. OTOPHYLLA, Benth. Corolla short-funnel form with very ampliate
throat, purple (rarely white), naked within, as also the filaments: anthers muti-
cous, glabrous or sparingly villous ; those of the shorter stamens smaller: scabrous-
hispid or hirsute annuals ; with sessile entire or divided leaves, sessile flowers,
and deeply cleft calyx. Otophytta, Benth. in DC. I.e.
G. auriculata, MicllX. A foot or two high, branching above : leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, an inch or two long, sessile by a broad base, entire, or some (at least the
tipper) bearing an oblong or lanceolate lobe on each side at base : corolla seldom an inch
long. Fl. ii. 20 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 335. Seymeria auriculata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 810. Otophylla
Michauxii, Benth. in DC. Prorlr. x. 512. Prairies and low grounds, VV. Penn. to W. North
Carolina, and west to Wisconsin and Missouri.
G. deiisiflora, Benth. More hispid and rough, very leafy : leaves rigid, pinnately
parted into 3 to 7 narrowly linear acute divisions; those subtending the d?nsely spicate
flowers similar and much crowded : corolla over an inch long. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 20G.
Otophi/lla Drummondi, Benth. in DC. 1. c. Prairies, Kansas to Texas.
3. EUGERARDIA, Benth. Corolla from short-funnelform to nearly campanu-
late, purple or rose-color (with one exception), varying occasionally to white :
calyx-teeth or lobes short : anthers all alike ; the cells either muticous or mucro-
nulate at base : cauline leaves linear or narrower and entire, rarely reduced to
mere scales; the radical rarely broader and sometimes incised: flowers from
middle-sized to small ; the corolla externally and the anthers usually more or less
pubescent or hairy : herbage glabrous or merely hispidulous-scabrous.
* Root perennial: leaves erect, very narrowly linear, acute: pedicels erect, as long as floral leaves:
calvx truncate: anther-c< 11s mucronate-pomted at base.
Gr. Wrightii, Gray. Very scabrous-puberulent : steins (a foot or two high) and virgate
branches strict : leaves nearly filiform, with revolute margins: calyx-teeth short and subu-
late : corolla glabrous within (and stamens nearly so), three-fourths inch long, light yellow !
-Bot. Mex. Bound. 118. Valleys and hillsides along the Sonoita, &c., Arizona, Wright,
Bigelow, Rotltrock.
G. linifolia, Nutt. Glabrous and smooth : stems 2 or 3 feet high, sparingly or panicu-
lately branched : leaves flat, thiekish, a line wide: calyx-teeth minute: corolla an inch
long, minutely pubescent outside, villous within and lobes ciliate : anthers and filaments
very villous. Gen. ii. 47 ; Benth. in DC. I.e. (not of Comp. Bot. Mag.); Chapm. Fl.
299. Low pine barrens, Delaware to Florida. (Cuba, C. Wr'ujht.)
* * Root annual : stems more or less leafy : herbage blackish in drying except in the last.
-) Pedicels little if at all longer than the calyx and capsule : inflorescence racemose or spiciform.
-H- Calyx-lobes as long as the turbinate tube, and the sinuses very acute.
G. heterophylla, Nutt. Nearly smooth, a foot or two high, paniculately branched, or
the branches virgate : leaves rather erect, thiekish or rigid ; the lowest 3-clef t or laciniate
(according to NuttaU) ; the others narrowly linear, mucronate-acute, scabrous on the mar-
gins ; those of the branchlets short and somewhat subulate: pedicels very short, alter-
nate : calyx-lobes subulately attenuate from a broad base, very acute, in age spreading :
corolla an inch or less long. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180; Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag.
i. 207, & Prodr. 1. c. 517. Prairies, Arkansas (NuttaU) and Texas.
-H- -H- Calyx-lobes shorter than the tube, and mostly separated by broad or open sinuses.
G. aspera, Dougl. Stem and branches strict: leaves rather erect, strongly hispidulous-
scabrous, all filiform-linear : pedicels mostly equalling and sometimes moderately exceed-
ing the calyx, erect, most of them alternate : calyx-lobes deltoid-subulate or triangular-
lanceolate from a broad base, acute, about half the length of the tube : anthers obscurely
Gerardia. SCROPHULARIACEJ3. 293
if at all mucronulate at base : capsule elliptical in outline, 4 lines long : otherwise nearly
like a scabrous form of the next, into which it may pass. Benth. in DC. 1. c. ; Gray, Man.
1. c. G. longifolia, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 208, not Nutt. Plains and prairies, from
Saskatchewan and Dakota to W. Arkansas, and east to Wisconsin and Illinois.
G. purpurea, L. Commonly a foot or two high, with virgate rather spreading branches :
leaves usually spreading, narrowly linear, either somewhat scabrous or smooth with
merely scabrous margins : pedicels shorter than calyx, mainly opposite : teeth of the
calyx acute, from very short and distant to half the length of the broad tube (then with
broad base and narrower sinuses): corolla an inch or less long: anther-cells cuspidate-
mucronate at base : capsule globular, 2 or 3 lines long. Spec. ii. 610, in part (confounded
with G. tenuifolia), & of syn. Pluk., &c. ; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 97. G. marit.ima, var.
major, Chapm. Fl. 000. Low and moist grounds, Canada to Florida and Texas near the
coast, also Great Lakes to Illinois, &c. (Cuba.) A polymorphous species, of which the
following are extreme forms.
Var. fasciculata, Cfhapm. Usually taller, 2 to 5 feet high : leaves (and mostly
branches) often alternate (and the cauline fascicled in the axils), rery scabrous, narrowly
linear or nearly filiform : pedicels in great part alternate : corolla commonly a full inch
long. Fl. 300. G.fasciculuta, Ell. Sk. ii. 115. 8. Carolina to Florida, Texas, and Ar-
kansas, usually in brackish soil.
Var. paupercula. A span to a foot high, smoother : stem more simple or with stricter
branches : pedicels mainly opposite : flowers decidedly smaller : corolla usually only half
inch long, lighter rose-purple : calyx-teeth deltoid-subulate from a broad base, leaving com-
paratively narrower sinuses, sometimes over half the length of the tube. G. purpuren,
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2048 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 204. G. intermedia, Porter, in herb., a name to be
adopted if a distinct species. Lower Canada to Saskatchewan, and southward from
coast of New England to Penn., N. Illinois and Wisconsin. A maritime form has many
spreading branches.
G. maritima, Raf . A span or two high, with short branches from below, smooth :
leaves fleshy, obtuse; the floral small: flowers accordingly in a more naked simple
raceme: pedicels about the length of the calyx : teeth of the latter broad, short, and very
obtuse: corolla glabrous, half inch, or in a Texan form (var. ymnd/jlora, Benth., G. spici-
flora, Engelm. PI. Lindh. i. 19), three-fourths inch long: anther-cells mucronulate at base:
capsule globular or ovoid, 2 or 3 lines long. N. Y. Med. Rep. ii. 361 ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 46;
Benth. 1. c. G. pnrpnrea, var. crass/folia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 422. Salt marshes on the coast,
Maine to Florida and Texas.
+~ * Pedicels from once to thrice the length of the calyx, always much shorter than the corolla:
inflorescence or ramification paniculate; some (lowers appearing terminal: anthers mucronulate
at base.
G. Plukenetii, Ell. Commonly 2 feet high, with many slender spreading branches :
leaves all filiform, smooth or barely scabrous, seldom in fascicles, only some of the upper
alternate : pedicels 2 to 4 lines long and alternate in upper axils, and solitary terminating
leafy filiform branchlets : calyx truncate and with very short subulate teeth : corolla
three-fourths to near an inch long, loosely long-villous in throat, as are the filaments
and anthers. Sk. ii. 114. Antirrhinum purpurcum, &c., Pluk. Aim. 34, t. 12, fig. 4, poor.
G. linifolia, Benth. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209, not Nutt. G. filifolia, var. Guti'sii, Benth. in
DC. 1. c. G. setacea, Chapm. Fl. 300, not Walt. ? nor Ell.? nor Pursh, nor Nutt., &c.
Sandy or wet pine barrens, Middle Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Larger leaves an inch
long.
Var. microphylla. Slender: cauline leaves setaceous, half inch or less long,
rather few, and on the branchlets reduced to minute subulate bracts (mostly less than a
line long): corolla half to two-thirds inch long. G. ap/u/l/a, var. grandiflom, Benth.
Comp. Bot. Mag. 1. c. Louisiana, Drummond, Hale. Keys of Florida, Blodyett, &c.
Plukenet's figure (Aim. t. 12, fig. 4) may be rightly referred here ; but it is not character-
istic.
H -t -f- Filiform pedicels about equalling or commonly exceeding the corolla in length : woolly
anthers cuspidate or almost aristate at base.
H- Leaves all but the lowest cauline alternate and copiously fascicled in the axils.
G. filifolia, Nutt. Smooth, often 2 feet high, paniculately branched above, very leafy up
to the loose paniculate-racemose inflorescence : leaves numerous in the fascicles, filiform
294 SCROPHULARIACE^E. Gerardia.
and slightly clavate, rather fleshy, less than an inch long : pedicels mostly from an inch
to half inch long: calyx-teeth short, triangular-subulate : corolla an inch or three-fourths
long. Gen. ii. 48; Ell. Sk. ii. 11(3; Benth. 1. c. (excl. var.); Chapm. 1. c. Low pine
barrens, S. Georgia, Alabama, and Florida.
H- -w- All or most of the cauline (or even the rameal) leaves opposite, and few or none fascicled in
the axils,
= Blackening more or less in drying: capsule globular, hardly surpassing the calyx.
G. setacea, W^alt. Mostly scabrous, at least the setaceous-filiform leaves, and loosely
and paniculately much branched: inflorescence more or less paniculate: pedicels ascend-
ing, from half to an inch and a half long: calyx-teeth subulate, from minute to a fourth
of the length of the tube : corolla three-fourths to about an inch long, often pubescent out-
side; the margins of the lobes thickly lanose-ciliate : anther-cells short-aristate. Car.
170; Pursh, Fl. ii. 422, excl. hab. ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 47; Ell. 1. c. ; not Benth., nor Chapm.
<T. Jilifolia & tenuifolia, var. Jiliformis (leptophy/la in Comp. BoL Mag. i. 209), Benth. 1. c. in
part. G. tenuifolia, var. Jiliformis, Chapm. Fl. 300. Pine barrens, &c., South Carolina to
Florida and Texas.
Var. longifolia ( G. lonyifolia, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180, G. flifolia. var.
longifolia, Benth. in DC. I.e.) is described from simple-stemmed specimens, collected on the
"banks of the Arkansas," Nuttall, which have long (but not "2 inch ") leaves, setaceous-
subulate calyx-teeth about half the length of the tube (not "nearly its length") as in
some Texan specimens, and corolla barely three-fourths inch long.
G. tenuifolia, Valll. Smooth or usually so, about a foot high, paniculately much
branched, but the inflorescence racemose : leaves mostly narrowly linear and plane, equal-
ling the lower but mostly shorter than the uppermost (half to inch long and commonly spread-
ing) pedicels : calyx-teeth very short : corolla about half inch long, nearly glabrous outside,
except the minutely ciliate margins of its nearly equal lobes : anther-cells cuspidate-
mucronate at base. Symb. iii. 70, excl. syn. Pluk. ; Pursh, 1. c. ; Nutt. 1. c. ; Bart. Fl.
Am. Sept. iii. t. 82. G. purpurea, L. in part (as to peel, filiformibus, &c.). G. erecta, Walt.
1. c.} ; Michx. Fl. ii. 20. Low or dry ground, Canada and Minnesota to Georgia and Louis-
iana. This sometimes has very narrow leaves, approaching filiform : it varies on the other
hand into
Var. macrophylla, Benth. Stouter: larger leaves Ii to 2 inches long and
almost 2 lines wide, scabrous : pedicels ascending : calyx-teeth usually larger : corolla
little over half inch long. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 209. Western Iowa to Colorado and
W. Louisiana.
G. Strictiflora, Benth. Obscurely scabrous, excessively paniculate-branched, rigid, a
foot or more high : leaves filiform-linear passing on the branches into subulate ; these
erect and half to quarter inch long, rigid, shorter than the erect or ascending (half to
three-fourths inch) pedicels: calyx-teeth short but conspicuous, subulate, very acute:
corolla half inch long or more: anther-cells aristulate at base. Comp. Bot. Mag. &
Prodr. 1. c. Texas, Drummnnd, &e.
G. divaricata, Chapm. Smoothish throughout, very slender, a foot or so high, with
numerous lax and long branches and elongated racemose inflorescence: leaves filiform,
widely spreading ; the larger over half inch long ; upper gradually reduced to small seta-
ceous bracts : pedicels opposite, divaricate, capillary, about inch long: calyx-teeth minute:
corolla barely half inch long ; the " two posterior lobes shorter, truncate, and erect : "
anther-cells abruptly aristulate at base. Fl. 299. G. Mettaueri, Wood, Class Book, 1861.
Low sandy pine barrens, W. & S. Florida, Chapman, &c.
= = Herbage drying green.
G. Skinneriana, "Wood. Somewhat scabrous : stem simple or paniculately branched,
strongly striate, a span to 18 inches high, slender: leaves mostly filiform, ascending; the
larger an inch long ; those of the branches much smaller, the uppermost reduced to small
bracts : pedicels racemose-paniculate, ascending, 4 to 8 lines long : calyx-teeth mostly
minute : corolla a third to half inch long, glabrous outside, delicately ciliate, usually rose-
color. Class Book, 1847, excl. syn. G. setacea, Benth. in Comp. Bot. Mag. & DC. 1. c. ;
Gray, Man., &c., not of Walt., nor of Chapm. G. parvifolia, Chapm. Fl. (1860) 200. Sandy
low ground, coast of Massachusetts ( W. E. Davenport, Mm. Piper, but rare north-east-
ward), and Penn. to Iowa, and south to Florida and Louisiana.
Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACE^. 295
* * * Root annual: stems leafless: cauline leaves represented by minute subulate scales.
G. filicaulis, Chapm. 1. c. Smooth, glaucescent, apparently leafless: stem about a
foot long, filiform and weak, diffusely much branched ; the elongated paniculate branch-
lets terminated by a flower or bearing a few short lateral pedicels : minute scales or bracts
mostly opposite: calyx-teeth minute: corolla 3 to 5 lines long; the two posterior lobes
more erect and shorter: anther-cells aristulate at base. G. apkytta, var. filicaulis, Benth.
in Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 210. G. Mettaueri, var. nuda, Wood, Class Book, 1801, 530, & later
G. nuda, Wood. Low and grassy pine barrens of Florida and Louisiana, Drummond,
Chapman, &c.
G. aphylla, Nutt. Smooth : slender stem 1 to 3 feet high, strict and simple below,
about 4-angled, simple or mostly paniculate-branched above; radical leaves (rarely seen)
small and oval or oblong, thickish, hispidulous, half inch or less long ; cauline reduced to
appressed subulate and mostly scattered minute scales : pedicels short, rather crowded in
virgate mostly spieiform naked racemes : calyx-teeth minute : corolla 6 to 8 lines long, vil-
lous within ; " the upper lobes rcflexed : " anther-cells hardly mucronulate at base. Gen.
ii. 47; Ell. 1. c. ; Benth. 1. c. excl. varieties; Chapm. 1. c. Low and sandy pine barrens,
coast of N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
30. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. PAINTED-CUP. (D. Castillejo, a botanist of
Cadiz.) Herbs (American, mostly N. American, and two in N. Asia) ; with
alternate entire or laciniate leaves, passing above into usually more incised and
mostly colored conspicuous bracts of a terminal spike ; the flowers solitary in
their axils and ebracteolate, red, purple, yellowish, or whitish ; but the corolla
almost always duller-colored than the calyx or bracts, mostly of yellow or greenish
tinge. Fl. in summer. (Primary divisions generally received are not distinct
enough for subgenera, except Epichroma of Mexico, with a funnelform calyx.
Ours accordingly may all be embraced in EUCIIROMA, Euchroma, Nutt. Gen.
ii. 55.) Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 335, & Bot. Calif, i. 573.
* Annuals or some biennials with fibrous root: at least the upper part of the bracts and sometimes
of the calyx petaloid (bright red or scarlet, occasionally varying to yellowish): pubescence vil-
lous or soft-hirsute.
i Atlantic species, flowering in spring or early summer, a span to a foot high: floral leaves or
bracts dilated: calyx equally cleft before and behind into 2 broad or upwardly dilated entire or
retuse lobes: galea (upper lip) shorter than the tube of the corolla, little surpassing the calyx,
much exceeding the short lower lip.
C. COCCinea, Spreng. (PAINTED-CUP.) Biennial, at least northward: rosulate radi-
cal leaves mostly entire, obovate or oblong ; cauline and bracts laciniate or 3-5-clef t ; the
middle lobe of latter dilated : calyx-lobes quadrate-oblong. Syst. ii. 775 ; Benth. in DC.
Prodr. x. 259. Bartsia coccinea, L. Spec. ii. 602. (Pluk. Aim. t. 102, fig. 5.) Enchroma coc-
cinea, Nutt. 1. c. Low sandy ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Texas.
C. indivisa, Engelm. Leaves lanceolate-linear and entire, or sometimes with 2 or 3
slender lateral lobes : bracts and calyx-lobes obovatc-dilated, bright red. PI. Linclh. i. 47 ;
Benth. in DC. 1. c. Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. Winter-annual, flower-
ing in spring, no tuft of radical leaves surviving.
-\ 1 Ultramontane and Pacific annuals, with virgate stems, mostly tall and slender: leaves and
bracts all linear-lanceolate and entire; the latter or at least the upper with petaloid (red) linear
tips : flowers all pedicellate, the lower rather remote in the leafy spike : calyx gibbous and broadest
at base, ovoid or oblong in fruit, whollv green, about equallv cleft before and behind to near the
middle; the segments lanceolate and acute or acutely 2-cleft at apex: galea of the narrow and
straight corolla very much longer than the small not callous lip : capsule oblong.
C. minor, Gray. A foot or two high : corolla half to three-fourths inch long, yellow :
the oblong galea much shorter than the tube. Bot. Calif, i. 573. C. nffinis, var. minor.
Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 110, & Am. Jour. Sci. I.e. Wet ground, New Mexico and
Nebraska to W. Nevada.
C. stenantha. Taller, 1 to 5 feet high : corolla linear, double the length of that of the
preceding species ; the slightly falcate and commonly reddish galea one-half longer than
the tube. C. affinis, Benth. PI. Hartw. 329, in part (no. 1897); Gray, 1. c. in part.
296 SCROPHULAEIACE^E. Castilleia.
Moist grounds, California from Monterey to San Diego, and through the southern part
of the Sierra Nevada.
* * Perennials.
) Calyx deeper cleft before than behind, tubular-cylindraceous, mostly colored red, as are a part
of the bracts: corolla large, an inch or two long, well exserted from the lower side of the spatha-
ceous calyx and at length somewhat arcuate or falcate, exposing the protuberant and very short
callous lip; its galea about equalling the tube: lower flowers commonly pedicellate.
C. affinis, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, mostly strict, villous-pubescent or gla-
brate : leaves narrowly lanceolate, entire, or some of the upper laciniate-toothed at apex ;
lower floral or bracts similar; upper shorter and broader, red : spike or raceme lax below :
calyx narrowly cylindrical, red, an inch long, its anterior fissure hardly twice the depth of
the posterior; narrowly oblong lobes acutely 2-cleft at apex : corolla 1 to Ii inches long.
-Bot. Beech. 154, 380; Benth. in DC. 1. c., &, PI. Hartw. no. 1896 ; Meyer, Sert. Petrop.
ii. t. 15 1 California, in moist grounds about San Francisco Bay, on the Sacramento,
and south to Tejon, &c.
C. laxa, Gray. A foot high, weak and slender, short-pubescent: leaves linear-lanceolate,
entire, barely 2 inches long, 3-nerved, spreading : bracts similar or broader, the upper red-
dish : flowers few and crowded : calyx broadly cylindraceous, inch long, its anterior fissure
not twice the depth of the posterior, both short ; the lobes broad and broadly 2-toothed :
corolla inch and a half long, nearly straight; its galea shorter than the tube. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 11!) & Am. Jour. Sci. I.e. Mountain side, southern border of Arizona
near Santa Cruz, Wright.
C. oblongifolia. Two feet or more high, very leafy, densely villous or pubescent :
leaves widely spreading, 5-nerved, 1 or 2 inches long, narrowly elliptical and, very obtuse,
or the uppermost oblong-ovate and acute : bracts similar, the upper reddish : spike many-
flowered : calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear : corolla 2 inches long ; somewhat
falcate narrow galea as long as the tube ; lip very protuberant and fleshy globular-saccate,
its minute lobes subulate. Southern borders of San Diego Co., California, Palmer. Col-
lected along with C. miniata.
C. linarisefolia, Benth. Mostly tall and strict, 2 to 5 feet high, glabrous below, the sev-
eral-many-flowered spike somewhat pubescent or villous: leaves linear, entire, or some of
the upper sparingly laeiniate, and the uppermost and bracts 3-parted, 1-3-nerved : divisions
not dilated : calyx narrowly cylindrical, over an inch long, mostly red or crimson, some-
times pale; the anterior fissure very much deeper than the posterior; the long upper lip
acutely 4-toothcd or 2-cleft and the lobes 2-toothed : corolla H or 2 inches long ; its nar-
row falcate and much exserted galea as long as the tube. DC. 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c., Bot.
Calif. 5. 573. C. ctnulens, Durand in Pacif. K. Rep. v. 12, a pubescent form. Through
the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming to New Mexico, Arizona, and Sierra Nevada
of California.
H 1_ Calyx about equally cleft before and behind : floral leaves or bracts more or less dilated and
petaloid-colored (red or crimson, varying to yellowish or whitish).
v-i- Pubescence never tomentose nor cinereous-tomentulose.
= Galea equalling or longer than the tube of the corolla ; the lip very short.
C. latifolia, Hook. & Arn. A foot or two high, diffusely branched from the base,
villous-hirsutc and viscid: leaves short (half inch or more), dilated-obovate or oval, very
obtuse, some 3-5-1 obod : spike leafy : calyx 2-cleft to the middle ; the oblong-obovate lobes
entire or emarginate, almost equalling the small (8 lines long) corolla. Bot. Beech. 154.
Coast of California.
C. parviflora, Bong. A span to 2 feet high, villous-hirsute, at least above: leaves
variously laciniately cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes, or sometimes the ca.uline mainly
entire and narrow (rarely oblong) : calyx-lobes oblong and 2-cleft at apex or to below the
middle : corolla an inch or less long ; only the upper part of the narrow galea exserted ; the
small lip not protuberant. Veg. Sitk. 157: Gray, 1. c. C. Tnlnccf.nsis, Cham. & Schleeht
in Linn. ii. 579? C. com'nca, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 113(3. C. h!s/>i(la, Benth. in Hook. Fl. ii.
105, & DC. 1. c. 532. C. Douf/lnsii, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 530; narrow-leaved and large-flow-
ered form of coast of California. Enchroma Ijmrl/>nn'/, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 47.
E. angustifolia, Nutt. 1. c., a low and small-flowered subalpine form : same as C. deserter urn,
Ge.ver, in Hook. Kew Jour. v. 258. Dry or moist ground, Sitka to S. California and
Castilleia. SCROPHULARIACE^. 297
mountains of Arizona, east to Dakota and Colorado. A most polymorphous species, and
the oldest name not a good one. Bracts, as in other species, varying from red to yellow or
white.
C. miniata, Dougl. A foot or two high, mostly simple and strict, glabrous or nearly so
except the inflorescence : leaves lanceolate or linear, or the .upper ovate-lanceolate, acute,
entire (rarely laciniate-3-cleft) : spike dense and short: bracts from lanceolate to oval,
mostly bright red, rarely whitish, seldom lobed : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acutely 2-cleft :
corolla over an inch long; the galea exserted, linear, longer than the tube ; very short lip
protuberant and callous, as deep as long, with ovate short teeth involute. Hook. Fl. ii. 10(3 ;
Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 574. C. pallida, var. Unalaschcnsis, Cham. & Schlecht.
1. c., partly. C. pallida, var. miniata, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. I.e. 337. Alaska to Sas-
katchewan and southward along the higher mountains through Colorado, Utah and Cali-
fornia.
= Galea decidedly shorter than the tube of the corolla and not over twice or thrice the length of
the lip.
C. pallida, Kunth. A foot or so high, strict, commonly villous with weak cobwebby
hairs, at least the dense and short leafy-bracted spike, or below glabrous, not glandular or
viscid : leaves membranaceous, mainly entire ; the lower linear ; upper lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate: bracts oval or obovate, partly white or yellowish, equalling the (half to inch
long) corolla : calyx cleft to or below the middle and again more or less 2-cleft ; the lobes
oblong or lanceolate : galea 2 to 4 lines long, barely twice the length of the lip, its base
not exserted from the calyx. Syn. PI. vEquin. ii. 100 : Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i.
575. C. Siliirica, Lindl. Bot. Reg. under 925. Bartsia pal/Ida, L. Spec. ii. 002. Subarctic
N. W. coast and islands, Chamisso, &c. (Siberia.) Passes into
Var. septeiltrionalis, Gray. A span to 2 feet high, sometimes almost glabrous :
bracts greenish-white, varying to yellowish, purple, or red : lip smaller, from half to hardly
a third the length of the galea. Bot. Calif. I.e. C. septentrional is, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 925 ; Benth. 1. c. C. pallida, Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. v. 258. C. pallida, var. Unulaschensis,
latifolia, Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c. C. acuminata, Spreng. 1. c. Bartsia acuminata, Pursh. Fl.
ii. 429. Labrador, alpine summits of White Mountains and Green Mountains of New Eng-
land, and north shore of Lake Superior, to the Rocky mountains of Colorado and Utah,
and north-westward to Alaska, Aleutian Islands, &c. Some larger forms appear to pass
into C. niitiiata.
Var. OCcidentalis, Gray. Dwarf and narrow-leaved form, 2 to 6 inches high:
bracts comparatively broad, mostly incised or cleft, the tips and flowers whitish : lip
about half the length of the rather broad galea. Bot. Calif. 1. c. C. occidenta/is, Torr. in
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 230; Benth. 1. c. High alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, Colo-
rado, and Sierra Nevada, California.
Var. Haydeni. More slender, 3 to 5 inches high : linear leaves sometimes with one or
two slender-subulate lobes : bracts merely ciliate-pubescent, laciniately 3-5-cleft into linear
lobes, bright crimson: lip not half the length of the galea. Alpine region of the Sierra
Blanca, S. Colorado, Hayden, Hooker, & Gray. Seemingly very distinct from C. pallida,
but connected through the preceding variety.
C. viscidula. A span high, tufted, pubescent with very short stiff mostly glandular-
tipped hairs and somewhat viscid, only the dense naked spike with some short villous
hairs : stems slender : leaves linear, attenuate, entire, or uppermost 3-cleft : bracts 3-5-
cleft, more or less dilated ; the upper rather shorter than the flowers, with reddish or whit-
ish lobes : calyx-segments shorter than the cylindraceous tube, 2-parted into linear-lanceo-
late lobes: corolla three-fourths inch long; galea hardly one-third the length of the tube,
twice the length of the lip ; lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, equal in length to the
ventricose obscurely 3-carinate but not callous lower portion. Nevada, in the E. Hum-
boldt Mountains, at 9,000 feet, Watson (part of no. 810).
C. Lemmoni. A span or more high, pubescent, and the dense oblong spike somewhat,
hirsute-villous, not glandular : leaves narrowly linear, entire or 3-cleft ; uppermost more
dilated and cleft: bracts 3-cleft, the upper with reddish lobes and equalling the flowers:
calyx-segments as long as the tube, oblong, petaloid, emarginate or barely 2-cleft at apex :
corolla fully three-fourths inch long; galea oblong, about a quarter the length of tube,
hardly twice the length of the ventricose lip; lobes of the latter ovate, rather shorter than
298 SCROPHULARIACE^. CastWeia.
the saccate portion, the 3 narrow obtuse keels or plies of which terminate under the lobes
in as many conical gibbosities. Sierra Co., California, probably in the alpine region, Lem-
mon. Referred in Bot. Calif, to C. pallida, var. occidentulis. One of the transitions to the
first section of Orthocarpus.
H- -H- Herbage white-woolly throughout ; the tomentum loose or flocculent with age : leaves linear
and entire: bracts 3-parted; the divisions more or less spatulate-dilated and petaloid : calyx-
lobes broad and with rounded entire or slightly 2-Iobed summit : corolla almost included, 7 to 9
lines long, slender; the narrow galea little shorter than the tube; lip very short.
C. foliolosa, Hook. & Am. A foot or two high, and many-stemmed from a woody
base: woolly hairs intricately branched: leaves narrowly linear (inch or less long),
crowded below and fascicled in lower axils : spike close : galea shorter than the tube of
the corolla. Bot. Beech. 154; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i.
574. Dry hills, coast of California from San Diego to Mendocino Co.
C. lanata, Gray. Apparently herbaceous to base, branching, white with appressed
arachnoid wool : leaves larger (inch or two long) ; the galea longer than the tube: flowers
larger, more scattered in the spike: corolla rather more exserted. Bot. Mex. Bound. 118.
S. AV. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
t-t- -n- -H- Tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent, or the stem only lanate-tomentose : bracts, &c.,
conspicuously petaloid : primary ealyx-seaments 2-cleft or 2-parted into narrow usually acute
lobes: corolla more exserted, inch long or over; galea shorter than the tube;
= Lip very short; its lobes not longer than the more or less callous saccate portion.
C. Integra, Gray. A span to a foot high : stem rather stout, tomentose : leaves cine-
reous-tomentulose, linear (1 to 3 inches long, 1 to 3 lines wide), entire: bracts of the
short spike linear- or obovate-oblong, red or rose-color, entire or sometimes incised : corolla
inch and a quarter long; galea rather broad; lip strongly tri-callous, its lobes very short.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 119, & Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. C. anyustifdiu, Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound.
118, in part, not Nutt. C. tomentosa, Gray, 1. c., a more tomentose form. Dry grounds,
W. Texas to Colorado and Arizona.
C. Liindlieiineri. A span or two high, branched or many-stemmed from the base, cine-
reous-puberulent or the stem tomentulose: leaves narrowly linear, entire or sparingly
laciniate, or the upper 3-5-cleft, as are the bracts of the dense spike ; these mostly peta-
loid and dilated, from brick-red to rose-color or sulphur-yellow : calyx equally colored :
corolla (inch or so in length) rather slender ; the lobes of the lip ovate, not longer than the
callous saccate portion C. purpurca, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338, not Don & Benth.
Stony or fertile mountain prairies, on the Pierdenales and Guadalupe, W. Texas, Lind-
hcimer, &c. Much more showy than the next, and with different corolla.
= = Lip of corolla with longer and narrow lobes, and base less saccate.
C. purpurea, Don. A foot or less high, minutely cinereous-pubescent and the stem
appressed-tomentose: leaves narrowly linear and entire, or mostly once or twice 3-cleft or
laciniate, with divisions and lobes all narrowly linear: bracts similar or with cuneate-
dilated base ; the broader lobes of the upper and the calyx magenta-color or purple :
corolla (over an incli long) narrow ; galea very much shorter than the tube, only twice the
length of the lip : lobes of the latter elongated-oblong, plane and petaloid, very much
longer than the obscurely saccate and not callous basal portion. Syst. iv. 015; Benth.
I.e. Euchroma jntrjHtrea, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 180. Hilly prairies,
Arkansas, Nuttall. E. Texas, Dninimond (iii. no. 286 in part), Miss Hobart, Reverchon.
H ) -H- Calyx deeper cleft before than behind: corolla either slender or small, with galea much
shorter than its tube and lip compavativery long : bracts and calyx if colored at all yellowish:
leaves or their divisions narrowlv linear, rather rigid : stems numerous from the root.
w- Lip of corolla half the length of the short galea, more or less trisaceulate and little if at all
callous below the narrow lobes: flowers yellowish or greenish white : clefts of the calyx moder-
ately unequal.
= Cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly 3-5-cleft and the slender divisions sometimes again 2-3-
cleft: bracts similar or with more dilated base, not even their tips colored.
C. sessiliflora, Pursll. A span or two high, very leafy, cinereous-pubescent: leaves
2 inches or more long, with slender lobes, rarely entire: lobes of the tubular calyx slender:
corolla exserted, about 2 inches long : lip with linear-lanceolate lobes very much longer
than the obscurely saccate base. Fl. ii. 738; Benth. I.e.; Gray, I.e. C. yrandiflom,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 775. Euchroma grand (flora, Nutt. Gen. ii. 55. Prairies, Wisconsin and
Illinois to Saskatchewan, Dakota, and south to W. Texas and New Mexico.
Orlhocarjtus. SCROPHULARIACE^. 299
C. breviflora, Gray. Barely span high, more pubescent: lower leaves often entire and
upper only 3-5-parted, an inch or so long : bracts of the dense spike more dilated, not sur-
passing the flowers : calyx ovoid-oblong ; its lobes lanceolate : corolla little exscrted, less
than inch long: lip with somewhat callous oblong plicaa or saccate keels about the length
of the oblong obtuse lobes. Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. 338. Rocky Mountains of Colorado and
Wyoming, in the alpine region, Nuttall, Parry, &c.
= = Very glabrous up to the merely pubescent naked dense spike: cauline leaves all entire:
bracts shorter than the flowers, dilated and 3-cleft; the lobes with petaloid yellowish tips.
C. linoides. Stems strict, a foot high, rigid, branching at summit, very smooth, as also
the rigid leaves (these 1 or 2 inches long, a line or less wide) : calyx and corolla nearly of
C. brct-iftora, the former with narrower lobes and the latter only half inch long. Clover
Mountains, Nevada, Watson. In Bot. King, included under " C. pallida, var."
H- -H- Lip of corolla very short, globular-saccate and callous, and with very short ovate lobes:
anterior cleft of calyx deeper.
C. flava, W^atson. A foot high, with numerous slender stems, cinereous-puberulent, at
least above, and the elongated spike more pubescent : leaves entire or the upper with one
or two lobes: bracts 3-cleft and with dilated base; the upper and calyx yellowish : corolla
hardly an inch long; narrow galea little shorter than the tube. Bot. King, 230.
Mountains of E. Utah and Wyoming, in and near the Uintas, Watson, Porter.
31. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt. ('O^oc, upright, and x/wr<v, fruit; the
capsule not oblique as in Melampyrum.) Low herbs, almost all annual (W.
North American and one Chilian) ; with mainly alternate entire or 3-5-parted
and laciniate leaves ; the upper passing into bracts of the dense spike and not
rarely colored, as also the calyx-lobes ; the corolla yellow, or white with purple
or rose-color, often much surpassing the calyx. Seeds numerous or rather few.
Fl. spring and summer. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 535 ; Watson, Bot. King,
230, 457 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 575.
1. CASTILLEIOIDES, Gray. Corolla with lip (i.e. lower lip) simply or some-
what triply saccate, and with conspicuous mostly erect lobes ; the galea (i. e.
upper lip) either broadish or narrow : anthers all 2-celled : bracts with more or
less colored tips : seeds with very loose and arilliform cellular-favose coat.
Bot. Calif. 1. c.
* Root perennial: lips of the short and yellowish corolla more equal and less dissimilar than in
any of the following ; lower one rather obscurely saccate; galea broadish, obtuse : filaments gla-
brous. Transition to Castllleia.
O. pallescens, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, not hairy : leaves 3-5-parted into linear
lobes, or the lower entire : bracts similar with dilated base, or upper with shorter obscurely
whitish or yellowish lobes : calyx deeply 2 -cleft, with broad lobes merely 2-deft at apex:
corolla over half inch long. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 339, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii.
384, in part, but only as to Nuttall's Eucliroma priHescens in herb. 0. Parn/l, Gray in Am.
Naturalist, viii. 214. Rocky Mountains of N. W. Wyoming to E. Oregon, Nuttall, Parry,
Cusick.
O. pilosus, W^atson. From soft-villous to hirsute-pubescent, a span or two high, very
leafy: leaves of the preceding or more divided: bracts usually more dilated and colored,
from yellow or whitish to dull crimson : calyx-segments deeply cleft or parted ; the lobes
linear. Bot. King, 231; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 57(1 0. pnllescens, Gray, 1. c., except as to
Nuttall's plant. Sierra Nevada, California, at 5-10,000 feet, to Oregon. Varies with lax
and with rather rigid leaves, with soft-villous and with hirsute pubescence. &c.
* * Root annual: filaments glabrous: galea narrow and nearly straight, lanceolate-triangular or
broadly subulate, naked: lip moderately ventricose mid somewhat plicatc-trisaccatc for its whole
length; the teeth or lobes conspicuous, erect, oblong-linear: capsule oblong or oval.
O. attenuatus, Gray. Erect, slender, a span or two high, hirsute-pubescent above :
leaves linear and attenuate, often with a pair of filiform lobes : spike virgate : lower
flowers scattered : bracts with slender lobes barely white-tipped : corolla narrow throughout,
300 SCROPHULARIACE^i. Ortlwcarpus.
lialf inch long, white or whitish : narrow teeth of purple-spotted lip nearly equalling the
galea. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Moist ground, San Francisco Bay to
Puget Sound.
O. densiflorus, Benth. Erect or diffusely branched from base, 6 to 12 inches high,
above soft-pubescent : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, attenuate upward, entire or with
a few slender lobes : spike dense, many-flowered, at length cylindrical, or lowest flowers
rather distant: bracts 3-cleft, about equalling the flowers ; their linear lobes and (8 to 10
lines long) corolla purple and white: teeth of the lip shorter than the galea. Scroph.
Ind. 13, & DC. Prodr. x. 536; Gray, I.e. Coast of California, in low grounds. San
Luis Obispo to Sonoma Co.
O. castilleioid.es, Benth. 1. c. At length diffuse and corymbosely branched, 5 to 12
inches high, minutely pubescent, or below glabrate and above somewhat hirsute: leaves
from lanceolate to oblong, commonly laciniate; the upper and bracts cuneate-dilatcd and
incisely cleft, herbaceous, or the obtuse tips whitish or yellowish : spikes dense, short and
thick : corolla nearly inch long, dull white or purplish-tipped ; lip ventricose-dilated :
seeds longer or larger than in the preceding. Pine woods and low grounds near the sea-
shore, from Monterey, California, to Puget Sound or nearly.
* # * Hoot annual : filaments mostly pubescent : galea attenuate upward, densely bearded on
the back with many-jointed hairs, uncinato or incurved at the obtuse tip, rather longer and very
much narrower than the open-saccate lip, the summit of which under the short and small recum-
bent lobes is trisacculate and the middle sacculus didymous: stigma very large, depressed -capi-
tate : capsule ovate. (Transition to Trijihysaria*)
O. purpurascens, Benth. 1. c. Erect, rather stout, at length much branched from
base, b' to 12 inches high, hirsute : leaves with lanceolate base or body, and laciniately
1-2-pinnately parted into narrow linear or filiform lobes, or the upper palmately cleft :
spike thick and dense : bracts equalling the (inch or less long) flowers, somewhat dilated :
their lobes and calyx-lobes with upper part of corolla crimson to rose-color, or sometimes
paler and duller. California, common along and near the coast from Humboldt Co.
southward.
Var. Palmeri. Flowers smaller: galea more linear: filaments glabrous or almost so.
Arizona, near Wickenberg, Palmer.
2. TKUE ORTHOCARPUS, Benth. Corolla with simply saccate lip incon-
spicuously or obsoletely 3-toothed, and moderately smaller ovate-triangular galea ;
its small tip or mucro usually somewhat inflexed or uncinate : stigma small,
entire: anthers all 2-celled : seed-coat very loose, costate-reticulated : root an-
nual. Orthocarpus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 56. Oncorrhynchus, Lehm.
* Bracts abruptlv and strikingly different from the leaves, much dilated, entire or the lower with
narrow lateral lobes, more or less petaloid (purplish), becoming papyraceous and imbricated in the
dense fructiferous (oblong or at length cylindrical) spike, toward base often hispid-ciliatc, other-
wise naked : corolla mostly rose-color: cauline leaves linear-attenuate; lower mostly entire and
upper 3-5-parted.
O. pachystachyus. A span high, scabrous-puberulent and the stem hirsute : bracts an
inch long, all the upper entire and oblong, rose-purple as is the (1 inch) glabrous corolla:
tube of the latter much longer than the calyx : galea with conspicuous and slender
incurved tip: anther-cells linear-lunate, mucronate-attenuate at base, glabrous. N. Cali-
fornia, near Yreka, Siskiyou Co., Greene.
O. tenuifolius, Benth. More slender, taller, somewhat pubescent or hirsute : bracts
about half inch long, oblong or oval, partly purplish: corolla purplish, half inch long,
puberulcnt ; the tube little surpassing the calyx ; inflexed tip of galea minute and incon-
spicuous : anther-cells oblong, sparsely pubescent. Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. I.e.; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 577. 0. I'mlm'catus, Torr. in Watson, Bot. King, 458. Bar/sin t< inti/oliii, Pursh,
Fl. ii. 420, oxcl. "flowers deep yellow," which must refer to 0. Inteiis. Dry ground, Mon-
tana to Brit. Columbia and south to the Sierra Nevada, California.
* * Bracts herbaceous, not colored, less or little different from the leaves, all 3- (rarely 5-) cleft
and with acute lobes.
H Spike dense or close, mostly many-flowered : seeds costate.
O. bracteosus, Benth. 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent: stem strict, a foot or less high : leaves
as of the preceding or the upper broader: bracts of the thickish and dense spike broadly
Orthocarpus. SCROPIIULARIACE^. 301
cuneatc-dilated, shorter than the flowers, the divergent lobes broadly lanceolate : corolla
rose-purple, half inch long ; tube moderately longer than the calyx : galea with minute
inflexed tip. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Dry ground, Brit. Columbia to Oregon and northern
portion of Sierra Nevada, California.
O. luteus, Nutt. Pubescent and hirsute, sometimes viscid : stem strict, a span to a foot
high : leaves from linear to lanceolate, occasionally 3-cleft : bracts of the dense spike
broader or with more dilated base, completely herbaceous, mostly 3-cleft, about equalling
the flowers : corolla golden yellow, less than half inch long, twice or thrice the length of
the calyx; tip of galea obtuse and straight. Gen. ii. 57. 0. strict us, Benth. 1. c. ; Hook.
Fl. ii. 104, t. 172. Plains, &c., N. Minnesota and Saskatchewan to Colorado, eastern
borders of California, and Brit. Columbia.
O. Tolmiei, Hook. & Am. Puberulent, a span or two high, loosely branched : leaves
narrowly lanceolate-linear, chiefly entire : bracts of the small and short spikes little
dilated, often 3-cleft, the upper shorter than the flowers: corolla bright yellow, half inch
long, 8 or 4 times longer than the calyx ; minute tip of galea inflexed. Bot. Beech. 379 ;
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 536; Watson, Bot. King, 230. Utah, in the Wahsatch Mountains,
to S. Idaho.
-t~ Spike looser, few-flowered: seeds with loose reticulated coat.
O. purpureo-albus, Gray. Minutely pubescent, somewhat viscid, simple or branched,
a span or two high: leaves entire or mostly 3-cleft, filiform: bracts similar or somewhat
dilated at base : corolla three-fourths inch long, purple and often partly white, with tube
twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; tip of galea mueroniform, inflexed. Watson, Bot.
King, 458; Bot. Calif. 1. c. New Mexico and S. Utah, Woodhouse, Newberry, Parry,
Mrs. Thompson.
3. TUIPIIYSARIA, Benth. Corolla with conspicuously trisaccate lip very
much larger than the slender straight galea ; its teeth minute or small ; tube fili-
form or slender : stigma capitate, sometimes 2-lobed : bracts all herbaceous and
similar to the leaves (or with somewhat colored tips in two species) : root annual.
Triphysaria, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. ii. 52.
# Anthers l-celled: lip of corolla saccately 3-lobeil from the end: seed-coat close, conformed to the
nucleus, apiculate at one or both ends.
H Stamens early escaping from their enclosure in the less involute oblong-lanceolate galea.
O. pusillus, Benth. Small and weak or diffuse, branched from the base, a span or less
high, somewhat pubescent: leaves once or twice pinnatifid and bracts 3-5-parted into fili-
form or setaceous divisions : flowers scattered, small and inconspicuous, shorter than the
bracts: corolla purplish, 2 or 3 lines long; tube not surpassing the calyx; lip moderately
3-lobed, beardless: capsule globose. Scroph. Ind. 12, & DC. I.e.; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 578. Low ground, San Francisco Bay to Oregon.
O. fl.oribund.US, Benth. 1. c. Erect, a span or more high, branched above, almost
glabrous : upper part of leaves pinnately parted into linear-filiform divisions, some again
cleft : bracts of the mostly dense many-flowered spike 3-5-cleft and dilated at base ; upper
ones not surpassing the calyx: corolla white or cream-color, half inch long; tube twice
the length of calyx ; lip with 3 divergent oval sacs, 2 hairy lines within ; the teeth lanceo-
late, erect, scarious. Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. CMoropyron palustre, Behr in Proc. Calif.
Acad. i. 02, 0(3 ? Hillsides', California, around San Francisco Bay, &c.
4 -1 Stamens more strictly enclosed in the acute involute-subulate galea: lip of 3 obovate or
globular-inflated sacs, not more than a quarter of the length of the filiform and mostly densely
pubescent tube, the two folds separating the sacs within villous-bearded : flowers nuiii'Toiis in a
rather dense spike: upper bracts not exceeding the calyx; lower and the leaves pinnately parted
above the broader entire base into setaceous or lililbrm divisions.
O. eriantllUS, Benth. 1. c. Erect, a span or more high, fastigiately much branched,
pubescent : corolla sulphur-color, with slightly falcate galea brown-purple : tube to 8
lines long, thrice the length of the calyx. Low grounds, coast of California, from Mon-
terey northward.
Var. roseus, Gray, 1. c. Corolla rose-colored, or probably cream-colored changing
to rose-purple: the tube shorter. Triphysaria versicolor, Fisch. & Meyer, I.e.? Sandy
fields, Noj-o, Mendocino Co., Bolandcr, &c.
302 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Orthocarpus.
O. faucibarbatus, Gray. Aspect of the preceding, but nearly glabrous up to the
short-hirsute or appresscd puberulent bracts, less branched : divisions of the leaves rather
coarser : corolla apparently white, with smaller sacs and less heard within the lip ; the
straight galea pale. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 121; Bot. Calif, i. 579. Moist ground, San Fran-
cisco Bay to Mcndocino Co., California.
* * Anthers 2-celled (lower cell mostly imperfect in the first two succeeding species): seed-coat
loose and arilliform, coarsely reticulated.
f Lip of corolla very broad; its sacs deeper horizontally than long.
H- Galea truncate at tip : sacs small, somewhat conical : capsule oblong, obtuse.
O. gracilis, Benth. 1. c. Minutely pubescent, or below glabrous, branched from the
base : slender branches a span or more high : leaves mostly 3-parted, linear-filiform : upper
bracts of the rather dense spike shorter than the flowers; the tips of their lobes purplish-
tinged : corolla pubescent, purplish (over half inch long) ; slender tube twice the length of the
calyx : lip decidedly shorter than galea. California, near San Francisco or Monterey,
Dowjlas, Nuttull. Little known.
H- -H- Galea subulate : sacs ample, very ventricose : stem simple or few-branched : spike thickish
and dense, at least above : capsule ovate.
O. campestris, Benth. Glabrous below, but the calyx hirsute : stem 2 to 4 inches high :
leaves and bracts narrowly linear and entire or nearly so : corolla white (0 lines long, and
lip 2 lines deep) : teeth of the lip scarious, slender, rather conspicuous. PI. Hartw. 329;
Gray, 1. c. Fields, Butte and Plumas Co., California, Harttcerj, Mrs. Ames.
O. lithospernioid.es, Beiltll. Copiously hirsute above, pubescent below : stem a span
to a foot high, strict, simple or with some erect branches, very leafy : leaves lanceolate or
somewhat linear, 2-5-cleft or lowermost simple: bracts of the dense many-flowered spike
cuneate-dilated and 3-5-cleft, about equalling the flowers: corolla an inch or less long,
cream-color, often turning pale rose-color ; sacs 3 lines deep ; the teeth short and incon-
spicuous. Scroph. Ind. & DC. I.e.; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 579. Moist and dry ground,
California, from San Francisco Bay northward.
1 -1 Lip not so ample, surpassed by the subulate galea : sacs not deeper than long: stems strict
and sjmple, or branched above: leaves or their lobes linear, mostly attenuated: spikes leafy:
calyx-lobes slender : pubescence hirsute.
H- Corolla yellow ; the sacs nearly as deep as long.
O. lasiorhyncllUS, Gray. Soft-hirsute : leaves mostly 3-parted and bracts 4-5-cleft :
corolla an inch long, with filiform tube ; lip 3 or 4 lines long ; galea subulate-linear, densely
white-villous. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82. S. E. California, on and near the Mohave
River, Palmer, Parry & Leminon.
O. lacerus, Benth. Rather soft-hirsute and above viscid: leaves pinnately and bracts
palmately 3-7-cleft or parted: corolla half or two-thirds inch long; the lip only 2 lines
long: subulate galea glabrous or merely puberulent. PI. Hartw. 32! >; Gray, Bot. Calif,
i. 579. 0. Itis/>it/iix, Watson, Bot. King, 230, in part. Dry ground, California; common
through the whole length of the Sierra Nevada, and valley of the Sacramento.
-H- ^-i- Corolla white or merely purplish ; sacs longer than deep.
O. hispidus, Benth. Soft-hirsute rather than hispid: stem strict, mostly simple:
leaves with few and slender divisions, or the lower entire : leaf}' spike virgate : calyx-lobes
much shorter than the tube : corolla white, half inch long ; lip barely a line deep.
Scroph. Ind. & DC. 1. c., at least in part ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Low grounds, W. Ore-
gon and northern part of California.
O. linearilobus, Benth. Hirsute or nearly hispid : stem stouter, more branched : divi-
sions of the leaves and bracts long and slender; the latter equalling the densely spicate
flowers, their tips sometimes purplish-tinged: calyx-lobes much longer than the tube:
corolla three-fourths inch long (white or purplish ?) : sacs deeper than in the preceding at
the upper part, narrowing gradually downward. PI. Hartw. 350; Gray, I.e. N. Cali-
fornia, in mountain pastures, &c., Butte Co. to Mendocino Co., Hartweg, Bolander.
32. CORDYLANTHUS, Nutt. (Knn8i>bj, a club, and urUoj, flower, the
corolla somewhat clavate. ) - - AY. North American branching annuals ; with alter-
nate and narrow leaves, either entire or 3-5-parted. and mostly dull-colored
Cordylanthus. SCROPHULARIACE.E. 303
flowers in small terminal heads or clusters, or more scattered along the branches ;
the bracts and calyx not colored, and corolla seldom much surpassing the calyx.
Seeds comparatively few and large, often apiculate or appeudiculate at one or
both ends. Fl. summer. Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 597 ; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 381, & Bot. Calif, i. 580; Watson, Bot. King, 450. Adenostegia,
Benth. in Lindl. Nat. Syst. ed. 2, 445, & in DC. Prodr. x. 5o7, but the name
abandoned iu the same volume for the more appropriate one of Nuttall.
1. ANISOCITEI'LA. Calyx diphyllous : corolla cleft to the middle ; the lower
lip only half the length of the upper, entire, hardly saccate : stamens 4, with
one-celled anthers (and rarely a vestige of the lower cell) : both divisions of the
calyx 6-nerved : no gland at tip of leaves : corolla " bright yellow."
C. laxiflorus, Gray. A foot or two high, much branched, very hirsute, above some-
what viscid: leaves short, linear, entire, or the uppermost 3-clet't : flowers approximate or
scattered on the leafy branchlets (8 lines long), either sessile and ebracteolate or sliort-
peduncled and 1-2-bracteolate : corolla little longer than the calyx : filaments villous
below : seeds coarsely favose, not appendagcd. Bot. Mex. Bound. 120, & Proc. Am.
Acad. 1. c. 383. Hills and ravines, Arizona, Tlturbcr, Palmer, Rutlinxk. The habitat " Salt
Lake, Utah, Fremont," needs confirmation.
2. ADENOSTKGIA, Gray, 1. c. Calyx diphyllous : corolla 2-lipped at summit ;
lower lip about equalling the upper, 3-crenate : flowers short-peduncled or sub-
sessile, 2 4-bracteolate : upper leaves and bracts commonly with a depressed gland
or callosity at the truncate or retuse apex : corolla greenish-yellow or purplish.
Adenostegia, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 537.
* Corolla more exsertcd and conspicuous, fully inch long: stamens 4: anthers 2-celled : seeds
coarsely favose.
C. "Wriglltii, Gray. A foot or two high, loosely branched, almost glabrous, or above
puberulent-scabrous : leaves setaceous-filiform, 3-5-parted; floral similar, the tips not
dilated : flowers several in the mostly dense terminal heads : corolla purplish, with rather
long lips : anthers villous. Bot. Mex. Bound, f 20, & Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. S. W. borders
of Texas to N. Arizona, Wright, Rothrock.
* * Corolla almost included, half to three-fourths inch long. (Natives of California and adjacent
districts.)
H Stamens 4: anthers 2-celled: filaments villous: both divisions of calyx 5-6-nerved ; the pos-
terior entire or emarginate.
H- Seeds rather numerous, about 20, delicately favose.
C. ramosus, Nutt. 1. c. A span or two high, diffusely much branched, cincreous-puber-
ulent: leaves filiform, all but the lower usually 3-7-parted; no distinct apical gland or
dilatation : flowers few in the small terminal heads or upper axils : corolla dull yellow,
barely half inch long. Watson, 1. c. ; Gray, 1. c. Dry interior region of Oregon and W.
Nevada, to Wyoming.
-H- -H- Seeds fewer and larger, mostly apiculate or appemliculate at one end; the coat close,
minutely and closely lincolate with sinuous linos or reticulations, or at maturity smooth and even
through their obliteration : callous gland generallv apparent at the tip of some of the upper leaves
or bracts.
C. filifolius, Nutt. Tall, 1 to 3 feet high, loosely branched above, ronghish-puberulent
and somewhat viscid or nearly glabrous below, commonly more or less hispid above,
especially the margins of the floral leaves : leaves 3-5-parted or some of the lower entire ;
the divisions from filiform to linear; those of the upper and the more dilated bracts usually
broadening upward and with retuse tip: heads rather many-flowered, often proliferous:
corolla purplish, over half inch long. Benth. 1. c. Adenostegia riyida, Benth. in Lindl.
Nat. Syst. & DC. 1. c. 537. (Name replaced in the same volume by the then unpublished
one of Nuttall.) Dry and moist banks, throughout all but perhaps the northern part of
California. Varies greatly in foliage, pubescence, &c., but generally well marked by the
hispid- or setose-ciliate bracts and floral leaves.
304 SCROPHULARIACE^:. Cordylanthus.
Var. brevibracteatus, Gray, is glabrous up to the floral leaves, these hispid-cili-
ate with short bristles, also shorter and fewer, as are the flowers in the head. Bot. Calif,
i. 022. Soda spring, Kern Co., Ruthruck.
C. pilosus, Gray. Paniculately branched, 2 to 4 feet high, soft-villous throughout,
somewhat viscid, no rigid hairs : leaves linear, all but the floral entire ; these commonly
3-parted and with emarginatc or callous-3-toothed tip : flowers few in the irregular termi-
nal clusters, or some lateral and solitary ; corolla yellowish or purplish, half inch or more
long. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 383, & Bot. Calif, i. 581. W. California, in open dry ground
from Santa Clara Co. northward.
Var. Bolanderi, Gray, 1. c. Lower, less pilose, more viscid or glandular : flowers
all scattered. Mendocino Co., Bolander. Also from Plumas Co. to Tuolumne Co. in the
foothills of the Sierra.
C. tennis, Gray, 1. c. Effusely paniculate, a foot or two high, minutely cinereous-pubcr-
ulent, at summit sometimes more pubescent and glandular : leaves very narrowly linear,
entire : flowers scattered along the almost filiform branches, or some loosely clustered at
their summit: flowers as of the preceding or smaller and the upper sepal narrower. Dry
ground, California from the mountains of Mendocino Co. to Lake Tahoe, and adjacent
borders of Nevada.
* -t Stamens 2: anthers 1 -celled : filaments nearly glabrous : posterior division of calyx only
2-nerved, 2-cleft at apex: seeds few, minutely favose.
C. capitatus, Nutt. A foot or two high, paniculately much branched, soft-pubescent
and cinereous : leaves very narrowly linear, or those subtending the several-flowered ter-
minal head broader and 3-5-cleft : corolla purplish, half inch long : capsule 8-seeded.
Benth. 1. c. 507; Watson, Bot. King, 231, 459; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. S. Idaho and N.
Nevada, Nuttall, Watson.
3. HEMISTEOIA, Gray, I.e. Calyx monophyllous ; the anterior division
wanting : flowers strictly sessile in the axil of a clasping bract or leaf, ebracteolate :
corolla purplish or yellowish : no callous gland at the tip of leaves : herbage not
glandular : seeds (those of C. maritimus not seen mature) rather numerous,
scarious-appendaged ; the coat cellular-favose.
* Stamens 2: anthers 2-cel led: filaments glabrous: seeds somewhat reniform.
C. mollis, Gray. Barely a foot high, rather stout, much branched, villous-hirsute :
leaves and bracts oblong-linear, obtuse, entire or the upper laciniatc-toothed or pinnatifid :
flowers in a thickish short spike : corolla three-fourths inch long. Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
384, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California, around Vallejo,
Wriijht, Greene.
* * Stamens 4: anthers of longer stamens 2-celled, of the shorter with only the small lower cell:
filaments glabrous or nearlv so: leaves and even bracts all entire, pale or eaneseent: lower ones
linear; upper, and especially the looselv imbricated bracts, lanceolate or broader and concave or
somewhat conduplicate : inflorescence at first capitate, becoming short-spicate.
C. maritimus, Nutt. 1. e. A span or two high, corymbosely branched, cinereous pubes-
cent: leaves glabratc, slightly fleshy: pairs of filaments very unequal. Gray, 1. c. -
California, in sandy salt marshes, from San Diego to San Francisco Bay.
C. canescens, Gray, 1. c. A foot or less high, corymbosely much branched, canescent
with soft and' short villous pubescence: uppermost leaves and bracts from oblong- to
ovate-lanceolate : smaller filaments sometimes obscurely hairy. Saline soil, Sierra Nevada,
on the eastern border of California to Salt Lake, Utah.
Var. Parryi. A slender form, with narrower bracts and sparser flowers : smaller
filaments with some scattered hairs. C. Parry!, Watson in Am. Naturalist, ix. 346.
S. W. Utah, Parry, Palmer.
% %. jit Stamens 4: anthers all 2-eelled: filaments villous: leaves and bracts mostly 3-5-parted
into linear-filiform divisions : habit and inflorescence of Ai/i-misti-i/in.
C. Kingii, Watson. A foot or less high, diffusely branched, viscid-pubescent or villous :
leaves 1 or 2 inches long: flowers loosely glomerate or somewhat scattered at the summit
of the slender branchlets : calyx 4-6-nerved : corolla less than an inch long, purplish. -
Bot. Kinir, 2:53, t. 22. W. Nevada, Watson. S. Utah, Parry, Siler. S. W. Colorado,
Brandeyee.
Pedicular*. SCROPHULARIACE^. 305
33. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. CHAFF-SKED. (C. G. Schwalle, who
wrote a tract on Sarsaparilla in 1715.) Clayt. Fl. Virg. ed. 1, 71. Single
species.
S. Americana, L. Perennial herb, minutely soft-pubescent : stem strict, 2 feet high,
leafy: leaves sessile, ovate or oblong, 3-nerved, entire, an inch or more long; upper grad-
ually reduced to bracts of the loose virgate spike : corolla full inch long, yellowish and
purplish : bractlets linear. Spec. ii. 006 (Pluk. Mant. t. 348, fig. 2) ; Benth. in DC. Prodr.
x. 538. Low sandy ground, Mass, to Louisiana, near the coast. Fl. early summer.
34. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. EYEBRIGHT. (Greek for hilarity, from
reputed power to restore impaired eye-sight.) Genus of wide distribution, but
only a single and insignificant N. American species.
E. officinalis, L. Low annual: leaves from round-ovate to oblong, incisely dentate;
the upper with very strong setaceous-tipped teetli ; lowest crenate : galea and lobes of
lower lip of the purplish or bluish corolla deeply emarginate. N. E. coast of Maine and
Canada : depauperate and small-flowered forms, perhaps introduced from Europe. Alpine
region of White Mountains of New Hampshire, shore of L. Superior, northern Rocky
Mountains to Aleutian Islands and far northward ; chiefly the var. Turtarica, Benth. in
DC. (E. latifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 430) ; a low form with small flowers (2 or 3 lines long), and
mostly rounded leaves (3 to G lines long) : fl. summer. (Eu., N. Asia.)
35. BARTSIA, L. (Dr. L Bartsch, an early friend of Linnieus, who died
in Surinam.) -- Herbs, the genuine species chiefly of mountains or cold regions,
both of the Old and New World ; with opposite sessile leaves, and subsessile
flowers, in the upper axils and in a terminal leafy spike.
B. alpina, L. A span high, simple from a perennial root, pubescent, leafy : leaves ovate,
crenate-dentate, half inch long: spike short: corolla over half inch long, purple, with
obovate somewhat arching galea : anthers hairy on the back. Spec. ii. 002 ; Engl. Bot.
301 ; Pursh, Fl. ii. 430. Labrador. (Greenland, Arct. & Alp. Eu.)
B. ODONTITES, Huds. A span or two high from an annual root, branching, scabrous-
pubescent : leaves oblong-lanceolate, coarsely and remotely serrate : spikes elongated,
loosely flowered, partly in the axils of "ordinary leaves : corolla small, rose-red : anthers
nearly naked. Fl. Angl. 208 ; Engl. Bot. 1. 1415. EuphrasiaOdontites,Li. Odontites ntbra,
Pers. Syn. ii. 150. Coast of Maine and of Nova Scotia. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
36. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. LOUSEWORT. (Pediculiis, a louse; no
obvious application, unless the herb was used as an insectifnge.) - - Large genus,
of perennial herbs, or rarely biennial or annual (as in P. palustris and P. euplira-
sioides) ; many arctic-alpine, rather few N. American, still fewer S. American.
Leaves commonly pinnately cleft or dissected, mainly alternate ; flowers in a ter-
minal bracteate spike, rarely in a raceme or scattered ; in spring or summer.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. oGO ; Maxim. Diagn. in Bull. Acad. Petrop. x. 1877.
* Cauline leaves and flowers verticillate or mostly so: calyx 5-toothecl: galea toothless.
P. Menziesii, Benth. About 10 inches high, nearly glabrous, simple : leaves deeply
pinnatifid or pinnately parted into oblong incisely toothed divisions : lower whorls of the
spike rather distant: calyx inflated-globose; the teetli short, ciliate, somewhat crested:
tube of corolla exceeding the calyx ; galea straightish, slightly if at all rostrate, shorter
than the depending lower lip. Prodr. 1. c. 503. N. W. Coast, Mmzics, in herb. Smith.
Not identified : char, copied. Corolla of P. verslcolor, but with much-dilated throat.
P. verticillata, L. A span high, glabrate or above pilose: leaves 1-2-pinnately parted
or pinnatifid into small ovate or oblong divisions or lobes: spikes interrupted: calyx-teeth
entire or serrulate : corolla red (half inch long) : galea short, barely incurved at the Hunt
apex, nearly equalled by the lower lip. Jacq. Austr. iii. t.20G; Benth. 1. c. ; Keichenb I-.
Germ. t. 1702. Alaska to arctic regions, and Aleutian Islands. (Asia, Eu.)
20
306 SCROPHULARIACE^l. Pedicularis.
P. Chamissonis, Stev. Commonly a foot high, robust, glabrous : leaves deeply pinna-
titid ; divisions lanceolate, serrate or incised : lower whorls of the spike remote : calyx-
teeth entire : corolla yellow (over half inch long); galea with incurved acuminate beak,
becoming straitish. Monogr. in Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. vi. 20, t. 4, fig. 1 ; Hook. Fl. ii.
107. P. Romanzovii, Cham, in Spreng. Syst. ii. 778. Aleutian Islands, Chamisso, Dull, &c.
(Adjacent W. Asia.)
* * Leaves alternate, or some occasionally opposite.
1 Galea produced into a filiform porrect or soon upturned beak; throat with a tooth on each side ;
tube of corolla nearly included in the 5-toothed calyx : leaves lanceolate in outline, pinnatelv
parted; the linear or lanceolate divisions acutely or laciniately serrate, or the larger again
pinnatifid: stems simple, .strict, from a span to a foot and a half high : spike dense aiid many-
flowered, naked: corolla dull rose-red or crimson-purple.
P. Grcenlandica, Retz. Glabrous : spike 1 to 6 inches long : calyx-teeth short : beak
of the galea half inch or more long, twice the length of the rest of the corolla, decurved
on the accumbent lower lip, thence porrect and soon upwardly recurved. Fl. Scand. ed.
2, 45; Fl. Dan. t. 110(3 (with flowers not well developed) ; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 223;
Hook. 1. c. P. (ji-mt/undtcd & surrecta, Benth. 1. c. 506. P. inairnala, Retz, Fl. Scand. ed.
1, 117, & Obs. iv. 27, t. 1 (representing well developed ascending beak), not Jacq. &c.
Wet ground, Labrador and Hudson's Bay to Alpine and subalpine Rocky Mountains,
extending south to borders of New Mexico, west to Brit. Columbia, and south in the
Sierra Nevada to King's River, California, Dr. Matthews. (Greenland.)
P. attollens, Gray. More slender: spike loosely lanate-pubescent when young : flowers
smaller: calyx-teeth nearly as long as the tube: corolla dull violet purple : galea much
shorter than the broad lower lip, about half the length of the obtuse and abruptly
upturned or retrocurved filiform beak, which is only 2 or 3 lines long. Proc. Am. Acad.
vii. 384, & Bot. Calif, i. 582. Wet ground, Sierra Nevada, California, from the Yoscmite
district to Placer Co., at 0-10,000 feet, Bridges, Brewer, &c.
t -t Galea of the (short, half inch long) white corolla produced into a slender elongated-subu-
late circinate-incurved beak, nearly reaching the apex of the broad lower lip: caiyx cleft in
front : whole plant glabrous.
P. contorta, Bentll. A foot or less high, simple : leaves pinnately parted into linear
incisely serrate lobes; the upper reduced to siiupler small bracts: spike naked, cylindrical,
rather loosely many-flowered: galea with the slender beak almost circinate. Hook. Fl.
ii. 108, & DC. 1. c. 575. Mountains of Oregon and Idaho, Tolmie, Hat/den, &c.
P. racemosa, Dougl. A foot or so high, simple or sometimes branching, leafy to the
top : leaves lanceolate, undivided, minutely and doubly crenulate (2 to 4 inches long) :
flowers short-pedicelled, in a short leafy raceme or spike, or the lower in remote axils and
uppermost with bracts hardly surpassing the 2-toothed calyx : slender beak of galea
hamate-deflexed. Hook. 1. c., & DC. 1. c. Subalpine regions, British Columbia to N.
California, Utah, and Colorado.
-j_ -i H Galea falcate and with a conical or thick-subulate beak, edentulate : leaves at least pin-
natifid: flower about half inch long.
-H- Stems more or less leafy, low: leaves simply pinn:itifid: corolla ochroleucous.
P. Lapponica, L. Merely puberulent : stems clustered, a span or more high, leafy up
to the short close spike : leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid half way down in many and close
small oblong and incisely toothed lobes : calyx cleft in front, minutely 2-toothed behind :
galea erect, with abruptly incurved conical short beak. Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 1 ; Fl. Dan.
t. 2; Pursh, Fl. ii. 309. Labrador and Arctic America: apparently uncommon. (Green-
land, Lapland to Kamtschatka.)
P. Parryi, Gray. Glabrous, or the inflorescence slightly pubescent : stem a span or two
high, very leafy at base, slightly so above : leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, deeply pin-
nately parted ; the divisions linear-lanceolate, acute (2 or 3 lines long), closely callous-
serrate ; uppermost leaves reduced to narrow linear bracts : spike dense, 14- to 4 inches
long : calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth entire : corolla ochroleucous or more yellow ; galea
strongly falcate, with decurved subulate-conical beak, of about the length of the width of
the galea. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 250; Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Colorad. 97.
Rocky Mountains, from Wyoming or Montana through Colorado to Utah, within and on
the border of the alpine region.
Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACE^E. 307
H- -H- Stem scapiform, or sometimes bearing a pair of leaves, low: leaves doubly phrnatifid:
corolla probably purple: de-curved or porrect narrow beak longer than the breadth of the galea:
plants nearly glabrous, only a span high.
P. pedicellata, Bunge. Leaves pinnately parted, and the oblong or lanceolate divi-
sions incisely pinnatifid; lobes very small, dentate: spike capitate and with one or two
more distant pedicellate leafy-bracted flowers at base : calyx-lobes toothed or incised :
corolla fully half inch long: lower lip much smaller than the galea. Walp. Repert. iii.
432 (name only) & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 278; Maxim. 1. c. 111. P. nasuta, Bong. Sitk.,not
Bieb. P. subnuda, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 577. Sitka, Mertens, &c. Norfolk Sound, Eschschottz.
Also Labrador, according to Bunge, 1. c.
P. ornithorhyncha, Benth. Habit, foliage, &c., of the preceding, according to the
character: " spike interrupted : calyx ovate-inflated; the teeth nearly entire." --Hook. 1. c.
& DC. 1. c. "On Mount Ranier, Oregon, To/mie." Said to be related to P. rostrata, but
with more dissected leaves, having very acute lobes, and a smaller lip.
-i H -t -) Galea falcate, arcuate, or with apex more or less incurved, or anteriorly curvilinear;
the beak very short and thick, or commonly none.
H- Stems branching from a biennial or perhaps annual root : flowers from the axils and in short
terminal spikes : galea about the length of the lip, slender-bidentulate at the lower part of the
apex.
P. euphrasioides, Stephan. A span or more high, puberulent: leaves lanceolate;
lower pinnately parted into lanceolate incisely serrate divisions ; upper pinnatifid ; upper-
most closely crenate : calyx cleft in front and with 2 or 3 entire teeth behind : corolla half
inch long, yellowish and purplish ; galea little shorter than the tube, with a very short
and truncate horizontal beak. Willd. Spec. iii. 204; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t. 14 ; Benth.
I.e. P. Lubrtulorica, Houtt. Linn. Syst. viii. 39, t. 57. Labrador to Behring Straits.
(Kamts. to Greenland.)
P. palustris, L., var. Wlassoviana, Bunge. A foot high, glabrous : leaves all pin-
nately parted ; the small segments oblong, incisely crenate : calyx 2-cleft ; lobes incisely
cristate : corolla narrow, half inch long, purplish ; lips much shorter than the tube ; galea
not at all rostrate, nearly straight, the anterior face curvilinear, a pair of minute additional
denticulations at the throat. Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii. 283 ; Maxim. 1. c. P. Wlassoviana,
Stev. Monogr. 27, t. 9, fig. 1 ; Benth. 1. c. P. pnn-ijlora, Smith, ex Benth. Hudson's
Bay to Kotzehue Sound, and south to Oregon. (Siberia.)
H- -H- Stems simple, from a perennial root, leafy, and along with the spike longer than the leaves.
= Atlantic States species, not alpine: leaves pinnatifid: spike short and dense.
P. Canadensis, L. Hirsute-pubescent and glabrate, a span to a foot high : leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, rather deeply pinnatifid ; lobes short-oblong, obtuse, incisely and the larger
doubly dentate : spike leafy-bracteate : calyx cleft in front : corolla ochroleucous or tinged
or variegated with purple, narrow, less than inch long ; cucullate summit of the galea
incurved, its slightly produced tip emarginate-truncate and below conspicuously cuspiclate-
bidentate: capsule gladiate-lanceolate. Mant. 86; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2506; Sweet, Brit.
Fl. Card, t, 67. P. yladiata, Michx. Fl. ii. 18. P. cequinoctialis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii.
332. Moist woodlands and gravelly banks, Canada to the Saskatchewan, south to
Florida, and west to the Colorado Rocky Mountains. (Mex.)
P. lanceolata, Michx. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent : stem robust, 1 to 3 feet high :
leaves not rarely opposite, thickish, lanceolate or oblong, moderately pinnatifid and the
short and broad lobes doubly crenate-dentate, or the upper leaves merely crenate and the
teeth minutely crenulate : leafy bracts shorter than the flowers : calyx 2-lobed ; lobes
crested with a roundish appendage : corolla straw-color, an inch long, rather broad ; cucul-
late summit of the galea incurved and produced into a somewhat beak-like evenly trun-
cate and edentulate apex: capsule ovate, oblique. Fl. ii. 18; Benth. 1. c. 682. P. Vir-
ginica, Poir. Diet. v. 126. P. pa/lida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 424. P. aimculata, Smith, ex Benth. -
Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia, Ohio and the Saskatchewan. Perhaps this is also
P. resnpinatn, Pursh, 1. c., from Canada.
= = Rocky Mountain species, tall or slender, not alpine.
a. Leaves undivided: galea bidentulate at tip, equalled by the lip.
P. crenulata, Benth. Villous-pubescent, at length glabrate : stems a foot or less high :
leaves oblong-linear or narrower, obtuse (H to 3 inches long), closely crenate and the
308 SCROPHULARIACE.E. Pedicular*.
broad crenatures minutely crenulate : spike short and dense : calyx cleft in front, 2-3-
toothed posteriorly : corolla whitish or purplish, three-fourths of an inch long, like that
of P. Canadensis, but the teeth at the apex of galea less conspicuous. Prodr. 1. c. 568 ;
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Colorad. 97. Meadows and parks, Colorado Rocky Mountains, at
7 to 10,000 feet, Fremont, I'asey, &c.
b. Leaves all pinnately parted and the lower divided, ample: divisions lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate, acnfrlv laciniate-serrate or the larger pinnatifid : spike naked, many-flowered: bracts
unlike the leaves : calyx 5-cleft; the lobes slender and entire: galea almost straight, cucullate at
summit.
P. bracteosa, Benth. Glabrous, or the dense cylindraceous (14- to 3 inch) and usually
pedunculate spike somewhat pilose : stem 1 to 3 feet high : divisions of the leaves to 2
inches long, linear-lanceolate : bracts ovate, acuminate, shorter than the flowers : calyx-
lobes slender-subulate, equalling the tube : corolla less than inch long, narrow, pale yellow;
galea much longer and larger than the lip, its cucullate summit slightly produced at the
entire edentulate orifice, but not rostrate. Hook. Fl. &, DC. 1. c. P. recutita, Pursh, Fl.
ii. 425, probably. P. data, Pursh 1 not \Yilld. Mountain and subalpinc woods, Saskatch-
ewan to British Columbia, and south to Utah and the Colorado Rocky Mountains.
P. procera, Gray. Puberulent : stem robust, li to 4 feet high : leaves pinnately divided
into lanceolate (1 to 3 inches long) and irregularly pinnatifid segments, or the uppermost
deeply pinnately parted; lobes mueronately serrate or incised: bracts lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate, mostly longer than the flowers, serrate or denticulate, or the upper entire :
spike 8 to 15 inches long: calyx-lobes lanceolate or subulate, much shorter than the tube :
corolla about an inch and a half long, sordid yellowish and greenish-striate ; galea hardly
longer than the ample lip ; its broad cucullate summit slightly incurved, hardly at all
extended at the orifice, the lower angle with a short triangular tooth on each side : capsule
broadly ovate. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiv. 251. Low or wooded grounds of the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado and New Mexico, at 8 or 9,000 feet. Leaves more compound,
the bracts and calyx-lobes longer, and corolla larger than in the allied Siberian P. striata,
Pall.
= ==== Rocky-Mountain-alpinc: stem few-leaved, only a span or so high.
P. SCOpulorum. Glabrous, except the arachnoid-lanate dense oblong spike : calyx-teeth
triangular-subulate, entire, membranaceous, very much shorter than the tube : galea of
the reddish-purple (three-fourths inch long) corolla with its somewhat produced apex
obliquely truncate, edentulate or produced on each side into an obscure triangular tooth :
otherwise as the following. P. Sudetica, var., Gray in Am. Jour. I.e. Colorado Rocky
Mountains, at 12 to 14,000 feet, Parry, Hall & Harbour, &c.
== = = = Arctic-alpine, in America only in high northern regions.
a. Galea falcate-incurved and with somewhat produced bidentulate summit.
P. Sudetica, Willd. Glabrous, or the spike commonly hirsute-villous or lanate : stem a
span high, few-leaved: leaves simply pinnately-parted ; divisions lanceolate, incisely ser-
rate or crenate; the teeth somewhat cartilaginous: spike dense, mostly short: calyx-
teeth lanceolate or linear, little shorter than the tube, serrulate: corolla purple (9 or 10
lines long) ; galea longer than the erose-crenulate lobes of the lip; the tooth at the lower
side of truncate apex on each side conspicuous and cuspidate, sometimes shorter and
triangular-acuminate. Spec. iii. 203; Stev. Monogr. 44, t. 15; Reichenb. Iconogr. iv.
t. 390, & Ic. Germ. t. 1750; Bunge in Ledeb. 1. c. Kotzebue Sound, St. Paul and St.
Lawrence Islands, c. (Adjacent Arctic Asia, N. Siberia to Lapland, E. Alps.)
b. Galea less falcate or straightish, with rounded-obtuse summit not at all produced anteriorly, yet
sometimes bidentulate: calyx 5-toothed: capsule acuminate, usually double the length of the
(.ilyx: spike dense, its evolution according to Maximowicz centrifugal or nearly coetaneous (but
this hardly :tpparent), except in true P. Langsdorffii.
P. Langsdorffii, Fiscll. Stem stout, glabrous below, at base bearing numerous leafless
brown scales, 3 to 8 inches high, including the at length elongated leafy-bracteate more or
less hirsute or lanate spike : leaves pectinately pinnatifid or the radical parted into small
oblong denticulate lobes : bracts mostly like the upper leaves : calyx-teeth or most of
them denticulate: corolla rose-color or purple (rarely yellowish, 9 or 10 lines long), with
oblong-linear somewhat falcate galea longer than the lip, commonly with a slender tooth on
each side below the apex : filaments all or one pair more or less pilose above : capsule
gladiate-lanceolatc. Stev. Monogr. 49, t. 9, fig. 2; Hook. Fl. ii. 109; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. iii.
Pedicularis. SCROPHULARIACEJE. 309
288; Maxim. 1. c. P. purpurascens, Cliam. in Spreng. Syst. ii. 781. Aleutian and more
northern Islands, Kotzebue Sound, &c. (Adjacent N. E. Asia.) Evidently passes into
Var. lanata. Spike conspicuously and densely lanate : galea rather shorter, nearly
equalled by the lip, often edentulate : one pair of filaments glabrous : capsule ovate-acu-
minate. P. Langsdorffii, var., Stev. I.e. P. lanata, Willd. ex Cham, in Linn. ii. 583;
Bunge, 1. c. P. arctica, R. Br. App. Parry, 280, ex char. P. hirsuta, Benth. 1. c., in part.
P. Kami, Durand in Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 195. Same range as the type on the
north-west coast ; also arctic coast and islands, and high northern Rocky Mountains. (Green-
land, Nova Zembla, Arctic Asia.)
P. hirsuta, L. More sparsely-leaved, 2 to 10 inches high: leaves pinnately parted or
divided down to the broad rhachis, which is almost as wide as the length of the (line long)
divisions : spike capitate, lanate, or the calyx rather hirsute : corolla smaller, not over half
inch long, flesh-colored ; the closed galea not excised or notched anteriorly : filaments all
glabrous. Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 3; Fl. Dan. t. 1105; Bunge, 1. c. Arctic seacoast, Capt.
Parry. (Greenland, Spitzbergen, Lapland, Arct. Siberia.)
P. flammea, L. Rather sparsely-leaved, glabrate or glabrous, 2 to 4 inches high : leaves
deeply pinnately parted ; divisions crowded, ovate or oblong, incisely and doubly serrate
(hardly 2 lines long) : bracts of the narrow naked spike shorter than the pedicellate flow-
ers, linear-lanceolate, merely denticulate : calyx-teeth lanceolate, unequal, much shorter
than the cylindraceous tube : corolla narrow, half inch long, citron-yellow with crimson
or dark purple tip to the oblong almost equal-sided but slightly arcuate galea, which much
exceeds the small lip: filaments all glabrous. Fl. Lapp. t. 4, fig. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 30, & t.
1878; Bunge, 1. c. Labrador to the northern Rocky Mountains and northward. (Green-
land, Arct. Eu. )
P. versicolor, W^ahl. Like the preceding, mostly larger : calyx more deeply 5-toothed :
corolla three-fourths inch long, with more arcuate and gibbous galea, dilated throat, and
larger lip: two longer filaments hairy. Veg. Helvet. 118 (not Fl. Suec.) ; Cham. &
Schlecht. in Linn. ii. 585 ; Hook, 1. c. ; Bunge, 1. c. N. W. Coast 1 Island of St. Lawrence,
Chamisso. (Arctic E. Asia to Himalayas and Swiss Alps.)
n- -H- -H- Stem scapiform, leafless or one-leaved, and with the head of few large flowers surpassing
the radical leaves : galea edentulate : anthers muticous.
P. capitata, Adams. Pubescent or glabrate : leaves pinnately divided ; divisions
ovate, pinnately incised and dentate : scape 1 to 4 inches high : bracts foliaceous : calyx
campanulate, 5-cleft ; the lobes incisely dentate : corolla over an inch long, " white " or
"yellow;" its tube little exserted; galea elongated, arcuate-incurved, of equal breadth
throughout, obscurely produced at the orifice, twice the length of the lip : filaments gla-
brous. Mem. Soc. Nat. Mosc. v. 100 ; Stev. Monogr. 1. c. 19, t. 3, fig. 2 ; Cham. & Schlecht.
1. c. ; Trautv. Irnag. 55, t. 36. P. Nelsoni, R. Br. in Richards. Frankl. App. 743 ; Hook, in
Parry, App. 402, t. 1. P. verticillata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 426, not L. Arctic seacoast, Kotzebue
Sound, Unalaska, and more northern islands. (Arct. Asia.)
w- -H- -H- -H- Stem short or hardly any: radical leaves exceeding the short spike or head : galea
edentulate : anther-cells mucronate or aristate at base : lower lip nearly the length of the galea :
calyx 5-ck-rt into lanceolate unequal lobes: capsule ovate, nearly included in the calyx.
P. semibarbata, Gray. Nearly acaulescent, depressed, pubescent and glabrate : leaves
(6 to 9 inches long) in a radical tuft and as bracts to the lowest flowers, on petioles mostly
exceeding the irregular sessile spikes, twice pinnately parted or nearly so, and the oblong
lobes laciniately few-toothed : corolla yellowish and purplish, pubescent outside, two-thirds
inch long; the almost straight galea rounded obliquely at summit, not cucullate : longer
filaments villous above the middle: anthers mucronate at base. Proc. Am. Acad. vii.
385, & Bot. Calif, i. 583. Open woods of the Sierra Nevada, California, at 5 to 10,000
feet, south to San Bernardino Co.
P. centranthera, Gray. Glabrous : leaves (2 to 5 inches long) moderately exceeding
the short and dense spike, deeply pinnatifLl ; the ovate or oblong divisions doubly crenate-
dentate and their margins thickly bordered with minute white-cartilaginous teeth : bracts
shorter than the flowers, similarly margined and toothed, or the upper and calyx-lobes
nearly entire : corolla inch long, purple and yellowish ; the galea slightly incurved and
conspicuously cucullate at summit : filaments glabrous : anthers aristate at base. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 120. W. New Mexico and S. Utah to S. E. California, Bir/elow, Newberry,
Mrs. Thompson, Palmer, &c.
310 SCROPHULARIACE^. Pedlcularls.
) -I H ( H Galea completely straight and anteriorly rectilinear, edentulate, very much
longer and larger than the depauperate lip, slightly broader upwards; the whole corolla therefore
more or less clavate.
P. den.sifl.6ra, Benth. Pubescent or glabrate : stem stout, 6 to 20 inches high, leafy :
leaves ample (-4 to 12 inches long), of oblong outline, twice pinnatifid or pinnately parted,
and the lobes laciniate-dentate ; the irregular salient teetli cuspidate-tipped : spike at first
very dense, oblong (2 or 3 inches long), in age looser and longer (sometimes a foot or more
long) ; lower bracts leaf-like ; uppermost almost entire and equalling or shorter than the
short-pedicellate or sessile flowers: calyx deeply 5-toothed; the teeth lanceolate or subu-
late: corolla scarlet-red, fully an inch long; lip a line or two long: filaments glabrous.
-Hook. Fl. ii. 110, & DC. I.e. 574; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 583. P. attenuata, Benth. in
DC. 1. c. Dry hills, almost throughout California, at least in the western part of the State.
A variable but most distinct species.
37. BHINANTHUS, L. YELLOW-RATTLE. (Formed of QIP, snout, and
dvdog, flower, now meaningless, for the species with beak to the upper lip of the
corolla have been removed to another genus.) Comprises a very few annuals of
northern temperate zone ; with erect stem, opposite leaves, and mostly yellow
subsessile flowers in the axils, the upper ones crowded and secund in a leafy-
bracted spike ; in summer. Seeds when ripe rattle in the inflated dry calyx,
whence the popular name.
R. Crista-galli, L. About a foot high, glabrous, or slightly pubescent above: leaves
from narrowly oblong to lanceolate, coarsely serrate ; bracts more incised and the acumi-
nate teetli setaceous-tipped : corolla barely half inch long, only the tip exserted ; trans-
verse appendages of the galea transversely ovate, as broad or broader than long : seeds
conspicuously winged. Spec. ii. 603, mainly ; Engl. Bot. t. 657. R. minor, Ehrh. Beitr. vi.
144. Coast of New England, rare, and perhaps introduced. Alpine region of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, Labrador and Newfoundland, Lake Superior, Rocky Moun-
tains, extending south to New Mexico, and north-west to Alaska and Unalaska ; clearly
indigenous. (Greenland, Eu., Asia.) Varies much in size, but apparently we have no
R. major, Ehrh.
38. MELAMPYTIUM, Tourn. COW-WHEAT. (The name, f rom ji&off and
nvQOg, means black wheat : in Europe some species are weeds in grain fields.)
Low and branching annuals ; with opposite leaves ; chiefly European, one Atlantic
N. American : fl. summer.
M. Americanum, Michx. Nearly glabrous, a foot or so high, loosely branched :
leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, short-petioled ; lower entire ; upper with abrupt base
and one or two bristly-acuminate teeth, or nearly hastate : calyx-teeth longer than the tube,
subulate-filiform, one-third the length of the slender pale yellow (barely half inch) corolla :
flowers scattered in the axils of ordinary leaves. Fl. ii. 16; Gray, Man. 338. M. lineare,
Lam. Diet. iv. 23. M. lulifi-iiiniii, Muhl. Cat. ; Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. M. sylcaticum. Hook. Fl. ii.
106, not L. .17. /mitrnsf, vnr. Amerianntm, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 584. M. brachiatum,
Schwein. in Keating, Xarr. St. Peter R. Appx. 115, a slender form. Thickets, &c., Hud-
son's Bay to Saskatchewan, and through Atlantic States, chiefly eastward, to the moun-
tains of X. Carolina.
ORDER XCVII. OROBANCHACE.E.
Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green foliage (whitish, yellowish, reddish or
brown), with alternate scales in place of leaves, the two (single .or double) multi-
ovulate placentae parietal, and ovary consequently one-celled, the very small and
innumerable seeds with a minute embryo having no obvious distinction of parts,
otherwise nearly as Scrophulariacece. Flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous as to
Orobanche. OROBAXCHACE^E. 311
perianth, with didynamous stamens and the dimerous pistil of all the related
orders, but the stigmas and the placentae sometimes divided or separated so as
apparently to 1)6 four : all the flower commonly marcescent-persisteut. Corolla
ringent. Anthers always 2-celled. Ovary ovoid, pointed with a mostly long
style: stigma sometimes peltate or disc-shaped and entire, often bilabiate, occa-
sionally 4-lobed, i. e. the anterior and posterior stigma each 2-lobed, and some-
times these lobes or half-stigmas combine laterally, forming two right and left
stigmas which therefore are superposed to (instead of alternate with) the parietal
placentae When the latter are four, it is because the half-placentae are borne
more or less within the margin of each carpel. Capsule 2-valved, each valve
bearing on its face a single placenta or a pair. Hypogynous gland not rarely at
the base of the ovary on one side. Flowers solitary in the axils of bracts or
scales, sometimes on scapiform peduncles, sometimes collected in a terminal spike :
evolution always centripetal.
* Flowers all alike and fertile.
-i Anther-cells deeply separated from below, mucronate or aristulate at base.
H- Foreign, sparingly introduced from Europe.
1. OROBANCHE. Flowers spicate, sessile. Calyx cleft before and behind almost or
quite to the base into a pair of lateral and usually 2-cleft divisions. Corolla bilabiate ;
upper lip erect, 2-lobed or emarginate ; lower spreading, broadly 3-lobed. Stamens
included. Lobes of the stigma when distinguishable right and left.
H- -H- Indigenous and peculiar to North America.
2. APHYLLON. Flowers pedunculate or pedicellate, sometimes subsessile and thyrsoid-
spicate. Calyx 5-cleft ; lobes nearly equal, acute or acuminate. Corolla somewhat bila-
biate ; upper lip more or less spreading, mostly 2-lobed, lower spreading. Stamens included.
Stigma peltate or somewhat craterifonn. or bilamellar, the lobes anterior and posterior.
Style deciduous. Placentae 4, either equidistant or contiguous in pairs.
3. CONOPHOLIS. Flowers in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, 2-bracteolate. Calyx
spathaceous, deeply cleft in front, posteriorly about 4-toothed. Corolla ventricose-tubular,
strongly bilabiate ; upper lip fornicate and emarginate ; lower shorter, spreading, 3-parted.
Stamens somewhat exserted; the pairs little unequal (rarely the 5th stamen present).
Stigma capitate, obscurely 2-lobed ; the lobes anterior and posterior. Placenta? 4, almost
equidistant. Seeds oval, with a thick coat.
! -t Anther-cells closely parallel and muticous at base.
4. BOSCHNIAKIA. Flowers sessile in a dense simple scaly-bracted spike, ebracteolate.
Calyx short, cupuliform, posteriorly truncate or obliquely shorter, and with 3 distant
teeth in front. Corolla ventricose ; upper lip erect or fornicate, entire ; lower 3-parted.
Stamens slightly exserted. Stigma dilated and bilamellar (the lobes right and left) or 4-
lobed. Seeds with a thin reticulated coat.
* * Flowers dimorphous; lower cleistogamous ; upper commonly infertile.
5. EPIPHEGUS. Flowers subsessile and spicately scattered along slender paniculate
branches. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Corolla cylindraceous, slightly curved and upwardly
enlarged, almost equally 4-lobed at summit ; the rather larger upper lobe or lip fornicate
or concave, barely emarginate. Stamens slightly exserted : anther-cells parallel, mucro-
nate at base. Broad gland adnate to base of the ovary on the upper side. Style filiform :
stigma capitate-2-lobed. Cleistogamous flowers short unopened buds : style hardly any.
Capsule 2-valved at apex : a pair of contiguous placenta; on each valve. Seeds with a
thin and shining striate-reticulated coat.
1. OROBANCHE, L. BROOM-RA.PE. ("Ono^ and rc^on;, a vetch-
strangler.) Old- World parasites, on roots of various plants, very numerous in
species or forms, one species sparingly and probably recently introduced into the
Atlantic United States.
O. JifNOR, L. Parasitic on clover, New Jersey to Virginia, a span to a foot high, pubescent,
pale yellowish-brown, or with purplish-tinged flowers in a rather loose spike : corolla half
inch long. (Nat. from Eu.)
312 OROBANCHACE^. Aphyllon.
2. APHYLLON, Mitchell. CANCER-ROOT. (From a privative, and rfvllov,
foliage, i.e. leafless.) North American and Mexican, brownish or whitish, low,
commonly viscid-pubescent or glandular, and with violet-purplish or yellowish
flowers. --Nov. Gen. in Act. Phys.-Med. Acad. Nat, Cur. viii. (1748), 221 ; Gray,
Man. ed. 1, 290, & Bot. Calif, i. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 983.
1. GYMNOCAULIS, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. Peduncles or scapes long and slen-
der from the axils of fleshy loose scales of a short and commonly fasciculate root-
stock or caudex, naked, not bracteolate under the flower : calyx regularly 5-lobed :
corolla with elongated somewhat curved tube, and widely spreading somewhat
equally 5-lobed limb, only obscurely bilabiate : stigma peltate and slightly bila-
mellar, broad and thin: placentae nearly equidistant: seed-coat thin and minutely
reticulated. Fl. summer. Aphyllon, Mitchell, 1. c. Orobanche Gymnocaulis,
Nutt. Gen. ii. 59. 0. Anoplon, Wallr. Orobanch. 66. Anoplanthus Euano-
plon, Endl. Gen. 727.
A. uniflorum, Gray. Scaly stem short and nearly subterranean, bearing few scapes (a
span high): calyx-lobes mostly much longer than the tube, subulate, usually attenuate:
corolla violet-tinged (and flower violet-scented, inch long) ; the lobes obovateand rather large.
-Man. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 584. Orobanche uniflora, L. ; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 50. 0. biflora,
Nutt. 1. c. Phelipcea biflora, Spreng. Syst. ii. 818. Anoplanthus uniflorus, Endl. Iconogr. t. 72
(stigma wrong); Renter in DC. Prodr. xi. 41. Anoplon bijiorum, Don, Syst. iv. 633.
Damp woodlands, Newfoundland to Texas, California, and Brit. Columbia : flowers early.
A. fasciculatum, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent and glandular : stem often emergent and
mostly as long as the numerous fascicled peduncles, not rarely shorter : calyx-lobes broadly
or triangular-subulate, not longer than the tube, very much shorter than the dull yellow or
purplish corolla ; lobes of the latter oblong a_nd smaller. Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt. 1. c. ;
Hook. Fl. ii. 93, t. 170. Phelipcea fasciculata, Spreng. 1. c. Anoplanthus fascicnlatus, Walp.
Repert. iii. 480; Reuter in DC. 1. c. Sandy ground, Lake Michigan and Saskatchewan,
southward west of the Mississippi to Arizona, and west to Oregon and California ; on
Artemisia, Eriogonum, &c.
Var. luteum, a very caulescent and short-peduncled form, with sulphur-yellow corolla,
and whole plant light yellow. Phelipcea lutea, Parry in Am. Naturalist, viii. 214. Wy-
oming, Parry. Parasitic on roots of grasses.
2. NOTHAPHYLLON, Gray. Caulescent, and the inflorescence racemose, thyr-
soidal, or spicate : .pedicels or calyx 1 2-bracteolate : corolla manifestly bilabiate;
upper lip less or not at all 2-cleft : stigma sometimes crateriform : seed-coat
favose-reticulated : placentae approximate in pairs.
* Flowers all manifestly pedicellate: corolla lobes oblong, spreading; upper lip less so.
A. COmosum, Gray. Low, puberulent : short stout stem branching close to the ground :
pedicels corymbose or paniculate-racemose, shorter than the (inch or more long) flower:
bractlets one or two on the pedicel or sometimes at the base of the flower: calyx deeply
5-parted ; lobes subulate-linear and attenuate, about half the length of the pink or pale
purple corolla: anthers woolly. Bot. Calif, i. 584. Orobanche comosa, Hook. Fl. ii. 93,
t. 169 (but lobes of lower lip seldom so notched). Aopluthns comosns, Walp. 1. c. Phelipcea
comosa, Gray in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118. Dry hills, parasitic on Artemisia, &c., Washington
Terr, to California.
A. Calif ornicum, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent and viscid, and with stouter and simpler
stem, about a span high : flowers crowded in an oblong dense raceme or thyrsus : pedicels
shorter than calyx: bractlets close to the calyx, and with the subulate-linear lobes of the
latter almost equalling the yellowish or purplish corolla ; the lobes of which are shorter
and less spreading: anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. Orobanche Californica, Cham. &
Schlect. in Linn. iii. 134. Phflipcea Californica, Don. 1. c. P. erianthera, Watson, Bot.
King, 225, not Engelm. California and W. Nevada. Lower pedicels sometimes half inch
long ; upper very short.
Boschniakia. OROBANCHACE.E. 313
* * Flowers nearly sessile or the lower ones short-pedicelled, simply spicate or thyrsoid : calvx
bibracteolate, deeply 5-cIeft into linear-lanceolate lobes: upper lip 'or all the lobes of the more
tubular corolla less spreading: whole plant viscidly pruinose-puberulent.
A. multiflorum, Gray, I. c. A span or two high : calyx almost 5-parted, fully half the
length of the ample (inch or more long) purplish corolla : anthers very woolly. Orobanche
multiflora, Nutt. PL Gamb. 179. Phe.liima Ludoviciana, Torr. Bot, Mex. Bound. 110, in part.
P. erianthera, Engelm. in Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 372. Gravelly plains and pine woods,
W. Texas, New Mexico, and S. Colorado, to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
A. Ludovicianum, Gray, I.e. Rather less pubescent: spikes more frequently com-
pound: calyx less deeply and somewhat unequally 5-clef t : corolla about half smaller;
upper lip sometimes almost entire: anthers (before dehiscence) glabrous or nearly so.
Orobanche Ludoviciana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 58. Pheli/icea Ludoviciana, Walp. 1. c. ; Reuter in DC.
1. c. Illinois and Saskatchewan to Texas, thence west to Arizona and the south-eastern
borders of California. (Adjacent Mex.)
* * * Flowers subsessile or short-pedicelled, thyrsoid-naniculate. small, otherwise nearly as in
the preceding section: stems with a thickened" tuber-like squamose base: anthers glabrous:
corolla yellowish, half inch long.
A. tuberosum, Gray, 1. c. Pruinose-puberulent, seldom a span high : short and dense
spikes corymbose-glomerate at the summit of the thick stem: calyx-lobes lanceolate, longer
than the tube. Phelijma tuberosa, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 371. Dry ridges, Califor-
nia, from Monterey to San Diego, and San Bernardino Co., Brewer, Palmer, Parry.
A. pinetorum, Gray, 1. c. More pubescent : stem rather slender above the large tuber-
ous base, a span to a foot high : flowers in a rather loose elongated panicle : calyx-lobes
subulate from a broad base, not longer than the tube. Orobanche pinetorum, Geyer in
Hook. Kew Jour. Bot. iii. 297. Oregon to British Columbia, on the roots of Fir-trees.
3. CON6PHOLIS, Wallr. SQUAW-ROOT. (A'com,-, cone, and r/ioAtV, scale,
the young plant, clothed with the imbricated dry scales and bracts, not unlike a
slender Fir-cone.) Single species.
C. Americana, W^allr. Glabrous, simple, 3 or 4 and in fruit becoming 6 to 10 inches
long, as thick as the thumb, light chestnut-colored, and with yellowish flowers : scales at
first rather fleshy, at length firm-chartaceous. Orobanch. 78 ; Endl. Iconogr. t. 81. Oro~
banche Americana, L. f. Suppl. 88. Oak woods, in clusters among decaying fallen leaves,
New England to Michigan and Florida: fl. summer. (Mex.)
4. BOSCHNIAKIA. C. A. Meyer. (In memory of Boschniaki, a Rus-
sian botanist.) Short and thick, simple-stemmed from a tuberous caudex, brown,
glabrous, scaly ; the sessile flowers each subtended by a scaly bract nearly equal-
ling the corolla ; the whole forming a mostly dense cylindrical spike. W. N.
American, E. Asian and Himalayan : fl. summer.
* Calyx-teeth short and broad: placentre 2: scales (acutish) and corolla-lobes somewhat ciliate.
B. glabra, C. A. Meyer. A span to a foot high: scales ovate: anterior calyx-tooth
larger : lower lip of the ovoid ventricose corolla almost obsolete : filaments merely gland-
ular at base. Bong. Veg. Sitka, 158, where the genus was first described. Orohanche, &c.,
Gmcl. Sibir. iii. 210, t. 46. 0. Rossica, Cham. & Schlecht, in Linn. iii. 132. O. (Bosch.)
glabra, Hook. Fl. ii. 92, t. 167. Aleutian Islands and east to Slave Lake. (Japan,
Siberia.) The reference in DC. Prodr. to E. United States and Mexico was an oversight.
B. Hookeri, "Walp. Smaller: scales oblong, rather sparse: spike short: lower lip of
the oblong corolla fully half the length of the upper ; its lobes ovate-oblong : filaments
bearded at base. Rep. iii. 479; Reuter in DC. I.e. 39. Orobanche tuberosa, Hook. Fl. ii. 92,
t. 168. N. W. Coast, Menzies: not since seen.
* * Calyx-teeth linear-subulate and longer than the tube: scales very broad and obtuse: pla-
centae 4, equidistant.
B. strobilacea, Gray. A span high or less, stout and thick, brownish-red, flowering
almost from the base : scales much imbricated, orbicular and round-obovate : lower lip of
314 LENTIBULARIACE.E. Epiphegus.
the oblong (white and brownisli-striped) corolla about as long as the upper; its lobes
oblong, widely spreading: filaments densely bearded at base. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 118, &
Bot. Calif, i. 585. California; on dry steep hills, S. Yuba, Biyelow. Santa Lucia Moun-
tains, parasitic on Manzanita-roots, Brewer. San Bernardino Co., Leuunon. (Mex. ?)
5. EPIPHEG-US, Nutt. (Written Epifagus.) BEECH-DROPS, CANCER-
ROOT. (Composed of im, upon, and <jp'/j'6 s ', Beech, beiug parasitic 011 the roots
of that tree.) Single species.
E. Virginiana, Bart. Annual, slender, a foot or so high, with thickened base produc-
ing short fibrous matted roots, glabrous, dull purple or yellowish-brown, paniculately
branched : scales and bracts minute and sparse : cleistogamous flowers a line and capsules
2 lines long : developed corolliferous flowers along the upper part of the branches 3 to 6
lines long, purplish and whitish. Comp. Fl. Philad. ii. 50; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Reuter in
DC. 1. c. 4. E. Americanus, Nutt. Gen. ii. 60; Endl. Iconogr. t. 80. OrolxmcheVirginiana, L.
Lejitamnium Virtjinianum, Raf. in Am. Month. Mag. 1819. Mylunche, Wallr. Orobanch. 75.
Beech woods, New Brunswick to Florida and Missouri : fl. autumn.
ORDER XCVIII. LENTIBULARIACE^E.
Herbs, growing in water or wet soil, when terrestrial acaulescent, with scapes
or scapiform peduncles simple and one-few-flowered, calcarate corolla always
and calyx usually bilabiate, a single (anterior) pair of stamens, confiuently one-
celled anthers contiguous under the broad stigma, no hypogynous disk, and a free
one-celled ovary with free central rnultiovulate placenta (either sessile or stipi-
tate) which becomes a globular many-seeded capsule ; the anatropous seeds with
a close coat, no albumen, and filled by the apparently solid ellipsoidal or oblong
embryo. Style short or none : stigma bilamellar, or the smaller anterior lip
sometimes obsolete. Upper lip of the corolla commonly erect or concave, or the
sides replicate, from entire to 2-lobed, interior in the bud ; lower larger, spreading
or reflexed, 3-lobed, with a palate projecting into the throat and a nectariferous
spur beneath. Flowers always perfect. Capsule commonly bursting irregularly.
The following are the two principal genera. (For action of bladders of Utri-
cularia and leaves of Pinguicula, see Darwin, Insectivorous Plants, p. 368-453.)
1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx 2-parted or deeply 2-lobed ; lobes mostly entire, nearly equal.
Upper lip of strongly bilabiate and more or less personate corolla erect. Filaments thick,
strongly arcuate-incurved, the base and apex contiguous. Dissected foliage or stems of
aquatic species bladder-bearing.
2. PINGUICULA. Calyx with upper lip deeply 3- and lower 2-cleft or parted. Corolla
ringent or less personate, and the lobes all spreading. Filaments straightcr : anthers nearly
transverse. Terrestrial, with entire rosulate leaves next the ground.
1. UTRICULARIA, L. BLADDERWORT. (Utriculus, a little bladder.)
- Cosmopolitan small herbs : terrestrial species with inconspicuous or fugacious
radical leaves ; aquatic with the dissected leaves, branches, and even roots, bearing
little bladders, which are furnished with a valvular lid, and commonly tipped with
a few bristles at orifice. Scapes one-flowered or racemosely several-flowered, in
summer. Lentibularia, Vaill.
1. Scape bearing an involucriform whorl of dissected leaves, which are buoyant
by ample inflated-bladdery petioles filled with air : cauline leaves of the immersed
branching stems capillary-dissected and bladder-bearing, in the manner of the fol-
lowing section : roots few or none.
Utricularia. LENTIBULARIACE.E. 315
U. inflata,"Walt. Inflated petioles of the whorled leaves oblong or clavate, tapering to
each end, the bases of the lower divisions also inflated ; setaceous divisions pinnately
inultifid : scape 3-10-flowered, a span or so long : pedicels recurved after flowering : flow-
ers rather large, yellow : spur conical-lanceolate, emarginate, appressed to and half the
length of the lower lip: capsule apiculate with a short distinct style: seeds globular,
squamose-echinate. Car. 64 ; Ell. Sk. i. 20; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 4 ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 318.
U. ceratophyl/a, Michx. Fl. i. 12 ; LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 73, t. 6, fig. 1. Floating
in still water, Maine to Texas along the coast.
2. Scape leafless, ernersed from submersed or floating leafy stems, which are
free swimming and mostly rootless in deep water, or in some sparingly rooting
where the water is shallow : leaves dissected into capillary or filiform divisions,
some or many of them (as also stems) bearing small bladders : chiefly perennial,
or continued by hybernacular tuber-like buds set free in autumn.
* Ck'istogamous flowers along the submersed copiously bladder-bearing stems.
U. dandestina, Nutt. Leaves of the slender stems repeatedly forked : scapes slender,
3 to 5 inches high, 3-5-flowered: corolla yellow, 3 lines long; lips nearly equal in length,
the lower broader, somewhat surpassing the approximate thick and obtuse spur : cleisto-
gamous flowers scattered on the leafy stems ; their short peduncle soon deflexed : seeds
(from the clandestine blossoms) depressed-globular; the coat minutely reticulated. Herb.
Greene, & in Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 287. U. striata, Tuckerm. in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 29,
not of LeConte. U. r/emtniscapa, Benjamin in Linn. xx. 305 ? But that may be a form
of U. intermedia. Ponds, from New Brunswick and New England to New Jersey, near the
coast.
* * No cleistogamous flowers.
H Pedicels (few or several) recurved in fruit : corolla yellow.
U. vulgaris, L. Stems long and rather stout, densely leafy : leaves 2-3-pinnately
divided, very bladdery : bladders about 2 lines long : scapes a foot or less long, 5-16-flow-
ered : corolla (half inch or more broad) witli sides of lips reflexed ; upper nearly entire,
hardly longer than the prominent palate : spur conical, porrect toward the slightly 3-lobed
lower lip, shorter than it, in the N. American plant (var. Americana) commonly narrower
and less obtuse than in the European. Lam. 111. t. 14 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2-33; Fl. Dan.
t. 138; Gray, Man. 1. c. U. macror/iisa, LeConte, 1. c. Slow streams, &c , Newfoundland
and Saskatchewan to Texas, and west to California and Brit. Columbia. (N. Asia, Eu.)
U. minor, L. Leaves scattered on the filiform stems, repeatedly dichotomous, small, se-
taceous : bladders barely a line long : scapes slender, 3 to 7 inches high, 2-8-flowered :
corolla pale yellow, 2 or 3 lines broad, ringent ; upper lip not longer than the depressed
palate of the lower: spur very short and obtuse. Fl. Dan. t. 128; Engl. Bot. t. 254 ;
A.DC. 1. c. U. setncea, Hook. Fl. ii. 118, ex char. Shallow still waters, Canada and
Saskatchewan to New Jersey, mountains of Utah and Nevada, northern Sierra Nevada,
and Brit. Columbia. (Eu., Siberia.)
-1 -I Pedicels erect in fruit, few and slender: corolla yellow.
-H- Spur of corolla thick and conical, shorter than the lower lip and approximate to it.
U. gibba, L. Branches delicate, root-like: leaves sparse, sparingly dissected, capillary,
sparingly bladder-bearing: scape filiform, 1A to 3 inches high, 1-2-flowered : corolla 3
lines broad ; the lips broad and rounded. Spec. i. 18 (Gronov. Fl. Virg.) : Pursh, Fl. i. 116.
U. pumi/ii, Walt. Car. 64'? Benjamin in Linn. xx. 313. U. fornicata, LeConte, 1. c. U.
minor, Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii. 21, not L. Shallow water, Massachusetts to Alabama and
Illinois. Apparently in a subalpine pond in Colorado, Greene.
U. bipartlta, Ell. Sk. i. 22, from St. John's, S. Carolina, said to have "spur scarcely
half as long as the corolla, very obtuse," and "lower lip of the calyx generally 2-cleft,
sometimes divided to its base " (an anomalous character), has not been identified.
H- +-t- Spur of corolla narrower, equalling or little shorter than the lower lip.
= Scapes 2 to 4 inches high, 1-3-flowered : corolla less than half an inch broad.
U. biflora, Lam. Floating or submersed stems filiform, small: dichotomously dissected
leaves delicately capillary, usually copiously bladder-bearing: spur narrowly oblong,
316 LENTIBULARIACE.E. Utricularia.
obtuse, porrect or curved upward: seeds somewhat scale-shaped, imbricated, smooth.
111. i. 50 ; Poir. Diet. viii. 272 ; Vahl, Enum. i. 200 ; Ell. Sk. i. 23. U. pumila, Walt. 1. c. 1
a rather earlier name, but uncertain. U. Integra, LeConte, 1. c. ex Ell. U. Jibrosa, Chapm.
Fl. 283, not Walt. & Ell. Ponds and shallow waters, S. Virginia? and S. Illinois to
Texas.
= = Scapes 4 to 12 inches high, slender, few-several-flowered : corolla over half inch broad :
leaves dichotomously dissected: bladders wholly or mostly borne along leafless portions of the
slender steins.
U. fibrosa, Walt. Leaves somewhat scattered, small and capillary, sometimes bladder-
bearing : scape 2-0-flowered : lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded ; upper
undulate, concave, plicate-striate in the middle; lower slightly 3-lobed, with projecting
eruarginate palate and reflexed sides ; equalled by the nearly linear obtuse or emarginate
spur: seeds minutely muricate. Car. 64 (ex char.); Vahl, 1. c. ? Ell. Sk. i. 20. U.
longirostris, LeConte in Ell. 1. c. 21. U. lonyirostris & U. striata, LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y.
1. c. U. bipurtita, Chapm. Fl. 283. Shallow ponds and pine-barren swamps, Long Island
and New Jersey to Florida and Alabama.
U. intermedia, Hayne. Leaves crowded, 2-ranked, repeatedly dichotomous, rigid ; the
divisions filiform-linear, flat, with margins not rarely setaceous-serrulate : scape 1-4-flow-
ercd: lower lip of corolla very broad and with large palate, larger than the upper, some-
what exceeding the conical-subulate acute spur. Schrad. Jour. i. 18, t. 5, & Fl. Germ,
i. 55 ; Vahl, I.e.; Engl. Bot. t. 2489 ; Roichenb. Ic. Germ. 1. 1824. U. vulgaris, minor, L. ;
Oeder, Fl. Dan. t. 1202. Shallow water, Newfoundland to New Jersey and Ohio, and
thence far northward. Also Plumas Co., in the Sierra Nevada, California, Mrs. Austin.
(N. Eu., N. Asia.)
-t H -i Pedicels erect in fruit, rather long : corolla violet-purple.
U. purpurea, ^Talt. Leaves verticillate on the rather long and large free-floating
stems, petioled, decompound ; the divisions capillary, rather copiously bladder-bearing :
scape a span or two long, 2-4-flowered : corolla over half inch broad ; lower lip 3-lobed, its
lateral lobes saccate and the central larger, about twice the length of the conoidal com-
pressed spur: seeds globular, chaffy-muricate. Car. 64 ? (doubtful, because the flowers
are said to be small) ; Pursli, Fl. i. 15; LeConte, 1. c. ; A. DC. 1. c. 5. U. saccata, Ell. Sk.
i. 21, said to have been so named by LeConte. Ponds, Maine and N. Penn. to Florida,
mainly near the coast. (Cuba.)
3. Scape leafless and solitary, the base rooting in the mud or bog, usually
rising from or producing filiform and root-like creeping shoots, which bear slender
subulate-gramineous (occasionally septate) simple leaves, or branches which take
the place of leaves, to the lower part of which, as also to the colorless shoots,
bladders are sparingly attached, usually fugacious or unnoticed, so that the flower-
ing plant appears to be a leafless and naked scape only.
* Flower violet-purple, solitary and transverse on the summit of the scape: leaves of the rooting
shoots sometimes furnished with a few capillary lobes.
U. resupinata, B. D. Greene. Scape filiform, a span high: corolla 4 or 5 lines long,
deeply 2-parted ; lips almost entire ; upper narrowly spatulate ; lower dilated and with a
small palate : spur oblong-conical, very obtuse, ascending, shorter than and remote from
the corolla, which appears as if resupinate : leaves an inch or so long, attenuate. Hitch-
cock, Cat. PI. Mass.; Bigel. Bost. ed. 3, 10; A.DC. Prodr. 1. c. 11; Gray, Man. ed. 1,
286, ed. 5, 319. U. Greene! , Oakes in Hovey, Mag. Hort. 1841. Sandy bogs and borders of
ponds, Maine to Rhode Island near the coast, B. D. Greene, Oakes, Olney.
# * Flowers mostly yellow, solitarv or several : spur descending: leaves entire, terete : these and
the bladders seldom seen.
U. SUbulata, L. Filiform radical shoots and leaves rather copious, but commonly evan-
escent : scape filiform, an inch to a span high, 1-9-flowered ; the raceme becoming zigzag :
pedicels slender: corolla 2 or 3 lines broad; lower lip plane or with margins recurved,
equally 3-lobed, much larger than the ovate upper one, nearly equalled by the oblong
acutish appresscd spur. Spec. i. 18 (Gronov. Virg., ex herb. Clayt.) ; Pursh, 1. c. ; A. DC.
1. c. 16. U. setnrea, Michx. Fl. i. 12 ; Vahl, 1. c. Wet places in pine barrens, New Jersey
to Florida and Texas near the coast. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
Pinguicula. LENTIBULARIACE.E. 317
Var. cleistogama. An inch or two high, bearing one or two evidently cleistogamous
purplish flowers, not larger than a pin's head : capsule becoming a line long. (Gray, Man.
ed. 5, 320; Ell. Sk. i. 24.) With the ordinary form. Pine barrens of New Jersey,
J. A. Paine. Evidently also seen in Georgia by Elliott.
U. COrnuta, Michx. Filiform radical slioots apparently none: leaves fasciculate, evan-
escent, rarely at all seen : scape strict, a span to a foot high, 1-10-flowcred : pedicels very
short, 2-bracteolate at base: corolla an inch long, including the long subulate acute spur;
lower lip very large, the sides strongly recurved, and the central palate-like portion as if
galeate, merely equalled by the obovate upper lip : seeds nearly smooth. Fl. i. 12; Pursh,
1. c. ; A. DC. 1. c. U. personata, LeConte, 1. c. ; Bertol. Misc. viii. 21. Sphagnous or sandy
swamps, Newfoundland to L. Superior and south to Florida and Texas. (Cuba, Brazil.)
2. PING-UfCULA, Tourn. BUTTERWORT. (From pinguis, fat, in allu-
sion to the greasy-viscid surface of the leaves.) - -Terrestrial acaulescent herbs, of
moist or wet ground (in northern hemisphere and the Andes) ; with fibrous roots,
broad and entire leaves in a rosulate radical tuft, their upper surface with a coat-
ing of viscid glands, to which insects, &c., adhere, the margins slowly infolding
under irritation ; scapes naked, 1-flowered, circinate-coiled in vernation. Upper
lip of the corolla 2- and lower 3-lobed or parted; the lobes sometimes incised ;
the base anteriorly saccate, and the bottom of the sac contracted into a nectari-
ferous spur.
* Corolla distinctly bilabiate, purple, violet, or rarely whitish ; upper lip decidedly smaller, 2-lobed
or parted; lower 3-parted ; lobes mostly quite entire : boreal species.
P. villosa, L. Small : leaves oval, nearly glabrous, half inch long or less : scape villous-
pubescent, inch or two long: corolla (pate violet with yellowish-striped throat) 2 lines long,
and with a slender spur of nearly the same length or half shorter. FI. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 2;
Fl. Dan. t. 1021; E. Meyer, Labrad. 39; Reichenb. Iconogr. i. t. 82 ; Cham, in Linn,
vi. 568. P. (iculi folia, Michx. Fl. i. 11, the erect-rosulate oval and very acute leaves described
are really the scales of a hybernacular bud, and the plant (with mature fruit) had lost its
leaves. Labrador, Hudson's Bay, Northern islands and shores of the N. W. Coast.
(Greenland, Arctic Eu., & Asia.)
P. alpina, L. Somewhat glabrous: leaves oblong, barely incli long: scape 3 or 4 inches
high : corolla (whitish) 4 lines long, and with a conical obtuse divergent incurving spur of
less than half the length of the lower lip. Fl. Lapp. t. 12, fig. 3; Fl. Dan. t. 453;
Reichenb. I.e. t. 81 ; Engl. Bot. t. 2747. Labrador, Steinhaiter. Given by LeConte to
herb. Collins. Specimen not wholly satisfactory, but apparently of this species, not else-
where detected in America. (Eu. to Siberia.)
P. vulgaris, L. Minutely puberulent or almost glabrous : leaves ovate or oval, an inch
or two long, soft-fleshy: scape 1 to 4 inches high : corolla (violet) about half inch long,
with campanulate or short-funnelform body abruptly contracted into a narrow linear-
cylindraceous (acutish or obtuse) and mostly straight spur (of about 2 lines in length).
Oeder. Fl. Dan. t. 93; Engl. Bot. t. 70; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 84; Hook. Fl. ii. 118; Herder in
Radde, iv. 90. P. yrandiflora, Hook. 1. c. P. macrocems, Willd. ; Roem. & Sch. Syst. Mant.
i. 168; Cham, in Linn. vi. 568 ; A.DC. I.e. 30; a longer-spurred and commonly larger-
flowered form (corolla from two-thirds to almost an inch long). P. microceras, Cham. 1. c.
(P. iiMci'iii-i'i-ns, Reichenb. 1. c. t. 82, fig. 169, 170), a depauperate small-flowered and shorter-
spurred form of high northern region. Wet rocks, Labrador, Northern New England
and New York, L. Superior, &c., to Alaskan coast and islands, and northward ; the inacro-
ceras and microceras forms north-westward. (N. E. Asia to Europe and Greenland.)
* * Corolla light violet, varying occasionally to white, less bilabiate, the sinuses equal except
between the two lobes of the upper lip; the three lower lobes usually emarginate or obcordate ;
palate conical or cultrifonn, verv protuberant, clothed with a dense yellow or sometimes white
beard: spur abrupt and narrow from base of a short conical sac: upper lip of stigma small, nar-
rowly triangular ; lower semi-orbicular : h". spring. ( P. ccerulen, Walt. Car. (i-'J, covers one or both
the following species, but the character is insufficient to secure the adoption of the name.)
P. pumila, Michx. Leaves half to full inch long, oval or ovate: scapes filiform, weak,
2 to inches high : corolla a quarter to half inch long ; spur acute, longer than the rather
318 LEXTIBULARIACE^E. Pinguicula.
narrow saccate base ; lobes retuse or emarginate ; palate puberulent-bearded, conical,
salient. Fl. i. 11; Pursh, Fl. i. 14; Ell. Sk. i. 19. P. australis, Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 103, the spur by no means "very short." Low pine-barrens, Carolina to
Florida and Louisiana.
P. elatior, Michx. Leaves oblong or spatulate-obovate, 1 to 3 inches long : scapes 6 to
12 inches high : corolla an inch long or considerably smaller ; spur obtuse, mostly shorter
than the saccate base; lobes obcordate ; palate oblong, parallel with the throat, the short
free apex more conspicuously bearded. Fl. 1. c. ; Valil, Enum. i. 191; Pursh, 1. c. ; Ell.
1. c. Wet soil, Carolina to Florida and Alabama in the low country.
* * * Corolla golden yellow, not bilabiate, except that the two upper lobes are commonly more
united, all or most of the lobes incisely 2 l-cleft, equal: stigma of the preceding, or lips less
unequal. Brandonia, Reichenb.
P. lutea, "Walt. Leaves from ovate to oblong-obovate, an inch or two long : scapes 5 to
12 inches high: corolla an inch or less long; the lobes longer than the short-campanulate
tube with the saccate base, all or the lower and lateral usually 4-lobed or 2-cleft with the
divisions obcordate, or variously sinuate ; spur subulate, as long as the sac and tube ;
palate oblong, very salient, densely bearded. Car. (33; Michx. 1. c ; Ker, Bot. Reg. t.
126; Ell. 1. c.; A.DC. Prodr. viii. 32. P. camjmnn/u/a, Lam. in Jour. Hist. Nat. 1792, 336,
t. 18, fig. 1. Low pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. edentula, A.DC., I.e. (P. edaitulu, Hook. Exot. Bot. t. 16, cult, from Savan-
nah), has lobes of corolla all simply and equally obcordate, shorter than the tube. Possibly
a hybrid of P. lutea and P. pumila.
ORDER XCIX. BIGNONIACE^E.
Trees or shrubs, either erect or scandent (very rarely herbs), with mostly oppo-
site leaves, and large and showy flowers, with more or less bilabiate corolla, tetra-
dynamous or diandrous stamens, single style and bilabiate stigma, and numerous
anatropous ovules of the preceding orders ; distinguished from them by the large
and flat usually winged and transverse exalbuminous seeds, indefinitely numerous,
on parietal placentae, or usually on a partition which separates from the two valves
of the capsule in dehiscence, although in the ovary and when the ovules are in
many rows the placeutation often appears to be central ; the cotyledons broad
and thin, plane, commonly emarginate or 2-lobed, and the short straight radicle
included in the basal notch. Capsule either loculicidal or septicidal, often silique-
like. Anthers 2-celled : suppressed stamens commonly represented by rudimen-
tary filaments. Corolla bilabiately imbricated in the bud (in our genera, in a few
others valvate). Calyx gamosepalous. Leaves compound, or in two of our genera
simple ; sometimes a pair of basal leaflets and sometimes an axillary pair of leaves
imitate stipules. Chiefly a tropical and rather large order ; but few North
American.
* Leaves opposite, compound : perfect stamens 4 : seeds transversely winged, hypogynous
disk conspicuous : stems mostly scandent.
1. BIGNONIA. Calyx with undulate or barely 5 toothed margin. Corolla campanu-
late or cylindraceous-ampliate above the narrow and short proper tube, somewhat equally
bilabiate-5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent, glabrous. Capsule linear, compressed parallel
with the flat valves and partition, marginicidal and septifragal, a filiform margin usually
separating all round both from the edges of the valves and the partition. Seeds attached
in a single series on each side of both margins of the partition ; the thin wing entire. Ten-
dril-climbers.
2. TECOMA. Calyx distinctly 5-toothed. Corolla funnelform or somewhat campanulate
above the short proper tube, somewhat bilabiately 5-lobed. Anther-cells divergent,
glabrous or sparsely pilose. Capsule narrow, somewhat terete or turgid, loculicidal and
septifragal ; the valves contrary to the partition. Seeds imbricated in one or two or more
series mi each side of the margins of the partition ; the wing hyaline. Rootlet-climbing or
erect shrubs ; flowers in terminal panicles or corymbs.
Catalpa. BIGNONIACE^E. 319
# * Leaves simple and entire: erect trees or shrubs : calyx closed in tlie bud, bilabiately
or irregularly dividing or bursting in anthesis : corolla-lobes undulate-crisped, hardly
unequal : anthers glabrous ; the cells narrow, divaricate : hypogynoUs disk obsolete :
capsule long-linear, loculieidal, terete ; valves contrary to the partition: seeds narrow,
in 2 or more series on each side of partition; lateral wings dissected into copious long
hairs.
3. CATALPA. Corolla ventricose-ampliate above, somewhat oblique, biIabiate-5-lobed.
Antheriferous stamens 2, anterior, with filaments arcuate, and 3 rudimentary filaments
(rarely 4 stamens anthcriferous). Leaves mainly opposite and ovate or cordate.
4. CHILOPSIS. Corolla more funnelform ; the lobes erose. Antheriferous stamens 4;
also a rudimentary filament. Leaves oftener alternate or irregularly scattered, linear.
1. BIG-NONIA, To urn. (Commemorates the Abbe Biynon.}--K large
tropical-American genus, with the following more northern one : A. spring.
B. capreolata, L. (Cuoss-viNE.) Extensively climbing, glabrous: transverse section
of older stems exhibiting a medullary cross : leaves of a single pair of ovate or oblong
acuminate and subcordate entire leaflets and a compound tendril; accessory leaves or
leaflets in some axils imitate foliaceous stipules: pedicels in fascicles of 2 to 5 on axillary
spurs : calyx membranaceous : corolla 2 inches long, orange-red without, yellow within :
capsule (') inches long, 9 lines wide; valves 1 -nerved. Spec. ii. 624 (Catesb. Car. ii. t.
82); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 864; Jacq. Schimb. t. 363; Michx. Fl. ii. 25. B. cnidi/cru, L.
as to syn. Clayt. & Gronov. Virg. ; Walt. Car. 1GU. Woods, in low grounds, Virginia and
S. Illinois to Florida and Louisiana.
2. TECOMA, Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER, or TRUMPET-CREEPER. (Abridg-
ment of the Mexican name, Teconinj-ochitl.} - - Genus (of late divided into
several by monographers, but retained nearly intact by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii.
1044, digitate species excluded) of several species, widely dispersed; ours impari-
pinnate and the leaflets serrate, ovate, and acuminate. They have been referred
to different genera or subgenera on account mainly of the number of ranks of
seeds. Fl. summer.
T. radicans, JUSS. Climbing by aerial rootlets: leaflets to 11 : flowers corymbose:
corolla tulmlar-fiumelform, orange and scarlet, 2J or 3 inches long: stamens not exserted :
capsule lanceolate, slightly stipitate ; valves very convex, acutely narrowly margined:
seeds several-ranked. DC. Prodr. ix. 223; Nutt. Sylv. iii. t. 104; Bureau, Mon. Bign.
t. 14. BiyiioiiKt niiliauis, L. (Catesb. Car. i. t. 65) ; Wangenheim, Amer. t. 26; Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 485; Schk. Handb. t. 175. Ca>n/>sis nidiains, Seem. Jour. Bot. &c. Moist
soil, Penn. and Illinois to Florida and Texas : common in cultivation.
T. stans, JUSS. Erect shrub- leaflets 5 to 11, narrower or lanceolate, more incisely
serrate: flowers racemose or paniculate: calyx small: corolla more campanulate, yellow,
inch and a half long: fifth stamen often with abortive anther : capsule linear, elongated,
sessile; valves carinate-convex : seeds single ranked. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3191 ; DC. I.e.
224. Diijiioiiln sinus, L. (Plum. Ic. Amer. t. 54) ; Jacq. Stirp. Amer. t. 176. SlenoUntm
stuns, Seem. Jour. Bot. i. 87; Bureau, 1. c. t. 13. S. Florida (introduced ?) and S. Texas
to Arizona. (W. Ind., Mex., &c.)
3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. (Aboriginal name.) - - There are a N. China
and a Japanese species allied to our own, and a few somewhat anomalous West
Indian species. Fl. summer; showy.
C. bignonioid.es, Walt. Low or large tree, with spreading branches : leaves pubes-
cent, at least beneath, ample, cordate, acuminate, rarely somewhat angulate-lobed, long-
petioled: panicle large and loose, compound: lips of the calyx obovatc, mucronate :
corolla inch long and broad, white or nearly so, dotted with purple and yellow in the
throat: pendulous slender capsules a foot long. Car. 64; DC. I.e. 226; Bureau, Mon.
Bign. t. 25. C. cordifolia, Jaunjc in Duham. Arb. t. 5; Ell. Sk. i. 24. C.syring(efolla t Sims,
320 BIGNONIACE.E. CWopsis.
Bot. Mag. t. 1094; Pursh, Fl. i. 10. Bignonia Catalpa, L. (excl. syn.); Catesb. Car. i.
t. 49 ; Michx. f . Sylv. ii. 04. River banks, S. Illinois to Georgia, W. Florida, and Louis-
iana. Cult, north to New England.
4. CHIL()PSIS, Don. (Xefl.0, lip, and otyig, resemblance; name of no
particular application.) Single species.
C. saligna, Don. Shrub or low tree, 10 to 20 feet high, with hard wood, pubescent
when young, soon glabrous : branches slender : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 4 to 6
inches long, of firm texture : lower leaves often opposite or verticillate : flowers in a short
terminal raceme : corolla an inch or two long, white and purplish : capsule G to 10 inches
long. Edinb. Phil. Jour. ix. 261: G. Don, Syst. iii. 228; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 587. C.
linearis, DC. Prodr. ix. 227. Bit/nonia linearis, Cav. Ic. iii. 35, t. 209. Water-courses in
dry districts, S. Texas to S. California. (Mex.)
CRESCENTIA CUJETE, L., the Calabash tree of the West Indies, the type of an anomalous
tribe of this order, with indehiscent cucurbitaceous-like fruit, has been introduced on the
Keys of Florida, and in consequence has been figured by Nuttall, Sylv. iii. t. 103; but it
has no claim to a place in our flora.
ORDER C. PEDALTACE^E.
Herbs, with mucilaginous or watery juice, chiefly opposite simple leaves, and
flowers as of the preceding order (to which it has more usually been annexed),
except in the structure of the ovary and fruit. Ovary either one-celled with two
parietal intruded placenta; expanded into two broad lamellte or united into a
central columella, or variously 2-4-celled by the extension of the placentae and by
spurious partitions from the wall. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, or nucumentaceous,
few-many-seeded. Seeds wingless, mostly with a thick and close coat, filled by
the large embryo ; the cotyledons thickish. A small extra-European and mainly
African order, or suborder, of warm climates, represented in the United States by
one sparingly naturalized, and one or two probably indigenous species.
1. SESAMUM. Calyx herbaceous, 5-parted, persistent. Corolla ventricose-campanulate
or f unnelform ; limb bilabiately 5-parted, spreading ; upper lobes smaller. Stamens didy-
namous : anther-cells parallel. Stigmas linear. Fruit an oblong quadrangular and 4-sul-
cate capsule, septicidal at summit, spuriously 4-celled, a false partition from the dorsal
suture of each of the two carpels reaching the columnar placenta at the centre. Seeds
numerous in a single series in each half-cell.
2. MARTYNIA. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate, membranaeeous, somewhat bladdery-campanu-
late, 5-cleft, sometimes splitting anteriorly to base, deciduous. Corolla ventrieose-funnel-
form or campanulate, somewhat oblique or decurved; the lobes of the bilabiately 5-
parted limb broad, somewhat undulate, slightly unequal. Stamens 4, strongly didynamous,
or sometimes only the anterior pair antlieriferous : anthers tipped by a gland; the cells
divaricate. Stigma bilamellar. Ovary one-celled, witli two parietal placenta; which
meet in the axis and there diverge in broad lamella 1 , bearing single or double rows of
ovules. Fruit fleshy-drupaceous, tapering into an incurved beak: fleshy exocarp at
maturity 2-valved and deciduous: endocarp fibrous-woody, scrobiculate, cristate at the
sutures, 2-valved through the slender beak to the summit of the cells, indehiscent below ;
the cavity by the extension of the placenta; to the walls 4-locellate, and with a small
empty central cavity. Seeds rather numerous, oblong, large, with a thick and somewhat
spongy tuberculate-rugose coat. Cotyledons obovate, fleshy : radicle very short.
1. SESAMUM, L. BENE, OIL-PLANT. (From the Arabic semscn.)
Chiefly African annuals ; the following widely dispersed through cultivation.
S. INDICUM, L. Somewhat pubescent annual, 1 to 3 feet high, with mucilaginous juice and
oily seeds : leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, petioled ; lower often 3-lobed or divided :
corolla white or tinged with rose, inch long: capsule velvety-pubescent. Bot. Man.
Martynia. PEDALIACE^. 321
1. 1088; Encll. Iconogr. t. 70; DC. Prodr. ix. 249. S. fndicum & S. orientale, L., &c. Spar-
ingly naturalized in the Gulf Atlantic States. Seeds yield a useful oil. (Adv. from Old
World.)
2. MARTYNIA, L. UNICORN-PLANT. (Prof. John Martyn, of Cam-
bridge.) - - Diffuse and rank viscid-pubescent herbs (natives of America), of heavy
odor ; with ample rounded and subcordate petioled leaves, the lower usually oppo-
site and upper alternate, and large flowers in short and loose terminal racemes :
pedicels subtended by small bracts or none. Fl. summer. Our species belong
to PROBOSCIDEA, having 4 perfect stamens and beak longer than the body of
the fruit, and the calyx is more cleft anteriorly.
M. proboscidea, Glox. Coarse and heavy-scented annual : leaves cordate, roundish,
often oblique, entire or obscurely undulate-lobed (4 to 12 inches in diameter) : bractlets
oblong-linear: corolla H or 2 inches long, dull white, spotted within with some yellowish
or purplish, also varying to light yellow : endocarp crested on the posterior suture only.
Obs. 14, ex DC. Prodr. ix. 253; Sims, Dot. Mag. t. 1050; Pursh, Fl. ii. 428. M. ntmua, L.
excl. syn. hab. ^]f. Louisiana, Mill. Diet. & Ic. t. 286. Banks of the Mississippi and
lower tributaries to New Mexico. Also naturalized or cultivated about gardens farther
north. ( Mex., &c.)
M. fragrans, Lindl. Less stout : leaves from roundish to oblong-cordate, somewhat
lobed and sinuate-dentate, 3 to 5 inches broad: corolla more campanula te, 1 or 2 inches
long and wide, sweet-scented, from reddish- to violet-purple. Bot. Reg. xxvi. misc., & xxvii.
t. G; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4292. M. violacea, Engelm. PI. Wisl. 101 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
110, partly. South-western borders of Texas and southern part of New Mexico, Wriyhl,
Bif/elow. (Northern Mex.)
M. altheeefolia, Beiltll. Low and small : leaves seemingly all alternate, long-petioled,
roundish-ovate and cordate, sinuately 3-7-lobed, 1 or 2 inches broad : bractlets linear-
oblong or oval : corolla inch and a half or less long, from buff- to chrome yellow, or whit-
ish, mottled or dotted with brown and orange : endocarp armed with teeth on both sutures.
Bot. Sulph. 37. M. arenaria, Engelm. PI. Wisl. 101; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 110.
S. W. Texas to S. Arizona, Wright, Bit/clow, Palmer. (Lower California.)
ORDER CI. ACANTHACE^E.
Chiefly herbs, with opposite simple leaves, no stipules, and didynamous or dian-
drous more or less bilabiate or irregular flowers with the general characters of
o o
ScropJtidariacece, &c. ; but corolla not rarely convolute in the bud; the anatropous
ovules few and definite (from 2 to 8 or 10 in each of the two cells); fruit always
capsular, 2-celled, elastically loculicidal scattering the seeds ; seeds without
albumen (except sparingly in the first tribe), either globose, or orbicular and com-
pressed and the hilum marginal, wingless, in most supported on the upper face
of curved processes from the placentae (indurated and persistent funiculi ?) called
retinacula, the close coat not rarely developing mucilage and spiricles when
wetted, in the manner of Polemoniacece. Cotyledons plane, orbicular with cordate
base : radicle straight or accumbently incurved. ITypogynous disk conspicuous.
Style filiform, undivided, with one or two small stigmas. Corolla from almost
regular and 5-lobed (and then convolute in the bud) to deeply bilabiate (or in
Acanthus with only a lower lip). Calyx persistent, of 5 or sometimes 4 sepals,
commonly unequal and more or less imbricated, sometimes united. Inflores-
cence various : flowers usually conspicuously bracteate and often 2-bracteolate.
Stems commonly quadrangular. Cystoliths abound in the foliage. A large
21
322 ACAXTHACE^:.
and mainly tropical or subtropical order, one strongly marked tribe of which is
represented in ornamental cultivation by TJtunberyia, another sparingly so by
the Acanthus of the Old World ; the others have several North American repre-
sentatives.
TRIBE I. NELSOXIE^E. Corolla imbricated in the bud ; upper lip exterior. Seeds
small and globular, attached by a small ventral papilliform funicle, without reti-
nacula, not mucilaginous when wetted: embryo in a thin layer of albumen ! (In
char, nearest to Scrophulariacece, but capsule and habit of Acanthacece.)
1. KLYTRARIA. Calyx 4-parted ; lower division sometimes 2-toothed. Corolla with
cylindraceous tube, fumielform throat, and 5-lobed or somewhat bilabiate limb. Stamens
2: filaments very short, inserted low in the throat: anther-cells equal and parallel.
Stigma 2-lobed. Ovules to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong, thinner and contracted at
base, acute at tip. Seeds globular. Bracts of the solitary or fasciculate-clustered spikes
and the similar scales of the scape imbricated, glumaceous.
TRIBE II. RUELLIE/K. Corolla convolute (sinistrorsely) in the bud, either bilabiate
or nearly regular. Seeds flat, attached by the edge to retinacula. (Stamens in
ours didynamous, the long and the short filament on each side contiguous or united
at base by a membrane ; the anthers 2-celled, and the cells equal and parallel :
style with linear or subulate stigmatose apex, the posterior lobe wanting or reduced
to a minute tooth, or rarely 2 equal narrow stigmas.)
* Corolla deeply bilabiate: capsule terete and 2-celled to the very base.
2. HYGROPHILA. Calyx deeply and almost equally 5-cleft or parted. Corolla narrow ;
lips erect at base and above (at least the lower) spreading, 2- and o-lobed. Anthers oblong,
muticous. Capsule oblong-linear, several-seeded. Flowers sessile in the axils.
* * Corolla not obviously or only moderately bilabiate, the 5 lobes broad and roundish,
spreading: capsule with the base more or less contracted into a solid short stipe.
3. CALOPHANES. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted ; lobes elongated setaceous-acuminate
or aristiform. Corolla funnelform, with ample limb, either somewhat manifestly bilabiate,
or with 5 equal broad and spreading lobes, the two posterior a little higher united. An-
thers mucronate, or at least mueronulate, or sometimes aristate at base. Ovules a single
pair in each cell. Capsule oblong-linear, 2-4-seeded.
4. RUELLIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft or parted ; lobes mostly linear or lanceolate. Corolla
with funnelform or campanulate throat on a narrow and sometimes elongated tube; the
5 ovate or rounded lobes nearly similar and spreading, or the posterior rather more
united. Anthers muticous, oblong-sagittate. Ovules 3 to 10 in each cell. Capsule oblong-
linear or clavate, several- (G-20-) seeded.
TRIBE III. JUSTICIE/E. Corolla imbricated in the bud ; the posterior lobes or
lip interior. Seeds and capsule of the preceding tribe ; in the last two genera the
placentiferous half-portions separating below from the valve after dehiscence.
* Stamens 4, in the throat of the corolla : filaments short : anthers one-celled, ovate-lan-
ceolate or oblong, muticous at base, their tips sometimes lightly cohering by a minute
beard: corolla with 5 plane obovate lobes, the two posterior usually united a little
higher : stigma naked, truncate or obscurely funnelform : ovules 2 in each cell : calyx
5-sepalous or 5-parted into narrow nearly equal divisions.
5. STENANDRIUM. Lobes of the salverform corolla all equally spreading. Low herbs.
6. BERGINIA. Posterior lobes of the corolla nearly erect, forming an upper lip, the
3 others larger and widely spreading. Anterior pair of filaments bearded on the inner
side: anthers ovate-lanceolate. Seeds (mostly 2) rugose. Fruticulose.
* * Stamens 2 and no rudiments : anthers 2-celled: ovules 2 in each cell; capsule usu-
ally more or less obcompressed, and with a conspicuous stipe-like solid base.
-t Placentae not separating from the valves of the capsule.
H. Anther-cells equal, parallel and contiguous, muticous : limb of corolla somewhat
equally 4-parted : shrubby plants: bracts and bractlets small and narrow or minute:
calyx small, 5-parted or 5-cleft ; the divisions narrow : stigma obscurely capitate or
emarginate : filaments filiform, inserted in the throat.
7. CARLOWRIGHTIA. Corolla with narrow tube shorter than the lobes; throat not
dilated ; limb 4-parted down to the tube ; lobes entire, oblong, nearly similar, widely
Ebjtraria. ACAXTHACE.E. 323
spreading and piano, or the posterior (interior in tlic bud) at first concave-infolded and
less spreading. Stamens nearly equalling the corolla-lobes. Capsule ovate, acuminate,
obeornpressd, on a slender chivate stipe. Seeds very flat, minutely scabrous.
8. ANISACANTHUS. Corolla with elongated tube gradually somewhat wider at the
throat; the 4 lobes similar, lanceolate, entire, erectish recurving; the posterior (or upper
lip) rather more deeply separated. Stamens and style equalling or exceeding the corolla-
lobes. Capsule ovate on the long clavate stipe. Seeds smooth or rugulose.
H- -H- Anther-cells unequal or unequally inserted, one lower than the other or oblique ;
= The lower calcarate or mucronate at base: corolla manifestly bilabiate; upper lip
erect and more or less concave, merely emarginate or 2-lobed at apex, not surpassed by
the stamens; these inserted in or near the throat : calyx 5-parted (sometimes 4-parted),
small.
9. SIPHONOGLOSSA. Corolla with long-linear or filiform tube and short limb ; lower
lip broad and spreading, 3-cleft. Anther-cells contiguous and parallel, but one higher.
10. BELOPERONE. Corolla deeply bilabiate, but with tube much longer than limb;
throat narrow ; lower lip 3-lobed at apex, erect-spreading. Anther-cells somewhat unequal
and oblique, on a more or less dilated connective. Seeds globular or thickened !
11. JUSTICIA. Corolla with short tube, and rather ampliate throat seldom longer than
the limb ; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed. Anther-cells oblique and disjoined. Seeds, as far
as known, flat.
= = Anthers muticous, or both cells rarely mucronulate at base : calyx deeply 5-parted
into narrow or subulate divisions, the fifth commonly smaller : stamens not surpassing
the corolla.
12. DIANTHERA Corolla bilabiate; upper lip erect and concave or fornicate, entire or
2-toothed ; lower spreading and 3-lobed, with a rugose or venose-reticulated convex base
or palate. Anther-cells ovate or oblong, not parallel, moderately or conspicuously dis-
joined on a dilated connective. Seeds glabrous, smooth, or echinulate-scabrous. Bract-
lets small
13. GATESIA. Corolla with slender tube, somewhat ampliate throat, and almost equally
4-lobed spreading limb ; lobes nearly similar, plane, ovate. Anther-cells oblong, contig-
uous and similar, but one a little lower and oblique. Stigma capitellate. Seeds gla-
brous, minutely rugulose. Spikes short and dense : bracts and bractlcts membranaceo-
foliaceous, 1-nerved and pinnately veined or triplinerved.
H -i Placenta?, by rupture of half-partition from the base upward, at length separating
and diverging or incurving : anther-cells muticous, or rarely one or both mucronulate
at base : calyx small, dry, or somewhat, glumaceous, 4-5-parted ; the divisions subulate
or linear-lanceolate, equal, or the innermost (posterior) smaller : corolla with narrow
tube: filaments filiform.
14. TETRAMERIUM. Flowers solitary (rarely 2 or 3) covered by a large and herbaceous
primary bract, and subtended by two small and narrow bractlets. Corolla with an almost
equally 4-parted limb, or somewhat bilabiate; the 3-partecl and widely spreading lower
lip rather more separated from the less spreading or rather erect and slightly concave
entire and obovate or oblong upper lip. Anther-cells equal and parallel or nearly so,
either contiguous or separated by a slightly dilated connective. Seeds flat, muriculate
or papillose. Spikes strobilaceous, quadrifarious.
15. DICLIPTERA. Flowers not covered by primary bracts (of main axis), but involu-
crate (either singly or in a fascicle) by 2 valvately opposed and nearly equal or 4 less
dilated and unequal herbaceous bractlets. Corolla deeply bilabiate ; upper lip erect, con-
cave or plane, entire or emarginate; lower spreading, entire or 3-lobed at apex. Anthers
with a narrow connective. Seeds either smooth or muriculate. Inflorescence various,
not strobilaceous-spicate.
1. ELYTRARIA, Michx. ("Elvrnor, a case or cover, the scape or pe-
duncle and spike covered with imbricated bracts.) - - Low perennial herbs (chiefly
tropical American) ; with leaves crowded at base of a naked scape or at summit
of a short naked stem, tapering to the base, thinnish ; flowers small, solitary and
sessile under the bracts ; these and the scales of the scapes rigid-chartaceous or
glumaceous, alternate ! Michx. Fl. i. 8 (1803); Valil, Enum. i. 106 (1804),
excl. spec.
B. virgata, Michx. Acaulescent: leaves from oblong to elongated spatulate, obtuse (2
to inches long), with usually undulate margins : scape a foot or less high, bearing a short
324 ACANTHACE.E. Elytraria.
spike or a cluster of spikes : bracts ovate, cuspidate-acuminate : corolla white (3 or 4 lines
long): seeds nearly smooth and even. Fl. i. 9, t. 1 ; Vahl, 1. c. ; not " E. Vahlianu," as
says Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 63. Anonymos Carolinensis, Walt. Car. 69. Tubiflora Caroli-
nensis, Gmel. Syst. E. cupressina, Nees, 1. c. 65, if N. Amer. ? Low grounds, S. Carolina
to Florida : fl. summer.
E. tridentata, Vahl, 1. c. Acaulescent or with proliferous low stems: leaves lanceolate
or oblong, 2 or 3 inches long, clustered, as are the hardly longer peduncles or scapes, either
at the root or at the summit of naked stems : spikes slender: bracts ovate, mostly scarious-
margineil; the upper commonly tricuspidate or aristate : corolla purple. Griseb. Fl. W.
Ind. 451 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. E. ramosa, frondosa, fasciculata, &c., HBK. ; Nees,
1. c. Arizona and New Mexico, along the Mexican border. (Mex. to W. Ind. & S. Brazil.)
2. HYG-ROPHILiA, R. Br. (From 'vj'po^, moist, and cfdi'a, affection ;
plants which affect wet places.) A large tropical genus, of which a single species
reaches the southernmost Atlantic States.
H. lacustris, Nees. Nearly glabrous : stem simple, 2 or 3 feet high from a creeping
base: leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire (about 4 inches long), scabrous-ciliolate : flowers
small, white : calyx-lobes and bracts subulate-lanceolate : anthers of the shorter stamens
smaller. DC. Prodr. xi. 80. Rm-lUa lacustris, Schlecht. in Linn. v. 96. R. justicicsflora,
Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. i. 170. Swamps, Texas and Louisiana, Dnunmond, Riddell, Lind-
heuner, &c. W. Florida, Saunnan. (Mex.)
3. CAL6PHANES, Don. (Ka).o^ beautiful, and qpawo, to appear.)
Low perennials, branched from the base, pubescent or hirsute, usually with pro-
portionally large or showy axillary flowers, either solitary or usually clustered
and nearly sessile ; the corolla blue or purplish, rarely white ; its tube not longer
than the calyx. Seeds as in Ruellia, or the hairs nearly destitute of rings or
spiral fibres. Fl. summer.
* Eastern-Atlantic species: calyx deeply 5-parted : stems from slender creeping base or rootstocks:
flowers solitary or few in the axils.
C. humistrata, Nees. Glabrous or almost so throughout, no hirsute hairs : stems weak,
erect or decumbent from the creeping base: leaves thinnish, oblong-obovate or the upper-
most oblong, narrowed at base into a petiole (6 to 18 lines long) : corolla white, barely half
incli long, seldom longer than the obovate or oblong foliaceous bractlets ; the tube very
short : sepals setaceous-aristiform from an oblong-lanceolate base, little shorter than the
corolla: anther-cells oblong, barely mucronulate. DC. Prodr. xi. 108. Rttellia humistrata,
Michx. Fl. ii. 23. Dipteracanthus ( Calophanes) riparius, Chapm. Fl. 303, a luxuriant form.
Low grounds, S. Georgia and Florida.
C. oblongifolia, Don. Pubescent or soft-hirsute, sometimes glabrate : stems usually
erect and simple, a span to a foot high : leaves from narrowly oblong to oval, very obtuse,
sessile (an inch or less long) : corolla blue, sometimes purple-dotted or mottled, seldom an
inch loner, twice the length of the narrowly oblong bractlets ; the tube shorter than the
ample throat : sepals distinct almost to the very base, filiform-setaceous, hirsute, more than
half the length of the corolla : anther-cells oblong-linear, aristulate. Brit. Fl. Gard. ser.
2, t. 181; Nees, 1. c. (Tlitellin bifloru, L. Spec. ii. 635, may be this, but it rests on a mere
mention by Dillenius, without character.) Ruellia oblongifolia, Michx. Fl. ii. 23; Pursh, Fl.
ii. 420. Dipteraciinthns litlinis, Nees in Linn. xvi. 294. D. oblor/ifo!iiis, Chapm. 1. c. Sandy
pine barrens, S. Virginia to Florida. An almost glabrous large form in Florida.
Var. angUSta. A reduced form, a span or so high, nearly glabrous, very leafy :
leaves and flowers only half inch long, most of the former oblong-linear. Dipteracanthus
linearis, Chapm. 1. c. S. Florida; Key West and Biscayan Bay, Blodgett, Palmer.
* * Texano-Arizonian species : calyx 5-cleft.
C. linearis. Hirsute with somewhat rigid and short hairs, or glabrate, not cinereous:
stems erect and strict (a span to a foot high), or branched and diffuse : leaves from linear-
oblanceolate to oblong-spatulate (9 to 20 lines long), rather rigid : flowers usually foliose-
glomerate : bracts and bractlets similar to and equalling the subtending leaves and about
Ruettia. ACANTHACE.E. 325
equalling the corolla: calyx-lobes subulate-setaceous, more or less hispid-ciliate, hardly
more than twice the length of the narrow tube : corolla purple ? (10 linos long) ; the tube
not longer than the abruptly ampliate throat: anther-cells linear-oblong, aristulate.
Dipteracanthus (Calophanes) linearis, Torr. & Gray in PI. Lindh. i. 50. C. ovata, Benth. PI.
Hartw. 89, as to Texan sp. ; Nees, 1. c. ; surely not Ruellia ocata, Cav. C. obionrjifolia, var.
Texens/s, Nees, 1. c. ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122. Dry ground, Texas (Berlandier, Drum-
mond, \Vriijht, &c.) to the border of Now Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.)
C. decumbens. Cinereous-puberulent throughout, not at all hirsute, nor scabrous:
stems mostly spreading on the ground : leaves spatulate, or the lowest obovate and the
uppermost oblanceolatc, with attenuate base, but hardly petiolcd (6 to 14 lines long) :
flowers few in the foliose-bracteolate clusters : setaceous-subulate calyx-lobes hardly twice
the length of the tube : corolla purple (8 or 10 lines long) ; its tube double the length of
the throat, nearly equalling the calyx-lobes: anther-cells oblong, mucronate. Calophanes
oMongifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 123, not Don. Dry soil, western borders of Texas
( Wricjkt, &c.) to S. Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Eolltrock, &c. (Adjacent Mex.)
4. RUELLIA, Plum. (/. Ruel, or de la Ruette,oi France, early herbalist.)
Large genus, chiefly American and tropical, perennials; with mostly entire
and broad leaves, and rather large flowers (in summer), usually violet or lilac-
purple, solitary or commonly clustered in the axils or in evolute cymes ; in several
species the earlier or later blossoms cleistogamous. Seeds in many clothed with
fine appressed hairs, which when wetted diverge and elongate, either marked with
fixed spiral bands or developing spiricles. Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1077. Our
species all rank under Rtiellia proper (Cryphiacanthus and Dipteracanthus, Nees
in DC.), with straight tube and almost or quite regular limb to the corolla, and
included stamens. Both stigmas equally developed occasionally in R. strepens
and R. cillosa. Five stamens have been found in the latter.
* Flowers in open pedunculate cymes from upper axils and forming a terminal panicle : bracts and
bractlets small, linear or subulate: capsule 8-12-seeded, narrow: hairs of the seed developing
long spiricles when wetted.
R. tuberosa, L. Glabrcscent or minutely pubescent, a foot or two high, with somewhat
tuberous-thickened roots : leaves (2 or 3 inches long) with undulate or obscurely repand-
dentate margins, ovate-oblong or elliptical, and with base cuneatc-contracted or decurrent
into a rather long petiole: primary and secondary peduncles of the loose cyme slender:
calyx-lobes subulate-filiform (half inch or more long), much exceeding the bractlets, hardly
equalling the slender tube of the (inch and a half long blue or sometimes white) corolla,
which is about as long as the funnelform-campanulate throat : capsule narrowly subcla-
vate, 7 to lines long, the stipitiform solid base mostly short but manifest Spec. ii. 633;
Griseb. Fl. W. Intl. 452, but hardly of Desc. Ant. ii. 1. 113. R. danclcslinn, L. 1. c. ( Dill. Elth.
328, t. 248.) R. lunni/is, etc., Plum. Nov. Gen. Amor. 12, t. 2. Crypliiacantluu Barbadensis,
Nees in DC. 1. c. 197. Dijtteracantluis nudiflorus, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. i. 21. Kiver-
bottoms, Texas. (W. Ind., Mex., S. Am.)
Var. OCCidentalis. Rather large and tall : inflorescence and calyx conspicuously
viscid-pubescent; the latter usually shorter than the tube of the (H to fully 2 inch)
corolla : leaves from glabrate to velvety-pubescent, mostly ovate and with more abrupt or
even subcordatc base, sometimes 6 or 7 inches long. W. & S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright.
S. Arizona, Ro'Jirock. " California " (or probably Arizona), Coulter. The two latter glabrate
forms. (Mex.)
* * Flowers solitary or 3 and cymulose on an axillary peduncle aa long as the leaf: bracts foli-
aceou? : seeds and "capsnle of the succeeding: stems branching.
R. pedunculata, Torr. Slightly puberulent, 2 feet high, with spreading branches:
leaves ovate-oblong, acute, short-petioled (H to 3 inches long): peduncles spreading,
slender, 1 or 2 inches long, bearing a pair of bracts similar to the leaves (half inch or more
long) and equalling the calyx and capsule of the single flower, or shorter than the similarly
2-bracteolate pedicels when they are developed : calyx-lobes subulate-filiform, pubescent,
about the length of the narrow tube of the corolla : throat of the latter dilated-f unnel-
326 ACAXTHACE^E. Ruellta.
form : capsule puberulent. (Torr. in herb., unpublished.) Dry woods, in W. Louisiana,
J. Hale. Arkansas, Biye/ow, Mrs. Harris. Corolla about an inch and a half long.
* * * Flowers subsessile and commonly glomerate in the axils, when short-peduncled with
foliaceous primary bracts or braetlets: stamens of almost equal length: capsule at most 8-seecled :
short hispid hairs of the seed spreading when wet, containing a fixed spiral lib re or band, but no
uncoiling spiricles.
-I Suffrutescent : leaves rigid: corolla white: capsule oblong, with hardly any stipe-like base.
R. Parryi. A span high, much branched from the ligncscent base : leaves obovate-oblong,
or the upper oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a distinct petiole, hispid-ciliate, otherwise
glabrate, an inch or less long (the older have cystolitlis) : flowers mostly solitary in the
axils, on a peduncle shorter than the petiole or subsessile : bractlets oblong, surpassing
the slender-subulate often unequal calyx-lobes : tube of the corolla (inch long) slender,
dilated at the summit into a small narrowly funnclform throat, which is shorter than the
lobes. Dipleracant/ius suff'ruticosus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 122 (but there is a R.stiffru-
ticosa, lloxb.). South-western borders of Texas: at Presidio del Norte, Parry, in flower.
Valley of the Pecos, in fruit, IVriyht.
t -1 Herbaceous: stems mostly simple: corolla usually blue or violet, except in R. tubijtora:
capsule more broadly clavate and obcom pressed.
H- Calyx-lobes filiform-attenuate, longer than the capsule: cleistogamous flowers seldom seen.
R. noctiflora. Puberulent, or very young parts soft-villous, a foot or less high : leaves
narrowly oblong (1 to 3 inches long), mostly with tapering base, but sessile : bracts and
bractlets of the solitary or few flowers linear-lanceolate: calyx generally sof t-puberulent ;
its lobes somewhat linear-filiform and hardly widened at base (sometimes 18 lines long),
barely half the length of the elongated (fully 2 inch) tube of the white corolla, the throat
of which is funnclform. R. tuhi flora, LeContc in Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 142, not HBK.
Dipleracantlius noctiflorus, Nees in DC. I.e., partly; Chapm. Fl. 304. Low pine-barrens,
Lower Georgia, LeConte. W. Florida, Rnycl, C/tnpinan, &c. S. Mississippi, Imjulls. Night-
blooming ?
R. ciliosa, Pursh. Usually hirsute with long spreading hairs, especially the (about inch
long) h'liiorm attenuate calyx-lobes: leaves oblong or the lower oval (an inch or two long),
almost sessile: tube of the blue corolla commonly twice the length of the calyx and of the
limb with the obconical throat, the whole not rarely 2 inches long. Fl. i 420 ; Gray, Man.
ed. 5, 339. Dipteracanlhus ciliosus, Nees in Linn. xvi. 294, & Prodr. 1. c., with var. hybridus,
mainly. Dry ground, Michigan and Illinois to Florida and Louisiana : in various forms.
Var. longiflora. Pubescence sometimes cinereous, with or without long hirsute
hairs: stems sometimes flowering when 2 or 3 inches high, sometimes tall and slender:
leaves narrowly oblong or the lower obovate-spatulate, usually small : slender tube of
corolla 1 or 2 inches long. R. hnmilis, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 182. Jtis-
tiria, with char. & no name, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 235. Dipteracanthus Dnnnmondii,
Torr. & Gray in PI. Lindh. i. 50. D. norti floras, Nees, in DC. 1. c., as to Texan pi. and var.
IS, also I), ril/osits, var. hybridiiK, in part. Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas.
. hybrida. Either hirsute or cinereous-pubescent, sometimes almost velvety-
pubescent : leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly with distinct petioles : tube of the corolla
shorter than the throat and limb, sometimes shorter than the linear-setaceous calyx-lobes,
which often want the hirsute hairs. R. lit/bridtt, Pursh, Fl. ii. 420; LeConte in Ann.
Lye. 1. c. R. strrprns, L. as to Dill. Kith. t. 249, at least in part. R. Itirsuta, Ell. Sk. ii. 10!>.
Dtpteracanthus ri/ioxus, var. ln/ltridns, in part, & I). MitchiUianus, Nees, 1. c. D. strepens, var.
Dillr-nii, Nees, 1. c. S. Carolina to Florida. Verges to the two following species.
Var. amblgua. Sparingly hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves ovate-oblong, usu-
ally short-pctioled, larger: tube of corolla little exceeding the hardly hirsute calyx.
DipteracantkusciliosuSj'var.parvi/lorus, Nees, 1. c. Virginia and Kentucky to Alabama. As
if a hybrid between A', ciliosa and R. slrepens, with aspect of the latter, but the calyx of
the former.
R. Drummondiana. Cinereoiis-puberulent, tall: leaves ovate, 3 to 6 inches long, peti-
oled : filiform-setaceous and canesccnt calyx-lobes (commonly an inch or more long) more
or less shorter than the tube of the (inch and a half long) corolla. Dipteracanlhus Drum-
mondianits, Nees in DC. 1. c. D. Lindficinieriamis, Scheele in Linn. xxi. 704, 1848. Texas,
Drumamnd, Lindheimcr.
CarlotcrigJitia. ACANTHACE.E. 327
-H- -H- Calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear, hardly surpassing the capsule : cleistogamous flowers
common.
R. Strepens, L. Green and almost glabrous or pubescent, 1 to 4 feet high : leaves oblong-
ovate or oblong, 2 to 5 inches long, mostly contracted at base into a short petiole : calyx
sparingly soft-hirsute or ciliate : well-developed corolla 1 or 2 inches long, with tube
about the length of the campanulate-funnelform throat and limb. Spec. ii. 634 (partly)
& Mant. 422; Sclik. Handb. 1. 177; Pursh, 1. c. Dipteracanthus strepens, Nees, 1. c., mainly.
Dry soil, Penn. to Wisconsin, Florida, and Texas.
Var. cleistantha. Leaves commonly narrower and oblong : flowers for most of the
season cleistogamous. Dipteracanthus (Meiophanes) micranthus, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh.
i. 49. D. strepens, var. strictus, Nees, 1. c., mainly. Hi/yrophila lllinoiensis, Wood in Bull.
Torrey Club, v. 41. Common with the ordinary form!
5. STENANDRIUM, Nees. (Composed of O-TO/O?, narrow, and dv8poi>,
the hall for men, alluding to the narrow corolla ?) Low and small perennials,
all American, commonly with leaves all at base of scapiform flowering stems ;
the flowers spicate ; corolla rose-colored or purple.
S. dulce, Nees. Hirsute-pubescent or glabrate : leaves all radical, oval or oblong, thick-
ish, 9 to 10 lines long, either narrowed or abruptly contracted into a rather long naked
petiole: scape equalling or shorter than the leaves, capitately few-flowered: bracts lanceo-
late, longer than the calyx, usually hirsute-ciliate (either nerveless or 3-nerved) : tube of
the corolla narrow, rather longer than the calyx, the limb half inch or more in diameter :
capsule clavate-oblong, somewhat terete. DC. Prodr. xi. 282, with S. trinerve. Ruellia
dulcis, Cav. Ic. vi. 02, t. 585, fig. 2. (Hex. to S. Chili.)
Var. Floridanum. Glabrous, only the upper bracts and bractlets lightly hirsute-
ciliate. Indian River, E. Florida, Palmer.
S. barbatum, Torr. & Gray. Very hirsute with long and shaggy white hairs, many-
stemmed from the root ; a span or less high : leaves crowded, oblanceolate, attenuate at
base into an indistinct petiole, above passing into the lanceolate and crowded foliaceous
bracts of the rather many-flowered spike, which nearly equal the corolla: tube of the
latter hardly longer than the calyx; limb over half inch in diameter: capsule ovate,
obcompressed, not attenuate at base: seeds hispid. Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 168, t. 4, & Bot.
Mex. Bound. 122. Hillsides, western borders of Texas and adjacent parts of New Mex-
ico, Wriyht, Gen. Pope, &c.
6. BERG-lNIA, Harvey. (In honor of Mr. Bergin, of Dublin.) Benth.
& Hook. Gen. ii. 1096. A single species.
B, virgata, Harvey. Low and branching, apparently suffruticose, minutely cinereous-
puberulent: branches slender: leaves linear-oblong, nearly sessile (half inch long); the
upper smaller and passing into obscurely 3-nerved bracts of the loose and interrupted
spike: calyx rather longer than the bracts, 2-bracteolate : corolla probably white, less
than half inch long ; its lower lobe bearded at and below the base. Gray, Bot. Calif.
i. 588. " California," Coulter. Probably Arizona : not since found.
7. CARLOWRlG-HTIA, Gray. (Charles Wright, the discoverer of one
species, the earliest explorer of the district it inhabits, a most assiduous and suc-
cessful collector and investigator of the botany of several parts of the world.) -
Much branched undershrubs, minutely cinereous-puberulent or glabrate ; with
slender branchlets, small and narrow entire leaves, and rather small loosely
spicate or paniculate-racemose flowers : corolla purple. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xiii. 364.
C. linearif 61ia, Gray, 1. c. A foot high, ericoid-leafy : leaves filiform-linear, 4 to 8 lines
long; uppermost passing into similar bracts and bractlets of the somewhat paniculate in-
florescence: calyx deeply 5-parted; the divisions similar to and equalled by the bractlets:
328 ACANTHACE^E. Carlowrightia.
lobes of the purple and almost rotate corolla oblong, 24 lines long, twice the length of the
tube : filaments hirsute-puberulent : anthers sagittate, the cells at base very obtuse or
retuse : stipe as long as the body of the capsule. Shaueria UncarifoHa, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound, 123: referred by Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114, to Dianthcra, but it cannot properly
be included in that genus. Western Texas ; on hills between the Limpio Pass and the Rio
Grande, Writjht. Burro Mountains and Great Canon of the Rio Grande, Bicjelow, Parr;/.
C. Arizonica, Gray, 1. c. Apparently low, diffuse : leaves oblong or lanceolate, 2 or 3
lines long : flowers sparsely spicate on filiform branchlets : bracts subulate, shorter than
the calyx : bracelets minute or none : calyx deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes subulate : lobes of the
bright purple corolla 4 lines long, thrice the length of the narrow tube, narrowly oblong,
or the posterior broader above and with a yellow spot on the face, contracted below : fila-
ments glabrous : anthers oblong : stipe shorter than the body of the capsule. Arizona, on
rocks near Camp Grant, Palmer, 1867.
8. ANISACANTHUS, Nees. (3i>iao.,\ unequal, and ii/.avdoi, the Acan-
thus.) -- Suffruticose or shrubby plants (of Mexico and its borders); with mostly
lanceolate and entire petioled leaves, and usually loosely spicate or scattered red
(an inch or more long) flowers : branches apt to be pubescent in alternate lines.
Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1117.
A. pumilus, Nees. Low shrub, nearly glabrous : leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate
(about Itf lines long) ; the larger short-petioled : calyx pubescent or tomentulose, 5-parted;
the subulate or linear lobes about equalling the stipe of the capsule, which is not longer
than the body : corolla red or reddish. DC. Prodr. xi. 445. Drejera pubenda, Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 123. S. Arizona, WriijJd, Wheeler. Probably not distinct from A. viryidaris,
Noes, the Justlciu coccinea, Cav. and J. virgularis, Salisb. (Mex.)
A. Thurberi. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high : young parts minutely hirsute : leaves oblong or
lanceolate (an inch or less long), thickish, subsessile : flowers more pedicellate, in short
leafy clusters at the axils : calyx-lobes long-attenuate, equalling the pointed capsule, twice
the length of its stipe : corolla red, more funnelform ; its lobes little shorter than the tube.
Drejera Thurhfri, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 124. S. New Mexico and Arizona, Thurber,
Capt. Smith, Palmer.
A. V7rightii. Suffruticose, 2 to 4 feet high, puberulent or the foliage glabrous, panicu-
lately branched : leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate (an inch or two
long) : spikes loosely paniculate, naked : lobes of the deeply 5-cleft calyx oblong-lanceo-
late, obtuse, very much (commonly thrice) shorter than the stipe of the pointed capsule
(stipe 3 to 5 and capsule 3 or 4 lines long) : corolla purplish-red, inch and a half long, with
lobes considerably shorter than tube. Dreje.ra Wriyhlii, Torr. 1. c. S. and W. Texas,
between the Guadaloupe and the Rio Grande, Wrii/ht, &c.
A. GUEGGII, Drejera Gret/f/ii, Torr. 1. c., of northern part of Mexico, has leaves as the
last species, but more pubescent and veiny, longer and slender corolla, with linear lobes
longer than the tube, tomentose calyx 5-cleft only to the middle, and the single capsule
seen is obovate and obtuse or retuse, on a stipe of thrice its length and double the length
of the calyx.
9. SIPHONOG-L6SSA, Oersted. (J/qpcor, tube, and yJlwffffa, tongue.)
Herbaceous or barely suffrutescent, chiefly Mexican.
S. Pilosella, Torr. Low, branching from a suffrutescent base, hirsute with scattered
spreading hairs : leaves ovate or oval, subsessile (5 to 15 lines long) : flowers mostly soli-
tary in the axils : sepals 5, subulate : corolla pale blue or purple, with tube 8 or 9 and limb
3 or 4 lines long: lower anther-cell conspicuously mucronate-calcaratc at base; upper less
so at apex : seeds cordate-orbicular, rugulose. Bot. Mex. Bound. 134. Adhatoda difitera-
canllia, Nees in DC. 1. c. 396. Moitechma PiJosella l Nees, 1. c. 412. Dry ground, Texas and
S. New Mexico. (Adjacent Mex.)
S. longiflora. Glabrous, or the slender stems cinereous-puberulent, barely a foot high :
leaves lanceolate, glabrous, short-petioled, an inch or two long : flowers clustered in upper
Dianthera. ACANTHACE^. 329
axils: corolla (white or yellowish-white) with tube inch and a half long: lower anther-
cell mucronate-appendaged at base. Adhatoda? lonyijlora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125.
S. Arizona, Schott, Rothrock.
10. BELOPERONE, Nees. (B&og, an arrow or dart, and ntQOvri, some-
thing pointed.) Shrubby plants ; with red flowers, all but the following tropical
American.
B. Californica, Benth. Low shrub, with spreading often leafless branches, tomentose
or cinereous-puberulent : leaves ovate, oval, or subcordate, petioled : racemes terminating
the branches, short, several-many-flowered : bracts and bractlets small, deciduous : calyx
deeply 5-parted ; lobes subulate-lanceolate : corolla dull scarlet, an inch long ; both the lips
oblong and truncate ; lower 3-lobed at apex : anther-cells oval; lower mucronate at base :
capsule obtuse, with broad and long stipe-like base obcompressed : seeds turgid, glabrous,
coarsely rugose. Bot. Sulph. 38; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 588. Jarobinia Californica, Nees
in DC. 1. c. 729. Sericographis Californica, Gray in Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. Desert region
along the southern borders of California, and Lower California.
11. JUSTfCIA, Houston, L. (James Justice, a Scotch cultivator and ama-
teur.) A large and widely distributed genus, chiefly tropical, represented here
by a single anomalous and little known plant.
J. Wrightii. A span or less high and much branched from a suffrutescent base, cinereous-
puberulent : leaves rigid, 3 or 4 lines long, sessile ; lowest obovate ; upper linear-lanceolate,
mucronate-acute : flowers solitary and sessile in the upper axils ; bractlets similar to the sub-
tending leaf : corolla purplish, 4 lines long, somewhat campanulate ; upper lip with a broad
emargination and two short narrow lobes; lower larger with oval-obovate lobes : anther-
cells oblong; the lower abruptly short-calcarate ; the upper smaller and mucronate at base
(fruit not seen: ovules 4). Calcareous hills along the San Felipe, W. Texas, Wriyhi. (no.
445 of 1st coll.).
12. DIANTHERA, Gronov. (Ais, double, and dv^pa, blooming, used for
anther.) Chiefly perennial herbs, mostly American and of warm regions, various
in inflorescence and habit : fl. summer. Rhytiglossa, Nees in DC. Frodr. xi. 335.
1. EUDI ANTHER A. Flowers capitate or spicate on a long and naked axillary
peduncle : bracts and bractlets subulate or linear : tube of the (purple or violet)
corolla shorter or not longer than the limb : glabrous perennials.
D. crassifolia, Chapm. Stem barely a foot high, simple or sparingly branched :
leaves few in distant pairs, fleshy, linear, or the lowest spatulate-lanceolate and short, and
the upper filiform and elongated (4 to 6 inches), about the length of the 2-0-flowered
peduncles: corolla an inch long, bright purple: capsule (with the long stipe) of the same
length. Fl. 304. Apalachicola, Florida, in wet pine barrens, Chapman.
D. Americana, L. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sulcate-angled : leaves narrowly lanceolate,
3 or 4 inches long, tapering at base, subsessile : peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves,
capitately several-flowered : corolla pale violet or whitish, less than half inch long ; base
of lower lip rugose. Spec. i. 27 ; Gray, Man. ed. i. 293. D. ensiformis. Walt. Car. 63.
Justicia liiivarifolia, Lain. 111. i. 41. ./. prdnm-nlosa, Michx. Fl. i. 7. ./. Amcr'u-una, Valil,
Enuin. i. 140. Rhytir/lossa pedunculosa, Nees in DC. 1. c. 339. In water, Canada to South
Carolina, Arkansas, and Texas.
D. humilis, Engelm. & Gray. Stems a span to a foot high from a creeping base or
rootstock, mostly slender: leaves from oblong or obovate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, ses-
sile or slightly petioled, 1 to 3 inches long : flowers at length scattered in slender spikes on
a peduncle shorter than the leaf: bract and bractlets much shorter than the 5 equal subu-
late-linear calyx-lobes : corolla violet or pale purple, 4 or 5 lines long : anther-evils more or
less mucronate at base. PI. Lindh. i. 22. D. oi-ata, Walt. Car. 03; Chapm. Fl. 304
(with var. lanceoluta & anyusta), a misleading name, as th leaves are never so broad
330 ACANTHACE^E. Dianlhera.
as ovate. Justicia liumilis, Michx. Fl. i. 8; Pursh, Fl. i. 13; Vahl, Enum. i. 43. Rliyti-
glossa humilis, Nees, 1. c. 340. R. obtusifolia, Nees, 1. c. 338, as to N. Am. plant 1 Muddy
borders of streams, S. Carolina, near the coast, to Texas. Narrowest leaved forms much
resemble the tropical D. pectoralis, which has smaller flowers and fifth sepal small.
D. parviflora, Drejera parviflora, Buckley in Proc. Acad. Philad. Dec. 18G1, is like the
preceding, so far as an imperfect specimen shows : but leaves shorter (an inch or so long),
lanceolate from a broader and rounded subsessile base, the younger with a few hairs, and
the inflorescence puberulent, with also some short-stipitate glands. W. Texas, Buckley.
2. Anomalous species, cinereous-pubescent: flowers small, in the axils of
ordinary leaves and in slender spikes terminating the branches. (D. Sayrceana,
Griseb. with somewhat similar habit, is Justicia Sagrceana, the lower anther-cell
calcarate.)
D. parvifolia. Much branched from a somewhat woody root or base, a span or more
high, erect or diffuse : leaves ovate, 3 to 8 lines long, petioled ; upper axils florif erous :
flowering brandies mostly extended into slender sparsely-flowered spikes : bracts with
bractlets and sepals subulate, small : corolla white or purple, 4 lines long; the lips nearly
equal and about the length of the rather broad tube : anther-cells separated by a narrow
connective, somewhat oblique and one a little lower. Shaueria parvifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 122. Dry soil, W. Texas to New Mexico, Wriyht, Schott, Liiidheimer, &c. Re-
ferred to this genus on the authority of Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1114.
13. G-ATESIA, Gray. (In memory of Dr. Hezekiah Gates, who almost half
a century ago made and distributed a collection of Alabama plants, upon one of
which, viz. Petalostemon corymbosus, mistaken for a Composita, Bertoloui founded
his genus Gatesia.) Single species : fl. summer. Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 365.
Gr. Isete-Virens, Gray, 1. c. Perennial herb a foot or two high, puberulent or almost
glabrous : stem when dry with a contracted ring above eacli node, as if articulated : leaves
bright green, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or oval and acuminate at both ends (2^ to
5 inches long), petioled: flowers in oblong and somewhat strobilaceous usually short-
peduncled spikes, both terminal and axillary : bracts oval or obovate with narrowed base,
mucronate, hirsute-eiliate (half inch long): bractlets similar but smaller, about half the
length of the clavate-oblong firm-coriaceous capsule : calyx somewhat glumaceous, deeply
5-parted : lobes setaceous-subulate, sparingly hirsute-eiliate, the innermost smaller : corolla
white or flesh-color, almost salverform (about half inch and the lobes 2 lines long) : stipe-
like base shorter than the body of the 4-seeded capsule. Justicia Icete-wrens, Buckley in Am.
Jour. Sci. xlv. 170 (1843). Rhyt'ujlossu vir'uUJloru (meant for viridifollu), Nees in DC. Prodr.
xi. 346. Dicliptera Hdei, Riddell, Cat, Fl. Ludov. in N. Orl. Med. Jour. 1852 ; Chapm. Fl.
305. Shady damp ground, Northern Alabama, Buckley, Cabell, Beaumont. Lookout Moun-
tain, Tennessee, .4. //. Curtiss. W. Louisiana, Hale. Eastern Texas, Wr'njht. " Flowers open-
ing in the night : corolla dropping early next day," Dr. Cuhr-Jl. More allied to Tetramerium
than to Dianthera, having only the capsule of the latter, and the bractlets of Dicliptera.
14. TETRAMERIUM, Nees. (TeTQKftenfc, quadripartite, limb of corolla
4-parted.) - - Low perennial herbs, or barely suff rutescent at base (of and near
Mexico) ; with oblong or ovate and petioled leaves, dense spike terminating stem
and branches, its 4-ranked bracts imbricated and little exceeded by the (white or
purplish) corollas. -- Bot. Sulph. 147, & DC. Prodr. xi. 467. (Henrya, Nees,
referred here in Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1121, is distinguished by its small
primary bract, or ordinary leaf in place of it, and conspicuous herbaceous bractlets,
as of Dicliptera, which are usually vaginate and connate.)
T. hispidum, Nees, 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent, and the ovate or oblong strongly 3-5-
nerved spinulose-pointed bracts hispid : leaves oblong, 1 or 2 inches long : calyx 4-parted :
lobes of the corolla shorter than its tube : seeds muriculate. T. nereosum, var., Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 125. S. Arizona to the borders of Texas. (Mex.)
Dicliplera. ACANTHACE^E. 331
T. platystegium, Torr. 1. c. Scabrous-puberulent, not at all hirsute : leaves oblong-
lanceolate : bracts subcordate, mucronate-acuminate (half or two-tliirds inch long), lightly
3-5-plinerved and veiny : bractlets minute and subulate : calyx 5-parted : tube of purple
corolla lunger than the narrowly oblong lobes : seeds muriculate-scabrous. S. borders of
Texas, near Kinggold Barracks on the Rio Grande, Scfwtt.
15. DICLifPTERA, Juss. (/JfxP.fV, two-valved, and rtzfoov, wing : applies
to the involucre of the typical species, but was explained to relate to the bipar-
tition and separation of the two parts of each valve of the capsule after dehisceuce.)
Chiefly herbs, dispersed over the warmer regions of the world. Fl. summer.
Corolla often seemingly resupinate as relates to primary axis, on account of the
cymose inflorescence or the evolution of more than one flower in the involucre.
Leaves petiolate. In the disruption of the valves of the capsule, the sides are
usually carried away with the placenta?, leaving only a stalk-like base.
1. EUDICLIFTEKA. Bractlets of the flat involucre a single pair and broad,
opposite : internal bractlets small and thin like the sepals : anther-cells oval, dis-
joined, one nearly over the other.
D. resupinata, JUSS. A span to a foot or two high from an annual or perennial root,
nearly glabrous : stem 6-angled : leaves from ovate to lanceolate or oblong : involucres on
naked simple or commonly trifid peduncles, 1-3-flowered, rotund- or cleltoid-subcordate,
rarely round-obovate, very flat, a third to half inch long and nearly as wide: lobes of tho
purple corolla obovate. Ann. Mus. ix. 268; Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 474; Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 125. Justicia sexanyularts, Cav. Ic. iii. 2, t. 203. J. rcst(j>!iitti, Vnhl, Enum. i. 114.
JJiclijitcra ihhtspioidcs, Nees, 1. c. \ S. Arizona (and California 7 Coulter), T/nirber, Scltott,
Wnrjht, &c. (Mex.)
D. bradliata, Spreng. A foot or two high, from almost glabrous to pilose-pubescent :
stem G-angled, rather slender, with numerous spreading branches: leaves oblong-ovate,
mostly acuminate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), slender-petioled : involucres clus-
tered in the axils and more or less paniculate, short-peduncled and subsessile, somewhat
convex, or at length ventricose, its valves narrowed at base, 3 to 5 lines long, from broadly
obovate with rounded summit to spatulate-oblong, often unequal, frequently mucronate or
niucronulate : lobes of the purple or flesh-colored corolla elongated-oblong, half inch or
less long, about the length of the slender curved tube. Syst. i. 80 ; Nees, 1. c. ; Chapm.
PI. 305. D. resupinata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 183, not Vald. D. rjlandulosa,
Scheele in Linn. xxi. 705, a villous-pubescent form. Shady and moist ground, N. Caro-
lina to Florida and Texas.
Var. attenuata, a form with the involucral valves narrower, spatulate or oblong, and
cuspidate-acuminate; and attenuate-acuminate leaves on long (sometimes '2 inch) petioles.
E. Texas, \Vrii)ht. Also Arkansas, Ntdtall : therefore his D. rcsujiinata, in part; but not
according to his character " bracteis bivalvibus subcordatis."
2. DACTYLOSTEGIUM. Bractlets 2 and narrow, and at base supplemented by
and sometimes partially concreted with a smaller and alternate pair, being the
outer and larger of the internal bractlets : anthers oblong-sagittate, the cells
usually parallel and equal : flowers loosely secund-spicate or paniculate : primary
bracts small and subulate. -- Dactylostegium, Nees in Fl. Bras., Oersted. Dac-
tylosteyice, Nees in DC. Prodr.
D. assurgens, JUSS. 1. c. Glabrous or pubcrulcnt : stem 1 to 3 feet high, with virgate
branches: leaves ovate, acuminate, or the smaller upper ones oblong and obtuse: invol-
ucres chiefly sessile and rather sparse in the slender simple or paniculate spikes: principal
bractlets of the involucre liuear-spatulate, 4 or 5 lines long, 1-nerved, mucronate, nearly
twice the length of the slender-subulate interior ones: corolla much exserted, an inch long,
red or crimson, arcuate ; the nearly entire lanceolate-oblong lips shorter than the upwardly
ampliate tube. Nees in DC. 1. c. 489 ; Chapm. Fl. 305. Justicia assuryens, L. ( P. Browne,
Jam. 110, t. 2, fig. 1.) Eastern S. Florida. (W. Ind., Centr. Am.)
332 SELAGINACEJD. Gymnandra.
ORDER GIL SELAGINACE^E.
Shrubs or herbs, of various habit, confined to the southern hemisphere, except
two anomalous northern genera of dubious association, in character most like
Verbenacetz, but the solitary ovules anatropous and suspended, and the radicle
of the terete straight embryo superior.
1 . G-YMNANDR-A, Pall. (.TV/fro, 1 , naked, di'ijQ, man ; stamens somewhat
protruding.) -- Calyx spathaceous, cleft anteriorly, entire or 2-3-toothed pos-
teriorly. Corolla tubular, ampliate at the throat ; limb 2-labiate ; upper lip
entire, erose- 2-3-crenulate, or 2-cleft ; lower usually longer, 2-3-cleft. Stamens 2,
inserted in the throat of the corolla, not surpassing its lobes : anthers versatile,
continently 1 -celled. Ovary 2-celled, 2-ovulate : style filiform and elongated:
stigma subcapitate or 2-lobed. Fruit dry or slightly drupaceous, small, included
in the calyx and marcescent corolla, separating into two akene-like nutlets, or one
of them often abortive. Seed suspended : embryo a little shorter than the fleshy
albumen. Perennial and subcaulescent glabrous herbs ; with the aspect of Syu-
thyrls in Scrophulariaceeie (p. 285) ; rootstock somewhat creeping: leaves alter-
nate; the radical obovate or oblong and petioled ; those of the scapiform and
simple flowering stem sessile : flowers in a dense terminal spike, each solitary
and sessile in the axil of a bract : corolla bluish. A few montane and arctic
Asiatic species, two of them reaching N. America. Pall. It. iii. 710 ; Choisy in
DC. Prodr. xii. 24 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1130.
G. Gmelini, Cham. & Schl. Somewhat robust, a span to a foot high : radical loaves
ovate or oblong, mostly obtuse at both ends, repand-crenate (2 to 4 inches long) : cauline
smaller, passing into bracts of the dense and thick oblong spike : stamens much shorter
than the upper lip of the corolla, exceeding the style. Linn. ii. 501 ; Hook. Fl. ii. 102.
G. boreulis, var., Pall. 1. c. G. ocalit & reniformis, Willd. Lar/otis i/lauca, Gajrtn. in Nov. Cumin.
Petrop. xiv. ->!-'5, t. 18, fig. 2. (B<trlsui gymnandra, Pursh, Fl. ii. 430, referred here as tu
plant of Columbia River, is probably Synthyris mint.) Unalaska, Popoff Islands, &c.,
recently coll. by Harrington and Elliott. (Kamts., &c.)
G. Stelleri, Cham. & Schl. 1. c. Slender and smaller: radical leaves oblong, acute,
more attenuate at base, unequally and obtusely serrate: stamens about equalling the
upper lip of the corolla, shorter than the style. Hook. 1. c. G. minor, denlata, & yracihs,
Willd. Kotzebne Sound, Lai/ & Collie. Arctic coast, Richardson. Perhaps Island of St.
Lawrence, Cliantisso. St. Paul's Island, Elliott. (Arctic Asia.)
ORDER GUI. VERBENACE.E.
Herbs or shrubs (in tropical regions some are trees), with chiefly opposite or
verticillate leaves, no stipules, bilabiate or almost regular corolla, with lobes
imbricated in the bud, mostly didynamous stamens, single style with one or two
stigmas, an undivided mostly 2-carpellary but more or less completely 2-4-celled
(rarely 8-locellate) ovary, a pair of ovules to each carpel (one to each locellus or
half-carpel) ; the fruit either drupaceous and 2-4-pyrenous, or dry and separating
at maturity into as many nutlets; embryo straight, and in true Verbenacece with
the radicle inferior. P//n/ma, appended to this order for lack of other affinity,
is a notable exception. Albumen in our genera scanty or none. Inflorescence
various. Foliage sometimes aromatic.
VERBENACEYE. 333
TRIBE I. PIIRYMEJE. Ovary one-celled, and with a single erect or ascending
orthotropous ovule. Seed without albumen. Radicle superior: cotyledons broad,
convolute round their axis. Inflorescence centripetal.
1. PHRYMA. Calyx cylindraceous, bilabiate ; upper lip of 3 setaceous-subulate teeth;
lower of '2 short subulate teeth. Corolla with cylindrical tube equalling the upper lip of
the calyx, and a bilabiate limb: upper lip almost erect, emarginate; lower much larger,
spreading, 3-lobed. Stamens didynamous, included : anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally.
Style slender : stigma 2-clef t. Fruit a dry akene in the bottom of the calyx. Calyx
abruptly renexed on the axis of the spike in fruit, strongly ribbed, and closed by the
narrowing of the orifice : the long slender teeth hooked at the tip.
TRIBE II. VERBEXEyE. Ovary, or at least the fruit, with 2 to 8 cells or nutlets:
ovules anatropous or nearly so, erect. Radicle accordingly inferior. Inflorescence
centripetal and simple; the flowers in the spike commonly alternate: bractlets
none. Leaves simple, sometimes divided, but not compound. Stamens in our
genera included and distinctly didynamous.
* Flowers spicate or capitate.
H Calyx ampliate-globular and closed over the fruit.
2. PRIVA. Flowers slender-spicate. Calyx at first cylindraceous, with 5 ribs produced
into short teeth, membranaceous and enlarging with and closely investing the dry indu-
rated fruit, which splits into a pair of 2-loedlate or by abortion 1-locdlate nutlets.
Corolla salverform, 5-lobed, obscurely bilabiate.
H *- Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled, 5-toothed, mostly enclosing the dry fruit :
corolla salverform ; limb somewhat equally or unequally 5-lobed : akenc-like nutlets
1-celled, 1-seeded.
3. STACK YTARPHETA. Perfect stamens 2 (the anterior pair) and with divaricate
vertical anther-cells: posterior reduced to sterile filaments. Stigma terminal, orbicular,
subcapitate. Fruit separating into 2 oblong-linear nutlets.
4. BOUCHEA. Perfect stamens 4: anthers ovate, the cells parallel. Stigma 2-lobed,
one lobe abortive, the other subclavate-stigmatose. Fruit separating into 2 nutlets.
Seed linear.
5. VERBENA. Perfect stamens 4 : anthers ovate ; the cells nearly parallel. Stigma mostly
2-lobed ; anterior lobe larger ; posterior smooth and sterile. Fruit separating into 4 nutlets.
H- H -t- Calyx small and short : anthers short, the cells parallel : cells of the ovary and
nutlets of the fruit 2, one-seeded : style mostly short : stigma thickish, mostly oblique.
6. LIPPIA.
bicarins
oblique or bilabiate, 4-lobed.
7. L ANT AN A. Calvx very small and membranaceous, truncate or sinuate-toothed.
' Limb of the corolla not bilabiate, obscurely irregular, 4-5-parted; the broad lobes obtuse
or refuse; tube slender. Fruit drupaceous, merely girt at base by the calyx, fleshy or
juicy ; its nutlets bony, mostly roughened.
* * Flowers in open racemes, minutely bracteate : calyx tubular-campanulate, with trun-
cate minutely 5-toothed border: corolla salverform ; the 5-parted limb somewhat oblique
or unequal : "anther-cells parallel: ovules amphitropous : drupe juicy, containing 2 to 4
bilocellate 2-seeded bony nutlets : subtropical and tropical shrubs or trees.
8. CITHAREXYLUM. Calyx in fruit girting the base of the drupe. Stigmas 2. Nut-
lets 2. Sterile fifth stamen present, rarely antheriferous.
9. DURANTA. Calyx in fruit ampliate and enclosing the drupe. Corolla commonly
curved. Stigma unequally 4-lobed. Nutlets 4 : seeds therefore 8.
TRIBE III. VITICE^E. Ovary, embryo, &c., of the preceding tribe. Ovules later-
ally affixed, amphitropous. Inflorescence centrifugal, cymose.
1 0. CALLICARPA. Flowers 4-merous (rarely 5-merous in calyx and corolla), nearly regu-
lar. Calyx short, sinuately toothed. Corolla with short or campanulate tube. Stamens
4, equal, "exserted : anthers short; cells parallel. Style elongated: stigma capitate or
2-lobed. Baccate drupe small, the base subtended by the calyx, containing 4 small
1-seeded nutlets or by abortion fewer. Cymes axillary.
TRIBE IV. AVICEXXIE^E. Ovary imperfectly 4-celled, with a central 4-winged
columella bearing 4 pendulous amphitropous ovules, these and the solitary seed des-
LIPPIA. Calyx 2-4-cleft or toothed, ovoid, oblong-campanulate or compressed and
jicarinate, enclosing the dry fruit, which separates into 2 nutlets. Limb of corolla
334 VERBENACE.E. Phryma.
titute of any coats. Fruit flesh y-capsular. Seed consisting solely of a large
embryo, which begins germination at or before dehiscence: radicle villous, inferior:
cotyledons large, amygdaloid, conduplicate longitudinally: plumule conspicuous.
Flowers glomerate (inflorescence centrifugal) ; the capituliform clusters variously
disposed.
11. AVICENNIA. Calyx of 5 imbricated concave sepals. Corolla with short campan-
ulate tube, and slightly irregular 4-parted spreading limb. Stamens 4, somewhat unequal
and exserted. Style short or none. Stigmas 2. Fruit compressed, 2-valved.
1. PHRYMA, L. LOPSEED. (An unexplained name, substituted by Lin-
naeus for Leptostachya, Mitch, in Act. Phys.-Med. Nat. Cur. viii. 212, 1748.)
Single species.
P. Leptostachya, L. Perennial herb, 2 to 4 feet high, slender, somewhat pubescent :
leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely serrate ; lower ones long-petioled : flowers small and
inconspicuous, sessile iu slender and filiform at length much elongated terminal spikes,
purplish, each in the axil of a setaceous bract and subtended by a pair of minute bracelets,
at length strictly reflexed ; the fructiferous calyx, detaching at maturity, apt to adhere to
fleece and clothing by the hooked tips of the awn-like teeth in the manner of a bur.
Gaertn. Fr. t. 75; Lam. 111. t. 510; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 520. Moist and open woods,
Canada to Florida and Missouri: fl. summer. (Japan to Nepal.)
2. PRtVA, Aclans. (Name of unknown derivation.) Homely perennial
herbs of warm climates; with petioled coarsely serrate leaves, and terminal spikes
of small dull flowers, in summer.
P. echlnata, Juss. Somewhat pubescent : leaves ovate, somewhat cordate : flowers
alternate in the slender spike: fruiting calyx hirsute with small hooked hairs: fruit ovate,
4-angled, splitting into 2 nutlets, each 2-seeded, spiny-toothed on the back. Jacq. Obs.
t. 24; Sloane, Jam. t. 110; Chapm. Fl. 206. S. Florida, (Trop. Amer.)
3. STACHYTARPHETA, Vahl. (Name formed of o-Ta X u?, spike, and
rap^etos, dense, therefore Stachytarpheia, originally misprinted by mistaking the
penultimate letter. Abbreviated to Stachytarpka by Link and some succeeding
authors.) Tropical herbs or undershrubs, chiefly American; with mostly ser-
rate and sometimes alternate leaves, and dense terminal spikes ; the flowers, or
at least the fruiting calyx, often half immersed in longitudinal excavations of the
stout rhachis, subtended each by a small and usually paleaceous bract.
S. Jamaicensis, Vahl. Annual, but suffrutescent, glabrate: leaves oval or oblong,
coarsely serrate, tapering into the petiole : spike as thick as a goose-quill, G to 10 inches
long : bracts appressed, striate, aristulate-acuminate : flowers sunk in deep excavations of
the thickening rhachis : calyx becoming compressed and 2-clef t : corolla blue, its border
4 lines broad. Enum. i. 206 (Sloane, Jam. t. 107; Desc. Ant. vi. t. 692) ; Chapm. Fl.
308. Verbena Jamaicensis, L. S. Florida. (W. Ind. to Guiana.)
4. BOtTCHEA, Cham. (Charles and Peter Bouclie, Berlin gardeners.)
Between the preceding and following genera, American, African, and Indian :
flowers not immersed in the slender rhachis of the spike ; in summer.
1. Leaves petioled and serrate (as in the genus generally) : flowers small.
B. Elirenbergii, Cham. Annual, a span to 2 feet high, barely puberulent, brachiately
branched : leaves ovate or oval: spikes short: flowers crowded: corolla little exserted,
bluish, 3 lines long: tip of fruit exserted from the shortish tube of calyx. Linn. vii. 253;
Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 558 ; Torr. in Bot. Mex. Bound. 126. Verbena prismatica, Jacq.
Ic. Rar. t. 208. S. Arizona, Thurber, Wriijht. (Mex. & W. Ind. to Venezuela.)
Verbena. VERBENACE^). 335
2. Leaves sessile or nearly so and entire: spikes lax : tube of (purple or white)
corolla exserted, and limb G to 9 lines broad : fruit somewhat shorter than the
narrow cylindrical calyx-tube. Peculiar species.
B. spatulata, Torr. Suffrutescent, puberulent : branches terete, very leafy: leaves
thiekish, obovate, entire, obtuse, mucronate (!) lines long) ; upper ones passing into similar
foliaceous bracts; uppermost lanceolate, about equalling the calyx. Bot. Mex. Bound.
126. S. W. Texas, canon of the Rio Grande, near Mount Carmel, Parry.
B. linifolia, Gray. Fastigiately and alternately branched from a perennial or suffrutes-
cent base, a foot or two high, glabrous and smooth: branches rigid, striate-angled and
sulcate, very leafy : leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, acute at both ends, 1-nerved ; upper-
most passin-g into bracts of the loose spike: upper bracts subulate, much shorter than the
slightly pedicellate striate calyx: throat of corolla funnelform. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2,
xvi. 98 ; Torr. 1. c. Dry bed or banks of the San Pedro and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas,
Wrlyht, Schott.
3. VERBENA, Tourn. VICKVAIN. (Roman name of a sacred herb, of
Celtic derivation.) A large genus of herbs (or a few S. American species suf-
fruticose), chiefly American, some mere weeds, some ornamental; fl. summer.
Spontaneous hybrids abound, not here to be described ; many are noted by En-
gelmann in Am. Jour. Sci. xlvi. (1843) 99.
1 . Flowers small or comparatively so, in narrow spikes : anthers unappen-
daged.
* Spikes filiform, with the flowers or at least the fruits scattered, naked, and the inconspicuous
bracts shorter than the calyx.
H Leaves 1-2-pinnately cleft or incised, sessile or nearly so.
V". OFFICINALIS, L. Annual, slender : stem glabrous or nearly so : leaves minutely strigu-
lose-pubescent, chiefly once or twice pinnatifid or 3-5-cleft ; lower obovate, sometimes only
incised, narrowed below into a tapering base ; uppermost lanceolate : spikes very slender,
solitary or panicled : bracts shorter than calyx : lobes of the small purplish corolla usually
less than a line long. Fl. Dan. t. 028; Lam. 111. t. 17. V. officinalls & V. spuriu, L.
Spec. i. 18. Road-sides and old fields, New Jersey to Texas, Arizona, and S. California.
(Nat. from Eu., &c.)
V. xutha, Lelim. Stouter and taller (2 or 3 feet high, from a perennial root ? ), hirsute-
pubescent : leaves more or less canescent, incisely pinnatifid or laciniate, or some of the
lower 3-parted ; lobes coarsely toothed : flowers more crowded in the strict spikes, larger :
bracts equalling the calyx : lobes of the purple or blue corolla commonly a line and a half
long. Ind. Sem. Hamb. 1834, & Linn. x. Literb. 115. V. striyosa, Hook. & Arn. Comp. Bot.
Mag. i. 170, not Cham. V. Lucceana, Walp. Rep. iv. 23; Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 547.
V. aerulea, Vatke in App. Ind. Sem. hort. Berol. 1876, 1. V. sororia, Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal.
104, & Brit. Fl. Card. t. 202, is perhaps the same species. Louisiana and Texas, southern
borders of California. (Mex.)
H 1- Leaves merely serrate, or sometimes sparingly incised: root perennial.
V. urticeefolia, L. From minutely hirsute-pubescent to almost glabrous, 3 to 5 feet
high: leaves thin, petioled, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, evenly or
doubly serrate: spikes slender-filiform, panicled, more or less sparsely flowered: bracts
ovate, acuminate, shorter than the short calyx : corolla a line or two, and lobes only half
a line long, white, sometimes bluish or purplish. -- Waste or open grounds, Canada to
Texas, &c. (Trop. Am.)
V. polystachya, HBK. Less tall, more scabrous, sometimes hirsute or hispid, panicu-
lately branched : leaves from oblong to broadly lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), sessile by a
narrowed base or short-pctioled, obtuse or acute, incisely serrate, occasionally somewhat
lobed : spikes thicker and denser than in the preceding. Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 008. V. poly-
stachya, Iriserrata, & veronictefolin ? HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 274, &c. V. Caroh'niensis,
Dill. Elth. ii. 407, t. 301, fig. 388 : therefore V. Carolina, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 20, but not in
Carolina. V. Carol iniana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 748; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 156; Schauer
in DC. 1. c. 546. California and Arizona: rare. (Mex.)
336 VERBENACE^E. Verbena.
V. Caroliniana, Michx. Cinereous-puberulent and scabrous-pubescent : stems mostly
simple, ascending, from inches to 2 feet high, including the commonly solitary long and
virgate spike : leaves oblong and the lowest obovate, obtuse, sessile, finely and often doubly
serrate : flowers in the upper part of the spike crowded : bracts subulate, equalling the calyx :
corolla flesh-color; the lower lobe a line long, the others shorter. Fl. ii. 13; Ell. Sk. ii. 99.
Phryma Caroliniensis, Walt. Car. 160. Verbena Caroliniana, Kay, and as to this at least
V. Carolina, L., but seemingly not V. Carolinensis, Dill. Elth. V. carnea, Med. ex Schauer
in DC. 1. c. 545. Pine barrens, N. Carolina to Florida.
* * Spikes thicker or densely-flowered ; the fruits crowded, mostly overlapping each other or
imbricated: bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers: root perennial.
) Pubescence short, sparse and hirsute or scabrous : spikes dense, strict, naked at base or more
or less peduncled : stem erect.
V. angustifolia, Michx. 1. c. Stem and spikes often simple, a foot or two high : leaves
linear or lanceolate, coarsely rugose-veiny, serrate, tapering into nearly sessile base :
corolla purple or lilac (3 lines long). V. rugosa, Willd. Enum. 633. V. simplex, Lehin.
Pugill. i. 37. Dry or sandy ground, Massachusetts (Amherst) to Wisconsin and Florida.
V. hastata, L. Tall, 3 to 6 feet high : leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acuminate,
coarsely or incisely serrate, petioled, some of the lower commonly hastate-3-lobed at
base : spikes numerous in a panicle : corolla blue. V. panicuhtta, Lam. ; Bot. Mag. 1. 1102 ;
name applied to the form which wants the 3-lobcd leaves ; the better but the later name
for the species. Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida, New Mexico, and (according to
Torrey in Wilkes Exped. Bot.) California: chiefly waste grounds and road-sides. Var.
pinnulijlda, Schauer ( V. pinnatifida, Lam.), is a probable hybrid, of occasional occurrence.
-i -H- Pubescence softer and denser, commonly cinereous or canescent : spikes mostly sessile or
leafy -bracted at base.
V. stricta, Vent. Erect, rather stout, a foot or two high : leaves cinereous with dense
soft-hirsute-villous pubescence, thickish, rugose-veiny, ovate or oblong, nearly sessile, very
sharply and densely mostly doubly serrate, rarely incised : spikes comparatively thick,
dense both in flower and fruit, canescent : bracts subulate-setaceous, equalling the calyx:
corolla blue (4 or 5 lines long): nutlets linear. Hort. Cels, t. 53. V. riyens, Michx. Fl.
ii. 14. V. cuneifolia, Raf. in Med. Rep. N. Y. xi. 260 ? Barrens and prairies, Ohio to
Dakota, Texas, and New Mexico, where a hybrid occurs between it and V. bracteosa.
V. lanceolata, Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 118, may be one of the hybrids between
V. stricta and V. anyustifolia which occur at St. Louis.
V. prostrata, R. Br. Diffusely spreading, at length much branched, from soft-villous
to hirsute: leaves obovate or oblong, with cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole,
veiny, acutely incised and serrate, often 3-5-cleft : spikes solitary or somewhat clustered,
elongated, hirsute or villous, dense when in flower : bracts subulate, shorter than the
calyx: corolla violet or blue, 2 lines long: nutlets oblong. Ait. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 41;
Schauer, 1. c. ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 009. V. lasiostachys, Link; Hook. & Am. Bot. Beech.
156. Plains and open grounds, throughout W. California. Very variable.
* * Spikes (either thickish or slender) sessile and bracteose, i. e. the rigid and somewhat foliaceous
bracts, or some of them, surpassing the flowers: root annual or becoming lignescent-perennial.
V. bracteosa, Michx. Much branched from the base, diffuse or decumbent, hirsute:
. leaves cuneate-oblong or cuneate-obovate, narrowed mostly into a short margined petiole,
pinnately incised or 3-cleft, and coarsely dentate: spikes terminating the branches, thick:
lowest bracts often pinnatifid or incised ; the others lanceolate, acuminate, entire, rigid,
sparsely hispid, all exceeding the flowers : corolla purplish or blue, very small : nutlets
with a broad and strongly convex or 2-facetted granulate-scabrous commissure. Fl. ii.
13; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2!)10. V. sr/narrosa, Roth, Catal. Bot. iii. 3. F. ww.sw/s ? Chapm.
Fl. 307, not HBK. Prairies and open waste grounds, Wisconsin to W. Florida, and west
to Oregon, California, and Arizona.
Var. brevibracteata, a peculiar form, with dense spikes, most of the bracts little
longer than the flowers, and the uppermost barely equalling them, in fruit all ascending or
appressed. W. Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
V. canescens, HBK. Much branched from the base, ascending or erect, canescent-
hirsute : leaves oblong-lanceolate and cuneate-obovate, contracted into a margined base,
rigid, sharply toothed, incised, or some of them pinnatifid : spikes solitary, filiform,
mostly loosely-flowered : bracts subulate, the lower almost foliifonn and more or less ex-
Verbena. VERBENACE.E. 337
ceeding tlio flowers, the uppermost ovate-lanceolate and only equalling them: corolla
bluish (about 2 lines long): nutlets with a narrower almost smooth commissure. HBK.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 274, t. 130. V. gracilis, Desf. Cat. eel. 3, 39:}. V. remota, Benth.
Hartw. 21. V. Rmncriana, Scheelc in Linn. xxi. 755? Dry open grounds, W. Texas to
S. California. (Alex.)
Var. Neo-Mexicana. Stems rather strict and slender : leaves bipinnately cleft or
almost parted: bracts not longer than the calyx. V. officinalls, var. hirsuta, Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 28. Borders of thickets near theCoppermines, New Mexico, Writjld, Bydow.
Appears as if a hybrid between V. canescens and V. officinalis. S. Arizona, similar in foliage
but with long bracts, Rotltrock.
2. Flowers more showy, at first depressed-capitate, becoming spicate in fruit :
anthers of the longer stamens appendaged by a gland on the connective : tube of
corolla at the upper part lined with refiexed bristly hairs, especially the anterior
side : anther-cells slightly oblique or unequal. Glandularia, Gmelin, Nutt.
Billardiera, Mcench. Shuttleworthia, Meissner. Uivaroivia, Bunge.
* Gland of the anthers small and short, sometimes inconspicuous, on the middle of (lie back:
mainly fibrous-rooted perennials; but seedlings flowering as annuals: nutlets reticulate-rugulose,
mostly scabrous on the commissure. Species difficult to distinguish, apparently passing into
each other.
V. ciliata, Benth. Low or depressed, hirsute-pubescent or hispid, 3 to 10 inches high,
diffusely spreading from an apparently annual root; the branches not creeping nor rooting
at base : leaves once or twice 3-cleft or parted and variously incisely lobed, to 12 lines
long, with cnneatc base contracted into a margined petiole ; lobes from linear to oblong :
spikes short-peduncled or sessile, dense, at most oblong: fructiferous calyx oblong. 2A or 3
lines long, with short subulate teeth : limb of the purple or bluish corolla 2 to 4 lines
broad: gland of the anthers usually very small. PI. Hartw. 21 ; Schaucr in DC. Prodr.
xi. 553 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 008. Dry plains, W. Texas to Arizona and the southern
border of California. (Mex.)
V. bipinnatifida, Nutt. A span to a foot high, hispid-hirsute, perennial, rooting from
subterranean branches : leaves (H to 4 inches long), bipinnately parted, or 3-parted into
more or less bipinnatifid divisions ; the lobes commonly linear or rather broader : spikes
in age elongated, bracts setaceous-attenuate, mostly surpassing the calyx: teeth of the
latter slender, subulate-setaceous from a broader base, unequal : limb of the bluish-pur-
ple or lilac corolla 4 or 5 lines broad; lobes obcordate: nutlets at maturity usually
retrorsely muriculate-scabrous or hispidulous on the commissure. Jour. Acad. Philad. ii.
123; Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 233; Schauer in DC. 1. c. 553. Glandularia bipinnatifida,
Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 184. Plains and prairies, Arkansas and Texas to
the base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, &c. Cult, as "V. nionlana."
V". Aubletia, L. A foot or less high, branching and ascending from a creeping or root-
ing base, perennial (as rightly said by Jacquin), slender, soft-pubescent, hirsute, or gla-
brate : leaves (1 or 2 inches long) ovate or ovate-oblong in outline, with truncate or broadly
cuneate base tapering into a margined petiole, incisely lobed and toothed, often more deeply
3-cleft: spikes pedunculate, elongated in fruit: bracts subulate or linear-attenuate, shorter
than or equalling the similar slender and unequal teeth of the narrow calyx : limb of the
reddish-purple or lilac (rarely white) corolla half or two-thirds inch broad: commissure of
the nutlets minutely white-dotted or nearly smooth. Jacq. Vind. ii. 82, 1. 170; L. f. Suppl.
80; Bot. Mag. t. 308; Michx. Fl. ii. 13; Bot. Reg. t.294, 1. 1925 (var. DnunmomU] ; Schauer
in DC. 1. c. 554. V. Ob/elia, Retz. V. lotvjiflora, Lam. Buchnem Cunndoisis, L. Mant. 88.
Glandularia Carolinensis, Gmel. Btllardiern crplanala, Mcench. V. Lambert!, Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 2200; Schauer, 1. c. ; form with narrower and more incised leaves. V. Lambert!, var.
rosea, Don, Brit Fl. Card. ser. 2, t. 303, with large and light-colored corolla (three-fourths
inch wide, fragrant). Open woods and prairies, Florida to Illinois, Arkansas, and New
Mexico. (Mex.) Cult., variously mixed.
* * Gland of the anthers oval, as high and almost as large as one of the cells: stem erect from an
annual root.
V. Wrightii. Hispidulous-pubescent : stem simple below, 2 feet high : leaves pinnately
3-7-parted or deeply cleft, contracted at base into a margined petiole; lobes mostly lan-
22
338 VERBENACE.E. Verbena.
ceolate, acute : fructiferous pedunculate spikes dense, oblong : fructiferous calyx with teeth
very much shorter than the oblong tube : corolla light purple: nutlets, c., of V. Aubletia.
Near Frontera, on the borders of Texas, and adjacent New Mexico, and Chihuahua,
Wr'ujht (no. 1504).
V. VENOSA, Gillies & Hook., of S. America, one of the species cultivated for ornament, has
escaped into prairies in the vicinity of Houston, Texas.
6. LfPPIA, L. (Dr. A. Lippi, killed in Abyssinia early in the 18th cen-
tury.) -- Herbs or shrubs (American, mainly southern, a few African, &c., and one
or two widely dispersed species) ; with spikes or heads of small flowers, in summer.
Leaves often verticillate.
1. ALOYSIA, Schauer, Benth. & Hook. Flowers in slender and naked spikes,
with small and narrow bracts : calyx about equally 4-cleft, herbaceous, often
densely hirsute, the tube not compressed: nutlets thin-walled: shrubs, with foliage
commonly sweet-aromatic. Aloyst'a, Ortega. (L. citriodora, of Uruguay, with
smooth calyx, &c., is the Lemon Verbena shrub, of cultivation.)
L. lycioides, Steud. Shrub 4 to 10 feet high, with long and slender branches, sometimes
spinescent, minutely puberulent: leaves (3 to 12 lines long) lanceolate-oblong, obtuse,
1-nerved, scabrous above, pale beneath, veinless, small and entire on flowering branches,
larger and incised or few-toothed on strong sterile shoots : spikes axillary, racemose-
panicled, filiform : flowers white or tinged violet (fragrance of vanilla). Schauer in Fl.
Bras. ix. t. 36 & DC. Prodr. xi. 574. Verbena liytistrina, Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 18. Texas
to Arizona and "California," Coulter. (Mcx., Uruguay, &c.)
L. W^rightii, Gray. Shrub 2 to 4 feet high, with many spreading slender brandies,
minutely canescent-tomentose : leaves (4 to 8 lines long) orbicular-ovate, crenatc, rugose,
abruptly short-petiolcd : spikes short-pcd uncled, densely flowered: calyx-teeth triangular:
corolla white, glabrous within : " odor of Sage." Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi. 98 ; Torr. in
Bot. Mcx. Bound. 126. S. W. Texas to Arizona, Tltitrlirr, Wriijht, Palmer, &c. (Adjacent
Mcx., where var. macrostachya, Torr. 1. c., approaches L. scorodonioides, HBK., of S. Am.)
2. ZAP^XIA, Schauer. Benth. & Hook. Flowers capitate or in short and
dense spikes, subtended and imbricated by broad bracts.
* Bracts decussately 4-ranked, complicate-carinate. persistent : flowers very small.
L. graveolens, HBK. Shrubby, 2 to 4 feet high, cinereous with close pubescence : leaves
ovate-oblong or oval, crenate reticulate-rugose, hirsute-pubescent above, canescent beneath,
petioled : umbellate peduncles 3 to 6 in each axil, shorter than the leaves: bracts thin,
ovate, acute, silky, shorter than the yellowish-white salverform corolla. Nov. Gen. &
Spec. ii. 266 ; Schauer, 1. c. L. Derlandicri, Torr. 1. c., not Schauer. Texas, along and
near the Rio Grande. (Mex., &c.)
* * Bracts several-ranked, concave or flatfish : calyx thin, more or less compressed fore and aft
and the sides carinate. ^Zapanin, Scliauer.
-1 More or less shrubby, erect : heads on short axillary peduncles.
L. geminata, HBK. I.e. Pubescent leaves ovate or oblong, closely serrate, triplinerved,
pinnately veined, and with rugose-reticulated veinlets, minutely strigose above, canescently
tomentose-pubescent beneath, petioled : peduncles mostly solitary in the axils, hardly
longer than the petiole : head globular, at length cylindraceous : bracts broadly ovate,
abruptly cuspidate-acuminate, villous-canescent, a little shorter than the purple or violet
corolla. (Foliage with odor of citron.) Verbena lantanoldes, L. S. Texas on the Rio
Grande. (Mex. to Uruguay.)
* * Herbaceous, procumbent or creeping: pubescence of fine and close hairs fixed by their middle
and both ends acute: peduncles chiefly axillary and slender: bracts closely imbricated: calvx
strongly flattened fnrc and aft, with carinate margins, and cleft into 2 lateral more or less con-
duplicate lobes : limb of corolla manifestly bilabiate; the smaller upper one refuse or emarginate:
pericarp crustaceous or corky, not readily separating into the two nutlets.
L. cuneifolia, Steud. Diffusely branched from a lignescent perennial base, procumbent
(not creeping), minutely canescent throughout : leaves rigid, cuneate-linear, sessile, incisely
Lantana. VERBENACE.E. 339
2-G-toothed above the middle, nearly veinless, the midrib prominent : peduncles mostly
shorter than the leaves: heads at length eylindraceous, almost half inch thick: bracts
rigid, broadly cuneate, abruptly acuminate from the truncate or retuse dilated summit:
calyx deeply 2-cleft ; the lobes oblong and emarginate, shorter than the tube of the (white.' )
corolla : fruit oblong-oval. Torr. in Marcy, Hep. 2!):>, t. 17. Zupunia cuneifoliu, Torr. in
Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 2:)4. Plains, Nebraska to New Mexico and Arizona.
L. nodiflora, Michx. Creeping extensively, some brandies ascending, " annual " or
probably perennial, cinereous or greenish : leaves cuneate-spatulate or oblanceolate, sessile
or nearly so, obscurely veiny or almost veinless, the long tapering base entire, sharply ser-
rate from above the middle to the apex : peduncles filiform (1 to 4 inches long), much
exceeding the leaves : heads eylindraceous in age, quarter inch thick : bracts mucronate or
pointless: lobes of the calyx linear-lanceolate: corolla rose-purple or nearly white, short:
fruit globose or didymous. Fl. ii. 15. Zupuma nod (flora. Lam. 111. t. 17. Verbena nod (float,
L. ; Sibth. Fl. Grzec. t. 550. Low grounds, Georgia to Texas and southward: also Cali-
fornia. (Cosmopolite in torrid zone.)
L. lanceolata, MicllX. 1. c. Like the preceding, and perhaps passes into it, but greener,
minutely and sparsely strigulose : leaves thinner, mostly broader (name therefore inapt),
varying from obovate and lanceolate-spatulate to ovate, narrowed at base mostly into a
petiole, above sharply serrate, pinnately straight-veined; veins ending in the sinuses:
corolla bluish-white. Gray, Man. ed. 5, 041. L. repktns, HBK. 1. c.Y Ztt/xmia lanceoliila,
Beck in Am. Jour. Sci. xiv. 284. River banks, E. Fenn. to Illinois and Missouri, soutli to
Florida and Texas. (Mex.)
7. LANTANA, L. (An old name of a Viburnum, transferred by Linnaeus,
in view of some resemblance to this genus, which should have retained Plunder's
name of Camarci). Shrubs or umlershrubby plants of warm regions; with
mostly rugose and somewhat glandular-odorous pinnately veined petioled leaves
(not rarely in threes), and axillary pedunculate heads of rather showy small
flowers ; in summer. Several species common in gardens, two or three indigenous
to our southern borders.
1. Drupe thin-fleshed or somewhat dry, at least with nutlets contiguous and
usually cohering more or less into a 2-celled putamen : stems never prickly.
(Transition to Lippia.)
L. involucrata, L. Cancscent, much branched : leaves obovate-oval or ovate, rounded
at the apex, crcnate, rugulose and veiny, scabrous above, soft-tomentose beneath, cuneate
at base, rather slender-petioled : peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaf: head hemi-
spherical or at length globose, not elongating: bracts silky, ovate, or the outermost some-
times oblong, these as long as the (white or lilac) flowers, and forming an involucre.
S.Florida (L. imolncrcila, var. FloridtnM, Chapm. ; a form with long peduncles and white
flowers). S. borders of Texas (L. odvrata, var. Be dandier i, Torr. Mex. Bound, and L. parvi-
Jolia, Raf. 7 ) : a form with less obtuse leaves and white flowers. L. odomta, L. Syst., seems
not distinct. (Trop. Am.)
L. canescens, HBK. Cinereous-canescent throughout with fine and soft strigose pu-
bescence : brandies slender : leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate and gradually
acuminate, with cuneate base, somewhat appressed-serrate, lineate-veincd and minutely
rugose, about the length of the slender peduncles : heads ovoid, small, in age short-oblong :
bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, lax; the exterior larger, spreading and in-
volucratc : corolla small, white. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 250. Lippia jxillcsiriis, Benth. Hartw.
245. As yet collected only on the Coahuila (Mexican) side of the Rio Grande, Berlandier,
Bigelow. (Trop. Am.)
L. macropoda, Torr. Cinereous with minute strigulose pubescence : stems slender,
1 to 3 feet high, herbaceous almost or quite to the base : leaves ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute, coarsely and sharply serrate, obtuse or somewhat cuneate at base, petioled, usually
scabrous above and slightly canesccnt beneath, not at all rugose-reticulated, the primary
veins conspicuous and running straight to the sinuses: peduncles twice or thrice the length
340 VERBENACE^E. Lantana.
of the leaf (2 to 5 inches long) : heads globular, at length oblong : bracts ovate, cuspidate-
acuminate, nearly equalling the white or purple corolla ; the outermost gradually larger
but hardly forming an involucre. Bot. Mcx. Bound. 127. S. W. borders of Texas
( Wright, e.), and adjacent parts of Mexico, Grcyg, Palmer.
2. Drupe juicy; the 2 nutlets separated, at least at base. Stems sometimes
prickly or hispid, but this very variable. .
L. Camara, L. Scabrous and more or less hirsute, 1 to 4 feet high : prickles on the stem
short and hooked : leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, often subcordate, crenate-scrrate, very
scabrous above, scabrous-hirsute or softer-pubescent beneath (about 2 inches long) : pe-
duncles rigid, about the length of the leaf : head flat-topped in anthesis ; the rhacliis not
elongating: bracts lanceolate, strigosc-hirsute, about half the length of the yellow at
length orange or even flame-colored corolla. Plum. Ic. t. 71 ; Dill. Eltli. t. 50. L. horrida,
var. pan-ijlora, Schauer in DC. 1. c. ; Torr. 1. c. S. Georgia and Florida, S. Texas and
southward. (Trop. Am.)
8. CITHAREXYLUM, L. (Name composed of -/.lOdna, guitar or lyre,
and Si'i/Lov, wood, a translation into Greek of the colonial- English Fiddle-wood ;
but this name, unfortunately for the etymology, is an English corruption of the
earlier French-colonial name, lioisjidele, meaning a wood trustworthy for strength.)
Tropical American shrubs or trees ; with somewhat coriaceous leaves, and small
flowers on a filiform rhachis, each subtended by a minute bract.
C. villosum, Jacq. Soft-pubescent or glabrate : leaves oblong-obovate or oblong, entire
or occasionally few-toothed above the middle, veiny and witli finely reticulated veinlcts,
shining and barely scabrous above, pale and sometimes soft-canescent beneath, biglandular
at the narrowed base, tapering into the petiole : racemes declining, loose, but spike-like :
flowers very short-pedicelled : corolla white, glabrous externally. Coll. i. 72, & Ic. Rar.
t. 118 ; Cliapm. Fl. 009. Key West, S. Florida ; perhaps S. Texas. ( W. Ind., Mcx.)
9. DURANTA, L. ( Castor Dnrcmtes, wrote upon W. Indian plants in the
IGth century.) W. Indian and S. American shrubs, often armed with axillary
spines ; one has reached our borders.
D. Plumieri, Jacq. Minutely pubescent or glabrate : branches 4-angled : leaves obovate,
oblong, or ovate, mostly entire, contracted at base into a short petiole : racemes panicled,
loose: lower bracts often leafy: calyx-teeth subulate from a broad base: corolla lilac:
drupe yellow ; the enclosing persistent calyx also yellowish, closed into a straight or con-
torted beak. Tacq. Stirp/t. 17G, fig. 70, & Ic. Rar. t. 502; Bot. Reg. t. 244; Chapm. I.e.
D. spinosa & D. iiicrniis, L. ; the branches sometimes spiny, sometimes unarmed. D. Ellisia,
Jacq. Amer. t. 170, f. 77, & Hort. Schoenb. iii. t. 99; Bot. Mag. t. 1759. Ellisia uciila, L.
Key West, S. Florida, Blodrjett. (Trop. Am.)
10. GALLIC ARPA, L. (KaUoff, beauty, and xV/.wro s ', fruit: the berry-
like drupes ornamental.) -- A rather large E. Asiatic and American genus, chiefly
of the warmer regions, one in the Atlantic States ; fl. late summer. Pubescence
O
stellular-branched or scurfy.
C. Americana, L. (FRENCH MULBEHRY.) Shrub low, with scurfy-stellate down and
glandular-dotted : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, obtusely serrate, greenish above, whitish
or rusty beneath, acute or cuneate at base : cymes shorter than the petiole, many-flowered :
corolla bluish, hardly 2 lines long : fruit violet-colored. Catesb. Car. t. 47 ; Lam. 111. t. 09.
Spondi/Iococcns, Mitchell, Nov. Gen. Burrhardki Americana, Duham. Arb. ed. 1, i. t. 44.
Rich or moist grounds, Virginia to Texas. (W. Ind.)
11. AVICENNIA, L. WHITE MANGROVE. (Dedicated to Avicenna,
the Latinized name of Tbusina, most illustrious of Arabian physicians ; died in
LABIATE. 341
1037.) Maritime evergreen trees, of tropical regions, spreading from creeping
shoots ; their opposite entire and mostly canescent coriaceous leaves connected at
base by an interpetiolar line, giving the branchlets the appearance of being articu-
lated : peduncles axillary and terminal, commonly cymosely trichotomous : flowers
small, white or whitish, in late summer.
A. nitida, Jacq. Leaves oblong or lanceolate-elliptical, glabrate and at length sometimes
shining above : peduncles ternate or trichotomous : lobes of corolla minutely sericeous or
tomentulose both sides: style as long as stamens. Jacq. Amer. t. 112, fig. 1 ; Schauer in
DC. Prodr. xi. 099 ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 502. A. lomaitostt, Meyer, Essequib. ; 2s T utt. Sylv.
iii. 79, t. 10-3, exserted style shown. A. oblongijblia, " Nutt.T " Chapm. Fl. SIO : name not
mentioned by Xuttall in Sylv. 1. c. Keys and coasts of S. Florida, and mouth of the
Mississippi. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
A. TOMENTOS.V, Jacq. 1. c. fig. 2, with hardly any style, and corolla-lobes glabrous above, is
in the Prodronuis and in Chapman's Flora attributed to " Florida, Nutla/l." But Nuttall's
species figured under this name in the Sylva is clearly the A. nitida, and that is probably our
only species.
ORDER CIV. LABIATE.
Herbs or low shrubs, with aromatic herbage (usually dotted with small im-
mersed glands replete with volatile oil), with square stems, opposite simple leaves
and no stipules ; the perfect flowers with irregular more or less bilabiate corolla,
didynamous or diandrous ; filiform style mostly 2-cleft and 2-stignmtose at apex,
and around its base the divisions of a 4-parted (sometimes only 4-lobed) ovary,
which are uniovulate and ripen into akene-like nutlets, in the bottom of a gamo-
sepalous calyx. Ovule and seed mostly amphitropous or anatropous, and erect.
Embryo straight except in the Scutellarinece, with plane or plano-convex coty-
ledons and inferior radicle : albumen usually none or hardly any. Lobes of the
corolla imbricated in the bud, the posterior or the upper lip exterior and the
middle lobe of the lower lip innermost. Stamens borne on the tube of the corolla,
distinct or rarely monadelphous ; the fifth (posterior) stamen, and in diandrous
flowers the adjacent pair also, not rarely represented by sterile filaments or rudi-
ments : rarely the 4 fertile stamens equal. Hypogynous disk generally present,
sometimes as (one to four) gland-like lobes. Pistil as in all the related orders
dimerous, each carpel deeply 2-parted or 2-lobed. Inflorescence thyrsoidal ; the
general evolution of the clusters in the axils of leaves or primary bracts (these
occasionally reduced to single flowers) centripetal ; that of the clusters (cymes or
glomerules) centrifugal. The pair of sessile clusters, one to each axil, having
the appearance of a whorl (verticil) form what has been termed a verticillaster.
Bracts or bractlets various. Leaves occasionally verticillate. Seed transverse
and the radicle incurved in Scutellarineee. (The Ajngoidc.a> connect with the
tribe ViticecB of the preceding order, and therefore are placed foremost. A
larger proportion of our Labiatce are Old Woild naturalized plants than of
any other order.) Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr. xii. 26 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
ii. 1100.
I. Nutlets rugose-reticulated, with introrsely very oblique or even ventral and
comparatively large areola (scar of the attachment) : ovary merely 4-lobed or not
deeply 4-parted. (Seeds in the tribe here represented, as in most of the order,
exalbuminous.)
342 LABIATE.
TRIBE I. AJUGOIDE^E. Stamens ascending, mostly exserted from the upper side
of the corolla, 4 in all our genera. Nutlets obovoid, dry. Ovule and seed more
or less amphitropous : calyx 5-10-nerved.
* Limb of the corolla merely or hardly oblique, of 5 somewhat equal and similar lobes,
therefore obscurely if at all bilabiate.
1. TETRACLEA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, regular; the lanceolate lobes twice the length
of the short turbinate tube. Corolla nearly salverform in anthesis, with narrow tube sur-
passing the calyx ; limb globular and erect (not oblique) in the bud ; lobes oval oroblong-
obovate, similar and equally spreading, the three lower obscurely more united at base.
Filaments filiform, involute in bud, exserted : anthers cordate-oblong ; cells permanently
parallel and distinct. Ovary barely 4-lobed. Ovule and s-eed dcscending-amphitropous,
i. e. attached above its middle, rostellate at the micropyle. Areola of the nutlet very
large and ventral.
2. TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx barely 5-cleft, either oblique or almost regular. Corolla
with narrow tube and more or less oblique limb; the somewhat similar lobes oblong, more
or less declined. Filaments spirally coiled in the oblique unopened limb, curved in an-
thesis, capillary, very long-exserted, didynamous, sometimes monadelphous at- base :
anther-cells divaricate or divergent, at length often confluent. Ovary deeply 4-lobed.
Amphitropous ovule and seed ascending, being attached below the middle.
3. ISANTHUS. Calyx nearly equally 5-clcft, campanulate ; lobes lanceolate. Corolla
short; tube included in the calyx; throat somewhat campanulate ; limb almost regularly
5-parted ; lobes obovate, not declined. Stamens slightly incurved-ascending, not longer
than the corolla, didynamous : anther-cells at length divergent. Ovary deeply 5-lobed.
Ovule and seed nearly anatropous and erect. Areola of nutlet introrsely basal.
* * Limb of corolla irregular, seemingly unilabiate ; the upper lip being either split down
or very short : stamens exserted from the cleft.
4. TEUCRIUM. Corolla deeply cleft between the two small lobes of the upper lip,
which are united one on each side with the lateral lobes of the declined lower lip; middle
lobe much larger. Anthers confluently one-celled. Nutlets with a broad introrse areola.
5. AJUGA. Corolla with very short and as if truncate upper lip ; the large and spreading
lower lip with middle lobe emarginate or 2-cleft. Anther-cells less confluent.
II. Nutlets smooth or granulate; areola basal, small: ovary deeply 4-partcd.
TRIBK II. OCIMOIDE./E. Stamens declined toward or resting on the lo\ver lip of
the corolla, didynamous, all fertile. Corolla declined; lower lip apparently formed
of the anterior lobe only, which is unlike the other somewhat equal four lobes.
6. OCIMUM. Calyx deflexed after flowering ; its posterior tooth broad, orbicular or
obovate, and with decurrent often wing-like margins ; the 4 others narrower. Corolla
with short tube, and flat or concave declined lower lobe. Disk enlarging into glands.
7. HYPTIS. Calyx mostly equally 5-toothcd. Corolla with the lower lobe saccate,
abruptly deflexed at the contracted and callous base. Disk entire or with a gland on the
anterior side. Nutlets ovoid or oblong.
TUIBK III. SATUREIXE.E. Stamens not declined; the posterior pair shorter or
wanting: anthers (in ours) 2-celled; the cells distinct or more or less confluent,
short. Corolla less strongly bilabiate and the lobes flatter than in succeeding tribes;
upper lip not galeate or concave, except in Acantlwmintha.
* Corolla with lower lobe larger and pendent, fimbriate or lacerate-toothed, very unlike
the 4 shorter and nearly equal lobes, which in appearance form the upper lip: stamens
straight and long, divergent: anther-cells divaricate and contiguous, or at length some-
what confluent : flowers in terminal racemes.
8. COLLINSONIA. Calyx short, small in flower, enlarging and declined in fruit, about
10-nerved, mostly somewhat hirsute in the throat, bilabiate ; the broader and at length
flattish upper lip 3-toothed ; the lower 2-parted. Corolla elongated, somewhat funnelform,
with a bearded ring inside at the insertion of the stamens. Stamens 2 or 4, much exserted,
spirally coiled in the bud.
* * Corolla about equally 4-lobcd, small and short, hardly irregular, but the upper lobe
often broader than the others and emarginate: stamens erect, straight and distant:
anther-cells parallel, destitute of any thickish connective: flowers capitate-glomerate,
and the clusters sometimes confluent-spiked.
9. MENTHA. Stamens 4, similar and nearly equal. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular,
and 5-toothed. Upper lobe of corolla sometimes emarginate.
LABIATE. 343
10. LYCOPUS. Stamens only 2 with anthers; the upper pair sterile rudiments or else
wanting. Calyx campanulate, 4-5-toothecl, naked in the throat. Upper lobe of corolla
entire. Nutlets 3-sided, truncate at tup, narrow at base, thickened-margined.
* * * Corolla more or less evidently bilabiate ; the upper lip erect, entire or emarginate,
or in Monardella 2-clef t ; the lower spreading and 3-clef t, destitute of bearded ring within,
except in Poliomintha. Calyx striate-nerved or costate, not much changed after
flowering.
H Stamens distant and straight, often divergent, never convergent nor curved.
H- Antheriferous stamens only 2 ; with or without abortive rudiments of the upper pair.
ll.CUNILA. Calyx ovate-tubular, equally 5-toothed, very villous in the throat, 10-13-
nerved. Upper lip of corolla emarginate; 'the lower somewhat equally 3-clef t. Stamens
long-exsertecl. Nutlets smooth.
H- -H- Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous : calyx 15-nervcd.
12. HYSSOPUS. Calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, naked in the throat. Tube of corolla
short : upper lip emarginate ; the lower 3-cleft, its middle lobe larger and 2-cleft. Stamens
exserted, divergent : anther-cells linear, divaricate.
H- !-( -H- Antheriferous stamens 4, didynamous: calyx 10-13-(in MonarJcIla 15-)nerved,
= Naked in the throat : flowers capitate-verticillastrate, or sometimes sparser.
13. PYCNANTHEMUM. Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular; the 5 teeth equal, or the 3
upper more or less united. Corolla short, witli entire or barely emarginate upper lip, and
3-cleft lower one; the lobes all short, ovate, obtuse. Stamens little unequal: anther-cells
parallel.
14. MONARDELLA. Calyx tubular, narrow ; the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. Corolla
glabrous within; the 2-cleft upper lip and lobes of the 3-partecl lower one all linear or
narrowly oblong, plane. Stamens strongly or moderately unequal, exserted: anther-
cells often divergent or divaricate. Flowers densely capitate-verticillastrate in the man-
ner of Monunla.
= = Calyx villous or hirsute-bearded in the throat : corolla short.
15. ORIGANUM. Calyx ovate-campanulate, in our (introduced) species equally 5-toothed.
Stamens exserted. Flowers spicate- or capitate-verticillastrate, imbricated with broad
colored bracts.
1 6. THYMUS. Calyx ovate, declined in fruit, villous in the throat, distinctly bilabiate ;
upper lip 3-toothcd, spreading; lower 2-cleft, its divisions subulate and ciliate. Flowers
scattered or crowded, the bracts inconspicuous.
) H- Stamens ascending (at least the lower part) or arcuate, often more or less con-
verging and sometimes ascending parallel under the erect upper lip of the corolla : con-
nective of the anther commonly more or less thickened, sometimes separating the
oblique or divaricate cells.
H- Calyx only about 10-nerved, naked in the throat, not declined nor gibbous: fertile
stamens 4.
17. SATUREIA. Calyx campanulate or short. Tube of the corolla short, or not ex-
ceeding the bracts.
H- ++ Calyx 12-15-nerved : upper lip of the corolla plane or slightly concave and straight,
as in the tribe generally.
= Style beardless : anthers muticous.
a. Stamens 4, all antheriferous.
18. MICROMERIA. Calyx oblong or tubular, terete, not gibbous nor declined, about
equally 5-toothed. Corolla short, its straight tube usually shorter or hardly longer than
the calyx. Stamens arcuate, shorter than the corolla.
19. CALAMINTHA. Calyx oblong or tubular, often gibbous, bilabiate; the upper lip
3-toothed or 3-cleft, the lower 2-parted. Corolla with a straight tube mostly exceeding
the calyx, and a commonly enlarging throat. Stamens ascending parallel under or
beyond the upper lip, or conniving in pairs.
20. MELISSA. Calyx oblong-campanulate, bilabiate as in the preceding, but the broad
upper lip becoming flatter. Corolla rather short ; its tube at base declined, then ascend-
ing, included in the calyx. Otherwise like CaluminUui. Leaves ovate, serrate, veiny.
21. CONRADINA. Calyx, &c., of Cnlnmh.ihn. Corolla with a narrow and straight tube
rather shorter than the" calyx, abruptly bent backwards at the throat, deeply bilabiate,
ringent ; the upper lip somewhat concave and incurved, emarginate or retuse ; the lower
dependent, contracted at the base, deeply 3-lobed ; the lateral lobes roundish, the dilated
344 LABIATE.
middle one emarginate-2-lobed. Stamens arcuate-ascending under the upper lip, parallel :
cells of the anther at length separated on a transversely dilated connective, their base
bearing a small tuft of delicate villous hairs. Leaves linear, with entire revolute margins,
one-ribbed.
b. Stamens 2 antheriferous, ascending parallel under the upper lip ; the posterior pair either
wanting or rudimentary, or with imperfect' (rarely perfect and polliniferous) anthers:
calyx tubular or tubular-eampanulate, more or less villous-bearded in the throat.
22. POLIOMINTHA. Calyx cylindraceous or cylindrical, terete and regular, 13-15-
striate, bearded in the throat, equally 5-toothed or nearly so. Corolla mostly with a hairy
ring within the throat or tube: upper lip erect, emarginate ; lower 3-eleft and spreading,
the broader middle lobe emarginate. Posterior filaments mere subulate rudiments.
Fruticulose and canesccnt.
23. HEDEOMA. Calyx from tubular to oblong, usually gibbous, more or less bilabiate
or unequally 5-toothed (the two lower teeth different and longer), mostly lo-striate, hairy
or villous-bearded in the throat, which is commonly contracted in fruit. Tube of corolla
naked : upper lip erect, entire or 2-lobed ; lower 3-cleft, spreading. Posterior stamens
either none, or sterile, or in the original species sometimes antheriferous ! Low herbs.
= = Style bearded or villous, sometimes sparingly so : antheriferous stamens 4 or some-
times 2.
24. POGOGYNE. Calyx very deeply and unequally 5-cleft. at least the two longer (lower)
lobes much longer than the campanulate or turbinate 15-nerved tube ; throat naked.
Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, with short lips ; the erect entire upper lip and the
spreading lobes of the lower one oval and somewhat similar. Stamens ascending and
above somewhat approximate in pairs : anther-cells parallel and muticous : posterior fila-
ments much shorter and sometimes sterile. Style more or less hirsute-bearded above.
Flowers verticillastrale-glomerate and spicatc : bracts and calyx strongly ciliate.
25. CERANTHERA. Calyx tubulose-campanulate, 13-nerved, nearly terete, villous in
the throat, bilabiate; lips short; the upper recurved-spreading and entire or slightly
3-toothed ; the lower scarcely longer and 2-cleft. Corolla with a straight narrow tube
barely exceeding the calyx, an abruptly much-dilated short throat, and rather short and
spreading lips; the upper one nearly entire, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 4 : filaments
capillary, somewhat ascending, exserted, and above diverging : cells of the anther divari-
cate on a broad connective, aristate or pointed! Style long-exserted, pubescent. Leaves
linear, entire.
H- -H- --( Calyx 13-nerved : upper lip of corolla concave, erect, straight, or a little incurved
or fornicate, after the manner of the succeding tribes : bracteal leaves aristate-spinulose.
26. ACANTHOMINTHA. Calyx tubular-canipanulate, 13-nerved, naked in the throat,
strongly bilabiate ; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower 2-cleft, shorter ; teeth all acerose-spinulose
from a liroader base. Corolla with tube exceeding the calyx, naked within ; upper lip nar-
row, oblong ; lower broad and spreading, 3-lobed ; lobes short and rounded, middle one
deeply and the lateral slightly emargiuate, or all entire Stamens 4, inserted high in the
ampliate throat : anterior pair fertile, ascending under the upper lip, bearing 2-celled an-
thers, the cells divaricate : posterior pair much shorter, with filiform filaments, and cither
abortive or smaller anthers. Style 2-lobed at apex ; lobes or stigmas subulate, the posterior
shorter. Nutlets smooth.
* * * -# Corolla obscurely bilabiate : a hairy ring at base of the tube within : calyx
irregularly about 10-nerved, reticulate-veiny, enlarging and commonly inflated after
flowering.
27. SPHACELE. Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, membra-
naceous at least in fruit, naked within. Corolla with a broad tube, and 5 broad or
roundish and plane rather erect lobes, the lower one longest. Stamens 4, distant, some-
what ascending : filaments naked: anthers somewhat approximate, the cells diverging.
Leaves veiny.
TRIBE IV. MOXARDE^E. Antheriferous stamens only 2 (the posterior pair rudi-
mentary or wanting), straight or commonly parallel-ascending; the anther with nar-
row usually oblong-linear cells, which are either widely separated on the upper and
lower ends of a linear or filiform commonly filament-like connective (which is usually
longer than the filament itself and articulated with it), or the lower cell wanting or
difformed, or the two cells confluent into one linear cell. Corolla bilabiate.
* Anther dimidiate on the elongated filament-like connective, which is articulated with
the filament, a fertile anther-cell at the ascending end, and sometimes one at the lower.
Calyx bilabiate; its lower lip 2-cleft.
LABIATE. 345
28. SALVIA. Corolla with upper lip erect (entire, emarginate, or rarely 2-lobecl above),
straight or falcate, usually concave ; the lower spreading, its middle lobe often emar-
ginate. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla : connective commonly linear or fili-
form, transverse on the short (sometimes very short) and mostly horizontal filament, its
descending or porrect portion continued beyond the articulation and either more or less
dilated and naked, or bearing an abortive rudiment of the second anther-cell, or some-
times one which is polliniferous but unlike the upper one. Nutlets commonly developing
mucilage and long spiricles when wetted.
29. AUDIBERTIA. Corolla with upper lip spreading, 2-lobecl or emarginate ; lower
spreading and 3-lobed, the middle lobe broad and emarginate. Filaments slender, exserted,
seemingly simple and bearing a linear one-celled anther, or with an articulation, showing
that the portion above the joint answers to a filiform connective, the lower end of which
sometimes obliquely projects into a subulate point, but never bears even a trace of an
anther-cell. Otherwise as Sale/a, but the calyx (always naked in the throat) more deeply
cleft in front, or oblique, or as it were spathaceous. Nutlets smooth, unchanged when
wetted.
* * Anther with both cells fertile and similar, contiguous and divaricate, more or loss
connate or confluent at their junction, so as to become or to imitate a single linear
cell, on a very small and inconspicuous dorsal connective : corolla with slender tube,
and lips of somewhat equal length ; the upper erect, linear or oblong, entire or barely
emarginate ; the lower spreading, 3-lobed, its middle lobe ret use or emarginate : stamens
inserted in the throat of the corolla, ascending, usually more or less projecting from
the upper lip: calyx tubular, 13-15-nervcd : inflorescence verticillastrate-capitate,
dense, many-flowered, multi-bracteate : outer bracts and bractlets broad ; inner from
lanceolate to setaceous.
30. MONARDA. Calyx elongated-tubular, mostly 15-nerved, regular or nearly so, almost
equally 5-toothed, more or less villous-bearded or hirsute at the orifice. Corolla narrow
or dilated at the throat ; middle lobe of lower lip larger or longer than the lateral.
31. BLEPHILIA. Calyx shorter, naked in the throat, bilabiate; upper lip 3- and the
shorter lower one 2-toothed ; teeth aristiform or subulate. Corolla dilated at the throat;
lower lip broader ; its linear-oblong middle narrower than the roundish lateral lobes.
TRIBE V. NEPETEJE. Stamens 4, both pairs fertile; the posterior (inner or upper)
pair surpassing the anterior. Corolla distinctly bilabiate. Calyx usually 15-nerved;
the upper teeth or lip commonly larger or longer.
* Anthers separated or distant (not approximate in pairs) ; their cells parallel or nearly so.
32. LOPHANTHUS. Stamens divergent or distant, exserted; the upper pair usually
declined; the lower or shorter pair ascending. Calyx tubular-campanulate, more or less
oblique, 5-toothed. Corolla with tube not exceeding the calyx ; upper lip nearly erect,
2-lobed at the apex ; lower spreading, its broad middle lobe crenate.
33. CEDRONELLA. Stamens parallel, ascending. Calyx campanulate or short-tubular,
5-toothed, the throat little oblique. Corolla with short 'lips; the flattish erect upper one
2-lobed ; middle lobe of lower lip largest, commonly crenulate-erose and more or less
2-lobed.
* * Anthers more or less approximate in pairs ; their cells divaricate or divergent : fila-
ments ascending, not exserted.
34. NEPETA. Calyx more or less oblique at the throat, equally (or somewhat unequally)
5-toothed. Corolla with tube narrow at base; throat dilated ; upper lip somewhat con-
cave, emarginate or 2-lobecl ; lower spreading, with middle lobe large.
35. DRACOCEPHALUM. Calyx equal at the throat, 5-toothed ; the upper tooth (at
least in ours) very much larger than the others, sometimes the 3 upper partly united.
Corolla, &c., of Ncpeta.
TRIHK VI. SCUTELLARINE/E, Visiani. Stamens 4, ascending and parallel; both
pairs fertile; tha anterior (lower or out:-r) pair longer and with anthers mostly one-
celled by abortion (the other cell rudimentary or wanting); those of the posterior
pair 2-celled. Corolla bilabiate; but with the small lateral lobes more connected
with the galeate upper lip; lower lip therefore of a single lobe. Calyx bilabiate,
closed in fruit; the lips entire. Upper fork of the style very short or none. Ovule
campylotropous or amphitropous. Nutlets depressed or globular, rough-granulate
or tuberculate: seed transverse. Embryo curved; the short radicle incumbent on
one of the cotyledons! Herbage bitterish, little or not at all aromatic.
346 LABIATE.
36. SCUTELLARIA. Calyx in anthesis campanulate, gibbous, with a crest-like or
casque-shaped projection (answering to the upper sepal) on the back, closed after the
corolla falls, not inflated, at maturity of the fruit splitting to the base ; upper part not
rarely falling away ; the lower persistent. Corolla with long exserted tube, naked within ;
its anterior lobe or lower lip with the sides recurved. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Nutlets very
rarely wing-margined.
37. SALIZARIA. Calyx globular or at first oblong, barely repand-bilabiate, not appen-
daged or gibbous on the back, much enlarged after anthesis, becoming vesicular-inflated
and reticulated. Nutlets depressed, tuberculate-roughened, marginless. Corolla, &c., of
Scutellaria.
TRIBE VII. STACHYDEJE, Benth. (Lab., with part of Scutellarinece.') Stamens 4;
both pairs fertile, parallel and ascending under the concave and commonly galeate
upper lip of the bilabiate corolla (or in Marrubium included in the throat) ; the an-
terior (lower or outer) pair longer (except in a Phloin'u?) : anthers 2-celled or con-
fluently somewhat 1-celled. Calyx 5-10-nerved, or veiny. Bitter-aromatic or with
hardly aromatic herbage.
* Calyx reticulate-veiny, membranaceous or cbartaceous, more or less inflated, deeply
bilabiate ; the lips flattened and closed in fruit ; upper lip plane and broad : corolla
with inflated throat from a more or less exserted tube.
38. BRUNELLA. Calyx oblong, somewhat 10 nerved ; upper lip truncate, 3-toothed, its
teeth very broad and short; lower 2-cleft, its teeth lanceolate. Corolla with assurgent
tube, ringent lips, and slightly contracted orifice ; upper lip galeate, entire ; lower 3-lobed ;
its middle lobe dependent, rounded, concave, denticulate. Filaments, at least of the upper
pair, 2-toothed at the apex, one tooth naked, the other bearing the 2-celled anther, the
cells of which are divaricate. Nutlets smooth and glabrous. Inflorescence verticillas-
trate-capitate or spicate.
39. BRAZORIA. Calyx short-campanulate, indistinctly nerved, mostly declined in fruit ;
both lips broad ; the upper 3-lobed and somewhat recurved; the lower 2-lobed and sur-
rected in fruit. Corolla with inflated throat, broad and barely concave upper lip, and
spreading 3-lobed lower one ; its lobes short and roundish. Filaments simple : anthers with
somewhat divergent cells. Nutlets smooth, glabrous or pubescent. Inflorescence race-
mose-spieate.
* * Calyx more or less membranaceous and inflated or enlarged after flowering, obscurely
nerved, but somewhat veiny, 3-5-lobed, not bilabiate, open : corolla showy ; throat in-
flated ; upper lip more or less concave, not galeate : filaments more or less villous.
40. PHYSOSTEGIA. Calyx nearly regular, and equally 5-toothed ; the tube campanu-
la te or oblong, hardly nerved or veined, moderately turgid in fruit. Corolla gradually
inflated upward; lips short ; the upper erect, rounded, entire; lower somewhat spreading,
3-parted, its roundish middle lobe emarginate. Anthers uniform ; the cells nearly parallel,
denticulate or slightly spinulose along the edges of the valves. Style almost equally
2-cleft at apex. Nutlets triquetrous, smooth and even. Flowers simply opposite in the
spikes, one under each bract.
41. MACBRIDEA. Calyx tubular campanulate or funnelform, 3-lobed ; upper lobe nar-
rower, oblong, entire, obtuse; the two others broad (each of two combined sepals) and
2-lobed or entire. Corolla much inflated above, rather deeply bilabiate; upper lip round-
ish and fornicate, entire or nearly so; lower spreading, with 3 roundish lobes, middle one
larger. Anthers unconnected, hairy on the face; cells divergent. Style equally 2-toothed
at apex. Nutlets oblong, nervose. Inflorescence terminal and capitate, 2 or 3 flowers
under each bract.
42. SYNANDRA. Calyx campanulate, inflated, membranaceous, deeply 4-cleft ; the lobes
lanceolate-subulate, somewhat equal ; the 2 lower slightly smaller, the fifth or uppermost
wanting. Corolla with narrow tube, inflated above into a very ventricose throat ; upper
lip somewhat fornicate, entire ; lower widely spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe emar-
ginate. Filaments very villous above : anthers nearly glabrous ; the cells divergent, the
contiguous ones of the upper stamens sterile and connate! Upper fork of the style very
short. Nutlets smooth, ovate-compressed, with lateral angles almost winged. Inflores-
cence simply and loose!}' leafy-spicate.
* * * Calyx of firmer texture, distinctly 5-10-nerved or striate, 5-10-toothed.
* Stamens included in the short tube of the corolla, the upper lip of which is merely
concave.
43. MARRUBIUM. Calyx tubular-cylindraceous, strongly ribbed, and with 5 or 10 sub-
ulate or spinulose teeth. Tube of corolla included in the calyx ; lips short ; the upper
TrMioslema. LABIATE. 347
erect and narrow, 2-lobed ; lower spreading, 3-cleft. Antlier-cells more or less confluent.
Nutlets ovoid, smooth, obtuse. Leaves rugose.
-K- H Stamens ascending under tlie galeate upper lip of the corolla.
H- Introduced and naturalized from the Old World: stamens not deflexed after anthesis.
44. BALLOTA. Calyx fuimelform-dilated at the throat or border, 10-nerved, 5-toothed in
ours. Corolla nearly as in Stachi/s. Filaments not appendaged.
45. PHLOMI8. Calyx tubular, 5-10-uerved, 5-toothed in ours. Upper lip of tlie corolla
strongly galeate; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Upper pair of stamens (in our species
rather longer) furnished with a subulate or hooked appendage at base !
46. LEONOTIS. Calyx tubular, 10-nerved, at length incurved above, oblique at the
orifice, and with 5 or more unequal spinulose-tipped teeth, the upper one largest. Corolla
slender; the upper lip erect or incurved and elongated, entire; lower short and spreading,
3-cleft, its middle lobe not larger. Filaments not appendaged at base : anthers approxi-
mate in pairs. Upper fork of the style very short. Flowers densely capitate-verticil-
lastrate.
47. LEONURUS. Calyx turbinate, 5-nerved, with nearly equal truncate orifice, and 5
rigid and at length spreading subulate-spinescent teeth. Corolla short ; upper lip oblong,
entire. Filaments not appendaged : anther-cells parallel or sometimes divergent; valves
naked. Nutlets smooth, truncate at apex. Leaves cleft or incised, veiny, all longer than
the capitate-verticillastrate Mowers.
48. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular- or tiirbinate-campamilate, somewhat 5-nerved, commonly
oblique at the orifice ; tlie 5 teeth subulate but not spinesccnt. Corolla dilated at the
throat ; upper lip ovate or oblong, fornicate, narrowed at base ; lower lip spreading, its
lateral lobes truncate down to the throat, or sometimes oblong, and with or without a
tooth-like appendage ; middle one broad, emarginate, contracted and as it were stipitate.
at base. Filaments not appendaged : anthers approximate in pairs; their cells oblong,
divaricate, sometimes hairy; valves not ciliate. Nutlets truncate at the apex. Leaves
mostly cordate.
49. GALEOP3IS. Resembles Lrintinm in habit and Slachi/s generally in flowers. But
anthers transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell hirsute-ciliate, the outer and
larger one naked.
H- -H- Indigenous (chiefly) : stamens all or the lower pair sometimes deflexed to the sides
of the throat or contorted after anthesis.
50. STACHY8. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5-10-nervcd, equally 5-toothed,
sometimes the upper teeth larger and more or less united. Corolla with cylindrical or
cylindraceous tube, not dilated at the throat ; upper lip erect, more or less fornicate or
concave, sometimes rather thrown back, entire or emarginate ; lower spreading, 3-lobed,
its middle lobe larger. Filaments naked : anthers approximate in pairs; the cells either
parallel or divergent. Nutlets obtuse at the apex, not truncate.
1. TETRACLEA, Gray. (From rnnu, four, and xAmo, to close, referring
to the four distinct or closed nutlets of the fruit : first described as a Verbenaceous
pen us.) Single species.
T. Coulteri, Gray. Herb a foot or more high from a perennial root or suff rutescent base,
minutely puberulent : leaves petioled, ovate, nearly entire : flowers 2 or o on the short
axillary peduncles, short-pedicelled, cream-colored, in summer. Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi.
98; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. l:>4, t.41 ; Beiith. & Hook. Geu. ii. 1220. -- Rocky hills, S. W.
Texas to Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
2. TRICHOSTEMA, Gronov. (TRICHOSTEMMA of some.) BLUE-CURLS.
(From /Wi, hair, and GT^IU, for stamen, referring to the capillary filaments.) -
Herbs or suffhitescent plants, sweet-aromatic or strong-scented, mostly low; with
entire leaves, and commonly blue or violet corolla and stamens: fl. summer: all
belonging to the U. S.
o o
1. Calyx very oblique and bilabiate ; its 3 upper divisions twice or thrice tho
length of the lower two and united to above the middle : tube of the corolla
shorter than the limb : flowers loose, 1 to 3 on slender bibracteate peduncles, or
scattered on paniculate branches ; the alar ones, becoming lateral and secund or
348 LABIATJE. Trichostema.
decurved, appear as if resapinate, and have the two short teeth of the calyx
uppermost: cismontane, low and paniculately branched annuals. Strepto-
podium, Benth.
T. dichotomum, L. Viscid with rather minute pubescence : leaves oblong or lanceo-
late-oblong, obtuse, short-petioled : corolla blue or pink, sometimes white: stamens half
inch long. Spec. ii. 598; Bart. Fl. Am. Sept. iii. 03. T. pilosum, Roth. Sandy fields,
E. Massachusetts to Kentucky, Texas, and Florida.
T. lineare, Nutt. Puberulent : leaves linear, sometimes nearly glabrous : stems more
slender: corolla rather larger: otherwise similar. T. dichotomum, Roth. T. brachiatum,
Lam., not L. T. linariie folium, Bertoloni, Misc. xiii. t. 2. Connecticut to Alabama and
Louisiana, near the coast, in sandy ground.
2. Calyx campantilate, regular, almost equally 5-cleft (as in Isanthus) : far
western species. Ort/topoditim, Benth.
* Tube of corolla not exceeding the calyx.
-l Peduncles (in the manner of the preceding) loosely 1-5-flowered and much longer than the
leaves.
T. ArizonicuiB, Gray. Puberulent, a foot or less high from a ligneous perennial root :
leaves ovate or oval, half inch long, short-petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx : bracts
minute : calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, sometimes irregularly united : lobes of the blue or
whitish corolla 3 to 5 lines long, oblong-spatulate, very much longer than the tube, much
shorter than the filaments. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. T. dichotomum, Torr. Bot. Mcx.
Bound. 134, not L. S. Arizona, Writ/lit, Rothrock.
H. 1 Peduncles and pedicels short; the inflorescence shorter than the leaves, which are similar to
the summit ol' the stein, and are narrowed at base into short petioles: corolla small and inconspic-
uous: branching annuals.
T. micranthum. A span high, cinereous-pubescent : leaves lanceolate, not costate-veiny :
peduncles about the length of the 3-7-flowered cymule : calyx-lobes little longer than the
tube, nearly equalling the (only line long) corolla: stamens moderately exserted. San
Bernardino Co., California, in Bear Valley, Parry &- Lrmmoii.
T. oblongum, Benth. A span to a foot high, soft-villous : leaves oblong or oval with
narrowed base, membranaceous, costate-veined : glomerate cymules many-flowered, sub-
sessile, villous : calyx-lobes narrow, much longer than the tube, nearly equalling the (3 line)
corolla: filaments 4 or 5 lines long. Lab. 059; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. GOO. Oregon and
California to Mariposa Co.
* * Tube of the corolla slender and exserted, longer than the limb : nutlets sometimes tuberculate.
-1 Annuals, a span to two feet high, leafy to the summit: leaves nervose-costatc : cymes several-
manv-flouvved, when fully developed the pedicels becoming secund-racemose in age: calyx-lobes
ovate or triangular-lanceolate: tube of blue corolla about 3 and limb 2 lines long: stamens half
an inch longer.
T. la^um, Gray. Diffusely branched, minutely soft-pubescent, rather sparsely leafy :
leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acuminate-obtusish (2 or 3 inches long), rather
slender-petiolcd : cymes pedunculate, loose. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c.
California, from Sonoma Co. northward.
T. lanceolatum, Benth. 1. c. More strict and simple, with ascending branches from the
base: leaves crowded, sessile, lanceolate or the upper almost ovate-lanceolate, gradually
tapering from near the broad base to a very acute tip, strongly 3-5-nervose (an inch or
more long) : cymes subsessile or short-peduucled, dense, mostly undivided: calyx villous:
corolla somewhat pubescent. California, throughout the whole western part of the State,
and north to Oregon.
-i -F- Shruhhv, taller: cymes in a naked terminal thyrsus: leaves Rosemary-like.
T. lanatum, Benth. I.e. Very leafy: leaves thickish, narrowly linear and with revolute
margins, 1 -nerved, glabrate and shining above, canescent-tomentulose beneath, sessile, many
fascicled in the axils; uppermost reduced to bracts: thyrsus racemiform, interrupted;
cymules short-pcdmirled or subsessile ; whole inflorescence with calyx and even corolla
clothed with dense violet or purple wool : corolla half inch long and filaments an inch
or more longer. Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 134, t. 40; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 007. Rocky
places, California, from Santa Barbara southward.
Ajuga. LABIATE. 349
3. ISANTHUS, Michx. (From 1004, equal, and uvdoe, flower : calyx and
corolla nearly regular.) Single species.
I. caeruleus, Michx. Low and erect annual, somewhat viscid-pubescent, pungently
aromatic, copiously branched : leaves oblong-lanceolate or broader, acute at both ends,
somewhat petioled: peduncles axillary, 1-3-flowercd : corolla blue, 2 or 3 lines long,
little exceeding the calyx. Fl. ii. 3, t. 30. Trk-hoatcma brarliiatnm,!,. I.e. (Dill. Elth.
t. 285.) Dry or sterile ground, common from Canada to Georgia, Kentucky, and Texas :
fl. all summer.
4. TEUCRIUM, L. GERMANDER. (Teucer, first king of Troy.) --Less
aromatic herbs or undershrubs, mainly of the Old World : fl. summer.
* Erect perennial herbs: leaves undivided: flowers in naked terminal spikes or racemes, short-
pedicelled, 1 to 3 to each bract: calyx campanulate, moderately 5-lobed; two lower teetli tri-
angular-subulate; three upper ovate: nutlets globular and witli a roundish scar.
T. Canadense, L. Soft-pubescent to canescent-tomentose, 1 to* 3 feet high : leaves
oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, short-petioled : spike at length 6 to 12
inches long : flowers short-pedicellcd : corolla purple, rose, or sometimes cream-color, half
inch long : calyx cancscent, sometimes distinctly short-pubescent ; the 3 upper lobes very
obtuse. Spec. ii. 504. T. Viiyiiiicttni, L. I.e. (pi. Gronov. Virg.) ; Schk. Handb. t. 155.
Low grounds, Canada to Texas. (Mex.)
Var. angustatum. Leaves lanceolate, very acutely serrate (2 inches long, 3 to G
lines wide) : pubescence all minute. Camp Grant, Arizona, Palmer.
T. OCCidentale. Loosely pubescent, more branched, a foot or two high : leaves smaller
(lor 2 inches long), ovate-oblong to broadly lanceolate: corolla 4 or 5 lines long: calyx
villous with viscid hairs; upper lobes acute or the middle one acuminate. Nebraska,
(Hoyden, c ) to New Mexico (FeiuUer, Wr'njlit), Arizona (Palmer), ami on the Sacramento,
California (T. (.'tjiiatleitM, To IT. in Bot. Wilkes), collected there only by the Wilkes Expe-
dition. (T. hijlnlnin, Swartz, has a globular fructiferous calyx, with upper lobes obtuse,
nutlets angulate ventrally, &c.)
* * Low and diffuse herbs: leaves multiTid or incised, having solitary pedicellate flowers in their
axils: the uppermost more or less reduced or bract-like: calyx almost 5-parted into subulate-
lanceolate equal lobes.
T. Cubense, L. Glabrous or nearly so, branched from the annual root, about a foot
high : leaves cuneate ; the lower obovate-cuneatc or rhomboidal and short-petioled, cre-
nately incised, sometimes 3-5-cleft to the middle ; upper sessile, palmately 3-cleft or 3-5-
toothed, exceeding the flowers: corolla (pale blue or white, 3 or 4 lines long) hardly
exceeding the calyx : nutlets suberous-thickened, obscurely few-ribbed lengthwise and
punctate-impressed between the ribs. Mant. 80; Jacq. Stirp. t. 183, f. 74, & Obs. t. 30.
T. la-viijatum, Vahl, Symb. i. 40. Texas to S. E. California. (W. Ind., Mex. to Buenos-
Ayres.)
T. laciniatum, Torr. Glabrous or hirsute-pubescent, much branched from a lignescent
perennial root, a span or so high : leaves pinnately 3-7-parted into narrow linear entire or
2-3-lobed or toothed divisions, rather rigid; the floral much crowded, 3-parted ; upper
equalling the flowers: corolla (pale blue or lilac, (3 to 10 lines long) with spatulate lower
lobe much surpassing the calyx: nutlets not obviously costate. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. '.
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 579. T. Cubense, in part, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 135. Plains
of Colorado to W. Texas and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
5. AJUG-A, L. (Formed of privative, and fyyov, a yoke, from the seeming
absence of a yoke-fellow to the lower lip of the corolla.) - - Low herbs of the Old
World (Europe to Japan and Australia), one scantily naturalized in a few stations :
fl. summer.
A. REPTANS. L. Perennial, a span or so high, with copious creeping stolons : leaves obovate
or spatulate, sometimes, repand-sinnate ; cauline sessile; lowest and radical with long taper-
ing base ; floral approximate, subtending several sessile blue flowers. Fields, Montreal,
Canada, Maclaijan. Saco, Maine, Goodale. (Eu., N. Asia.)
350 LABIATE. Ocimum.
6. 6CIMUM, Tourn. (OCYMUM of some authors.) BASIL. ("Qxtfiov, the
ancient Greek name.) Sweet-aromatic herbs or suffrutescent plants, of warm
regions, largely African and Brazilian.
O. BASILIC CM, L., of the Old World, the Sweet Basil, is one of the sweet herbs of the
gardens.
O. micranthum, \Villd. Glabrate or nearly glabrous low annual : leaves long-petioled,
ovate, more or less serrate : flowers in terminal racemes, about > to each early deciduous
small bract : calyx with large and roundish upper tooth, in fruit the decurrent wing ex-
tending down to the short pedicel : corolla white, 2 lines long: filaments separate, naked,
toothless. Enum. 600. 0. Cuinjieckiaiutin, Chapm. Fl., not Mill. S. Florida, Key West.
(W. Ind., S. Am.)
7. HYPTIS, Jacq. ("Tnno^, resupiuate, or turned back, referring to the
lower lobe of the corolla.) A large genus in South America, a few species
within our borders' Fl. summer.
* Herbs, minutely pubescent or snioothish, not canescent or white-woolly: flowers capitate or
spicate : leaves slender-petioled.
H. radiata, W^illd. Stems tall, mostly simple from a perennial root : leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, toothed, and with entire long-tapering base: axillary peduncles usually shorter
than the leaf, bearing a many-flowered soft-puberulent capitate glomcrule which is mostly
shorter than its involucre of several lanceolate obtuse whitish bracts : calyx campanulate :
its teeth lanceolate-subulate and rigid: corolla white, purple-dotted. Spec. iii. 84 ; Poit.
Ann. Mus. vii. t. 27. C'linojiodiunt ni/jusunt'L. Low ground, from North Carolina towards
the coast to Texas.
H. pectinata, Poit. Stem tall, commonly rough on the angles, branching : leaves long-
petioled, ovate, serrate : flowers sessile in small capitate glomerules which become unilateral
in age, these subulate-bracteate and crowded in a spiciform interrupted thyrsus : fruiting
calyx with short-oblong tube a line in length, densely short-villous in the throat, longer than
the erect setaceous teeth : corolla very small. Ann. Mns. vii. 474, t. 30 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr.
xii. 127. H. spiciyf.ra, Chapm. & ed. 1. S. Florida, Garber, Curtiss. (Nat.? from S. Amer.)
H. spicata, Poit. Stem tall from an annual root, branching, rough-angled : leaves ovate,
acuminate, unequally serrate : flowers in small capitate glomerules, which are short-
pcduncled or sessile, and form interrupted and often paniculate terminal racemes or spikes :
calvx cylindrical, with base somewhat inflated in fruit, then much exceeding the bracts ;
teeth subulate-setaceous, short, strict. S. Florida. Ann. Mus. Par. vii. 474, t. 28, fig. 2 ;
Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 121. (Mex., S. Am.)
II. I'OLYSTACiiYA, IIBK , allied to this, is said in Bot. Beechey, 156, but doubtfully, to have
been collected in California.
* * Shrnbbv at least the calyx and short pedicels white-woolly with many-branched implexed
hairs: bracts inconspicuous.
H. Emoryi, Torr. Shrub 5 feet high, lavender-scented, furf uraceous-canescent : leaves
ovate, crenate (inch or less long), rather slemler-petioled : flowers on pedicels about the
length of the lanate-furfuraccous calyx, in axillary short-pcduncled cymes, and in denser
somewhat paniculate clusters at the end of the branchlets : corolla violet, only 2 lines
lonjr. _ Bot. Ives Coloracl. Exped. 20 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 591. //. lanata, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 12!), cxd. syn. Arid region, S. E. California and Arizona. (Adjacent Mex.)
H. AI.BIDA. IIBK. <>f Mexico, not yet found within our borders (although a form of //.
Euwn/i has been mistaken for it), has more oblong leaves, and sessile glomerules crowded in
terminal naked spikes.
II. LANIKI.OKA, Benth. Bot. Sulph. t. 20, a remarkable species, with rotund and angulate-
dentate glabrous leaves on slender petioles, open cymes on filiform peduncles, and very
densely long-woolly calyx (the wool dendritic-branched), is known only from Cape San Lucas,
in Lower California.
H. TEPiiiionES, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 164, from the same place, collected by Xantus,
is minutely canescent, except the furfnraceous calyx, and has subsessile lanceolate leaves,
and paniculate inflorescence.
Mentha. LABIATE. 351
8. COLLJNS6NIA, L. HORSE-BALM, CITRONELLA. (Peter Collin-
son of London, who corresponded with Linnajus and John Bartram, and received
from the latter the original species.) Odorous and large-leaved perennials (of
Atlantic North America) ; with thickened roots or rootstocks, ovate and serrate
veiny leaves, mostly on long petioles, and simple or panicled naked terminal
racemes of yellow or whitish flowers ; mostly only a single naked pedicel to each
small bract.
* Fertile stamens 2; upper pair rudimentary or obsolete: calyx-teeth all subulate-acute: flowers
in late summer or aulumii, on slender pedicels, solitary from tlie axil of each small subulate bract.
C. SCabriuscula, Ait. Glabrute or minutely pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high from a tuberous
stock, commonly leafless below : leaves small for the genus (2 or 3 inches long), broadly
ovate, often rather scabrous above : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, yellowish or purple-spotted.
- Ait. Kcw. cd. 1, i. 47 (178!)) ; Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr. xii. 253. C. pmcox, Walt. Car.
65 ? (1788), but not early flowering. C. tiiltcrosa, Michx. Fl. i. 17. C. scttbra, Pers. Syn.
i. 29; Pursh, Fl. i. 20; Ell. Sk. i. 35. C. omlis, Pursh, I.e., from the char.? Open
woods, S. Carolina to Florida and E. Arkansas.
C. Canadeiisis, L. (HOUSE-WEED, STOXE-ROOT, &e.) Glabrous, or the inflorescence
glandular-puberulcnt, 2 to 4 feet high, leafy : leaves ample (4 to 9 inches long), from
broadly ovate to oblong, rarely subcordate : racemes amply paniculate: calyx in flower a
line, in fruit 4 or 5 lines long : corolla lemon yellow, lemon-scented, 5 or G lines long.
Hort. Cliff, t. 5, & Spec. i. 28; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 75. C. decimsuta, Munich, Meth. 379. C.
ovulis, Pursh, 1. c. & herb., ex Benth. Rich woods, Canada to Wisconsin and south to
Florida, chiefly in the upper country.
Var. punctata. Inflorescence more puberulent and glandular: leaves minutely
tomentose-pubescent beneath and more obviously punctate. C. szrot'uw, Walt. Car. 05-
C. punctata, Ell. Sk. i. 3(5. Rich soil, Carolina and Georgia, towards the coast.
* * Fertile stamens 4, usually 2 ascending and 2 descending: corolla rather broader, about half
inch long, viscid-pubescent: (lowers earlier.
C. Verticillata, Baldw. Stem a foot high, leafless and glabrous below, at summit
bearing two approximate pairs or a seeming whorl of thin and large (3 to 7 inch) ovate
coarsely serrate and glabrous leaves : peduncle mostly simple and slender, viscid-pubes-
cent, supporting a single raceme : bracts minute : lower pedicels often in pairs or threes:
calyx-teeth all attenuate-subulate : corolla yellow or purplish, Ell. Sk. i. 37 ; Benth. Lab.
& in DC. 1. c. ; Chaprn. Fl. 310. Rich woods, western part of S. Carolina and Georgia to
Tennessee and Mississippi: fl. May.
C. anisata, Sims. (CITROXELLA, FREXCII TEA.) Copiously viscid-pubescent, or the
foliage glabrate, sweet-scented : stem 2 or 3 feet high, leafy : leaves ovate, rarely subcord-
ate, obtusely serrate, veiny, somewhat rugose, 3 to 8 inches long : racemes paniculate :
bracts ovate, conspicuous, mostly subtending single short pedicels: upper lip of calyx with
very broad and ovate mostly obtuse teeth ; those of the lower lanceolate : corolla yellow-
ish or cream-color. Bot. Mag. t. 1213; Pursh, Fl. i. 21; Ell. Sk. i. 37. S. Carolina to
Alabama and Florida, chiefly in the middle country : fl. summer.
9. MENTHA, Tourn. MIXT. (Mtrdij, the ancient Greek name.) Odorous
perennial herbs, mostly spreading by slender creeping rootstocks : calyx naked at
the throat in our species. Flowers small, whitish or purplish, glomerate (in
summer), not rarely gynodioecious, i.e. some individuals produce female flowers
with impotent stamens instead of perfect ones.
* Introduced from the Old World, to which most of the species belong. Many hybrids.
i- Inflorescence terminal.
H- Densely capitate glomcrules all much crowded in leafless narrow spikes: leaves either sessile or
very short petioled.
IM. SYLVESTRIS, L. (PIousK MIXT of Eu.) Finely pubescent or cancsccnt : leaves from
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate, often glabrous above : spikes
rather slender, canescently pubescent or cinereous. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 804 ; Engl. Bot. cu.
352 LABIATE. Maitha.
Syme, t. 1022. Road-sides, c., Pennsylvania, Porter. Also a seeming hybrid between it
and J/. viridis. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. ALOPECUROfDES, Baker. Intermediate between the above and the next species :
leaves larger, more nearly sessile, broadly oval and obtuse, often subeordate, coarsely and
sharply serrate, more veiny, but not rugose: spikes usually thicker; bracts broader.
Baker in Seem. Jour. Bot. iii. 238 ; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Isl. 279. i\f. ulopccuruidi-s, Hull, ex
Smith; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1021. M. rolundifolin, Sole, Menth. Brit. t. 4, not L.
Penn. and New Jersey, Pwtcr, Park,-r, Ltt/iji-tt. (Nat. from Eu.)
M. EOTUSDIKOLIA, L. Tomentose-canesceiit : stem strict : leaves from broadly elliptical to
roundish-subcordate, sessile, rugose, rather finely serrate: spikes slender, not cancscent.
Reichenb. Ic. Germ. t. 12b2 ; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1020. M. sijltvstris, Sole, 1. c. t, 3, not
L. Atlantic States, at a few stations, Maine to Texas : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
M. VIRIUIS, L. (SPEARMINT.) Glabrous or nearly so: leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong,
sparsely and sharply serrate: bracts linear-lanceolate and subulate, conspicuous. Wet
ground, in cultivated districts. (Nat. from Eu.)
-K- -w- Less capitate glomertdes in interrupted leafless spikes, or some in the axils of upper leaves:
flowers distinctly pedicellate: leaves distinctly petiolcd: steins less erect.
M. PIPERI'TA, L. (PEPPERMINT.) Glabrous, or in one variety somewhat hairy, very pun-
gent-tasted : leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply serrate : spikes nar-
row, of numerous glomerulcs. Along brooks, escaped from cult. (Nat. from Eu.)
M. AQUATICA, L. Soft-pubescent or glabrate, the stem with reriexcd hairs : leaves ovate,
roundish, or subeordate : spikes oblong and interrupted or capitate, thick : calyx and
usually the pedicels hairy.- -.17. cilratu, Ehrli. ; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1029 (BEUGAMOT
MINT), a more glabrous and sweet-odorous variety. Wet places, New England to Penn-
sylvania, &c. ; rare. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. CRISPA, Benth. A glabrous or glabrate form, with lacerate-dcntate and crisped
leaves. M. crisjm, L. ; Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1028. Wet ditches, New Jersey, &c. (Nat.
from Eu.)
H } Inflorescence axillary, in dense verticillastrate glomerulcs, on steins leafy to the top: leaves
more or less petiolcd, ovate or oblong-ovate, pubescent or glabrate.
M. ARVEXSIS, L. Leaves obtusely serrate: calyx-teeth deltoid, acute or obtuse, about one-
tliird the length of the campanulate tube: otherwise same as forms of the next, which
passes into it. Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t, 1038. New England, &c., at a few stations. (Nat.
from Eu.)
M. SATIVA, L. Taller, generally more pubescent, the stem with reflexed soft hairs: leaves
sharply serrate: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, half the length of the cylindraceous
tube, commonly hairy. Engl. Bot. ed. Syme, t. 1031, 1032. M. (jcnlilis, Smith in Linn.
Trans, v. 208, & Engl. Bot. t. 2118, a glabrate variety with only calyx-teeth hairy, and
these longer. Waste damp places, Mass, to Penn. ; uncommon. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Indigenous: inflorescence axillary, consisting of distant sessile verticillastrate glomerulea
in the axils of leaves, as in the preceding species, tliu uppermost axils flowerless.
M. Canadensis, L. Stem often simple: leaves varying from oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, sharply serrate, acute, generally tapering into the petiole: calyx hairy; the
short teeth triangular-subulate. Spec. ii. 577. Wet places, through the Northern U. S.
from Atlantic to Pacific, and Canada and Saskatchewan to New Mexico and California.
Villous-hairy, with Pennyroyal odor: passes into
Var. glabrata, Benth., with leaves and stem almost glabrous, the former sometimes
very short-petioled, and a sweeter scent, as of j\fonarda. M. loreulis, Michx. Fl. ii. 2.
Similar range.
10. LYCOPUS, Tourn. WATEU HOREHOUND, BUGLE-WEED, GIPSY-
WORT, (y/t'xos', wolf, mn~s-, foot, wolf's-foot.) -- Perennials, of wet, or low ground
(northern temperate and Australian). Mint-like, but bitter and only slightly
aromatic ; with sharply toothed or lobed leaves, and small white or whitish flowers
in their axils, in sessile capitate-verticillastrate glomerules, the uppermost axils
flowerless. Fl. summer.-- Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 285.
Cunila. LABIATE. 353
* Stoloniferous : long filiform runners produced in summer from the base of the stem, often tuberi-
fcrous at their apex.
I Calyx-teetli 4, or sometimes 5, obtuse or barely acutish, as also the very short bracts, in fruit
shorter than the nutlets.
L. VirgmicUS, L. (BUGLE-WEED.) Glabrous or somewhat pubescent: stem obtusely
angled, to 24 inches high : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate in the
middle, acuminate at both ends, tapering into a short petiole: calyx-teeth ovate or lanceo-
late-ovate: sterile stamens minute rudiments. Spec. i. 21 ; Rat'. Mod. Fl. t. 01. L. uni-
Jlonts, Michx. i. 14 (L. jnnnilus, Valil, L. Viry. var. paucijiurus, Benth.), a diminutive and
northern few-flowered form, a span high. L. macropliijllus, Benth. Lab. & in DC. Prodr.
. xii. 177 (var. macrophyUus, Gray, 1. c.), a tall and large-leaved form of Northern Pacific
coast. Labrador to Florida, Missouri, and north-westward to Brit. Columbia and Oregon.
j -l Calyx-teeth 5, or occasionally 4, very acute, in fruit longer than the nutlets.
H- Bracts minute: corolla nearly twice the length of the calyx: rudiments of posterior stamens
very short, oval or Ungulate : herbage glabrous or puberulcnt : stems to 20 inches high.
L. SessilifollUS, Gray, 1. c. Stem ascending, rather acutely 4-angled : leaves all closely
sessile, ovate or lanceolate-oblong (inch or two long), sparsely sharply serrate : calyx-teeth
subulate, rigid. L. Europa'.us, var. sessilifolius, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 345. New Jersey, in pine
barrens, late-flowering, Canliy, Parker.
L. rubellus, Mucnch. Stem rather obtusely 4-angled, erect or ascending: leaves ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate in the middle, attenuate-acuminate at both
ends (.') inches long), petioled : calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, not rigid-pointed. Moench,
Meth. Suppl. 44(i; Fresenius in llegensb. Flora, 1842; Benth. in DC. I.e. L. obtusijblius,
Vahl ? not Oenth. L. Arkansanus, Fresenius, 1. c. : puberulcnt form, with rather broader
triangular-lanceolate less pointed calyx-teeth, the rudiments of sterile stamens varying
from Ungulate to linear-spatulate. L. Europatus, var. inteyrifolius, Gray, Man. 1. c. Penn.?
and Ohio to S. Carolina, Louisiana and Arkansas.
H- -H- Outer bjracts conspicuous, very acute, often equalling the flowers: corolla hardly exceeding
the calyx : rudiments of sterile stamens slender and capitellate or clavate-tipped.
L. lucidus, Turcz. Stem strict, stout, 2 or 3 feet high, hirsute-pubescent or glabrate,
acutely angled above: leaves lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate (2 to 4 inches long), acute
or acuminate, very sharply and coarsely serrate with triangular-subulate ascending teeth,
sessile or nearly so by an obtuse or acute base, coarsely punctate : calyx-teeth attenuate,
subulate. (Siberia, Japan.)
Var. Americanus, Gray, 1. c. Leaves dull, often minutely puberulent both sides :
calyx-teeth less rigid. Bot. Calif, i. 592. L. obtusifulius, Benth. in DC. 1. c. ? Saskatche-
wan to Kansas, Arizona, and California.
* * Not stoloniferous, but rootstocks more or less creeping: calyx-teeth 5, cuspidate or.spinulose-
tipped, rigid, nearly equalling the corolla, in fruit surpassing the nutlets: subulate outer bracts
often equalling the flowers.
L. sinuatus, Ell. Stem erect, 1 to 3 feet high, acutely 4-angled, glabrous, roughish, or
minutely pubescent: leaves oblong or lanceolate (1 or 2 inches long), acuminate, irregu-
larly incised or laciniatc-pinnatifid, or some of the upper merely sinuate or incisely toothed,
tapering at base mostly into a slender petiole: calyx-teeth triangular-subulate and short-
cuspidate : rudiments of sterile stamens slender, conspicuous, and with a globular or sub-
clavate tip. Sk. i. 187. L. Europmis, Walt. &c. L. sinnntns, e.rti/tftltts & angustifolius, Ell.
1. c. L. vulijaris L. (inr/nstifotiim, Nutt. Gen., without char. L. Europivns, var. xiiutatus,
Gray, Man. 1. c. N. Canada to Florida, Texas, and west to Oregon and N. California.
L. EUROIVEUS, L., has less acutely angled stems, mostly broader and shorter subsessile leaves
with less unequal teeth or lobes, subulate-spinulose calyx-teeth, and rudiments of sterile
stamens obsolete or minute. Occurs as a ballast-weed at Norfolk and Philadelphia, Duruml,
Parker. (Probably not yet nat. from Eu.)
11. CUNfLA, L. DITTANY. (An ancient Latin name of some Labiate
plant, applied by Linnaeus to a small American genus.) -- Perennials, with small
purplish flowers, in summer. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 8, 3G5.)
C. Mariana, L. Herbaceous, cymosely much branched, a foot high, glabrous except tV.o
nodes : leaves nearly sessile, ovate with subcordate or rounded base, serrate, much punc-
23
354 LABIATE. Hyssopwt.
tate : flowers in peduncled loose cymes, rudiments of the upper pair of stamens generally
apparent. Spec. ed. 2, i. 30; Bart. Med. Bot. t. 42 ; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1205 ; Sweet, Brit.
Fl. Card. t. 243 ; Torr. Fl. N. Y. t. 76. Satureia origanoides, L., ed. 1. Dry soil, S. New
York and Ohio to Georgia.
12. HYSSOPUS, Tourn. HYSSOP. (The ancient name, from a Hebrew
word.) Only one species.
H. OFFICINALIS, L. Perennial herb, with somewhat woody base, virgate branches, lanceo-
late or linear entire leaves, and blue-purple flowers in small spiked clusters, in summer.
Sparingly on roadsides eastward, and in California, escaped from gardens. (Nat. from
Eu. and Asia.)
13. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. MOUNTAIN MINT or BASIL. (From
.TZiwOi.,', dense, ttvdfpov, blossom : glomerate inflorescence.) Perennial erect
herbs (all N. American, and all but one eastern), pleasantly pungent-aromatic,
branching above; with capitate-verticillastrate glomerules or dense cymes (com-
monly multibracteate) in the upper axils, or mainly cymosely terminal ; flowers
small, whitish or purplish, often purple-dotted, in summer. Michx. Fl. ii. 7, with
Brachystemum, 1. c. 5 ; Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 44.
1. Flower-clusters naked in a terminal corymbose cyme, small, rather dense ;
the proper bracts minute and loose : calyx short-tubular ; the teeth equal : leaves
sessile and small.
P. nudum, Nutt. Nearly glabrous; stem strict, 2 feet high: leaves oval, nearly entire,
less than inch long, shorter than the internodes: calyx-teeth triangular, villous. Gen. ii.
34. Low pine barrens, N. Carolina 1 to Florida, Alabama, &c.
2. Flowers densely verticillastrate-cymose or glomerate, usually conspicuously
much bracted : calyx oblong or short-tubular. (Many of the species difficult of
discrimination, perhaps on account of hybridizing.)
# Bracts and equal calyx-teeth aristate-tipped, rigid, naked, equalling the corolla: leaves slightly
petioled, rather rigid.
P. aristatum, Michx. Minutely soft-puberulent, mostly canescent : leaves ovate- and
lanceolate-oblong, sparingly denticulate; flower-clusters dense or capitate, terminal. Fl.
ii. 8, t. 33. P. verticil/alum, Pursh, not Michx. P. sctosum, Nutt. in Jour. Acad. Philad.
vii. 100. Oriijanum titanium, Walt. Pine barrens, New Jersey to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. hyssopifolium, Gray, 1 c. (P. hyssop/folium, Benth.): leaves narrowly
oblong or almost linear, nearly entire, obtuse. Virginia to Florida.
* * Bracts and equal (or later species nearly equal) and similar calyx-teeth not aristate.
H Leaves linear or lanceolate, nearly sessile, entire, mostly glabrous, very numerous throughout
the steins and copious branclilets : capitate glomerules small and numerous, densely fastigiate-
cymosc, copiously iml>ricaied with short appressed rigid and subulate-pointed or acute bracts,
which do not exceed the equally 5-toothed calyx : lips of the corolla very short. (Braclystemum
Viryinicum, Miehx. )
P. linifolium, Pursh. Glabrous up to the canescent inflorescence, 2 feet high, slender :
leaves linear, somewhat 3-nerved : bracts subulate or cuspidate-tipped from a broad base :
calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, rigid-pointed. Fl. ii. 409. Satureia Virginiana, L., as to
syn. Pluk. Knellia capltuta, Moench, Mcth. 408. Brachystemum linifolium, Willd. Enum. 023.
Pycnanthemum tenuifo/ium, Schrad. Hort. Gott. 10, t. 4. Dry ground, Massachusetts to
Illinois, Florida, and Texas.
P. lanceolatum, Pursh, 1. c. Stem stouter and somewhat pubescent : inflorescence
villous-canescent : leaves lanceolate or almost linear, nervose-veined, obtuse at base :
bracts ovate or lanceolate: calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid, merely acute. Satureia Vinjiniana,
Hcrm. Parad. t. 218 ; L. Spec. ii. 567. T/n/imts Vhyinicus, L. Mant. 409. T. lanccola/us,
Poir. Suppl. v. 305. Ncpcta Virqinica, Willd. Spec. iii. 56. Brachystemum lanceolatum, Willd.
Enum. 623. Pycnanthe.mum Virginicum, Pers. Syn. ii. 128. Dry ground, Mass, and Canada
to Nebraska and Georgia.
Pycnanthemum. LABIAT/E. 355
-) -! Leaves from lanceolate to ovate sessile, or almost so, denticulate or sometimes entire, pin-
iiately veined: flowers in larger and fewer less dense heads: verticillastrate glomerules subtended
by fewer and looser bracts.
P. Calif ornicum, Torr. Usually tomentose-canescent, rather stout: loaves ovate-
lanceolate or almost ovate, with rounded or subcordate sessile base ; glomerules terminal
and in the axils of 2 or 3 uppermost pairs of leaves, at first very dense (0 to 12 lines in
diameter): bracts setaceous, lax : teeth of the calyx lanceolate-triangular, villous, 3 or 4
times shorter than the cylindraceous tube. Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. if. ()!), & Pacif. 11.
Hep. ir. 122; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 5!J2. California and borders of Nevada. Passes into
Var. glabellum, not canescent : leaves and stems from pubescent to almost glabrous :
inflorescence less dense. Torr. 1. c. Upper Sacramento, Biyclow, Brewer, &c.
P. muticum, Pers. 1. c. Puberulent, cinereous-pubescent, or glabrate but pale, much
branched: leaves from lanceolate to ovate, subsessile, rather rigid, commonly obtuse at
base; those subtending the (sometimes proliferous) dense capitate glomerules canescent:
calyx-teeth ovate-deltoid or triangular-lanceolate, acute. Brachysttmum muticum, Michx.
Fl. ii. 6, t. 32. Pyc. Arkansanum, Fresenius in Hegensb. Flora, 1842, ;]25. Maine to Flor-
ida and Arkansas. Brachystemum verticillatum, Michx. 1. c. t. 31 (coll. at Pittsburgh, Penn.),
is intermediate between the typical (eastern) plant, with short bracts, shorter and broader
calyx-teeth, and leaves glabrate or minutely cinereous, and
Var. pilosum. Cinereous with looser pubescence: leaves thinner, oblong-lanceolate,
mostly acute or acutish at base, sometimes ovate (Memphis, I-\ndl<r) : bracts and especially
the rather narrower calyx-teeth canescent with more copious often villous pubescence.
P. pilosum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 33; Gray, 1. c. Ohio to Illinois and Arkansas. Calyx often
(but inconstantly) somewhat unequal, two or three of the teeth more united.
P. leptodon. Soft-pubescent, or glabrate below, loosely branched, tall: leaves mem-
branaccous, green (1^ or 2 inches long), lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, subsessile : glom-
erules larger and looser than in the preceding, canescent-hirsute : long-acuminate bracts
and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, villous-hirsute. P. pilosum, var. 1 leptodon, Gray in Arn.
Jour. Sci. I.e. North-western N. Carolina and S. Missouri, Gray & Carry, Geycr. Per-
haps a hybrid between P. muticum, var. pilosum, and P. Tullia, var. dubium.
- -t -1 Leaves linear- or oblong-lanceolate, short -petioled, not even the uppermost canescent:
flowers in mostly terminal capitate glomerules, which are dense even in fruit : calyx almost or quite
equally 5-toothed, eaiiescently pubescent, the teeth subulate. (Ambiguous species.)
P. Torreyi, Benth. Puberulent : stem strict, corymbose at summit ; leaves narrowly
lanceolate, green, glabrate, entire or slightly and sparingly denticulate : heads cymose-
corymbed, small; the bracts subulate, mostly appressed : corolla rather large. Prodr.
1. c. 188. P. Vinjinicum, Nutt, Gen. 1. c. ? Dry ground, S. New York to Pennsylvania.
P. clinopodioides, Gray, I.e. Pubescent: leaves broadly or oblong-lanceolate, sharply
denticulate or sometimes entire: heads fewer and larger: bracts loose. Dry soil, S. New
York to E. Pennsylvania.
* * * Calyx distinctly bilabiate through the union of three teeth to form (he upper lip: the teeth
and the tips of the loose bracts if slender not rigid: flowers in dense flattened glomerate cymes,
which are usually expanded with age: leaves membranaceous, mostly serrate, distinctly petioled,
the uppermost more or less canescent: stems loosely branching.
P. Tullia, Benth. Rather stout, loosely more or less pubescent : leaves ovate- or lanceo-
late-oblong, acuminate, obtuse or acutish at base, somewhat serrate, thin (2 to 4 inches
long), pale green both sides, only the uppermost tomentulose-whitened : calyx-teeth aristi-
form-subulate, equalling the tube in length, above and the long-attenuate tips of the bracts
setose-barbate. Lab. 328, & in DC. I.e. i. 87. Tullia Pycnanthemoldes, Leavenworth in
Am. Jour. Sci. xx. 243, t. 5. S. Virginia and N. Carolina to Tennessee and Georgia,
chiefly in and near the mountains.
Var. dubium. Greener, not canescent, except the setose-villous bracts and calyx ;
the teeth of the latter shorter than the tube: leaves lanceolate. P. dnlilum. Gray, 1. c.
Ashe Co., N. Carolina, Gray & Carey. Perhaps a hybrid between P. Tullia and P. leptodon,
or even P. muticum, var. pi/osunt.
P. incanum, Michx. 1. c. Cinereous-pubescent : leaves ovate-oblong, with obtuse or
rounded base, serrate (2 to 4 inches long), the lower surface or both surfaces of the upper-
most canescent, at least when young, and with more or less loose or villous pubescence :
calyx-teeth subulate or triangular-lanceolate and cuspidate or pointed, not exceeding half
356 LABIATE. Pycnanthemum.
the length of the tube, often bearing one or two bristle-like hairs. Clinopodium inccmum,
L. Spec. ii. 588. Oriyumim jjinirtntiiiii, Poir. Pycnanthemum Loomisii, Nutt. in Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 100; form approaching the next. New England and W. Canada to Ohio, and
south to Florida and Louisiana.
P. albescens, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. Stems slender, puberulent, all the parts smaller
leaves oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, small (inch or so long), cancsccnt
beneath and the uppermost on both sides with a minute close pubescence, as also are the
short and beardless calyx and bracts ; teeth of the former short, triangular-ovate, obtuse.
Am. Jour. Sci. 1. c. P. incanum, var. albescens, Chapm. Fl. 310. Alabama and Florida
to Texas.
3. Flowers densely verticillastrate-capitate ; the globose glomerules sessile
and solitary at the summit of the stem and in some of the upper axils, copiously
arid conspicuously bracteate : calyx tubular ; the short teeth nearly equal : aspect
somewhat of Monarda.
P. montanum, Michx. Sweet-aromatic, glabrous or nearly so : leaves ovate- or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate, membranaceous (2 to 4 inches long), short-
petioled : bracts thin, lanceolate, long-acuminate, villous-ciliate : calyx-teeth triangular-
subulate, naked, very much shorter than the narrow tube. Fl. ii. 8; Gray, 1. c. Momir-
dclla jiwntiiiia, Benth. Lab. 331. Monarda yrac'dis, Pursli, Fl. i. 17? Moist woods, Alle-
ghany Mountains, S. Virginia and Tennessee to Georgia and Alabama.
14. MONARDELLA, Benth. (Diminutive of Monarda, which this
wholly western American genus resembles in aspect, inflorescence, and calyx ;
while in the rest of the flower it is near Pycnanthemum.') --Flowers in terminal
and solitary verticillastrate heads, subtended or involucrate by broad often mem-
branaceous and colored bracts : corolla red, rose, purple, or rarely white. Pleas-
antly aromatic fragrant herbs, mostly entire-leaved. Benth. Lab. 331, & in DC.
Prodr. xii. 190 ; Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100.
1. Flowers large and comparatively few, rather loosely glomerate: tube of
corolla much longer than the limb : anther-cells oval-oblong, divaricate : root
perennial.
M. macrantha, Gray. A span high from creeping suffrutescent rootstocks, puberulent
or pubescent : leaves subcoriaceous, ovate, obtuse, glabrate, 5 to 10 lines long, slender-
pet ioled : heads 10-25-flowered, with lax and thin ovate or oblong obtuse bracts : calyx-
teeth lanceolate, acute : corolla very much exserted, inch and a half long, scarlet, with
tube slightly trumpet-shaped, and comparatively small lanceolate lobes only 3 or 4 lines
long. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. & Bot. Calif, i. 59:3; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6270. San Diego
Co., California, Cleveland, Palmer. Also, in a more foliaceous and less showy form (taller,
more hirsute-pubescent, with leaves thinner and a full inch long, and flowers rather
smaller), San Bernardino Co., Parr// & Lcmmon.
M. nana, Gray, 1. c. Hirsute-pubescent, a span high : leaves and heads nearly of the
preceding: corolla slender, less than an inch long, white tinged with rose; pubescent tube
little exceeding the calyx. S. California, in mountains behind San Diego, Cla-dnnd.
2. Flowers smaller, more numerous, and densely capitate : calyx only a
quarter or a third of an inch long : tube of the corolla little exserted and little
longer than the limb : anther-cells shorter and less divaricate.
# Perennials, in tufts, often slightly lignescent at base: corolla from whitish or flesh-color to rose-
pnrple; the lobes linear: calyx-teeth lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, merely or hardly acute,
soft. (Seemingly transitional forms occur between all but the lirst species.)
H Leaves from ovate to lanceolate, petioled, more or less obviously pinnately veined : bracts
obtuse and pointless.
M. hypoleuca. Pubescent, a foot or two high : leaves densely tomentose-canescent
beneath, silvery-white when young, glabrate and green above, ovate-oblong, obtuse, entire,
Monarddla. LABIAT/E. 357
an inch or two long, all distinctly petioled ; veins conspicuous, impressed above : heads
large : bracts orbicular and ovate, nervose. S. E. California, San Bernardino Co., Parry
& Lemmon.
M. villosa, Benth. Soft-pubescent, or the heads and lower face of leaves villous, or
sometimes the whole herbage glabrate, a span to a foot high: leaves ovate, 5 to 14 lines
long, all petioled, from sparsely crenate-dentate to nearly entire : veins conspicuous, widely
spreading: bracts ovate, foliaceous, more or less pinnately veined. Lab. 332, Bot. Sulph.
t. 21, & DC. 1. c. 190; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 592. Woods and banks, nearly throughout the
western part of California, especially along the coast. Leaves in the typical form often
tomentose beneath.
Var. leptosiphon, Torr. A rather large-flowered form, cinereous with a finer
pubescence, and ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate nearly entire leaves. Bot. Mex. Bound.
129. In the central part of the State.
Var. glabella, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, or glabrate,
except the head: leaves oblong, entire or barely and sparingly denticulate ; upper ones
sometimes subsessile: veins much less conspicuous. Bot. Calif. 1. c. M. Slu-ltimi, Torr. in
Jour. Acad. Philad. n. ser. ii. 99. Pine woods, through the Sierra Nevada and valley of
the Sacramento. There are transitions to the next.
M. odoratissima, Benth. 1- c. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely tomentulose, or
nearly glabrous, but pale; a span to a foot high : leaves from narrowly oblong to broadly
lanceolate, entire or nearly so, short-petioled, or the upper subsessile, firm in texture, botli
sides alike ; the veins inconspicuous or obscure : bracts thin-membranaceous and colored
(whitish or purple), nervose: calyx-teeth (as in the preceding) hirsute without and within :
odor of Pennyroyal. Dry hills, Washington Terr., Oregon, and through the higher
mountains of California, Nevada, and Utah.
-I -i Leaves linear or oblong-linear, entire, thickisli and nearly veinlcss, half to two-thirds inch
long, subsessile, or the lower oblong and petioled and with a few veins.
M. linoides, Gray. Canescent or cinereous with an almost imperceptible puberulence :
stems a span to 18 inches high, strict and rigid : bracts ovate, mucronate-acute, scarious-
membranaceous and white with pinkish, pinnately nervose : calyx-teeth narrowly lanceo-
late, merely pubescent : odor of Bcrgamot. Proc. Am. Acad. & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Southern
California, in mountains of San Diego Co. and on the Mohave, Cleveland, Palmer, Parry &
Lemmon, &c.
M. Palmeri. Glabrous and green, or obscurely puberulent up to the pubescent and pro-
portionally large head, a span high : bracts ovate, very obtuse, more nervose, otherwise
as in the preceding : calyx-teeth linear-lanceolate. San Luis Obispo Co., California, under
Redwoods in the Santa Lucia mountains, Palmer.
* * Annuals: from a span to a foot or more high, loosely branching: leaves entire or
undulate, more distant, narrowed at base into a petiole: calyx-teeth mostly with rather strong
marginal nerves.
*~~ Bracts rigidly cuspidate-acuminate, white and transparent-scarious, except the nerves or veins:
corolla bright rose or purple.
M. Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. Pubescent: leaves lanceolate : bracts ovate and ovate-lan-
ceolate, tapering gradually into the cusp, more or less hirsute, fenestrate, the pinnate
spreading greenish veins running from midrib to stout marginal nerves, forming a firm
frame for the hyaline and silvery interspaces : teeth of the hirsute calyx rigid and subu-
late : scent strong. M. cainlicans, var. venosa, Torr. in Pacif. 11. Rep. iv. 123. California,
through the valley and westward.
M. Breweri, Gray. Puberulent: leaves ovate-oblong: bracts broadly ovate, abruptly
cuspidate-pointed, less translucent, and with slender more nervose and whitish veins, only
those of the outermost bracts strongly pinnate, destitute of strong marginal nerves : calyx-
teeth triangular-subulate, merely acute. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 38(5, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif.
i. 594. California, in Corral-Hollow, Contra-Costa Co.
* H Bracts acute or obtuse: nervose, less translucent or the outer herbaceous: corolla rose-color
or purple : calyx-teeth not subulate, short.
M. lanceolata, Gray. Green and almost glabrous, or the stem puberulent: leaves
oblong-lanceolate or narrower, tapering into a slender petiole ; the uppermost and the
ovate or ovate-lanceolate bracts acute; the latter with cross-veinlets between the nerves or
358 LABIATE. Monardella.
primary veins: calyx-teeth acutish, glabrate outside, densely hirsute within. Proc. Am.
Ac-ad, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, common nearly through the State except on
mountains.
M. undtllata, Benth. I.e. Cinereous-puhescent or glabrate : leaves spatulate-ohlong to
oblaneeolate or linear with tapering base, obtuse, undulate-margined : heads mostly villous
or pubeseent: bracts broadly ovate, thin, wliitish-scarious, obtuse, no cross-veinlets be-
tween the parallel nerves : calyx-teeth villous, obtuse : " odor of peppermint." Gray, 1. c.
California, near the coast.
-1 -1 -I Bracts obtuse or obtusely and slightly acuminate, broadly ovate, more or less white-
scarious, nervose, and with some cross-veiulets between the nerves: corolla white or nearly so,
small and short, not over 3 or 4 lines long: calyx-teeth villous and with white-scarious tips:
herbage cinereous or cant-scent.
M. candicans, Benth. Soft-puberulent, cinereous, but hardly canescent : leaves lan-
ceolate or narrowly oblong, obtuse, tapering into a slender petiole : bracts minutely pubes-
cent outside, ovate, greenish along the numerous nerves, at least the tip and margins
white-scarious, shorter than the flowers: calyx-teeth short, rather broad and obtuse, villous
both sides. PL Hartw. 330 ; Gray, 1. c. California, valley of the Sacramento and foot-
hills of the neighboring Sierra Nevada.
Var. exilis. Smaller: bracts mostly with a short scarious acumination: calyx-teeth
acute. S. E. California or adjacent Arizona, Palmer.
M. leucocephala, Gray. Low, much branched, cinereous-pubescent : leaves oblong or
broadly lanceolate, short-petioled : bracts ovate-orbicular with slight acumination, wholly
thin-scarious and bright white, lightly nervose and with very sparing cross-veiulets (about
4 lines long and broad): calyx hirsute; the teeth attenuate-subulate. Proc. Am. Acad.
vii. 385, xi. 102, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. California, on the plains near Merced, in sandy soil,
Brewer.
15. ORfG-ANUM, Tourn. WILD MARJORAM. (Ancient Greek name,
from oyo^, a mountain, and yuvo^, delight.) Old World plants, one introduced.
O. vtiLGARE, L. Branching erect perennial, villous : leaves ovate, petioled: short spiciform
branches of the cymes densely panic-led, crowded with ovate and obtuse purplish-colored
bracts : corolla purple. Roadsides, Atlantic States : fl. summer. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
16. THYMUS, Tourn. THYME. (Classical name, perhaps from 0i'co, to
burn perfume. Thyme having been used for incense.) Low and small-leaved
and small-flowered perennials, with persistent often somewhat woody base; fl.
summer. Old World genus, one species introduced.
T. SERPYLLUM, L. (CREEPING THYME.) Prostrate-tufted: leaves green, flat, ovate, entire,
veiny, more or less ciliate, short-petioled, 2 to 4 lines long, the floral ones similar: flowers
crowded at the end of the ascending branches, purplish. Old fields, E. Massachusetts and
Pennsylvania. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
17. SATUREIA, Tourn. SAVORY. (Ancient Latin name.) Small-
leaved and low plants, sweet aromatic ; the genuine species all of the Old World ;
the single American one almost generically distinct.
1. SATUREIA proper. Bracts of the loose inflorescence small or none : calyx
mostly equalling the tube of the corolla : fl. summer.
S. HORTENSIS, L. (SUMMER SAVORY.) Annual, much branched, minutely pubescent: leaves
oblong-linear or lanceolate, tapering at base : flowers in axillary clusters, above becoming
interruptedly spicate : corolla short, pale purplish: stamens short. Cult, as a sweet-herb;
escaping from gardens is sparingly wild in Ohio, Illinois, Nevada, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. PYCNOTHYMUS, Benth. Flower-clusters crowded in a terminal oblong
head or spike, conspicuously bracteate : bracts as long as the corolla : calyx very
small, thin, much shorter than the slender tube of the corolla : fl. spring.
Calamintha. LABIATE. 359
S. rigida, Bartram. Cespitose-procumbent, suffrutescent : leaves crowded, rigid, subu-
late-lanceolate, with strongly revolute margins, obtuse, quarter inch long, scabrous or
becoming smooth, above passing into the broader and Hatter villous-hirsute bracts : calyx
equally and deeply 5-cleft, membranaceous : corolla light purple; the tube (3 lines long)
much shorter than the lips : filaments at length exserted. Benth. Lab. 354, & DC. Prodr.
xi. 211. E. Florida, in sand.
18. MICROMERIA, Benth. (Mr/.(>6^ small, and pfyog, a part, from small
size of flowers, &c.) Chiefly of the Old World. Our two species, of the section
HESPEROTHYMUS, are diffusely spreading or creeping perennial herbs, with slender
stems, rounded and petioled veiny thin leaves, and 1 to 3 slender-pedicelled purplish
flowers in their axils ; in summer. To these an anomalous California!! species is
added.
M. Brownei, Beilth. Glabrous, or nearly so : leaves roundish, obscurely crenate : pedi-
cels bractless : calyx villous in the throat ; teeth lanceolate-ovate. Lab. 372 ; Schmidt in
Fl. Bras. viii. t. 32. Tlujmus Brownei, Swartz. River-banks, Florida. ( W. Ind., S. Am.)
Var. pilosiuscula, with leaves (perhaps shorter-petioled) and sometimes stem and
calyx sparsely pilose-pubescent: passes into M. Xa/apensis, Benth., and as such is enume-
rated in Bot. Mex. Bound. 129. Texas, near San Antonio ( Thurber), and southward. (Mata-
moras, Berhinilicr, Mex., &c.)
M. Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. (YERBA BITENA.) Somewhat pubescent: trailing and creep-
ing stem elongated : leaves broadly ovate or roundish : pedicels 2-bracteolatc below : calyx
naked in the throat; the teeth subulate. M. barbula, Fisch. & Meyer. T/ti/mus Douyhisii
& T. Chumissonls, Benth. in Linn. vi. 80. Woods, Vancouver's Island to Los Angeles Co.,
California.
M. purpurea, Gray. Erect, much branched, probably from an annual root, minutely
and loosely pubescent : leaves short-petioled, lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate (inch
long), with dense umbelliform cy mules subsessile in their axils : calyx oblong-campanulate,
a line and a half long, about equalling the pedicels, naked in the throat ; teeth slender-
subulate, almost equalling the small "purple-blue" corolla. Bot. Calif, i. 505. Hedeoma
purpurea, Kellogg in Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 52. (All 4 stamens antheriferous.) Webb's
Landing on an island in the San Joaquin River, California, Kellogg.
M. HHACTEOtvvTA, Benth. 1. c., founded on " Iledeoma bracteolata. Pubescent, stem simple,
slender : leaves linear-sublanceolate, acute at each extremity, entire : pedicels setaceously
bracteolate, 3-5-flowered : calyx oblong, equal: corolla minute? In Carolina." Nutt.
Gen. Addend. This is wholly obscure.
19. CALAMfNTHA, Tourn., Mocnch. CALAMINT. (Old Greek name
of some plant of this order.) Herbs or nndershrubs, chiefly of warm-temperate
regions, of various habit, flowering all summer. Ours are perennials, and are
various in habit.
C. PALMERI, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 100, an annual, of the Acinos section and the habit
and odor of Hcdeonm, belongs to Lower California, much beyond our limits.
1. Flowers loose, and without long-subulate bracts: calyx in ours usually
villous in the throat: anthers naked.
* Herbaceous, small-flowered : corolla pale purple or nearly white.
-) Introduced, pubescent: peduncles short but mostly distinct, several-flowered: calyx conspicu-
ously villous in the throat.
C. NEPETA, Link. (BASIL THYME.) Villous- or cinereous-pubescent, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves
roundish-ovate, crenate (half inch long), short-petioled; uppermost reduced to^ bracts :
bractlets minute : corolla 4 lines long. Benth. Lab. & in DC. xii. 228. M<'/^,i \cpeta, L.
T/it/mus Ncprta, Smith, Engl. Bot. 1. 1414. Dry waste grounds, from Maryland to Arkansas.
(Nat. from Eu.)
C. OFFICTXALIS, Mcench, Meth. 409, the common Calamint of Europe, is inclined to escape
from cultivation in a few places.
360 LABIATE. Calamintha.
H + Indigenous on wet limestone river-banks, glabrous or nearly so, except a villous ring in the
throat of the calyx: common peduncles in the axils hardly any: pedicels 1 to 5 : conspicuous
bracts at their base subulate-acuminate : petioles short or none.
C. glabella, Benth. Stems lax or decumbent, a foot or two long: leaves oblong or
broadly lanceolate with tapering base; the larger ones serrate: axils 3-5-flowered : calyx-
teeth of both lips attenuate-subulate : corolla nearly half inch long, barety twice the length
of the calyx. DC. Prodr. xii. 230. Cuiiila (jlabella, JAichx. Fl. i. 13. Zizophora yhilie/la,
Roam. & Sch. Syst. i. 209. Banks of the Cumberland near Nashville (Michaux) and of the
Kentucky River near Frankfort, SI tort & Peter.
C. Nuttallii, Benth. 1 c. Stems slender, branching, erect or ascending, a span or two
high, copiously stoloniferous at base: leaves entire, thickish and veinless, with slightly
revolute margins; cauline linear or the lower spatulate, sessile, 5 to 9 lines long; those of
the creeping stolons ovate and orbicular, short-petioled, 2 or 3 lines long : flowers 1 to
3 in the axils: corolla a third of an inch long, fully twice the length of the calyx.
Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1848), 325. Hedcoma ylubra, Nutt. Gen. i. 16. H. Arkansana, Nutt. in
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 186. Cimila r/labra, Torr. Fl. 23. Micromeria glabella
(mainly) & 31. Arkansuna, Benth. Lab. 730, 871. M. ylabella, var. august /folia, Torr. Fl.
N. Y. ii. 07. Culamintha ylabella, var. Nuttallii, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 307, ed. 5, 349. Niagara
Falls to Lake Superior, S. Missouri to Texas.
* * More or less woody or shrubby at base : a foot or t\\o high : lips of the calyx-teeth more un-
equal ; the broader upper one barely and mostly obtusely 3-tootliecl.
C. Caroliniana, Sweet. Nearly glabrous: leaves ovate, obtuse, somewhat crenate
(6 to 14 lines long), abruptly narrowed into a short petiole : flowers few or several in the
axils, in a crowded subsessile cyme : bracts foliaceous : calyx oblong, strongly striate, very
villous in the throat, scarcely gibbous : corolla pink-purple or whitish and purple-spotted,
half inch long; the upper lip somewhat concave and incurved. Hort. Brit. 809; Bcnth.
in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 229. Thi/mns Carolinianus, Michx. ii. 9. T. grand/floras, Sims, Bot.
Mag. t. 997. Melissa Caroliniana, Benth. Lab. 388. Dry ground, N. Carolina to Florida.
C. COCCinea, Bentll. 1- c. Very minutely cinereous-pnberulent or glabrous, bushy :
branches virgate : leaves obovate or cuneate-oblong, obtuse, subsessile, entire or obscurely
crenate, with somewhat revolute margins, thickish, veinless, about half inch long : short
peduncles 1-3-flowered : corolla scarlet, narrow, inch and a half long ; the lips much
shorter than the tube. Melissa coccinea, Spreng. Syst. ii. 224. Cimila coccinea, Nutt. ; Hook.
Kxot. Fl. 1. 163. Ganlotiuin Hoo/ccri, Benth. Lab. 401 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1747; Brit. Fl. Card.
ser. 2, t. 271. Satiirci<t coccinea, Bertol. Misc. viii. 23. Sandy soil, W. Florida to Mobile,
Alabama, near the shore ; flowering late.
C. dentata, Chapm. Tomentulose-cinereous, diffuse!)' branched : leaves obovate or
somewhat cuneate, few-toothed at the rounded apex, snbsessile, canescent and obscurely
veined beneath : flowers solitary or in threes, short-pedicelled : calyx shorter than in the
preceding ; the short obscurely 3-tootlied upper lip tinged with purple ; subulate teeth of
the lower lip hairy: "upper stamens abbreviated, sterile."- -Fl. 118. Sand ridges near
Aspalaga, W. Florida, Chapman. In foliage, &c. much resembles C. coccinea, apparently
smaller-flowered: no perfect corolla seen.
* * * Herbaceous to (lie base? and large-flowered: calyx less bilabiate; the teeth of the upper
lip very like those of the lower: corolla orange.
C. mimuloides, Benth. Tall, somewhat viscidly hirsute : leaves ovate, coarsely ser-
rate, membranaceous, on slender petioles: flowers mostly solitary in the axils, on slender
pedicels foliaceous-bracteate at base: calyx tubular (8 lines long), nearly naked in the
throat; the teeth cuspidate from a broad ovate or triangular base, equal in length, those
of the upper lij) spreading: corolla inch and a half long, with a narrow tube twice the
length of the calyx. PI. Hartw. 33. California, on shady banks of Carmel River, near
Monterey, I/a rl wry.
2. CLINOPODIUM, Benth. Flowers verticillastrate-capitate, and as it were
involucrate with conspicuous setaceous-subulate rigid bracts : calyx nearly naked
in the throat: anthers naked.
C. Clinopodium, Benth. (BASIL.) Herbaceous, hirsute : leaves ovate, obtuse, almost
entire, petioled : verticillastrate heads globular, many-flowered : teeth of the narrow tubu-
Hedeoma. LABIATE. 361
lar and gibbous calyx and the bracts very hirsute, nearly equalling the light purple nar-
row corolla. Clinopodium vulgare, L. ; Smith, Engl. Bot. t. 1401. Borders of thickets and
fields, common northward, and seemingly introduced : indigenous from the Great Lakes to
the Rocky Mountains. (Eu., Asia.)
20. MELif SSA, Tourn. BALM. (Greek name of the honey-bee, trans-
ferred to a plant the blossoms of which are sought by bees.) Herbs, of the Old
World, only one common species.
M. OFFICINALIS, L. (COMMON BALM.) Upright or spreading and brandling perennial,
pubescent ; with broadly ovate or cordate crcnate-toothed lemon-scented leaves, and loose
axillary cymes of white or whitish flowers; in summer. Escaped from gardens to waste
grounds, eastward. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
21. CONRADfNA, Gray. (Named in memory of Solomon W. Conrad, of
Philadelphia, botanist, and publisher of his friend Muhlenberg's works.) - - Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 244. Founded on a single species ; with leaves resembling Rose-
mary.
C. canescens, Gray, 1. c. Somewhat shrubby, much branched, minutely canescent,
leafy: the leaves also fascicled in the axils, narrowly linear, obtuse, with revolute mar-
gins : flowers solitary or in threes in the upper axils, short-pedicelled : teeth of the calyx
and sometimes the tube villous with long spreading hairs : corolla pink or white, dotted in
the thro.it, hairy outside, half inch long. Calami ntha canescens, Torr. & Gray in DC.
Prodr. xii. 229 ; Chapm. Fl. 318. Sandy sea-shore and adjacent pine woods, Alabama and
Florida, from Mobile to Tampa Bay (liaise), and Indian River on the east (Palmer): fl.
summer.
22. POLIOMtNTHA, Gray. (Uolto^ hoary-white, and pbOu, Mint.) -
Texano-Mexican low suffratescent plants, canescent throughout or nearly so ;
with entire leaves, and few-several-flowered cymes or glomerules in their axils,
the uppermost sometimes diminished and bract-like. Corolla rose-color or purple,
with tube either equalling or much surpassing the calyx. - - Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
295, 365; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1181). (Genus too near Gardoquia, of the
Andes from Mexico to Chili, not to be distinguished if that becomes really
diandrous.)
P. incana, Gray, 1. c. A foot or so high, very much branched, silvery with very close
and minute tomentum : branches virgate : leaves linear or the lower oblong (3 to 9 lines
long), sessile, veinless and the midrib obscure ; the upper floral shorter than the 1 to 3 sub-
sessile flowers in their axils : calyx oblong or cylindraceous, 15-nerved, white-villous
(3 lines long), with conspicuous subulate teeth, half the length of the corolla, equalling its
tube, which is pilose-annulate at the summit. Hedi-omu incana, Torr. Mex. Bound. 130.
Western Texas to S. Utah, Wright, Bit/elow, Parry, Brandegee, Mrs. Thompson, &c.
P. mollis, Gray, 1. c. A foot or more high, more tomentose, herbaceous nearly to the
base : leaves ovate or oval, narrowed into a short petiole, 3 5-plinerved : calyx-teeth
minute, unequally spreading, one-fifth the length of the 13-striate tube, which is hardly
half the length of the corolla : tube of the latter not annulate but sparsely pilose within.
Hedeoma mo/lis, Torr. I.e. 129. Borders of Mexico and Texas, on cliffs of the Rio
Grande at Puerto de Paysano, Biye/ow.
23. HEDE6MA, Pers. (Name altered from the Greek 'Hdvoapot', a sweet-
smelling herb, probably of this family. The plants have the scent and taste of
the European Pennyroyal, Mentha Pitleginm.} --Low herbs, all American, chiefly
of Atlantic U. S. and Mexico; with small flowers, in summer. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 3GG ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1188.
362 LABIATE. Hedeoma.
1. EUHEDEO.AIA, Gray, 1. c. Flowers pedicellate, cymulose or rarely sub-
solitary in the axils of the leaves, the uppermost of which are sometimes dimin-
ished and bract-like : corolla with an even open throat : throat of the calyx in
fruit closed with a ring of villous hairs (except in H. acinoides) : low and diffuse
or much branched herbs, of dry soil, pungently sweet-aromatic, with small and
whitish or purplish flowers: pubescence of the stem usually retrorse.
* Filaments of the posterior stamens manifest, bearing a capitate rudiment or sometimes a polli-
niferous anther: calyx rather short, conspicuously bilabiate; its upper and lower lips very
dissimilar.
H. pulegioides, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.) Annual, erect, minutely pubes-
cent: leaves ovate or oblong, somewhat serrate, narrowed at base into a slender petiole;
floral similar or the upper merely smaller: calyx in fruit ovatc-campanulatc or oblong,
strongly gibbous ; upper lip broad and spreading, with 3 triangular teeth, about equalling
the two setaceous-subulate and hispid-ciliate teeth : corolla hardly exserted, 2 or 3 lines
long. Syn. ii. 131 ; Bart. Med. t. 41. Melissa Cunila puleyioidcs, L. Canada to Iowa
and southward ; common.
* * Filaments of the posterior stamens minute subulate rudiments, or sometimes obsolete: teeth
of both lips of the calyx subulate,
t About equal in length, all erect or in fruit curved upward : bracts linear or acerose-subulate,
spreading or at length reflexed: erect annuals, with the upper flowers somewhat capitatelv or
spicately crowded.
H. acinoides, Scheele. Minutely pubescent, slender: leaves nearly glabrous, thinnish,
slender petioled, obscurely denticulate ; the lower ovate, upper oblong, or the upper floral
oblong-linear: bracts equalling the slender pedicels : calyx tubular, gibbous at base (3 lines
long), barely hairy in the throat; limb slightly bilabiate; the teeth setaceous-subulate,
minutely ciliate, barely one-third the length of the tube: tube of the purple corolla
exserted, slender (4 lines long) ; its lower lip much larger than the upper, and middle lobe
deeply emarginate. Linn. xxii. 592 ; Gray,Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 306. Arkansas, Leaven-
wortli. Texas, Wright, Lindhcimer, &c.
H. hispida, Pursll. Mostly low : leaves all similar, linear, entire, thickisli, somewhat
nervose-veined, nearly sessile, crowded, almost glabrous, but their margins at least towards
the base hispid-ciliate: bracts mostly equalling the calyx, rigid: limb of the calyx bilabi-
ate ; the lips about half the length of the oblong gibbous hispid tube ; the teeth of the
upper subulate, of the lower more aristiform and hispid, equalling the (3 lines long) bluish
corolla. Fl. ii. 414. //. lu'rta, Nutt. Gen. i. 10. Cuulla lilspida, Spreng. Syst. i. 54.
Plains west of the Mississippi, from Dakota to Louisiana and Arkansas; also Illinois,
there apparently lately introduced.
-t -t- Two lower calyx-teeth decidedly longer than the three upper: bracts mostly erect and
subulate.
H- Leaves entire, or in the first species with rare and obscure denticulations or crenulations, into
which the few and inconspicuous veins do not run: root either indurated and perduring-annual or
perennial.
H. thymoides. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, about a span high, at length diffusely
branched from the base: leaves ovate, obtuse (3 to 5 lines long), petioled ; the lower little
exceeding and the upper shorter than the flowers : bracts mostly subulate and shorter than
the pedicels : calyx oblong-tubular and at length rather strongly gibbous (the tube lj or 2
lines and the setaceous lower teeth a line or sometimes more in length) ; teeth of the upper
lip recurved away from the straightish and moderately longer lower ones : corolla little ex-
serted, only 3 lines long. //. dentala, var. nawi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 130. II. ]>ijwn'tu ?
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 306, not Benth., which must have much larger calyx, flat pedicels,
and more crenate leaves. E. New Mexico to Arizona, Wr'ujht, Bi</<-low, Palmer, &c.
Var. oblongif olia. Stems erect, even strict, sometimes a foot high : leaves oblong,
or the lower ovate, shorter-petiolcd ; the reduced floral ones subsessile and acute. //.
pipcrita, var. oblongifdia, Gray, 1. c. New Mexico and Arizona ; same collectors.
H. Drummondi, Benth. Cinereous-pubescent or puberulent, a span or two higl),
copiously branched : leaves from oblong (or the lowest oval) to linear, obtuse, subsessile,
or narrowed at base into a very short petiole, thickisli; the upper mostly rather shorter
than the few flowers in their axils: small subulate bracts not longer than the pedicels :
ffedeoma. LABIATE. 363
calyx hirsute or hispid, from cylindraceous to at length ovate-tubular, slightly gibbous, in
age more or less curved, not obviously bilabiate ; the subulate-setaceous teeth at length all
connivent and slightly curved upward ; the lower nearly twice the length of the upper :
corolla from '3 or 4 lines long, and little exserted, to lines and double the length of the
calyx. Lab. 308, & DC. 1. c. 245; Gray, I.e. II. ciliata, Nutt. Gamb. 18:J, not Ik-nth.
Common from Texas to Arizona, and north to the plains of Colorado and even Nebraska.
(Adjacent Mex. )
Var. Reverdioni. Rigid: leaves greener, coriaceous, elliptical (half inch long, 3
lines or more broad), or the floral oblong, hirsute-pubescent or at least ciliate, the few
veins more prominent beneath. Rocks, Brown Co., Texas, lieverclwn.
H. hyssopifolia, Gray. Nearly glabrous throughout : steins slender, erect and simple
from a lignescent perennial base, 8 to 1'2 inches high : leaves all sessile and entire, nervose
veined (especially beneath), narrowly linear-lanceolate and about half inch long, or the
lowest much shorter and oblong or oval : short peduncles linear-bracteatc, 1-5-flowered :
calyx obscurely pubescent, narrowly cylindrical, not gibbous (the tube 2^- lines long), not
bilabiate ; the subulate-setaceous lower teeth nearly twice the length of the similar upper
ones, all straightish: corolla much exserted, 7 or 8 lines long, purplish. Proc. Am. Acad.
xi. 96; Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. hied. t. 17. Arizona, on Mount Graham, Rothrock.
H- -H- Leaves serrate with salient acute and callous teeth in which the veins terminate, all sub-
sessile or the lower short -petioled : many-stemmed perennials: cymes ie\v-rlowered : calyx nar-
row, at length somewhat gibbous or curved, 2 or 3 lines long, minutely hirsute.
H. dentata, Torr. Hirsute-pubescent: stems erect and slender, a foot high: leaves
oblong-lanceolate ( 1 to 6 lines long), coarsely few-dentate; veins ascending, rather indis-
tinct: calyx-tube slender ; limb hardly bilabiate; subulate-setaceous lower teeth erect and
moderately longer than the recurved-spreading upper ones : corolla pink, nearly twice the
length of the calyx, 4 lines long. Bot. Mex. Bound. 130, in part ; Gray, 1. c. S. Arizona,
near Santa Cruz, Thurlier, Rothrock.
H. plicata, Torr. 1. c. Minutely soft-pubescent, a span or more high, at length diffuse :
leaves approximate, rigid, rhombic-ovate or the lower roundish-ovate and the uppermost
floral oblong (3 or 4 lines long), numerously and coarsely callous-serrate, conspicuously
lineate with the copious strong and straight mostly simple veins, which are very prominent
beneath and extend from the midrib through the acute teeth: calyx of the preceding, but
less slender and more gibbous or curved, also more evidently bilabiate: corolla shorter, 2
or 3 lines long. Mountains along the Rio Limpio and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, \Vriijlit,
Diijchw. (There is a similar, but larger flowered and villous species, //. custalu, S. Mex.,
Ghiesbreyht, no. 815.)
2. STACHYDEOMA, Gray, 1. c. Flowers sessile or subsessile, verticillastrate
in a terminal interrupted spike, the floral leaves diminished to bracts, except
sometimes the lowermost: throat of the pink or purple, corolla with a pair of
longitudinal projecting folds under the lower lip : calyx hardly at all gibbous,
rather short, long-hirsute : stem erect : leaves all sessile or nearly so, glabrous or
glabrate, with at least the uppermost hirsute-ciliate.
H. ciliata, Benth. A span or two high from an annual root : stem retrorsely puberu-
lent and above mostly hirsute with some spreading hairs : leaves oblong, obtuse, entire,
veinless (inch or less long) : flowers several in the clusters of the spike : calyx moderately
bilabiate; its 15-nervcd tube and the subulate-linear bractlets conspicuously white-hirsute;
throat villous-beardcd ; teeth more naked, similar and of equal length, slender-subulate
ciliolate, connivent after anthesis : tube of the rose-purple corolla not exserted ; upper lip
2-lobed; throat hairy at the insertion of the short included stamens: sterile filaments
wanting. DC. Prodr. xii. 245; Gray, I.e. 307. Sandy -ground, Texas, Berlaiulier (ex
Benth.), Dninnnoiut, E. Hall.
H. graveolens, Cliapm. Stems numerous, a foot or more high fron\ a perennial base
or root, strict, often simple, soft-hirsute or pubescent: leaves round-ovate, subcordate,
obscurely pinnately veined (the larger half inch long) ; lower short-petioled and sparingly
dentate; upper passing into similar bracts, which are shorter than the usually solitary
flowers they subtend : bractlets oblong, foliaceous : tube of the 12-13-nerved and conspic-
364 LABIATE. Pogogyne.
uotisly bilabiate calyx oblong-campanulate ; the teeth especially hispid or hirsute with
long whitish hairs ; those of the broad upper lip short and deltoid; the two of the lower
aristiform subulate, equalling the tube of the purple aud spotted corolla : fertile stamens
equalling the eniarginate upper lip of the corolla ; sterile filaments subulate, sometimes
with small rudiments of anthers. Gray, 1. c. ; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. (1878), 10.
Low pine barrens, W. Florida, Chapman. From the name the species apparently is not
sweet-scented.
24. POG-6G-YNE, Benth. (rfroj'oor, beard, yvvi], female ; the style bearded.)
Calii'oruian annuals, of low stature, sweet-aromatic; with oblong-ovate or ob-
lanceolate mostly entire leaves, the lower narrowed into a petiole, the upper
diminished into bracts, these and the calyx usually conspicuously ciliate-bearded
with hirsute or hispid hairs. Flowers verticillastrate-glomerate and sessile, at least
the upper glomerules spicate or capitate. Calyx-teeth mostly 3-nerved. Corolla
blue or violet purple, sometimes paler. Fl. spring and summer. Benth. Lab.
414, & DC. I.e. 243 ; Gray in Bot. Calif, i. 596.
1. Stamens all four with perfect anthers: style conspicuously bearded above ;
its subulate lobes or stigmas almost equal : corolla 6 to 9 lines long, with funnel-
form tube, and throat surpassing the (variable) calyx.
* Inflorescence oblong- or cylindrical-spicate and nearly continuous, conspicuously white-hirsute or
hispid with the long and rigid marginal hairs of the bracts and calyx.
P. Douglasii, Benth. 1. c. Rather stout, a span to a foot high : leaves spatulate-oblong
or narrower, veiny, rarely dentate : bracts linear, acute: flowers comparatively large, blue
or violet ; lower calyx-lobes twice the length of the tube, much longer and narrower than
the others. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5880 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 597. P. multijlora, Benth. 1. c.,
is merely a smaller form, with rather shorter bracts. California, through the foothills of
the Sierra and westward.
P. parvinora, Benth. 1. c. More slender and lower : leaves narrower : spike shorter :
bracts mostly obtuse : corolla barely half inch long : lower calyx-lobes hardly longer and
the upper ones shorter than the tube. From San Francisco Bay northward, Douglas,
Bolander, c.
* * Verticillastrate clusters more or less distant: bracts and calyx inconspicuously hirsute-ciliate:
anthers of posterior stamens smaller but polliniferous.
P. nudluscula, Gray. A span to a foot high: branches slender, puberulent: leaves
spatulate or narrower, obtuse, not over an inch long, glabrous : bracts linear-subulate and
cuspidate: corolla only half inch long, about twice the length of the calyx: lobes of the
latter lanceolate- or linear-subulate and cuspidate. Bot. Calif, i. 597. Near San Diego,
D. Cleveland.
2. HICDEOMOIDES, Gray, 1. c. Posterior stamens sterile : style sparingly
hairy, its lobes very unequal : flowers smaller, some of the lower ones often dis-
tant and solitary or nearly so in the axils of ordinary leaves.
P. TENUIFLURA, Gray, Proc. Am. Aead. xi. 100, of Guadalupe Island off Lower California,
has the tube of corolla longer than the calyx, as in the preceding section. In the following
species the corolla is only 2 lines long, and at least its tube included.
P. ziziphoroides, Benth. Stem 2 to inches high : leaves ovate or oval, thickish ;
uppermost, witli the rigid narrow bracts and calyx, hirsute-ciliate with strong and white
bristly hairs: inflorescence capitate or short-spicate : calyx-lobes slightly unequal, broadly
lanceolate', very acute, hardly twice the length of the tube, the longer about equalling
the corolla: posterior filaments as large as the anterior, but their anthers abortive.
PI. Ilartw. 330 ; Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Valley of the Sacramento River, Harlweg, Andrews,
Bolander.
P. serpylloid.es, Gray. Stems slender, branched from the base, ascending or at length
diffuse, 3 to C inches high : leaves obovate-oval or spatulate, 3 or 4 lines long; the lower
distant, most of them single- or few-flowered in the axils ; upper more floriferous, approxi-
mate and becoming bracts to the oblong or often longer and much interrupted spike ; the
Sphacele. LABIATyE. 365
base of these and the calyx hirsute : lobes of the latter unequal, all much longer than the
tube, the longer fully equalling the violet or bluish corolla : sterile filaments small, with
small capitellate rudiment of anthers : style bearded above with very few coarse hairs.
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 386, & Bot. Calif, i. 598. Uedeonia I serpylloides, Torr. in Paeif. It. Rep.
iv. 123. Monterey to Humboldt Co. ; common.
25. CERANTHERA, Ell. (AY^-, a horn, and r%>, anther: cells of
the anther cornute.) Peculiar to the southern Atlantic States, nearly glabrous
and slender erect annuals, a foot high, sweet-aromatic; with broadly or narrowly
linear and obtuse entire leaves ; the uppermost on the virgate branches diminished
to similar bracts of the thyrsoid-racemose inflorescence. Flowers autumnal,
handsome: corolla pink-purple and spotted, the calyx commonly purplish.
Sk. ii. 93; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1191. Dlcerandra, Benth. in Bot. Reg.
1300, Lab. 413, & DC. Prodr. xii. 242.
C. linearifolia, Ell. 1. c. Inflorescence loose : cymes short-peduncled, few-flowered : calyx-
teeth obscurely ciliolate, hardly equalling the tube of the (about half inch) corolla: anther-
cells slender-aristate. Diceratulm linearis, Benth. Lab. I.e. L). linearifolia, Benth. in DC.
Prodr. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 318. Sandy pine barrens, Georgia, Florida, and Alabama.
C. densiflora. Inflorescence dense ; the pedicels shorter and peduncle hardly any :
calyx-teeth appressed-eiliate, equalling the tube of the corolla : anther-cells conical-cor-
nute : leaves mostly shorter and broader. Dicerandra densiflora, Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c.
E. Florida, ./. Read, &c.
26. ACANTHOMlNTHA, Gray. ( Zxavtia, a prickle or thorn, and
mint.) Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 1192. Calamintha? Acanthomintka, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 3G8, & Bot. Calif, i. />9G. Single species.
A. ilicifolia, Gray, 1. c. Low and nearly glabrous annual, slightly aromatic (rather
heavy-scented), branching from the base, leafy to the top : leaves coriaceous, rotund or
broadly cuneate, coarsely crenate-dentate (half inch or more long, the blunt teeth of the
upper ones mostly mucronate or cuspidate), contracted at base into a slender petiole:
axils nearly all verticillastrate-floriferous : bracts a pair in each axil, almost as large as the
leaves, but sessile, equally coriaceous and more rigid, orbicular or dilated-subcordate, pin-
na tely few-veined and with fine reticulated veinlets, the callous margin armed with a feu-
distant and long slender prickles, each pair subtending 3 to 5 sessile flowers : corolla white
and rose-color, half inch long. Southern borders of California, San Diego Co., Win. Rich,
Cleveland. Allied to Glcc/ton of Brazil, which is also referred to this tribe, rather than to
the StackydecB.
27. SPHACELE, Benth. (Zydxo^ is the Greek name of Sage, which
these plants resemble in foliage.) Shrubby or suffrutescent plants (chiefly S.
American) ; with the floral leaves gradually reduced in size, and the flowers single
in their axils, above forming a leafy raceme.
S. calycina, Benth. Shrubby at base, 2 to 5 feet high, tomentulose-villous or glabrate :
branches leafy : leaves (2 to 4 inches long) ovate or oblong, obtuse, from crcnatc or
obtusely serrate to entire, obtuse or rarely subcordate at base, rugose-veiny, more or less
petioled ; uppermost and bracts of the short raceme sessile: lobes of the very loose calyx
triangular-lanceolate, rather shorter than the purplish or lead-colored (inch long) corolla:
anthers short. Lab. 5GS, & DC. Prodr. xii. 255; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, t.37; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 598. Hillsides, common throughout the western part of California, especially
from San Francisco southward.
Var. glabella, Gray, 1. c. A minutely tomentulose and soon glabrate form, prob-
ably of shady places. Santa Barbara Co., and southward.
Var. Wallace!. Copiously villous : lower cauline leaves with truncate or hastate-
subcordate base: calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate from a narrower base, over half inch
long. Probably near Los Angeles, Wallace.
366 LABIAT/E. Saloia.
28. SAL VI A, L. SAGE. (The old Latin name, from sah'eo, to save.) A
vast genus, widely dispersed, comparatively few species N. American, and those
mainly southward : fl. chiefly in summer.
S. OFFICIXALIS, L., Common Sago, of the Old World, represents the genus in the gardens.
S. SPLEXDEXS, Sellow, of Brazil, and S. FULGENS, Cav., of Mexico, are the two commoner
red-flowered species of ornamental cultivation.
1. SALVIA'STRUM, Gray. Throat of the calyx conspicuously bearded and in
fruit closed by a ring of long and dense villous hairs : upper lip with 3 broad and
short teeth, lower '2 -parted into lanceolate teeth, all cuspidate : corolla ringent
(blue or purple), pilose-annulate within : upper emarginate '2-lobed ; lower ample,
with 3 roundish spreading lobes, middle one 2-lobed: stamens separate: lower
anther-cells porrect, shorter, more or less polliniferous : nutlets abundantly spiril-
liferous: Texan low perennials, simple-stemmed, with copious mostly narrow
and entire leaves ; the diminished floral or bracts persistent, subtending 1 to 3
flowers ; these racemose or spicate. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 308. Sa/viastrum,
Scheele in Linn. xxii. 584; Benth. & Hook. Gen. ii. 11 96. Trichosphace,
Enfjelin. in Bot. Zeit. ix. 45.
o
S. Texaiia, Torr. Stems (a span or two high) with margins of the leaves and the calyx
hirsute with long and spreading bristly hairs : flowers spicate, the upper floral leaves not
exceeding the calyx, which equals the dilated throat of the widely ringent blue corolla.
Mex. Bound. 132; Gray, 1. c. Stili-lastnim Tt:.rmnnn, Scheele, 1. c. ; Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R.
Hep. ii. t. G. Open rocky soil, W. Texas to the borders of New Mexico.
Var. canescens, Gray, 1. <:., a form with leaves hoary-white with fine tomentum,
all narrowly linear, with strongly revolute margins, and fewer flowers in the axils of the
upper ones. Hills of the Pecos and Rio Grande, S. W. Texas, \Vrit/ht, Sch/ilt.
S. Engelmanni, Gray, 1. c. Minutely puberulcnt and glabrate, the setose hairs few
and scattered or nearly wanting: leaves thinner; lower sometimes denticulate; floral
mostly equalling the more scattered flowers : corolla (an inch or more long) with narrower
tube and throat twice the length of the calyx, light purple. W. Texas, Writ/lit, Lindhf.imc.r.
2. ECHINOSPIIACE. ( EcJtinosphacc & Pycnosphace, Benth. Lab.) Throat
of the calyx villous-hairy or naked: upper lip much longer than the lower, more
or less incurved, 3-2-toothed ; the lower 2-parted ; teeth all spinulose-aristate :
corolla ringent (blue or purple) ; tube pilose-annulate inside ; .upper lip 2-lobed :
stamens separate, remote from the upper lip ; lower fork of the long filiform
connective bearing a polliniferous anther-cell : California!! winter-annuals ; with
pinnatifid leaves, and densely capitate-verticillastrate inflorescence: globular heads
many-flowered, involucrate with the persistent bract-like floral leaves. (Called
CHIA : nutlets abundantly mucilaginous in water, infused for drink.)
S. carduacea, Benth. White-woolly with lax cobwebby hairs: stem stout, simple, a
foot or two high, naked and scape-like, only at base subtended by a cluster of oblong sin-
uate-pinnatifid and spinulose-toothed Thistle-like leaves: verticillastrate heads 1 to 4 (an
inch or more in diameter), equalled or somewhat surpassed by the invohicratc whorl of
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate bracts, which are oftener pectinate with spinescent teeth :
calyx long-lanate ; the tube multi-nervulose between the principal nerves ; the large upper
lip strongly 3-toothed, the middle tooth much the larger, the lateral distant, mostly sur-
passing those of the lower lip: throat villous: corolla lavender-color (an inch long); its
tube slightly exserted ; upper lip erose-dentate or fimbriate and 2-cleft ; lower with small
lateral erose lobes, and a larger flabelliform and deeply fimbriately imiltifid middle one :
proper filament hardly any: anther-cells pubescent. Lab. 302, & Prodr. I.e. 349; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4874; Gray, Bot Calif, i. 599. S. (Echinosphace) gossypina, Benth. PI. Hartw.
330. Dry grounds through the lower parts of California, especially southward.
Salvia. LABIATE. 367
S. Columbarise, Benth. Soft-puberulent : stems slender, brandling and leafy below,
to 20 inches high, naked and pedunculiform above, terminated by solitary or two pro-
liferous heads : leaves deeply 1-2-pinnatifid or pinnately parted into oblong crenately
toothed or incised obtuse divisions, muticous, rugose : involucrate floral leaves or bracts
not exceeding the head, broadly ovate, entire, resembling the more membranaceous some-
times purplish abruptly acuminate-aristate inner bracts : flowers small : calyx naked with-
in ; its large upper lip arcuate-concave, hispid at base outside, tipped witli a pair of con-
nivent and partly connate short aristiform teeth (the third or middle tooth apparently
always wanting), very much surpassing the two small at length porrect teeth of the
lower lip : corolla blue, hardly exceeding the calyx ; its upper lip emarginate-2-lobed at
apex, the lower with small lateral lobes and a much larger transversely oval short-
unguiculate somewhat 2-lobed but otherwise entire or merely crenulate middle one: fila-
ments slender. Common through California, and in adjacent Arizona and Nevada.
3. HETEROSPHACE, Benth. Throat of the calyx naked (or in a single species
ciliate-hirsute) ; the upper lip broadly truncate and remotely 3-toothed ; the lower
2-cleft: corolla elongated, mostly pilose-annulate inside; upper lip emarginate or
entire : stamens separate : connective shorter than the slender often exserted fila-
ment; the porrected lower fork also hearing a pollinit'erous anther-cell: herbs,
ours Atlantic-American perennials, with mostly lyrately-lohed or toothed or pin-
nately divided leaves ; inflorescence loosely racemose, the small bract-like floral
leaves persistent.
* Corolla blue or violet, thrice the length of the calyx: leaves at most pimmtilid ; the caiiline,
if any, sessile or narrowed at base into wing-margined petioles.
S. lyrata, L. Perennial from a somewhat tuberous root, pilose or hirsute: stem com-
monly scapiform, a foot or more high : radical leaves obovate, sinuate- or repand-dentate, or
lyrate-pinnatifid; cauline of one or two somewhat similar pairs, or none; floral oblong or
lanceolate and mostly shorter than the calyx : raceme of few or several at length dis-
tant about G-flowered loose clusters, rarely branching : calyx campanulatc, membranaceous ;
the broad and truncate upper lip with short or very short widely separated aristulate
teeth; lower with 2 longer lanceolate cuspidate-pointed teeth: corolla (almost an inch
long) ampliate-funnelform beyond the calyx ; its erect upper lip much shorter and smaller
than the lower. Spec. i. 23 (Dill. Kith. t. 175; Moris. Hist. c.) ; Michx. Fl. i. 14.
S. li/rutii & S. uborata, Ell. Sk. i. 33; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 353; the latter merely a form with
thin and barely dentate leaves; calyx-teeth variable in length. Sandy woodlands, New
Jersey to Illinois, Florida, and Texas ; flowering early.
* * Corolla scarlet-red, four times the length of the calyx: herbage softly and often canescently
pubescent : cauline leaves all slender-petiolecl, at least the lower ones 3-5-foIiolate.
S. Rcemeriana, Scheele. Stems (afoot or two high) and petioles below often sparsely
hirsute with long spreading hairs ; leaves or terminal leaflet roundish or reniform-cordate,
coarsely repand-toothed or crenately incised (an inch or two broad), membranaceous; the
lower usually with 2 or 3 similar but smaller (subsessilc or slender-petiolulate) lateral
leaflets, these occasionally reduced to dentiform appendages on the petiole: raceme loose
and elongated: floral leaves mostly shorter than the pedicels: calyx somewhat pubescent,
naked within; its upper lip 3-aristulate or with the middle tooth obsolete; the 2-parted
lower one of triangular-lanceolate cuspidate-acuminate teeth: corolla (an inch or more
long) deep scarlet, puberulent, narrowly tubular-funnelform, somewhat arcuate ; its
spreading lower lip with rounded and obcordate-2-cleft middle lobe, hardly longer than the
erect strongly emarginate upper lip ; lobes of the style more or less unequal. Scheele in
Linn. xxii. 5S<>; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 132. S. porphyrantha (or porphyraia), IVcaisne in
Rev. Hort. 1854, t. 16; Fl. Serres, t. 1080; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4!)3!>. In light fertile soil,
W. Texas, Wri<jht, Lhtdhcimer, e. (Adjacent Mex.)
S. Henryi, Gray. More slender, less soft-pubescent: leaves or mostly leaflets smaller,
seldom cordate, angulate-lobed ; lower floral ones often similar, all as long as the pedicels :
calyx hirsute, ciliate-bearcled or villous in the sinuses and throat : corolla apparently nar-
rower and with shorter less notched lips ; the bearded ring at base within obsolete. Pror.
Am. Acad. viii. 368. -S. Rmnerhina, Torr. 1. c., in part. New Mexico, on the Mimbres,
368 LABIATE. Salvia.
Dr. Henry, Thurber ; Florence Mountains, Biyelow. Adjacent borders of Texas, Wright.
Throat of the calyx rather sparsely but not inconspicuously bearded !
4. CALOSPHACE, Benth. Throat of calyx naked, and of corolla not pilose-
annulate : anterior portion of the connective deflexed, linear or gradually some-
\vhat dilated downward, closely approximate or connate, and destitute of an
anther-cell : all American species, with upper lip of corolla erect and concave.
* Corolla crimson, its tube villous-amwlate towards the base inside ; upper lip conspicuously
larger and longer than the lower: anterior fork of connectives free and spatulate-dilated down-
wards, obscurely one-toothed at base, longer than the filament.
S. pentstemonoid.es, Kunth. Perennial, nearly glabrous, or below sparsely hirsute :
steins 2 to 5 feet high, leafy to the summit : leaves thickish, oblong-lanceolate, acute,
niucronate, entire or obscurely denticulate and with ciliolate-scabrous margins, the lower
(3 to 5 inches long) on long margined petioles; upper gradually much smaller and sessile;
the floral and the similar persistent bracts and bractlets of the elongated racemiform or
narrowly thyrsoidal inflorescence ovate-lanceolate or narrower, cuspidate: cymules subses-
sile, 3-5-flowcrcd : calyx equalled by the pedicels, campanulate, strongly bilabiate (half
inch long), glandular-puberulent ; upper lip broad, truncate, with 3 short and broad cuspi-
date-mucronate teeth; lower 2-parted, its teeth lanceolate and cuspidate: corolla inch and
a half long, slightly pubescent ; its large and nearly straight upper lip half the length of
the gradually enlarged cxserted tube ; middle lobe of the small lower lip concave and entire :
style glabrous. Ind. Sein. Berol. 1848, 13. W. Texas, on the Cibolo and Pierdenales and
towards the Rio Grande, Lindhf inter, Wright.
* * Lower and sterile forks of the connectives mostly united with each other longitudinally, linear,
oblong, or semihastate: corolla naked within throughout,
JT- Red or scarlet, with tube exserted; the spreading lower lip longer than the erect upper one, its
broad middle lobe 2-cleft : upper lip of ttibular-campanulate calyx and teeth of the 2-parted lower
lip ovate, mucronate-acute: inflorescence naked-racemose; the small floral leaves or bracts more
or less deciduous or caducous.
S. Greggii, Gray. Shrubby, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous or obscurely farinaceous-puberu-
lent : branches slender, leafy : leaves coriaceous (3 to 9 lines long), 1-ribbed, almost vein-
less, oblong, very obtuse, entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole: flowers rather few
in the raceme: calyx slightly pubescent or glandular (barely half inch long), with at
length spreading lips fully hal'f the length of the tube : corolla (inch long, " red " or " pur-
plish-red ") glabrous; its tube enlarging and strongly ventricose-gibbous ; throat abruptly
contracted under the lower lip, which nearly equals the slightly glandular-puberulent upper
one : lower fork of connective oblong-linear : style hairy along the upper side. Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 309. S. micrnplii/lla, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, not IIBK. S. borders of
Texas, on the Rio Grande, furry, Schott. (Near Saltillo, Mex., Gre<j<j.)
S. COCCinea, L. Perennial or annual, canescently pubescent or glabrate, or hirsute tow-
ards the base with long spreading hairs : leaves membranaceons, veiny, cordate or ovate,
mostly acute, crenate, slender-petioled, mostly soft-tomentulose beneath : raceme virgate ;
the clusters few-several-flowered and rather distant : lips of the calyx hardly half the
length of its tube: corolla (inch or less long, pubescent or puberulent outside) deep scar-
let-red, twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; its narrow tube moderately enlarging
above ; lower lip twice the length of the upper, from which the stamens protrude : lower
forks of the connective long and narrowly linear: style glabrous. --Mant. 88; Mnrr.
Comm. Gott. 1778, t. 1. -Var. psendo-cocdnra is a commonly tall form of this species,
with stem, petioles, and often margins of floral leaves conspicuously beset with hirsute
Itairs. S. i>se.udo-nocchin,t, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 209 ; Bot. Mag. t. 2864. S. dl.fi.ita, Benth. Lab.
280. S. Carolina to Florida (but probably introduced), S. Texas. (Mex., &c.)
^__ .!_ Corolla blue or purplish, sometimes white, never red.
t-f- Herbs.
= Flowers from near an inch to over half inch and calyx fully quarter inch long: inflorescence
virgate-racemose or spiciform, sometimes paniculate: small floral leaves or bracts mostly decidu-
ous: corolla with prominently exserted tube, erect and very concave or galeate and pubescent
upper lip; the lower longer and much larger: style bearded above: perennials, 1 to 5 feet high.
S. farinacea, Benth. Minutely and canescently puberulent, or below glabrous : stems
numerous in a cluster : lower leaves ovate-lanceolate or even ovate, with obtuse or cuneate
Salvia. LABIAT/E. 369
or rarely subcordate base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, on slender petioles ; upper lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, sometimes entire ; floral subulate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly
caducous: spiciform inflorescence on a long naked peduncle, interrupted, of densely many-
flowered clusters, finely and the calyx very densely and softly wliite-tomentose (often
tinged with violet) ; the latter oblong-cylindraceous and in age striate-sulcate, as it were
truncate ; the teeth 3, very broad and obtuse, exceedingly short : lower lip of the violet-
blue corolla with middle division obcordate-two-lobed. Lab. 274 ; Braun in Bot. Zeit.
ix. 44. S. tric/iosti/lti, Bischoff, Ind. Sem. Heidelb. 1847. S. antaliilis, Kunth, Ind. Sem.
Berol. 1848. S. ca-sia, Scheele in Linn. xxii. 588. Texas, in rich soil; common.
S. azurea, Lam. Glabrous or puberulent : lower leaves lanceolate or oblong, obtuse,
denticulate or serrate, tapering into a slight petiole ; upper narrower, often linear, entire ;
floral or bracts subulate, somewhat persistent : spiciform inflorescence looser, more inter-
rupted, and fewer flowers in the clusters, sometimes thyrsoidal or paniculate-branched :
pedicels short : calyx oblong-campanulate, usually minutely puberulent, obscurely bila-
biate ; the very broad and obtuse upper lip and the two similar but acutish lobes of the 2-
parted lower lip distinct but short : corolla deep blue (sometimes varying to white) ; tower
lip sinuately 3-lobed and emarginate. " Diar. Hist. Nat. i. 409," & Diet. vi. 625 ; Pursh,
Fl. i. 19; Bot. Mag. t. 1728. S. Mejcicanu, Walt. Car. 05, not L. S. acumiiuttissima, Vent.
Cels, t. 50. 5. anrjust (folia, Michx. Fl. i. 13, not Cav. S. acuminata, Pers. Syn. i. 24. S.
elata, Poir, Diet. vi. G25. S. cortifolia, Scheele in Linn. 1. c. S. Carolina to Florida and
Texas. Westward varies insensibly into
Var. grandiflora, Benth. Cinereous-puberulent : denser inflorescence and calyx
tomentulose-sericeous. DC. Prodr. xii. 302. S. Pilrlteri, Torr. in Benth. Lab. & DC. 1. c.
S. elomjnlci, Torr. in Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 231, not 1IBK. S. Joni/lfolta, Nutt. in Trans. Am.
Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 185. Mississippi to Kansas, Colorado, and Texas.
S. angustif 61ia, Cav. Slender, usually glabrous, except usually some scattered spread-
ing bristly hairs, especially at the nodes: leaves linear (li to 3 inches long, 1 or 2 lines
wide), entire or obscurely denticulate, acute, somewhat petioled : inflorescence virgate,
slender, of distant few-flowered clusters : pedicels very short : calyx narrowly oblong or
cylindraceous, with lips half the length of the tube; upper ovate, entire, acute; lower of 2
similar but more pointed lobes: lower lip of the blue corolla as wide as long; the middle
lobe emarginate or undulate. Ic. iv. 9, t. 317; Benth. I.e.; Bot. Reg. t. 1554; Brit. Fl.
Card. n. ser. t. 219. S. reptans, Jacq. Schocnbr. t. 319. S. virr/atu, Ort. (Mex.)
Var. glabra. Wholly glabrous, even the hairy ring at the nodes wanting or obsolete.
S. (tweu, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, in part : that including these three species. S. W.
Texas, \Vriyht, e. (Mex., Ilartimj.)
= = Flowers barely half inch long or shorter, and bilabiate calyx a quarter inch long: corolla-
tube hardly at all exsertcd: style glabrous or nearly so.
a. Annuals: leaves from linear- to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into the slender petiole: inflorescence
virgate-spicifonn, interrupted, naked, the floral leaves or bracts very small : upper lip of calyx
ovate and entire.
S. lanceolata, Y/illd. Puberulent or nearly glabrous, branched from the base, 5 to
12 inches high : leaves lanceolate or linear-oblong, obtuse, irregularly serrate with obtuse
appressed teeth or nearly entire: the inconspicuous floral ones lanceolate or subulate,
somewhat persistent, seldom exceeding the pedicels : calyx minutely hairy on the nerves,
deeply bilabiate; its lower lip 2-cleft, the teeth ovate and mncronate-acute : corolla small
(4 lines long), little exceeding the calyx, its lower lip little prolonged : lower fork of the con-
nective narrowly linear, bearing its lateral lobe nearer the insertion. Kniun. 37 ; Jacq. f.
Eel. i. t. 13. S. trlc/iostcmoiilcs, Pursh, Fl. i. 19. Plains, Nebraska to Texas, Arizona, and
southward. Also E. Florida, Leavcnworth. (Mex.)
S. SUbincisa, Benth. More pubescent above, a foot or more high : leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate, incisely dentate (inch or two long) ; the floral minute, ovate, caducous : calyx gland-
ular-pilose, hardly equalling the throat of the (half inch) corolla; the broad lower lip
merely 2-toothed: lower fork of the connective bearing its lateral lobe at the middle. PI.
Ilartw. 20. New Mexico and Adjacent Texas, Fend/a; \Vritjltt, 7?/V/r/wr. (Mex.)
b. Perennials, or the Arixonian species uncertain: leaves ovate, serrate, mostly slendcr-pctioled ;
those of the interrupted spiciform or racemiform inflorescence small and caducous.
S. serotina, L. A span to 2 feet high, much branched, pubescent : leaves ovate ?md
with truncate or subcordate base, obtuse, crenatc-scrrate (9 to 20 lines long) ; floral minute :
24
370 LABIATE. Sah-ia.
racemes simple, at first oblong, and the flowers crowded: calyx glandular-hirsute, with
oblong-campanulate tube (3 lines long in fruit) of nearly thrice the length of the lips ;
upper lip broadly ovate, acutish ; lower deltoid-ovate, mucronate-acute : corolla 3 to 5
lines long, the whole tube included: style beardless. Mant. 25; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 3;
Cliapm. Fl. 319. S. Dominica, Vahl, Enum. i. 233; Swartz, Obs. 18, t. 1, fig. 1, not L.
S. Florida. (W. Ind.)
S. albiflora, Mart. & Gal. Glabrous throughout, 2 to 4 feet high, paniculately branched :
leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate (inch or two long);
floral abruptly reduced to minute lanceolate and subulate bracts : clusters of rather loose
raceme approximate : calyx (often amethystine-tinged) with campanulate tube (2 lines
long), twice the length of the lips; upper lip broadly ovate and entire; lower 2-tootlied
or parted into broad acute lobes: corolla (probably bluish) 4 or 5 lines long, with tube
almost included: style bearded along the base of the much longer upper lobe. (Bull.
Acad. Brux., ex Benth. in DC. Prodr. 1. c. 307 2 ) Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131. S. Arizona
or Mexican border near it, Thurber, Schott. (Mex.)
S. Arizonica. Glabrous, except 2 puberulent lines down the stem, a foot or more high :
leaves deltoid-ovate or with abruptly cuneate base, acute, coarsely and obtusely serrate (an
inch long besides the slender petiole) : inflorescence spiciform and interrupted ; clusters sev-
eral-flowered : pedL-els short (a line long) : floral leaves abruptly reduced to membranaceous
ovate-lanceolate and caudate bracts, which equal the flowers and are caducous: calyx
4 lines long, bilabiate to the middle or nearly ; its upper lip subulately 3-toothed and
lower more strongly 2-toothed : corolla (blue) fully half inch long, with tube a little
exsertcd : style beardless. S. Arizona, on Mount Graham, at 9,250 feet, Rothrock.
S. urticifolia, L. A foot or two high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid, or glabrate :
leaves coarsely and obtusely serrate, ovate, acute, with truncate or sometimes cuneate
base decurrent into a winged petiole, pale beneath, 2 to 4 inches long; floral all reduced to
small ovate and slender-acuminate very caducous bracts : inflorescence racemose-spiciform,
of numerous and several-flowered distant clusters : pedicels as long as the tube of the
oblong-campanulate calyx; the broad lips of which are divergent and half the length of
the tube, the upper mucronatcly (often minutely) 3-toothed, lower 2-cleft, its teeth broadly
triangular-ovate and mucronate : corolla blue and white (5 or 6 lines long), twice the
length of the calyx, its ample sinuately 3-lobcd lower lip about twice the length of the
upper, its broad "middle lobe emarginate : connective ciliate opposite the insertion ; its
subulate antheriferous fork obtusely toothed toward the base, and lower fork semihastate :
style strongly villous-bearded along the base of its much longer upper fork. Spec. i. 24.
S. Chii/toiii, M. A. Curtis, Cat. PI. N. Car., not Ell. ? Maryland and Kentucky to Georgia
and Louisiana.
= ==== Flowers only a third or a quarter inch long: corolla tube not exserted : inflorescence
slendcr-spicate ; the Hewers or small clusters mostly distant.
a. Style-lobes or stigmas one or both subulate.
S. Chapmani. Tall and erect perennial, tomentulose or cinereous-puberulent : leaves
thickish, ovate or ovate-lanceolate with short cuneate base, somewhat appressed-serrate or
crenulatc (2 or 3 inches long) ; the floral all reduced to small and membranaceous ovate
cordate-acuminate caducous bracts : calyx campanulate, in fruit 2 lines long; teeth short
and broad, mucronate : corolla 4 lines long and with the ample lower lip of the preceding
species. _ S. urticifolia, var. major, Chapm. Fl. 319. Middle Florida, Chapman. Alabama,
Buckle >/.
S. Blodgettii, Chapm. Fl. 319, founded on incomplete specimens from S. Florida (Key
West), DlwlijcU, apparently an annual, with indurated base; thin ovate leaves obtuse at
both ends, about half inch long, on filiform petioles of equal length ; bracts of filiform
Indian species, likely to stray to Key West.
6. Style-lobes or stigmas both broad and thin, roundish, very obtuse or truncate: calyx glandular-
hirsute.
S. OCCidentalis, Swartz. Diffuse annual, minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous up to
the very slender inflorescence (which has the aspect of that of Verbena officmalis) : stems 2
Saloia. LABIATE. 371
to 6 feet long: leaves ovate, with rounded or cuneate base, serrate; floral or bracts
minute, ovate, acuminate, persistent: flowers few in the flusters, subsessile. seldom 2 lines
long including the slightly exserted corolla: calyx oblong, with very short pointless or
miic.rona.tc teeth, nearly closed in fruit, then only 2 lines long. Fl. Ind. Ucc. i. 43; Benth.
in DC. 1. c. 200. S. Florida, Garber. (Trop. Am., &c.)
S. privoides, Benth. 1. c. Resembles the preceding (and both stigmas in our specimens
obtuse): but flowers more pedicellate, larger ; with fructiferous calyx fully 3 lines long,
rather deeply bilabiate ; the upper lip and the lobes of the lower abruptly aristulate.
Bot. Sulpli. 150 & in DC. 1. c. S'. occidentals, var. ''. Garberi, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10.
Manatee, Southern Florida, Garber. A much less hairy form than the original, and more
resembling the West Indian S. micmntha, Vahl, except in the style and the awn-tipped
calyx-lobes. (Trop. Am.)
-H- -H- Shrubby.
= Leaves oblong or elliptical, short-petioled : calyx cylindraceous or campanulate.
S. cliamaedryoid.es, Cav. Low, much branched, canescent and scabrous : leaves
thickisli, more or less crenulate, obtuse (less than inch long) ; bract-like floral ones cadu-
cous: flowers geminate or few in the clusters of the raceme: calyx cylindraecous-campan-
ulate (4 lines long), striate, hispidulous on the nerves ; ovate upper lip and teeth of the
2-parted lower lip acute or acuminate, not half the length of the tube: corolla blue, over
half inch long ; middle lobe of lower lip broader than long, obcordate-lobed. Ic. ii. 77,
t. 197; Bot. Mag. t. 808. S. Cluumnlrip, Willd. Ilort. Berol. t. 29. S. W. borders of
Texas, in canons of the Rio Grande, &c., Wriyht, Parry. Specimens insufficient, probably
of this species. (Mex.)
S. Parryi, Gray. Low, much branched : leaves ovate-oblong, mostly with truncate
base, obtuse, crenate, short-petioled, tomentulose-canescent, as arc the branchlets : bract-
like floral leaves ovate, acuminate, membranaceous, glabrous above, apparently persistent,
longer than the interruptedly spicate flowers : these several in each cluster: calyx campan-
ulate, densely lanate with white dendritic-branched hairs ; upper lip 3-toothed, lower 2-
cleft, equalling the tube of the short and small (blue?) slightly dendritic-pubescent
corolla: upper lip of the latter emarginate ; middle lobe of the lower ample, 3-lobcd, with
its middle portion much larger, rounded, and emarginate : connectives free ; lower fork
semihastatc, as long as the subulate antheriferous one. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369.
S. s/n'cata? Torn. Bot. Mex. Bound. 131, not Ilcem. & Sch. Apache Springs on the Rio
Grande, on the borders of Texas. Lower leaves not seen, upper 9 to 5 and floral 3 or 4
lines long.
= = Leaves mostly ovate, slender-pet iolcd : calyx short-funnelform, in fruit with ampliate reti-
culate-veiny 2-3-lobert limb exceeding the tube of the short corolla : lower fork of the connective
linear-oblong: style ciliate-bearded above.
S. balloteeflora, Benth. (MA.JORANO of the Mexicans.) Shrub 2 to 8 feet high,
tomentulose-canescent : leaves ovate or somewhat oblong, truncate-cuneate or subcordatc
at base, crenate, reticulate-veiny, mostly rugose, glabrate and green above, white beneath
(4 to 12 lines long) : flowers in short and rather dense simple racemes and in axils of upper
ordinary icaves, 4 lines long : calyx twice the length of the pedicel, in flower 2 or barely 3
and in fruit 4 or 5 lines long, then pendulous; narrow tube striate-nerved ; its 3 lobe?
broadly ovate, obtuse, entire, almost equal: connective hairy opposite its insertion: throat
of small bluish or purple corolla ventricose-gibbous. Benth. Lab. 270; Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 131. S. balloia'Jlora & S. laxa, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 313. Southern and Western
Texas. (Adjacent Mex.)
S. PLATYCHEILA, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 292, from Carmen Island in the Gulf of
California resembles the preceding, but has the lower lip of the calyx similar to the upper,
except that the apex is 2-toothed.
5. SCI.XREA, Benth. & Hook. Throat of calyx naked, and of corolla not
pilose-annulate : anterior portion of the connectives deflexed, abruptly dilated
and connected by the callose lower extremity, destitute of an anther-cell, or with
a sterile rudiment : upper lip of corolla erect and concave, or falcate-compressed.
Old World species, sparingly introduced.
372 LABIATE. Salvia.
S. SCLAREA, L. (CLARY.) Biennial, villous-pubescent, viscid: stem stout, 2 or 3 feet high :
leaves ample, long-petioled, ovate and cordate, crenate, rugose; floral forming bracts of
the cylindrical or interrupted spike, ovate, acuminate, tinged with white and rose-color:
calyx campanulatc ; teeth spinulose-acuminate : corolla white and bluish, rather large,
widely ringent ; its short tube included; long upper lip falcate and compressed. Penn-
sylvania, escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Eu.)
S. VERBEXACEA, L., Muhl. Perennial, pubescent or villous, a foot or two high : leaves ovate
or oblong, often cordate at base, obtuse, mostly sinuate-incised or moderately pinnatifid
and the lobes crenatc-toothed, rugose, almost glabrous ; the few cauline mostly sessile ;
the floral inconspicuous, rounded-ovate : raceme interrupted : calyx reflexed after flower-
ing ; its broad and rounded upper lip recurved-spreading, with 3 minute connivent teeth ;
the lower of 2 longer triangular-subulate and cuspidate teeth, equalling the throat of the
small bluish corolla, the upper lip of which is nearly straight. S. Ckiijtoni, Ell., excl.
reference to Clayton, whose plant is S. It/ruin? Dry sandy pastures around Beaufort,
S. Carolina, Elliott. Sparingly seen in the Middle States. (Nat. from Eu.)
29. AUDIBERTIA, Benth. (M. Audibert of Tarascon, Provence.)
W. North American (all California!!, one species of wider range), fruticose or
perennial-herbaceous, mostly canescent-tomentose ; with crenate or crenulate and
reticulated leaves, and flowers resembling those of Salvia of the S. officinalis
type : fl. spring and summer. (Noted bee-plants in S. California.)
1. Inflorescence densely verticillastrate-glomerate and interrupted-spicate,
much bracteate : corolla with tube longer than the limb.
* Large-flowered: corolla fully inch and a half long, crimson-purple; upper lip rather erect and
short, emargiiiate: lower leaves cordate or hastate at base.
A. grandiflora, Benth. Stem villous and glandular, stout, suffrutescent, 2 or 3 feet
high: leaves very rugose, tomentose beneath, sinuate-crenate ; lower mostly hastate-lan-
ceolate, obtuse, 3 to 8 inches long, on margined petioles; upper oblong and sessile; floral
and bracts of the large heads broadly ovate, membranaceous: calyx spathaceous, deeply
cleft between the two small anterior cuspidate-tipped teeth ; ample concave upper lip
3-denticulate : stamens much exserted : a conspicuous slender tooth representing the lower
fork of the connective. Lab. 312, & DC. Prodr. xii. 350; Torr. Bot. ilex. Bound, t. 38
(sterile filaments wrongly represented) ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. GOO. California Coast Ranges,
&c.. from San Mateo Co. southward.
* * Smaller-flowered: corolla less than an inch long, violet or bluish: leaves not cordate.
H Bracts, upper floral leaves, and bilabiate calyx scarious-membranaceous, reticulated, usually
colored, obtuse and nuitieous (or at most mucroiiatc); the former large and roundish, half inch or
more long, imbricating the close heads: corolla only half inch long, narrow, and with short liinh:
low Ktiffruticose species of the interior arid region.
A. incana, Benth. 1. c. Closely tomcntose-canescent, leafy : leaves spatulate or obovate,
obtuse or retuse, not rugose, entire (or sparsely crenulate), seldom inch long: bracts
obovate or oval, pubescent and ciliate, purple-tinged : calyx turbinate ; anterior teeth
ovate or oblong, rather shorter than the truncate and emargiiiate very broad upper lip :
stamens much exserted: connective with or without a dentiform appendage. Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 14GO; Gray, I.e. From interior of Washington Terr, and Idaho south to Arizona,
and along the eastern borders of California.
A. capitata, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent : leaves oblong, acutish, very rugose, crenu-
late, slender-petioled : bracts of solitary head ovate or oval, apparently whitish : flowers,
&c., of the preceding. Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Providence Moun-
tains, San Bernardino Co., S. E. California, Cooper.
4 -) Bracts more or less herbaceous, at least not colored: leaves minutely rugose, crenulate:
species restricted to California.
n- Corolla barely half inch long: all the calyx-teeth and bracts subulate or aristate-tipped.
A. humilis, Benth. 1. c. Stems simple and only a span high from a thickened suffruti-
cosc base, almost leafless and scapiform : leaves crowded at the base, lanceolate or spatu-
late-oblong, very obtuse, finely rugose, densely crenulate, canescent, an inch or more long,
Audibertia. LABIATE. 373
tapering into a slender petiole ; the mostly inconspicuous floral ones and the bracts vil-
lous, membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate : calyx distinctly bilabiate but
rather more deeply cleft between the anterior teeth ; these and the 3 teeth of the ample
concave upper lip subulate but not rigid ; lower lip of the corolla crenulate-erose : stamens
and style long-exserted : connective continuous with the filament. From the Yuba River
to San Diego Co., but rare.
A. stachyoides, Bentll. 1. c. Shrubby, branching and leafy, a yard or more high,
cinereous-tomentulose or glabrate, rigid: leaves somewhat less rugose than in the last,
more crenate, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base or short-petioled ; the floral and ovate
or oblong bracts with the teeth of the bilabiate calyx cuspidate-acuminate or spinulose-
aristulate (rarely almost muticous) : style and especially the stamens little exserted : sub-
ulate appendage of connective often manifest. From San Francisco Bay to the southern
borders of the State: forming thickets.
H- -w- Corolla from two-thirds to three-fourths inch long, with tube much surpassing the calyx and
short more or less pointed thinnish bracts: upper lip of the calyx 1-3-mucronate ; teeth of the
lower cuspidate : stamens and style moderately exserted : stems woody below, 4 to 8 feet high,
with herbaceous long and viniate branches : glomerules rather large, scattered or rather distant :
foliage minutely tomentose-canescent.
A. Palmeri, Gray. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute (not unlike those of the preceding
species), the larger 2 or 3 inches long: verticillastrate heads several (4 to 8) and remote in
the elongated virgate spike : bracts oblong or lanceolate, slender-cuspidate or acuminate:
lower calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous. Bot. Calif, i. G01. Near Tighe's- Ranch, mountains
north-east of San Diego, Palmer.
A. Cleveland.!, Gray. Leaves oblong, or the upper lanceolate-oblong, all obtuse, sel-
dom over an inch or so in length : heads fewer, often solitary or terminating short axillary
branches : bracts ovate or oblong, mucronate or abruptly short-pointed, viscid-pubescent,
as is the calyx; the lower teeth of which are short and subulate, the upper lip entire and
cuspidate-tipped. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 70, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Mountains behind San
Diego, Cleveland, Palmer.
-H- -H- -H- Corolla barely half inch long: its tube hardlv exceeding the herbaceous obtuse and
muticous bracts and calyx teeth: whole plant hoary-white.
A. nivea, Bentll. Canescent with a close white-farinose tomentum, 3 or 4 feet high,
shrubby below, leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, obtuse; upper with
truncate base, very short-petioled : bracts oval or oblong : calyx splitting down anteriorly,
at length emarginate posteriorly : corolla light-purple : stamens and style much exserted :
connective almost continuous with the filament. Lab. 313 & DC. 1. c. Dry hills, from
Santa Barbara to San Diego Co.
2. Inflorescence thyroid-paniculate: floral leaves, bracts, and bractlets small
and loose, at length re flexed, lanceolate or subulate, cuspidate-tipped : corolla with
ample lower lip twice the length of the upper ; the tube very short.
A. polystachya, Beilth. 1. c. Shrubby, 3 to 10 feet high, minutely tomentose-canes-
cent : branches and elongated naked thyrsus virgate : leaves mostly very white, oblong-lan-
ceolate, minutely rugose and crenulate, 2 or 3 inches long : flowers subsessile, loose : upper
lip of the calyx truncate or 3-toothed, at length concave or galeate, longer than the trian-
gular-subulate lower teeth : corolla pale or white ; lower lip half inch and tube quarter
inch long : style and divergent stamens long-exserted : filiform connective continuous with
the filament, its lower end usually indicated by a minute tooth. Arid hills, Santa Bar-
bara to San Diego Co. One of the shrubs called Grease-wood.
30. MONARDA, L. HORSE-MINT. (Nicolas Monardes, early writer upon
American medicinal plants.) -- Aromatic erect herbs (of Atlantic N. America,
reaching to the Rocky Mountains), usually tall; with the large verticillastrate-capi-
tate glomerules single, or as if proliferous-spicate, or in upper axils, and involu-
crate by numerous sometimes colored outer bracts and floral leaves : flowers rather
large, in summer. (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369.)
374 LABIATE. Monarda.
1. EU!\IONJ(RDA, Benth. Heads solitary and terminal or sometimes 2 or 3, as
if proliferous : stamens and style conspicuously exserted from the linear and mostly
acute upper lip of the (red, purple, or white) corolla : leaves acutely more or less
serrate, pinnately veiny : root perennial.
* Leaves distinctly petioled : calyx-teeth little if at all longer than the width of the tube: corolla
with middle lobe of lower lip longer and narrower, emarginate.
M. didyma, L. (OSWEGO TEA, BEE-BALM.) Villous-hirsute to glabrato : stem acutely
4-anglcd : loaves thin, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate: bracts, c., tinged with red: calyx
slightly hirsute in the throat; teeth narrowly subulate: corolla nearly glabrous, scarlet-
red (1| or 2 inches long). Spec. i. 22; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 540; Schk. Handb. t. 2. ,!/".
pur/mrea, Lam. Diet. iv. 256. M..fistnlosn, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 145. M. coccinea, Michx. Fl.
i. 16; Desc. Ant. v. t. 369. M. Kalmiana, Pursh, Fl. i. 17, t. 1. ;!/. Osuvi/ocnsis, Bart, Prortr.
Penn. i. 34. Wet banks of streamlets, Canada to Michigan, and south to Georgia in the
mountains ; also in gardens.
M. clinopodia, L. Nearly glabrous to villous-pubescent : stem rather acutely angled :
leaves ovate-lanceolate and ovate, slender-petioled, thin, coarsely and sharply serrate :
bracts whitish : calyx moderately hirsute in the throat : corolla slightly pubescent, dull
white or flesh-colored, an inch long. Spec. i. 22, excl. syn. Gronov. M. ijlabra, Lam.
Diet. iv. 256. M. ntyosa, Ait. Kew. ed. 1, i. 3(5. M. a/tissima, Willd. Entim. 33 ; Reichenb.
Ic. Exot. ii. t. 182. Pycnanlhemum ^fonnrdelht, Michx. Fl. ii. 8, t. 34. Monardella Carol in-
iann, Benth. Lab. 332. Shady places, ravines, &c., W. Canada to Illinois, and along the
mountains to Georgia.
!M. fistulosa, L. 1. c. Soft-pubescent with short hairs, or somewhat hairy, or glabrate :
stem mostly with obtuse angles : leaves commonly of firmer texture than in the preceding :
bracts whitish or rarely purplish, the inner mostly hirsute-ciliate : calyx conspicuously and
densely bearded at the throat : corolla pubescent, at least on the Tipper lip, purple or pur-
plish-dotted, an inch or more long. Origanum fistulosum Canadense, Cornuti, Canad. 13,
t. 14. Monarda. oblongata, Ait. 1. c., narrow-leaved form. M. lomjifolia, Lam. 1. c., narrow-
leaved form. M. al/i>j>h<//la, Michx. Fl. i. 16. M. ntrimis, Bart. 1. c. M. inrolucrata, and
many others, Wenderoth, Sem. hort. Marb. M. a/tissima, mo/It's (Willd.), undulala (Tausch),
&qffinis (Link), Reichenb. Ic. Kxot. t. 170, 171, 181, 182. Dry soil, Canada and Vermont
to Florida and Texas, west to Brit. Columbia and Arizona. The following are the more
marked forms of this polymorphous species.
Var. riibra. Corolla bright crimson- or rose-red : habit of M. didyma, but upper lip
of corolla villous-bearded on the back at tip : throat of calyx conspicuously hirsute, with
external bristly hairs widely spreading. M. purjwrca, Pursh, 1. c., excl. syn. Bot. Mag.?
Alleghany Mountains, in moist ground.
Var. media. Corolla deep purple. M. media, Willd. Enum. 32; Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Card. t. 98. M. fiitr/wrm, Lodd. Cnb. 1. 1306. Alleghany and southern Rocky Mountains.
Var. mollis, Bentll. Corolla from flesh-color to lilac, glandular, and its upper lip
hairy outside or more bearded at the tip : leaves paler, soft-pubescent beneath, often
shorter-petiolcd ; throat of the calyx mostly filled with dense beard, with or without an
external ring of more bristly widely spreading hairs. M. mu'.lis, L. Amocn. A cad iii.399;
Reiclienb. 1. c. t. 171. M. scul/ra, Beck (in Am. Jour. Sci. x. 260), & M. mcnlhivfolia,
Graham, in Bot. Mag. t. 2958 ; form with smaller firmer leaves and stem roughish-hirsute
on the angles. M. Lindheimeri, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Linclh. i. 20. This extends to Sas-
katchewan, Brit. Columbia, interior of Oregon and Arizona.
* * Leaves subsessile or very short-petiolcd ; floral ones often purplish -or whitish : corolla flesh-
color or whitish, its lower lip usually spotted with purple: calyx-teeth loose or stellate-spreading
after flowering: stein slender: head solitary.
M. Bradburiana, Beck. Pubescent with slender hairs or glabrate: leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate from a broad roundish or subcordate base, acuminate: calyx hirsute and
somewhat contracted at the orifice; its teeth elongated and aristiform : tube of the corolla
not exceeding the long and narrow pubescent upper lip; the middle lobe of its broad
lower lip much longer than the lateral ones. Am. Jour. Sci. x. 260; Benth. Lab. 317.
Jlf. fistnlosa, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3310, excl. syn. ,1/. amplexicauUs, Bischoff, Ind. Sem.
Heidelb. 1838. M. vi'llosa, Martens; Walp. Repcrt. iii. 683. Thickets, Illinois to Tennes-
see and Kansas.
Monarda. LABIATE. 375
M. Russelliana, Nutt. Slender, sparingly pubescent : leaves lanceolate or narrowly
ovate-lanceolate from a rounded or subcordate base: calyx naked at orifice ; its slender-
subulate teeth muricate-glandular : corolla nearly glabrous, slender, with long and, much
exserted tube ; lower lip shorter, obscurely 3-lobed at the extremity. Trav. Arkans. &
Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 185 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2513 & Exot. Fl. t. 130 ; Sweet,
Brit. Fl. Card. t. 166. Arkansas, Nutlall, T. L. Harvey.
2. CHEILYCTIS, Benth. Heads (i. e. verticillastrate glomerules) commonly
in the axils of all the upper pairs of leaves, or interrupted-spicate, foliose-brac-
teate : upper face of the floral leaves and larger bracts often canescent and some-
times purple-tinged : corolla with shorter almost included tube, more dilated throat,
and oblong lips ; the upper arching, emarginate or cleft at apex (either sparsely
bearded or glabrous in the same species), seldom at all surpassed by the stamens ;
lower with middle lobe often broadest : leaves lanceolate or oblong, sparsely ser-
rate or denticulate, tapering into the petiole : minute pubescence more or less
cinereous. Clieilyctis, Raf. Monarda Coryanthus, Nutt.
* Corolla yellowish with copious brown-purple spots : calyx-teeth lanceolate- or triangular-subulate :
floral leaves and involucrale bracts mostly muticous: root perennial.
M. punctata, L. (HORSE-MINT.) Stem commonly 2 feet high: floral leaves and bracts
(either whitened or purplish or both) often slender-acuminate : calyx-teeth rigid, soon stellate-
spreading, hardly longer than the width of the villous orifice of the tube. Spec. i. 22 ;
Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 546; Bot. Reg. t. 87. M. Intca, Michx. Fl. i. 16. Sandy ground, New
York to Wisconsin, and south to Florida and Texas. Varies in foliage, pubescence, &c.,
passing into
Var. lasiodonta, Gray, 1. c., with throat and teeth of calyx densely villous : plant
sometimes robust, of ten smaller, and narrow-leaved. Texas, Dnunmond. New Mexico and
Arizona, Wislizenus, Wooodliouse, Rothrock.
* * Corolla white or pinkish, not spotted, but more or less punctate: calvx-teeth aristifonn or
subulate-setaceous: iuvolucral bracts conspicuously aristate-tipped: root annual.
M. pectinata, Nutt. Rather low and slender: floral leaves and bracts of the compara-
tively small heads mostly green; the latter oblong, short-aristate, obscurely 3-nervcd, hir-
Bute-ciliate : calyx-teeth subulate-setaceous from a broad base, soon spreading, villous-hir-
sute within, twice the length of the width of the very villous orifice. PI. Gamb. 182.
M. citriodora, var. aristidata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 369, in part, where Nuttall's name
was inadvertently written " M. penicil/ata." New Mexico, near Santa Fe', Gambd. Not
since seen. Seemingly a hybrid between M. punctata and M. citriodora.
M. dinopodioid.es. Slender, a foot or more high : bracts of the rather small heads
mostly green or greenish, erect, oblong-ovate to obovate-lanceolate, rigid, strongly 3-5-
nerved, hispid-ciliate : calyx-teeth always erect, rigid, aristiform-attenuate (tapering grad-
ually from the base), fully two-thirds the length of the hirsute tube, purplish, sparsely
hispid; throat densely short-villous. M. aristata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3526, not Nutt. M.
citriodora, var. aristidata, Gray, 1. c., in part. Texas, Drummond, Wriyht, Reve.rchon.
M. citriodora, Cerv. Usually more robust, the larger forms (2 or 3 feet high) with the
aspect of M. /ntnctata : bracts narrowly oblong, similarly whitened or purple-tinged, at
least their spreading or recurving and abruptly aristulate or slender aristate tips : throat
of the calyx densely villous ; the teetli slender-aristiform, at length usually spreading,
half or two-thirds the length of the mostly glabrous tube, from sparsely hirsute-plumose
with long soft hairs to naked. Cervantes in Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 2 (1810) ; Gray, 1. c.,
the \ar.tenui-aristata. M. aristata, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 186; Benth.
Lab. 318, & DC. I. c. 363 : excl. the char, of the calyx-teeth at the close, which was taken
from M. punctata, var. lasiodonta. Plains of Nebraska to Texas, Eastern Colorado, and
Arizona. (Mex.)
M. GRAcins, Pursh, Fl. i. 17, described from a specimen in Lyon's herbarium, said to
come from the mountains of South Carolina (to which Virginia and the accustomed v. v. are
added by Pursh), is not identified by the description. It may not improbably be Pycnanthe-
muni montanum, Michx.
376 LABIATE. Blephilia.
31. BLEPHfLIA, Raf. (From pleyaoi.;, the eye-lash, suggested by the
conspicuously ciliate bracts, &c.) Perennial herbs, of the Atlantic United
States, resembling Monarda in foliage, &c., but with smaller verticillastrate-capi-
tate glomerules, the upper more spicate ; and small purple or bluish-white corolla,
with the lower lip darker-spotted : fl. summer.
B. ciliata, Raf. Stem a foot or two high, often simple, downy with short soft pubes-
cence : leaves short-petioled, oblong, obtuse, obscurely serrate ; the upper sessile and
mostly narrowed at base ; lower floral similar, uppermost and outer bracts of the mostly
spicate-approximate heads ovate, cuspidate-acuminate, chartaceo-membranaceous, some-
what colored, strongly ciliate, conspicuously many-nerved from a stout midrib, about
equalling the calyx: corolla villous-pubescent outside, purple. Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 98;
Benth. Lab. 319 & DC. Prodr. xii. 364. Monarda ciliata, L. Spec. i. 23 (Pluk. Aim. t. 164,
fig. 3; Moris. Hist. iii. sect. 11, t. 8, fig. 6.) Dry ground, Penn. (and recently at Hadley,
Mass. ), to Wisconsin, Georgia, and Missouri. Varies westward with more villous pubescence.
B. hirsuta, Benth. I.e. Taller, loosely branching, villous-hirsute : leaves slender-peti-
oled, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, with rounded or subcordate base ; lower floral
similar, subtending remote heads ; upper floral and the bracts lanceolate and linear, subu-
late or aristate, few-nerved, hirsute with long hairs, as is the calyx : corolla less pubes-
cent, pale, with some conspicuous dark spots. B. nepetoides, Raf. 1. c. Monarda ftirsuta,
Pursh, Fl. i. 10. M. ciliata, Miclix. Fl. i. 16, not L. Moist shady places, Canada and
Vermont to Wisconsin, south to Missouri and E. Texas, and through the Alleghanies to
Georgia.
32. LOPHANTHUS, Benth. (^oqpo s -, crest, and avOog, flower: appli-
cation not evident.) Perennial erect herbs (of N. America and N. E. Asia),
mostly tall and coarse ; with serrate and veiny petioled leaves, the lower usually
subcordate and the upper ovate, and small flowers in dense and sessile verticillas-
trate glomerules, which are congested into a terminal spike, either continuous or
interrupted below : floral leaves reduced to short ovate and acuminate bracts.
Nutlets minutely hairy or glandular at the top. Fl. summer. Bot. Reg. xv. &
Lab. 462. Agastache, Clayt., Gronov. Virg. ed. 2, 88.
* Calyx-teeth green and herbaceous, ovate, obtuse : corolla greenish-yellow, almost included.
L. nepetoides, Benth. 1. c. Glabrous or barely puberulent : stem 2i to 5 feet high,
acute-angled: leaves ovate, acute: spike cylindrical, linear, nearly continuous. Hyssopus
nepetoidfs, L. Spec. ii. 569; Jacq. Vind. t. 6D. Borders of woods, Vermont and Connecti-
cut to Wisconsin, and south to mountains of Carolina and Texas.
* * Calyx-teeth acute, membranaceous, more or less colored: corolla purplish or bluish, more con-
spicuous.
L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. 1. c. Stem 4 to 6 feet high, stout : leaves ovate or the
lower cordate, acuminate, more or less pubescent or glabrous : spikes thickish, mostly
interrupted, 4 to 16 indies long: calyx-teeth ovate-lanceolate, acute, whitish : corolla dull
purplish. //. scrophiilariwfofius, Willd. Spec. iii. 48. Borders of thickets, New York to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, and mountains of N. Carolina.
L. anisatus, Benth. 1. c. Glabrous or very minutely puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high : leaves
ovate, often subcordate, canescent beneath, anisate-scentcd when crushed: spike short and
narrow, interrupted, sometimes leafy below and paniculate: calyx canescently puberu-
lent ; the teeth ovate-lanceolate and merely acute, tinged with purple or violet : corolla
blue. Bot. Reg. t. 1282. Hyssopns anisatns,~Nutt. Gen. ii. 27. H. discolor, Desf. Cat. Par.
Stachys fanicnlum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 407. Plains, Wisconsin to Saskatchewan, the northern
Rocky Mountains, and Nebraska.
L. urticifolius, Benth. 1. c. Like the last, hut leaves green both sides, mostly crenate
and more or less cordate, sweet-aromatic : calyx-teeth lanceolate, subulate-acuminate :
corolla light violet or purplish. Western slopes of Rocky Mountains to Oregon, Nevada,
and California.
Nepeta. LABIATE. 377
33. CEDRONELLA, Mcench. (Diminutive of Cedrus, the Cedar tree,
from the sweet-scented leaves of C. trip/tyfla of the Canaries and Madeira, the
Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.) The following are the other species ;
sweet-odorous perennials ; with petioled leaves, and flesh-colored or purplish
flowers, iu summer. Meth. 411 ; Benth. Lab. 501.
1. Tube of corolla little exserted beyond the ample calyx, its throat inflated :
stamens shorter than the upper lip : flowers rather few, loosely and almost simply
spicate.
C. COrdata, Benth. 1. c. Low, hirsute-pubescent, producing long leafy runners : leaves
long-petioled, cordate, crenate ; the floral reduced to ovate bracts, each subtending 1 to 3
short-pedicelled minutely bracteolate flowers : calyx campanulate : corolla purplish, hairy
inside, over an inch long. Dracocephalum cordatum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 35. Moist shady banks,
W. Penn. to Kentucky and mountains of N. Carolina and Tennessee.
2. Corolla slender, with tube exserted beyond the narrow calyx : stamens
exserted : erect herbs of the Mexican region ; with the verticillastrate glomerules
or condensed cymes interrupted-spicate in the manner of Lophanthus, but less
condensed.
C. Mexicana, Benth. Puberulent or almost glabrous : stems 1 to 3 feet high : leaves
ovate-lanceolate, or the lower ovate and cordate, crenate-dentate; lower floral sessile and
often entire ; upper ones lanceolate and reduced to short bracts of the many-flowered
spicate clusters : teeth of the purplish calyx subulate : corolla bright pink (an inch or
more long), thrice the length of the calyx. Dracocephalum Meximnum, HBK. Nov. Gen.
& Spec. ii. 322, t. 100. Gardoquia betonicoides, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. misc. 80 ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3800. Mountains of S. Arizona, near Santa Cruz, Wright. A form with mainly
ovate and obtuse coarsely crenate leaves, resembling C. pallida, Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 29,
but with (inch long) much exserted corolla. (Mex.)
Var. cana, Gray. Pale and very minutely cinereous, or inclined to be so : leaves
smaller (half to inch and a half long), less toothed: corolla an inch long or sometimes
much smaller. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 370. C. cana, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4018; Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 133, chiefly. New Mexico, Wriijlit, Bigelow, &c. A form with much smaller
(seemingly not well-developed) flowers is C.pallida, var., Torr. 1. c. and Hyptis spicata ? Torr.
1. c. 129. S. Arizona, Wriyht, Thnrber. (Adjacent Mex.)
C. micrantha, Gray, 1. c. Puberulent : stems slender, branching above : leaves thin,
slender-petioled, coarsely crenate-dentate; the lower cordate-ovate, obtuse; upper ovate-
lanceolate or oblong ; upper floral reduced to minute bracts and shorter than the calyx :
capitate clusters sessile, many-flowered, mostly approximate in a cylindrical naked spike :
calyx ovate-campanulate, less than 2 lines long, greenish; the triangular-subulate teeth
about half the length of the tube: corolla (whitish, barely 2 lines long) and stamens little
exserted. S. W. Texas, towards the border of New Mexico (station not recorded), \Vriyht.
Spikes 2 inches long.
34. NEPETA, L. CAT-MINT. (Probably from the Etrurian city Nepete.) -
A large genus in the Old World ; two are naturalized weeds in the New, repre-
senting distinct sections, differing in habit and inflorescence, rather than in the
flowers, which are produced all summer.
N. CATARIA, L. (CATNIP.) Erect, branched, tall, minutely tomentose : leaves ovate or
oblong and cordate, coarsely crenate, green above, canescent beneath: glomerate cymes
many-flowered, spicate-crowded at the extremity of the branches, subtended by small
floral leaves: bracts and calyx-teeth slender-subulate, soft: corolla whitish with some
dark dots ; the middle lobe of lower lip crenate-dentate. Common eastward, especially
near dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)
N. GLECHOMA, Benth. Procumbent or creeping, slender, somewhat pubescent, equally leafy
throughout : leaves long-petioled, reniform or round-cordate, coarsely crenate : flowers 2 or
378 LABIATE. Dracocephalum.
3 together in the axils of the leaves, short-peclicelled : bracts setaceous : calyx-teeth seta-
ceous-acuminate from a broad base, soon spreading : corolla light blue, inch or less long :
pairs of stamens very unequal : anthers in perfect flowers closely approximate in pairs ;
the anther-cells diverging at a right angle, and each pair forming a cross : but the plant is
gynodioecious, i. e. some produce only female flowers with abortive stamens. Lab. 485.
Glechoma hederacea, L. Damp or shady places east of the Mississippi, in woods as well as
near dwellings. Popularly named Gill-over-the-Ground. (Nat. from Eu.)
35. DRACOCEPHALUM, Tourn. DRAGON-HEAD (as the name, com-
posed of Souy.ojv and xeqrwL/, denotes). Herbs, chiefly of North Asia, one
North American, peculiar for its small and included corolla.
D. parviflorum, Nutt. Annual or biennial, to 20 inches high, rather stout, some-
what pubescent : leaves lanceolate or oblong, petioled, incisely dentate, or the lower pin-
natifid-incised ; the lower floral similar : flowers numerous in sessile glomerules crowded in
a thick terminal leafy-bracted head or short spike interrupted at base : bracts pectinate-
laciniate and the teeth aristat.e : upper tooth of the calyx ovate, the others lanceolate and
subulate-acuminate: corolla bluish, slender, hardly exceeding the calyx. Gen. ii. 35;
Benth. in DC. xii. 400. Rocky or gravelly soil, N. New York (shore of Lake Ontario) and
L. Superior, to Brit. Columbia, and along the mountains to Utah and New Mexico : fl. spring.
36. SCUTELL.ABIA, L. SKULLCAP. (Scutetla, a dish or platter, from
the form of the fruiting calyx.) Large and widely diffused genus, of bitter
(not aromatic) chiefly perennial herbs, rarely undershrubby ; with single (mostly
blue or bluish) flowers in the axils of leaves, or when the floral leaves are reduced
to bracts then in (commonly secund) spikes or racemes : fl. spring and summer.
Corolla arrect. All but two of our species are perennial, and the flowers in all
are opposite, one in each axil.
1. Nutlets wingless, mostly marginless, on a low or slightly elevated gynobase.
# Flowers small (only a quarter inch long), in axillary and sometimes also terminal racemes.
8. lateriflora, L. (MAD-DOG SKULLCAP.) Glabrous, a foot or two high, leafy : leaves
thin, oblong-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, coarsely serrate, rounded at base,
slender petioled ; the lower floral ones of the terminal racemes similar : lips of the corolla
short, equal in length. Spec. ii. 598; Lam. Diet. t. 515; Raf. Med. Fl. t. 84; Bart. Fl.
Am. Sept. i. t. 21. Wet borders of streams, Canada to Florida, New Mexico, and north-
wardly to Oregon and Brit. Columbia.
* * Flowers larger (half to full inch long), in terminal single or panicled racemes, which are
commonly more or less leafy below, the floral leaves being gradually reduced to bracts.
+ Cauline leaves all cordate, crenate-toothed, and slender-petioled : lateral lobes of the corolla
almost equalling the short upper lip: anthers minutely ciliate.
S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft-pubescent : stem rather stout, erect, 1 to 3 feet high : leaves
rugosely very veiny, broadly cordate, mostly obtuse (3 or 4 inches long) ; the floral ovate,
entire (half inch long), crowded : racemes glandular-pubescent: corolla bright blue with
lower side and lip whitish. Gen. ii. 38. S. Carolintana, Walt. Car. 163 1 S. cordlfolia,
Mnlil. Cat. Banks of streams, Penn. and Wisconsin to Florida and Texas.
Var. bracteata, Benth. Robust, with larger and firmer floral leaves, many of the
lower occasionally longer than the flowers, which thus appear to be axillary rather than
racemose. Lab. 433. Texas.
Var. minor, Chapm. Low, slender, and thin-leaved: floral leaves small. Fl. 323.
S. mgusa, Wood, Class-Book. Mountains of Virginia, &c.
S. saxatilis, Riddell. Slightly and sparsely pubescent, or glabrous : stems slender, weak,
ascending (a span or two high), stoloniferoua from the base : leaves thin, moderately
veiny, cordate-ovate, obtuse, crenate-dentate (inch or two long) ; floral ovate or oblong,
entire: raceme simple, loose: corolla light blue. Cat. PI. Ohio, Suppl. (1836) 14; Benth.
in DC. Prodr. xii. 422 ; Gray, Man. ed. 1, 327. Shaded moist banks, Delaware to Ohio
and Tennessee.
Scutellaria. LABIATE. 379
Var. arglita. Pilose-pubescent : thin leaves narrower, acutish, more deeply crenate-
dentate. X. im/nta, Buckley in Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 175; Chapin. Fl. 323. <S\ saxatilis,
var. ? pilosior, Benth. 1. c., at least in part. S. Chamccdrys, Shuttleworth in Ind. Sem. Lips.,
on char. Mountains of Carolina and Georgia.
t -t Cauline leaves crenate-dentate or serrate, only the lowest if any cordate at base, more or
less petiok-cl : lateral lobes of the blue corolla shorter than the galeate upper lip and more con-
nected with it.
H- Corolla a full inch long, nearly glabrous : stem (a foot or two high) and loosely flowered some-
what leafy erect raceme simple, or rarelv a pair of racemes at the base of the terminal one:
leaves (3 to 5 pairs) coarsely and sharply serrate, acute or acuminate, mn.-tly acute at base, 2 to 4
inches long; the lowest floral usually large and similar; upper entire and lanceolate.
S. montana, Chapm. Soft-pubescent : leaves oblong-ovate or the lowest stibcordate :
calyx velvety-pubescent : tube of the corolla ampliate upward, and the lips very broad,
the upper emarginate. Bot. Gazette, iii. 11. Dry woods and fields, in the mountains of
the north-western part of Georgia, Chapman.
S. serrata, Andr. Glabrous, or obscurely pubescent : leaves thin, ovate or ovate-ob-
long: corolla with narrow tube, moderately ampliate throat, and rather narrow upper lip.
Bot. Rep. t. 404 ; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 422. Woods, Penn. to Illinois and N. Carolina.
H- -5-t- Corolla two-thirds or three-fourths inch long, canescently puberulent : racemes numerous,
thyrsoid-paniculate, many -flowered.
S. canescens, Nutt. Minutely and canescently pubescent : stem 2 to 4 feet high,
leafy : leaves from oblong-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, crenate-serrate, acute (3 or 4 inches
long), the base obtuse or rounded, or of the- uppermost acute, and lowest occasionally sub-
cordate, the upper surface green and glabrous, the lower canescent, as also the racemes
and especially the calyx : upper lip of corolla considerably surpassing the lower. Gen.
ii. 38 ; Benth. 1. c. S. pubescens & S. incana, Muhl. Cat. S. serrata, Spreng. Syst. ii. 703,
not Andr. River-banks, W. Canada and Penn. to Illinois, and the mountains of Carolina
and N. Alabama. Varies with the foliage greener, only a little paler beneath, and in
Var. punctata, Cliapm., glabrate and minutely punctate beneath. Georgia and
Florida, Chapman.
H- -H- 4-1- Corolla half inch long, nearly glabrous: raceme simple and terminal, or also from the
axils of one or two pairs of leaves.
S. pilosa, MicllX. Hirsute-pubescent: stem slender, a foot or two high: leaves rather
remote, oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate, veiny (inch or two long) ; the lower subcordate and
slender-petioled ; upper cuneate at base and subsessile ; floral oblong : bracts of the oblong
raceme spatutate. Fl. ii. 11 ; Benth. I.e. S. Carol iniana, Walt. Car. 103? S. elliptica,
Muhl. Cat. 1 S. poli/inorjiliii, C. Hamilton, Monogr. 39, in part, ex Benth. Dry or sterile
ground, S. New York and Michigan to Florida and Texas.
Var. hirsuta, a large form, sometimes nearly 3 feet high, more hirsute: larger leaves
2 or 3 inches long, very coarsely crenate. S. hirsuta, Short, Cat. PI. Kentucky. Richer
soil, Kentucky, S/iort.
Var. ovalifolia, Benth., a form with shorter and finer pubescence, and narrower
less veiny leaves. S. oralifolia, Pers. Syn. ii. 130. New Jersey to Virginia.
S. VILLUSA, Ell. Sk. ii. 90, from upper part of Georgia (villous, and with lanceolate leaves
3 or 4| inches long, coarsely dentate and acute at both ends, brachiate racemes, but flowers
not seen), is not identified.
+.. +. H- Cauline leaves entire (except in the first species), obtuse, narrowed at ha<e : racemes
mostly simple and terminal, leafy below: corolla blue, upwardly much ampliate and with large
lips.
H- These much shorter than the downwardly attenuate tubular portion : puboceiice wholly soft
or cinereous.
S. integrifolia, L. Manifestly pubescent or puberulent : steins mostly simple from a
fibrous root, 8 to 20 inches high, slender: leaves thinnish, from oblong to nearly linear, an
inch or more long; the upper narrowed at base and subsessile or short-petioled ; lowest
varying to ovate or even cordate and slender-petioled, often with a few coarse crenatures
.or obtuse teeth : corolla slightly pubescent, near an inch long; lower lip about equalling
the upper: anthers long-ciliate : nutlets tuberculate. (Pluk. Aim. t. 313, fig. 4.) S. inte-
grifolia & S. Ityssojnfolia, L. Spec. ii. 50!), the latter a narrow-leaved form. S. Carolunana,
Lam. 111. t. 515, fig. 3. S. polymorpha, A. Hamilton, Monogr. 38, in part. Dry ground,
New England to Florida and Texas.
380 LABIATE. Scutdlaria.
S. brevifolia. Cinereous-puberulent throughout : stems numerous from a suffrutescent
base, rigid, a foot or less high, very leafy : leaves thickish, narrowly oblong, 6 to 8 lines
long by 2 or 3 wide, all subsessile ; the floral similar, gradually smaller : corolla soft-
pubescent, three-fourths inch long; lower lip rather longer than the upper: anthers short-
ciliate : nutlets granulate. S. integrifolia, var. breoifolia, Gray in Cat. Coll. Tex. Hall, no.
458. Dry banks, Dallas, Texas, E. Hall, Reverchon.
H- -)-r Lips of the corolla about the length of the broad tube and throat.
S. Floridana, Chapm. Obscurely puberulent : stems slender, a foot or more high, rather
remotely leafy and with some axillary fascicles: leaves very narrowly linear (8 to 12 lines
long, seldom a line wide), with somewhat revolute margins ; the lowest minute and scale-
like : raceme rather loose : corolla nearly inch long : anthers long-ciliate. Fl. 324. Pine-
barren swamps, Apalachicola, Florida.
* * * Flowers solitary in the axils of cauline leaves, or some occasionally imperfectly racemose
through the reduction in size of the upper leaves of the stem or branches.
-t Annuals, loosely branched from the base: corolla pubescent, half inch or less long: nutlets
muriculate.
S. Cardiophylla, Engelm. & Gray. Puberulent, slender, a foot or two high, with
virgate branches : leaves cordate-ovate or deltoid-subcordate, mostly obtuse, thin, veiny ;
principal cauline inch long, coarsely crenate, slender-petioled ; floral gradually smaller and
less toothed, the uppermost entire and subsessile (3 lines long, barely exceeding the calyx) :
corolla slender, bine. PI. Lindh. i. 19; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 429. Open woods, Arkansas
and Texas.
S. Drummondii, Benth. Villous-pubescent, a span or more high, soon diffuse, leafy :
leaves ovate or obovate-oblong, very obtuse, half inch or more long, contracted at base,
the lower into distinct petioles; floral subsessile and about equalling the flowers; all entire
or nearly so (rarely subcrenulate) : corolla violet purple or blue (3 to 5 lines long), com-
monly with the calyx villous-pubescent, at least when young ; lower lip longer than the
upper, violet-spotted. Lab. 441, & DC. Prodr. xii. 428. Damp or rich soil, Texas;
common. (Mex.)
-1 -t Perennials, from a firm or ligneous stock, neither stoloniferous nor tuberiferous : nutlets
granulate.
S. WYiglltii, Gray. A span or so high, many-stemmed in a tuft, minutely cinereous-
puberulent, very leafy: leaves ovate, oval, or spatulate-oblong, entire, subsessile, about
half an inch long; upper floral shorter than the flowers : corolla pubescent, half an inch
long, usually violet; lips nearly equal in length; tube rather slender. Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 370. Texas, quite to the western borders, Wright, Lindheimer, E. Hull, &,c. Kansas,
Gordon, L. Watson, with a white-flowered variety.
H -1 -f Perennials, completely herbaceous and fibrous-rooted, mostly producing filiform stolon-
like rootstocks :
-H- These more or less mondiforni-tuberiferous.
= Flower 2 to 4 lines long: leaves broadest at base and all but the lower sessile; primary veins
prominent underneath.
S. parvula, MicllX. Minutely (sometimes more conspicuously) pubescent, branching
from the base, commonly erect, 4 to 10 inches high : filiform subterranean shoots bearing
a long moniliform string of small tubers : leaves ovate or the uppermost ovate-lanceolate,
sessile by a truncate or slightly cordate base, about half inch long ; some of the lower with
one or two coarse teeth, the lowest slender-petioled : pedicels as long as the calyx : corolla
violet, pubescent, twice or thrice the length of the calyx : nutlets strongly muricate, girt
with a thickish ring or border, which is conspicuous when young. Fl. ii. 12 ; Hook. Exot.
t. 106. S. (intliii/iia, Nutt. Gen. ii. 37. Sandy banks, \V. New England and along the Great
Lakes to Wisconsin, South Florida, and Texas.
Var. mollis, Gray. More spreading, softly pubescent throughout (the pubescence
somewhat viscid) : leaves larger, less firm. Sandy banks of the Mississippi, at Oquawka,
S. Illinois, &c., H. N. Patterson. A remarkable form, with somewhat the aspect of S.
Drummondii.
= = Flower half or two-thirds inch long: leaves narrowed at base or petioled : plants depressed
or weak and diffuse.
S. nana, Gray. Minutely cinereous-puberulent, 2 inches high, much branched: filiform
subterranean shoots copiously moniliform-tuberiferous : leaves crowded, from ovate to
Scutellaria. LABIATE. 381
spatulate-obovate, entire, thickish, nearly veinless, half inch long, tapering into a petiole :
corolla white, rather broad and with dilated throat, hardly exceeding the leaves; lips of
equal length. Proc. Am. Acad. ii. 100, & JBot. Calif, i. 004. N. W. Nevada, near Pyra-
mid Lake, Lemmon.
S. tuberosa, Benth. Soft-pubescent or villous: steins slender, rather sparsely leafy,
1 to 4 inches high and erect, or sometimes reaching a foot in length and trailing : leaves
mostly ovate, either truncate or cuneate at base, thin, coarsely and obtusely few-toothed, or
rarely entire (a quarter to inch and a half long), nearly all petioled; floral about equalling
or longer than the violet or blue narrow corolla : nutlets strongly muricate. Lab. 441 ;
Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 601. Hills, &c., nearly throughout California.
==== = Flower larger, violet-blue: stems erect, equally leafy: leaves from oblong to linear, all
but the lower sessile and entire : monilifortn tubers more rare or obscure, except in the first species.
S. resinosa, Torr. Barely a span high, branched from the base, minutely pubescent and
resinous-atomiferous, somewhat viscid : leaves uniform, oval and oblong, or uppermost
narrower, obtuse, mostly sessile (5 to 10 lines long), nervose-veined : pedicels shorter than the
calyx : corolla pubescent, an inch long, with slender tube and ampliate throat ; lower lip
glabrous inside : nutlets tuberculate. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 232 ; Benth. 1. c. Plains of
Colorado, Wyoming, and Nebraska.
S. angustif 61ia, Pursh. A span to a foot high, minutely puberulent or almost glabrous :
stems or branches often simple and slender : leaves from linear to narrowly oblong (0 to 12
lines long), all but the lower acute or contracted at base ; lower more petioled and some-
times few-toothed ; radical orbicular or cordate and small : pedicels as long as the calyx :
corolla three-fourths to nearly inch long, puberulent, with slender tube and moderately
ampliate throat ; lower lip villous inside: nutlets minutely granulate. Fl. ii. 412 ; Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. G03. Moist ground, British Columbia and Montana to California, even as
far south as San Bernardino Co.
Var. canescens, Gray, 1. c. More branching, tomentulose-cancsccnt : corolla more
arrect by the curvature of the base of the tube. 5. siphocampyloides, Vatke in Bot. Zeit.
xxx. 717. Western part of California, in caiions, c.
S. antirrllinoid.es, Benth. Resembles broader leaved forms of the preceding : steins
more brandling, diffuse or ascending: leaves oblong (G to 9 lines long), mostly obtuse at
base as well as apex, more petioled: corolla shorter and broader, 7 to 10 lines long; the
tube shorter and less slender. Bot. Reg. xviii. under 1493, & DC. 1. c. 428; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 310. S. resinosa, Watson, Bot. King, 237. Moist shady ground, Oregon,
northern part of California, and mountains of Nevada.
H- -H- Filiform rootstocks or subterranean stolons not tuberiferous : corolla 'half to two-thirds inch
long,
= Dull yellow or whitish, with ampliate-inflated throat, villous within (at least the lower lip), and
short proper tube: all the upper leaves entire, obtuse.
S. Calif ornica. Puberulent : stems 8 to 20 inches high, slender : leaves from lanceolate-
oblong to oval-ovate, mostly roundish at base, short-petioled ; the lower an inch or more
long, often somewhat serrate ; upper gradually reduced to half inch or less ; uppermost
shorter than the flowers : lips of the corolla about equal : nutlets obscurely rugose-granu-
late. S. (intirrli inoidt .-n, var. Culifurnica, Gray in Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 3!K>, & Bot. Calif.
1. c., mainly. Banks of streams, California, from Tehama Co. southward, and in the
Sierra Nevada. Narrow-leaved forms resemble the preceding ; broader-leaved forms are
more like the following species.
S. Bolanderi, Gray. Pubescent : stem simple or branched from the base, a foot high,
equably and very leafy to the summit : leaves ovate-elliptical, very obtuse, closely sessile
by an obscurely cordate base, an inch or less long, veiny from the base : flowers very short-
pedicelled, seldom equalling the leaf : lower lip of the corolla rather longer. Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 337, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. Sierra Nevada, California, in Mariposa and Plumas Co.,
Bolander, Lemmon.
= = Corolla violet-blue, with slender tube and less ampliate throat, naked \vitliin.
S. galericulata, L. Nearly glabrous or slightly pubescent, slender, 1 to 3 iVet high,
simple or paniculately branched above : leaves membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, broadest next the subsessile or very short-petioled subcordate basi- (2 inches or
less long), all but the upper and more reduced ones appressed-serrate : pedicels shorter than
382 LABIATE. Scutellaria.
the calyx : corolla puberulent ; lower lip nearly erect and surpassing the upper : nutlets
densely inurieulatc-seabrous. Spec. ii. 599; Engl. Bot. t. 593; Sclik. Handb. t. 167. Wet
soil, Atlantic States, from mountains of Carolina to Newfoundland, Mackenzie lliver, and
westward from mountains of Arizona to Brit. Columbia. (Eu., N. Asia.)
2. Nutlets raised on a slender gynobase, each surrounded by a conspicuous
membranaceous wing in the manner of Perilomia, the faces nmricate. (Here
also a Japanese species, S. Guilielmi.)
S. nervosa, Pursh. Glabrous: rootstocks or stolons filiform: stems slender, rather sim-
ple, 4-quetrous (10 to 20 inches high) : leaves membranaceous, coarsely few-toothed, rather
prominently quintuple-ribbed from near the base ; the lowest cordate and short -petioled ;
the others sessile or nearly so ; middle ones ovate ; floral ovate-lanceolate, gradually
smaller and more entire, much surpassing the axillary secund flowers : corolla bluish, 4
lines long, with lower lip exceeding the straightish merely concave upper one. Pursh, Fl.
ii. 412; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 370. S. teucrifoUa, Smith. S. yracilis, Nutt. Gen. ii.
37. Moist thickets, New York to Virginia, Ohio, and Missouri.
37. SALAZARIA, Torr. (In honor of Don Jose Salasar y Larrequi,
the Mexican Commissioner of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey.) Bot.
Mex. Bound. 133, t. 39. Single species of a remarkable genus.
S. Mexicana, Torr. 1. c. Shrubby, 2 or 3 feet high, with diffuse or sarmentose slender
soft-canescent branches : leaves remote, glabrate, small, oblong or broadly lanceolate,
short-petioled, mostly entire ; floral reduced to bracts of the short and loose terminal
racemes : flowers less than inch long : corolla purplish, or the spreading lower lip deep
purple : fructiferous vesicular calyx half inch or more in diameter. Bot. Calif, i. 004.
Ravines, S. E. California in the Mohave desert, S. Nevada and Utah, Arizona, Fremont,
Parry, Cooper, Painter. (Adjacent Mex.)
38. BRUNELLA, To urn. SELF-HEAL, or HEAL-ALL. (Commonly
written Prunella, but said to come from the old German word Breiuie or Braune,
an affection of the throat, which the plant was thought to cure.) --Low peren-
nials ; with nearly simple steins, terminated by a short verticillastrate-spicate or
capitate inflorescence, with imbricated round-ovate and nervose bracts or floral
leaves of about the length of the calyx, each subtending 3 subsessile flowers : fl-
ail summer.
B. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate-oblong, entire or toothed, slender-petioled, commonly pubes-
cent : corolla not twice the length of the purplish calyx, violet, purplish, c., rarely white.
Fields and borders of copses, Newfoundland to Florida, and west to California and
northward; evidently indigenous in some of the cooler districts. (Eu., Asia, Mex.)
39. BR.AZ6RIA, Engclm. & Gray. (Discovered on the Rio Brazos,
Texas.) --A genus of two annuals, of rather low stature: leaves oblong, mostly
sessile, denticulate ; lowest tapering into a petiole ; floral diminished to small
ovate or oblong-lanceolate bracts to the single flowers of the virgate racemes or
spikes : corolla rose-purple : fl. summer. PI. Lindh. i. 47 ; Gray, Chloris, 34,
t. 5 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 434.
B. truncata, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c. Somewhat pubescent, at least the raceme and
calyx viscid-hairy: spike dense and strict, simple or sometimes branching: calyx much
reticulated, truncate, its broad lips of equal length, obscurely lobed, mucronately denticu-
late (3 or 4 Hues iu fruit): corolla three-fourths inch long; upper lip and middle lobe
of lower deeply emarginate, all the lobes denticulate; palate somewhat prominent; tube
pilose-annulate near the base : anthers somewhat hairy : nutlets puberulent. Chloris, 1. c.
t. 5. Pht/soxti't/m truncata, Benth. Lab. 305; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3494. Sandy soil, in
plains and prairies of E. Texas, Berlundier, Drumnwnd, Lindheimer, &c.
Maclridea. LABIATE. 383
B. SCUtellarioid.es, Engelm. & Gray, 1. c. Almost glabrous : spikes or racemes
loose, mostly panicled : lips of the calyx unequal ; the upper with 3 ovate-rounded, lower
with 2 triangular-lanceolate lobes, all but the uppermost cuspidate: corolla (a third inch
long) not pilose-annulate ; its lobes entire or merely refuse : anthers barely ciliolate : nut-
lets glabrous. Physostcijia tnuicata, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3494 (wrongly cited in DC. under
preceding species). Richer prairie soil, Texas, Drummond, Wri'jht, Lindheimer, &c.
40. PHYSOSTEG-IA, Beiith. FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. (<Itiau, bladder,
and ortpi, covering ; from the turgid fruiting calyx, but more applicable to the
inflated corolla.) - - Perennial erect N. American herbs, almost glabrous ; with
lanceolate or oblong and callose-denticulate or serrate leaves; (he upper ones
sessile, lowest tapering into a petiole, floral reduced to small subulate bracts of
the simple or panicled spikes, most of them shorter than the calyx. Flowers
cataleptic (remaining in whatever position they may be turned on the short
pedicel, either right or left of the normal position). Corolla showy, rose or flesh-
color, often variegated : in summer.
P. Virgilliana, Beiith. 1. c. Stem in larger forms 3 or 4, in smaller 1 or 2 feet high,
terminated by a simple virgate or sometimes several panicled spikes : leaves thickish :
calyx tubular-campanulate or somewhat turbinate-campanulate, in fruit broader and with a
narrowed base ; its teetli ovate-triangular and very acute, only half the length of the tube :
corolla commonly an inch long. Dracocephalum Viryinianum, L. Spec. ii. 5D4 ; Sims, Bot.
Mag. t. 407. D. lain-ifolinin, Moench, Metli. 410. D. carieyatiun, Vent. Gels, t. 44. Prua/iini
purpurcum & P. coccini ititi, Walt. Car. 100. Wet grounds, N. Vermont, W. Canada and
Saskatchewan to Florida and Texas : common in gardens. Varies greatly ; the extremes are
Var. speciosa, a tall form, with very acutely serrate lanceolate leaves, and dense and
panicled spikes. Dracocephalum speciosum, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Card. t. 03, with horizontal
flowers. Pftysosteyia imbncatu, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3386 (not Bcnth.), a Texan form, with
erect imbricated Mowers.
Var. denticulata, a more slender and commonly low form, with crenulate-denticu-
late or obscurely serrate leaves, and more slender or loosely-flowered spike. Dracocepha-
lum dfnticuhitum, Ait. Kew. ii. 317 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 214. Middle Atlantic States.
Var. obovata, with oblong or obovate and often obtuse leaves. Dracocephalum
obocatum, Ell. Sk. ii. 86. Georgia to Arizona.
P. intermedia, Gray. Stem slender, 1 to 3 feet high, remotely leaved : leaves linear-
lanceolate, repand-denticulate : spikes filiform, commonly rathci remotely flowered : calyx
short and broadly campanulate; the triangular acute teeth about as long as the tube:
corolla 5 or lines long, much dilated upwards. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. Dracocephalum
intermedium, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 187. Barrens, AV. Kentucky and
Arkansas to Louisiana and Texas.
P. parviflora, Nutt. Stem rather slender, leafy, a foot or two high : leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, denticulate; spikes short (1 to 4 inches long): calyx short-eampanulate,
inflated-globular in fruit and with short mostly obtuse teeth: corolla rather narrow, half
inch long. Nutt. (ex Benth., under P. imbricata, Bentli. 1. c., not Hook. Bot. Mag.) ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. Banks of streams, Saskatchewan and Wyoming to Brit.
Columbia, and Oregon.
41. MACBRfDEA, Ell. (In memory of Dr. James Maebride.) Gla-
brous or sparsely hirsute perennials (of S. Atlantic States) ; with simple stems, a
foot or more high, lanceolate or spatulate-oblong repand-toothed or entire minutely
punctate leaves ; the floral becoming thickish and rounded imbricated bracts of
a terminal and rather few-flowered capitate inflorescence. Flowers showy (corolla
over an inch long), in late summer. (Anthers not pilose within the cell, as stated,
but mainly on the inner face.) -- Ell. Sk. ii. 56 ; Chapm. Fl. 324.
M. pulchra, Ell. 1- c. Leaves oblong-lanceolate.-mostly acute at both ends, tapering into
a petiole, thi'anish ; floral ones or bracts ovate, acute : lateral lobes of the calyx eutire or
384 LABIATE. Macbridea.
emarginate : corolla rose-purple (streaked with a deeper hue and white); its upper lip
entire. M. pu/chella, Benth. Lab. 505, & DC. Prodr. xii. 435. Thymbm Carol in tana & Pra-
sium incarnatum, Walt. Car. ex Bcntli. Melittis Carol iniana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 700. Pine-
barren swamps, southern borders of N. Carolina to Georgia and Alabama.
M. alba, Chapm. 1. c. Leaves spatulate-oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, thickish, all but
the lowest sessile ; floral ones round-ovate or orbicular : lateral lobes of the calyx strongly
emarginate or 2-cleft : corolla white ; its upper lip emarginate. Low pine-barrens, W.
Florida near the coast, Chapman.
42. SYNANDRA, Nutt. (2i>v, together, and uvi.n, for anther, the pos-
terior and sterile anthers connate.) Single species, large-flowered, and with the
aspect of Lamium.
S. grand.ifl.6ra, Nutt. Fibrous-rooted biennial, a foot or two high, hirsute : leaves mem-
branaceous, cordate, coarsely crenate, all but the floral long-petioled ; these reduced to
ovate sessile bracts, each subtending a single flower: corolla inch and a half long, white or
nearly so : filaments bearded. Gen. ii. 29; Benth. 1. c. Shady banks of streams, S. Ohio
to Illinois and Tennessee : in spring.
43. MARRtJBIUM, Tourn. HOREIIOUXD. (From Hebrew word, mean-
ing bitter.) Perennials ; all natives of the Old World, but one species widely
dispersed and naturalized, viz.
M. VULGARE, L. Hoary-woolly, branched from the base, aromatic-bitter (hence used in
popular medicine) : leaves roundish, crenate, very rugose-veiny : flowers vertieillastrate-
capitate in the upper axils : calyx with 10 short recurving teeth, these and the bracts at
length hooked at the tip. Escaped from gardens into waste or open ground : fl. late
summer. (Nat. from Eu. )
44. BALL.6TA, L. BLACK HOREIIOUXD. (Greek name, of obscure
derivation.) AVeedy perennials of the Old World ; with bitter and unpleasant-
scented herbage ; fl. summer.
B. NIGRA, L. Soft-pubescent, but not hoary, spreading : leaves ovate, crenate or toothed,
slightly rugose, slender-petioled : flowers numerous in rather loose axillary verticillastrate
cymes : bracts setaceous : calyx with dilated somewhat foliaceous mucronate-tipped teeth,
equalling the purplish corolla. Sparingly in waste places, New England, Penn., &c.
(Nat. from Eu.)
45. PHL.6MIS, Tourn. JERUSALEM SAGE. (Ancient Greek name of a
woolly plant, perhaps of this genus.) Perennials, of the Old World, one spar-
ingly introduced, viz.
P. TUBEROSA, L. Tall, 3 to 5 feet high, from a thick tuberous root, somewhat glabrous :
lower leaves ovate and cordate, crenate, slender-petioled, rugose-veiny ; floral oblong-lan-
ceolate and mostly sessile, subtending dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters : bracts seta-
ceous, hirsute : calyx-teeth setaceous-subulate from a short and dilated truncate-emargi-
nate base, divaricate : corolla pale purple, its upper lip densely white-bearded. S. shore of
Lake Ontario, New York: fl. early summer. (Nat. from Eu.)
46. LEON6TTS, R. Br. (Atwv, lion, and oi',>, mrog ear, from the corolla.)
-African plants; with dense verticillastrate-capitate clusters of showy scarlet or
orange flowers ; sparingly naturalized on our southern borders: fl. summer.
L. NEPET^EFOLIA, R. Br. Tall annual, minutely soft-pubescent : leaves long-petioled, ovate,
coarsely serrate or crenate, veiny; upper floral lanceolate : verticillastrate heads large and
dense : calyx about 8-tootlied : corolla an inch long, orange-red, densely hirsute. Bot. Reg.
t. 281. Waste grounds, Georgia and Florida. (Nat. from Afr.)
Galeopsis. LABIATE. 385
47. LEONtTRUS, L. MOTHERWORT. (Aiuv, a lion, and oiJpa, tail.)
Herbs of the Old World, weeds or escapes from gardens in the New : herbage
bitter : flowers small, in summer.
L. CARDIACA, L. (COMMON MOTHERWORT.) Tall perennial, more or less pubescent : leaves
long-petioled, pnlmately cleft ; the lower rounded ; floral rhombic-lanceolate, 3-clcft ;
lobes lanceolate: flowers much shorter than the petioles; corolla pale purple; its upper lip
very villous outside, narrowed at base, hardly galeate, at length often recurved ; lower
deflexed, spotted : stamens often recurving outwards after anthesis : anther-cells parallel.
Waste and cult, ground, in manured soil. (Nat. from Eu.)
L. MARRUBIASTRUM, L. Tall biennial, minutely soft-pubescent : leaves ovate or oblong, or
the floral lanceolate, coarsely serrate or incised: calyx-teeth slender, rather aristiform
than spinescent : corolla minute, whitish, almost glabrous ; its lips less divergent : stamens
little exserted beyond the throat: anther-cells diverging. C/iaitiirus Marrubiastntm, Ehrh.
Waste grounds, New Jersey to Delaware, and southward; rare. Related as much to
Sideritis as to Leonwnis; might be placed next to Marrubium. (Nat. from Eu.)
L. SIBIRICUS, L. Tall biennial, minutely puberulent or nearly glabrous: leaves 3-parted;
the divisions 2-5-cleft, or deeply 3-7-cleft and incised : corolla purplish, twice the length of
the calyx ; upper lip fornicate, lower little spreading. Waste grounds, Pennsylvania
(near Philadelphia, Martindale), New Mexico, &c. (Sparingly nat. from Eu. & Asia.)
48. LAMIUM, Tourn. DEAD-NETTLE. (From laifio^-, the throat, alluding
to the ringent corolla.) Spreading or decumbent herbs, with mostly cordate
incised or doubly toothed leaves ; the lower long-petioled ; upper becoming sessile
or roundish at base, subtending sessile and loose or capitate clusters of purple or
sometimes white flowers. Anthers in our species hirsute. Natives of the Old
World, some naturalized in waste places or fields, eastward.
L. AMPLEXICAULE, L. Biennial or winter annual, weak and slender, low : leaves distant ; lowest
small, roundish-cordate, coarsely crenate, long-petioled ; upper subsessile or clasping, cre-
nately lobed and incised : corolla slender, purple, with spotted lower lip, truncate lateral lobes,
and upper lip villous on the back. Rather common, Canada to Florida. (Nat. from Eu.)
L. PURPUREUM, L. Resembles the last, but with leaves (even the upper floral) all petioled
and only crenate-serrate : calyx-teeth more slender : small lateral teeth to the orifice of the
corolla. Penn. and New England. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
L. ALBUM, L. Stouter, a foot or two high, more leafy and hirsute-pubescent : root peren-
nial : leaves ovate, cordate or truncate at base, acuminate, coarsely serrate, mostly peti-
oled : corolla white, an inch long, with tube curved upwards and throat rather narrow ;
upper lip oblong; a long slender appendage at each side of the throat. E. New England.
(Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
49. G-ALE6FSIS, L. HEMP-NETTLE. (Faltrj, a weasel, and oyig, re-
semblance, " very like a weasel" to a lively imagination only. The popular name
is little less natural. ) Annual weeds of Europe : naturalized in waste places
and garden soil : fl. late summer.
G. TETRAIIIT, L. Hispid : stem swollen below the joints : leaves ovate, acuminate, coarsely
serrate : corolla light purple, variegated, 6 to 10 lines long. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)
G. LADANUM, L. Pubescent, lower and smaller : leaves oblong-lanceolate : corolla red or rosc-
color. E. New England, in few places. (Barely nat. from Eu.)
50. STACHYS, Tourn. WOUNDWORT. (JVa/iv, a spike, primarily a
spike or ear of corn, and the ancient Greek name of this genus or of some similar
plants, from the spicate inflorescence.) A large genus, widely dispersed ; ours
all herbs, with the flowers verticillastrate-capitate or clustered, or sometimes few
25
386 LABIATE. Stachys.
or solitary in the axils of the floral leaves, forming usually an interrupted spicate
inflorescence; in summer.
* Eoot annual : corolla with short tube, mostly purplish or reddish.
( Even the lower lip hardly exceeding the subulate or aristulate tips of the calyx-teeth : leaves
obtuse, crenate, an inch or less long; lower subcordate and slender-petioled : upper subsessile :
stems a span or two high : lower flower-clusters remote.
S. ARVENSIS, L. Hirsute, often decumbent : upper leaves ovate with cuneate base : verti-
cillastrate clusters in their axils few-flowered : calyx oblong-campanulate, 3 lines or more
long, almost hispid, in fruit declined; the lanceolate teeth aristulate. Waste grounds,
E. Mass. (Locally nat. from Eu.)
S. agraria, Cham. & Schl. Hirsute pubescence finer and softer : stems slender, erect :
upper leaves subcordate or oval ; upper floral shorter than the small and several-flowered
clusters : calyx even in fruit not over 2 lines long and not declined, short-campanulate ;
the subulate teeth cuspidate-aristulate. Linn. v. 100; Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 479.
S. Grahami, Benth. Lab. 551. Moist or shady places, common in Texas. (Mex.)
4 Lips of the corolla surpassing the slender-subulate and aristulate calyx-teeth : fructiferous
calyx 4 lines long: stem a foot or two high.
S. Drummondii, Benth. , Soft-hirsute : leaves ovate and oval, obtuse, crenate, all the
lower cordate : upper pairs distant ; floral with narrowed base, the uppermost lanceolate
or subulate and shorter than the flowers : these mostly in sixes : calyx-tube in fruit glob-
ular-campanulate and rather shorter than the setaceous-attenuate teeth : upper lip of the
corolla nearly 2, and lower 3 or 4 lines long. Lab. 551, & DC. 1. c. Moist ground,
Texas, Drummond, Wrii/ht, Llndhelmer. (Mex.)
S. ANNUA, L., an Old-World species, with glabrous leaves not cordate, and whitish flowers
only four lines long, sparingly occurs as a ballast weed, near Philadelphia.
* * Boot perennial.
t Corolla white or whitish, with tube shorter or hardly longer than the calyx-teeth ; lips onlv 2
or 3 lines long; the upper villons-beanled or woolly on the back: flowers sessile or nearly so :
herbage from soft-hirsute to white-tomentose. (California!! and one New Mexican species.)
S. Rothrockii, Gray. A span high, branched from the base, canescently lanate-pubes-
cent throughout : leaves all sessile and lanceolate, obtuse, almost entire (inch long) ; floral
gradually smaller and oblong, subtending about 3 flowers : spike rather dense and short :
calyx campanulate; the teeth ovate- or subulate-deltoid, with very acute but soft tips:
corolla 4 or 5 lines long; the tube included. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 82. Zuni village,
New Mexico, Rothrock.
S. ajugoid.es, Benth. A span to a foot high, villous with ver}- soft white hairs: leaves
oblong, very obtuse, crenately serrate, 1 to 3 inches long, roundish or acutish at base ; the
lower petioled ; upper sessile ; even the upper floral as long as the (about 3) subtended
flowers : clusters mainly distant : calyx short-campanulate or in fruit turbinate, very silky-
villous ; the teeth triangular-ovate, aristulate-acuminate, barely equalling the tube of the
corolla. Linn. vi. 80, & DC. 1. c. 474 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 005. California, common in moist
ground. Also (in a dubious form) Willow Spring, Arizona, Rothrock.
S. albens, Gray. Tall (1 to 5 feet high), soft-tomcntose or lanate with white or whitish
wool, leafy : leaves oblong or ovate, usually with more or less cordate base, acutish, cre-
nate, 2 or 3 inches long ; lower short-petiolecl ; upper nearly sessile ; most of the floral
shorter than the dense interrupted capitate clusters of the virgate spike : calyx turbinate-
campanulate; the teeth triangular and aristulate, nearly equalling the tube of the corolla.
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 387, & Bot. Calif. 1. c. S. pycnostachya (meaning S. pycnantha,
Benth.), Torr. in Wilkes Exped. xvii. 408. Wet ground, mountains and foot-hills of
California, from Shasta to Kern Co.
S. pycnantha, Benth. Soft-hirsute with somewhat fulvous hairs, leafy, 2 or 3 feet
high : leaves oblong-ovate and subcordate, obtuse, crenate, 2 to 4 inches long, mostly rather
long-petioled ; floral all reduced to small bracts of the dense oblong or cylindraceous spike
(of 1 to 3 inches long), each subtending about 3 flowers : calyx-teeth deltoid, nmcronulate,
very hirsute, fully equalling the tube of the corolla : upper lip of the latter strongly
bearded. PI. Hartweg. 331 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 005. California, in the Coast Range,
from Monterey to above San Francisco, Hartweg, Kelloyg.
Stachys. LABIATE. 387
-1 -I Corolla purple or rose-red (not scarlet-red), with tube equalling or longer tlian the calyx:
flowers sessile or subsessile,
w- Not over half inch long: tube of the corolla not exceeding the tips of the calyx-teeth : spike
mostly much interrupted: steins erect from filiform and sometimes tuberiferous rootstocks. (At-
lantic species, one extending north-westward to tlie Pacilie.)
== Leaves obscurely or not at all cordate, sessile or short petioled.
S. hyssopifolia, Michx. Glabrous and smooth throughout, or sometimes a hirsute
ring at the nodes : stems slender, about a foot high : leaves linear, sometimes oblong-linear
(1 or 2 inches long, H to 3 lines wide), entire or merely denticulate, even the lowest nar-
rowed at base and sessile : spike rather short and slender; the clusters 2-6 flowered : calyx
2 or 3 lines long, occasionally with a few bristly long hairs ; teeth broadly subulate :
corolla glabrous. Fl. ii. 4; Benth. 1. c. ; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 317, ed. 5,358. S. palustris,
Walt. Car. 102, not L. Wet and sandy soil, coast of Mass, to Michigan and Florida.
Var. ambigua. Stouter, 1 or 2 feet high, sometimes with scattered retrorse bristles
on the angles of the stem : leaves broader, 3 to G lines wide, serrulate. Georgia, LeC'unte.
Kentucky and Illinois, Short, Buckley, E. Hall, c.
S. palustris, L. From densely soft-pubescent to roughish-hirsute, leafy : stem 1 to 3
feet high, hirsute or hispid: leaves from ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, crenate-serrate, mostly
acute or acuminate (U to 3 inches long), sessile or subsessile by a broad and abrupt or
obscurely subcordate base ; the lowest little petioled ; all sometimes almost velvety-
tomentose beneath: clusters of the spike mostly approximate, 0-10-rlowered : calyx pubes-
cent or hirsute; the teeth subulate, nearly the length of the tube: upper lip of corolla
distinctly pubescent. Spec. ii. 580; Fl. Dan. t. 1103; Engl. Bot. t. 1(375; Bcntli. 1. c. -
Wet ground, Newfoundland to the Pacific in Oregon, south to Pennsylvania, and in the
Rocky Mountain region to New Mexico, north to Mackenzie River. (Eu., N. Asia.)
S. aspera, Michx. 1. c. Taller, 2 to 4 feet high, usually less leafy, sparsely hirsute or
hispidulous-pubescent to nearly glabrous : stem mostly retrorse-hispid on the angles :
leaves thinner, from oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate (1 to 4 inches long), acute or
acuminate, rather obtusely serrate, nearly all distinctly petioled and with truncate or
merely subcordate base: calyx glabrous or glabrate, or with some scattered bristles ; the
tube obscurely striate when dry: corolla glabrous throughout. Benth. I.e. S. arvensis,
Walt. Car. 1(52, not L. S. hispida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 407. S. palustris, var. aspera, Gray, 1. c.
Wet ground, Canada to Florida and W. Louisiana. Too near S. palustris. (Japan.)
Var. glabra. Even the angles of the stem smooth and naked or nearly so : leaves
more conspicuously petioled, acuminate, and serrate. S. aniuia, Walt. Car. 101, not L.
S. tenuifulia, Willd. Spec. iii. 100. S. ,/labra, Riddell, Cat. Ohio PI. Suppl. (1830), 10. S.
aspera, var. i/labrata, Benth. 1. c. S. palustris, var. r/lttlint, Gray, Man. 1. c. W. New York
to Illinois and southward. Filiform stolon-like rootstocks more or less tuberiferous.
= = Most of the leaves distinctly petioled; lower all long-petioled and cordate: corolla glabrous
or nearly so throughout, barely 5 lines long.
S. Floridana, Shuttlew. Barely a foot high, with filiform stolon-like rootstocks termi-
nated by a moniliform tuber (of 2 or 3 inches in length), nearly glabrous, or the slender
stem minutely hirsute, at least the angles: lower leaves cordate-oblong, very obtuse, cre-
nate-dentate (three-fourths to 3 inches long), slender-petioled ; floral small and with cune-
ate subsessile base, hardly surpassing or shorter than the rather remote clusters of the
short spike: calyx-teeth aristulate-subulate, little shorter than the oblong-carapanulate
tube. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 478 ; Chapm. Fl. 327, but root not annual. E. Florida,
Rugel, Buckley, Canht/, Palmer, Curtiss.
S. cordata, Riddell. Two or three feet high, rather weak, hirsute : leaves all ovate- or
oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate (2 to 5 inches long), nearly all long-petioled ; the floral
mostly minute : spikes slender, of numerous and small few-flowered clusters : calyx (only
2 lines long) with broadly subulate teeth much shorter than the campanulate tube. Cat.
Ohio PI. Suppl. (1830), 15. S. sylvatica, Nutt. Gen. ii. 30, not L., but near it. 5. Xnttallii,
Shuttlw. in DC. 1. c. 409. S. palustris, var. cordata, Gray, Man. 1. c. Thickets, S. Ohio to
Virginia and Tennessee. Not rarely leaves as broad at the base as in S. sylvatica.
H. .H. Flowers half inch long: tube of corolla somewhat exceeding the calyx. (Pacific species.)
S. bullata, Benth. A foot or two high from a slender rootstock, hirsute-pubescent,
varying to villous or to somewhat hispid: leaves mostly petioled, ovate to oblong, usually
388 LABIATE. Stachys.
obtuse, cordate or roundish-truncate at base, crenate, sometimes bullate-rugulose, not
rarely villous-canescent, especially beneath : spike naked, interrupted : teeth of the
calyx deltoid-subulate and aristulate-acuminate, fully half the length of the campanulate
tube: corolla with the little or more manifestly exserted tube about 4 lines long, nearly
equalled by the widely spreading lower lip; the short upper lip villous or pubescent on
the back. Lab. 547, & DC. 1. c. 474 ; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. COG. S. Californica, & S. NnttaUii,
var. ? occidentalis, Benth. in DC. 1. c. 469. S. Nutta/lii, var. leptostachya, Bentli. PI. Hartw.
331. S. riyidn, Nutt. ex Benth. in DC. 1. c. 472. S. coccine.a, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 150,
ex Benth. S. sylcatica & S. ayraria, Ton', in Wilkes's Exped. xvii. 408. California to
Oregon, near the coast, and south-eastward to the Mohave. A variable species : leaves
thinner and not rugose when growing in shade.
H- -H- -K- Flowers ample: tube of the rose-red corolla over half inch long, fully twice the length
of the lower Ii]) and of the cylindraceous-canipaiuilate calyx : leaves mostly ample (3 to 5 inches
long), petiolrd, oblong-ovate and subcordate, eremite, veiny : stems 2 to 6 feet hi.n'h, almost
alwavs retrorselv hispid on the angles: verticillastrate clusters of the spike mostly 6-flowered.
S. Chamissoilis, Benth. Leaves softly villous-canescent beneath, sericeous-hirsute
above, oblong-ovate, rather obtuse, rugose-veiny; petioles retrorsely hispid: short spike
mostly naked ; the floral leaves reduced to bracts and shorter than the flowers: calyx
densely hirsute-pubescent ; teeth deltoid and cuspidate : tube of corolla commonly three-
fourths inch long; outside of the lips (at least of the upper) hirsute-pubescent. Linn. vi.
80; & DC. 1. c. 408; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 155; Gray, Bot. Calif, i. GOG. California,
in swamps along San Francisco and Bolinas Bay, &c.
S. ciliata, Dougl. Green and glabrate, or sparsely pilose-pubescent : leaves thin, ovate,
mostly acute or acuminate : petioles and angles of the stem retrorsely hispid-ciliate :
lower floral leaves often similar to the cauline and much surpassing the flowers ; upper-
most reduced to small bracts, merely equalling the calyx, which is more tubular than in
the preceding, either nearly glabrous or pilose-pubescent, and the teeth narrower : corolla
rather smaller, nearly glabrous. Benth. Lab. 539, & DC. I.e. 467. Oregon to Brit.
Columbia along the coast, in damp and shady places.
Var. pubens. Soft-pilose-pubescent or villons-hirsute, especially the calyx and lower
face of the leaves: flowers commonly rather smaller or shorter. S. Riederi, Cham.
Benth. 1. c. 1 S. palns/ris, var., Torr. in Wilkes Exped. 1. c. Washington Terr, to Eraser
River, &c. Connects S. ciliata with S. Chamissonis.
-I -t 4 Corolla scarlet-red, with narrow cylindrical tube much exceeding the calyx and the lips:
flowers short-pedieelled or subsessile : cauline leaves slender-petioled : pubescence short and soft.
S. COCCinea, Jacq. Rather slender, a foot or two high: leaves ovate-lanceolate with
cordate base, or oblong-deltoid, obtuse, crenate (inch or two long) ; floral sessile ; the upper
very small: spike interrupted: flowers generally distinctly pedicelled : calyx in flower
cylindraceous, with tube twice the length of the slender-subulate teeth (in fruit more cam-
panulate), a third to nearly half the length of the (9 to 12 lines long) corolla. Hort
Schojnb. iii. 18, t, 284; Bot. Mag. t. 600; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 310; Benth. in DC. 1. c. 467.
S. cardinal!*, Kunze in Bot. Zeit. ii. 645, ex Benth. W. Texas to S. Arizona. (Mex.)
S. Bigelovii, Gray. Minutely cinereous-pubescent, slender: foliage, &c., nearly of the
preceding: flowers fewer in the clusters, almost sessile : calyx (only 3 lines long) oblong-
campanulate ; its teeth broader: tube of the (red?) corolla only half inch long; lower
lip 3 lines long, much larger than the upper. Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 371. S. W. Texas,
in crevices of basaltic rocks, Wright, Bigelow.
BETONICA OFFICINALIS, L., or STACHYS BETOMCA, Benth., Wood Betony, of Europe, has
been found in thickets near Boston, an escape from gardens.
ORDER CV. PLANTAGINACE.E.
An anomalous order of Gamopetalce, chiefly acaulescent herbs with one-several-
ribbed or nerved radical leaves, simply spicate inflorescence, and regular 4-merous
flowers having a free ovary, a filiform and entire long-stigmatose style, amphi-
tropous and peltate ovules and seeds, a mostly straight embryo in firm-fleshy
albumen, the cotyledons little broader than the radicle, and the corolla scarious
Mantago. PLANT AGINACE.E. 389
and veinhss, mostly marcescent-persistent. Consists chiefly of the two following
genera ; the principal genus of many species and widely dispersed over the
world, but most largely European and Asiatic ; the other of a single species
widely dissevered in habitation.
1. PLANTAGO, Tourn. PLANTAIN, RIBWORT. (The Latin name.)
Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, each subtended by a bract. Calyx of
4 imbricated sepals, persistent. Corolla salverform with a short tube, or nearly
rotate ; limb 4-parted ; lobes imbricated in the bud, two lateral exterior. Stamens
4, or sometimes 2, on the tube of the corolla: filaments commonly capillary:
anthers 2-celled, versatile. Ovary 2-celled (or rarely falsely 3-4-celled), with one
or more ovules in each cell. Style or stigma mostly hairy. Capsule (pyxidium)
circumscissile toward the base, and with a loose partition falling away with the
lid ; the seeds attached to its face. Seed-coat developing copious mucilage
when wetted. Scape from the axils of the radical or subradical leaves, mostly
bearing a single simple spike or head of greenish or whitish small flowers, in
summer.
1. Stamens 4: flowers all perfect: corolla not closed over the fruit.
* Flowers dichogamous, proterogynous; the style projecting from the apex of the unopened
corolla; the anthers long-exserted on capillary filaments after the corolla has expanded.
-1 Corolla glabrous (as also the whole inflorescence, except in P. macrocarpa) : seeds not hollowed
(or barely concave) on the inner face: leaves 3-8-nerved or ribbed, plane: root perennial.
-H- Ribs or nerves of the broad leaves mainly confluent with the thick and dilated lower portion of
the midrib: ovules only 2 in each cell: seeds by abortion sometimes solitary.
P. COrdata, Lam. Very smooth : leaves cordate or ovate (3 to 8 inches long), sometimes
repaud-dentate, loiig-petioled, 7-9-ribbed : scape fistulous, stout, a foot or two high, includ-
ing the narrow spike : bracts rotund-ovate, very obtuse, as are the ovate and obovate sepals
and the corolla-lobes : capsules broadly ovoid, twice the length of the calyx : seeds 4 to 2,
large, oblong. 111. i. 338 ; Jacq. Eclog. t. 72. P. Kentiwkensis, Michx. Fl. i. 94. Along
streams (Canada? Pursh), New York to Wisconsin and Louisiana, common only westward.
H- -H- Ribs or nerves of the leaf free quite to the contracted base.
= Leaves ovate or oval, or in small forms oblong, rarely subcovdate, several-ribbed, base abruptly
contracted into a distinct petiole, not fleshy, glabrous' or pubescent, from entire to sparingly re-
pand-dentate: ovules and seeds at least 2 in each cell: scapes with the spike a span to 2 feet high.
P. major, L. (COMMON PLANTAIN.) Spike commonly dense, obtuse at apex: sepals
rotund-ovate or obovate, scarious-margined ; the exterior and the bract more or less cari-
nate : ovules 8 to 18 : seeds as many or by abortion fewer, small, angled by mutual press-
ure, Visually light brown, minutely reticulated : capsule ovoid, very obtuse, circumscissile
near the middle and near the level of the summit of the sepals. -- Waysides and near
dwellings throughout the country, doubtless introduced from Europe, but also native from
Lake Superior far northward. Runs into some monstrosities and several varieties, an
extreme in saline soil being var. minima, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. xiii. 695 (P. minima, DC.),
with scapes 2 to 5 inches high, and leaves proportionally small. (Cosmop.)
Var. Asiatica, Decaisne. Capsule usually more broadly ovoid, circumscissile
near the base and much within the calyx. P. Asiatica, L. Spec. i. 113; Franchet &
Savatier, Enum. PI. Jap. 384. (Includes perhaps P. Kamtschatica, Cham, and Link, or
plants cultivated as such, with 4, 5, or 6 seeds.) A very large indigenous form, coast of
California near San Francisco (capsule globose-ovoid) to the borders of British Columbia;
Saskatchewan to the Arctic Sea. Perhaps a distinct species. (N. Asia, Himalaya.)
P- Rugelii, Decaisne. Leaves paler, commonly thinner : spikes long and thin, atten-
uate at the apex : sepals oblong, all as well as the similar bract acutely carinate : cap-
sules erect in the spike, cylindraceous-oblong (somewhat over 2 lines long, one-sixteenth
390 PLANTAGINACEJE. Plantago.
inch in diameter), about twice the length of the calyx, circumscissilc much below the
middle: ovules G to 10: seeds 4 to 9, oval-oblong (about a line long), opaque and dull
brown, not reticulated. Prodr. 1. c. 700, founded on a small and slender 4-seedecl form.
P. major, Ell. Sk. i. 201 ; Torr. Fl. 183, & Fl. N. Y. ii. 14; Darliugt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2, 110.
P. Kumtscltatica, Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 61 ; Gray, Man. cd. 5, 311, not Cham. Can-
ada, Vermont to Illinois, and south to Georgia and Texas : truly indigenous.
= = Leaves mostly narrower, 3 7-ribbed, entire or barely denticulate, tapering at base into
more or less of a petiole : ovules and seeds never over 2 in each cell.
a. Not maritime nor montane, thin-leaved: ovules and seeds solitary in each cell.
P. sparsiflora, Michx. Leaves oblong-lanceolate (4 to 9 inches long), villous-pubescent
or glabrous : scape with the filiform sparsely-flowered spike 8 to 20 inches long : bracts
ovate, shorter than the oval rather rigid coriaceous sepals : capsule oblong, umbilicate, fully
twice the length of the calyx. Fl. i. 94 ; Decaisne, 1. c. 721 . P. Virnmira, Walt. Car. 85 1
P. interrupta, Poir. Diet. v. 375. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl. i. 98, not Walt. Low pine
barrens, S. Carolina to Florida.
b. Montane, thin-leaved : ovules and mostly seeds a pair in each cell.
P. Tweedyi. A span or two high from a slender root or rootstock, destitute of wool at the
crown : leaves membranaceous, lauceolate-spatulate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, ob-
scurely 3-5-uervecl, 1 to 3 inches long, attenuate into a shorter margined petiole : spike
slender but densely flowered, an inch or more long : bracts and sepals short (only a line
long), pale with greenish midrib, little over half the length of the oblong capsule. N. W.
Wyoming, on grassy slopes of the East Fork of the Yellowstone River, Frank Tweedy, Aug.,
1885, in fruit.
c. Maritime or in saline soil: leaves thickish and somewhat fleshy: ovules a pair in each cell.
P. eriopoda, Torr. Usually a mass of yellowish wool at the crown : leaves oblanceolate
to oval-obovate, 3 to 6 inches long and with short or stout petiole, mostly glabrous : scapes
pubescent or glabrate, and with the dense or sparsely-flowered spike a span to a foot high ;
bracts broadly ovate or roundish, convex, scarious-margined, sometimes pubesceut-ciliate :
sepals roundish-obovate, scarious except the fuscous or greenish midrib : corolla-lobes
broadly oval or ovate: capsule (2 lines long) ovoid, slightly exceeding the calyx. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ii. 237 ; Watson, Bot. King. 212. P. ut/aim/tci, James in Long Exped. i. 445,
not Wall. P. (/Ifibra, Nutt. Gen. i. 100 ? but no specimen extant. P. lanceohitu, var. y & $
in part, Hook. Fl. ii. 123. P. virescens, Barneoud, Monogr. 33; Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 721.
P. Richardsonii, Decaisne, 1. c. 698. Moist and saline soil, Colorado, N. California, and
north to Mackenzie River. Also on the Lower St. Lawrence and the Gulf (Prinnle, Allen,
Maconn), where a large form emulating P. Corniiti is probably P. cncu/lata, Pursh.
P. macrocarpa, Cham. & Sdll. Leaves lanceolate, acute, 4 to 15 inches long, 4 to 12
lines wide, gradually tapering into long margined petioles : scapes equalling or surpassing
the leaves, bearing an oblong dense spike (in fruit 2 inches long) ; the rhachis, &c., tomen-
tose or pubescent : bracts round-ovate or oval, fleshy-herbaceous and scarious-margined :
sepals similar: corolla-lobes oval: mature capsule ovoid-oblong (3 or 4 Hues long), sepa-
rating from the base and then fissile : seeds narrowly oblong. Linn. i. 106 ; Bong. Veg.
Sitk. 42. P. macrocarpa & P. tonr/i folia, Decaisne, 1. c. Coast of Washington Terr, to
Alaska and the farthest Aleutian Islands.
i i Corolla with tube externally pubescent: capsule 2-4-seeded (in ours seldom incompletely
3-4-celled): seeds not excavated nor concave on the face: leaves linear or filiform, fleshy;
rilis usually indistinct: commonly some wool developed from bases of leaves. (Maritime
species.)
P. maritima, L. Root perennial : leaves mostly obtuse : spike dense, oblong or cylin-
drical : bracts mostly rotund and shorter than the calyx : sepals oval, more or less acutely
carinate : corolla-lobes obtuse or hardly acute. P. juncoidcs, Lam. 111. i. 342 (Magellan) ;
Decaisne in DC. 1. c. 731, partly. P. pauci flora, Pursh, Fl. i. 99 ; a dwarf form, with short
and few-flowered spike, from Labrador; therefore P. oliganthos, Ro-m. & Sch. Syst. iii. 122.
P. borealis, Lange in Bot. Not. 1873, 129, & Fl. Dan. t. 2707, a similar few-flowered form.
Atlantic coast north of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; the abbreviated form. Pacific toast
from California to the Aleutian Islands and Behring Straits. (Eu., Asia, Patagonia.)
Plantago. PLANTAGINACE.E. 391
P. decipiens, Barneoud. Root annual (perhaps sometimes biennial) : leaves from fili-
form to rather broadly linear and plane, attenuate-acute : spike slender, with flowers either
sparse or dense (with the scape from 3 to 15 inches high) : lower bracts commonly ovate-
subulate and equalling or exceeding the calyx : sepals ovate-orbicular : corolla-lobes very
acute. Monogr. 16, poorly characterized on a specimen from Labrador, but marked as
an annual. P. juncoides, Decaisue, 1. c. in part. P. maritin/a, of U. S. authors generally.
P. pauciflom, Pursh, 1. c. in part. P. mar it i ma, var. juncoides, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 311. Salt
marshes, Atlantic coast from Labrador and New Brunswick to New Jersey ; flowering late.
-i 4 H Corolla glabrous, nearly rotate: ovules and seeds 2, solitary in each cell; the latter
hollowed on the face: leaves strongly 3-5-ribbed, not fleshy.
P. LANCEOLATA, L. (RirpLE- or RiBGRASS, ENGLISH PLANTAIN.) Root biennial or short-
lived perennial : herbage villous or glabrate : leaves oblorig-lauceolate, tapering into a
slender petiole, usually much shorter than the (foot or two long) slender deeply sulcate and
angled scape : spike at first capitate, in age cylindrical, dense : bract and sepals broadly
ovate, scarious, brownish ; two of the latter usually uuited into one. Commonly natural-
ized in fields, from Eu. (Varieties said in Hook. El. ii. 123, to be indigenous far north-
ward ; but some or all of these plants belong to P. enopoda.)
* * Flowers heterogonous, in the greater number of individuals cleistogamous, but with normal
corolla: this with broad cordate or ovate widely expanding lobes nearly equalling the tube:
ovules solitary in the two cells: seed cymbiform, deeply excavated on the face: inflorescence
and commonly the narrow leaves silky-pubescent or lanate.
P. Patagonica, Jacq. Annual, silky-lanate or glabrate : leaves from narrowly linear to
oblauceolate, acute or callous-pointed, tapering below into a petiole, entire or sparingly
denticulate, 1-3-nerved : scape terete, 3-12 inches high including the dense cylindrical or
oblong spike : sepals very obtuse, scariously margined from a thickish and firm central
herbaceous portion ; the anterior oblong, posterior oval : lobes of the corolla usually a line
long, roundish : seeds oblong-oval. (Filaments in the long-stamened individuals capillary
and much exserted, and the anthers of usual ample size ; style less exserted ; apparently
not proterogvnous. Stamens and stvle in the other and more fruitful form short, included,
or the effete anthers barely protruded from the throat ; these very small, in the cleisto-
gamous manner.) Gray, Man. ed. 2, 269, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot. Calif, i. 661. P.
Patagonica, Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 306, & Coll. Snppl. 35 ; Barneoud, Monogr. 38 ; Decaisne in
DC. 1. c. 713 ; to which add most of the dozen species of this subdivision in the Prodromus,
and their synonyms. Prairies and dry plains, from Kentucky, Illinois, and Saskatchewan,
south to Texas, aud west to California and Brit.. Columbia. (Mex., S. Am.)
Var. gnaplialioides, Gray, may be taken as the commoner N. American type,
cauescently villous ; but the wool often floccose and deciduous : leaves from oblong-linear
or spatulate-lanceolate to nearly filiform : spike very dense, 1 to 4 inches long, varying to
capitate and few-flowered, lanate : bracts oblong or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest deltoid-
ovate, hardly surpassing the calyx. P. Lar/opus, Pursh, El. i. 99, not L. P. Pnrshii,
Rcem. & Sch. Syst. iii. 120. P. rjnaphalioides, Nutt. Gen. i. 100. P. Hookeriana, Fisch. &
Meyer, Incl. Sem. Petrop. 1838, 39. Runs through
Var. spinulosa, Gray, 1. c. (P. spinulosa, Decaisne, 1. c.), a canescent form with
aristately prolonged and rigid bracts, aud
Var. nuda, Gray, 1. c. (P. Wriohtiana, Decaisne, 1. c.), with sparse and loose pubes-
cence, green and soon glabrate rigid leaves, and short bracts, to
Var. aristata, Gray, 1. c. Loosely villous and glabrate : leaves green : bracts
attenuate-prolonged to twice or thrice the length of the flowers. P. aristata, Michx. Fl.
i. 95. P. gnaphalioides, var. aristata. Hook. Fl. 1. c. A slender and depauperate form is
P. squarrosa, Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. v. 178, and P. Nunnllii, Rapin ex
Barneoud, 1. c., also P. filiformis, Decaisne, 1. c. All the forms most abound west of the
Mississippi.
2. Stamens 4 or 2 : flowers subdioecious or polygamo-cleistogamous ; the
corolla in the fertile or mainly fertile plant remaining closed or early closing
over the maturing capsule and forming a kind of beak, and anthers not exserted :
seeds flat or barely concave on the face. (American species.)
392 PLANTAGINACE^E. Plantago.
* Leaves comparatively broad, short -petioled or subsessile: stamens 4: ovules and seeds 1 or 2 in
each cell.
P. Virginica, L. Small winter-annual or fibrous-rooted biennial, soft-pubescent or more
villous with spreading articulated hairs : leaves spatulate or obovate-oblong, entire or
repand-deuticulate, thin, obsurely 3-5-iierved : scapes 2 to 6 inches high, slender : spike
mostly dense, and an inch or two long : bracts equalling or shorter than the calyx : sepals
ovate or oblong, more or less hairy on the back : corolla-lobes subcordate-ovate : substerile
flowers widely open, with capillary filaments, style long-exserted (the style commonly ear-
lier), and large oval anthers : flowers of the fully fertile spikes with corolla remaining
closed, small anthers on short filaments, and short style not protruded. Spec. i. 113
(Gronov. Virg. 16 ; Moris. Hist. iii. 259, sect. 8, t. 15, fig. 8) ; Michx. Fl. i. 94; Gray in
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117. P. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 84. P. purpurascens, Nutt. in Trans.
Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. ; the stamiuate and substerile plant. Sandy fields, &c., S. New Eng-
land and S. Illinois to Florida and Arizona. A depauperate form (perpmilla) has a filiform
scape an inch high, from an annual root, much exceeding the leaves, and 2-5-flowered :
Florida, Chapman.
Var. longifolia. Coarser : leaves oblong-spatulate, tapering into a margined petiole,
often with strong salient teeth: scapes with the spike 5 to 12 inches long: flowers larger.
P. purpurascens, Nutt. 1. c. P. Occident alis, Decaisne in DC. 1. c. Arkansas to S. Arizona.
(Adjacent Mex.)
P. hirtella, HBK. Root perennial, thick : leaves oblong-ovate or oblong-spatulate, gla-
brate, rather fleshy, entire or sparsely denticulate, 5-7-nerved. 4-10 inches long : scape and
long dense spike a foot or two high, stout, hirsute : flowers longer than in the preceding
(3 lines long), with corolla-lobes ovate, acute ; those of the fertile closed form with apex of
slender style commonly protruding and the anthers perhaps sterile. (Staminate and open-
flowered form, not yet seen from California.) Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 229, t. 127 ; Decaisne,
in DC. 1. c. 723. P. Hartwegi, Decaisne, 1. c. 724. P. Urcillei, Delile, Cat. Hort. Monsp. ?
& P. Candollei, Rap in ? P. Durvillei, var. CaUfornica, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop.
P. Kamtschatica, Hook. & Aru. Bot. Beech. 156 ? P. Viryinica, var. maxima, Gray,
Bot. Calif, i. 611. Coast of California, from San Francisco Bay southward. (Mex.,
Chili.)
* * Leaves linear or filiform: flowers very small: stamens onlv 2: small and slender annuals,
minutelv pubescent or nearly glabrous: the individuals having exsertecl stamens and style and
open corolla not rarely fully fruitful.
-i Spike short, thick, and dense, in fruit an inch long: mature capsule 2 lines long.
P. Bigelovii, Gray. Mostly glabrous and green: leaves U to 4 inches long, rather
fleshy, obtuse, entire, shorter than the scapes : mature capsule ovoid-oblong, half longer
than the calyx, 4-seeded : only form known fully fertile, with style conspicuously and the
two stamens slightly exserted from the open corolla. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 117, & Bot. Calif.
i. 612. Saline marshes, W. California and Brit. Columbia, first coll. by Eigelow.
+- -v_ Spike filiform or slender, at length sparse-flowered, and half-inch to three inches long:
capsule about a line long: leaves occasionally with a few denticulations or divergent lobes.
P. pusilla, Nutt. Somewhat cinereous-puberulent : leaves about an inch long and half-
line wide : capsule short-ovoid, little exceeding the bract and calyx, 4-seeded : seeds elon-
gated-oblong. Gen. i. 110, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1. c. (excl. syn.) ; Torr. Fl. 184, & Fl.
N. Y. ii. 16. P. elonyata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 729, proves to be this, a bad name. P. linearifolia,
Muhl. Cat. 15 ? P. hybrida, Bart. Fl. Philad. & Fl. Am. Sept. iii. t. 98, fig. 1. P. Bigelovii,
Watson, Bot. King, 212, not Gray, a rather larger-flowered form. Sandy or gravelly soil,
S. New York to Virginia, Utah, and Oregon.
P. heteroph^lla, Nutt. Greener or nearly glabrous, often taller, and with spikes 2 to 5
inches long: leaves sometimes 4 inches long and 1 or 2 lines wide : capsule conoidal-oblong
and at length considerably surpassing the bract and calyx, 10-28-seeded : seeds oblong,
usually angled by mutual pressure, obscurely rugose-pitted. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n.
ser. v. 177 (char, imperfect) ; Gray, Man. 1. c. ; Chapm. Fl. 278. P. Caroliniana, Pursh, Fl.
i. 98 ? not Walt. P. perpusilla, Decaisne, in DC. 1. c. 697. P. CaUfornica, Greene, Bull.
Calif. Acad. i. 123. Low sandy ground, Penn. to Florida, Texas, and California.
Littordla. PLANTAGINACE^. 392 1
P. MEDIA, L., enumerated by Muhlenberg as of the United States, has once been found by
Underwood, in the streets of Syracuse, New York.
P. COR6NOPUS, L., is a rare and fugitive ballast plant.
2. LITTORELLA, L. (Litus or littus, shore, from place of growth.)
Flowers monoecious ; the male solitary on a mostly simple naked scape : calyx
4-parted, membranaceous, longer than the cylindraceous 4-cleft corolla ; stamens
exserted on very long capillary filaments. Female flowers usually 2, sessile at
base of scape ; calyx of 3 or 4 unequal sepals : corolla urceolate, with a 3-4-
toothed oriiice. Ovary with a single cell and ovule, tipped with a long laterally
stigrnatic rigid style, maturing as an akeue. Single species.
L. lacustris, L. Stoloniferous but otherwise stemless little perennial: leaves terete, linear-
subulate, an inch or two long. In water on gravelly shores, Upper Canada, Macoun, Lake
Champlain, Vermont, Pringle, Nova Scotia, Mrs. Britton, and Lake Utopia, St. George, New
Brunswick, J. V'-oom. All recent discoveries. (Eu., Antarc. Amer.)
SUPPLEMENT TO VOL. II. PAPtT I.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
LOBELIACE^E.
The following are additions and corrections to the generic characters of this
order, on p. 2 :
I. NEMACLADUS. Filaments either partly or almost wholly monadelphous. Seeds oval
or globular, obscurely costate or striate longitudinally and somewhat favose or transversely
reticulate between the ribs.
I I . PARISHELLA. Calyx 5-cleft, with campanulate tube wholly adnate to the ovary and
shorter than the spatulate foliaceous lobes. Corolla almost rotate, shorter than the calyx,
deeply and nearly equally 5-cleft. Stamens free from the corolla : filaments distinct at base
only, above connate into a slender tube with inflexed summit. Style filiform : stigma de-
pressed-capitate, 2-lobed, not annulate. Capsule turbinate, inferior, except the low-conical
apex, which is circumscissile close to the base of the calyx-lobes and falls off as a lid. Seeds
globose, smooth and nearly even. Otherwise nearly as Nemucladus.
I 2 . HOWELLIA. (Under tribe Lobeliea'.) Flowers of two forms ; the emersed corolliferous,
submersed with undeveloped corolla. Calyx with linear-clavate tube adnate for its whole
length to the ovary, and a limb of five nearly equal slender-subulate or filiform segments.
Corolla even iu emersed flowers not surpassing the calyx ; its very short tube divided nearly
to base on the (apparently) upper side ; lobes oblong, almost equal, three united higher.
Stamen-tube nearly free, and with the included style slightly incurved : anthers oval ; two
smaller trisetulose, three larger naked. Ovary strictly one-celled, with two filiform parietal
placentae, each 3-5-ovulate. Upper ovules ascending ; lower pendulous. Capsule clavate-
obloug or fusiform, with contracted apex, membranaceous at maturity and bursting irregu-
larly on one side. Seeds few and large, linear-oblong, smooth, callous-apiculate at the
chalaza. Aquatic herb.
1. NEMACLADUS, Nutt. Genus now increased in number of species
and forms.
N. ramosissimus, NUTT., p. 3. Rarely a little puberuleut : filaments usually monadel-
phous for most of their length, sometimes separating below in age. Nuttall's original is
the more slender and verv diffuse form, most abundant in Lower California, W. Arizona,
and S. W. Utah, with very small white corolla little surpassing the calyx, and roundish seeds.
N. tenuisslmus and N. capillaris, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 198. 196.
Var. pinnatifidus ( A T . pinnatifidnK, Greene, 1. c.) is less diffuse and has the (glabrous)
radical leaves irregularly pinnatifid, and their small lobes commonly 1-2-toothed.
Sierra Madre Mountains, Los Angeles Co., 0. D. Allen. (All Saints' Bay, Lower Cali-
fornia, Greene.)
Var. montanus (N. montanus and N. rubescens, Greene, 1. c.). More erect, a span or
two high, with larger flowers and fruit, on less divaricate or ascending pedicels : column more
394 SUPPLEMENT.
elongated and protruded in age (carried up by the enlarging capsule): seeds from short-oval
to oblong-oval. N. ramosissimus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound, t. 35, is one of the forms of this.
From Middle and through S. E. California to the S. W. border of Texas.
N. longiflorus, GRAY, p. 3. Habit of the last preceding form, well marked by its longer
corolla and elongated free capsule.
N. rigidus, CURRAN. Stout and coarse for the genus, rather fleshy and thickish-leaved,
purplish : calyx with triangular-subulate lobes somewhat surpassing the short corolla, and
tube jKlnate quite to the middle of the remarkably large (2 lines wide) globular capsule:
seeds (nearly half-line long) oval, uuder a good lens broadly costate and the ribs cross-barred
as in .ZV. ramosissimus, var. montanus. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 154. Nevada, on Geiger's Grade,
near Virginia City, Mrs. Layne-Curran. This might throw some doubt on the following
genus ; but it has the bivalvular dehiscence of Nemacladus.
1 1 . PARISHELLA, Gray. (The discoverers, Samuel B. and William
F. Parish, of San Bernardino, California.) Bot. Gazette, vii. 94, & Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 83. Single species.
P. Californica, GRAY, 1. c. A very small and depressed winter annual, almost glabrous,
witli leaves and flowers glomerate in a radical tuft, whence proceed radiately spreading and
naked branches bearing similar tufts : leaves spatulate, the primary ones 3 to 5 and the later
only 2 lines long : flowers short-peduncled : corolla white. Rabbit Springs, in the Mohave
Desert, California, May, 1882, the brothers Parish.
1 2 . HOWELLIA, Gray. (The discoverers, Joseph and Thomas T. Howell.)
Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 43. Single species.
H. aquatilis, GRAY, 1. c. Aquatic herb, with AwY/s-like foliage, submersed, or summit of the
stem and uppermost flowers emerged, with some scattered or verticillate branches : submersed
leaves linear-setaceous and elongated, mostly alternate, entire ; emerged ones shorter and
broader, sometimes 1-2-toothed : flowers axillary, short-peduncled : only submersed capsules
known, these half-inch long. In stagnant ponds on Sauvies Island, Columbia lliver, at the
mouth of the Willamette, Oregon, J. $ T. T. Howell.
2. LOBELIA, L.
L. paludosa, NUTT., p. 5. Exclude the statement, "even four feet high," and add :
Var. Floridaiia. The larger form, 2 to 5 feet high : tube of corolla 3 or 4 lines long.
L. Floridana, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 9. Common in Florida, also Louisiana accord-
ing to coll. Drummond.
L. Gattingeri, GRAY. (Next to L. appendiculata.) Flowers smaller than in L. append icu-
lata: lobes of the calyx attenuate-subulate, not at all ciliate, obscurely appendaged at base
only by a minute callus on each side, in fruit equalling or longer than the mature capsule
(not "shorter") : pedicels often bracteolate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 221. Cedar barrens
of Middle Tennessee, Gattinger.
L. Cliffortiana, L. Transfer the reference " Michx. Fl.," and therefore the syn. L. Mi-
chauxii, to the var. Xalapensis.
3. PALMERELLA, Gray.
P. debilis, GRAY, p. 8. Not rare from mountains near Santa Barbara (il/rs. Cooper, 1878)
and San Bernardino Co. to Lower California. An interesting addition to the generic char-
acter, detected by Mr. Nevin, is that the throat of the corolla on the (apparently) upper side
bears a nectary, as if an adnate spur, forming a narrow imperfectly tubular cavity, reaching
down to the insertion of the filament-tube on that side.
CAMPANULACE.E. 395
5. DOWN! NG-I A, Torr. P. 9, add :
D. bicornuta. Most like D. pulchella, more ascending or erect, short-leaved: corolla
intensely blue with white centre ; lip witli short lobes, and a strong constriction above the
auricnlate base, the face of which bears a pair of conspicuous conical hollow appendages.
Not rare in northern part of California, coll. by Mrs. Bidwell in 1879, and in 1885 by Rattan,
who indicated the characters.
CAMPANULACE^E.
2. G-ITH6PSIS, Nutt. P. 10, add:
Gr. diffusa, GRAY. Slender and diffusely much branched, small-leaved, glabrous and
smooth : calyx-lobes subulate-lanceolate from a broad base, about equalling the small corolla
and half the length of the linear closely sessile capsule : seeds short-oblong. Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 221. Cucamouga Mountain, San Bernardino Co., California, Parish.
4. CAMPANULA, Tourn. After C. un\ 'flora, p. 12, add : -
C. SCabrella, ENGELM. Cinereous-puberulent or minutely scabrous to nearly or quite gla-
brous : numerous stems from the multicipital caudex 2 to 5 inches high ; larger ones
2-4-flowered : leaves thickish ; radical spatulate, upper cauline linear : flowers more erect
and rather larger than in C. uniflora : lobes of corolla ovate-lanceolate, as long as its cam-
pauulate tube: capsule oblong-turbinate, not narrowed at summit. Bot. Gazette, vi. 237.
Higher mountains of N. California and Washington Terr., Engelmann (1880), Pringle, Suks-
dorf, Howell, Brandegee.
C. Parryi. A span to a foot high from elongated and creeping filiform rootstocks, mainly
smooth and glabrous : stem slender, erect, simple and with slender-peduncled flower, or with
some lateral leafy branches : leaves thinuish, entire or sparingly callous-denticulate, some-
what veiny ; radical and lower spatulate or lanceolate with tapering base hirsute-ciliate ;
upper linear-lanceolate from a sessile base, attenuate-acute : flower erect in anthesis : corolla
almost crateriform, 5-lobed to middle, spreading to a full inch in diameter, violet-blue or even
purplish, little surpassing the linear-subulate often callous-denticulate calyx-lobes : ovary
turbinate: capsule nearly obovate, opening close under the base of the erect calyx-lobes.
C. Langsdorffiana, Gray in Am. Jour. Sci. xxxiv. 254, not Fischer. C. Scheuchzeri, Gray,
Syn. Fl. ed. 1, excl. var., not Vill. C. plan (flora, Engelm. in Bot. Gazette, vii. 5, not Lam.
Mountains of Colorado, especially southward, subalpine and along lower streams, common,
first coll. by Parry, then by Hall & Harbour. Also S. Utah mountains, Siler, and near
Fort Wingate, New Mexico, Matthews.
C. PLANIFLORA, Lam., on p. 14, a species long ago in cultivation, was wrongly guessed to be
American. It is very near C. pi/ramidalis, L., of S. E. Europe, perhaps a variety of it.
C. rotundifolia, L. To this polymorphous species refer all the forms assembled under
" C. Scheuchzeri" (not Vill.), excepting what belongs to C. Parryi, and (to avoid the ques-
tion as to what is truly C. linifolia, Lam., and C. Scheuchzeri, Vill.) adopt the nomenclature
of Lange, viz. :
Var. arctica, Lange, Fl. Dan. xvi. 8, t. 7211 (C. linifolia, var. Langsdorffiana, A. DC.,
and probably his C. dubia and C. pratensis, also C. rotundifolia, var. linifolia, Gray, Man. ed. 2,
244, not Wahl. Fl. Lapp.), for the more rigid and one-few-flowered form, with corolla
usually inch long, and very slender calyx-lobes soon spreading or deflexed. Common from
Canada and Labrador to the arctic regions.
Var. Alaskana. Leafy to the top: radical leaves cordate; lowest cauline ovate, the
succeeding ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, nearly all petiolate : calyx-lobes attenuate, soon
deflexed : corolla an inch to nearly an inch and a half long. C. heterodoxa, Bong. Veg. Sitk.
144, not of Vest, by the character. C. linifolia, var. heterodoxa, Ledeb., and C. Scheuchzeri,
396 SUPPLEMENT.
var. heterodooca, Syn. El. 12, chiefly. From the northern Aleutian Islands, Harrington,
Dall, &c., to Sitka, Mertens, and Kodiak, Kellogg, the latter most broad-leaved and peculiar ;
the narrower-leaved passing into the preceding variety.
Var. velutina, DC. Fl. Fr. Suppl. 432, with whole herbage canescently pubescent.
Sand-hills of Burt Lake, Michigan, E. J. Hill.
C. Rever chord. (In a separate subdivision before C. aparinoides.) Annual, hirsutulous
below, glabrous above : stem a span high, slender, erect, cymosely and effusely much-
branched : leaves sparingly dentate, half-inch long ; radical spatulate, lower cauliue lanceo-
late, those of the upper branches almost filiform and entire : flower and fruit erect on almost
capillary peduncles : corolla blue, oblong-campauulate, with ovate-lanceolate lobes rather
.shorter than the tube : capsule obovate, crowned with the somewhat shorter narrowly linear-
lanceolate erect calyx-lobes, opening near the base 1 On granite rocks, House Mountain,
Llano and Burnet Co., Texas, Reverchon, May, 1885.
5. HETEBOC6DON, Nutt. P. 14, add: -
H. MINIMUM, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. Ill, by the character is clearly Alchemilla
arvensis.
ERICACEAE.
1. GAYLUSSACIA, HBK.
G. frondosa, TOKR. & GRAY, p. 19. To this is to be added :
Var. nana. Stems lower and strict, only a foot or so high : leaves more reticulated in
age and smaller than in the ordinary plant : racemes and their pedicels shorter. Pine bar-
rens of Florida, &c. Apparently there the commoner form, of which the var. tomentosa
is a downy-leaved state.
2. VACClNIUM, L.
V. OxycoCCUS, L., p. 25. To the slender and chiefly high-northern form of this belongs
Oxi/coccos microcarpa, Turcz. Fl. Baic.-Dahur. ii. 195. To this (as being the original
species), rather than to V. macrocarpon, is referred the connecting form of the Pacific
coasts, viz. :
Var. intermedium. Leaves from ovate to oblong, mostly obtuse, a third to half
inch long : flowers strictly umbellate from the scaly bud, but this not rarely proliferous into
a leafy shoot (in the original of the species very rarely so) : berry 4 or 5 lines in diameter.
Washington Territory and N. Oregon, Suksdorf, Henderson. Also, doubtless, Douglas, in
Hook. Fl. ii. 35, referred to V. macrocarpon, very naturally, as leaves of the specimen are
elliptical, obloug, very obtuse, even more so at apex than base, obviously veiny beneath, and
margins hardly at all revolute. (N. E. Asia, Sachalin, Japan, &c.)
V. macrocarpon, Ait., p. 26. Pedicels becoming scattered along the base of a leafy shoot
proliferous from the scaly bud, either squamaceous- or leafy-bracted.
4. ARBUTUS, Tourn. P. 27, add:
A. LAVRIFOLTA L. f. The original of this is probably a specimen of A. Unedo (doubtless
of the Old World), in the herbarium of Linnanis, on which Smith has written this name.
The A. Iqurifolia, Lincll. Bot. Keg. xxv. t. 67, is surely A. Xalapensis, HBK., a variable Mexican
species. The North American forms, other than the A. Menziesii of the Pacific coast, are very
difficult, but seem to be best disposed as follows :
A. Xala/pensis, HBK., var. Arizonica. Tree 20 to 40 feet high, with a whitish and
thickish scaly bark on the main trunk, but with the reddish close and thin bark of A . Men-
ERICACE,E. 397
siesii on the branches : leaves from oblong to lanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, rather pale or
thinnish, entire or minutely denticulate : ovary (as in A. Mcnziesii) glabrous. A. Xalapen-
sis, Sargent, Census Rep. Forest Trees, 97. A. Menziesii, Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi.
183, c. Mountains of S. Arizona, Thurber, Rothrock, Sargent & Engelmann, Pr ingle.
Var. Texana. Low tree, with older bark mostly deciduous in the manner of A. Men-
ziesii: leaves from lanceolate-oblong to oval or ovate, more coriaceous, 2 or 3 inches
long : ovary pubescent. A. Texana, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861 , 460 ; Sargent, 1. c.
A. Menziesii, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108. A. Xalapensis in part, Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. xviii. 111. Limestone hills of W. Texas, first coll. by Wright. Passes into similar
Mexican forms on one hand, and is too like A. Menziesii on the other.
5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans.
A. nummularia, GRAY, p. 28. This grows 2 to 6 feet high, has been collected on the
Mendocino plains by Pringle, and near Santa Cruz by Anderson, by the latter with fruit ; an
oblong drupe, only 2 lines long, the thin pulp dry at maturity, and the whole splitting
up into the (mostly 4) thin-shelled nutlets. On this account, Parry, in monograph of
Arctostaphylos, in Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 30, makes this the type of a new
section, Micrococcus.
A. bicolor, GRAY, p. 29. Add syn. : A. Veatchii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 19. Also
A. Cleveland!, p. 29, & Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 61, appears to be an abnormal and autumn-
flowering state of this species.
A. POLIFOLIA, in 4. Comaristaphylis, to be replaced by
A. diversifolia, PARRY, in herb. Shrub 6 to 15 feet high: herbage minutely canescent-
tomeutose when young, the inflorescence sometimes hirsute-pubescent and with some small
glandular bristles : leaves glabrate, firm-coriaceous, short-petioled ; those of flowering
branches mostly spatulate-lanceolate, entire or spinulose-serrulate ; of sterile shoots oblong or
oval, either finely -or coarsely spinulose-deutate : racemes solitary or clustered, loose : bracts
lanceolate-subulate : calyx 5-parted into subulate divisions : corolla ovate : filaments long-
bearded at base : drupe only 2 lines in diameter and with solid 5-celled putamen. A. arguta,
var. diversifolia, Parry in Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 35, not A. arguta, Zucc., which
has a different calyx. Southern borders of California, below San Diego and adjacent
Lower California, 0. N. Sanford, Parry, Orcutt.
A. oppositifolia, PARRY. An anomalous species : leaves opposite or in threes, linear,
entire, with revolute margins, much resembling those of Andromeda polifolia : flowers pa-
niculate : corolla globular, a line or two long : ovary canescent : drupe smooth, depressed-
globose ; the putamen separable at maturity into five perfectly or incompletely 2-celled nutlets.
Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 36. A. polifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 108, not
JHBK. On or very near the boundary between San Diego Co. and Lower California, and
southward, Parry, Orcutt, Pringle, &c.
7. GAULTHERIA, Kalm.
G. Myrsinites, HOOK., p. 30. Strike out the last sentence, and add: Glabrous: leaves
oval or rounded, not ovate, mostly only half-inch long : corolla depressed-campanulate, little
surpassing the calyx. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 84.
G. OVatifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Larger, with ascending branches ; and with some at length
rusty-colored hairs, at least on the calyx : leaves broadly ovate or even subcordate, the lar-
gest an inch and a half long, more serrulate : corolla campanulate, double the length of the
calyx- lobes. Cascade Mountains, British Columbia to Oregon, Lyall, E. Hall, S. Watson,
Suksdorf, the last of whom indicated the characters.
10. LEUC6THOE, Don.
L. Catesbeei, GRAY, p. 34. The words " (4 to 7 inches long) " in line 3, are misplaced :
they relate to the leaves. To this, and not to L. acuminata, belongs Andromeda acuminata,
Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 89.
398 SUPPLEMENT.
17. RHODODENDRON, L. P. 41, after fi. Ehodora, add :
R. Vaseyi, GRAY. Shrub 5 to 15 feet high, nearly glabrous : branchlets wholly destitute of
strigose bristles : flowers rather preceding the leaves, from few-scaled buds : leaves obloug,
acute or acuminate at both ends, sparsely hirsute, at least the midrib and margins when
young, when adult 3 to 5 inches long and 1 or 2 wide : corolla pale rose-color, rotate-
campanulate, but irregular, somewhat unequally 5-parted ; upper lobes shorter and overlap-
ping, somewhat spotted, three lower diverging and widely spreading, all broadly obovate :
stamens 5 to 7, commonly 7 : capsule minutely glandular, oblong, acutish. Proc. Am.
Acad. xv. 48. Mountains of Jackson Co., N. Carolina, " seven miles southwest of Webster,"
George R. Vasey, and Chimneytop Gap, Donnell Smith, flowering in May. Nearest R. Al-
brechtii of Japan. Requires some extension of the Rhodora subsection.
R. Californicum, HOOK., p. 41. Extends north to Brit. Columbia; and the syn. R.
maximum, Hook. Fl., as to the Pacific coast plant, belongs in part, if not wholly, here.
R. macrophyllum, DON, p. 42. This is not yet well made out ; but it was originally
described (from the collection of Menzies) as having corolla smaller than of R. maximum,
and white, and leaves large. It should therefore be to R. Californicum what R. maximum is
to R. Catawbiense. But it is doubtful if there are two true species on the Pacific coast.
31. SCHWEINlTZIA, Ell. Two species, characterized thus :
S. Odorata, ELL., p. 49. Scales of the stem broadly ovate, imbricating : flowers in a short
spike, hardly nodding : sepals oblong, about equalling the flesh-colored corolla. Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 301.
S. Reynoldsise, GRAY, 1. c. More slender, with smaller and remoter scales : flowers more
numerous and smaller, slightly fragrant, soon nodding and mostly secuud in the narrow
spike: sepals ovate or lanceolate, half the length of the white corolla. E. Florida
near the coast, on Indian River, &c , first found by Miss Mart/ C. Reynolds, flowering in
winter.
33. PLEURICO" SPORA, Gray. P. 50 and 18, add : No hypogynous
disk-glands. Placentas apparently double the petals in number, commonly 8.
Seed-coat close and alveolate.
P. fimbriolata, GRAY. Extends to Oregon : coll. at Waldo by Iloicell, and on the Colum-
bia at Hood River by Mrs. Barrett.
34. NEWBERRYA, Torr. P. 50 and 18, add : Bract-like sepals 2 or 4,
linear. Disk of short and deflexed glands alternating with the stamens, Kow
two species :
N. congesta, Torr., p. 50. Flowers densely crowded in a corymbiform glomerule : lobes of
the corolla ovate, one third the length of the cylindraceous or slightly urceolate tube: fila-
ments equalling the slender style: anthers narrowly oblong, the line of dehiscence close to
the connective: cauline scales ovate, obtuse, only slightly erose. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xv. 44. Besides Dr. Newberry's original specimens in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon,
now found in coniferous forests of Mad River, N. W. California, Rattan.
N. spicata, GRAY, 1. c. Flowers spicately crowded : corolla more campanulate, with oblong
lobes half the length of the tube : filaments not equalling the short style : anthers short-
oblong, the line of dehiscence somewhat remote from the connective : cauline scales narrowly
oblong, acutish, fimbriate-erose. Woods, in the mountains of Humboldt Co., California,
Rattan.
PRIMUL AGILE. 399
DIAPENSIACE.E.
3. SH6RTIA, Torr. & Gray.
S. galacif olia, TORR. & GRAY, p. 53. Add : Leaves oval-orbicular, the base slightly and
occasionally cordate : corolla white ; the lobes lightly erose-crenulate at the rounded apex :
anther horizontally inflexed on the filament. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xvi. 483, & Ann.
Sci. Nat. ser. 6, vii. 171, t. 15; Sprague & Goodale, "Wild Flowers of Amer. 107, t. 24;
Masters, Gard Chron. ser. 2, xv. 596, f. 109. Rediscovered near Marion, N. Carolina
(very local), by G. M. Hyams.
PRIMULACE^E.
3. PRfMULA, L.
P. borealis, Drsr, p. 58. Strike out the closing sentence in parentheses, and add the
following species:
P. Egaliksensis, HORXEM. Slender, not at all mealy : leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate,
entire or margins merely undulate, mostly slender-petiolcd : umbel 3-6-flowered : pedicels in
fruit elongated and strict : calyx narrow, in fruit oblong-cyliudraceous, with short teeth :
limb of the corolla very small ; the lobes only a line or two long, much shorter than the tube,
cleft nearly to the middle into oblong-linear segments. Fl. Dan. t. 1511; Lehm. Prim.
63, t. 7; Lange, Medd. Grcenl. 71. Northern Labrador, Lieut. Turner. (Greenland.)
P. angustifolia, TORR., p. 58. Strictly 1-flowered, or very rarely 2-flowered in largest
plants : involucre a single minute or small bract, sometimes the rudiment of a second bract :
calyx green. Add the following nearly related species :
P. Cusickiana. Larger : leaves oblong-spatulate or narrower, 2 inches long, entire, or
rarely a deuticulatiou : scapes 3 to 6 inches high, 2-4-flowered : involucre of 2 or 3 conspicu-
ous unequal bracts : calyx green and with a whitish line down from the sinuses of the cam-
panulate tube ; its lobes from lanceolate to subulate, about the length of the tube and nearly
equalling the tube of the violet (rarely white) corolla; lobes of the latter retuse. P. angus-
tifolia, var. Cusickiana, ed. 1, 393. Rocky hills, Union Co., E. Oregon, flowering in earliest
spring, Cusick.
P. Rusbyi, GREENE. Still larger : leaves 2 to 5 inches long (including the margined
petiole), thinner, oblong-spatulate, mostly callous-denticulate : scapes 5 to 10 inches high,
6-10-flowered : involucre of 3 or more small subulate or ovate bracts: calyx-tube white and
as if farinose at base, campanulate, longer than the ovate-triangular lobes: corolla "deep
purple, with yellow eye"; its tube longer than the calyx; lobes obcordate. Bull. Torr.
Club, viii. 122. Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby, and summit of Mount Wright-
son, Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Pringle.
4. DOUG-IjASIA, Lindl., p. 59. Species re-characterized and augmented.
Pubescence (when there is any) of the pedicels and stems of 3-4-forked or stel-
late short hairs. Flowers in most species occasionally unibracteolate under the
calyx.
D. nivalis, LINDL. Leaves, c. canescent with minute and dense 2-3-forked pubescence,
not ciliate, linear, mostly quite entire, mainly in rosulate clusters, from which the stems are
repeatedly and commonly umhellately proliferous : flowers in 3-7-rayed umbels, with
involucre resembling a leaf-cluster or reduced to ovate or subulate bracts : corolla-tube
hardly exceeding the calyx. To references add: Hook. Ic. PI. ii. 130. Montana,
Brandegee, &c.
Var. dentata. A coarser form, with larger (4 to 6 lines long) and broader leaves
often spatulate, either entire, or with a few denticulations or coarse teeth. D. dentata,
400 SUPPLEMENT.
Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 375. Higher Cascade Mountains, on the eastern side,
Washington Terr., Watson, Brandegee.
D. leevigata, GRAY. Leaves glabrous, or sometimes with a few minute and scurfy decidu-
ous branched hairs, not at all ciliate, quite entire, thick, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, mainly in
rosulate radical or simply proliferous clusters : flowers in 2-5-rayed pedunculate umbels :
bracts of the involucre oval or ovate, short : corolla-tube almost twice the length of
the calvx. Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 105. Mountains of Oregon, Hoicell, Mrs. Barrett,
Suksdorf.
D. rnontana, GRAY, p. 60. Leaves wholly destitute of forked hairs, glabrous or nearly so,
but margins ciliolate with short simple bristles, linear or lanceolate, small (1 to 3 lines long),
very crowded on the crowns of the pulviuate-cespitose branches, or in the larger and looser
plants in successively proliferous tufts : peduncles solitary and simple (or rarely in pairs
from the rosulate tuft), naked and 1 -flowered, and the calyx often unibracteolate (in one case
a second flower sessile in the axil of the bract) : tube of the corolla barely or hardly equal-
ling the calyx. Common in N. Montana, recently coll. by Canby, Brandegee, Scribner, c.,
both in pulvinate-depressed and in rather open and proliferous forms.
D. arctica, HOOK., p. 59. Like the preceding in the ciliate leaves, but said to have the
habit (of inflorescence "?) of D. nivalis.
5. ANDR6SACE, Tourn. P. 60, before A. occidentals, add:
A. Arizonica, GRAY. Exiguous : scapes filiform, some erect, some decumbent and as if
stoloniform, bearing few or several elongated capillary pedicels : radical leaves lanceolate or
oblong, thin : calvx-lobes foliaceous and much accrescent in fruit, ovate, longer than the
short-campanulate whitish tube : corolla minute : seeds 5 or 6, comparatively large. Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 222. Mountains of S. Arizona, Pringle, along with A. occidentalis, its near
relative.
8. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. After L. Fraseri, p. 62, add:
L. VULGARIS, L., a coarse and tall European species of this section, pubescent and branching,
with ovate-lanceolate distinctly petioled leaves, leafy panicle, and glandular filaments united to
near the middle, has escaped from gardens and become naturalized in one or two places in
Eastern Massachusetts.
11. CENTtTNCULUS, Dill. P. 64, add:
C. pentandrus, R. BR. Pedicels equalling or surpassing the ovate leaves : flowers com-
monly 5-merous. Prodr. 427; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 390. C. tcnellus, Duby in DC. Prodr.
viii. 72; Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 10, & Fl. ed. 2, 634. Anagallis pumila, Swartz, Fl-
Ind. Occ. i. 345. Micropijxis pumila, Duby, 1. c. S. Florida, Chapman, &c. (Trop. Am.,
E. Ind., Australia.)
SAPOTACE^E.
For changes in Bumelia, see on p. 68.
APOCYNACEJE.
6. CYCLADENIA, Benth.
C. humilis, REXTIT., p. 83. An intermediate form, found in Southern Utah, by Siler, shows
that the pubescence is inconstant, and requires
Var. tomentosa to take the place of the second species, C. tomentosa, Gray.
ASCLEPIADACE.E. 401
8. ECHlTES, P. Browne. P. 84, before E. Andrewsii, add : -
E. paludosa, VAIIL. Habit of the succeeding : peduncle elongated, 1-3 flowered : corolla
white, 2 inches long or more ; tube slender, as long as the obconical-campauulate throat,
about thrice the length of the oblong and nmcrouate spreading calyx-lobes : anthers oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, not appendaged : beak of the seeds plumose to the base. Eel. Am.
ii. 19, & Ic. t. 5; Griseb. Fl. \V. Ind. 415. Rhabdadenia paludosa, Muell. Arg. Mangrove
swamps, S. Florida, Chapman (published in Bot. Gazette as E. biflora), Garber, Curtiss.
ASCLEPIADACE^E.
The synoptical characters of the genera, on p. 85 and p. 87, to be augmented
as follows :
5. ASCLEPIODORA. To character of hoods, add : At the sinuses between them are
auriculate lobes, alternate with the anthers, simulating an inner corona.
141. ROTHROCKIA. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-cleft ; the lobes oblong, dextrorsely over-
lapping in the bud. Crown simple, inserted at the junction of corolla and stamen-tube,
5-parted ; the lobes opposite the anthers, thick, slightly cuncate, barely concave. Anthers
short : polliuia oval, affixed just below their apex to a short caudicle, pendulous. Stigma
abruptly produced from the top into a column having a 3-crested apex ; namely, two divari-
cate and muricate-papillose crests, with a small central emargiuate crest interposed.
14' 2 . HIMANTOSTEMMA. (In Tribe Gonolobece ?) Corolla deeply 5-parted, soon re-
flexed, the broadly lanceolate lobes slightly overlapping dextrorsely, the face (especially
toward the base) conspicuously adorned with spatnlate and stipitnte corolline processes, dis-
posed without order. Crown stamineal, borne on the summit of the short column, simple,
with membranaceous margin bearing 10 elongated narrowly linear and stipitate liguliform
divisions, which are gemiuately alternate with the anthers and nearly equal the uuex-
pancled corolla; also 5 subulate and short processes, which are opposite the anthers.
Anthers short, inappendiculate in the manner of Gonolobece, applied to the sinuses of the
somewhat dilated and flat-topped stigma: cells opening at summit. Pollinia oval, affixed
by the pellucid apex to a very short caudicle, introrsely somewhat pendulous. Follicles
echinate.
14 s . LACHNOSTOMA. Corolla between rotate and salverform, with tube about the
length of the (in bud) dextrorsely convolute lobes, retrorsely villous-barbate in the throat.
Crown belonging to the corolla, aduate to its tube, with free margin. 5-10-crenate or
lobed. Otherwise near Gonolobus.
6. ASCLEPIAS, L.
A. Cornuti, DECAISNE, p. 91. A. grand/folia, Bertol. Misc. Bot. xii. 47, t. 3, 4, 5, raised
from seed from North America, by its flowers and follicles can be no other than this com-
mon Milkweed. Pods in this species are sometimes found with hardly a trace of the soft
spinous processes, sometimes with very long and shaggy ones.
A. obtusifolia, MICHX., p. 91, occasionally bears a second umbel at the base of the long
terminal peduncle.
A. Meadii, TORR., p. 91, has leaves undulate in the living plant, the upper sometimes
broadly ovate and subcordate : umbel nodding on the peduncle.
A. glaucescens, HBK., p. 92. A. elata, Beuth. PI. Hartw. 290, is not different. S.
Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle.
A. brachystephana, EXGELM., p. 94. To this belongs Asclepiodora circinalis, Fournier
in Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 6, xiv. 369, as to Palmer's 815, & Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 114,
excl. syn. Acerates circinalis, Decaisue. Between this and the next add :
A. Uncialis, GREENE. Intermediate between the preceding and the following, dwarf and
depressed, glabrate : leaves linear-lanceolate, or small lowest ones ovate : umbel sessile, few-
26
402 SUPPLEMENT.
flowered, overtopped by the leaves : corolla dull purple : hoods paler, little shorter than the
anthers, the thickish body almost orbicular, equalled or slightly surpassed by the thin and
ovate-triangular auricles or lateral appendages, the horn a semi-oval and shorter lamella of
similar texture. Bot. Gazette, v. 64. Near Silver City, New Mexico, Greene, Colorado,
Hall Harbour, no. 418, and Green River, Wyoming, Parry. These had been referred to
A. br achy Stephana.
A. involucrata, ENGELM., p. 94. The leaves which usually subtend the umbel, like an
involucre, are sometimes below it and scattered.
The succeeding subsection c. on p. 95 to be altered as follows, the added species all having
the follicles arrect on the decurved pedicels.
c. Leaves very narrow and slender, sessile : hoods equalling or surpassing the anthers.
1. Leaves opposite.
A. macrotis, TORR., p. 95. Filiform branches often a foot or more long, numerous in
diffuse tufts from lignesceut stem : hoods with very long acumiuation. The larger speci-
mens coll. in S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon.
A. quinquedentata, GRAY ; transfer from p. 97. Follicle slender-fusiform, 4 inches long,
barely puberulent. New Mexico and Arizona, Greene, Lemmon, Pringle, some with rather
smaller flowers, var. Neo-Mexicana, Greene in Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 103, but not needing a
varietal name. There is really no dorsal tooth to the horn in the original specimen, that
so called in the original description being only the middle tooth of the hood, up to which
the horn is adnate.
2. Leaves alternate.
A. Linaria, CAT. ; transfer from p. 97. Habit nearly of A. rerticillata, but with frutescent
and branching stems, thickly beset with almost filiform irregularly alternate or at most im-
perfectly verticillate leaves : column hardly any : horn included : arrect follicles ovate and
acuminate. Ic. PI. i. 42, t. 57; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 71. A. pin/folia, Greene,
Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 5. Mountains in the southern part of Arizona, Greene, Pringle,
Lemmon, Parish. (Mex.)
A. Curtissii, GRAY. To follow A. oboi-ata, p. 95. Merely puberulent, glabrate : leaves
oval, more petiolate than in A. obovata, and distinctly lineate by the ascending-transverse
primary veins : umbels few or solitary, short-peduncled, rather few-flowered : flowers yellow-
ish green : hoods somewhat hastate-lanceolate, erect, much surpassing the anthers, the thin
auriculate supra-basal margins inflexed ; horn falcate-incurved, broad, the tip assurgent : an-
ther-wings short, broad, acute-angled: column very short. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 85;
Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 643. S. E. Florida, A. II. Curliss. To follow this, although requiring
a new subdivision :
A. Lemmoni, GRAY. Tall and robust, leafy, villous-hirsute, but the foliage glabrate :
leaves large (5 to 10 inches long), oval or oblong, with rounded or retuse apex and emar-
ginate almost sessile base, transversely veiny : umbels conspicuously peduncled, many-
flowered : petals 4 or 5 lines long, ovate, glabrous, yellowish green : stam'ineal column as
broad as high : hoods apparently white, 4 lines long, very much surpassing the anthers,
ovate-sublanceolate, spreading towards the summit, angulate-toothed on each side at base ;
horn broad and falcate, acutish : follicles 4 inches long, pubescent. Proc. Am. Acad. xix.
85. Mountains of 8. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle.
A. nyctaginifolia, GRAY, p. 95. Char, partly corrected on the page. Add : Follicles short,
ovate, cinereous puberulent. A. Wririhtii, Greene, ined. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvi. 102.
In Wright's collection partly confounded with A. lonyirormi, which it approaches. W.
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and borders of California, Wrii/ht, lieverchon, Palmer, Greene,
Pringle, Lemmon.
A. viRcArA, Lag., mentioned p. 96. Name gives place to A. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Schweigger,
Enum. PI. Hort. Regiomont. 1812, 13 ; Roem. & Schult., &c. (A. virrjata, Balbi, &c., A. linifolia,
HBK., &c.), a Mexican species. Consequently
A. Michauxii, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii 569, is the proper name for the A. anyustifolia,
Ell. on p. 97.
ASCLEPIADACE.E. 403
7. ACER ATE S, Ell. An extension of the generic character, as to the
hoods, is needed to include the following, which in other respects falls under the
second division, p. 99.
A. bifida, RUSBY. Generally resembling A. viridijlora, a foot or two high, tomentose-
puberulent : leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering into short petioles : pedicels rather slender:
hoods of the crown paler, rather shorter than the anthers, two-parted, the divisions lanceolate.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 296. Arizona, probably in Yavapai Co., liusby, 1883.
9. GOMPHOCARPUS, R. Br.
G. tomentoSUS, GRAY, p. 100. Hoods dark brown-purple, the solid part not much smaller
than the valves : the structure not to be confounded with that of Schizonottts, for the 2-valved
portion is only apparently dorsal, the whole organ being pendulous or resupiuate. It ia
similar in G. lanatits of S. Africa, except that the hood is ascending.
G. hypoleilCUS, GRAY. Tomeutulose : stem robust, 2 feet high, leafy : leaves all opposite,
oval or oblong, short-petioled, green and glabrate above, cauescently tomeutose beneath :
umbels long-petioled, many-flowered : corolla greenish with the upper face dull purple :
hoods brown-purple, erect, much surpassing the anthers, Ungulate, fleshy, nearly solid and
entire, except a pair of triangular and acute strictly inflexed lobes at base. Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 222. Mountains of S. Arizona, Pnnyle, Leinmon.
12. METASTELMA, R. Br., EUMETASTELMA. P. 101, add:
M. Palmeri, WATSON. Glabrous : leaves lanceolate, acutish or obtuse at base, about an
inch long : cymes loosely 2-6-flowered, subsessile or short-peduncled : calyx-lobes ovate, ob-
tuse : corolla not over a line and a half long, 5-parted ; its lobes oblong or narrower, merely
puberulent within : scales of the crown lanceolate and acuminate or ovate-subulate, inserted
at base of extremely short column, a little surpassing the stigma. Proc. Am. Acad. xviii.
115, as to pi. Palmer only; Gray, Rev. Metastelma in Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. W. aud S.
borders of Texas, Palmer, Reverchon. (Adj. Mex.)
M. Arizonicum, GRAY. Puberulent, lignescent at base : leaves thickish, narrowly linear
or some linear-oblong, veinless : flowers fascicled and short-pedicelled : calyx-lobes subulate :
corolla 2 lines long, thickish, deeply 5-parted ; lobes linear-lanceolate, densely villous-
pubescent inside ; scales of the crown linear-subulate, inserted at base of very short col-
umn, surpassing the stigma. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 85. Hills near Tucson, Arizona,
Printjle.
14. VINCET6XICUM, Mcench. (Derivation doubtless from vincere, to
overcome, toxicum, poison, as has been well shown.)
V. palustre, p. 102. Add. syn. : Cynanchum maritimum, Maxim, in Bull. Acad. Petrop.
ix. 800.
V. SCOparium, p. 102. Leafy plants not rarely bear leaves an inch or two long, a line or
two wide.
14 1 . ROTHR6CKIA, Gray. (Professor Joseph Trimble Rothroclc, author
of the Botanical Part (vol. vi.) of Wheeler's U. S. Geographical Surveys of the
region in which the plant was discovered.) Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 295. Single
species.
R. COrdifolia, GRAY, 1. c. Perennial herb, liguescent at base, spreading and twining, pu-
bescent and more or less hirsute : leaves opposite, slender-petioled, cordate, acutely acumi-
nate : flowers in simple or compound racemiform loose racemes in the axils of the leaves :
404 SUPPLEMENT.
pedicels bracteate : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate corolla white or whitish ; the lobes 3 or 4
lines long, thin, glabrous, indistinctly nervose and reticulated : follicles fusiform, glabrous,
4 or 5 inches long. By water- courses, in mountains of N. W. Sonora, near the borders of
Arizona, Pringle.
14 2 . HIMANTOSTEMMA, Gray. (Name composed of i/nan-os, strap,
and 0-re/Ayu.a, crown.) - - Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 294. Single species.
H. Pringlei, GRAY. 1. c. Diffusely spreading perennial herb, with branches a foot or so in
length, banlly at all twining, ptiberulent : leaves opposite, small, sagittate-cordate, half-inch
to inch long, on petioles of nearly same length: peduncles axillary, 2 -flowered : pedicels
slender : calyx-lobes attenuate-lanceolate : corolla-lobes lanceolate, thickish, veinless, 3 lines
long, the upper face dark brown-purple, its rameutaceous setae whitish, or those toward the
throat purplish and natter, more spatulate and stipitate : strap-shaped lobes of the crown 2
lines long, erect, purplish : follicles fusiform, armed with rather rigid processes : seeds co-
niose . Water-courses in rocky hills, JS T . W. Sonora, south of Altar, therefore not very
near the Arizona boundary, yet may reach it, Pringle, 1884.
14 3 . LACHNOSTOMA, IIBK. (Aaxi'o?, wool, o-To>a, mouth, referring
to the throat of the corolla.) HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 198, t. 232 ; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 74; Hcmsl. Biol. Centr. Am. Bot, ii. 335. Three good
species now known, two of them south of the Istlunus.
L. Arizonicum, GRAY. Pubescent herb, freely twining : leaves thin, cordate-sagittate,
loug-petioled : peduncles slender, umbellately few-flowered : corolla white, externally gla-
brous, with narrow tube almost as long as the ovate-oblong lobes, these lightly green-reticu-
lated ; throat retrorsely villous: crown simple, its thickish free margin 10-crenate : follicles
ovate-lanceolate, smooth and glabrous, acutely 3-5-costate. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 296.
Santa Cataliua Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle. One specimen from Lemmon, in
flower, was mistaken for Gonolobus reticulalus, another (in fruit only) for Rothrockia, in Proc.
Am. Acad. 1. c. 295.
15. GONOLOBUS, Michx.
G. obliqUUS, Tl BR., p. 104. The flowers of this are said to have the scent of Calycanthus.
The var. Sliurtu is to be excluded.
G. hirsutus MICHX., p. 104. Crown nearly as in G. olliqmis, that is, with the intermediate
crenatures more or less bidentate, all very short, Varies freely, as shown by Dr. Melli-
champ, into
Var. flavidulus. Corolla from dingy brown-purplish to greenish and dull straw-color,
the reticulated veins more evident as the hue is lighter. G.flavidulus, Chapm. Fl. 368, &
Bot. Gazette, iii. 12; Gray, in ed. 1, 394. G. wacropltijllus, Ell. Sk. i. 327. Common with
the darker-flowered plants, from S. Carolina to Florida.
G. Shortii, GRAY. (To come before G. Carolinensis, in the same subdivision.) Resembles
G. oblifjiiits. but commonly larger-leaved, and the flowers also said to have the scent of Caly-
canthus blossoms ; the bud conical-oblong : corolla dark crimson-purple, its lobes ligulate,
fully half-inch long: crown with about 10-dentate margin, the narrow intermediate teetli
thinnish, either emarginate or two-parted, a little exserted beyond the alternate broader and
thicker ones. Bot. Gazette, viii. 191. G. oUic/inis, var. Shortii, Syn. Fl. 104. Along the
mountains, E. Kentucky, Short, N. W. Georgia, Chapman. Probably common.
G. Carolinensis, 11. BR., p. 104. Flowers said by Engelmann to have a cimicine odor:
crown with more exserted subulate bifid teeth, but these variable. From near Washington
and S. Missouri, southward.
G. Baldwinianus, SWKET, p. 104. Corolla clear white, according to Chapman. Where-
fore the G. hirsutus, Lodd. Cab., may be the \sr.flavidulus of that species.
GENTIAN ACE^:. 405
LOGANIACE^E.
5. BUDDL.EIA, Houston. After B. racemosa, p. 109, add:
B. Pringlei, GRAY. Nearly glabrous and green, partly herbaceous, much branched : leaves
'oblong or lanceolate, acutish, nearly entire (inch or two long), tapering at base into a short
marc-hied petiole : flowers in globular and sessile interruptedly spicate glomerules, the upper
naked and approximate, the lower remoter in the axils, some short-peduncled : corolla
slightly exserted out of the white-tomentulose calyx, a little hairy in the throat: stigma
thickish. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 86. Arizona, in fields near Tucson, Prinyle. Inter-
mediate between the Globosce and the Verticillatos.
GENTIANACE^E.
To characters of genera add, on p. Ill:-
1. VOYRIA. Corolla salverform, bearing the stamens below the throat. Anthers short.
Stigma undivided. Seeds very numerous, tailed at both ends.
1. "VOYRIA, Aublet. (Unexplained name.) Leafless and colorless
(white) little herbs, of Tropical America, parasitic on decaying trunks, &c.,
bearing small subulate scales for leaves, in the manner of Bartonia.
V. Mexicana, GRISEB. Stems a span to a foot high, slender, bearing a cyme of several
'flowers : corolla white or flesh- color, a quarter of an inch long. Gent. 208, Prodr. ix. 84, &
Cat. Cub. 181. No-name Key, S. Florida, Curtiss. (Cuba, Mex.)
2. ERYTHR^A, Renealm. P. 113, before E. Douglasii, add :
E. nudicaulis, ENGELM. A span or two high, cymosely branched from the conspicuous
'tuft of rather large roundish radical leaves : cauline leaves few, linear : flowers long-
peduncled : tube of corolla not surpassing the calyx ; lobes a little shorter, oblong, obtuse :
anthers linear-oblong : style much shorter than the ovary : seeds subglobose, reticulated.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 222. Along streams in Santa Catalina Mountains, S. Arizona,
Pringle.
E vemista, GRAY. Add : Bot. Mag. t. 6396. This and all the larger-flowered American
'species are dichogamous in the manner of Sabbatla, the style in the earlier anthesis declined
to one side.
4. EtTSTOMA, Salisb.
E silenifolium, SALISB. (Parad. Lond. t. 34), is the name which should have been retained
'for E. exaltatum, Griseb. In S. California this certainly becomes perennial, according to
Parry and W. G. Wright.
5. G-ENTlANA, Tourn. Add on p. 116:
G. GRAcfLLiMA, Bertol. Misc. Bot. xiv. 19, t. 3, is Apteria setawa, Nutt. Add on p. 1 19 :
G. jnicrocalyx, LEMMON. Near G. Wislizeni, but taller (sometimes almost 2 feet high),
'thinner-leaved, and wholly destitute of crown to the corolla, in this and the habit approach-
ing G. quinqueflora, freely branched : leaves ovate-lanceolate, with subcordate sessile base :
406 SUPPLEMENT.
flowers mostly numerous and crowded in the clusters, slender-pedicelled : calyx small,
5-parted, only one line and the whitish or violet-tinged corolla 5 lines long : ovary subses-
sile: seeds globose, smoothish. Pacif. Rural Press, 1882, with figure; Engelm. in Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 222. Chirricahua Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon.
Q. nivalis, L. In a subsection, C yclostigma, of Pneumonanthe, with stigmas surmounting a dis-
tiuct style, much dilated, forming together a circular disk. A low annual, branching . leaves
ovate, quarter-inch long : flower half-inch long : calyx lobes subulate : corolla deep blue, its
lobes ovate, acute : ovary sessile : seeds favose. Fl. Dan. t. 17 ; Griseb. in DC. Prodr. ix.
103. Labrador, coll. by Moravian missionaries. (Greenland, Iceland, Eu.)
To p. 122, add:
G. Forwoodii, GRAY. Very near 0. affinis, smooth throughout: stems numerous in the
cluster, diffusely ascending, 6 to 16 inches high, equally leafy to the summit : leaves oblong
or lowest ovate, and upper narrowly lanceolate, about inch long : calyx short (2 or 3 lines
long), spathaceous and toothless (rarely one or two small subulate teeth), cleft more or less on
one or both sides, or the sphacelate margin undulate-truncate corolla more narrowly fun-
nelform and smaller than in G. affinis. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 86. Rocky Mountains in
Dakota and Montana, Dr. Forwood, Canby, frc.
G. Bigelovii, GHAY, 1. c. Near G. affinis, very leafy : leaves thicker ; lower lanceolate-
oblong, upper linear: stems a foot or less high, minutely scabrous* flowers densely spicate:
calyx-teeth filiform or slender-subulate, as long as the tube: corolla hardly inch long, cylin-
draceous, minutely scabrous outside, especially so along the salient lines which in the bud
border the infolded plicaj ; lobes short, broadly ovate, mostly erect, double the length of
the bifid appendages of the plica?: stipe of the capsule short and fistulous : seeds with a
narrow and thickish wing. C. affinis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 157, c. Mountains of
S. Colorado and New Mexico, Bigelow, Hall & Harbour, Greene. Also those of S. W.
Arizona, Lemmon.
G. Rusbyi, GIIEENE. Between the preceding and the Mexican G. spathacea, HBK. : stem
robust, a foot high, scabrous, few-flowered at the summit : leaves thickish, narrowly oblong
and upper ones lanceolate ; uppermost subtending and equalling the flowers : calyx-lobes
slender-subulate or linear, about the length of the tube : corolla apparently white, over an
inch long, campanulate-funnelform, smooth ; the short and broad lobes very obtuse, twice
the length of the short teeth of the plica;. Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby.
POLEMONIACE^E.
The genera are very difficult to define. Even Phlox has a species with prevail-
ingly alternate leaves and four or five ovules in each cell. The character of
unequally inserted stamens, by which to distinguish Collomia, breaks down com-
pletely (Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223) ; the declination of the filaments does not
hold through Potenwnium, and they are much more declinate and curved in sev-
eral species of Gilia of different sections. Some, of more than one group, have
an obviously but variably irregular limb to the corolla, quite as much so as in any
species of Loeselia. So it has become necessary to incorporate Collomia into
Gilia, along with certain bractless species which had been taken to form an
anomalous section of Lceselia. The principal characters now relied upon for the
genera are indicated below.
4. (to be 2.) GrfLIA, Ruiz & Pav. Flowers naked, not involucellate.
Calyx partly herbaceous, scarious below the sinuses ; lobes narrow and acute.
Corolla from salverform or funnelform to campanulate or almost rotate. Fila-
ments not bearded at base. Seeds wingless. Herbs or a few suffruticose.
POLEMONIACE.E. 407
1. DACTYLOPHTLLUM, p. 137. The last of the following species connects
with Leptosiphon.
G. Harknessii, CURRAN. A span or two high, smooth, extremely like the most slender
'and depauperate form of G. liniflora, var. pliarnaceoides, but still smaller-flowered : flower
and mature capsule only a line long : corolla hardly exceeding the calyx : capsule short-
oval and equalling the calyx : ovules and obloug seeds solitary in each cell. Bull. Calif.
Acad. i. 12. Eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, Parry, Lemmon, Harkness
(the latter coll. at Summit Station), and the mountains of Washington Terr., Howell, Suks-
dorf. Has been confounded with the above-mentioned variety of G. Hniflora, and with
G. pusilla.
G aurea, NUTT., p. 138, not rarely has pedicels nearly twice the length of the flower. Next
to this the following :
G. bella GRAY. Stems diffuse from the base, simple or sparingly branched, filiform, few-
'leaved, glabrous and smooth : leaves very short (2 or 3 lines long), 3-parted, villous at base,
thickish, the broadly linear lobes cariuate : flowers sessile or short-pedicelled in axils of
uppermost bract-like leaves and in the forks : calyx-lobes strongly cariuate and hyaline-
margined : corolla rotate-campauulate, with yellow tube, purple-spotted throat, and ample
violet-colored limb (half-inch in diameter when expanded), the lobes almost flabelliform,
entire : filaments a little hairy at base : ovules several in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
301. Hanson's Ranch, below the boundary of S. California, Orcutt.
G. Lemmoni, GRAY. Diffusely branching, a span or two high, hirsutely pubescent (at least
the foliage) : leaves 3-5-parted into acerose-liuear lobes : flowers sometimes solitary and
pedicelled in the lower forks, sessile and glomerate in the upper and at the ends of the
branches, hardly surpassing the subtending leaves: calyx narrow, 5-costate ; its acerose lobes
resembling those of the leaves : corolla mostly white or yellowish, short-fuunelform, with
throat and tube included in the calyx, and obovate lobes only 2 lines long : capsule narrow,
its cells several-seeded. Ed. 1, 394. S. California, on the Mohave Desert, Parry & Lem-
mon, San Bernardino Co., Parish, Nevfn, and below the Mexican boundary, Orcutt. (Guada-
lupe Island, Palmer, mixed with G. pusilla.)
G. Rattani. Intermediate between G. Bolanderi, of which it has the foliage and habit, and
'the section Leptosiphon, from which it is excluded by its scattered and naked flowers on elon-
gated and filiform peduncles : stems a span or two high, erect, sparingly branched and pu-
beruleut above : calyx cylindraceous : corolla salverform, white or whitish with yellow
throat; the slender'tube a third to half inch long and much exserted, yet sometimes
shorter and less so. (Possibly a hybrid.) On a mountain north of Clear Lake, California,
growing in company with G'. Bolanderi, June, 1884, Rattan.
2. LlNANTHUS, p. 138.
G. Jonesii. Near G. Bigelovii (and seeds similar), smaller, only a span high, more slender
and diffuse : leaves filiform, almost capillary ; the upper and especially the oblong (3 lines
long) calyx beset with rather stout stipitate glands : corolla (withered) only 3 lines long.
S. E. California, on the Colorado, at The Needles, M. E. Jones, 1884.
3. LEPTOSIPHON, p. 139. The following species again connects this section
with Dactylophyllum.
G. Orcuttii, PARRY. A span high, sparingly branched, nearly glabrous : leaves only 2 or 3
pairs up to the very few-flowered terminal cluster, small (barely quarter-inch long) ; the
lobes filiform : corolla with well-exserted tube only 4 lines long, little longer than the limb
with its obconical dark-purple throat, its ovate lobes purplish : stamens and style not sur-
passing the throat. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. iv. 40. Guadalupe Mountains b&-
low the boundary of S. California, but probably extending to the border, Orcutt.
5 1 . COLLOMIA, under Series II. Flowers capitate-glomerate and foliose-
bracteate or scattered: stamens unequally inserted in the narrow tube of the sal-
408 SUPPLEMENT.
verform corolla, neither exserted nor declined : ovules solitary in the cells :
seed-coat with abundant spiracles except in one species : annuals, with neither
foliage nor calyx-lobes rigid or spinescent ; the leaves sessile and entire (except
some laciniation in G. coccinea, Collomia, Lehm., of Chili), the lower sometimes
opposite. CoUomia, Nutt. ; Benth. excl. spec.
G. grandiflora, GKAY, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, not Steud. CoUomia yrandiflora,
IXmgl., &c.; Syu. Fl. ed. 1, 135.
G. linear^S, GRAY, 1. c. CoUomia linearis, Nutt., &c. Passes by many gradations, and
equally viscid herbage, into
Var. Subulata, G. tinctoria, Kellogg in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 142. CoUomia linearis,
var. subulata, Gray, in part, of p. 135.
G. aristella. A span high, with almost filiform and few-leaved stem and lax branches, mi-
nutely pubescent above and viscid : leaves lanceolate-linear and tapering to both ends (inch or
less long, a line or two wide) : flowers 1 to 3 in the forks and upper axils : corolla purple,
with filiform tube 4 to 6 lines long and small lobes : calyx-lobes (2 lines long) aristiform
from a triangular base: capsule obovate-3-lobed with attenuate base. CoUomia linearis, var.
subulata, p. 135, as to an attenuate form. Northern part of California, Greene, &c., and
Oregon, Kronkite, Cusick, to Washington Terr., Suksdorf, on bare hillsides. Habit of the
following, and of the most diminutive variety of the preceding : calyx-lobes truly attenuate
into an awn.
G. leptotes, GRAY,!, c. CoUomia tenella, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 259, &c. Known
only from Parley's Park, Utah, coll. Watson. The Western plants which have been wrongly
referred to it belong to the preceding.
G. gracilis, HOOK. CoUomia gracilis, Dougl., Beuth., &c. Peculiar in having so many of
the leaves opposite, and in the absence of spiracles in the seed-coat, as mentioned on
p. 135.
5 2 . COURTOISIA. Flowers of Collomia (and as in that either scattered or
in foliose-bracteate clusters) ; foliage of Eugilia, the leaves from pinnately com-
pound to entire, the larger petioled : ovules from solitary to several in the cells.
Collomia Gilioides, Beuth. in DC. excl. spec., and one Navarretia.
G. heterophylla, DOUGL. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2895. Collomia heterophylla, Hook. 1. c.
Gilia Sessei, Don, Syst. iv. 245, fide Benth., but not Mexican.
G. glutinosa. Collomia (jlutinosa and C. nilioides, Benth. Bot. Keg. 1833, & DC., &c.
C. gilioides, ed. 1, 135. Very variable in size, form and division of leaves, and degree of
viscidity, but apparently all of one species.
G. capillaris, KELLOGG, Proc. Calif. Acad. v. 46. ^CoUomia leptalea, Gray, 1. c. & Syn. Fl.
ed. 1, 136. Varies extremely in size, some of it answering well to the specific name, some
more rigid and smaller-flowered ; the corolla from pink to almost white. Extends north-
ward to Washington Terr.
6. NAVARRETIA, p. 141. Limb of corolla sometimes slightly irregular and
stamens somewhat unequally inserted : filaments straight, or in the last two
species incurved in the bud and somewhat so in anthesis.
G. COtulaefolia, STECD., p. 141. Color of the corolla various, sometimes yellow and
purple.
G. leucocephala, GRAY, p. 142. Wholly erect, or with procumbent branches from base of
primary stem, on which the first capitulum-like glomerule is more or less elevated : calyx-
tube nearly glabrous, except the ciliate fringe at the sinuses. Add the following closely
similar species :
POLEMONIACEJE. 409
G. prostrata, GRAY. Wholly depressed and humifuse : primary capitulum-like glomerule
sessile and as it' radical, sooii proliferous into prostrate similar flowering brandies: calyx-
tube sparsely hirsute: corollas (white) only half the size of the preceding : ovules 4 in each
cell. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223. Low ground, S. California, especially Los Angeles and
San Diego Co., Nevin, Parry, Orcutt.
G. divaricata, TORR., p. 142. Corolla very small, not surpassing the calyx-lobes : stamens
not exserted. Mariposa Co., California to Washington Terr.
G. filicaulis, TORR., p. 142. Stamens much exserted.
G. viscidllla, GRAY, p. 142. Varies from obscurely to very viscid, and the corolla from
violet to whitish : stamens at length fully as long as the corolla-lobes, incurved in the hud :
ovules commonly 4 in each cell. Common in California.
Var. heterodoxa, G. heteroilo.ru, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 10, is a branching form,
with more naked and spreading brauchlets, broader bracts, and the stamens, according to
Greene, " strongly declined." Some indications of this are to be seen in dried specimens of
the present and the following species. Calistoga, Parry, Greene, and elsewhere.
G. atractyloides, STEUD., p. 142. From Santa Cruz to San Diego and southward. Corolla
smaller than in the foregoing, from wholly violet to purplish or wliite, with or without
a purple throat : stamens shorter than the lobes. According to Orcutt, a form with white
flowers is scentless, while one with deep-colored corollas has a strong scent like that of
Pennyroyal or of Pogogyne.
6 1 . CH^ETOGILIA. Flowers short-peduncled or subsessile in the forks of the
leafy-congested dwarf and at length depressed stem and branches, not bracteolate :
corolla salverform ; limb comparatively large, either regular or bilabiately irregu-
lar : stamens inserted close to the sinuses ; the filiform filaments either straight or
strikingly declined-incurved : ovules 3 to 10 in each cell : winter annuals, with
pinnately lobed or toothed leaves, their teeth and the sepals and mostly the leaf-
margins bearing long and slender white bristles.
* Corolla regular and stamens straight, or nearly so.
G- setosissima, GRAY, p. 142. Slightly pubescent, glahrate : leaves all broader upward,
those of the branches cuneate and 3-5-lobed at summit : corolla light violet ; its lobes often
dotted with purple (conspicuously so only in dried specimens), obovate, obtuse, 3 to 5 lines
long, and with the short throat almost equalling the tube : anthers oblong-oval : ovules 6 to
10 in each cell. Exclude the syn. relating to the following.
* * Corolla bilabiately more or less irregular (3 and 2), and the stamens declined-incurved :
anthers short. Lasselia, Gray in Bot. Calif, ii. 460.
G. Schottii, WATSON. Roughish-pubescent or below quite glabrous : cauline leaves linear;
those of the branches and terminal clusters slightly and gradually dilated upward and rather
3-toothed than lobed at the truncate apex : corolla " white " or " pinkish " ; its lobes small (at
most 2 lines long), oblong or lanceolate, acute, not half the length of the tube: stamens
moderately incurved : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. Bot. King Exp. 267. G. setosissima, var.
exigua, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 271. Navarretia Schottii, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 145.
Lozselia Schottii, Gray, Bot. Calif. 1. c. Desert region of W. Arizona, S. E. California,
and S. W. Utah ; first coll. by Coulter, then by Schott, in very exiguous specimens, which
hardly show the characters, later and better by Parry, Leinmon, Parish, &c. Also loose
and slender specimens, from Sonora near the Gulf of California, are in the 1884 distribution
of Pringle, under the name of G. polycladon.
G. Matthews!!. Pubescent or hirsute with crisped hairs, somewhat robust, at length form-
ing tufts a span to a foot in diameter : leaves nearly of the preceding : corolla purple or
whitish with violet throat or stripes, strongly irregular; its lobes spatulate or cuneate, with
obtuse or retuse or tridentate apex, 3 or 4 lines long, nearly equalling the tube : stamens
conspicuously incurved: ovules 5 or 6 in each cell. Lceselia Matthewsii, Gray, Bot. Calif.
410 SUPPLEMENT.
1. c. Has been distributed as G. Schottii. S. California, from Inyo Co., Dr. Matthews
(1877), to the Moliave Desert, Palmer, Lemmon, Parish, Pr ingle, and near Newnall,
Nevin.
8. ELAPHOCERA, p. 144.
G. Wrightii, GRAY, and G. Gunnisoni, are between Hugelia and Ipomopsis, and
might well be referred to the latter : their filaments are obscurely declined. The following
may be appen'ded to the present section, after G. polydudon.
G. depressa, M. E. JONES. Small winter annual, divergently branched from the base,
depressed-spreading, minutely hirsute-pubescent, slightly viscid, leafy : leaves oblong-lanceo-
late or narrower (half-inch or more long), entire or with one or two teeth or short lobes,
acute at both ends, nearly sessile, cuspidate-mucrouate : flowers solitary in the forks, short-
peduncled or subsessile : calyx comparatively large (2^ to 3 lines long) ; its lobes broadly
subulate and attenuate-cuspidate, nearly equalling the small salverform (whitish) corolla:
limb of the latter sometimes deeper cleft at one sinus ; its lobes about one third the length
of the tube, equalling the stamens : seeds 4 or 5 in each cell, the coat mucilaginous but not
spirilliferous. Gray, Proc. Am. Acacl. xvi. 106. Arid districts of S. Utah, Nevada, and
adjacent borders of California, M. E. Jones, Parry, Sliockley.
9. IPOMOPSIS, p. 145. Char, revised. Flowers thyrsoid-paniculate and
either glomerate or open (rarely diffuse), with narrow if any bracts : these and
the calyx-teeth not pungent-tipped : corolla salverform or by gradual dilatation
of the tube trumpet-shaped, mostly elongated : stamens inserted in or below the
throat, either equally or unequally : filaments not rarely declined-incurved :
ovules and seeds few or numerous in the cells. -- Includes CoUomia Phloyan-
thea, and Lceselia Giliopsis, pp. 135, 13G, also Gilia Giliandra, p. 146.
G. COronopifolia, PERS., p. 145. Although the thickened cellular seed-coat does "not
develop mucilage nor spiral threads when wet," yet there are such threads in the cells,
which can be drawn out.
G. aggregata, SPRENG., p. 145. Stamens in some plants equally inserted and of equal
length, in others unequally inserted, either slightly or excessively. Collomia aggregata,
T. C. Porter, in ed. 1, 394: Rothrock in Wheeler Rep. vi. 198.
The following are additions to this section :
* Transferred from Collomia Phloganthea.
G. longiflora, DON, Collomia longiflora, Don, & p. 136.
G. Thurberi, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, & p. 136. CoUomia Thurberi, Gray, p.
136. Seemingly a perennial : corolla commonly an inch and a half long: stamens more
or less unequal, either very unequally or almost equally inserted, some or all of them ex-
serted from the throat, but all shorter than the lobes of the corolla. Not rare in the moun-
tains of S. Arizona, coll. Buckminster, Le.mmon, Pringle.
G. Macombii, TORR. in herb. Seemingly a suffrutescent-based many-stemmed perennial,
puberulent, a foot or two high : leaves rather rigid pinnately 3-7-parted into lobes not wider
than the rhachis, or entire and nearly filiform : glomernles of flowers in a narrow virgate
thyrsus : corolla violet-purple, salverform, with tube half-inch and the obovate mucronulate
lobes 2 lines long : stamens unequally inserted, 2 to 4 of them barely exserted from the
throat, with straight filaments: ovules 5 or 6 in each cell. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 301.
G. mult/flora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 146, in part. Collomia Cavanilleslana, Gray, Syn. Fl.
ed. 1, 136, in part. Mountains of Arizona, Newberry in Macomb's Exped., Wright (no.
1647), Lciiiinoti, Pringle.
G. multiflora, NDTT. Many-stemmed from a biennial or perhaps perennial root, a foot or
two high, witli paniculate or virgate branches ; these ciuereous-puberulent and the calvx
usually hirsute : inflorescence nearly of the preceding : corolla salverform, purplish with
POLEMONIACE^I. 411
slender tube less than half-inch and oblong lobes barely 2 lines long, one or two sinuses com-
monly deeper than the others : stamens equally or unequally inserted, conspicuously exserted,
and the upper part of the filaments incurved : ovules 2 to 4 in each cell. PI. Gamb. 154;
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 146, in part ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302. Collomia CavaniUesiana,
ed. 1, in part, not the Mexican G ilia ylomerijlora, Beuth. Common in New Mexico and
Arizona
G. Havardi. Many-stemmed from a perennial root, low, much branched, villous-pubescent :
leaves mostly piimately parted (or even those subtending the flowers 3-parted) into filiform
rigid lobes no broader than the rhachis : flowers scattered, mostly short-peduncled : calyx
hirsute ; its lobes slender-subulate and almost spinulose, nearly twice the length of the cap-
sule : tube of the nearly salverform corolla barely twice the length of the calyx (a quarter-
inch long) and hardly longer than the somewhat irregular or oblique limb ; its lobes oval,
obtuse, mucronulate : filaments equally inserted, as long as the corolla-lobes, conspicuously
declined-incurved : ovules several in each cell. Lceseiia Havardi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 87. Near Presidio del Norte on the Rio Grande, W. Texas, Huvard. Probably most
allied to G. Wriyhtii, of the same district.
* * Transferred from Lceseiia Giliojisit, p. 1-30: corolla with manifestly irregular limb, one of
the lobes being separated from the others by deeper sinuses; corolla-lobes more or less cuneate
and erose-truncate or 3-denticulate: filaments capillary, incurved-declined toward the apex in
anthesis, but mostly straightening: low perennials with suffrutesceut base.
-I Red-flowered: stamens and style longer than the corolla-lobes.
G. tenuifolia, Lceseiia tenuifolia, p. 136. Since coll. in southern parts of San Diego and
San Bernardino Co., by W. G. Wright, Parish, G. R. Vasey.
-t +- Purplish-flowered : stamens and style equalling in length but not exceeding the corolla-
lobes.
G. guttata. Herbaceous flowering branches a span or two long from a woody base,
glabrous, leafy, pauiculately several-flowered : leaves nearly filiform or acerose, all entire :
corolla violet or purplish and commonly spotted with deep-colored dots ; its slender tube
(half-inch or less long) very much surpassing the small calyx, and longer than the narrowly
cuneate 3-dentate lobes. Lceseiia yuttata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302. Extra-liniital,
in Lower California, but not far below the border, Orcutt.
G. Dunnii, Kellogg in Pacif. Rural Press, 1879, & Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 142. Lccselia effnsa,
p. 136. Cantillas Mountains, near the boundary between San Diego Co. and Lower Cali-
fornia, Palmer, and farther south, Orcutt.
12. EUGILIA, p. 146.
G. deb ills, WATSON, p. 147. G. Larseni, Gray, of the preceding page, is only a smaller and
more condensed state of this, growing in loose volcanic ashes, there only with long and
filiform root-stocks, instead of a stouter stock : well-developed stems a span or more high,
equably leafy to the top. Extends northward to the mountains of Washington Territory
and N. W. Montana, coll. Cusick, Suksdorf, Watson, Canbi/, Brandegee.
G. Nevinii. Next to G. rmilticaulis, p. 147, much more pubescent with short and above with
viscid hairs : leaves 2-3-piunately parted into more numerous lobes which are not broader
than the rhachis : flowers several and subsessile in the terminal glomerules : corolla violet,
with narrow tube and little dilated throat together 4 or 5 lines long and double the length
of the calyx, the limb comparatively small: capsule oblong, with 10 or 12 seeds in each cell.
G. muli/caulis, var. millefoh'a, Gray in Watson Fl. Guadalupe, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 118,
form with rather small corolla. San Clemente Island, off San Diego Co., California,
Nevin & Lijon. First found on Guadalupe, off Lower California, Palmer, in a form which
approaches G. laciniata, Ruiz Pav.
G. latiflora, p. 147. Foliage often lightly tomentulose, when young glabrate : calyx very
scarious below the sinuses to the base, glabrous or minutely glandular. Varies in size of
flowers, &c., down to
Var. exilis. Slender, effusely paniculate: flowers nearly all on elongated almost
capillary peduncles: corolla only 3 to 5 lines in length and of equal breadth of limb.-
412 SUPPLEMENT.
Common in S. California and east to Nevada : has mostly been referred to G. inconspicua,
var. sinuata, p. 148.
G. tenuiflora, BENTII., p. 147. Radical leaves often cottony-tomentose when young, soon
glabrate : calyx at most 2 lines long : corolla from half-inch to inch and a quarter long
(including the lobes) ; the slender tube dilated into the somewhat narrowly funnelform
throat. S. California to S. Utah.
G. inconspicua, DOUGL., p. 148. The panicles or flowering branches when well developed
are rather rigidly erect, at least not effuse ; the lateral peduncles short and erect, at least in
fruit. The figures of Smith and of Hooker (from weak plants raised in England, and from
which Beutham has mainly drawn the character) do not very well represent the species,
although the whole tube of the small corolla is often thus included. Yet it is very commonly
more exserted (as in var. sinuata), even before the fructified ovary enlarges, but always sal-
verform, having a small and narrow throat, and limb only 2 to 4 lines in diameter. The
effusely-flowered plants with ampliate throat, which were included in var. slnnatn, are now
taken for a small-flowered variety of G. latiflora. Apparently there are connecting forms
between all these species.
G. Brandegei, GRAY, p. 149. Add: Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6378.
3. LQESfiLiIA, L. Flowers involucrate or involucellate ; both bracts and
calyx wholly or mainly scarious. Corolla funnelform, either regular or one or
two sinuses deeper. Seeds winged or margined, the surface becoming mucilagi-
nous when wetted. Suffruticose, rarely annual, with spinulose-toothed leaves.
L. glandulosa, DON. Low, merely suffrutescent, ronghish-pubescent with short and partly
gland-tipped hairs : leaves mainly alternate, short-petioled or subsessile, lanceolate or nar-
rowly oblong, those next the-l-2-flowered clusters similar but small, few-toothed, not scarious
nor reticulated, nearly enclosing the involucre of wholly scarious oblong-lanceolate almost
entire bracts : corolla violet or bluish. 6 or 8 lines long : filaments more or less declined-
iucurved: seeds broadly winged. Syst. iv. 248; Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 319, in part (i. e.
Hoitzia conylomerata, HBK., H. capitata, Willd., & //. nepetcefolia, Cham.). Hoitzia ylan-
dulosa, Cav. Ic. Ear. iv. 45, t. 367. //. Cervantesii, HBK., Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 164. //.
spicata, Willd. ex Rcem. & Schult. Syst. iv. 370. Santa Rita Mountains, S. Arizona,
Pringle. (Mex.)
5. (to be 4.) POLEM6NIUM, TOUEN. Flowers naked. Calyx herba-
ceous throughout, soft, usually accrescent. Corolla from rotate to fuunelforin.
Filaments pilose-bearded at base. Leaves simply pinnate, muticous.
P. cseruleum, L. p. 151, only recently known at one or two stations in the Atlantic States,
has now been detected also at Bethlehem, New Hampshire, by F. 8. Beane, and on the moun-
tains in Garrett Co., Maryland, by J. Donnell Smith.
P. flavum, GREENE. Like P. foliosissimum, but with flowers somewhat more paniculate and
larger : corolla fully as large as in P. canileum, " yellow with tawny red outside," with broadly
obconical throat and ovate acuminate lobes ! Bot. Gazette, vi. 217. Highest slopes of the
Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico, Greene.
P. pectmatum, GREENE. Glabrous and glamlloss up to the minutely glandular and pu-
bescent inflorescence : leaflets very narrowly linear, hardly wider than the rhachis : corolla
probably white : otherwise not unlike narrow-leaved P. foliosissimum, of which it may be an
extreme variety. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 10. Eastern part of Washington Terr., E. W.
I/ili/nrd, fide Greene.
P. carneum, GRAY, p. 151. Extends to the southwestern part of Oregon, where it was
collected at Chetco by Iloirell.
Var. luteum. Corolla yellow, the lobes (as in the species) broadly obovate, with
rounded or refuse apex. Cascade Mountains, Oregon, Howell, 1885.
P. foliosissimum, GRAY, p. 151. To this probably belongs P. Mexicanum, Nutt. Jour.
Acad. Philad. vii. 41, from the northern Rocky Mountains.
HYDKOPHYLLACE^E. 413
HYDROPHYLLACE^E.
2. NEM6PHILA, Nutt.
N. Menziesii, HOOK. & ARN., p. 156. Apparently this produces either cleistogamous or
small and self-fertilized flowers at certain seasons. N. 'inodesta, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad.
vii. 93 (1877), by the description, should be this species.
3. ELLfSIA, L.
B. chrysanthemifolia, BEXTH., p. 158. Add syn. : Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia, Greene,
Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 200. Originals of Nuttall's two species, of coll. Gambel (ticketed
"Angeles"), are quite alike, with finely dissected leaves. Exclude the syn. of Torr. in Ives
Colorado Exp., which belongs to the following.
E. Torreyi, GRAY. Weak and diffuse, with long internodes : leaves pinnately parted into
oblong siiiuate-pinnatih'd divisions (half or full inch long), the upper usually sessile by a con-
spicuously auriculate-dilated insertion : racemes sparsely few-flowered : calyx equalling the
small corolla and surpassing the capsule. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 302. Phacelia micrantha?
var. bipinnatijida, Torr. in Ives Colorado Exp. Bot. 21. H. Arizona, Yampai Valley near
the Colorado, Newbern/. Mountains near Tucson, in shade of rocks, Priny/e.
Var. Orcuttii. Coarser and taller: upper leaves merely piuuatih'd with incised or
toothed lobes : calyx in fruit still more ampliate, becoming four lines in diameter. Eucrypta
paniculata, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 1. c. Northern borders of Lower California,
Orcutt.
5. PHACELIA, Juss.
1. EUPHACELIA, p. 158.
P. Pringlei, GRAY. Next after P. namat aides, p. 158. More .slender and widely branched,
glandular-pubescent, little over a span high : leaves linear with tapering base, the lower
opposite, all shorter than the slender and strict racemiform inflorescence : sepals linear, about
half the length of the rotate-campanulate blue corolla, longer than the globose capsule :
seeds angled and not hollowed ventrally. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223. Mountains of
N. California, near the sources of the Sacramento, Pn'nyle, and (in the same district?)
Parry.
P. malvSBfolia, CHAM., has now been detected at various points from the coast of Oregon
to Monterey. Next to this,
P. Rattani, GRAY. Smaller throughout, beset wifh slender but almost equally stinging
bristles : leaves ovate or oval, with base truncate or barely suhcordate, incisely somewhat
lobed and crenate, only the lower palmately veined at base : spikes slender : calyx of four spatu-
late and one larger obovate sepals . corolla hardly over 2 lines long, whitish : stamens and
style included : seeds not unlike those of P. malvcefolia but only half the size, less carinate
ventrally. Along streams, N. W. California, Lake Co., and Russian River, Rat/a/i, Mrs.
Curran, to S. W. Oregon, Howe//. Seeds, as in all the preceding species, pp. 158, 159, des-
titute of ventral excavation with median ridge, which is common in the following.
The subdivision H H 1 , beginning at foot of p. 159, and ending near the foot of p. 161,
is here revised and augmented.
-I -1 -i Leaves from simple (ovate-oblong or narrower) and pinnately dentate or lobed to pin-
nately compound: flowers crowded in the scorpioid inflorescence.
H- Seeds cymbiform and the concave face divided by a strong and salient longitudinal ridge: sepals
uniform, entire.
414 SUPPLEMENT.
= Flowers racemose and much crowded (even in age) on the short axis or branches of the scor-
pioid cymes on which the slender and densely long-villons pedicels are spreading at right
angles: sepals linear-spatulate, much longer tliau the globular capsule.
P. pedicellata, GRAY, p. 160. Collected iu flower, with rounded or mostly subcordate
and petiolnlutc lobes to the leaves, in 1884, at Yucca, Arizona, by Jllarcus E. Jones. (Lower
California, as supposed, Dr. Streets.)
= = Flowers spieately disposed, being sessile or short-pedicellud, and the fruit erect on the axis
or branches of the inflorescence: sepals equalling or moderately surpassing the capsule: ail but
the later species more or less viscid or glandular, and heavy-scented, commonly more or less
pubescent or somewhat hirsute, not setose hispid nor long-villous.
a. Leaves all undivided, at most crenate-pinnatifid: stem strictly erect: seeds oblong-elliptical,
thickly papillose-roughened on the back, but without distinct reticulation.
P. integrifolia, TORR., with var. Palmeri, p. ico.
b. At least some of the leaves pinnately parted or lyrate : sepals not manifestly surpassing the
globular capsule: seeds rou.nhish with obscure reticulations on the back, the ventral ridge or the
incurved margins, or both, becoming corrugate-tuberculate at maturity.
P. crenulata, Tom:., p. 160. A foot or less high : leaves variable, from elongated-oblong
to roundish in outline, from creuately pinnatifid or incised to pinnately parted into roundish
or oblong lobes, the lower pair often detached and even petiolulate : corolla from deep
violet-blue to " pale purple," with expanded limb commonly half-inch broad : stamens and
style exserted : seeds elliptical, the largest almost 2 lines long, at maturity corrugate-tuber-
culate on the ventral ridge and usually on the incurved margins.
P. CSerulea, GREENE. A span to a foot high, with the foliage and viscidity of the preceding,
less or not at all unpleasantly scented, much smaller-flowered : corolla only 2 lines high, pale
blue to purplish : stamens and style not exserted : seeds about a line aud a half long, ob-
long-oval, nearly like those of P. crcnuhtla. Torr. Bull. viii. 122 (but seeds not "almost
linear," &c.). P. inventista, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 303. Common both in N. and S.
Arizona, iu dry ground ; first coll. by Wrlyld, &c.
P. Arizonica, GRAY, p. 394 of ed. 1. Depressed-diffuse, with ascending stems a span or two
long, cinereous-puberulent, very slightly viscid : leaves from deeply pinnatifid into closely
approximate and regular oblong and entire lobes (of 3 or 4 lines in length) to pinnately
divided and the segments pinnatifid : cyme naked-pedunculate, crowded : corolla white (or
at most with some blue lines), barely 3 lines, high and broad : stamens and style well ex-
serted : seeds short-oval, a line or more long, thickly transversely corrugate-tuberculate down
the incurved margins and ventral ridge. Plains of S. Arizona (and adj. Souora), Greene,
Leinmon, Pringle, Parish.
c. Leaves mostly pinnately parted, and below divided and the segments pinnatifid or incised:
sepals hardly longer than the capsule: seeds oblong or elliptical, tlatter and thinner, not at all
corrugated or thickened on the margins, the whole surface conspicuously favose-reticulated with
smooth and even meshes.
P. glandulosa, NUTT. A span to a foot high, rather stout, viscidly pubescent or in the
inflorescence hirsute : primary segments of the leaves few-lobed or incised, or some entire :
flowers comparatively large : corolla violet or blue, 4 or 5 lines high, with ample rounded
lobes quite entire : stamens and style much exserted : capsule short-oval. P. glandulosa in
part, p. 160. Rocky Mountains of Wyoming at the head-waters of the Colorado, Nutta/l,
Geyer, and of S. W. Montana, Watson. Also at the head of the Rio Graude, subalpine,
Brandeqfc.
P. Neo-Mexicana, THURBER. A span to 2 feet high, erect and strict, very leafy, viscid-
pubescent, sometimes also hirsute : leaves interruptedly twice pinnately parted into small
and short lobes : corolla comparatively small, 2 or 3 lines long, bluish or purplish, the short
lobes from minutely crenulate to erose-denticulate : stamens and style often no longer than
the corolla-lobes, sometimes rather conspicuously exserted. Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143.
P. glandulosa, var. Neo-]\lericana, Gray, p. 160. Common on the plains, from N. Colorado
to New Mexico. A peculiar state of a short-stamened form, with much less dissected
leaves and almost oblong capsule, coll. in central part of Colorado by Brandegee, needs
further inquiry.
HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 415
d. Leaves, &c., as of last preceding, but destitute of glands or viscidity: sepals a little or moder-
ately surpassing the capsule: seeds with a scabrous reticulation, the uneven meshes being some-
what muriculatc at the junctions, the ventral ridge and margins not tuberculate nor corrugate.
P. Popei, TORR. & GRAY. Habit and dissected foliage of P. Neo-Mexicana (with which it
has been confounded) : corolla-lobes entire, little surpassed by the stamens : sepals spatulate :
capsule globose. Pacif. K. Rep. ii. 172, t. 10; Gray, Proc. Am. A cad. xx. 303. On,
p. 160 wrongly referred to P. ylandulosa. High plains of W. Texas (first coll. by Gen.
Pupe) to New Mexico and the Mexican, borders, coll. Wright, Tlturber, Rothrock, lieverclion
(in Curtiss distrib. as P. ylandulosa), Havard.
P. COngesta, HOOK., p. ICO. Calyx-lobes from linear to oblanceolate : capsule ovoid. The
common form, with comparatively few and broad lobes to the leaves, passes through that
referred by A. DC. to P. tanaceti folia, into
Var. dissecta. Leaves more finely once or twice pinnately divided or parted into
more numerous segments and lobes, with small interposed lobelets. P. ylandulosa, var.
Neo-Mexicana, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 118. Dallas, Texas, licrcrchon (the extreme
form in distrib. Curtiss, 2128), to the Rio Grande, Palmer, &c., and adj. Mex.
H- -H- Seed commonly solitary (the other cell and the companion of the fertile ovule aborting),
nearly terete and with a closed ventral groove : sepals heteromorphous, surpassing the small cap-
sule : pedicels short, ascending or erect when fructiferous: annual, not setose-hispid.
P. platyloba, GRAY. Minutely pubescent, or the inflorescence sparsely hirsute, obscurely
viscidulous : stem slender, a foot or two high, sparsely leafy : leaves piunately divided ; the
oblong or lanceolate divisions either crenately lobeil and toothed or once or twice pinuatifid,
small : fructiferous spikes becoming loose and slender : calyx only 2 lines long when in
fruit; sepals all with narrow or petiole-like base, one or two dilated into a rounded or
obovate entire or 2-5-cleft lamina, the others narrowly or broadly spatulate : corolla some-
what rotate, bluish, little surpassing the calyx. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 223, now extended.
California, in Fresno Co., Parr//, and Mariposa Co., Congdon.
H- -H- -H- Seeds rounded on the back, acute-angled or obtuse ventrally, the two sides slightly
when at all concave. (Those of P. phyllomanica unknown.)
= Herbage soft-pubescent and partly villous or soft-hirsute, not hispid, and with little or no vis-
cidity: sepals or most of them pinnately 3-5-partecl or cleft: cymes crowded : insular species.
P. floribunda, GREENE. Annual, a foot or two high, freely branched, a little glandular :
leaves green, pinnately divided into 6 or 8 pairs of linear-oblong segments (with some inter-
posed lobelets), and these nearly bipinnatifid : lobes of the sepals narrowly spatulate, nearly
equalling the violet-blue open-cam pan ulate (2 or 3 lines long) corolla: stamens little ex-
serted : seeds scrobiculate and somewhat tuberculate, less than a line long. Bull. Calif.
Acad. i. 200. P. phi/lloinanica, var. interrupta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 87, & p. 161.
Island of San Clemente, off San Diego, Nevin & Li/on, 1885. (Guadalupe Island, Palmer,
Greene.)
P. phyllomanica, GRAY, p. 160. Perennial, with suffrutescent base, 3 to 6 feet high, very
leafy, tomentulose-canescent : flowers nearly double the size of those of P. floribunda.
Still extra-limital, again collected, just coming into blossom, on Guadalupe, by Greene, 1885.
= = Eoughish-pubescent, at least the inflorescence beset with some strong-hirsute or setose-
hispid hairs: sepals entire (with rare exceptions), longer than the capsule.
a. Annual, with coarsely lobed foliage: pedicels (either short or slender) in the at length elongated
and fruiting inflorescence horizontal: sepals very narrow, filiformly attenuate downward, soft-
hispid or barbate with very long hairs, very much surpassing the small globose capsule.
P. hispida, GRAY, p. 161. Common through S. California, extending to Arizona. Corolla
purplish or pale rose-color. Seeds roughish-scrobiculute.
b. Perennial, with spreading or decumbent stems and rather coarsely lobed foliage: short pedicels
ascending in the dense and not much elongated fruiting spikes: sepals spatnlate or broader, one
or two often much dilated, all fully twice the length of the ovoid or suhglobose capsule: corolla-
appendages narrow]}' quadrate-oblong, adnate up to the throat and truncate.
P. ramosissima, DOUGL. , p. 161. A species of considerable diversity in foliage, vis-
cidity, &c., and of wide geographical range, now pretty well defined. Capsule in the Northern
416 SUPPLEMENT.
typical form short-ovoid, and seeds oblong. The prevalent Southern form, hardly or not at
all more indurated or lignescent at base, is
Var. suffrutescens, PARRY, in herb. (P. suffrutescens, Parry in Proc. Davenp. Acad.
Nat. Sci. iv. 38), has capsule globose-ovoid and seeds oval: no other tangible difference.
P. tanacetifolia, var. latifolia, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 143.
c. Annual: calyx mostly sessile or nearly so, erect or ascending in the fructiferous spikes, con-
siderably longer than the capsule: corolla-appendages short and broad, at or near the base of
the tube.
1. Leaves finely and compoundly dissected: calyx not manifestly accrescent nor veiny: seeds
rather rugose-tuberculate than scrobiculate.
P. distans, BENTH. Mostly slender and smaller than the next, but sometimes tall, with
similar but usually more finely dissected leaves : sepals unequal, from nearly linear to spatu-
late, or one or two more dilated upward (rarely incised or lobed) : corolla 3 or 4 lines long,
rotate-campanulate, from sordid-whitish or ochroleucous to violet ; the internal appendages
broadly semi-ovate with a free pointed tip : stamens little or not at all surpassing the corolla-
lobes : capsule globular. Bot. Sulph. 37, since wholly overlooked. P. tanacetifolia (var.
tennifoHa, Harvey, Thurber, in Bot. Mex. Bound. 143), and P. ciliata, in part, p. 161. The
original from Bodegas Bay, Hinds, common thence to the southern border of California,
mostly near the coast, but reaching Arizona. A form with incised sepals, San Clemente
Island, JYen'/i & Li/on.
P. tanacetifolia, BENTH., p. 161. Stouter and larger: sepals linear, beset with more rigid
bristles, in fruit seldom much longer than the oval capsule : corolla open-campauulate,
4 lines long, violet or bluish, its appendages very wide, and with inner margin wholly
aduate : stamens much exserted.
2. Leaves less dissected, usually once pinnately parted, or below divided into oblong pinnatelv in-
cised segments: inflorescence less scorpioid: calyx strikingly accrescent and transversely veiny
in fruit, the sepals becoming oblong- or ovate-lanceolate and bristly-ciliate : stamens not surpassing
the corolla-lubes: seeds scrobiculate but smootbish.
P. ciliata, BENTH., p. 161. Extends from East Oregon to Lower California.
5. WHITLA'VIA, p. 114.
P. campanularia, GRAY. Add: "Rolfe in Card. Chron. n. ser. xx. 135, with figure;
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6735. Now established in cultivation : corolla deep blue.
P. Parryi, TORR.- Add : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6842. P. ^anchilosa, Kellogg, Proc. Calif.
Acad. vii. 92. Commonly (not always) with five bright yellow spots in the throat, opposite
to the lobes ; these figured and described as staminodes in Bot. Mag. 1. c. This and the
foregoing species are choice introductions to the gardens.
P. longipes, TORR. Not rare in canons in Los Angeles and San Bernardino Co., S. Cali-
fornia.
6. EUTOCA, p. 164.
P. procera, GRAY, p. 166. Extends northward to Washington Territory, Howell, Suks-
dorf. Corolla ochroleucous.
P. Menzi6sii, TORR., p. 166. Appendages of the corolla conniving in pairs opposite the
lobes, forming five nectariferous grooves alternate with the stamens.
The two following species come on p. 167, after P. infundibuHformis, to which the first is
most related, but the seeds of both are of the usual form in Entoca, not excavated and ridged
on the ventral face.
P. L^oni, GRAY. Viscid-pubescent and heavy-scented, a foot or more high, robust : leaves
pinnately divided into narrowly oblong and deeply pinnatificl divisions; their short lobes
oval and crenate: spikes dense: corolla (pale or ochroleucous) 2 or 3 lines long, broadly
campanulate ; the appendages semi-oval, their base united to the filament : stamens ar.d
style not exserted : capsule narrowly oblong, many-seeded, nearly equalling the linear-
spatulate hispid and viscid sepals: seeds oval, scrobiculate. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 303.
Santa Catalina, off Los Angeles, Nevin & Lyon, 1884.
HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 417
P. ixodes, KELLOGG. Viscid and villous, heavy-scented, tall and stout: leaves pinnately
parted or below divided, and the coarse divisions sinuate-pinnatifid or merely incised: spikes
dense : flowers considerably larger than in the foregoing : corolla open-campauulate, 4 or 5
lines in length and breadth of limb, bluish ; its appendages semi-orbicular, wholly adnate,
oblique, and united with the base of the filament : stamens and style not exserted : sepals in
fruit 5 lines long, spatulate, a little longer than the oblong many-seeded capsule : seeds
oblong, angulate, scrobiculate. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 6 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. Ex-
tra-limital, first collected on Cedros Island, Lower California, but now found so near the
boundary as All Saints' Bay, Orcntt.
P. brachyloba, GRAY, p. 167. Ovules often as many as 20 in each cell: appendages of
the corolla sometimes obsolete.
P. circinatiformis, GRAY, p. 167. This has been collected on Mount Hamilton, Santa
Clara Co., but is still very little known.
P. Parishii, GRAY. Very like P. piilrkclla, p. 168, in foliage and habit : peduncles fully as
long as the fruiting spike, the primary ones scape-like : flowers almost sessile, crowded :
corolla (2 lines long) blue or bluish, hardly at all surpassing the calyx, the appendages ob-
scure or none : fructiferous sepals broadly spatulate, equalling the oblong about 20-seeded
capsule: seeds over half-line in length (twice the size of those of P. pii/rhel/a), narrowly
oblong, scrobiculate. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 88. S. E. California, near Rabbit Springs,
on the borders of the Mohave Desert, May, 1882, Parish.
P. Lemmoni. Near to P. pulchella and the preceding, more leafy and taller : leaves thin-
ner and rounder, coarsely angulate-dentate or crenate, lower ones subcordate : spikes short-
peduncled, in fruit rather loose and with short pedicels erect : corolla white (2 or 3 lines
long), hardly twice the length of the calyx, the appendages semi-oblong; fructiferous sepals
spatulate, viscidulous, hardly puberulent, a little longer than the ovoid about 30-seeded cap-
sule : seeds short-oval, a third of a line long, minutely scrobiculate. N. W. Arizona, on
plains, at Mineral Park, 1884, Lemwon, coll. no. 3350.
P. saxicola, GRAY. Near P. puslUa, p. 169, more hirsutely pubescent, a span or less high,
diffusely branched from the annual root : leaves narrowly spatulate, the base narrowed into
a slender petiole, entire : flowers few and sparsely racemose, short-pedicelled : sepals spatu-
late-liuear, 2 to 4 lines long, either moderately or very much surpassing the oblong-campanu-
late blue corolla; internal appendages very narrow: capsule small, oval-oblong: seeds
globular, smoothish. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 304. N. W. Arizona, at Kingsman's Station,
April, 1884, Lemmon, on rocks, which the insinuating roots cleave off in thin scales.
P. glechomaefolia. Next to P. rotundifolia, p. 169, larger, merely viscidulous-puberulent
(no hirsute pubescence): stem a foot or less high, paniculately much branched: leaves
slender-petioled, all but the uppermost cordate-orbicular, coarsely crenate, an inch wide :
flowers loosely racemose, on slender and mostly filiform pedicels of half to a quarter inch in
length, spreading in anthesis and mostly so in fruit : corolla funnelform, 4 or 5 lines long,
lilac-purple, twice or thrice the length of the calyx ; internal appendages narrow : fructiferous
sepals spatulate, a little longer than the oval and obtuse many-seeded capsule : seeds globose-
oval, deeply scrobiculate, hardly a quarter of a line long. Between Peach Springs and the
Grand Caiiou of the Colorado, May, 1885, A. Gray.
7. MlCROGENETES, p. 169.
P. Ivesiana, TORR. Extends northward in the dry region to the interior of Oregon and
Washington Terr., Suksdorf, Howe/I. Near this and P. Fremontii come the following :
P. Orcuttiana, GRAY. Viscid, puberulent, about a foot high : leaves pinnatifid, somewhat
lyrate, the lobes short-oblong and entire : flowers sessile in the at length elongated dense
spikes : corolla rotate-campanulate, double the length of the cnlyx, with limb 3 or 4 lines
broad, white with yellow eye, nearly or quite destitute of internal appendages : capsule oval,
nearly equalling the narrowly spatulate (barely 2 lines long) sepals, 12-14-seeded : seeds
oval, obscurely favose-reticulated between the transverse corrugations. Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 88. Mountains of Lower California not far below the U. S. boundary, Orrntt.
P. afflnis. Between the foregoing and P. Frpmnntii, viscid and puberulent, less than a foot
high : leaves pinnately parted mostly into linear-oblong entire or incisely toothed lobes :
27
418 SUPPLEMENT.
flowers short-pedicelled, less crowded or sparse in the fruiting spikes : corolla rotate-cam-
panulate, about half as large as in the preceding, light blue, a little exceeding the calyx :
capsule oblong, shorter than the spatulate-dilated (3 or 4 lines long) fructiferous sepals,
20-30-seeded : seeds oval-oblong, strongly favose-reticulated between the corrugations.
With or near the preceding, Orcutt.
P. Fremontii, TORR., p. I/O. Add syu. : P. Brannani, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad.
vii. 90.
P. bicolor, TORR., p. 170. Extends northward as far as to the plains of Eastern Ore-
gon, lloirell.
P. gymnodada, TORR., p. 170. Specific name not significant. P. Cooperce, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xv. 49, of which only a siugle specimen is known, sent by Mrs. Ellwood Cooper
from Santa Barbara, may well be only a form of this, perhaps not collected in that district.
A wholly peculiar species of this section is the following ;
P. pachyphylla, GRAY. Stout, a foot or less high, with widely spreading branches, pu-
bescent and very viscid : leaves thick, large (inch or two in diameter), roundish and subcor-
datc, repand or entire, on stout petioles usually of equal length, uppermost subsessile : spikes
dense, pedunculate : corolla campanulate, about 3 lines long, probably blue or purple, a little
longer than the calyx: capsule globular, many-seeded, equalling the oblong-linear sepals:
seeds oval-oblong, half a line in length. Proc. Am. Acad xix. 88. Alkaline soil in the
Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Palmer, Parish, Lennnon, Jones.
9. ROMANZ6FFIA, Chain.
B. Unalascllkensis, CHAM., p. 172. This has been collected, quite out of supposed
range, at Big Flat, Del Norte Co., N. California, by W. II. Sliocklei/ and Mrs. Awes, 1880.
R. Sitchensis, BONG., is commonly white-flowered, and with slight pubescence of calyx
and capsule.
12. NAMA, L. P. 173, add : Gray in IIemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 360,
for the most recent revision of the genus. Stamens not rarely with adnate por-
tion of the filaments dilated into more or less free membranaceous margins, which
o
answer to the internal appendages of the Phaceliece, those in one or two species
extended above into a free tooth on each side of filament ! No hypogynous
disk, but base of calyx obscurely adnate to base of ovary in the original N. Jamai-
cense and some others, in N. stenocarpum calyx-tube and capsule much united !
Styles sometimes united below. Valves of capsule either membranaceous or
coriaceous, sometimes becoming bifid, as in N. Jamaicense.
N. Stenocarpum, GRAY, p. 174. (Biol. Centr.-Am. etc., & Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 118.)
Calyx adherent to the base of the capsule, more or less firmly, sometimes for nearly half the
length of thf latter ! Styles united at base or even higher, occasionally 3. Extends to the
southeastern border of California.
N. deprassum, LEMMON. After A T . Conheri, p. 174. Depressed, repeatedly divaricate-
dichotomous and with long naked internodes, cinereous-pnberulent : leaves crowded at the
summit of the branches, spatulate-lanceolate and tapering into a petiole: flowers short-
podirolled in the forks : corolla narrow and small (2 lines long), purplish, little longer than
the calyx : sepals some linear, some spatulate-dilated at apex, equalling or moderately
exceeding the oval-oblong membranaceous torose capsule: seeds (quarter of a line long)
oval, with obscurely undulate thin and smooth coat. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 304.
S. E. California, in the Mohave District near Calico, Lcmtnon.
N. pusillum, LEMMON. Next the preceding, exiguous, depressed, soft-pubescent : leaves
obovate-spatulate or ovate, abruptly contracted into a petiole of nearly same length (both
together only a quarter or half inch long) : flowers subsessile in the forks : corolla salverform
and narrow (barely a line and a half long), light rose-color, a little longer than the at length
HYDROPHYLLACE^E. 419
spatulate sepals, the limb minute : capsule oval, erect : seeds globular, obsoletely ru'gulose,
and with a very smooth thin coat. Gray, 1. c. With the foregoing, Ltiiuiwn.
N. dlchotomum, CHOIS., not Ruiz & Pav., who have it as Hydrolea dickotoma. The re-
markable var. angustifolium extends well into Mexico. Next to this species is
N. origanifolium, HBK. Perennial, herbaceous from a lignesceut base, or suffruticulose,
low and small : leaves oblong or spatulate-obovate, sessile by a narrowed base or short-
petioled, soft pubescent, a quarter to half inch long, the margins somewhat revolute : flowers
short-peduucled : corolla 3 lines long, surpassing the calyx : sepals linear, moderately dilated
upward, nearly twice the length of the ovoid capsule : seeds about 20, oblong, smooth.
Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii. 130, t. 218; Gray in Hemsl. 1. c. 362. Crevices of rocks, Guadalupe
Mountains, S. W. Texas, uear the Rio Grande, Havard. (Mex.)
N. Lobbii, GRAY, p. 175. Gray in Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 362. Eriodictyon
Lobbii, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 202. Ovules about 8, pendulous. Capsule obovate-
globose, thin-coriaceous ; valves tardily bifid, the narrow placentoj breaking up. Seeds
broadly oval or roundish, half a line long, large for the capsule, with a smooth minutely
cellular-reticulate coat.
N. Havardi, GRAY. Near N. Palmeri and the next, a foot or more high, herbaceous from
a lignesceut probably perennial root, more or less cinereous with soft pubescence : stem erect
and stout, freely branching : leaves oblong or uppermost lanceolate, acutish, with tapering
base, lower somewhat petioled, veins very obscure : flowers cymulose, short-pedicelled :
corolla 4 or 5 lines long, salverform, apparently purplish, a little longer than the calvx :
filaments aduate to the middle and below membrauaceous margined, toothless : capsule
oblong-ovoid, inembranaceous, much shorter than the narrow-linear slightly dilated sepals:
seeds 16 or more, globular or short-oval, with a firm faintly scrobiculate coat. Proc. Am.
Acad. xx. 304. S. W. borders of Texas, on alkaline bank of Tornillo Creek, Havard.
N. Stenophyllum, GRAY. Suffruticose, a foot or less high, rather stout, strigulose-
ciuereous or more loosely hirsute : stems very leafy throughout : leaves from narrowly linear
to almost filiform, about an inch long: flowers densely cymulose at the summit of the
branches : corolla nearly salverform (4 or 5 lines long), more or less surpassing the calyx:
margin of the filaments on each side terminating above in a free short denticulation : cap-
sule ovoid-oblong, thinnish, much shorter than the narrow linear obtuse sepals: seeds about
40, globular and angulate, a third of a line long, muricate ! Biol. Centr.-Am. 1. c. (exclud-
ing the last line of the character, the printer's error: it belongs to N. stenocarpum),
Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 118. S. W. border of Texas, on bluffs of Delaware Creek, east of
Guadalupe Mountains, 1882, Havard. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
N. Rothrockii, GRAY, p. 175. Valves of the ovate capsule not splitting in age.
N. Parryi, GRAY, p. 175. Valves of the short oval capsule splitting into two after dehis-
cence, the placenta? breaking up : stem 3 to 6 feet high, at base " pithy and only soft-woody " ;
perennial : " tube and throat of corolla white, lobes light purple," Parish. Collected also in
the Sierra Madre of Los Angeles Co. by sou of J. C. Nevin, 1884.
13. ERIODICTYON, Benth. P. 175, 176, add:-
E. sessilif olium, GREENE. Very leafy : pubescence partly villous and hirsute : leaves ob-
long or upper ones lanceolate, all closely sessile by a broad and truncate or subcordate base,
acutely and closely dentate (in age becoming glabrate and glutinous above) : otherwise
nearly like the E. crass! folium form of E. tomentosum. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 201. Guada-
lupe Canon, and elsewhere in Lower California, not far below the U. S. boundary to All
Saints' Bay, Parry, Orcutt, and recently Greene. The seeds (with delicate stria- and trans-
verse reticulation) appear to be quite alike, as far as seen, in all the species and forms, which
are very difficult to define.
E. tomentosum, BENTH., p. 176, is founded on a plant with pannose tomontum and no
villous or hirsute pubescence until the inflorescence is reached, such as Greene in Bull.
Calif. Acad. 1. c., describes from Monterey Co., but with the corollas seemingly in the same
imperfectly developed or deformed condition which Bentham had in his E. crassifolium, in
420 SUPPLEMENT.
this state "hardly surpassing the calyx (2 lines long)," and its lobes "very small, erect-
spreadiug." But well-developed flowers of E, crassifolium we know to be even half an inch
long and much surpassing the calyx. On Santa Catalina, Li/on got a narrower-leaved
form of the true E. tomentosum, with finer tomeutum not pauuose on the stem, and normally
developed salverform corollas.
A multitude of forms from Lower and Southern California (including E. angustifolium,
var. pubens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224), with and without villous or hirsute inflores-
cence, now connect E. angustifolium with E. glutinosum. This extends northward to Oregon,
coll. Howell.
BORRAGINACE^E.
The following changes in the synopsis of the genera are, for brevity and con-
venience, based on the North American representatives.
H- (P. 178, line 36.) Nutlets attached above the middle, wholly flat and thin, horizontally
divergent, in pairs or radiate; margins pectinately and uncinately setiferous.
8. PECTOCARYA.
-H. -H. Nutlets thicker, with ventral or introrse-basal attachment.
= Glochicliate-armed: corolla short, with fornicate throat: calyx spreading or reflexed in fruit.
9. CYNOGLOSSUM. Nutlets horizontally radiate or barely ascending, much produced
below the high ventral insertion upon the low gynobase, on separation each pendulous by a
portion of the style which is torn away from below upward.
10. ECHINOSPERMUM. Nutlets erect or much ascending; the insertion supra-basal,
central, or from the inside of base to apex.
= = Not glochidiate, nor with loose or fleshy pericarp.
a. Corolla short, white or blue (only in an anomalous species elongated and yellow), usually with
more or less fornicate throat.
11. OMPHALODES. Nutlets obliquely ascending (or in typical species depressed^ and
nearly horizontal), with depressed or truncate-complanate back bordered by an acute mar-
gin or an at length revolute (entire or dentate or spiuulose) wing: scar short, from supra-
basal to supra-median.
1 1 1 . KRYNITZKIA. Nutlets erect and straight, with wing or border, if any, unarmed and
plane, with iutrorse-basal or also ventral attachment from the base upward, the scar or
groove of attachment wholly naked. Fructiferous calyx erect or little spreading. (Includes
also no. 14, p. 179.)
12. PLAGIOBOTHRYS. Nutlets crustaceous or rarely coriaceous, ovate or trigonous,
oblique or incurved, and often incumbent over the low gyuohase, to the depressed areola of
which they are attached by a median and either perforated or solid (sessile or short stipi-
tate) false caruncle.
13. ECHIDIOCARYA. Nutlets ovate-pyramidal, with ventral keel produced at base into
a conspicuous indurated stipe ; the stipes united in pairs below and inserted by a common
excavated base to the low gynobase. Otherwise as Plagiobothrys.
b. Corolla yellow, with usually more elongated tube and naked open throat.
14- AMSINCKIA. As on p. 179.
= = = Not glochidiate nor appendaged, with loose pericarp soft and thin or fleshy: corolla
from campanulate to trumpet-shaped, with open throat.
15. MERTENSIA. As on p. 179.
H- -H- -H- (in place of = =, p. 179.) Nutlets erect, with direct and centrally basal attachment
to the depressed gynobase. (16- 21.)
ASPERUGO FROctfMBENS, L., a European annual, well marked by its much enlarged mem-
branaceons and veiny fructiferous calyx, has sparingly appeared in waste grounds around New
York and Philadelphia, and at the red pipestone quarry in Minnesota.
C6RDIA GREGGII, Torr., p. 180, remarkable for its large flowers and small leaves, has been
found by Pringle not far below the boundary in Sonora, near the Gulf of California.
BORRAGINACE.E. 421
2. BOURRERIA, P. Browne.
B. Havanensis, var. radula, p- 181. Add syu. : Cordia Fhridana, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 83,
t. 107, the corolla depicted in the figure and described in letterpress as "yellow." Probably
a mistake.
3. EHRETIA, L.
E. elliptica, DC., p. 181. Add syn. : E. exasperata and E. ciliata, Miers, Bot. Contrib. ii.
229, 230, founded on Liudheimer's specimens.
5. TOURNEF6RTIA, L.
T. mollis, GRAY, p. 183. Rediscovered on the arid plains of S. W. Texas, by Havard.
T. Monclovana, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 120, of adjacent Coahuila, appears to be a
form of this.
6. HELIOTR6FIUM, Tourn.
H. COnvolvulaceum, GRAY, p. 183. II. Californicum, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 202,
a form of the Mohave plant (coll. Cooper, Parish, Lemmon, which is hispid rather than stri-
gose, and dwarf), remarkable for its glabrous nutlets (coll. Mrs. Latjne-Curran). They are
not so in Cooper's specimens ; those of Parish aud Lemmon are not in fruit, nor are those
of Palmer of S. W. Utah, which are more strigose iu pubescence.
8. PECTOCARYA, DC.
P. setosa and P. pusilla, p. 187, both occur northward as far as to "Washington Territory;
the former collected by Brandegee, the latter by Hoicell and by Suksdorf.
9. CYNOG-L6SSUM, Tourn.
C. grande, DOUGL., p. 188. Forms of this pass freely into the smooth and glabrous form,
Var. Icfeve. C. Iceve, 1. c. Not rare from Tamalpais northward.
The two dubious species forming the third division, now known in fruit, are to be excluded :
see p. 422, 423.
10. ECHINOSPERMUM, Lehm., rather than S war tz.
1. L^PPULA, p. 188. The first division of this section ( * ) is here re-
elaborated.
Biennials, perhaps sometimes annuals.
-H- Very small-flowered and loosely racemed: corolla and nutlets not over 2 lines lone;: leaves
thin and green.
E. Virginicum, LEHM., p. 189. Nutlets of the globose fruit equably short-glochidiate over
the whole back : racemes spreading. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224.
E. pinetorum, GREENE. Nutlets of the hemispherical-subpyramidal fruit marginally
glochidiate with flattened prickles, and the depressed ovate dorsal disk only glochidiate-
muriculate : racemes erect : leaves small (cauline an inch or two long), narrowly oblong,
radical all acute at base. Gray, 1. c. Mountains of New Mexico, Greene, and of Arizona,
Pr ingle, Lemmon.
E. deflexum, LEHM., var. Americanum, Gray, 1. c., p. 189. Nutlets of the globular-
pyramidal fruit only marginally glochidiate, the flattened dorsal disk unarmed and granu-
late-scabrous, rarely a few small prickles on an obscure midnerve. Extends southward to
Iowa on the Mississippi, G. H. Butler.
422 SUPPLEMENT.
++ ++ Larger- and less sparsely-flowered, erect: dorsal disk of the nutlets flat, ovate or deltoid,
unarmed, granulate-scabrous, 2 lines or more in length; marginal prickles flat and subulate.
E. ursinum, GREENE. Nutlets with ovate disk nearly plane ; the marginal prickles short,
unequal, sometimes confluent into a wing-like border : stem and leaves hirsute or hispid :
fruiting pedicels sparse, longer than the fruit. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 224. Moun-
tains of New Mexico, Fendler (633), Greene, and of S. Arizona, Lemmon. Also S. Utah,
Parry, without fruit.
E. floribundum, LEHM. Nutlets with dorsal disk deltoid and w^ith a strong midnerve or
keel ; margin armed with long flat prickles : herbage soft-pubescent or the stem soft-hir-
sute : pedicels mostly shorter than the fruit: corolla (blue, sometimes white) with limb
only 2 or 3 lines in diameter. Gray, 1. c. E.Jloribundum in part, p. 189. Saskatchewan
to Colorado and Northern New Mexico, Utah, and Washington Terr.
H 1 Perennials, usually larger-flowered: pedicels mostly longer than the fruit.
H- Corolla rotate: nutlets with some glochidiate prickles or processes on the flattish or convex
ovate dorsal disk, but these shorter than the flattened subulate and sometimes confluent ones of
the margin : leaves usually lanceolate.
E. diffusum, LEHM. (not of p. 189). Soft-pubescent, or at most soft-hirsute (occasionally
some papillosities on the leaves) : corolla bright blue, varying to white, one-third to two-
thirds of an inch in diameter : marginal prickles of the nutlets subulate and very flat, nearly
as long as the width of the dorsal disk, this beset with a few small glochidiate processes :
scar nearly central. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. E.Jloribundum, p. 189, in part.
E. sulidecumbens, Parry in Proc. Daveup. Acad. i. 48. Roclieha patens, Nutt. Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 44, in descr. of which the last two sentences obviously belong elsewhere.
Common from the mountains of Utah to those of California, also North Montana and
British Columbia.
E. hispidum, GRAY. Hispid with spreading papillose-based hairs: leaves green; lowest
broadly lanceolate ; upper ones short and small : racemes lax : corolla " greenish white,"
2 or 3 lines in diameter : marginal prickles of the obcompressed nutlets small and narrow,
much shorter than the width of the oval or ovate and either sparsely or copiously glochidi-
ate dorsal disk, their bases confluent into a thin margin or distinct wing (which is some-
times reflexed or cup-like) ; inner face smooth and lucid, with scar almost central. Proc.
Am. Acad. xx. 259. E. diffusum, var. J/i*j>idnm, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. Rocky
hillsides, E. Oregon, Cusick, S. W. Idaho, Wilcox, and probably Montana, Watson.
E. ciliatum, GKAY. Cinereous with a much appressed pubescence, and bristly-hirsute,
especially along the margins of the linear or narrowly lanceolate leaves : stems strict, a foot
or more high : corolla rather large, blue or violet : fruit unknown. Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.,
excl. what relates to Ci/norjlossitm Ilmrnrdi. Cynoglossum ci/itttum, Dougl. in herb. Hook.,
Lehm. Png. & in Hook. Fl. ii. 85. Mountains of Idaho; "near the head-springs of the
Columbia," and near the narrows above Kettle Falls on the Columbia and banks of the
Spokan River, 1826," Dour/las. Not since seen.
-H- -H- Corolla short-sal verform, i. e. with tube (surpassing the calyx) about the length of the
ample lobes: nutlets armed all over the back with long glochidiate prickles quite like those of
the margins: leaves spatulate-oblong to lanceolate or the upper ovate-lanceolate, thickish in age,
with prominent midrib but no obvious veins or nerves.
E. Californicum, GRAY, 1. c. E. diffusum, of p 189, not of Lehm. E. nervosum, Kellogg,
Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 146, f. 42, according to specimen; but the leaves in the species are
remarkably nerveless and veinless.
E. Redcwskii, var. occidentale, WATSON, p. 190. Add syn. : E. Fremont>i,ToTi.
Pacif. R. Hep. xii. 2 46.
11. OMPHAL.6DES,Tourn., ERITRI'CHIUM. ('O^aAwS^s, navel-shaped:
unhappily for the name, the navel is on the back of the nutlet.) --Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xx. 262. The plants of this submenus are low or depressed perenni-
als, of arctic and alpine or snbalpine regions in the Northern hemisphere.
BORRAGINACE.E. 423
O. nana, GRAY, 1. c. Eritrichium nanum, Schrad., &c., p. 190, with its varieties. To syn.
add : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5853, which well exhibits the oblique position of the formiug
nutlets.
O. Howard!, GRAY, 1. c. Depressed-casspitose, silky-canescent and silvery : leaves linear-
spatulate iu the dense tufts, linear on the few-flowered sparsely bracteate (barely span high)
flowering stems, half-inch or more long : calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate : corolla bright blue,
4 or 5 lines in diameter : nutlets very smooth, obliquely truncate on the back, wingless, but
the margin of the ovate acutish and flat or slightly depressed dorsal disk with a sharp mar-
gin, and its face either smooth or minutely papillose and puberuleut. C ' ijnotjlossum Hoiv-
ardi, Gray, p. 188. Kocky Mountains in Montana, Winslow J. Howard, about 1866.
Montana, on Mount St. Helena, Canby, 1883, with fruit! Cascade Mountains, Washington
Terr., Tweedy, 1882.
0. ALIENA and O. CARDIOPHYLLA, Gray, are Northern Mexican representatives, with a
difference, of the typical Omphalodes.
II 1 . KRYNlTZKIA, Fisch. & Meyer, extended. (Prof. J. Krynitzlci,
of Cracow.) Chiefly North American herbs, annuals and some perennials ;
with small white flowers, an anomalous species yellow-flowered. Fisch. &
Meyer, Ind. Sein. Hort. Petrop. vii. 52 (1841) ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
264. Krynitzkia & Eritrichium, sect. 5-7, A. DC. Prodr. x. 128, 134. Eri-
trichium Krynitzkia, & Eueritrichium Myosotidea, & Antiphytum, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 55, & Syn. Fl. ed. 1, 191-197, 199.
1. AMBLYNOTUS, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 264. Nutlets cartilaginous or
crustaceous (almost as in Lithospermum), ovate, with rounded back (mostly not
carinate), attached next the base to the low and convex or depressed pyramidal
gynobase.
K. PA.RRYI, Gray, 1. c., is doubtless North Mexican rather than a Texan species.
K. heliotropioid.es, GRAY, 1. c. 265, is Antiphytum heliotropioides, A.DC., & p. 199.
K. floribuncla, GRAY, 1. c., is A. floribundum, p. 199.
K. lifrhocarya, GRKEXE. Low and slender annual, resembling species of the following
section, somewhat pubescent : leaves linear : racemes or spike simple, sparsely-flowered,
partly bracteate : corolla white, not surpassing the ferruginous-pubescent calyx : nutlets
turbid-ovate, rather over a line long, very smooth and shining, lightly cariuate down the
rounded back and sulcate down the ventral side, attached by a short line or grooved scar
from the base up a quarter of the length. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 265. Lakeport,
Lake Co., California, Mrs. Layne-Curran. Anomalous species, perhaps to be placed in the
vicinity of K. leiocarpa.
2. MYOSOTIDEA, Gray, 1. c. Nutlets less indurated, ovate, opaque, coarsely
somewhat rugose, ventrally carinate, with short and merely intrabasal attach-
ment to a low gynobase : low and slender Western species. Eritrichium Eu-
eritrichium Myosotidea, p. 191.
* Small-flowered annuals, diffuse, with corolla only a line or two broad and little surpassing the
calyx, which usually becomes foliose-ampliate.
K. plebeia, GRAY, 1. c. 266, is Eritrichium plebeium, A.DC., p. 191.
K. Californica, GRAY, 1. c., is E. Californicum, DC., p. 191. The var. sttbf/hcJifdiata
includes most of the interior forms of the species, but is also in the valley of California,
where also it becomes succulent in alkaline soil. The little bristles of the fruit are com-
monly penicillate-tipped, sometimes truly glochidiate, thus making a kind of transition to
Echinoqlochin of Echinospermum.
K. trachycarpa, GRAY, 1. c. Less spreading than the preceding, lax : nutlets broadly
ovate-trigonous, acute, finely reticulate-rugose and granulate or muriculate : scar oblong.
424 SUPPLEMENT.
California, Sonoma Co., Brewer, and valley of the Joaquin, Greene. (Chili, Eritrichium
uliyinosum, Philippi, & E. muricatum, A. DC. "?)
* * Larger-flowered annuals, erect or diffuse : rotate limb of the corolla 3 to 5 lines in diameter,
bright white, with the yellow fornicate appendages of the throat conspicuous : nutlets rugulose.
K. Chorisiana, GRAY, 1. c. 267, is Eritrichium Chorisianum, DC., p. 191.
KL. Scouleri, GRAY, 1. c., is Eritrichium Scouleri, A. DC.
KL. Cooperi, GRAY, 1. c. More diffuse or depressed-spreading, hispid throughout with
spreading short bristles : pedicels very short or none : fruiting calyx less than 2 lines and
nutlets hardly a line long. Eritrichium Cooperi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 89. Wet
places in the Mohave Desert, Cooper, Parish.
* * * Perennial by creeping and rooting stems, leafy, and with flowers of moderate size.
KL. Hiollis, GRAY, 1. c. Copiously soft-villons, even to the calyx : stems rather stout,
spreading or ascending, at length a foot or more long : leaves liuear-lingulate, 2 inches or
more in length and 3 or 4 lines wide, obtuse : spikes at length elongated, bractless : limb of
the corolla 3 or 4 lines broad : nutlets trigonous-ovate, slightly obcompressed, hardly at all
cariuate on the back, coarsely rugose-areolate, attached by a quarter or a third of their
length to the oblong-pyramidal gynobase, the scar ovate-lanceolate. Eritrichium molle,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 89. Alkaline borders of ponds, Sierra Valley, E. California,
Lcmuion. Also apparently near Visalia, Conydon.
3. EUKRYNITZKIA, GRAY, 1. c. Nutlets (never rugose, but sometimes papil-
lose) attached by the ventral angle or groove from the base up at least one third
or half way or for the whole length to an elevated gynobase, the back convex
and not carinate, the sides wingless, and mostly obtuse or rounded, but several
in the later subdivisions acute-angled : fruiting calyx erect or closed : corolla
.small and white, with tube not surpassing the calyx : annuals with the flowers
almost always sessile and scorpioid-spicate.
* HOLOCALYX, i. e. the fructiferous calyx not circumscissile, but not uncommonly articulated
with the rhachis and falling away at maturity with the nutlets included. Gray, Proc. Am.
Aead. xx. 268.
+ Sepals lanceolate or linear, traversed by a rigid and stout midrib : nutlets thick-walled, opaque
or dull: diffusely branched and rough-hispid.
H- Nutlets either dissimilar or only one maturing, strictly enclosed in the rigid fructiferous calyx,
the midribs of which are much thickened and indurated.
KL. Crassisepala, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 268, is Eritrichium crassisepalum, Torr. &
Gray, p. 195. One of the nutlets larger and more persistent.
KL. Texana, GRAY, I.e., is E. Texanum, A. DC., p. 195. Matures a single nutlet, which
never separates by a clean scar, but at length tears away.
-t"t- -n- Nutlets all four maturing and alike, smooth, ovate-acuminate, hardly a line long, attached
to a narrow gynobase, the ventral groove abruptly dilated at the very base into the triangular
scar: fructiferous calyx (about 2 lines long) less closed and less rigid than in the preceding, and
midrib less prominent, hispid with pungent bristles: spikes often bracteate at base.
KL. Patterson!, GRAY, 1. c. A span or so high, branched from the base and spreading :
leaves narrowly spatulate or linear, seldom an inch long : sepals linear-lanceolate : nutlets
attached up to the middle to the subulate-pyramidal gynobase, one of them disposed to be
more persistent than the rest. Base of the Rocky Mountains, probably near Denver,
Patterson, and on the plains westward, to S. E. Oregon, Howell.
KL. Fendleri, GRAY, 1. c. Erect and paniculately branched, rigid, a foot or less high : leaves
linear, an inch or more long : fructiferous sepals narrowly linear : nutlets more tapering
upward, nfh'xod nearly their whole length to the narrow subulate gynobase. (Hr.s been
much confounded with K. hiocarpa.) Saskatchewan to Colorado and New Mexico or
Arizona, chiefly along the base of the Rocky Mountains, but northwestward to the borders
of Washington Terr. ; perhaps first coll. by Fendler.
BORRAGINACE^. 425
^_ +- Typical species, slender-stemmed, bractless in all well-developed spikes; with midrib of
narrow "setose-hispid sepals not conspicuously if at all thickened: nutlets very smooth and
mostly shining, acute or acuminate, with rounded sides and rather thin or brittle pericarp, at-
tached by a part or even the whole of the slender ventral groove (with or without some areolar
dilatation at base) to a narrow gynobase.
H- Nutlet solitary (very rarely two maturing, the others early abortive), conspicuously acuminate,
attached for not more than the lower third to the short and narrow gynobase, which it very much
surpasses: spikes commonly in twos or threes, slender in fruit.
= Sepals narrowly lanceolate, evenly beset with short and ascending hooked bristles: nutlet
ovate, plano-convex, equalling the sepals: anomalous in the subdivision.
K. sparsiflora, GREENE. Small, slender, with diffuse branches, bearing simple or forked
and sparsely few-fruited filiform spikes, strigulose-pubescent and the narrow linear leaves
minutely hispid : calyx in fruit a line and a half to almost two lines long, ascending, equalled
by the nutlet, which is attached by a line hardly over one fourth of its length and furcate
at base. Bull. i. 203. Lake Co., California, J//'s. Layne-Curran.
_ _ Sepals narrowly linear or verging to filiform in age, armed with long and rigid spreading
or deflexed bristles, which are more copious and stronger towards the base, their attenuate tips
straight or disposed to be hooked: nutlet subterete, ovate-lanceolate and rostel late-acuminate,
shorter than the sepals: flowers numerous in the spikes.
K. OXycarya, GRAY. Commonly a foot or two high and strict, strigulose with minute
close pubescence, and the linear leaves minutely more or less strigulose-hispid : calyx in
fruit erect, appressed to the rhachis, 2 to 2 lines long; the sepals filiform-linear and thickish
below, their base very hispid with deflexed and strong but not pungent bristles : nutlet hardly
flattened ventrally, the groove of attachment enlarged at base but not furcate. Proc. Am.
Acad. xx. 269, where the syn. Myosotis flaccida, Dougl. is verified, the " uuces 4" of Hook.
Fl., &c., being a mistake. Eritrichium oxycaryum, Gray, p. 193. Washington Terr, to Cali-
fornia, more common northward, first coll. by Douglas.
K. microstachys, GREENE. Rarely over a foot high, more spreading, hispidulous or
'hispid : fructiferous calyx ascending or erect but hardly appressed to the rhachis, from
barely a line to nearly 2 lines in length, with mostly less attenuate and less rigid sepals,
hispid with widely spreading (but not deflexed) and somewhat pungent bristles : nutlet
flatter ventrally, the groove of attachment divaricately forked and somewhat open at
base. Gray, I.e. K. leiocar/m & Eritrirhhun sp., Gray, Jour. Bost. Nat. Hist. vii. 147.
A", rostellata, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 203, the largest-flowered form, the original of
K. microstachys being of the most depauperate. California, from Colusa Co. southward;
first coll. by Xantus at Tejou.
-H- -H- Nutlets usually all four maturing, and all alike (not over a line long), either flattish or
an "led ventrally, ovate in outline and acute or short-acuminate, attached for half or nearly whole
length to the subulate gynobase; the slender groove not dilated at base into an open areola o
scar,
= But simple and continuous to the very base of the nutlet: spikes simple or occasionally m
pairs very often leafy at base and as it were interrupted and glomerate, the lower part of the
inflorescence being reduced to sessile clusters or even to single flowers seemingly axillary to a
"leaf, but the well-developed spikes bractless: stems or branches diffuse, a span to a foot long.
K. leiocarpa, FISCH. & MEYER. Nutlets attached by the straight ventral groove nearly
its whole length to the subulate gynobase. Iiid. Sem. Ilort. Petrop. 1835, 30; A.I.
Prodr. x. 135; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 270. Eritrichium leiocarpum, Watson, p. 194,
contains this and the three following. Washington Terr, to California near the coast
K. affinis, GRAY, 1. c. Nutlets commonly more turgid and thinner-walled, attached only up
to the middle to the slender-pyramidal gyuohase, the free apical portion a little diverging.
Interior of Washington Terr, and Oregon to the Sierra Nevada in California, and east
Idaho. Perhaps passes into the preceding.
= = Groove of the more or less trigonous nutlets divergently forked at base, but no open areola:
spikes naked and more pedunculate, not rarely in pairs.
K Torreyana, GRAY, 1. c. Hirsute-hispid, and the calyx very setose : fructiferous sepals
attenuate upward : nutlets ovate, acute, attached barely up to the middle to the sul.nl:
pyramidal gynobase. Eritrichium klocnrpnm, Watson, P.ot. King Exp. 244, m large part.
Not rare from the coast districts of California to S. Idaho and Nevada.
426 SUPPLEMENT.
Var. calycosa, GRAY, 1. c. A larger form, with flowers crowded in the short spikes :
fructiferous calvx elongated aud attenuate (2 or 3 lines long), becoming rigid and with
stouter midrib. Eritrickium leiocarpum, Watson, 1. c., as to "calyx-lobes linear, becoming
much elongated." E. Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, Watson, &c., arid Lake Co., Cali-
fornia, Rattan.
K. Watsoni, GRAY, 1. c. Hispidulous and the calyx and the canescently pubescent calyx
sparsely hispid : fructiferous sepals barely 2 lines long, lanceolate, hardly at all attenuate :
nutlets narrow, somewhat triquetrous, oblong-lanceolate in outline, attached by their whole
length to the filiform-subulate gynobase. Eritrichium leiocarpum, in part, Watson, 1. c.
Wahsatch Mountains, Utah, Watson.
JT- -i__ H_- Asperulous-fruited species, with nutlets disposed to be heteromorphous, i. e. one or two
of them larger than the others, all with ventral groove widening below and by this attached for
nearly their whole length to the subulate gynobase: diffuse, very small-flowered, with the spikes
bractless when well evolute: fructiferous calyx only a line or two long, armed with strong and
pungent divaricate bristles.
K. angUStifolia, GRAY, is Eritrichium angnstifolium, Torr., p. 194. Low, forming broad
tufts, the herbage thickly soft-hispid and grayish : leaves narrowly linear: fruiting spikes
dense : sepals narrowly linear, beset with rigid bristles of nearly their own length : nutlets
small, somewhat trigonous, minutely scabrous by elevated points, with ventral groove del-
toid-ampliate either below the middle or next the base, sometimes all four alike, or one or
two longer and of ovate-lanceolate circumscription, while the others are triangular-ovate
and shorter, or these occasionally abortive. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 272 (where the word
" semilineam " in the char, of section is a slip for " sesquilineam." - - Belongs to the interior
dry region of Arizona and S. E. California.
K.. dumetorum, GREENE. Loosely branching, and among low bushes said to be almost
climbing, a foot or more high : only branches seen (those in fruit) ; with oblong or lanceolate
aud papillose-hispid leaves : fructiferous sepals lanceolate : nutlets narrow, acuminate,
minutely hirtellous-scabrous, three of them oblong-lanceolate in outline and almost terete,
with open ventral groove wider below the middle ; one much larger, fully a line long,
ovate-lanceolate, persistent on the subulate gynobase and fulcrate or half enclosed by a por-
tion of the then gibbous calyx, i. e. by two of the sepals united to the middle. (Possibly a
monstrosity.) Gray, 1. c. Tehachapi Pass, Kern Co., California, Mrs. Layne-Curran.
.]_ 4 -j_ .{ Muriculate- or rough-papillose fruited, with bractless spikes, and calyx hispid with
spreading commonly pungent bristles: nutlets all four alike (occasionally only one or two ma-
turing), ovate-trigonous, more or less roughened by papilla? or tubercles on the convex back, at
least in age, and with sides or lateral angles rounded or obtuse (or more acute-angled in two
species), attached up to apex or nearly to the subulate gynobase by the ventral groove, with or
without arcola at its base: erect and mostly coarse herbs, the herbage more or less hispid.
H- Calyx (and mostly herbage) very villous-hispid or barbate with long and rather soft bristles;
sepals narrowly linear and not tapering upward, with rather strong midrib, in fruit ;j to 5 lines
long, loose above, usually thrice the length of the ovate-acuminate or ovate-lanceolate very
rough-muricate and gray nutlets, the open groove of which is a little dilated at base.
EL. barblgera, GUAY, 1. c., is Eritrichium barbigerum, p. 194. Common through the arid
region of S. K. California, Arizona, and Nevada, to adjacent borders of Oregon.
H- -H- Calyx (not over 3 lines long) armed with more rigid and pungent bristles, these either
whitish or rusty-yellowish,
= In fruit at least double the length of the more or less acuminate nutlets; the narrow linear or
more attenuate sepals with rather strong midrib, open above, at least not connivent over the
fruit.
K. intermedia, GRAY. Nutlets thickly rough-mnricate, the papillos usually sharp-pointed ;
the groove wholly or partly open and with an open areola at base. Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
27:5. l-'.i-iii-irliiiuii inti niiiiJinin, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 225. Common through all the
southern part of California, and to the borders of Arizona.
K.. ambigua, GRAY. Nutlets minutely papillose scabrous, moderately or hardly open at the
basal bifurcation of the mostly close groove. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 273. Eritrichium
muriculatam, var. ambiguurn, p. 194, with syn. (The E. murlmlatum, of Torr. in Wilkes Exp.
represents the calyx rather too short.) Common in California, Nevada, and north ttf
BORRAGINACE.E. 427
Washington Terr, and even W. Montana. A maritime form on San Clemeute, off San
Diego, Nevin & Lyon.
K. FOLi6sA, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 205, extra-limital, on Guadalupe Island, is very
near the foregoing, probably a stout maritime form of it.
= = Fructiferous calyx shorter, of lanceolate and obscurely unicostate sepals, less surpassing
and mure or less cunuivent over the more acute-angled and hardly at all acuminate nutlets.
TC. nmriculata, GRAY, 1. c., is Eritrichium muriculatum, A. DC., & p. 194. K. denticulatu,
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 205. Plant commonly robust, with well-developed spikes in
age apt to be sparsely flowered : calyx 2 lines long : nutlets usually a line long, deltoid-
ovate in outline, sharply scabrous-muricate over the back, which is hardly convex except by
a slight dorsal ridge, and with distinct and thickish but acutish lateral angles, thej-e muri-
cate-papillose like the back ; ventral groove and its fork mostly closed. Common in Cali-
fornia, extending into Arizona, Nevada, and Oregon.
K. Jonesii, GRAY, 1. c., 274. More slender and smaller than the preceding, a foot high,
with more paniculate and lateral spikes : leaves narrowly linear, half-inch to inch long :
fructiferous calyx hardly over a line long : nutlets of A", muriculata, but smaller and the
angles perhaps less acute. California, near Monterey Bay, Jones. Southern border of the
State, in San Diego Co., Orcutt. May be only a form of the preceding.
K.. micromeres, GRAY, 1. c. Slender and diffusely branched, less than a foot high : leaves
a quarter to half inch long: spikes filiform, simple or occasionally in pairs : flowers minute:
fructiferous calyx a line or half-line long : nutlets ovate-trigonous, acutish, rather shining,
but muriculate-scabrous on the back, lateral angles acute, and inner faces commonly con-
cave ; ventral groove abruptly dilated below. Eritrichium micromeres, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 90. E. angusti folium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 165, not Torr. California,
near Santa Cruz, Jones, and Mokelumne Hill, Rattan. (Lower Calif., Xantus.)
i H H i -i Acute-angled-fruited and bractless-spiked annuals, erect from a somewhat in-
durated root, linear-leaved: sepals lanceolate, sparsely or not at all hispid: fruiting spikes of
the commonly 2-3-radiate cyme short and spreading', closely flowered: nutlets lanceolate-ovate
in outline, tapering from near the broad base, either very smooth or with scattered papillae, and
with sharp lateral edges, the inner faces plane or slightly convex, attached by the whole length
to the slender ahno?t filiform gynobase by the ventral groove and its forked or areolate-dilated
base. (Allied by the fruit to Pseudokrynitzkia, but only annual.)
K. oxygona, GRAY. Less than a foot high, freely branched from the base, papillose-his-
pidulous : leaves an inch or less long, less than a line wide : cymes naked-pedunculate, the
fruiting spikes seldom over half-inch long : limb of corolla 2 lines in diameter .- fructiferous
calyx 2 lines long, hirsute with erect hairs and sparsely hispid with some spreading rigid
bristles : nutlets fully a line long, obcompressed-trigonous, somewhat lucid, the back and
commonly the ventral faces sprinkled with small papillae ; the slender groove divaricately
forked and open or closed at base. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 277. Eritrichlnm ori/r/onum,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 89. S. E. California, on hills bordering the Mohave Desert,
Pritvjle. The following was referred to this.
K. Mohavensis, GREENE. Quite like (and probably not permanently distinct from) the
preceding species : but calyx with hardly any hispid spreading bristles, and nutlets smooth
and lucid. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 207. S. E. California, on the Mohave Desert, Mrs.
Layne-Curran.
K. Utahensis. Paniculately branched, a foot or less high : stem and branches strigulose-
pubesceut or below merely hirsute : larger leaves 2 lines broad, papillose-hispidulous : cymes
irregular : limb of corolla hardly over a line in diameter : fructiferous calyx only a line
long, of more obtuse sepals, somewhat canescently silky-pubescent, not obviously hispid :
nutlets smaller and thicker and of narrower outline than in the two preceding species, less
acute-angled, somewhat lucid, the back sparsely beset with minute papillae ; ventral groove
gradually widening downward to the open base. St. George, S. W. Utah, Palmer (referred
to under A", hvtoptem in Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 270, and as var. iiliiin>l/f, p. 394 of 1st ed.), and
Yucca, Arizona, Jones.
H i J -i i H Bracteate-spiked (more or less) and mostly witli nutlets acute-angled, small-
flowered, the fructiferous calyx a line or less long.
428 SUPPLEMENT.
H- Nutlets short, broadly trigonous, attached at the lower half by a triangular impressed areola
or scar to the acute-pyramidal gynobase, the groove above obscure and 1'ree, the convex back
coarsely papillose: calyx of lanceolate sepals, hirsute or hispid with short but not pungent bris-
tles : Texano-Mexican species, with partly bracted spikes.
K. pusilla, GRAY", Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 274, is Eritrichium pusillum, Torr. & Gray, p. 194.
Small : nutlets not half a line long, lucidulous, the lateral angles acute and the ventral
faces concave, aud the angle carinate-acute down to the deltoid hardly excavated areola of
insertion.
K.. ramosa, GRAY, 1. c. Larger and stouter, less than a foot high, much branched, roughish-
hispid : nutlets dull, with rounded sides, no angles, and a large aud deep areola or scar.
Lithospermiun ramosuin, Lehm. Asperif. 328. Myosotis albida, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. iii.
91. Eritrichium ramosiim, A. DC. Prodr. x. 132. E. hispidum, Buckley, & p. 195. Texas
and New Mexico to Arizona. (Mex.)
-H- -H- Nutlets ovate-lanceolate and more or less obcompressed, the ventral face traversed its
whole length by a narrow groove (which is hardly at all forked and little areolate-dilated at
base) to the nearly liliform gynobase: inflorescence tardily and incompletely e volute into secund
spikes.
= Rough-hispid with rigid and mostly pungent bristles, low and coarse, with much branched
rigid stums: fructiferous calyx or its very short pedicel readily disarticulating from its insertion
at maturity, as in most preceding species: nutlets wholly smooth and lucid, only one or two
maturing.
K. ramosissima, GREENE. Hispid with rather long whitish bristles : leaves thickish,
linear or lanceolate, half-inch or less long : mature nutlets with roundish or at least not
acute margins. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 203, not of Gray, which was essentially founded on
the perennial and roughish-fruited species. S. California ; on Santa Cataliua Island, Li/on,
Mohave Desert, Mrs. Layne-Curran, aud The Needles on the Colorado, Jones.
K. maritima, GREENE. Hispid with more rigid and usually shorter bristles : leaves lin-
ear, not broader at base, the longer an inch long : nutlets with acute margins. A', maritima
& K. Cedrosensis, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 204. Eritrichium angustifolium, Watson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 118, not Torr. S. California on Point Loma, San Diego, Orcutt,
probably of this species, but no mature fruit seen. (Lower California at Cedros and Gua-
dalupe Islands. )
= = Canescently strigulose-pubesccnt on the slender and diffuse low stems and branches, and
the small leaves and copious bracts more or less hirsute or hispid, also hispid-ciliate: fructiferous
calyxes tardily disarticulating: style in age commonly thicker than the gyuobase : nutlets with
roundish margins, sometimes smooth and lucid, sometimes minutely papillose-scabrous and
grayish.
K. micrantha, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 275, & var. lepida, is Eritrichium micrantkitm,
Torr. & var., p. 275. Western border of Texas to S. W. California. Roots red and giv-
ing a red stain.
* * PIVTOCALYX. Fructiferous calyx (5-cleft and villous-hispid) circumscissile above the base,
which persists around the nutlets: these ovate-deltoid and trigonous and somewhat acuminate,
very smooth, or in some specimens puncticulate with minute projecting points, acutish at the
lateral angles, the ventral angle traversed by the narrow groove of attachment, this forked at
base and closed: anthers mucronulate: depressed much branched annuals, with crowded leafy
inflorescence, floriferous almost from base, hirsute-hispid. Grav, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 275.
Pi[il<}i-iiti/s } Torr.
K. circumscissa, GRAY, I.e., is Eritrichium circumsctssiim, Gray, p. 193, with syu.
Extends from Lower California and Ari/ona through the dry region to borders of Brit.
Columbia. Nutlets half to two thirds of a line loner.
O
K. dichotoma, GREENE. Larger, coarser, more open in inflorescence, very hirsute-hispid
with widely spreading hairs : lower leaves opposite: calyx at length 2 lines long: nutlets
from three fourths to fully a line long, smooth and somewhat lucid. Bull. Calif. Acad. i.
206. W. border of Nevada, between Boca and Verdi, Mrs. Layne-Curran.
4. PTERYOIUM. Nutlets all four or all but one scarious-winged at the
margins, attached by the whole length of the ventral groove : spikes bractless.
BORRAGINACE^:. 429
Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 276. Subsect. Pterygium and winged species of Pseudo-
Myosotis in Eriiricfiium, p. 195.
K. pterocarya, GRAY, I.e., is Eritrichium pterocaryum, Ton., p. IQ5. The variety pccti-
natum too inconstant and variable to separate. The same of A', cycloptera, Greene, Bull. Calif.
Acad. i. 207, proposed for specimens with the four nutlets winged all round the base and
inner faces not muricate ; characters which do not hold out.
K. holoptera, GRAY, 1. c., is E. holopterum, Gray, p. 196. This and the following have
the habit of the coarser species of the next section. (The plant referred to under this spe-
cies in Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c. is K. Uiahensis.)
K. setosissima, GRAY, 1. c., is Eritrichium setosissimum, Gray, p. 196. S. Utah, Ward,
Palmer, and N. Arizona, Rusby, Lemmon.
5. PSEUDOKRYNITZKIA. Perennials or biennials, of coarse habit : nutlets
triquetrous or trigonous, with lateral angles acute but not wing-niargined, at-
tached for most of their length to a commonly subulate gynobase : corolla with
prominent fornicate scales or folds in the throat, and at base within usually 10-
squamellate or annulate-glandular. -- Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 276, excluding an
annual species. Eritrichium Krynitzkia Pseudo-Myosotis (excluding the two
winged species), p. 196.
* Ambiguous species, small-flowered, of Eulrynitzkia habit, but suffrutesceut-perennial and with
sharp-margined nutlets.
K. racemosa, GREENE. Excessively branched from the persistent base, hispid with
spreading bristles, a foot or two high : branches sleuder : leaves narrowly linear, half-inch
to inch long : flowers very numerous, loosely racemose-paniculate and with only occasional
bracts ; the lower commonly on spreading pedicels which nearly equal or exceed the calyx,
upper suhsessile : limb of the corolla only a line broad : fructiferous calyx a line or two
long, setose-hispid: nutlets (usually only one or two maturing, a line and a half long) tri-
gonous, with ovate-lanceolate outline of the back, and narrow acute margins, all the faces
sparsely papillose, the ventral groove open and gradually widening to the base. Bull.
Calif. Acad. i. 208. K. ramosissima, GRAY, 1. c. 277, as to all the char, and the Parish plant.
Eritrichium racemosum, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 226. Desert regions, in canons,
S. E. California, Parish, and Cantillas Mountains on the borders of Lower California, Orcutt.
Arizona, in the Grand Canon of the Colorado, A. Gray.
* * Genuine species, more robust, larger-flowered, broader-leaved, and with mostly thyrsoid-
glomerate inflorescence ; the spikes more or less evolute in age, here and there bracteate: flow-
ers in some heterogone-dimorphous, in the last (anomalous) species yellow !
H Nutlets (smooth) each a quadrant of an oblatu sphere: perennial, short-flowered.
K. Jamesii, GRAY, 1. c., is Eritrichium Jamesu, Torr., p. 196. Extends even to S. E.
California. And K. Palmer/, Gray, 1. c., already mentioned, is an allied species of Coahuila,
Mexico, with opaque and rugulose (instead of smooth and polished) nutlets.
H_ -!__ Nutlets flat or barely convex on the back, the four together pyramidal.
-H- Short-flowered, that is, tube of corolla not surpassing the calyx and shorter than its (2 or 3 lines
wide) limb; faucial appendages semiglobose and little exserted : sepals lanceolate: anthers ob-
long: nutlets ovate, more or less obcompressed, scabrous or tuberculate on the back, very acute-
margined, the slightly elevated ventral face traversed by a slender groove terminating below in
an areolar dilatation.
= Biennial, 2 or 3 feet high, very hispid with widely spreading long bristles.
K. Virgata, GRAY, 1. c., 279, is Eritrichium glomeratum, var. virgatum, Porter, p. 196,
with syn.
K. glomerata, GRAY, 1. c. 279, is E. glomeratum, DC., p. 196, the type, with syn. Only
radical leaves somewhat cauescent by a fine pubescence between the papillose-based bristles
nutlets thicker than in the preceding, more corrugate and carinate on the back, and nar-
rower at the obtusish apex. Plains along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, from
Saskatchewan to New Mexico, and N. Arizona to Washington Terr.
430 SUPPLEMENT.
Perennial, many-stemmed from a strong root, less hispid with incumbent bristles and
canescent with strigose-sericeous pubescence, at least the leaves.
K. sericea, GUAY, 1. c., is E. glomeratum, var. humile, Gray, p. 196. Nutlets oblong-ovate,
somewhat rugo.se-tuberculate on the back.
H. -M. Louie-flowered, the corolla-tube longer than the calyx and its own limb, with faucial crests
elongated and exserted: heterogone-dimorplious, sericeous-canescent, perennial. Vide p. 197.
K. fulvocanescens, GRAY, 1. c. 280, is E.fulvocanescens, Gray, p. 197.
K. leucophaia, GH.VY, 1. c., is E. leucophceum, A. DC., p. 197, witli syn., &c. The remarkably
long corollas are really yellow, and the polished ovate-triquetrous nutlets are peculiar,
rendering this an anomalous species.
12. PLAG-IOBOTHRYS, Fischer & Meyer, extended. (OXayto?, side-
ways, (369po<;, pit or hollow ; so the name should have been written Plagio-
bothrus.) -- Western American annuals, low, commonly diffuse, with small and
short-pedicellate or subsessile flowers ; the short corolla white : nutlets rugose or
roughened, rarely smooth, ventrally carinate above the insertion, which is median
or supra-basal, or rarely supra-median, only one or two commonly maturing, and
then succumbent-horizontal upon the globular or depressed gynobase, tardily
detached, leaving a kind of caruncle at the insertion (either projecting and solid
or else annular and hollow), and corresponding depressed concavities on the gyno-
base. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 281. Plaffiobotkrys, Fischer & Meyer, Ind.
Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. (1855) 46, & A. DC. Prodr. x. 134, a single species.
Eritrichium Plagiobothrys, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 57, & xvii. 226.
1. Ambiguous species : gynobase ovate-pyramidal, commonly bearing all
four nutlets, and when they are detached deeply 4-sulcate, or as it were 4-lobed
by protuberant thickening between the imbedded bases of the nutlets, leaving
ovate-ublong or narrower depressions: nutlets tubereulate-roughened, incurved,
carinate on the back ; the caruncle longitudinal, narrow, and confluent with the
ventral keel above : coarse and comparatively robust plants, erect or merely
spreading, 8 or 10 inches high, unusually hispid for the genus; the inflorescence
evolute in fruit into mostly bractless racemiform spikes : calyx lax in fruit.
P. Kingii, OKAY. Hirsute and somewhat hispid : radical leaves spatulate ; upper cauline
oblong or lanceolate, half-inch long: corolla 3 or 4 lines in diameter (the largest of the
genus) : fructiferous calvx 2 or 3 lines long, its lobes linear-lanceolate : nutlets roughened
with rather acute and scattered papilla;. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 281. Eritrirhinm Kingii,
Watson, Bot. King Exp 243, t. 23; also p. 192, in part. Truckee Pass, Nevada, Wntson,
in flower, and in same district by ^1/r.s. Layne-Curran, in fruit. (The narrower-leaved and
smaller-flowered specimens of Lemmon, without fruit, are whollv uncertain.)
P. Jonesii. Hispid with long and widely spreading and pungent bristles, divergently
branching : leaves narrowly lanceolate, inch or two long (trulv radical ones not seen) : limb
uf corolla only a line or so in diameter: fructiferous calvx 3 or 4 lines long, divided to
the base into narrowly linear sepals: nutlets (a line and a half long) densely tuberculate
with mostly obtuse papilla-. S. E. California on the Colorado near The Needles, M. E.
.lone*, isst.
2. Genuine species : gynobase subglobose or merely convex, with orbicular
depressions left by the fall of the nutlets: these crustaceous or nearly so, very
Kcldom more than one or two ripening, therefore horizontally incumbent at
maturity, the caruncle short and broad, not stipitiform : slender or diffuse plants,
BORRA.GINACE.E. 431
little or not at all hispid, or papillose-hispidulous on some of the lower leaves :
small-flowered.
* Typical, with an annular caruncle merely bordering a deep circular excavation, which is a kind
of false umbilicus: this suggested the name for the genus.
P. rufescens, FISCHER & MEYER, 1. c. Often a foot high, with slender stems from the tuft
of spatulate-lauceolate radical leaves, only the young hirsute pubescence of the inflorescence
and calvx rufescent: spikes elongated and sparsely flowered at maturity, naked, or with a
leaf or two at base : fructiferous calyx lax, 3 lines long, of linear-lanceolate nearly distinct
sepals : nutlets (a Hue long) little incurved, broadly ovate and short-acuminate, rather ob-
compressed, lightly carinate on the back and margined, reticulate-rugose and muriculate, the
circular carunculate-bordered ventral pit about half a line in diameter. Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xx. 282. Mi/osotis alba, Colla (PI. Bertero, 88), fide A. DC. M.fu/va, Hook. & Am.
Bot. Beech. 38, not of 369. Eritrichium fulviuii, A. DC. Prodr. x. 132; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 22G. W. Califoruia, from near the Oregon line, Hoirell, to Colusa and El
Dorado Co., Hfrs. Layne-Ciirran, and Sacramento Co., Xcrin, perhaps not very uncommon,
and perchance introduced (from Chili).
* * Solid-carunculate, that is, the caruncle of the more incurved and ventrally concave nutlets
forming a broadish (commonly transverse) wen-shaped or short tongue-shaped caruncle: gyno-
base small and depressed.
4 Mature nutlets abruptly contracted at base and apex, so as to become cruciatcly 4-lobed,
vitreous-crustaceous and more or less lucid, transversely lineate-rugose on the back with straight
and broadish wrinkles separated by very narrow impressed lines, and running from the low
median crest to the somewhat crested margins: calyx deeply 5-clel't, persistent, or at length im-
perfectly circumscissile : lobes broadly lanceolate, villous with rufescent or soon pale or fulvous
pubescence: plants small and erect, a span high or little more.
P. tBnellllS, GRAY, 1. c., is Eritrichium tcnellum, p. 102, with syn. and habitat. Nutlets a
line long, muriculate-roughened. Herbage gives a violet stain to paper. Extends from
Brit. Columbia and W. Idaho to S. California.
P. Shastensis, GREENE. Perhaps only a larger-flowered form of the foregoing, with calyx
(3 lines long) more closed over the fruit, and nutlets (a line and a half long) smooth or
barely the margins muriculate-roughened. Gray, 1. c. 284.
4 H Nutlets broadly ovate and not at all cruciform,
-H- Vitreous-crustaceons but rather dull, lineate-rugose in the manner of the preceding, but the
flatter back hardly at all carinate: calyx not circumscissile: plant diffusely procumbent, hispidu-
lous, with short oblong leaves which commonly extend through the irregular spikes.
P. Torreyi, GRAY, 1. c., is Eritrichium Torreyi, p. 192. Herbage gives an abundant violet
stain to paper,
w- -H- Nutlets opaque, not vitreous nor much indurated, the back slightly carinate, rugose with
sparse and somewhat reticulated lines, which are elevated above the general surface, this often
minutely granulate.
= Calyx divided to near the base: spikes irregular or simple, commonly leafy below: limb of
corolla only a line or two in diameter: plants diffusely branched from the base, a span to a foot
high.
P. Arizonicus, GREENE. Hirsute or even hispid with widely spreading hairs, not canes-
cent: leaves mostly oblong-lanceolate : fructiferous calyx not over 2 lines long, usually con-
nivent over the acutely rugose and sparingly roughened nutlets, at length circumscissile at
base. Gray, I.e. Eritrichium canescnts, var. Ari-nnionn, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
227. Common in Arizona, S. Utah, and adjacent parts of California, Palmer, Greene, Lem-
mon, Parish, Print/ fe.
Var. Catalinensis lias fructiferous calyx open and the broader lobes somewhat
accrescent; also duller as well as rougher nutlets Santa Catalina Island, off I.os Angeles,
California, Lyon.
P. canescens, BENTH., is Eritrichium cnnesrens, p. 192. Villous-pubescent and somewhat
cinereous or canescent, especially the calyx, which when young may bo fulvous or even
somewhat rufescent : this 2 or 3 lines long in fruit, loosely erect or sometimes more open
432 SUPPLEMENT.
and accrescent, persistent, rarely disposed to be circumscissile at base : nutlets with obtuser
wrinkles. Common in California from Sacramento southward, first coll. by Hartweg.
= = Calyx cleft only to the middle, silky-villous, rufescent only when young, soon fulvous or
whitish, only a line and a half long; in fruit little accrescent, connivent over the nutlets, soon
circumscissile, leaving a persistent base which surrounds the lower half of the nutlets: plants
erect and slender, sometimes attaining 2 feet in height: fruiting spikes slender, elongated and
sparsely flowered, simple or geminate, or as if paniculate, bractless: pubescence of the herbage
soft and minute, or soft-hirsute or hispidulous on the lower leaves.
P. nothofulvus, GRAY,!, c. 285. Myosotisjulva, Hook. Fl., in part, & Bot. Beech. 369, only.
Eritrichitun fulcum, A. DC., 1. c. as to Calif, pi. ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. x. 57, & p. 192, in
part. E. nothofulvum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 227. Bothriospermum spec., Benth. PI.
Hartw. no. 1873. Common from Washington Terr, to S. California.
3. Stipitate-fruited species : nutlets straightish but very oblique, carinate on
the back ; caruncle continuous with the ventral crest, projecting into a short in-
durated stipe : otherwise much as 2.
P. UTSinus, GRAT, 1. c. 285. Habit rather of P. Torreyi, but imparting no violet stain to
paper, depressed and tufted, very leafy, hirsute and hispid with short bristles : leaves short,
spatulate or upper lanceolate ; uppermost oblong, accompanying the clustered or at length
more scattered flowers and equalling or surpassing them : corolla very small, hardly exceed-
ing the calyx : lobes of the latter in fruit only a line long, lanceolate : nutlets delicatelv
rugose-reticulate, smooth, the caruncle little projecting. EcJridiocarya ursina, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xix. 90. S. California, in Bear Valley of the San Bernardino Mountains, Parish.
Adj. Lower California, Orcutt.
P. Cooperi, GRAY, 1. c. Diffusely branched from the base, with sparsely-leaved ascending
flowering stems a span to a foot long, more slender, hispidulous : leaves spatulate-liuear to
oblong-lanceolate : spikes at length sparsely flowered, sparingly bracteate or above bractless :
corolla more conspicuous, with limb 2 or 3 lines broad : nutlets more trigonous and reticu-
late-rugose, dentate-muriculate on the reticulations : caruncle more stalk-like and porrect.
Echidiocarya California!, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 164, & p. 199. Lower California,
from San Diego to San Bernardino and southward, first coll. by Dr. Cooper.
4. HYPSOULA. Nutlets (as the name denotes) inserted by a high scar,
i. e. between the middle and the apex, ovoid, obliquely incumbent, little obcom-
pressed but rather turgid, nearly straight, rounded laterally, neither rugose nor
muricate, ventrally carinate only above the round scar, which is attached to the
depressed gynobase by a small and soft (when dry rather fragile) false caruncle :
coarse and rough-hispid low annuals, much branched ; with oblong or lanceolate
leaves, the upper subtending and equalling or exceeding the flower-clusters,
which apparently never extend into naked spikes ; the 5-parted calyx open in
fruit. -- Anomali, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 286. Almost congeneric with
Microula of Tibet.
P. hispidus, GRAY, 1. c. Half a foot high : lower leaves linear-spatulate, upper oblong :
nutlets turgid, acute at apex, obscurely carinate on the back, opaque, papillose-granulate,
the scar hardly above the middle. Truckee, on the eastern border of California, Mrs.
Layne-Curran.
P. glomer4tus, GRAY, 1. c. Stouter : leaves mostly ovate-oblong : nutlets larger (a line
and a half long), less turgid, more oval and obtuse, flatter and not carinate on the back,
smooth and somewhat shining, but with obscurely undulate-rugulose surface, the scar be-
tween the middle and the apex. Western part of Nevada, between Carson and Virginia
City, Mrs. Layne-Curran.
CONVOLVULACE^;. 433
13. ECHIDIOCABYA, Gray.
B. Arizonica, GRAY, p. 199. The genus now restricted to this species, and characterized
"accordingly. Collected in Arizona, also in adjacent Sonora, Mexico, by Prinyle.
12. (now 14.) AMSlNCKIA, Lehm.
A. intermedia, FISCH. METER, p. 198. To this belongs Echium Menziesii, Lehm., Pugill.
" '& Hook. Fl. ii. 89. Probably this most common species and A. spectabilis are one, differing
only in the size and length of the corolla.
17. LITHOSPE1BMUM,- Tourn. P. 203, to first section add :-
L. glabrum, GRAY. A low species of an Old World type, somewhat like L. incrassatum,
'branched from the annual root, smooth and very glabrous, except some minute appressed
pubescence : leaves spatulate-liuear : spikes of the inflorescence when evolute dense, bract-
less : flowers nearly sessile : calyx with spatulate-linear segments as long as the white
corolla, in fruit appressed to the axis, accrescent, upper portion foliaceous, the base indu-
rated, with midribs greatly thickened : nutlets oblong-ovate, somewhat triquetrous, opaque,
nearly smooth, the basilar areola rather small. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 227. Apache
Pass, S. Arizona, Lemmon.
L. viride, GREENE. (Of the group with habit of Onosmodium to which belongs L. discolor,
'L. Palmeri, Watson, &c.) A foot or two high, paniculately branched, finely sericeous-
pubescent, not at all hispid : leaves broadly lanceolate, somewhat cauescent beneath :
corolla salverform (three fourths inch long), pale green, sericeous-pubescent outside, with
tube nearly twice the length of the linear sericeous-hirsute sepals, slightly contracted orifice,
and rounded oval lobes (only a line long) widely spreading: nutlets smooth and ivory-
white, not angled, an acute expanded margin around tbe scar. Bot. Gazette, vi. 158.
Mimbres Mountains, New Mexico, Greene.
L. tuberosum, KUGEL, p. 203. Exclude the Texan plants referred here (fruiting speci-
mens only). They belong apparently to Onosmodium Bcjariense.
L. multifiorum, TORR., p. 204. Flowers heterogone-dimorphous, both forms now known,
as also of the following species, which ranks next to it.
L. Cobrense, GREENE, 1. c, 157. Many-stemmed from a tap-root and a rosulate tuft of
'radical leaves', canescently strigulose (greener in age) or appressed-hirsute, and the spatu-
late lower leaves hispid : cauliue leaves linear, obtuse, short : corolla half-inch high and
with ample equally broad limb. Common from western border of Texas through New
Mexico and Arizona ; first coll. by Wright, and wrongly referred to L. ccmescens, f rom the
range of which this southwestern district is to be excluded.
CONVOLVULACE.E.
1. IPOMCfcA, L.
I. hederacea, JACQ., p. 210. A remarkable form, seemingly of this species, perhaps a
hybrid with /. purpurea, is
Var integriuscula, with ample leaves caudately acuminate, either entire or
with salient lateral teeth. Shell Islands, at the mouth of St. John's River, East
Curtiss.
I Thlirberi GRAY, p. 212, should be removed to the foot of p. 210 : for it proves to be of
" the Pharbitis section, and normally with a 3-lobed stigma and 3-celled ovary (only by varia-
tion 4-celled) : corolla 2 inches long, with slender tube much longer than the funnelform limb
and throat, purple. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 90. Coll. in flower in S. Arizona, Lemmon.
28
434 SUPPLEMENT.
I. carnosa, R- BR. Prodr. 485. This proves to be the oldest name in the genus for /. aceto-
s '/</ la, Ru-m. & Schult., aud p. 211, and has been taken up as such.
I. capillacea, Do.v, Syst. iv. 267. Takes the place of the preoccupied name/, muricata,
Cav., p. 214. /. annata, Roem. & Schult., is still earlier, but is obviously false. The genuine
species has an oblong tuber, erect stems and branches a foot or more in height, leaves of
such slender divisions as to justify the present specific name, aud peduncles hardly longer
than the calyx. The commonest form in Mexico, extending to Venezuela: in Arizona
forms occur between this and
Var. patens. Stem and branches short and diffusely spreading : divisions of the
leaves from filiform to narrowly linear and obtuse. Not rare in Arizona and New Mexico.
In Northern Mexico, Parry & Palmer's 626 and Palmer's 910 are characteristic, and of the
broader-leaved kind.
I. PlumrnerSB. Tuber globose (not half-inch in diameter) : stem declined-trailing or even
disposed to twine, a foot or so long : divisions of the mostly pedate leaves from narrowly
spatnlate-linear to nearly filiform: peduncle hardly shorter than the (inch long) corolla:
otherwise like the preceding, with which it has been confounded in the collections. S.
Arizona, }\'r. : i/l:t, Lwir, and Mr. &. Mrs. Lfinmon (no. 2839), who pointed out the characters.
Wherefore Mrs. Lemniou's maiden name is given to it.
I. CUneifolia, GRAY. Tuber, peduncles, flowers, and habit of the preceding : leaves simple,
cuneate, laeiniate-dentate at the broad apex, tapering into a short petiole, coriaceous in
texture, nervose. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 90. S. Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains,
Lemmon.
I. Lemmoni, GRAY, 1. c. Very like I. leptotoma, p. 214, but perennial from a thick oblong
tuber, smo-ith and glabrous throughout, even to the calyx: stem feebly turning: divisions
of the pedate leaves narrowly linear, elongated (often 2 inches long) : peduncle filiform, as
long as the slender petiole, one-flowered ; the pedicel above the linear-subulate bracts very
short : sepals oblung, acute, thin, with midrib slightly muriculate : corolla long aud narrow
(2 inches long), rose-color. S. Arizona, in the Huachuca Mountains, Li-amion.
I. tenuiloba, TORR. Xeeds a separate subdivision at end of the genus: slender stems
freely twining : root unknown : plant glabrous and smooth : leaves peclatelv par;ed ; the
divisions 5 or 7, filiform, entire (inch and a half long), much longer but liardlv broader
than the petiole : peduncle stouter and longer than the petiole, one-flowered.: calyx-lobes
oblong, thiunish, mncronate-acuminate : corolla, &c., apparently nearlv as in / sayittata.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 148 (excl. the remark on no. 1617, which w;is accidentally transposed
from the account of /. loniitfolia) : by oversight omitted from the Flora. Hills near Puerto
de Paysauo, W. Texas, Birjdow.
3. JACQUEM6NTIA, Choisy. (Genus too near Convolvulus.}
J. tamnifolia, GRISEB., p. 214. Add syn. : Convolvulus condcnsatus, Bertol. Misc. Bot.
xiv. 18. t. 2.
J. Pringlei, GR \v. Of the J. i-ioJacea type, near J. abitliloides, Benth.. of Lower California,
equally of Almtilm aspect, erect and diffuse from a woody base, not at all twining : leaves
cordate, mostly acute or short-acuminate, entire, an inch or half-inch long, canescent-
tomentose, also a ^labrf scent form : peduncles longer than the leaves, loosely 2-4-flovvered :
pedi 1 1- -hurt: sepals ovate, the two inner thin and much smaller: corolla white, with
limb nearly an inch broad. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 228. Santa Catalina Mountains,
S. Arizona, Pringle.
4. CONVOLVULUS, L.
CALYSTEGIA PARAPOXA, Pnrsh, referred to on p. 215, is to be absolutely excluded from
our flora. The original, identified in Sherard's herbarium, is Convolvulus sagittatus of Sib-
thorp, C. ),ii:i>itn*, Bicb., of Greece. See Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 228.
C. rATKsm.iANA. Pursh, is one of the ambiguous forma between C. septum, var. repens, and
C. spithamceus, ns seen in the Sherardian herbarium.
CONVOLVULAG&E. 435
CONVOLVULUS SiiERARDi, Pursh, Fl. ii. 730, does not belong to our flora. It was founded
on an incomplete fruiting specimen, West Indian (not from "Carolina "), of C. micranthus,
Roem. & Schult. Vide Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.
In the first edition the character of CALTSTEGIA has " stigmas very flat " : but in living
plants, those of C. sepium are thick, papillose, hardly flattish, or even terete, as some authors
have stated. But they are soft and flatter in drying. As a genus Calysteyin entirely fails in
North America, as is seen in a series of species which now, with better material, are here
reconstructed.
C. sepium, L., var. Americanus, p. 215. Stigmas in dried specimens from broadly
oval (as in the Old World) to narrowly oblong : flower always solitary. Here doubtless
C. Maximilian!, Xees, PI. Xeuwicd Trav. IT. Extends to the Pacific coast in Oregon and
California. Some of it has been referred to C. occidentalis.
C. macrostegius, GREENE. Like C. sepium, but " suff rutescent " and large (leaves 4
inches long and little narrower) : peduncles 6 to 8 inches long, bearing 2 or 3 flowers within
the ample (inch or more long) bracts, and lateral flowers similarly bracteate : corolla short
and broad, cream-color (or " pale yellow," Greene:) : stigmas rather broadlv linear. Bull.
Calif. Acad. i. 203. C. occidentals, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 118. The original is of
Guadalupe Island, off Lower California, Palmer. Also San Clemente, off San Diego, Lower
California, Aen" & Lijon.
C. Califomicus, CHOISY, p. 215. This depressed and never twining species extends to
the coast ranges of Oregon (Uoicell, Henderson) in a glabrous form, some flowers with
broader stigmas, bearing a certain likeness to C. Soldanella.
C. villosus, GRAY, p. 216. Not at all or only feebly twining: the tomentose bracts to the
flower, although more commonly entire and erect, are occasionally, in the most white-vel-
vety plants, one or both of them, hastate and short-petioled, so passing directly into
Var. f ulcratus. Greener, the soff pubescence short and fine : leaves either broadly
hastate (as in the type) or narrow and more sagittate; the bracteal pair similar but small,
either a little below the flower, or at the base of the calyx, occasionally one or both of them
entire : corolla (according to L'ooper) pale yellow, probably only cream-color : stigmas
linear. C. luteolus, var. f ulcratus, Gray, p. 216, and the only C. lutcoJus of which there
is good evidence of yellow or yellowish corolla ! C. f ulcratus, Greene, Bull. Calif.
Acad. i. 208.
C. occidentalis, GRAY, p. 215. Character needs emendation only in reference to the ex-
treme variability of the bracts: these either Calystegia-like and covering (but rarelv sur-
passing) the calyx, or variously smaller and shorter, or lanceolate or linear and more
foliaceous in texture, then at a little distance below the calyx, always in a pair, except on
the 2-3-flowered peduncles, when they may be disjoined. Whenever, as in the original of the
species, there is more than a single flower, the bracts are small and narrow. Specimens with
solitary flower and ample bracts referred here belong to C. sepium. Generally herbaceous or
with barely suffrutescent ba,se, but Mr. Greene finds stems woody to a considerable height.
The form with diminished bracts is C. luteolus, Gray, p. 216 (excl. var.), but everywhere
with white corolla, or roseate in fading. So that this last name happily disappears.
Var. tenuissimus, GSAY, p. 215. The commoner form, throughout S. California, in
the drier regions usually reaching only a foot or a yard in height : leaves from lanceolate- to
linear- or even filiform-hastate : bracts Calystegia-like, either acuminate and surpassing the
calyx, or oblong and barely equalling it. This may pass into
C. longipes, WATSOX, p. 217, which was described from mere branches. It has no bracts,
the uppermost reduced subulate leaves are scattered and always alternate.
C. HavanensiS, JACQ. Suffruticose, prostrate or feebly twining, canescently puberulent
and glabrate : leaves thick, oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, sometimes orbicular, obtuse or re-
tuse and mucronate, entire (6 to 12 lines long), abruptly contracted into a short petiole:
peduncles one-several-flowered : pedicels longer than the calyx : corolla white, not over half-
inch long, deeply 5-cleft : lobes acute : stigmas oblong : capsule splitting into several valves.
Obs. ii. 25, t. 45, fig. 3 (flower and leaf) ; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 207. C. rwlerarius, HBK. Nov.
Gen. & Spec. iii. 96. C. Gnrberi, Chapm. in Bot. Gazette, iii. 11. Ipomcea Ifurnnrnsis,
Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 368, referred to that genus at a mere venture. C. Jamaicensis, of
436 SUPPLEMENT.
some authors, hardly of Jacquiu, but if they run together this (in Obs. iii. 5) is a later
name. C. Valenzuelamis, A. Rich., ex Griseb. Cub. S. E. Florida, ou the Keys and near the
coast, Garber, Curtiss. (Cuba, Bahamas, &c.)
C. ARVENSIS, L. Now well naturalized in California.
C. PENTAPETALofDES, L. Diffusely branched and slender annual, with spatulate-lanceolate
mostly entire leaves: peduncles bearing a siugle small flower, with purplish corolla only 3
lines long and deeply 5-cleft. Cav. Ic. ii. 20, t. 123; Sibth. Fl. Groeca, t. 197. Breweria
minima, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 228. In graiu-fields and on hills, through W.
California. (Nat. from S. Eu.)
5. BREWERIA, R. Br.
The first division, containing B. ovalifolia, p. 217, which is probably large-flowered, needs
slight alteration, as to length of peduncle, for the following related and remarkable species.
B. grandiflora, GRAY. Minutely sericeous-puberulent : root tuberous : stems procumbent,
2 or 3 feet long : leaves broadly oval or some orbicular, an inch or two long, very short-
petioled : peduncles rather shorter than the leaf, one-flowered, bearing two subulate bracts at
base of a stout pedieel : sepals broadly lanceolate, the two outer a little shorter than the
inner (these in fruit an inch long, surpassing the capsule) : corolla funnelform from a rather
long tube, blue. 3 inches in length : styles capillary, distinct nearly to base : stigmas globose.
Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 51. Coast of S. Florida, at Manatee, c., Garber.
B. humistrata, p. 217. The syn. Convol volvulus and Evolvulusl Sherardi to be erased; the
plant in herb. Sherard being Convolvulus micranthus and W. Indian.
6. EV6LVULTJS, L. Next to E. Arizonicus, p. 218, add:
E. leetus, GRAY. Sericeous-canesceut throughout, and with some soft villous pubescence,
much branched from a suffrutescent base, erect or barely spreading, 6 to 10 inches high,
leafy : leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, half-inch long : peduncles 1-3-flowered, surpassing
the leaves : corolla bright blue, with limb fully half-inch in diameter. Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 288. Mountains of S. Arizona, Pr ingle, Leminon.
E. sericeus, SWAKTZ, p. 218. The stouter varieties which prevail in W. Texas, Arizona,
and adjacent Mexico, pass freely into
Var. discolor (E. discolor, Benth. PI. Hartw.), a more depressed form, with the lower
leaves, or those of abbreviated stems, all of them oblong or lanceolate-oblong and obtuse.
Arizona and New Mexico, Greene, Lemmon, Pringle, &c.
SOLANACE^E.
WITHANIA MORISONI, Dunal, p. 224. The original is W. somnifera, and Morison does not
say that he had it, but only something like it, from Virginia.
2. SOLANTJM, Tourn.
S. Douglasii, DUNAL (S. nignim, var. Douglasii, p. 228), common through California and
in Arizona, and clearly indigenous, is a woody-stemmed perennial, and should rank as a
species.
6. CHAM JESARACHA, Gray. Add to char. : Corolla with roundish
and tomentose twin elevations at the throat, alternate with the stamens.
C. CoronopUS, p. 232. Corolla greenish-white (not " yellowish "), the appendages in the
throat large and protuberant.
SOLANACE.E. 437
CHAM^SARACHA PHYSALOIDES, Greene, in Torr. Bull. ix. 122, is Phy sails lobata, Torr.
BELLINIA UMBELLATA, Roem. & Schult. (Saracha umbellata, Don; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xix. 91 ), a common Mexican species, was collected by Lemmon in S. Arizona, on the Mexican
frontier, perhaps only adventive. The genus is known from the present and from Physalis by
the enlargement and rotate expansion of the fructiferous calyx under the berry into a membrana-
ceous 5-angled plate.
8. MARG-ARANTHUS, Schlecht. P. 237, add a second species, -
M. Lemmoni, GRAY. Very much branched and decumbent, more leafy : leaves all quite
entire : calyx more deeply 5-dentate ; the teeth at length half the length of the tube : corolla
white, campanulate-urceolate above the very short tube ; orifice obtusely 5-lobed. (It might
be Phi/salis mimitiflora, Moc. & Sesse, but leaves not at all repand, as they are in M. solana-
ceus. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 91. Cave Canon, S. W. Arizona, Lemmon.
10. LYCIUM, L.
L. Richii, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. v. 46. Name to take the place of the later L. Palmeri,
Gray, p. 238 (Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 292) ; abundant at All Saints' Bay, Lower California.
L. quadrifidum, Dunal, founded on a rude figure, might be the same, except for larger size
and much shorter tube of corolla, so that it is with more probability referred to L. Carolinia-
num by Miers.
L. macrodon, GRAY, p. 238. Rediscovered by Pringle, beyond the border of S. W.
Arizona, on the Altar River ; lias remarkably long and narrow calyx-lobes, white corolla
tinged with green, and a very large hypogynous disk of a deep orange color.
L. Californicum, NDTT., p. 238. Distinguished by its fleshy leaves, and limb of the small
tetramerous corolla nearly as long as the tube. Common on the coast of S. California from
Santa Monica to San Diego.
Var. Arizonicum. Leaves bright green, extremely fleshy, the small ones of the
fascicles on the brauchlets pyriform or globular! Desert of Arizona, Parn/ (imperfect
specimen was referred to L. parviflorum), at Lowell, Parish, and Maricopa, A. Gray.
L. parviflorum, GRAY, p. 239. S. Arizona, Thurber, Pringle. May pass into L. barbino-
duin (which is not within our limits), but does not show the tomentulose nodes of the
fascicles.
L. Premonti, GRAY, p. 239, is not uncommon in Arizona (coll. Parry, Vasey, &c.). and it
passes into the equally abundant
Var. gracilipes, L. gracilipes, Gray, p. 239, with pedicels from a third to half an inch
long, often quite as long as the flower. S. Arizona, Parish, Pringle, &c.
Other puberulent species, the first two more or less extra-limital, are :
L. exsertum, GRAY. Very much like the last preceding: leaves spatulate (not over half-
inch long) : pedicels hardly half-inch long, about the length of the corolla: lobes of the
calyx acute, shorter than the tube : corolla-lobes very short, triangular-ovate, reflexcd :
stamens much exserted. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 305. Near Altar, in N. W. Souora,
Pringle,
L. Pringlei, GRAY, 1. c. Cinereous-puberulent : branches slender : leaves spatulate and oh-
lanceolate (about quarter inch long): pedicels 2 or 3 lines long: calyx with oblong and
obtuse foliaceous lobes equalling or longer than the tube and almost equalling the tube of the
corolla, which is barely 3 lines long, and longer than its own 5 roundish lobes : stamens
shorter than the corolla lobes ; filaments densely bearded at base. In stream-beds, N. W.
Sonora, near the boundary, Prinr/le.
L. Parish.il, GRAY, 1. c. Resembling the preceding, equally small-leaved and puberulent:
pedicels 2 or 3 lines long : corolla narrowly funnelforin (5 lines long), thrice the length of
the obtuselv and rather short-lobed calyx, with short 5-lobed limb ; the lobes a line long,
ovate, obtuse, at length equalled by the stamens. Mesas in the San Bernardino Valley,
S. California, Parish.
438 SUPPLEMENT.
13. OESTRUM, L.
C. PARQUi, L'Her., of Chili and Buenos Ayres, cultivated in many warm countries, appears
to have become spontaneous at San Antonio, Texas, coll. Dr. Bull, Palmer. Palmer's plant is
C. multinerviuin, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 128 : so probably is that of Dunal.
14. NICOTIANA, Tourn. Append to genus, on p. 243:
N. GLAU'CA, GRAHAM. Arborescent, soft-woody below, glaucous and glabrous : leaves long-
petioled, ovate and subcordate, entire or repand : flowers loosely paniculate : corolla greenish
becoming yellow, inch or two long, tubular, contracted at throat, and with erect 5-crenate
limb not longer than the orifice. Bot. Mag. t. 2837. Native of Buenos Ayres, not rare in
cultivation, rather widely naturalized in S. California and S. Texas.
SCROPHULARIACEJE.
DIGITALIS PDRPUREA, L., the FOXGLOVE, the type of the tribe Digitalece, p. 248, is locally
naturalized in British Columbia, on the Pacific coast.
4. ANTIRRHINUM, Tourn.
A. virga, GRAY, p. 252, is a perennial, the larger plants branched from the base and becom-
ing 6 or 7 feet high : corolla purple. Eeceutly collected in Lake Co., Cleveland, Rattan.
The California!! species (of ) i ), which are prehensile by lateral shoots acting as tendrils,
now augmented, may be defined as follows :
A. Coulterianum, BENTH., p. 252. Marked by its truly spicate inflorescence, and com-
paratively large corolla, with very protuberant palate greatly exceeding the short upper lip.
.A- Orcuttianurn, GRAY. Nearest the preceding, more slender, smaller-flowered, glabrous
up to the loosely spicate inflorescence, which is more disposed to bear tortile branchlets :
corolla about 4 lines long ; lower lip not much larger than the upper : leaves linear or lower-
most spatulate-lanceolate : seeds tuberculate-favose. Bot. Gazette, ix. 53. Near San
Diego and adjacent Lower California, Orcittt.
A. Nevinianum, GRAY, 1. c. Much resembles the foregoing : seeds longitudinally cris-
tate-costate, as in A. Nuttalliannm. Los Angeles Co., at San Juan Capistrano, Nevin,
and near San Diego, Orcutt.
A. Nuttallianum, BENTH., p. 253. Well marked by the scattered slender-pedicelled flow-
ers '(with short comparatively equal-lipped corolla not over 4 lines long), all subtended
by ovate leaves or leaf-like bracts, and principal leaves distinctly petiolate : seeds acutely
cristate-costate. Extends well into Arizona, &c.
A. subsessile, GRAY. Erect and loss diffuse than the foregoing, which it most resembles,
extremely glandular-viscid : flowers more racemose, longer than the pedicels or even sub-
sessile ; lower lip of corolla larire in proportion : leaves ovate, all sessile or nearly so : seeds
of the preceding. Bot. Gazette, ix. 53. San Diego, &c., Cleveland, Orcutt, and Santa
Catalina Island, Schumacher.
A. subcordaturn, GRAY. Of the group with flowers sessile or subsessile in the axils of
sessile loaves, and very unequal calyx, to which belong A. runnns and A. Bretrcri : rather
large and stout, pubescent or below hirsute : lower leaves unknown ; upper closely sessile,
ovate, subcordate, thickish flowers half-inch long : upper sepal large and oval, longer than
the rest, which are linear-lanceolate : corolla half-inch long, with ample throat and almost
equal lips, ochroleucOus : longer filaments dilated at apex: seeds favose and the edges
of the pits muriculate. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 306. Stony Creek, Colusa Co., California,
Rattan.
SCROPHULARIACE.E. 439
A. Vagans, GRAY, p. 253. Add syn. : A. vexillo-calyculatum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. v
27, fide Layne-Curran,
A. IQngii, WATSON, p. 253. Extends from Arizona and the eastern border of California
to S. E. Oregon. A. Kelloyyii, Greene, in Torr. Bull. x. 1'26.
In MATJRANDELLA, p. 253.
A. strictum, GRAY, p. 253, was badly named. It becomes weak, lax, and climbs by its
tortile peduncles, often to a yard in height. Santa Barbara to Sau Diego.
A. filipes, GRAY, p. 354. With hardly a doubt this was founded on a depauperate-flowered
and very attenuate form of the A. Cooperi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 376, which has the
fully developed flowers. The characters should be combined under the former and older
name. In canons, from N. W. Arizona to Sau Diego, where apparently it also pro-
duces small corollas.
In GAMBELIA, p. 354.
A. Speciosum, GRAY, p. 354. Corolla has short or small, but not "narrow " lips, and the
palate closes the throat ; so that the character of the section needs correction. Inhabits
also San Clemente Island, Nevin & Lyon.
A. junceum, GRAY, p. 354. This is Saccularia Veatchit, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 17,
& Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 144, with colored plate, reproduced from "The Hesperian," July,
1860. The plate shows a plane lip, with no palate at all. The dried flowers show the pal-
ate, which, seemingly, cannot close the orifice. It has not been found very near the U. S.
boundary.
6. MOHAVEA, Gray.
M. viscida, GRAY, p. 255. Add syn. : Antirrhinum confertlflorum, Beuth. in DC. Prodr. x.
592.
7. COLLlNSIA, Nutt.
C. linearis, GRAY. (To stand near C. grand/flora, p. 256, but peculiar.) A foot or two
high, pauiculately branched, glabrous or inflorescence minutely glandular-pnbernlent : leaves
elongated linear (l to 3 inches long, a line or two wide), entire, or the radical ones lanceo-
late-spatulate and obscurely dentate ; uppermost reduced to small bracts : pedicels 3 to 6
in the whorls, filiform, about equalling the flowers : calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate, acute :
corolla much declined, gibbose-saccate, half-inch long, light blue, with lips longer than the
tube and throat, upper with a slightly prominent and 2-lobed callus : rudiment of sterile
stamen filiform-subulate : ovules 3 in each cell : seeds meniscoidal. Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
50. Northern part of California, Greene, Kaftan, and adjacent part of Oregon, Hoivell.
C. Rattani, GRAY, 1. c. (Between C. parvi flora and C. Parri/i.) A foot or less high,
barely puberulent, and inflorescence obscurely glandular : stem strict, nearly simple : can-
line leaves narrowly linear and entire (inch or two long), or lowest short and oblong, some-
what dentate ; lowest or radical spatulate and very small : pedicels 2 to 4 (3 lines long),
about the length of the flower : calyx-lobes broadly lanceolate, rather obtuse : corolla violet
or purple, small, little declined, with lips only a line or two long, the upper with a double
callosity : rudiment of sterile stamen subulate : ovules not more than two in each cell : cap-
sule equalling the calyx : seeds meniscoidal, margined. N. California from Mendocino Co.
northward (Rattan) to Oregon, Howell, and Washington Terr., Suksdorf.
11. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell.
P. Menziesii, HOOK., var Scouleri, GRAY, p. 260. Add : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6834.
The two following must needs be taken as good species of this section. Both have a quite
naked sterile filament, and very long-woolly anthers.
440 SUPPLEMENT.
P. Barrettne. A foot or two high, and glabrous throughout, very glaucous, rigid : flower-
ing stems leafy up to the thyrsoid inflorescence : leaves ovate and oval, entire or serrulate,
an inch or two long ; cauliue closely sessile by a broad base : sepals short, scarious-coria-
ceous, oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate : corolla an inch and a half long, rose-
purple. Mountains of Hood River, Oregon, near its confluence with the Columbia, Mrs.
Barrett. Here may belong an insufficient specimen from the northern side of the Columbia,
collected by Snksdurf.
P. Lyalli. Puberuleut or nearly glabrous up to the racemiform inflorescence : flowering
steins '2 feet high and herbaceous (the base unknown): leaves elongated linear or linear-
lanceolate, 3 to 5 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, sparsely serrulate : sepals linear-lanceolate
and attenuate-acuminate : corolla inch and a half long. P. Menziesii, var. ? Lyalli, Gray,
Proc. Am. A cad. vi. 26, referred to on p. 2GO, under var. Scouleri. N. W. Montana, on the
borders of Brit. Columbia, Li/all in 1861, and Missoula Canon, Watson, 1880 ; also Wigwam
River, British Columbia, Mncoun, 1884.
P. ternatus, TORR., p. 260. Corolla equally 4-cleft at summit, and the lobes equally as-
cending, upper lobe or lip sometimes a little shorter and 2-lobed at summit.
P. Rothrockii, GRAY, p. 260. San Jaciuto Mountains, S. E. California, at 8,000 feet,
Parish. A foot or two high, woody below : corolla reddish, half-inch long.
P. baccharifolius, GRAY. Not Mexican : for P. cor/amis, Schaffner in herb, (referred
in Hemsl. Biol. Centr -Am. Bot. ii. 443, to this species as var. Schaffneri), differs not only in
the smoothness and entire leaves, but in the shape of corolla and dehiscence of the anthers.
P. labrosus, HOOK. f. Next P. burbutus, p. 261, and much like it, narrower leaved : inflo-
rescence almost simply racemose : corolla more slender, light scarlet, destitute of beard ;
limb longer ; lobes of the 3-parted lower lip linear, equalling the upper, spreading, fully half
the length of the tube. Bot. Mag. t. 6738, & Card. Chrou. 1883, ii. 536, fig. 91. P. bar-
batus, var. labrosus, Gray, Bot. Calif, i. 622. S. E. California, on Mount Piuos. Kern Co.,
Rothroclc, and Grayback, San Bernandino Co., Parry & Lemmon, II. G. Wright. Also Can-
tillas Mountains over the Mexican boundary, Orctitt.
P- nudiflorus, GRAY. Ambiguous between the Specios'i and the Genuini: anther-cells
strictly divaricate, elongated oblong, dehiscent through the whole length, but not explanate :
glabrous and glaucescent : stems simple, strict, 2 feet or more high, bearing below 2 or 3
pairs of ovate-lanceolate partly clasping leaves, above bearing a long and loose naked thyr-
sus : peduncles subtended by minute subulate bracts, elongated, about 2-flowered : sepals
short, broadly ovate : corolla inch long (purple ?), with much ampliate throat from a nar-
row tube of double the length of the calyx ; lips short and spreading : stamens slightly
exserted from the throat : sterile filament pilose-bearded for nearly its whole length.
Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 206. Northern Arizona, near Flagstaff, Lrmmon.
P. Havardi, GRAY. After P. Wrir/htii, p. 264, which it resembles in herbage, but long-
flowered, wholly smooth and glabrous, glancescent, 2 feet high : leaves coriaceous, entire,
oval or oblong ; lower long-petioled ; upper smaller and half-clasping ; those of the elon-
gated and virgate racemiform thyrsus reduced to small or minute bracts : peduncles very
short, 3-5-flowered, but pedicels slender: sepals short, oval, obtuse: corolla (apparently
violet or blue) tubular, inch long (throat not over 3 lines wide), and lips only 2 lines long;
upper erect. 2-lobed; lower spreading and 3-lobed ; lobes roundish : sterile filament filiform,
naked. Proc. Arn. Acad. xx. 306. Guadalupe Mountains on southwest frontier of
Texas, Ilartirrl. (Mex. ?)
P. centranthifolius, BEXTH., p. 264. Flowers occasionally yellow, near San Bernardino,
S. California, I'urish.
P. Cleveland!, GRAY, p. 265, where it is partly mixed with the next. Leaves rigid, ob-
long or ovate, acutely and rigidly dentate, uppermost usually connate into a disk : thyrsus
narrow: < irolla crimson, three-fourths inch long, with narrow throat: sterile filament
bearded above: stem lignescent at base. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 229. Exclude the
Cncamonga habitat.
P. Parish!!, GRAY. Wholly herbaceous : leaves less coriaceous, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, entire or minutely denticulate ; upper half-clasping by subcordate base, but not con-
nate : thyrsus more paniculate, sometimes effuse : corolla red, an inch long, with throat
SCROPHULARIACE^.
m ore dilated : sterile filament wholly naked - Pro, Am Acad. xvii 228. - S. California,
near San Bernardino, to San Diego Co., Wallace, Parish, W. (r. Wright.
stenOTDhvllus GRAY, p. 2G6. P. rubescens, Gray, IToc. Am. Acad. xix. 92, belongs to
tSedes t Xscolored flowers having been taken for red instead of purple or violet. -
Com u tluouo-h S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle, and Northern Mex, Palmer, ^Jfner.
Var dasvphyllus, P dasypkyllus, Gray, p. 266, a form with leaves ami lower part
of Item tlS bSt^v.'th short retrorse pubescence (New Mexico and adjacent lexas as
well as Arizona), varies into the glabrous state of the species.
tn* BENTH p. 2G6. Habit of the Elmiuera section : stem a foot or two high,
tfthe bLe o/nearly, miuutely puberulent or glabrate and the simpler .nflo-
landular : leaves from lanceolate to narrowly linear : corolla scarlet-red, an inch
funnelform; upper lip erect and 2-lobed, lower 3-parted and
filament ^lahrous : anther-cells short-oval, explanate in age. - PI. Hartw.
v le filament ^arous : an- -, .
T P :SiV Gazette, vi. 218, narrow4eaved form. - Bluffs of the Gila,
, . ,
I: W border of New Mexico, Greene. Rucker Valley, S. Ar.zo.ia, Lemmon.
P W i VF 1 c Next to the preceding, glabrous throughout : stems a foot or
'^ d^ided^nru thy, much branched, with the "herbaceous flowering branches short
two high d iiu .-- on the sterile stems, linear-
above: -S Arizona, in the San Francisco and Mogollon Mountains, Greene, and Rucker
Valley, Lemmon.
heur Riv sr, Cusick.
p - b ,5^^
glo^atet/^he interrupted thyrsus: cymes from the lower axils ^g-pejhu^ upper
fhort-peduncled or subsessile : pedicels short or hardly any : sepa Is ohlong-^ o ate acu
.ninate, soft-membranaceous, loose: corolla curved m the bud slightly oblique *"**
pale purple, inch long, campanulate-ampliate above the short tube ; hps short, 1 lions-
bearded within : anthers and filaments glabrous : sterile filament at length exserted, bearded
with some sparse and long hairs: seeds of the genus. -Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 11
forests of N. W. California, in Humboldt Co., 1878-79, Rattan. Except for the vungle,
seeds this is most nearly related to Chelone nemorosa, p. 259.
Var minor GRAY, 1. c. Slender, with oblong leaves only an inch or two long, o
scnrely 'denticulate: thyrsus simple: flowers one half smaller: sepals attenuate: corolla
6 or 7 lines long. Indian Creek, Del Norte Co., California, Rattan.
Var Kleei. Intermediate in foliage inflorescence, and size of flowers between the f
going variety and the type: sepals oblong, short-acuminate or ohtnse.- - / . tUeei, v
fnTorr.Bull. x. 127. -Summit of Ben Lomond, the highest peak of the coast range
behind Santa Cruz, California, W. C. Klee
P G-airdneri HOOK p 270. The character of alttrnate leaves (specially noted by Hooker,
P rr. coll.
OK p . e c
This holds generally, as to most of the leaves in Washin.tou Terr., coll.
Lyall, HowelL Sntedorf, Brandegee. Stems vary from a span to near a f.
Var Oreganus'. Strict : leaves (narrow) even the bracteal ones and most of B pe-
duucles'opposite. Mountains of E. Oregon, Cusick, Ilowell.
442 SUPPLEMENT.
P. Isetus, GRAY, p. 272. Sepals oblong to ovate-lanceolate, and from hardly acute to
acilminate.
Var. leptosepalus, GREENE, in herb. Sepals long-acuminate from a broadish base,
or linear-attenuate (4 or 5 lines long), loose: occurs both with narrow linear-lanceolate and
with broader lanceolate leaves. Butte Co., California, Mrs. Austin.
P. csesius, GRAY. Next to P. Roezli. Low, a span to a foot high from a cespitose lignes-
ceut base, glabrous up to the peduncles, glaucesceut or glaucous : leaves coriaceous, rein-
less; radical and lower caulinc orbicular or subcordate or spatulate-obovate (half or two-
thirds inch long), abruptly contracted into an equal or longer petiole; upper cauline one or
two pairs, narrow and sessile : thyrsus loose and few-flowered : sepals oblong, pruinose-
glandular, as also the short pedicels and occasionally the longer peduncles : corolla, violet or
purple, barely three-fourths inch long, tubular with slight enlargement upward, and with
very short lobes. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 92 Rocks in the San Bernardino Mountains,
S. E. California, Parry & Lenunon, IF. G. V\'riijht, Parish.
P. Cusickii, GUAY. Of the Saccanthera section, before P. Kinyii, p. 272. A foot or less
high, many-stemmed from a barely lignescent caudcx, strict, pale and very minutely prui-
nose-puberulent, equably leafy up to the racemiform loose thyrsus : leaves very narrowly
linear (an inch or two long, little over a line wide), or some of the lower broader and spatu-
late : peduncles 1-2-flowered : sepals ovate, acuminate, glabrous, not glandular : corolla
barely three-fourths inch long, bright blue with a purple tube, a moderately enlarged throat,
and short lobes : sterile filament spatulate-dilated at tip, very glabrous. Proc. Am. Acad.
xvi. 106. N. E. Oregon, on the slopes of Powder River or Eagle Creek, Cusick.
P. CERROSENSIS (which should have been Cedrosensis), Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 19, &
Bull. i. 145, with plate (see p. 273), from Cedros Island, off Lower California, proves to be a
good species, and P. brevilabris, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 229, is a synonym. Color of corolla
uncertain, but surely not " yellow."
P. CANOSO-BARISATUM, Kellojrg, has been identified by Mrs. Currau (in Bull. Calif. Acad. i.
145) with P. brer i floras, Liiidl., and P. ROSTRIFJ.ORUM with P. Bridgesii: but in the description
the color of the flowers of the two has been exchanged.
P. TENELLUS, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 56, is by the same authority said to be P. azu-
reus, Benth., probably depauperate.
13. MlMULUS, L. P. 273.
Revised in the light of E. L. Greene's new arrangement in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 94-123
(Mi/itii/tix, Kiinanvx, Diplacus), of recent personal observations, and of the original types of
Bentham, Hooker, &c., in the Kew Herbarium. Polymorphous, but better retained entire under
five subgencra than divided into as many genera. L>ijiUicun is placed first, as having the best
claims to generic distinction, being shrubby.
1. DIPLACUS, p. 275. Add char. : Capsule firm-coriaceous, narrow, sym-
metrical, tardily dehiscent down the upper suture, only after seed-shedding, also
later by the lower suture into the two placentiferous valves : yet in some plants
simultaneously dehiscent into the two valves. Seeds elongated-oblong. Pubes-
cence when developed partly of branching or somewhat aspergilliform downy
hairs.
M. glutinosus, \VF.\ML. Corolla, from orange or salmon-color to pale buff. Var. linraris
is tin' must narrow-leaved form, in arid exposures, as Ifi/i/iims l/ilifuliux is the broader-
leaved junl luxuriant extreme. Var. brarhi/pus is the best-marked form, on account of the
villous (but deciduous) hairs of the calyx and generally pale corolla.
M. puniceus, Sri:ri>. ( D. (/lii/inosiis, var. pnnirens, and part of var lint.aris, p. 275), com-
monly tall and narrow-leaved, with brick-red or blood-rod rather than scarlet corolla, and
only in Suutheru California, may be regarded as a species until intermediate colors are
met with.
SCROPHULARIACE^:. 443
2. CENOE, Gray. Corolla (with one exception) large for the plant, and with
a long-exserted and slender (even filiform) tube, expanded throat, and obscurely
bilabiate limb ; the lower lip sometimes small or obsolete : style pubescent above :
capsule cartilaginous, unequal-sided, sulcate at the dissepimental sutures, and
sharp-edged at the posterior dorsal one, enclosed at first in the narrow prismatic
and gibbous-based calyx, long persistent, indeed never detached, very tardily de-
hiscent, mainly by the posterior suture : placentae connate in the ovary but early
separating in the fruit :. purple-flowered and low winter annuals, mostly blossom-
ing from near the root. -- (PL Hartw. 32'J) Bot. Calif, i. 563. Eunanus (Euoe
and part of Eunanus proper, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 98, 100.
* Capsule small ami ovate or oblong-oval, much indurated : pygmy plants, flowering from the
ground and remaining very low, the stems in age seldom equalling or much longer than the
long-tubed (inch or two long) corollas, barely pubescent, neither glandular nor viscid, vernal.
M. tricolor, LINDL. Leaves mostly lanceolate : corolla (when well developed 2 inches
long) with ample somewhat regular limb, pink or lilac with a dark crimson, blotch ou each
of the rounded lobes, the 3 lobes of the lower lip about the length of the two-lobed upper ;
the throat yellow and brown-crimson, commonly spotted, open funnelform, about half the
length of the slender tube : anther-cells bearded at base : stigma of semi-orbicular and
slightly unequal lobes united by their edges at base : seeds very numerous, small, oblong, or
obovate-obloug minutely scaberulous, becoming smooth in age. Common iu the great
valley of California, especially on the Sacramento. To the synonymy on p. 274, add Eunanus
tricolor, Greene, 1. c. 99. The former character of the fruit and seeds was taken from a
fruiting specimen of M. Doiiglasii, through mismatching.
M. angustatus. Exiguous, commonly acaulescent : leaves linear and linear-spatulate :
corolla of the preceding species, except that the filiform tube is 4 to 8 times the length of
the short funnelform throat, and the lower lip rather shorter than the upper : lobes of the
stigma broadly cuneate : seeds (not here seen) according to Greene "few, large, favose-
pitted or favose-reticulate." M. tricolor, var. angustatus, Gray, 1. c. Eunanus angustatus,
Greene, 1. c. Mountains of the northern part of California ; first coll. by Bolander.
M. Douglasii, GRAY. Leaves obovate or oblong : corolla with crimson-purple 2-lobed
upper lip forming the principal limb, the lower lip reduced to a truncate sinuately 3-crenate
border, or with a more conspicuous dentiform middle lobe ; the throat brown-purplish, rather
narrowly campanulate, about one third the length of the tube: capsule somewhat flattened
and with one very sharp-edged dorsal suture : seeds only 20 to 40 in each cell, comparatively
large, scurf v-muriculate, becoming smooth in age. Part of M. Doiiglasii, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 95, Bot. Calif, i. 563, & Syn. Fl., p. 274. M. nanus, var. subun(florus, Hook. &
Arn. Bot. Beech. 378, coll. Doug/as.
M. atropurpureus, Ke'logg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 59, partly, fide Curran & Greene.
Eunanus Doiiglasii, Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 374 (not PI. Hartw.); Greene, Bull. Calif.
Acad. i. 98. Chiefly in the central and northern parts of California, blooming very early.
Mixed first by Beutham (in PI. Hartw.) with the following species as to the flowering plant,
with which mature fruit of M. tricolor was distributed ; hence a confusion to which the Syn.
Fl. added, and also increased by taking fruit of M. Doiiglasii for that of M. tricolor.
* * Capsule short-linear, at length arcuate : caulescent, flowering later and longer, viscidulous-
pubescent.
-i With long-exserted filiform tube to the corolla, as of the section.
M. Kelloggii, CURRAN. Erect, a span or two or becoming a foot high, with internodes
longer than leaves : these ovate to obovate or spatulate-lanceolate : corolla crimson-purple ;
its tube inch long, expanding into a short-funnelform throat and oblique limb ; short lobes
of lower lip only half the length of the upper and more spreading: stigma with ovate and
obtuse unequal lobes, or by their union obliquely peltate : capsule narrow, obtuse (4 or 5
lines long and a line thick), rather terete, moderately unequal-sided : seeds comparatively
few and large, obovate. Curran in herb. Gray. M. Doufflasii, partly, Gray, Bot. Calif., &c.,
as to descr. of fruit. M. atropurpureus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. i. 59, mainly, as to char.
444 SUPPLEMENT.
Eunanus Douglasii, Benth. PI. Hartw. no. 1894 (excl. ripe fruit described, which is of M.
tricolor) ; Grav, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, mainly, riot Benth. in DC. E. Kelloygii, Curran, in
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 100. Common through middle parts of California. Mis-
taken by llentham and myself for a later and caulescent form of M. Douglasii, first and
well discriminated by Mrs. Layne- Curran.
-i -! Ambiguous species, with corolla of Eunanus, and little exserted, but with oblique late-
dehiscent capsule of CEnoe.
M. latifolius, GRAY, p. 274. Extra-limital. The capsule in plant raised from Palmer's
seeds appears to be only moderately oblique, linear-oblong, obtuse, and not indurated ; but
as now received from Mr. Greene, from its native habitat, and fully mature, it is lanceolate,
strongly oblique, and as if bent on its broad base ; the upper carpel much larger than the
other, very gibbous and sharp edged dorsally, and there very tardily dehiscent.
3. EUXAXUS, Gray, Bot. Calif. Corolla from tubular-funnelform to nearly
campanulate, with either obscurely or manifestly bilabiate limb, the proper tube
either moderately exserted or included in the campanulate or oblong calyx : style
glandular-pubescent above : stigma usually peltate-fun nelform, obscurely 2-lobed
or entire : capsule symmetrical, from firm-chartaceous to menibranaceous, dehis-
cent by both sutures into two valves, which bear the separated placentae : low or
occasionally taller annuals, most of them glandular- or viscid-pubescent and
heavy-scented.
* Corolla only a quarter-inch long, slender, only slightly exserted out of the broad and ventricose
calyx until elevated on the growing capsule: valves thin-chartaceous.
M. Rattani, GRAY. Viscid-pubescent, a span or two high : leaves oblong ; upper about
equalling the sessile flowers : calyx very viscid, when fructiferous little higher than broad,
a little oblique at orifice, and with short ovate teeth : corolla rose-purple, its lobes barely a
line long, equal except that the upper are united to near the middle : capsule narrowly
ovate-lanceolate, nearly half exserted: seeds oblong-oval. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 307.
Eunanus Rattani, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 105. Lake and Colusa Co., California,
Rattan, Laijne-Curran.
* * Corolla a quarter to three-fourths inch Ions', funnolform or narrower, well exserted beyond
the campanulate or oblong calyx: capsule-valves metnbranaceous or chartaceous: plants a span
or two high and brandling when luxuriant, when depauperate dwarf and simple, beginning to
blossom from near the root.
H Calyx not manifestly oblique at orifice, but lower teeth usually a little shorter. (Species of
difficult discrimination.)
M. mephitlCUS, GREENE. Very viscid-pubescent and strong-scented : leaves from ob-
bvate-oblong to nearly linear : calyx-teeth short, broadly lanceolate, acutish : corolla half to
two-thirds inch long and with somewhat bilabiate limb 4 or 5 lines broad, bright yellow,
often purple-dotted in the throat, sometimes whole throat or even the limb turning reddish :
seeds oval. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 9. Eunanus mcphitlcus, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 102.
Common in the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite northward.
M. nanus, HOOK. & ARX. Puberulent and somewhat viscid, or low and early-flowering
plants almost glabrous: leaves obovate and spatulate-oblong, all witli tapering base: calyx-
teeth broadly lanceolate or triangular, acutish or when outspread obtuse, but acute when
the tips are conduplicate, a quarter or a third the length of the oblong tube : corolla rose-
purple with darker or yellow throat, mostly two-thirds or three-fourths inch long ; the limb
half-inch or less wide, evidently bilabiate and the lower lip a little shorter than the upper:
seeds oval-oblong. (Supra, p. 274, excl. the yellow-flowered form and the var.) California
to interior of Washington Terr, and Wyoming, first coll. by Toimie.
M. Bigelovii, GRAY, p. 274. Viscid pubescent, sometimes viscidly villous : leaves nearly of
the preceding or more acute, the upper ovate and acuminate: calyx-teeth triangular and
acuminate or subulate-acute, about half the length of the tube : corolla crimson, sometimes
with a yellow eye, three-fourths inch long when well developed, narrow up to the abruptly
SCROPHULARIACE.E. 445
much dilated throat aud expanded slightly bilabiate limb, this half to three-fourths inch in
diameter aud rotately expanding : seeds oval to oblong. Belongs mainly to the southern
aud eastern parts of the iSierra Nevada, aud extends from the borders of Arizona to the
interior of Washington Terr.
Var. OVatus. More rigid, a span to near a foot high, at length spicately flowered, all
the floral and eveu most of the lower cauliue leaves ovate from a broad base, closely sessile,
acutely apiculate-acuminate. Partly referred to M. nanus, partly to A/. Blyclovii, on p. 274.
W. Nevada ( Torre;/) and northward to the upper Columbia River, Neuius, Hall, Hotvell.
M. W^hitneyi. An inch or two high, in pubescence aud foliage resembling the dwarf state
of M. nanus : calyx about 2 lines long, campauulate, with narrow lanceolate and acutish
teeth half the length of the tube : corolla with narrow tube (3 lines long) abruptly dilated
into the broadly obconical throat aud seemingly regular spreading limb (together 4 lines
high), the latter "yellow " or probably nearly white, the throat dark purple in 8 or 10 lon-
gitudinal blotches. M. nanus, var. bicolor, Gray, p. 275. Eunanus bicolor, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad vii. 381 ; Greene, 1. c. 103. Too scantily known only by specimens gathered on high
sierras in Fresno Co., by Brewer, in the Geological Survey under Whitney, whose name it
may bear.
M. Fremonti, GRAY, p. 275. At length a span or two high, from glabrate to soft-villous or
tomeutulose, not glandular and little viscid : leaves from narrowly oblong tospatulate or lan-
ceolate : calyx-teeth short and broadly triangular or ovate, obtuse to acutish : corolla crimson,
comparatively large, trumpet-shaped, being narrowly tubular-funnelform up to the abruptly
spreading almost regular limb, this half to three-fourths inch in diameter : seeds oval.
Common only in Southern California. Parish finds a white-flowered variation.
* -1 Calyx decidedly oblique at orifice, ovate in outline, at least in fruit, and strongly plicate-
angled: corolla narrow.
M. SUbsecundus. Viscid-pubescent, diffusely branched from the base, the at length
elongated branches bearing spicately disposed flowers chiefly turned to one side : leaves
oblong, short ; lower less than inch long, upper shorter than the ample (4 lines long and 3
broad) fruiting calyx : teeth of the latter all similar, deltoid-ovate, acute, about a line long :
corolla "deep red," half-inch long, with narrow tube and throat abruptly dilated into the
nearly regular limb of 4 or 5 lines in diameter : capsule not exserted beyond the somewhat
contracted oblique orifice of the calyx : seeds ovate-oblong. In middle and western part
of California, near Mt. San Carlos in Fresno Co., Brewer, and on Pine Mountain back of
San Simeon Bay, Palmer.
k 1 -t Calyx more or less oblique at orifice, or two lower teeth manifestly shorter and smaller,
the tube open-campamdate or short-oblong: leaves all entire: flowers short-pedicelled or sub-
sessile.
M. leptaleus, GRAY, p. 274. Small, an inch to a span high, viscid-puberulent or pubescent :
leaves spatulate-obloug to nearly linear : calyx 2 or 3 lines long ; the short teeth triangular-
subulate, lower narrower and moderately shorter, at length spreading : corolla crimson, 2 to
4 lines long and slender in depauperate plants, half-inch long when well grown, with gradu-
ally widening throat (in withering becoming filiform) and small moderately bilabiate limb :
capsule ovate to ovate lanceolate. Described originally from depauperate form of arid
places, with withering attenuate corollas, now known in other conditions along the whole
drier parts of the Sierra Nevada, coll. also in Lake Co. (Cumin) and Humboldt Co. (Rattan)
in more luxuriant state, with comparatively large flowers, the Eunanus Lai/neie, Greene,
Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 104.
M. Parryi, GRAY, p. 275. Nothing to add, except a habitat, Mokiak Pass, S. Utah, Palmer,
and syn. Eunanus Parryi, Greene, 1. c.
M. Torreyi, GRAY, p. 275. Eimnnns Tnm-i/i, Greene, 1. c. There are small forms of
M. Bolanderi which have been referred to this, in which the calyx-teeth are always short,
broad, and obtuse or rounded.
* * * Corolla larger, more bilabiate, and ampliate in the throat: calyx (Imlf-inch to inch
long), with strongly plicate-angled tube, unequal and oblique; upper tootli much larger than
lower, all acute: very viscid, with erect and commonly simple stem 1 to 3 feet high, and salient-
denticulate leaves.
446 SUPPLEMENT.
M. Bolanderi, GRAY, p. 275. Eunanus Bolanderi, Greene, 1. c. 105. Depauperate plants
ofteu bear flowers little larger than those of the foregoing.
M. brevipes, BEXTH, p. 275. Eunanus brevipes, Greene, 1. c. Habit and corolla of a true
Aliwulus. Besides the very viscid pubescence has when young some branching long hairs.
4. MiMi'LXsTRUM, Gray. Corolla, salverform ; the tube and throat (which
do not surpass the very unequal calyx) cylindrical, and the orilice not at all di-
lated, but rather contracted ; the abruptly and rotately expanded 5-lobed limb
almost regular but oblique, the rounded lobes picturate-veined with crimson :
viscid-pubescent annuals, of S. E. California ; with the habit and other char-
acters of the section JSunanus, especially of the last preceding species. Bot.
Gazette, ix. 141.
M. Mohavensis, LEMMON. Dwarf, minutely viscidulous-pubesceut, branching : leaves
(reddish) obloug-lauceolate, acute or acuminate, entire : calyx (half-inch long) oblong-
campauulate, somewhat ventricose, strongly angulate-plicate ; the teeth deltoid and acumi-
nate or very acute, upper and longer one nearly half the length of the tube : corolla some-
what gibbous towards the base ; the widely spreading or refracted limlj (5 lines in diameter)
whitish with a dark crimson eye : immature capsule chartaceous, acute. Bot. Gazette,
1. c. 142. Eunanus (Mimulaslrum) Mohavensis, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 106. Sandy
banks of the Mohave River, coll. by the Lemmons, May, 1884.
M!. pictus. Viscid-pubescent : simple stems or basal branches erect, often a foot high :
leaves obovate or ovate to oblong ; lower obtuse, contracted at base, sometimes few-toothed ;
upper shorter than the interuodes : calyx elongated oblong, prismatic, in fruit filled by the
oblong-linear mucrouate-pointed firm-coriaceous capsule ; the very unequal teeth all broad
and obtuse : corolla with rather larger limb, strongly picturate-veined with crimson on a
nearly white ground. Eimunus (Mimidastrum) pictus, Currau, in herb.; Greene, Bull.
Calif. Acad., 1. c. Mountains of Kern Co., about Keene and Tehachapi stations, Jlfrs.
C 'iirran, June, 1884. Plant with habit of M. Bolanderi, calyx of an (Enoe, and nearly the
capsule of M. KeUonijii.
5. EUMIMULTS. Char, as on p. 276. The perennial species are so either
by stolouiform rootstocks or by rooting from decumbent base of stems.
M. cardinalis, DOUGL., p. 276. Add syn. : Erythrant/te cardinalis, Spach, Suites Buff. ix.
313. Type of Erythrantlie, Greene, 1. c.
M. ringens, L., extends northward to the Hudson's Bay district. This and the allied
J\L uliitiis are perennial by stoloniform rootstocks, produced rather late in the season. The
corolla is not really ringeut, although the lips are widely open, for the throat is personately
closed.
The remaining Western species, i. e. all after M. alatus, p. 276, are re-elaborated as fol-
lows :
* * * Large-flowered to small-flowered Western species: corolla yellow and with or without
dark blotches or dots, or in a few rose-colored or dark crimson : seeds mostly smooth or with slight
reticulation or striation.
+ Filiform-scapigerous and stoloniferous perennial, the stolons often producing scaly bulblets
after the season's growth: scattered and long hairs viscous: leaves 3-nerved.
M. primuloides, BENTH., p. 279. Add. fig. 138 in Gard. Chron., June 11, 1881, 7G5.
Extends from San Bernardino Mountains to those of Washington Terr.
i -i Leafy-stemmed and perennial by thickish-filiform creeping rootstocks, villous pubescence
slimy-viscous, commonly much so, musk-scented: leaves pinnately veined: calyx-teeth narrow
and acute: capsule acute and not stipitate: seeds globular.
M. moschatus, DOUGL., p. 278. Weak stems sometimes 2 or 3 feet long. Runs into two
extreme forms :
SCROPHULARIACE.E. 447
Var. longiflorus, GRAY. A form growing in drier soil, less viscid-villoiis, and with
elongated corolla. M, moniliformis, in part (the villous- and more or less viscous-
pubescent plant), Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 119. Common especially in the Sierra
Nevada.
Var. sessilifolius. Leaves all sessile on upright or ascending stems (these some-
times a foot or two high, very slimy), hut those on decumbent shoots from the rootstocks
of the same plant not rarely well-petioled. M. inodorus, Greene, 1. c., but the plant as
strongly musk-scented as the ordinary species, at least in some cases. Not rare in wet
places, from San Bernardino Co., California, northward, and passing into the ordinary form
in Oregon. Calyx-teeth in all the forms variable in length and width.
H 1 ( Leafy-stemmed and slender, perennial by filiform rootstocks, scentless, the minute
pubescence (if any) not viscous: leaves essentially pinnately veined, the peduncles seldom sur-
passing them : calj*x-teeth acute, rather narrow and little unequal : corolla open, about inch
long: capsule acute, not stipitate-contractecl at base.
M. moniliformis, GREENE, in part. Filiform rootstocks ending in small moniliform
tubers : stems a span or two high, simple and erect or with spreading brandies : leaves ovate
or oblong, acute or obtuse, half-inch to inch long, sparingly denticulate : calyx-teeth trian-
gular, a quarter of the length of the tube : corolla barely inch long or less, light yellow,
narrowly fuunelform, short-bearded in the throat, the obscurely bilabiate limb half-inch in
diameter. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 119, excl. the villous plant, on which, as to herbage, the
species was founded. M. dentatus, var. gracilis, Gray, Bot. Gazette, vii. 112. M. luteus,
var. alpinus, Gray, ed. 1, ii. 377. Rocky soil in the Sierra Nevada, from Alpine Co. to
Lassen, Greene, Lemmon, Jones, Mrs. Austin, &c. ; the mouiliferous rootstocks detected by
Greene.
M. dentatus, NCJTT. Copious rootstocks filiform : simple stems a foot or less high : leaves
ovate to oblong, acute, one to three inches long, serrate with numerous commonly coarse
and salient teeth : calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, half the length of the tube : corolla ven-
tricose-fuunelform, fully inch long, deep golden yellow, with widely open throat and com-
paratively short moderately bilabiate limb, the two conspicuous lines of yellow beard ex-
tending from the lower sinuses to near the base. Herb. Hook., &c. ; Benth. in DC. Prodr.
x. 372 ; Gray in Bot. Gazette, vii. 112 ; Greene, 1. c. 109. In woods, Columbia River west
of the Cascades, Nuttull, Hou-rll, and western borders of California, Rattan. Nearly related
are M. Orizahe, Benth., of Mexico, M. sessilifolius, Maxim., of Japan, which has closely
sessile leaves and shorter and broader calyx-teeth ; also M. Nepalensis, in the erect and
larger-flowered form, which has broad and short abruptly pointed calyx-teeth.
) -i H \ Leafy-stemmed, perennial by stoloniferous or creeping basal branches, or sometimes
by filiform rootstocks, but seedlings flowering the first year, and precocious depauperate ones
dying at maturity of fruit, glabrous or sometimes minutely pubescent (but never clammy-hairy
or mucilaginous): leaves several-nerved from the base or near it: peduncles in fruit spreadinc: or
else the apex nodding: calyx at least in fruit oblique-sided and more or less inflated, also oblique
at orifice; the teeth all obtuse and broad (sometimes mucronulate, but never acute except when
folded); uppermost larger ; lower turned upward toward the upper at maturity of fruit : corolla
more or less personate : capsule obtuse or retuse, mostly contracted or short-stipitate at base.
H- Small-flowered for the size of the leaves and (leafy) branches; the light yellow corolla (at most
half-inch long) not twice the length of the calyx: capsule short-oval, very obtuse or retuse.
M. glabratus, HBK. Diffuse or ascending from a creeping base : stems somewhat quad-
rangular : leaves round-oval or ovate, mostly denticulate or dentate; lower with margined
petioles, upper sessile by broad base : flowers mostly subtended by undiminished or little
diminished leaves : upper calyx-tooth much larger than the lower. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii.
370 ; Benth. in DC. Prodr. x. 371 ; Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 116. M. Jamesii, var. Tf.rrnsis,
Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 277. t\f. propinquus, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1330 ; Benth. 1. c., but not from
"N. W. America." Texas, New Mexico, &c. (Mex. and southward.)
Var. Jamesii. Diffusely procumbent, rooting extensively : leaves mainly orbicular
and almost entire, some approaching reniform, upper ones hardly diminished and equalling
the subtended peduncles. M. Gej/eri, Torr. in Nicollet Rep., 1843 (157), 237. M. Jamcsii,
Torr. & Gray, & p. 276. The most northeastern in its range, and extends well into Mexico,
if not to Guatemala. M. Madrensis, Seem. Bot. Herald, 322, t. 58, seems to be a diminu-
tive form of it.
448 SUPPLEMENT.
Var. adscendens. A large and robust form (as sometimes in Mexico), rising a foot
or two high from the creeping base : branches freely racemosely flowered at summit ; the
upper and sometimes connate rounded leaves being much reduced and bracteiform.
M. glabratus (chiefly), Gray, Bot. Mex. Bound. 116. M. Hallii, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad.
113, but species not truly annual, nor calyx-teeth acute. The specimen of Hall described
from was a cultivated one. Colorado and west to the Grand Canon in N. W. Arizona,
south to Mexico. Conies nearest to the following.
H- -H- Large-flowered for the size of the plant; the golden yellow and sometimes crimson-clotted
corolla ample compared with the calyx, the larger even an inch and a half long: capsule oval or
slightly obovate, short-stipitate.
M. luteus, L., p. 277. Exclude the syn. M. ScouJeri, and from the var. alpinus exclude the
syn. M. dentatus, Nutt. (which see above); and also M. cupreus, Regel (M. luteus, var.
cuprea, Hook. Bot. Mag.), which belongs to a distinct Chilian species. The original Chilian
M. lutetis, as Bentham decided, although usually distinguishable, cannot be specifically sepa-
rated from the Northern coast form, M. giittatus, DC. Cat., and of Greene, 1. c., &c., to which
pertain M. luteus, Bot. Mag. t. 1501, Bot. Hep. t. 661, and Jacq. f. Eel t. 92. The slender
shoots from the base of the stem either root and form stolons, or not rarely rise and bear
small leaves and flowers.
Var. alpinus, GRAY, p. 277 (excl. syn. as above). Includes a series of mountain
forms, varying from two inches to near a foot high, clearly perennial, proportionally large-
flowered. Small forms with round and nearly entire leaves answer exactly to M. Tilingii,
Regel, Garteufl. xviii. 321, t. 631, plants of which, from the same sowing, developed next
year into the typical N. American species, shown in xix. 290, t. 665 ; also in the gardens
under this name and as " M. Raczli," the latter answering to M. Tilingii, Greene, 1. c., from
near Summit Station.
Var. depauperatus, GRAY, 1. c. partly. M. microphyllus, Benth.! in DC. Growing
with the larger or ordinary plants, evidently an extreme depauperate form, either seedling
or showing the creeping stolons ; with filiform stem 2 to 7 inches high, l-4-flowered; leaves
a quarter-inch or so long, and corolla 6 or 7 lines long. Grows with the larger forms on
Columbia River : specimens exactly like those of Douglas from same district (except that
some show the stolouiferous base) were received from Mrs. Barrett.
M. Scouleri, HOOK. Erect, from a stoloniferous base, a foot or two high : leaves thick,
very smooth and shining, oblong-lanceolate (an inch or two long, 4 to 6 lines wide), obtuse,
evenly callous-denticulate ; lower tapering into petioles of equal length ; floral ones short
and small, ovate and amplexicaul : flowers apparently of the preceding, but corolla shorter.
El. ii. 100; Benth. in DC. 1. c. On the Columbia River, Scouler, in fruit only. Now
rediscovered, in flower, in the mud on the south shore of the river (sometimes covered at
high tide) about four miles above Astoria, by T. Median, probably near Scouler's original
station.
H H H 4 -1 Pure annuals, leafy-stemmed, various in habit and size: no mucilaginous-
clammy hairs: seeds oval or oblong, mostly with a smooth close coat.
H- Comparatively large-flowered, the yellow corolla inch long and broad: upper cauline leaves
connate into orbicular disks, glaucous: calyx less oblique than in succeeding.
M. glaucescens, GREENE. Erect, often tall, glabrous and glaucous, except the radical
and lower cauline leaves, which are sometimes villous-pubescent ; these cordate- orbicular,
crenate-dentate or incised, sometimes almost lyrate, slender-petioled ; the perfoliate disks
denticulate or entire : inflorescence at length racemiform : corolla with ample throat : style
minutely pubescent : calyx campanulate, slightly arachnoid-villous at the throat within,
appearing repand-truncate, the teeth being very short and broad, in fruit nodding on the
ascending peduncles, the two lower teeth incurving in the manner of the following. Bull.
Calif. Acad. i. 113. California, along streams in the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, from
Lassen to Butte Co., Fremont, Mrs. Austin, A. Gray.
*-* -H- Middle-sized to small-flowered (even in same species): herbage not glaucous: corolla yel-
low: calyx especially when fructiferous and ventricose oblique-sided and oblique at orifice,
strongly plaited-angled, mostly with acute or acutish teeth, the lower at maturity turned toward
the larger uppermost: fructiferous peduncles mostly spreading or the apex nodding: capsule
distinctly short-stipitate.
SCROPHULARIACE^E. 449
= Leaves 3-5-nerved at the base, from denticulate to saliently and irregularly or doubly dentate,
sometimes incised, mostly petioled.
Mo nasutus, GREENE. Quite glabrous, or herbage minutely pubescent ; larger forms a
foot or two high, erect, with 4-angled stout stem, corolla and fruiting calyx each half to two-
thirds inch long, and rounded leaves one or two inches in diameter ; exiguous forms abound-
ing with the same (mostly flowering earlier or when drier), diffuse, delicate, thin-leaved,
reduced to a span or so or even an inch or two high, with rounded leaves from half-inch to
a line or two broad, fruiting calyx from 5 to 3 lines long, and very small hardly exserted
corolla : leaves chiefly orbicular or round-ovate and lower subcordate : calyx broadly ven-
tricose-ovate in fruit, conspicuously pointed by the triangular-lanceolate projecting upper
tooth : corolla commonly with a crimson-purple spot on the lower lip. M. nasutus &, M.
microphyllns, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. Ill, 112, excl. syn. J\l. lyratus, &c. M. Intims, var.
depauperatus, in part, of p. 277. Common from S. California to Brit. Columbia, and east-
ward into Nevada, along streams and in canons, often growing with M. luteus.
M. nudatus, CURRAN. Minutely pubescent and viscidulous, glabrate in age, diffusely
branched from the very base, a span or two high, with stems and sometimes foliage purple-
tinged : leaves ovate to lanceolate, from denticulate to strongly and acutely dentate, taper-
ing into a margined petiole (both together seldom inch long), upper much surpassed by the
filiform at length divergent peduncles : corolla half to three-fourths inch long, with ample
limb (bright yellow) : fructiferous calyx oblong-ovoid in fruit, then half-inch long or more
and gibbous, with closed mouth; the short triangular teeth nearly equal and alike, but four
closely inflexed upon the slightly projecting uppermost. Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 114,
name not well chosen, except for the (chiefly fruiting) specimens described. M. dentatus,
Gray, in Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 120, partly (leafy and floriferous), not Nutt. California in the
Sierra Nevada, near Murphy's, Bigel.ow, and on Table Mountain, Mrs. Ames. Also Kelsey
Mountain in Lake Co., Mrs. Layne-Curran.
= = Leaves not nervose but laciniately dissected, narrow.
M. laciniatus, GRAY, p. 277. Glabrous or nearly so, a span to a foot high, slender : leaves
spatulate-lanceolate or narrower in outline, from 3-5-cleft to irregularly once or twice pin-
nately parted into narrow small lolics : corolla 2 to 4 lines long, narrow, hardly twice the
length of the calyx, pale yellow : fructiferous calyx 2 or 3 lines long, gibbous-campanulate
with acute base, little inflated; the triangular short teeth only slightly unequal. M.
Eisenii, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 89. Sierra Nevada, in Mariposa Co., California,
recently collected by Conr/don, ]\Frs. Layne-Curran, Meehan, &c.
H- -H- -H- Small-flowered, very minutely glandtilar-puberulent or glabrous, but viscidulous, and
when much so musk-scented: calyx campanulate-oblong, hardly at all unequal-sided at maturity
or ventricose,' but nearly filled by the oblong capsule; the short-toothed orifice as if truncate and
moderately oblique; the upper and two lateral at length triangular-subulate teeth a little shorter
than the two larger and rounded-obtuse more united lower ones!
M. alsinoides, DOUGL., p. 277. British Columbia to N. California, first coll. by Menzies.
Runs clown to the exceedingly tiny specimens of Scouler, &c. (vnr. minimus}, while the
larger are even a foot long, and some of the (5-nerved at base) leaves are two inches long,
including the petiole. Nuttall distributed this species under the name of M. tenel/ns. Now
that its peculiar characters are indicated it cannot be mistaken. Yet it had been confounded
with some other species, and with M. Puhifercr, Greene, 1. c. Suksdorf remarks that the
peduncles carry the capsules as closely as possible to the rocks.
++ ++ .M. -H. Small-flowered, or sometimes rather large-flowered for a small plant: calyx not gib-
bous nor manifestly oblique at orifice; the teeth equal or nearly so, and erect in fruit: corolla
from yellow or rarely white to rose or crimson-red.
Fructiferous calyx more or less ovoid and ventricose, somewhat narrowed at the orifice, (he
short teeth disposed to connive: plants low and erect or ascending, glabrous or barely viseidu-
lous-puberulent, with erect or ascending fructiferous peduncles.
a. Leaves all or all but the lowermost sessile by a broad obscurely 3-nerved base, entire or occa-
sionally denticulate : mature fructiferous calyx much ventricose and plaited-angled, 4 to 6 lines
long: corolla rose-purple or pink, sometimes "white."
M. inconspicuus, GRAY, p. 278. Occurs here and there from middle to southern parts
of California. Well-developed plants a span to a foot high, essentially glabrous ; corolla in
29
450 SUPPLEMENT.
best developed specimens half-inch long: : the orifice of the calyx repandly 5-toothed, the
broad teeth with or without a small apiculation ; in
Var. acutidens (^/- acutidens, Gxeene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 117), the calyx-teeth more
salient and narrowly subulate, and leaves mostly denticulate. Southern part of the Sierra
Nevada in King's River Mountains, Dr. Eisen.
Var. latidens has the triangular-ovate and acute calyx-teeth rather conspicuous in
anthesis, and more so in fruit. On the flanks of Monte Diablo, Brewer, Greene, and Chollas
Valley, San Diego Co., Orcutt.
b. Leaves all contracted below into a petiole or petiole-like base, more or less 3-nerved, sparingly
denticulate: fructiferous calyx less ventricose and plaited, 3 or -t lines long, and with more dis-
tinct ovate-triangular teeth : corolla yellow, or rarely the limb pinkish.
M. Pulsiferee, GRAY, p. 277. California, from Sierra Co. to Washington Terr. Varies
from obscurely to distinctly viscidulous-puberuleut. Corolla light yellow.
= = Fructiferous calyx campanulate to cylindraceous, little ventricose.
a. Leaves ovate and slender-petioled, mostly denticulate, hardly at all nervose: corolla yellow:
low plant?, either viscidulous or clammy-haired.
M. peduncular is, DOUGL. Erect, slender, viscid-puberulent or pubescent (not at all vil-
lous), a span or two high : leaves with blade only quarter or half inch long, usually much
surpassed bv the filiform (inch or two long) spreading or divaricate peduncles : teeth of the
narrow and nearly glabrous calyx very short : corolla golden yellow, half-inch long and its
limb as broad. Benth. Scroph. Ind. 49, in Prodr. wrongly referred to the next species.
Sandv banks of the Columbia River, Washington Terr, and Oregon, Douglas, Suksdorf (who
indicated the excellent characters of the species), Mrs. Barrett. Also on the Kooskooskie,
Gei/er (part of his 474), and John Day River, Hoirell.
M. floribundus, DODGL., p. 278. Erect or soon diffuse and spreading, villous with slimy-
viscid hairs, somewhat musk-scented : leaves mostly dentate, little surpassed by the (half or
three-fourths inch long) ascending or spreading peduncles : calyx-teeth triangular, acute, a
third or a quarter of the length of the campanulate tube : corolla light yellow, small.
b. Leaves lanceolate-oblong, with several-nerved base, closely sessile: corolla light rose-color.
M. Parishii, GREEXE. Erect and stout, a foot or two high, very villous with slimy viscid
hairs, leafy to the top : leaves an inch or two long, dentate or denticulate with salient teeth :
flowers mostly short-peduncled : corolla small, little surpassing the short triangular teeth of
the cylindraceous calyx (this when fructiferous 5 or 6 lines long) : seeds oblong-oval, with a
smooth close coat. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 10S. Southern California, from San Bernardino
and Los Angeles Co. to below San Diego, Parish, ^ T ei-in, Oliver, Orrutt.
c. Leaves narrow or small, sessile or nearly so by a tapering base; lateral ribs or nerves obi-cure
or none: low or slender plants, erect.
1. Corolla rather large (half-inch long), conspicuously bilabiate, lower lip more or less bearded.
M. bicolor, HAP.TWKO, p. 278. Viscid-pubescent: stems a span to a foot high, several-
flowered : corolla golden yellow with the upper lip white (not the lower as stated in the
original and in our description) : calyx rather strongly ribbed or angled, the teeth acute :
leaves dentate or denticulate.
M. rnontioides, GRAY, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, mainly. Glabrous, hardly viscidulous,
half-inch to a span high, simple or at length much branched from base : flowers few on fili-
form peduncles : corolla with narrow and well-exserted tube, ample throat and limb yellow
and purple-spotted : teeth of the narrow calyx very short and obtuse : leaves thickish,
spatulate to linear, obtuse. M. rule/Ins, var. /atiflorns, Watson. Bot. King Exp. & p. 278.
M. barbatus, (livono, in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 9, who has well taken up the species under
its original name in Bull. I.e. 115. Known only in W. Nevada and adjacent border of
California.
2. Corolla small even for the small plants, little exserted, only 2 or 3 lines long, and limb not over
I lines wide: throat beardless or nearly so: calyx-teeth short, triangular, mostly obtuse: pla-
e of the thin-membranaceous capsule in age disposed to split in two at apex or to be
bipartible.
M. Suksdorfii. An inch to barely a span high, at length much branched at base, ob-
icurely puberulent-viscidulous, the whole herbage and especially the fruiting calyx often
SCROPHULARIACE.E. 451
reddish-hued : leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, quarter to half-inch long, thickish, entire :
corolla yellow, all five lobes of the small limb obcordate-emarginate ! J/. montioides, as to
the form " corolla parva calyce paullo longiore," Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 380, later
merged in M. rubellus. Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, Mono Pass, Brewer and Bo-
lander, and near Carson, Anderson, Torrey, &c., east to Utah, Watson, (and perhaps to Colo-
rado,) and north to Mount Paddo, c., Cusick, Suksdorf. Named for the latter, who first
indicated the character of the corolla, and sent specimens which verify it.
M. rubellus, GRAY, p. 278, mainly. A span or more high, simple or loosely branched,
from obscurely to manifestly viscid-puberulent : leaves lanceolate, half-inch to inch and a half
long, entire or denticulate : corolla rose-color or sometimes yellow and purplish-tinged or
changing to purple, upper lip 2-lobed, the lower entire. M. rubellus & Eunanus Breweri,
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 116, 101, the latter the more viscid form. Rather common,
from the mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, to California and Washington
Terr.
3. Corolla crimson, hardly at all bilabiate, the limb almost rotately spreading: plants slender, a
span or two high, commonly effusely branched and with filiform peduncles, barely viscid ulous-
puberulent or glabrous.
M. Palmeri, GRAY, p. 278. Leaves lanceolate to spatulate-oblong, sparsely dentate or en-
tire, a quarter to three-fourths inch long : calyx oblong or cylindraceous-campanulate, 4 or
5 lines long, with short and broad mostly obtuse teeth : corolla showy, crimson-purple, the
larger three-fourths inch long, with ample open-fuunelform throat : capsule oblong, a little
shorter than the calyx. Additions to the localities cited above are San Bernardino Co.,
Parish, Mariposa Co., Congdon (with larger and acutish calyx-teeth, also diminutive and
smaller-flowered), and 25 miles from San Diego, Cleveland.
Var. androsaceus. Very much branched, smaller-flowered : corolla barely half-
inch and in depauperate plants only quarter-inch long. M. androsaceus, Cn.rr.an in Greene,
Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 121. Tehachapi, S. California, Mrs. Layne-Curran. Mountains on
the borders of Lower California, Orcutt.
M. exigUUS, GRAY. Effusely paniculate, with filiform stem and branches : leaves linear-
spatulate, a line or two long, 3 or 4 times shorter than the peduncles : calyx short-campauu-
late, a line long, or in fruit barely 2 lines long, with short obtuse teeth, obscurely 5-nerved,
completely filled and slightly surpassed by the broadly ovate capsule: corolla (ns far as
seen) only a line or two in length and with minute limb. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 307;
Greene, 1. c. Hanson's Ranch, over the border in Lower California, Orcutt. Possibly a
form of the preceding.
6. MIMULOI'DES, Gray. Char, of 5, except that the calyx is short-cam-
panulate, deeply o-cleft ; its tube 5-sulcate, not prismatic nor even carinate-angled,
and almost nerveless : placentae tardily or incompletely dividing in the manner
of 3.
M. exilis, DURAXD. Older name than M. pilosus, Watson, and according to the rules to be
adopted for that, on p. 279.
16. HERPESTIS, Gajrtn. f.
H. rotundifolia, PURSH, p. 280. Corolla not rarely white. Coll., out of ordinary range,
in Fresno Co., California, Dr. Eisen, Lemmon. Published as Ranapalus Eiseni, Kellogg,
Proc. Calif. Acad. vii. 113.
26. BUCHNERA, L. P. 289, add
B. pilosa, BENTH. Leafy up to the inflorescence : radical leaves obovate or oblong ; upper
lanceolate to linear, the larger not rarely few-toothed : calyx-teeth subulate, equal or nearly
so, in fruit surpassing the straight but somewhat oblique capsule : tube of the corolla barely
452 SUPPLEMENT.
twice the length of the calyx, appressed -hairy outside. Bot. Sulph. 144; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xix. 93. (Mexico, &c.)
Var. Arizonica, GRAY, 1. c. 92. Hispidulous, sometimes paniculately branched.
S. Arizona, near Fort Huachuca, Lemmon.
29. G-ERARDIA, L.
G. tenuifolia, VAHL, p. 294. Add : Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 9, t. 2.
Var. asperula, GRAY. Leaves all nearly filiform, and upper face hispidulous-sca-
Lrous: inflorescence more paniculate, \vith pedicels ascending: corolla small, the expanded
limb onlv half-inch in diameter. Bot. Gazette, iv. 153. Dry and bare hills, Michigan to
Minnesota and Missouri, a rather common Western form.
30. CASTILLEIA, Mutis.
C. indivisa, ENGELM., p. 295. Add : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6376 ; the galea represented too
short and thick. The only species which has yet succeeded in cultivation.
C. viscidllla, GRAY, p. 297. Eagle Creek Mountains, E. Oregon, along alpine streamlets,
Cusick. Next to this, but nearer C . Lemmoni, comes the following :
C. cinerea, GRAY. Many-stemmed from a tap-root, 8 inches high, cinereous with a short
and soft but somewhat hirsute pubescence, very leafy up to the short and dense cylindra-
ceous spike : leaves nearly erect, linear (half-inch long, a line or more wide), entire, or
upper 3-cleft ; floral spatulate-dilated, viscid-glandular, tinged yellow: calyx-segments two-
parted into linear lobes : galea short-oblong, truncate, a quarter of the length of the tube,
and about as much longer than the obtusely 3-crenate lip: stigma large and disciform.
Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 93. Rocky hills of Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mountains, S. E.
California, Parish.
C. sessiliflora, PDRSII, p. 298. Extends even to Montana, Canby, and the Mohave Des-
ert, California, Lemmon. (Mex.)
At the end of the genus a peculiar section is to be added :
4 -1 * -t Calyx normal! v bilabiate, i. e. cleft at the sides deeper than before or behind, upper
lip emarginate, lower obcordately 2-cleft.
C. plagiotoma, GRAY. Puberulent : stem 2 feet high from a thick perennial root, branch-
ing : leaves narrowly linear, or upper trifid with linear lobes ; floral 3-5-cleft with the her-
baceous lobes linear-spatnlate, cinereous-pubescent : spikes sparsely-flowered below : calyx
oblong, with the lips a little shorter than the tube and about equalling the yellow corolla :
galea straight, as long as its tube ; lip very short. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 94. S. E. Cali-
fornia, on the Mohave Desert, Prinyle.
31. ORTHOCARPUS, Nutt.
There are three (instead of two) species in the first division of 2, p. 300, to be distinguished
as follows. See Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 94.
O. imbricatus, TORR. Slender, branching: stem and narrow linear leaves minutely pu-
berulent : bracts chartaceo-scarious and reticulated in age, purplish, oval, entire or a pair of
small basal lobes, naked or sparsely ciliate at base, loosely imbricated in the spike: calyx
very short, its broad lobes with a pair of short and small subulate teeth : corolla rose-purple,
hardly half-inch long; lip and galea equal in length, the latter usually without uncinate
apex: anther-cells oval. Watson, Bot. King Exp. 458. 0. tenuifolius, Gray, Bot. Calif, i.
577, & p. 300, mainly, not Pursh. Mountains of N. and E. California and S. Oregon, first
coll. by N< trlicrn/.
O. pachystachyus, GRAY. Low and stout, above slightly hirsute : bracts imbricated in
the thick spike, large (inch or more in length), chartaceo-scarious and purplish in age, ob-
SCROPHULARIACE.E. 453
long, with one or two pairs of elongated lateral lobes : calyx half the length of the corolla,
deeply 2-cleft, and divisions cleft to the middle into subulate-lanceolate lobes : corolla rose-
purple, over an inch long ; galea with uncinate tip surpassing the lip : anther-cells linear-
lunate, acute at base. Near Yreka, Siskiyou Co., N. California, Greene.
O. tenuifolius, BENTII. Strict, branching at summit, sparsely hirsute, especially the
bracts ; of which the lower are leaf-like and 3-5-cleft, and only the oblong middle lobe of
the enlarged upper ones purple : calyx half the length of the corolla, its lobes bearing a pair
of elongated-subulate teeth : corolla yellow, narrow, two-thirds inch long, with small uncinate
tip surpassing the lip : anther-cells oval. Mountains of Montana and Oregon, first coll. by
Lewis & Clark. In Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 95, misprinted 0. lineurijultus.
O. purpureo-albus, GKAY, p. 301. Extends to Arizona, Lemman. Corolla at first white,
soon becoming rose-purple.
To 3 there are some additions and corrections, viz. :
O. pusillus, BENTII., p. 301. The seed-coat is close, indeed, but cellular-appendaged at the
chalaza or partly down the rhaphe.
O. floribundus, BENTII., p. 301. Exclude syn. Chloropyron palustre, Behr, which belongs
to Cordylanthus maritimus. Seed-coat close. Corolla cream-color.
O. eriantllUS, BENTH., p. 301. Corolla sulphur-yellow, or cream-color: seed-coat wholly
close. Described from the form with pubescent foliage, which is low. Apparently con-
fined to the California!! coast district.
Var. leevis. Not rarely a foot high, glabrous or nearly so up to the inflorescence :
corolla sulphur-yellow, paler in fading; the galea generally pale. O.faucibarbatus, Gray,
p. 302. Pubescence of the lip and throat variable.
Var. roseus, GRAY. Either glabrous or pubescent: corolla rose-color, apparently so
from the first, or "white." Tn'physaria versicolor, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sera. Hort. Petrop.
ii. 52, according to original specimens : the indigenous ones rose-color, and the herbage below
glabrous (but similar pubescent plants with rose-colored corollas in an early distribution,
unnamed), in the plant raised in St. Petersburgh Garden "white " or cream-color.
O. Bidwellise, GRAY. Kesembles the preceding, more slender, smaller and looser-flowered,
puberulent : divisions of the leaves almost filiform : lip of the corolla light golden-yellow,
not over about 2 lines broad, prominently surpassed by the brown-purple subulate galea :
seed-coat loose and cellular, arilliform. Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 51. On the Sacramento and
its tributaries in Butte and Placer Co., California, first coll. bv Mrs. Ames and Mrs.
Bidwell
Var. Hlicranthus. Depauperate and few-flowered, with corolla barely half the
usual size. Plains of Fresno Co., Greene, distributed as a species under this name.
O. Parishii, GRAY. Next to 0. campestris, p. 302, a span or more high, nearly glabrous :
leaves 3-5-cleft into linear-filiform divisions, or the lower entire; floral ones very similar, the
3-5 lobes purple-tipped : flowers in a dense short spike : calyx-lobes lanceolate, obtuse, half
the length of the tube : corolla rose-purple, little pubescent in the throat ; sacs of the lip as
broad as long ; galea lanceolate, rather obtuse, puberulent Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 229.
S. California, on the San Jacinto Mountains, Parish. Adjacent Lower Calif., Jones, Orcutt.
O. lithospermoides, BENTH., p. 302. Extends to S. W. Oregon.
O. hispidus, BENTH., p. 302. Extends south to the southern part of California.
<t
32. COBDYLANTHUS, Nutt.
C. "Wrightii, GRAY, p. 303. A form apparently of this species with smaller and less ex-
serted (yellow) corolla only three-fourths inch long, and anther-cells glabrous except an
apical fascicle of hairs, coll near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, Mattheics, also Arizona, Lem-
mon, Jones. The original has the anther-cells only villous-ciliate.
C. Pringlei, GRAY. Of the section Adenosteyia, a.nd the division with four stamens and
two-celled anthers, tall, nearlv glabrous, diffusely much branched : leaves all linear-filiform,
entire ; lowest an inch and a half long, pubescent ; uppermost very short and small, quite
glabrous; bracteal leaves short, flabelliform, obtusely 3-5-lobed, crowded in the capitate
454: SUPPLEMENT.
cluster of 2 to 5 flowers : sepals nearly equal, oblong, sparsely seaberulous-glandular, hardly
equalling the short-oblong pale yellow (4 or 5 lilies long) corolla. Proc. Ain. Acad. xix.
94. Dry hills, Lake Co., California, Primjle.
C. Nevinii, GRAY. Next to C. tennis, p. 304, anomalous in the division by its essentially
one-celled authers : loosely much branched, villous-pubescent : leaves either 3-parted or en-
tire, narrowly linear, not callose-apiculate : flowers scattered along the slender branchlets,
nearly naked, much exceeding the subtending floral leaves : corolla yellowish and purplish:
four stamens alike, with villous filaments, sometimes a rudimentary second cell to the an-
thers but commonly none : seeds smooth, scarious-apiculate. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 229.
San Bernardino Mountains, S. E. California, Nevin, Parish. Also San Diego Co., Orcutt.
C. maritimus, NUTT., p. 304. Add syn. : Chloropt/ron pahislre, Behr in Proc. Calif. Acad. i.
Gl, fide Mrs. Curran in Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 145. Extends north to Humboldt Co., Rattan,
and east to San Bernardino Co., in saline soil, Parish.
4. DICRANOSTEGIA. Calyx monophyllous, posterior, 2-parted, the segments
ovate, acuminate, one-nerved. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 95.
C. Orcuttianus, GRAY, 1. c. Hirsute or hispidulous, a span to a foot high, very leafy :
leaves all piunately parted into narrow linear or filiform lobes : flowers capitate-crowded :
corolla yellowish, with broad and equal lips : filaments glabrous ; anthers of the longer pair
2-celled, but lower cell remote and hardly polliniferous ; of the shorter pair abortive, reduced
to a 2-parted yellow-hirsute rudiment. Tijuana, a little within the border of Lower
California, Orcutt.
36. PEDICULARIS, Tourn.
To division -f -t +-, p. 306, but needing a new subdivision, add :
P. Howellii, GRAY. A foot high, with herbage glabrous : stem stout, simple, naked or
with some small scales below, above leafy up to the dense cylindraceous spike : leaves
oblong (2 inches long) ; some simple and undulate-serrate or entire, on margined petioles,
others pinnately 3-7-parted or tipper lobes more confluent : bracts foliaceous, ovate, mostly
acuminate, more or less lanate-ciliate, shorter than the flowers : calyx campauulate, sparsely
villous, 5-dentate ; teeth ovate, nearly entire, the posterior and lateral more connate : corolla
white or whitish, with exserted tube and a rather long much incurved somewhat rose-colored
beak, much like that of P. compacta, but its truncate tip rather broader ; lip small. Proc.
Am. Acad. xx. 307. N. California, in the Siskiyou Mountains, Howll.
P. Canbyi. Near the Siberian P. compacta, but with very short-beaked galea : glabrous up
to the inflorescence : stem sparsely leafy, 7 to 10 inches high : leaves pinnately divided or
parted into 11 or more linear-lanceolate and laciniate-serrate divisions (of about half-inch in
length): spike cylindraceous, dense : ovate bracts and irregularly 4-5-cleft calyx sparsely
villous : corolla (half-inch long) yellowish, with exserted tube, and galea with a distinct but
short and thickish (line long) porrect truncate beak ; lip very short, almost flabelliform, its
three short lobes erose-crenulate. Rocky Mountains of Montana, on McDonald's Peak of
Mission Range, at 8,400 feet, Canby, 1883.
P. Furbishiae, WATSON. Next to P. Icincenfata, p. 307, but more allied to the Siberian
P. striatti : tall (2 or 3 feet high) and rather slender, pubescent or glabrate, sparsely
leafy to the rather dense spike : leaves lanceolate, pinnately parted and the short oblong
divisions pinnatifid-incised, or the upper simply pinnatifid and the lobes serrate ; uppermost
passing into the foliaceous and ovate laciniate-dentate bracts, which are shorter than the
flowers : lobes of the calyx 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, entire or with 2 or 3 teeth,
about the length of the narrow campanulate tube : corolla ochroleucous, two-thirds inch
long, narrow ; galea straight, one third the length of the tube, beakless, the introrse truncate
apex bicuspidate, the front almost rpctilinear, nearly equalled by the erect truncately 3-lobed
lip, which when outspread is nearly flahelliform : capsule broadly ovate: seeds oval, com-
pressed, with the thin striate and cellular-reticulate coat wing-like, very much broader than
nucleus. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. ,375. Banks of the St. John's River, Aroostook Co.,
Maine, Miss Furbish, and adjacent New Brunswick, Wetmore, Vroom.
OROBANCHACE.E. 455
OROBANCHACE^E.
2. APH^LLON, Mitchell.
A. Ludoviclamim, GRAY, p. 313. Exclude the habitat "California," which belongs to
the following.
A. Cooperi, GRAY. A span to a foot high from a very thick ligneous-fleshy tuberous cau-
dex, puberulent, usually with some loose flowering branches : flowers pedicellate or the
upper sessile : calyx-lobes lanceolate, as long as the capsule : corolla violet or purple, three-
fourths inch long, rather deeply bilabiate ; upper lip 2-cleft, lower 3-parted ; lobes all lan-
ceolate and acute : anthers glabrous before dehisceuce : stigma funnelform-dilated, nearly
orbicular. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 307 ; distributed by Pringle as A. Ludovicianum, var,
Cooperi. Common in S. Arizona to the borders of California ; first coll. by Cooper.
3. CON6PHOLIS, Wallr. There are two species of this genus,
viz. :
C. Americana, WALLR., p. 313, excl. reference to Endl. Iconogr. Cauline and bracteal
scales ovate to ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or acutish : corolla barely half-inch long. Orobanche
Americana, L. Maut. (not "Suppl.") 88. Apparently also Mexican, coll. Better i.
C. Mexicana, GRAY. Cauliue (except the lowest) and bracteal scales lanceolate, mostly
attenuate-acute; corolla larger. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 131. C. Americana,
Endl. Iconogr. t. 81, but scales rather broad. Mountains of E. New Mexico, Wright, G. R.
Vasey, and Arizona, Rusby. (Mex., Parry & Palmer, &c.)
4. BOSCHNlAKIA, C. A. Meyer.
B. strobilacea, GRAY, p. 313. Seed-coat deeply favose. Extends northward into
Oregon, Huwell.
LENTIBULARIACE^E.
1. TJTRICULARIA, L. See Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 287-289.
U. minor, L., p. 315. Add syn. : U. (jibba, LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 76, t. 6, f. 5, not L.
Next to this, although somewhat resembling U. intermedia, comes the following.
TJ. occidentalis, GRAY. Stems and foliage of the preceding : scape a span long,
3-5-flowered : pedicels somewhat spreading after anthesis : corolla with rounded palate
(3 or 4 lines in length and breadth) a little shorter than the upper lip : spur broadly conical,
acutish (2 lines long), ascending. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 95. Falcon Valley, Washington
Terr., Suksdorf.
U. biflora, LAM., p. 315. Add syn.: U. longirostris, LeConte, 1. c., and exclude the same
from U.Jibrosa.
U. purplirea, WALT., p. 316. The smaller-flowered plant, with corolla only 3 or 4 linos
wide, which proves to be the commoner form in the Atlantic Southern States, is probaldy
Walter's, with " floribus parvis." Probably it passes into the larger-flowered
U. COrmita, MICHX., p. 317. Correct char.: stem 1-5-flowered at summit: lips of the
corolla half-inch long, lower with the two sides fully as broad as the ample palate : spur
subulate, as long as the lower lip, porrect or descending. A common Northern as well as
Southern species.
U. juncea, VAHL. Resembles the preceding: stem racemosely or rather spicatoly 4-10-
flowered ; lower flowers more or less distant : lips of the corolla 3 or 4 lines long, the lower
456 SUPPLEMENT.
mainly consisting of the high-arched palate, spur slender-subulate, soon deflexed. Ennm.
i. 302 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 287, 288. U. personala, LeConte, Ann. Lye. N. Y. i. 77,
t. 6, f. 10, as shown by original drawing. U. cornuta in part, of authors ; Benjamin in Linn.
xx. 305, & Fl. Bras. x. 240. E. North Carolina to Texas. (Cuba to Brazil.)
U. longeciliata, A. DC. Filiform stem a span or more high, 2-7-flowered ovate bracts
and bractlets and the calyx fringed with long bristles : lips of the yellow corolla 2 or 3
lines long. Prodr. viii. 23. Tampa and Manatee, Florida, Garber. (Cuba to Brazil.)
U. simplex, C. WRIGHT. A span or two high, very slender, strict, spicately 2-6-flowered :
bracts minute, ovate , bractlets subulate : sepals ovate, the larger acute or acuminate :
corolla shorter than the calyx, the erect lips and obtuse spur only a line or so in length :
seeds oval, coarsely favose-reticulated. Wright & Sauvalle, Fl. C'ubana, 91. Near
St. Augustine, Florida, Miss Reynolds. Probably sometimes with larger corolla. (Cuba.)
2. PING-UlCULA, Tourn.
P. pumila, MICHX., p. 317. P. Floridensis, Chapm. Fl. Suppl. 635, appears to be the same,
as also the wrongly described P. australis, Nutt., while the P. australis, Chapm. Fl. 284, is
P. elatior, Michx.
BIGNON1ACEJ3.
3. CATAL.PA, Scop. Two North American species are now distinguished,
not very definitely, viz. :
C. bignonioid.es, WALT., p. 319. Low and much-branched tree, with thin bark: leaves
(unpleasantly scented) moderately acuminate, and not rarely a pair of lateral salient teeth :
corolla hardly inch and a half long, thickly spotted within, the tube campanulate, limb
oblique, lower lobe entire : capsule very slender. Exclude from the syn. the figure in
Duhamel. S. W. Georgia, Alabama, &c. , and widely cultivated.
C. speciosa, WARDER. Large and tall tree, with thick bark: leaves (inodorous) caudate-
acuminate: corolla larger (2 inches high), nearly white, inconspicuously spotted, and with
broader little oblique limb, the tube obconical, lower lobe emarginate : capsule equally long
but nearly twice as thick: flowering earlier (May). Engelm. Bot. Gazette, v. 1 ; Sargent,
Forest Trees, 10th Census, 115. C. cordi folia, "Jaume" in Duham. ed. nov. ii. t. 5, as to
the plate. S. Illinois and adjacent States. A more showy as well as larger and more val-
uable tree. First discriminated by the late Dr. J. A. Warder, and scientifically published by
Engelmann tinder Dr. Warder's name.
CRESCENTIA CUCURBITIVA, L. (see p. 320), was collected by the late Dr. Garber in S. Flor-
ida : probably not indigenous.
ACANTHACE.E.
3. CAL.6PHANES, Don.
C. Oblongif61ia, Dov, p. 324. The sepals much surpass the capsule, and sometimes nearly
equal the corolla. The var. anr/itsla should give place to
C. angusta. A span or two high, erect or ascending from a creeping base, only minutely
puberulent, usually very leafy: leaves half to three-fourths inch long, from oblong to 'al-
most linear, nl.snn-i'ly veined : flower small: corolla barely half-inch long, rather narrow:
sepals distinct to near the base, subulate-setaceous, hardly surpassing the capsule. C. ob-
lonyfol'm, var. nnynstn, p. 324. Dipteracnnlhim linearis, Chapm. Fl. 303, not Torr. & Gray.
S. Florida, Chapman, Palmer, Gnrber, Curtiss.
DIPTERA* \\Tiirs nfsiMDi-s, Bertol. Misc. Bot. xvii. 17, t. 1, is Gratiola pilosa, Michx.
On the other hand, Nicotiana humilis, Bertol. 1. c. xiii. t. 1, is Ruellia ci/iosa, Pursh.
ACANTHAC1LE. 457
8. ANISACANTHUS, Nees. Species rearranged, as follows: -
# Calyx-lobes attenuate, longer than the stipe and mostly about equalling the body of the capsule
(a third to half an inch long): corolla dull red, funnelform above, with lobes much shorter than
the tubular portion: flowers distinctly pedicellate, chiefly in axillary and mostly leafy fascicles.
A. Thurberi, GRAY, p. 328. From mountains of W. Texas (Havard) to those of S. W.
Arizona, Primjle, Parish, &c. Here belong the U. S. portion of Drejera puberula, Torr.,
and A. pumilus, p. 328, not Nees.
* * Calyx shorter, not surpassing and only in A. mrgularis ever equalling the stipe of the
capsule": flowers usually, at least the upper ones, spicately or racemosely disposed along the
branchlets and secund, the upper subtending leaves reduced to subulate bracts.
A. insignis. Puberulent or nearly glabrous : leaves mostly linear-lanceolate to linear :
flowers pedicellate, in lateral clusters from axils of fallen leaves and short-racemose on
evolute small-braeted brauclilets : calyx puberulent-glandular ; the almost distinct sepals
linear-subulate, 2 or 3 lines long: corolla rose-red or even salmon-color, 2 inches long; the
linear lobes shorter than the upwardly enlarged tubular portion : stipe when well developed
longer than the body of the capsule. A. pumilus, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 133.
Drejera puberula, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 123, as to pi. Gregg. Chisos Mountains on the
border of W. Texas, Havard, a linear-leaved form, with stipe to capsule a third of an inch
long. (Adj. Mex. Between Pan-as and Chihuahua, Greyy. Palmer, with stipe as long as
capsule, and in the State of Chihuahua, Pringle, with stipe half-inch loug )
A. "Wrightii, GRAY, p. 328. Calyx glabrous or nearly so, remarkably short, barely 2 lines
long, and the lobes rather obtuse, seldom half the length of the stipe : corolla with throat
very little dilated.
A. ptfMiT,us, Nees, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 522, includes A. Greggii, p. 328, and
has tomentulose-pubescent and short calyx, the scarlet-red corolla of the next, but with its
ligulate-linear lobes longer than the narrow tube.
A. VIRGULARIS, Nees, has a nearly glabrous calyx with slender subulate lobes, a scarlet-red
corolla with lobes shorter than the slender tube, and stipe shorter or not longer than the -body
of the capsule. To this belongs the plant of Berlaudier referred to Drejera puberula, Torr.
Also the A. pumilus, (Erst. PI. Liebm. Palmer's Mexican no. 1016 has the leaves and corolla
of the most narrow-leaved A. virgularis, but the calyx of A. Wriahtii. A.junceus, Hemsl., the
Drejera juncea, Torr. 1. c., is founded on a leafless branch of a slender and juiiciforin A. vir-
gularis, like one recently collected in Chihuahua by.Pringle.
12. DI ANTHER A, Gronov. At end of the genus, p. 330, add:
JACOBINIA NEGLECTA, Sericographis neglecta, Oersted, a native of the Mexican coast-region,
has been received, through P. J. Berckmans, in living specimens from Florida, where it is said
to be spontaneous, probably through some mistake. It is somewhat shrubby, with oblong-
lanceolate or broader and acuminate leaves, flowers (inch and a half loug) secund, in naked
triple spikes on a slender axillary peduncle : calyx and bracts short : corolla light brick-red
and narrowly tubular : connective of the anthers broad enough to refer the plant to Dianthera,
the slightly higher and larger cell (or rather the connective) apiculate.
15. DICLlPTEBA, Juss.
D. resupinata, Juss., p. 331, covers two species. The true one is annual, with a loosely
'branched stem : leaves from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, rather long-petioled : involucral
bracts cordate-rotund: seeds muricate with subulate minutely setuliferous processes. -
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 308. On the borders of S. W. Arizona and Sonora, coll.
Coulter (557), Thurber, &c. (Trop. Mex., &c.)
D Torreyi GRAY, I.e. Low, many-stemmed from a stout ligncscoiit perennial caudex :
'leaves lanceolate, not over inch and a half long (including the short petiole) : involucral
bracts cordate-orbicular, usually emarginate, all more or less pedunculate : seeds scabrous
with acute and naked papillae. D, resupinata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 125, and mainly of
458 SUPPLEMENT.
p. 331. (Probably not at all D. thlaspioides, Nees, of Central America.) Arizona, by
nearly all collectors.
D. pseudoverticillaris, GRAY. Intermediate between the Platysteyice and the Spheno-
'stegias, annual, a foot high, branching and flowering from the base, nearly glabrous : lower
leaves ovate, acuminate (over an inch long), long-petioled ; upper much smaller, ovate-
elliptical, short-petioled, equalling the axillary subsessile leaf-like involucral bracts : these
at first spreading, deltoid-roundish, very obtuse or retuse, rarely mucronulate, abruptly con-
tracted at base, there commonly coalescent into a narrow cup : corolla not surpassing the
involucre: seeds muricate with minutely setuliferous processes. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 308.
Valley of the Altar, N. W. Sonora, Mexico, not far below the boundary of Arizona,
Pringle. Apparently also collected, long ago, in the same district, by Thurber.
SELAGINACE^E.
1. LAG-6TIS, Gaertn. (Aaywt;, a hare, ovg, ear.) The earlier name for
Gymnandra, Pall., p. 332. Only one Northern species, viz. :
L. glauca, G^DRTX. ; Maxim. Diag. PI. Nov. Asiat. iv. 1881, 296. Gymnandra Gmelini
and G. Stelleri, Cham. & Schlecht., and p. 332 : these specific names taken by Maximowicz
as varieties.
VERBENACE^E.
3. VERBENA, Tourn.
V. BONARIENSIS, L. Before V. angustifolia, p. 336. A peculiar species, mostly tall, puberu-
lent, somewhat scabrous : stem square : leaves partly clasping, lanceolate, acutely serrate,
entire toward the base, reticulate-veiny and rugose : spikes dense and short, sessile and
crowded in dense pedunculate cymes : corolla small. Dill. Hort. Elth. 406, t. 300. Road-
sides near Charleston, S. Carolina. (Widely dispersed through warm countries; nat. from
S. Am.)
V. littoralis, HBK. Next to V. angustifolia. Nearly smooth and glabrous, a foot or two
hi<rh, fastigiately branched above : branches terminating in single and rather slender spikes
of small purple or blue flowers : leaves lanceolate or the upper linear, more or less serrate,
rugose-veiny. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii. 276, t. 137. Lower California, near the border of
San Diego Co., Orcutt. (Variable and wide-spread species of Mex. and S. Am.)
V. remota, BENTH. After V. canescens, p. 336, from which exclude the syn. Procumbent
from a perennial or perhaps annual root : leaves mostly obovate in outline, once or twice
3-5-parted into short and narrow lobes : lower flowers sparse and in the axil of leaves (as in
the nearly related species), and most of the upper exceeded by the linear or subulate bracts :
fruit shorter ; nutlets granulose-scabrous at the commissure. PI. Hartw. 21 ; Watson, Proc.
Am. Acad. xviii. 136. V. Arizonica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 96. S. Arizona, Lemmon,
Pringle, the latter distributed as V. canescens. (Mex.)
8. CITHAREXYLTJM, L. Nutlets occasionally one-celled, the seed
filling the cell.
LYCIXSTRUM. Flowers solitary or subsolitary in the centre of axillary fas-
cicles of leaves : these remarkably small.
C. brachyanthum. Slender, very much branched, puberulent : branchlets quadrangular:
leaves from linear-spatulate to obovate, quarter to half inch long, veinless, subsessile; pri-
mary ones articulated (in the manner of the genus) with the pulvinns or very short persistent
petiole, which after their fall often becomes spinesceut (but barely a line long) : calyx
LABIATE. 459
5-dentate, pubescent : tube of the white corolla campanulate (hardly 2 lines long) and barely
surpassing the calyx, somewhat longer than the rounded lobes : fifth stamen sometimes an-
theriferous : drupes 3 lines in diameter, apparently yellow : endocarp of two 2-celled nutlets :
ovules amphitropous, borne at about the middle of the cell : seed pendulous from near the
summit of the cell, becoming orthotropous, with hollowed face, undulate-rugose on the back.
Li/cium brachyanthum, Gray in Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. ii. 426 ; Watson, Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 127. S. borders of Texas, at Laredo, on the Rio Grande, Parry, Palmer.
(Coahuila, Mex., Palmer, and long ago coll. by Gref/g.) C. lycioides, Don in Ediub. New
Phil. Jour. x. 237, coll. by Sesse & Mocino in Mexico, must be near this, and may be the
same. Habit very unlike the ordinary types of the genus.
LABIATE.
2. TRICHOST^MA, Gronov.
T. OVatum, CURRAN. Next T. lanceolatum, p. 348. Densely villous : leaves ovate, apiculate-
acuminate, subsessile, 3-5-nervose ; those of the branches crowded, half -inch long: tube of
the villous corolla little exserted. Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 154. Near Bakersfield, Kern Co.,
California, Mrs. Layne-Curran.
T. lanatum, BENTH., p. 348. Varies much in the length and hue of the wool, passing ap-
parently into
Var. denudatum, with the wool remarkably short. T. Parlshii, Vasey in Bot.
Gazette, vi. 173. S. California, in San Bernardino Co., and adjacent San Diego Co., G. R.
Vasey, Parish, W. G. Wright.
4. TEtTCBIUM, L.
T. occidentals, GRAY, p. 349. Extends eastward to Upper Canada (Ontario), Macoun,
and to near Philadelphia, Martindale. Probably passes into T. Canadense.
14. MONARD^LLA, Benth.
M. macrantha, GRAY, p. 356. This varies through specimens with corolla only an inch
long (such as figured in Bot. Mag. t. 6270, with deep red corolla) into
Var. nana (M. nana, Gray, 1. c.), with tube of the more slender and pale rose-colored
corolla little exserted from the calyx ; and
Var. tenuiflora, with corolla full inch long and much exserted, pale rose-color, the
tube very slender and lobes narrow. M. tenuiflora, Watson, in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 230. San Diego Co., at San Jacinto, Parish, and Lower California, Orcutt.
M. hypoleuca, GRAY, p. 356. Between Los Angeles and San Diego, Nevin, and moun-
tains behind San Diego, Orcutt, with narrower leaves, becoming revolute and verging to
linear: corolla white.
M. lanceolata, GRAY, p. 357. Heads fully two-thirds inch high and broad, or broader:
but on the southern frontier varying into
Var. microcephala. Much branched : heads much smaller : involucral bracts
small, not over quarter-inch long. Potrero, near San Diego, Orcutt,
M. Pringlei, GRAY. Near M. lanceolata, and might pass for a variety of it : but the
broadly ovate and abruptly acuminate bracts are nearly destitute of veinlets between the
numerous nerves, and are villous, as also bractlets and calyx. Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 96.
Sandy ridges, Coltou, San Bernardino Co., Pringle. Also Parry, earlier collected, probably
in same place.
M. THYMIF6LIA, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 211, the only extra-limital species, of the
islands of Lower California, Veatch, Greene, is dwarf and suffruticose, with small ovate leaves.
460 SUPPLEMENT.
22. POLIOMtNTHA, Gray. P. 361, add a third species :
P. glabrescens, GRAY. Frutescent, a foot or two high, canescently puberulent, at length
somewhat glabrate, pauiculate, very leafy: leaves linear-oblong, 3-5 lines long, obtuse,
veiuless and glabrate above, conspicuously punctate : calyx-teeth short, erect, ovate or tri-
angular : corolla white, with purple dots on the lower lip, villous outside, hardly thrice the
length of the calyx, which equals the tube ; this pilose-annulate within ; rudiments of the
sterile filaments minute. Heinsl. Biol. Ceutr.-Am. Bot. ii. 549 ; Watson, Proc. Am. Acad.
xviii. 137. At Maxon Spring, W. Texas, near the Rio Grande, llm-urd. (Adj. Coahuila,
Mex., Palmer.)
23. HEDE6MA, Pers. P. 363, in place of the variety substitute the
species,
H. Reverchoni. A rigid suffruticulose perennial, a span to a foot high, equably and
closely leafy to the top, puberulent : leaves elliptical, coriaceous, half-inch long or less, the
floral hirsute beneath and on the margins : flowers half-inch long : corolla almost twice the
length of the strongly hirsute or hispid calyx. H. Drummondi, var. Reverchoni, p. 363.
Common in the mountains of Kendall Co., as well as of Brown Co., W. Texas, 1877, 1885,
Reverchon.
26. ACANTHOMfNTHA, Gray. A second species, with similar aspect
and bracteal leaves, differs remarkably in the flowers, most so in the upper lip of
the corolla. The shorter and smaller lower lip of the calyx in both species is
erect and appressed to the upper in fruit.
A. ilicifolia, GRAY, p. 365. Add : Cusps of the oblong calyx short, not longer than the
teeth : upper lip of corolla straight and erect, entire ; lower much larger, saccate at base,
its lobes roundish, lateral ones recurved, middle one broad and deeply 2-lobed : anther-cells
of fertile stamens confluent at dehiscence; posterior stamens abortive, reduced to small fila-
ments with rudimentary anthers. Add : Hook. f. Lot. Mag. t. 6750. This singular plant
abounds near San Diego and southward, and has been distributed by Pringle, Orcutt, &c.
A. lanceolata, CURRAN. Stouter, pubescent : cauline leaves lanceolate or oblong, spar-
ingly spinulose-dentate ; teeth of the bracteal ones long-aristate : calyx more elongated ;
the teeth long-aristate ; middle one of the upper lip erect and the lateral turned forward in
fruit; lower lip 2- parted, its lanceolate segments tipped with shorter awns: corolla with
narrow and longer upper lip somewhat falcate-incurved (in the bud strongly incurved over
the lower), 2-cleft at apex ; lower nearly one half shorter, less saccate at base ; its lobes ob-
long and entire, the middle one longer and narrower : all four anthers polliniferous and
their cells distinct, but those of the posterior stamens smaller : style sparsely pilose. Bull.
Calif. Acad. i. 13. California, a single specimen found in Alameda Co., by E. Brooks, 1878.
Collected abundantly in Slack's Canon, Monterey Co., 1885, by Mrs. Layne-Curran herself.
28. SAL VIA, L. P. 366, add:
S. BERNARDfNA, Parish, fide Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. i. 211, is to all appearance a hybrid
between S. Columbaria and Audihrrtia stttrhi/oidcs, a single plant collected at San Bernardino,
Parish. Both the parents were growing in the vicinity, and the species are much visited by
bees.
S. Greggii, GRAY, p. 368. Add : Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6812. Corolla with crimson lower
lip. -- To 4 add tho following, which need separate subdivisions.
S. Regla, CAT. Shrubby, minutely scabrous-puberulent ; leaves broadly deltoid-ovate or
subcordate, inch long, serrate, slender-petioled, those subtending the flowers similar : calyx
short-tubular or campanulate, becoming inflated and tinged with red ; the lips short and
LABIATE. 461
broad : corolla near 2 inches long, scarlet ; lips of equal length, narrow, little shorter than
the tube, the spreading lower oue almost entire. Ic. v. 33, t. 455 ; Liudl. Bot. Reg. xxvii.
t. 14. Chisos Mountains, W. Texas, on the Mexican border, Havard. (Mex.)
S. Lemmoni, GRAY. Belongs to the S. fulyens group, near S. Grahami. A foot or two
high from a barely liguesceut base, puberulent : stems strict, rather simple, leafy : leaves
oblong- or deltoid-ovate, creuulate (about inch long), with either truncate or subcuneate
base, rather slender-petioled : bracts small and canescent : calyx narrowly oblong, atom-
iferous : corolla an inch long, rose-red ; lower part of the throat moderately gibbous-ven-
tricose ; lips only a third the length of the throat and tube : style bearded above. Froc.
Am. Acad. xx. 309. Huachuca Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle.
S. albiflora, MART. & GAL. To the species doubtfully so determined, on p. 370, append :
Var. Pringlei. Canesceutly puberuleut, or lower face of the leaves tomeutulose, as in
}. polyslacht/a, but inflorescence lax : corolla glabrous, 4 or 5 lines long, twice the length of
the puberuieut-cauescent calyx. S. Arizona, in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Lemmon,
Pringle, distributed by the latter as 5. pycnostachya (meaning polystachya), Ort., var. Pringlei.
S. spicata, ROEM. & SCHULT. Shrubby, canescent with minute and dense pubescence
(which on the leaves may turn reddish or ferruginous), very leafy : leaves small, lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse, minutely and closely crenulate, subsessile, upper face soon glabrate and
rugose-venulose ; bracts of the short spike ovate, acute, rather shorter than the flowers, de-
ciduous : corolla 3 or 4 lines long, nearly twice the length of the lauate-tomeutose calyx,
blue or purple. Benth. in DC. Prodr. xii. 315. 5. pulchella, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. ii.
288, t. 140, not DC. S. breviflora, Moeino & Sesse, ex Beuth. Lab. 274. Huachuca
Mountains, S. Arizona, Lemmon. (Mex.)
S. HISPANICA, L., a spicately and blue-flowered species (Mexican, not Spanish), was col-
lected by Havard, " near a garden" in Presidio Co., Texas, on the Mexican border.
29. AUDIBERTIA, Benth.
A. incana, BENTH., p. 372. At the southern part of its range this species exhibits two
remarkable varieties :
Var. pilosa, with upper part of stem and whole inflorescence villous-pubescent.
Northern base of San Bernardino Mountains, on the border of the Mohave Desert, Parish.
Var. pachystachya. Large, 2 or 3 feet high, minutely puberulent, hardly cine-
reous : spiciform thyrsus over an inch in diameter : bracts over half-inch long. Bear Valley
in the San Bernardino Mountains, Parish. Southern border of San Diego Co., Palmer.
A. Vaseyi, T. C. PORTER. In the division with A. Palmeri, the inflorescence and corolla
of that species, but the herbage whiter, and only lower leaves rugose-venulose : bracts and
calyx-teeth aristate. Bot. Gazette, vi. 207. S. California, at Mountain Springs, San
Diego Co., G. R. Vasei/, 1880. Also San Bernardino Co., W. G. Wright, 1880, a form with
bracts and all the calyx-teeth tipped with very slender and even capillary awns. In Vasey's,
less attenuate and less prolonged, those of the bracts and upper calyx-tooth more rigid, or
as a cusp rather than an awn. Flower (with the exserted stamens) about an inch long.
30. MONARDA, L.
M. pectinata, NUTT., p. 375. No specimen was found in Nuttall's own herbarium, now at
the British Museum, and what he gave to herb. Kew under this name is M. citriodora.
M. Citriodora, CERV. in Lag. ! 1. c. The calyx-teeth are usually spreading from the first.
The species is becoming naturalized in Tennessee and eastward.
33. CEDRONELLA, Moench. To 2, p. 377, add : -
C pallida LINDL. Green and nearly glabrous : leaves broadly cordate-ovate or sub-
cordate mostly obtuse (an inch or so in length), crenate, slender-petioled : inflorescence
compact: corolla dull rose-color, half-inch or rather more long, the tube very little exserted
from the small calyx. -Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 29. C. breviflora, var. ffavardi (flowers halt-
inch long smaller than in Lindley's figure, but evidently of same species), and C. brevtfiora,
462 SUPPLEMENT.
Gray, Proc. Am. Acacl. xx. 309, a form with depauperate corollas, probably abnormal.
Base 'of cliffs in the Chisos Mountains, W. Texas, on the frontier of Mexico, Havard.
Also, Santa Rita Mountains, S. Arizona, Pr ingle, distributed as C. breviflora. (Mex.)
C. Cana, HOOK. Bot. Mag. t. 4618. C. Mexicana, var. cana, Gray, p. 377. This must be
'separated from C. Mexicana, though hard to define. Here belongs C. hast if alia, Regel,
Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1868, 85. It passes into an extreme form in
Var. lanceolata. Leaves from broadly to linear-lanceolate (an inch or half-inch
long), and from sparingly dentate to entire: corolla from two-thirds to full inch long.
Mountains of New Mexico, Wright, G. B. Vasey, Rusby.
36. SCUTELLABIA, L.
S. versicolor, NUTT., p. 378. Add syn. : S. Mississippiana, Martens, Bull. Acad. Brux. 1841.
S. integrifolia, L., p. 379. Add syn. : hyssopifolia, Bart. Fl. i. t. 2.
Var. major, CHAPM. A very striking and peculiar form, two feet or more high :
lower leaves ovate and sometimes cordate, coarsely creuate-dentate, obtuse, loug-petioled ;
upper oblong to linear-lanceolate, mostly entire. Fl. 323. Rich soil in low grounds,
Florida, Chapman, Curtiss, distrib. no. 2060.
42. SYNANDRA, Nutt.
S. grandiflora, NUTT., p. 384. Add syn. : Lamium hispidulum, Michx. Fl. ii. 4.
50. STACHYS, Tourn.
S. palustris, L., p. 387. Add syn. : S. velutina, Schweinitz, in Keating, Narr. Long's
Exped. App. 114, a downy form.
To p. 401 and p. 404 add :
14 4 . PHEROTRICHIS. Corolla campanulate-rotate ; lobes ovate, densely bearded inside
with long introrse and retrorse hairs. Crown at junction of corolla with the extremely short
column, of 5 quadrate excisely truncate scales, surpassing the prominent and hyaline-tipped
anthers! Stigma surmounted by a very large globular or conical appendage. Habit of
Asclepias.
14 4 . PHER6TRICHIS, Decaisne. (</>4, to bear, T()//4', used for
coma.) Two erect and rather stout Mexican herbs, perennial from thick root,
hirsutely pubescent, leafy : leaves oblong and lowest subcordate, petioled : flowers
crowded in sessile or subsessile umbels at the axils : follicles hirsute, glabres-
ceu t. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ix. 322 ; Endl. Gen. 1798 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xxi. ined.
P. BALnfsii (Asclepins vil/osa, Balbi, Lachnostoma Balbisii, Decaisne in DC. Prodr. viii.
602, Gonolobus poi/diiiuitlinx, Hemsl. in part) is fuscous-hirsute : corolla-lobes venose-reticulate :
crown-scales somewhat 2-horned, equalling the narrow-conical boss of the stigma. Chiapas,
&c., S. Mexico.
P. Schaffneri. Less hirsute : corolla-lobes lineate-veined : crown-scales shorter and more
truncate than the globular very large boss of the stigma. Gonolobus pogonanthus, Hemsl.
Biol. Centr.-Am. ii. 333, partly. S. Arizona, Lemmon. (San Luis, Mex., Schaffner, Parry
& Palmer.)
ENUMERATION OF THE GAMOPETALOUS GENERA
AND SPECIES.
ORDER DIPSACACEJE, p. 47.
1. Dipsacus ... (2) 2
Indigenous species, none ; Naturalized, 2.
464
ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
ORDER COMPOSITE, p. 48, 445.
TRIBE I. VERNONIACE.E.
3. Vernonia.
14. Carphochoete
15. Liatris. . .
16. Garberia . .
17. Carphcphorus
18. Trilisia
41. Dichaetophora
42. Boltonia . .
43. Townsendia .
44. Corethrogyne
45. Psilactis . .
46. Eremiastrum
47. Sericocarpus
4S. Aster . . .
49. Erigeron . .
50. Conyza . .
51. Baccharis
10
1
15
4
2
. . 1
. . 3
. . 16
. . 3
. . 2
. . 1
. . 4
. (1) 7-2
. . 1
19
60. Annphalis
61. Gnaphalium
62. Inula . . .
63. Adenocaulon
C3 1 . Dimeresia .
. . 1
. . 15
. (1) 1
. . 1
1
107. Helianthella . . 10
108. Zexmenia ... 3
109. Verbesina ... 9
110. Actinomeris . . 2
111. Syuedrella ... 1
112. Coreopsis ... 28
113. Bidens .... 14
114. Cosmos . . . (2) 3
115. Heterospermum . 1
116. Leptosyne ... 7
117. Thelesperma . . 6
118. Bald win ia ... 2
119. Marshallia ... 4
120. Galinsoga ... 1
121. Blepharipappus . 1
122. Madia .... 9
123. Hemizonella . 2
124. Hemizonia ... 27
125. Achyrachasna . . 1
126. Lagophylla . , 5
127. Layia . , . . 13
ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
465
195. Saussurea ... 2
196. Arctium . . (1) 1
197. Carduus . . (1) 1
202. Hecastocleis . . 1
203. Gochnatia . 1
TRIBE VI. HELENIOIDE^E.
142. Syntrichopappus . 2
143. Eriophyllum . . 12
144. Bahia .... 10
145. A.mblyopappua . 1
146. Schkuhria . . 2
147. Hymenothrix . . 2
148. Hymeuopappus . 7
149. Florestiua ... 1
150. Polypteris ... 4
151. Palafoxia ... 2
152. Rigiopappus . . 1
153. Chaiuactis ... 20
154. Hulsea .... 6
155. Trichoptilium . 1
TRIBE VII. ANTHEMIDE.E.
173. Matricaria . . (1)3
174. Chrysanthemum (3) 6
175. Soliva . . . (1) 2
TRIBE VIII. SENECIONIDE^E.
184. Psathy rotes . 4
185. Bartlettia ... 1
186. Crocidium ... 1
187. Haploesthes . . 1
188. Lepidospartum . 1
189. Tetradymia . . 6
TRIBE IX. CYNAROIDE.E.
198. Cnicus . . . (2) 37
199. Onopordon. . (1) 1
TRIBE X. MUTISIACE^E.
204. Chaptalia
205. Perezia .
2
5
206. Trixis .
207. Phalacroseris . . 1
208. Atrichoseris . . 1
209. Lampsana . . (1) 1
210. Apogon .... 3
211. Krigia .... 5
212. Cichorium . . (1) 1
213. Stephanomeria . 14
214. Chaetadelpha . . 1
215. Rafinesquia . . 2
216. Tragopogon . (2) 2
TRIBE XI. CICHORIACE.E.
217. Anisocoma . . 1
218. Hypoehceris . (1) 1
219. Microseris . . . 20
220. Leontodon . . (1) 1
220 ft . Picris .... 1
221. Pinaropappus . . 1
222. Calycoseris . . 2
223. Ma'lacothrix . . 13
224. Glyptopleura . . 2
225. Apargidium . . 1
226. Hieracium . . (3) 29
227. Crepis . . . (3) 11
228. Prenanthes . , 10
229. Lygodesmia . 6
230. Troximon ... 13
231. Taraxacum . . 1
232. Pyrrhopappus . 4
233. Chondrilla . . (1) 1
234. Lactnca. . . (1) 10
235. Sonchua . . (4) 4
Genera, 239. Indigenous species, 1576 Naturalized 60 = If36,
80
466
ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
VOL. II. PART I.
ORDER GOODENIACE^E, p. 1.
1. Scssvola .... 1
ORDER LOBELIACEJ2, p. 1, 393.
Genera, 3. Indigenous species, 4,
ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 467
ORDER PRIMULACE^E, p. 55, 399.
1. Hottonia .... 1 5. Androsace .... 5 9. Glaux 1
2. Dodecatheou . . . 1 6. Triencalis .... 2 10. Anagallis . . . (1) 1
3. Primula .... 12 7. Steironema ... 4 11. Centunculus ... 2
4. Douglasia ... 4 8. Lysimachia . . (2) 7 12. Samolus .... 2
Genera, 12. Indigenous species, 39 ; Naturalized, 3 = 42.
ORDER MYRSINEACE^E, p. 64.
1. Myrsine .... 1 2. Ardisia 1 3. Jacquinia .... 2
Genera, 3. Indigenous species, 4.
ORDER SAPOTACE^E, p. 66.
1. Chrysophyllnm . (1) 2 3. Dipholis 1 5. Mimusops .... 1
2. Sideroxylon ... 1 4. Bumelia 5
Genera, 5. Indigenous species, 9 ; Naturalized, 1 = 10.
^^^^^^^^^^^^H
ORDER EBENACE^E, p. 69.
1. Diospyros .... 2
Genera, 1. Indigenous species, 2.
ORDER STYRACACE.E, p. 70.
1. Symplocos .... 1 2. Halesia 3 3. Styrax 5
Genera, 3. Indigenous species, 9.
ORDER OLEACE^, p. 72.
1. Fraxinus .... 12 3. Chionanthus ... 1 5. Osmanthus . ... I
2. Forestiera ... 8 4. Hesperelaea ... 1 6. Menodora .... 6
Genera, 6. Indigenous species, 29.
ORDER APOCYNACE^, p. 79, 400.
1. Vallesia 1 4. Haplophyton ... 1 7. Macrosiphonia . . 3
2. Amsonia .... 6 5. Apocynum ... 2 8. Echites 4
3. Vinca 1 6. Cycladenia .... 1 9. Trachelospermum . 1
Genera, 9. Indigenous species, 20.
ORDER ASCLEPIADACE^E, p. 85, 401.
1. Astephanus ... 1 8. Schizonotus ... 1 14. Yincetoxicum . (1) 3
2. Philibertia ... 5 9. Gomphocarpus . . 4 14 1 . Rothrockia . . 1
3. Podostigma ... 1 10. Enslenia .... 1 14 2 . Himantostemma . 1
4. Anantherix ... 1 11. Roulinia . . .1 14 3 . Lachnostoma . . I
5. Asclepiodora . . 2 12. Metastelma ... 5 14 4 . Pherotrichis . . 1
6. Asclepias .... 47 13. Meliuia .... 1 15. Gouolobus . . 16
7. A cerates .... 5
Genera, 19. Indigenous species, 97 ; Naturalized, 1 = 98.
468
ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
ORDER LOGANIACE^E, p. 106, 405.
1. Gelsemium
2. Spigelia .
1". Voyria
1. Microcala .
2. Erythraea .
3. Sabbatia .
4. Eustoma .
1. Phlox
2. Gilia
1
5
3. Mitreola .... 2 5. Bucldleia
4. Folypremum ... 1 6. Emorya .
Genera, 6. Indigenous species, 15.
ORDER GENTIANACE^, p. 110, 405.
. . l 5. Gentiana .... 42
1 6. Pleurogyue ... 2
. (3) 13 7. Swertia .... 1
13 8. Frasera .... 8
2 9. Halenia .... 2
Genera, 14. Indigenous species, 89 ; Naturalized, 3 = 92.
10. Bartonia . . .
11. Obolaria . . .
12. Menyanthes . .
13. Limuautbemum
2
1
2
2
ORDER POLEMONIACE^E, p. 128, 406.
3. Lceselia 1 * Polemonium .
27
95
10
Genera, 4. Indigenous species, 133.
9
ORDER HYDROPHYLLACEJE, p. 152, 413.
1. Hydrophyllum
2. Nemopbila
3. Ellisia . . .
4. Draperia . .
5. Phacelia . .
6 6. Emmenanthe . . 6
9 7. Conantbus ... 1
4 8. Tricardia .... 1
1 9. Romanzoffia ... 2
73 10. Hesperocbiron . . 2
Genera, 14. Indigenous species, 129.
11. Lemmonia . .
12. Nama ....
13. Eriodictyon
14. Hydrolea . .
1
15
4
4
ORDER BORRAGINACE^E, p. 177, 420.
1. Cordia . . .
2. Bourreria .
3. Ehretia . .
4. Coldenia . .
5. Tournefortia .
6. Heliotropium
7. Harpagonella
8. Pectocarya .
. . 4 9. Cynoglossum . ( 1 ) 4
. . 1 10. Echiuospermum ( 1 ) 12
. . 1 11. Omphalodes . . 2
. . 5 II 1 . Krynitzskia . . 49
. . 3 12. Plagiobothrys . . 13
. (3) 14 13. Echidiocarya . . 1
1 14. Amsinckia ... 6
4
15. Mertensia ... 7
16. Myosotis. . . (2) 6
17. Litliospermum (2) 14
18. Onosmodium . . 4
19. Symphytum . (2) 2
20. Lycopsis . . . ( 1 ) 1
21. Echium . . . (1) 1
Genera, 22. Indigenous species, 142 ; Naturalized, 13 = 155.
ORDER CONVOLVULACE.E, p. 207, 433.
1. Dichondra ... 2
2. Ipoma-a . . . (1) 31
3. Jacquemontia . . 3
4. Convolvulus . . (2) 14 7. Cressa .
5. Breweria .... 5 8. Cuscuta
6. Evolvulus . 7
(2) 23
Genera, 8. Indigenous species, 81 ; Naturalized, 5 = 86.
ORDER SOLANACE^, p. 224, 436.
1. Lycopersicum
2. Solanum . .
3. Capsicum . .
4. Salpicliroa
5. Oryctes . .
6 Chamaesaracha
(1)1 7. Physalis .... 17
(5) 21 8. Margaranthus . . 2
(1)2 9. Nicandra . . (1) 1
1 10. Lycium . . . (1) 19
1 11. Datura ... (4) 5
3 12. Hyoscyamus . (1) 1
13. Cestrum . .
14. Nicotiana
15. Petunia . .
16. Bonchetia .
17. Leptoglossis
(2) 2
(3) 11
1
1
1
Genera, 17. Indigenous species, 71 ; Naturalized, 19 = 90
ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
469
ORDER SCROPHULARIACE^E, p. 24.4, 438.
1. Leucophyllum
2. Verbascum .
3. Linaria . .
4. Antirrhinum
5. Maurandia .
6. Mohavea . .
7. Collinsia . .
8. Tonella . .
9. Scrophularia
10. Chelone . .
11. Pentstemon .
12. Chiouophila
13. Mimulus .
2 14. Stemodia . .
(4) 4 15. Conobea . . ,
(4) 6 16. Herpestis . .
(2) 23 17. Gratiola . . .
1 18. Ilysanthes . .
1 19. Micrauthemum
. 15 20. Amphiantlms
2 21. Limosella . ,
3 22. Scoparia . . ,
4 23. Capraria . . ,
.83 24. Synthyris . ,
1 25. Veronica . ,
.51 26. Buchnera . .
Genera, 38. Indigenous species, 367 ; Naturalized, 16
= 383.
1. Orobanche .
2. Aphyllon .
ORDER OROBANCHACEJE, p. 310, 455.
.(1)1 3. Conopholis ... 2 5. Epiphegus .
. . 9 4. Boschniakia ... 3
Genera, 5. Indigenous species, 15 ; Naturalized, 1 = 16.
ORDER LENTIBULARIACE^E, p. 314, 455.
1. Utricularia ... 17 2. Pinguicula .... 6
Genera, 2. Indigenous species, 23.
1. Bignonia
2. Tecoraa .
ORDER BIGNONIACE^, p. 318, 456.
3. Catalpa 2 4. Chilopsis
Genera, 4. Indigenous species, 6.
1
2
ORDER PEDALIACE^E, p. 320.
1. Sesamtim ... (1) 1 2. Martynia .... 3
Genera, 2. Indigenous species, 3 ; Naturalized, 1=4.
ORDER ACANTHACE^, p. 321, 456.
1. Elytraria . .
2. Hygrophila
3. Calophanes
4. Ruellia . . .
5. Stenandrium .
2 6. Berginia .... 1
1 7. Carlowrightia . . 2
5 8. Anisacanthus . . 4
7 9. Siphonoglossa . . 2
2 10. Beloperone ... 1
Genera, 15. Indigenous species, 41.
11. Justicia .... I
12. Dianthera ... 5
13. Gatesia .... 1
14. Tetrainerium . . 2
15. Dicliptera ... 5
ORDER SELAGINACE^, p. 332, 458.
1. Lagotis .... 1
470
ENUMERATION OF GENERA AND SPECIES.
ORDER VERBENACE^E, p. 332, 458.
1. Phryma 1
2. Priva 1
3. Stachytarpheta . . 1
4. Bouchea .... 3
5. Verbena . . . (2) 18 9. Dnranta .
6. Lippia 7 10. Callicarpa
7. Lautana .... 4 11. Aviceimia
8. Citharexylum . . 2
Genera, 11. Indigenous species, 38 ; Naturalized, 2 = 40.
ORDER LABIATVE, p. 341, 459.
t. Tetraclea ... 1
2. Trichostema . . 9
3. Isanthus .... 1
4. Teucrium ... 4
5. Ajuga . . . (1) 1
6. Ocimum .... 1
7. Hyptis .... 4
8. Collinsonia ... 4
9. Mentha ... (7) 8
10. Lycopus . . . (1) 6
11. Cuuila .... 1
12. Hyssopus . . (1) 1
13. Pycnanthemum . 13
14. Monardella ... 13
15. Origanum . . (1) 1
16. Thymus . . (1) 1
17. Satureia ... (1) 2
Genera, 50.
18. Micromeria . .
19. Calamintha . .
20. Melissa . . .
21. Conradina . .
22. Poliomintha .
23. Hedeoma . .
24. Pogogyne . .
25. Cerauthera . .
26. Acanthomiutha
27. Sphacele . .
28. Salvia . . .
29. Auclibertia . .
30. Mouarda . .
31. Blephilia . .
32. Lophauthus
33. Cedronella . .
34. Nepeta . . .
(2)
(1)
4
9
1
1
. 3
. 11
. 5
. 2
. 2
. 1
(2) 31
. 10
. 9
2
. 4
. 5
(2) 2
Indigenous species, 202 ; Naturalized, 33 = 235.
ORDER PLANTAGINACEJE, p. 388.
1. Plantajjo
. . (1) 16 2. Littorella . . .
Genera, 2. Indigenous species, 16; Naturalized, 1 = 17.
. 1
Genera of the Gamopetalae of the North American Flora 667
Represented by indigenous species 525
Represented only by introduced species 42
Species 3521
Indigenous 3359
Introduced, mainly from the Old World 162
INDEX.
NAMES of orders are in CAPITALS; of suborders, tribes, &c., in SMALL CAPITALS; of admitted
genera and species, in ordinary Roman type ; of synonyms, as also of subgenera, sections, and all species
merely referred to, in Italic type.
ACANTHACE^E, 321, 456.
Acanthomintha, 344, 305, 460.
ilicifolia, 365, 460.
lanceolara, 460.
Acerates, 86, 98, 403.
atropurpurea, 100.
auriculata, 99.
bificla, 403.
connivens, 88.
cordifolia, 100.
decumbens, 89.
lanuginosa, 99.
latifoiia, 92.
longifolia, 99.
paniculata, 89.
tomentosa, 100.
viridiflora, 79.
Achras, 69.
mnmmosa, 69.
salicifolia, 67.
Sapota. 69.
Zapotilla, 69.
Actinocyclus, 40.
Ade.Ua, 76.
acuminata, 76.
liyustrina, 76.
porulosa, 77.
Adenostegia, 303.
rigida, 303.
Adhatoda dipteracantha, 328.
longiflora, 329.
jEyochloa cotuleefolia, 141.
atractyloides, 142.
pubescens, 141.
punyens, 141.
Torreyi, 141.
Afzelia cassioides, 289.
Agerista, 33.
Agastache, 376.
Ai/auria, 33.
Ajuga, 342, 349.
reptans, 349.
AJUGOIDE/E, 342.
Aldea circinata, 159.
Allotropa, 18, 48.
virgata, 48.
Aloysin, 338.
Alnlfolifi Americana, 45.
AmareMn, 117.
Amblyinthera, 84.
AmblynotuSi 423.
Amelia,, 46.
minor, 46.
American Cowslip, 57.
Ammobroma, 51.
Sonoraa, 51.
Ammyrsine buxifolia, 43.
Amphianthus, 247, 284.
pusillus, 284.
Amphistelma ephedroides, 102.
filiforme, 102.
graminifolium, 102.
sallnarum, 102.
Amsinckia, 179, 197, 420.
echinata, 178.
Duuglasiana, 198.
intermedia, 198, 433.
lycopsoides, 198.
Cycopsoides, 198.
spectabilis, 198.
tessellata, 198.
vernicosa, 197.
Amsonia, 79, 81.
angustifolia, 81.
brevifolia, 81.
cilia ta, 81.
latifolia, 81.
longiflora. 82.
Palmeri, 82.
salicifolia, 81.
Tabernaamontana, 81.
tnmentosa, 81.
trittis, 81.
Anagallis, 56, 63.
arvensis, 64.
littea, 62.
Anantherix, 86, 88.
connivens, 88.
decumbens, 89.
Nuttallianus, 89.
P'miculatus, 89.
Turreyanus, 89.
viridis, 88.
Andiusa canescens, 204.
/?!/<, 205.
Vii-r/inica, 204.
Andrewsia autumnalis, 127.
uerrwi, 127.
Androcera, 231.
/o6a<n, 231.
Andromeda, 15, 30.
acuminata, 34, 397.
angustifohn, 35.
arbor ea, 33.
axillaris, 34.
axillaris, 34.
, 20.
bracteusa, 28.
calyculata, 35.
cat ulea, 37.
casdnefuliu , 29.
Catesbcei, 34.
coriacea, 32.
crispa, 35.
cupressina, 36.
Davisiae, 34.
dealbata, 31.
ferruginea, 33.
floribunda, 31.
frondosa, 33.
qlaucophylla, 31.
hypnoides, 36.
lacustris, 32.
lanceolata, 34.
laurina, 34.
ligustrina, 33.
lucid a, 32, 34.
lycopodiulis, 36.
mari/inala, 32.
Mariana, 32.
Mariana, 32.
Afertensiana, 36.
montana, 31.
myrti folia, 32.
ni'tida, 32.
nitida^ 31.
obovata, 32.
paniculattt, 33, 35.
pbillyreifolia, 31.
polifolia, 31.
populifolia, 34.
pulchella, 32.
pulcerulenta, 31.
racemosa, 35.
r<7cemosa, 33.
rcticulata, 34.
rhomboidalis, 33.
riyida, 33.
rosmarinifolia, 31.
sjieciosa, 31.
spicata, 35.
spinulosn, 34.
Ktelleriana, 35.
taxi folia, 37.
tetrai/ona, 36.
vennlosa, 28.
JT/<e?-t, 34.
ANDKOMEDK.E. 15.
Androsace, 50, 60.
472
INDEX.
Arizonica, 400.
carinata, 60.
Chama'jasnie, 60.
filiformis, GO.
linearis, 59, 60.
occidentalis, 60.
septentrjonalis, 60.
vitlosa, 60.
Anisacanthus, 323, 328, 457.
Gretjyii, (328), 457.
junceus, 457.
pumilus, 328, 457.
virgularis, 457.
Wrightii, 328.
Aniseia aurea, '209.
azurea, 214.
Ani&ocheila, 303.
Anonymos aquatics. 128.
C'arolinensis, 324.
cassioides, 289.
petiolata, 108.
sempervirens, 107.
Anoplanthus, 312.
comosus, 312.
fasciculatus, 312. '
unijiorvs, 312.
Anoplun, 312.
biflorum, 312.
comosa, 312.
Antiphvtum, 179, 199.
floribunduRi, 199, (423).
heliotropioides, 199, (423).
Antirrhinastrum, 251.
ANTIRRHINIDE.E, 245.
Antirrhinum, 245, 251, 438.
Canadense, 250.
chytrospermum, 251.
confertiflorum, 439.
Cooperi, 253, (439).
cornutum, 252.
Coulterianum, 252, 438.
Coulterianum, 253.
cyathiterum, 251.
Breweri, 253.
filipes, 254, 439.
glandulosum, 252.
junceum. 254, 439.
Kellor/e/ii, 439.
Kingii; 253, 439.
leptaleuni, 252.
majus, 252.
maurandioides, 254.
Nevinianum, 438.
Nuttalliamim, 253, 438.
Orcuttianum, 438.
speciosum, 254, 439.
etrictum, 253, 439.
Bubcordatum, 438.
subsessile, 438.
vagans, 253, 439.
virga, 252, 438.
Aphyll.m, 311, 312,455.
Californicum, 312.
comosum, 312.
Cooperi, 455.
fasciculatum, 312.
Ludovicianum, 313, 455.
multiflorum, 313.
pinetorum, 313.
tuberosuin, 313.
APOCYNACFJE, 79.
Apocynum, 80, 82.
androssemifolium, 82.
caniiabinuin, 83.
hirsutum, 104.
hypericifollum, 83.
pubescens, 83.
Sibiricum, 83.
Apple of Peru, 237.
ARBUTE^E, 15.
Arbutus, 15, 26.
Acadiensis, 27.
alpina, 27.
Jiliformis, 26.
'lanceoiata, 27.
laurifolia, 27, 396.
Menziesii, 27, 397.
procera, 27.
puny ens, 28.
Texana. 27, 397.
thymifblia, 26.
tomentosa, 28.
Xalapensis, 396.
Arctaphila, 117, 119.
Arctostapbylos, 15, 27, 397.
'
alpina, 27.
Anderson ii, 28.
aryuta, 397.
bicolor, 29, 397.
Cleveland!, 29.
Clevdandi, 397.
cordifolia, 28.
diversifolia, 397.
glauca, 28.
qlauca, 28.
Hookeri, 28.
Nevadensis, 27.
nummularia, 28, 397.
qfficinalis, 27.
oppositifolia, 397.
polifplia, 29.
polifolia, 397.
puniila, 28.
pungens, 28.
puny ens, 27, 28.
tomentosa, 28.
Uva-ursi, 27.
Veatchii, 397.
Arctous, 27.
Ardisia, 65.
Pickeringia, 65.
Arineria, 54.
alpina, 55.
andina, 55.
arctica, 55.
Labrador ica, 55.
maritima , 55.
sanyuinulenta, 55.
vulgaris, 55.
ASCLEPIARACE.E, 85, 401.
ASCLEPIAPE.'E, 85.
Asclepias, 86.
aceratoides, 93.
acuminatft, 90.
amcena, 90.
amplexicaulis, 92.
anffustifolia, 96, 402.
arenaria, 93.
brachystephana, 94, 401.
brevicornu, 89.
cinerea. 98.
citri folia, 93.
connirens, 88.
cor data, 90.
cornuta, ino.
Cornnti, 91, 401.
cryptoceras, 92.
Curassavica, 90.
Curtissii, 402.
decumbens, 90.
Douglasii, 91.
elata, 401.
eriocarpa, 94.
eriocarpa, 94.
erosa, 94.
exaltata, 93.
fascicularis, 97.
Feayi, 98.
Floridana, 99.
Fremonti, 93.
yalioides, 97.
glaucescens, 92, 401.
grandifolia, 401.
Hallii, 95.
hybrida, 93.
incarnata, 90.
incarnata, 99.
involucrata, 94, 402.
Jamesii. 92.
lanceoiata, 90, 99.
lanur/inosa, 99.
laurifolia, 90.
Lemmoni, 402.
leucophylla, 94.
Linaria, 97, 402.
Lindheimeri, 98.
linenris, 96, 97.
linifolia, 96, 402.
longicprnu, 98.
lonffifolia, 97.
loHfjipetala, 89, 99.
macrophylla, 97.
macrotis, 95, 402.
Meadii, 91,401.
Mexit-ana. 96.
Micliauxii, 402.
monocephala, 99.
nirea, 93, 96.
nummularia, 92.
Nuttalliana, 95, 99.
nyctaginifdlia, 95, 402.
obovata, 95.
obtusifolia, 91, 401.
obtusifolia, 92.
ovalii'olia, 95.
ovalifolia, 95.
parviflora, 96.
paupercula, 90.
pedicellata, 88.
perenuis, 96.
periplocifolia, 90.
phytolaccoides, 92.
polystac/iia, 90.
pulchra, 91.
purpurascens, 90.
purpurascens, 91.
quadrifolia, 96.
quinquedentata, 97, 402.
rubra, 90.
speciosa, 91.
stenophylla, 98.
subulata, 96.
Sullivantii, 91.
SulUvantii. 92.
Syria ca, 91, 93.
tomentosa, 93.
tuberosa, 89.
tuberosa, 91.
uncialis, 401.
vanilla, 96.
variegata, 93.
varier/ata, 95.
verticillata, 97.
vestita, 94.
INDEX.
473
villosa, 462.
viminalis, 88.
viri/uta, 90, 402.
viridijlora, 99.
virichs, 80.
viridula, 97.
Wrti/htti, 402.
Asclepioilora, 80, 88, 401.
circinalis, 401.
decumbens, 89.
viridis, 89.
Ash, 73.
As per ago prociimbens, 420.
Astephanus, 85, 87.
Utahcnsis, 87.
Atropa physaloides, 237.
ATIJOPE-E, 225.
Audibertia, 345, 372, 461.
capitala, 372.
citriodora, 375.
Cleveland;, 373.
glabra, 374.
graiidiflora, 372.
humilis, 372.
ineana, 372, 401.
nivca, 373.
Palincri, 373.
polystachya, 373.
stachvoides, 373.
Vasej'i, 401.
Avicennia, 334, 340.
niiida, 341.
oblongifolia, 341.
tomcntosa, 341.
AVICE:N>NIE.E, 333.
Azalea, 39, 40.
aroorescens, 40.
bicolor, 41.
calendulacea, 41.
canescens, 41.
fragrans, 40.
glauca, 41.
hispid a, 41.
Lappunica, 42.
lutea, 41.
nit Id ', 41.
nudi flora, 41.
occiacnlalis, 40.
parvifolium, 42,
periclymenoides, 41.
pilosa, 39.
procumbens, 44.
scabra, 41.
viscose, 40.
Azaleastrum, 40.
Ballota, 347, 384.
nigra. 384.
Balm, 360.
Balmony, 258.
Bartonia, 111, 127.
tenella, 127.
verna, 127.
Bartsia, 249.
acuminata, 297.
alpina, 305.
coccinea. 295.
gymnandra, 332.
Odontites, 305.
pallida, 297.
tenuifolia, 300.
Basil, 350, 354.
Basil Thyme, 359.
Bassovia hebepodn, 22-1.
Batatas acetoscefolia, 211.
Jalapa, 211.
iittoralis, 211.
Batodendron, 20.
arboreum, 21.
Batschia, 204.
cfiesces, 204.
Carolinensis, 205.
decumbens, 205.
Gmelini, 205.
lonyiflora, 205.
Bcarberry, 27.
Beard-tongue, 259.
Bear Huckleberry, 20, 23.
Bee-Balm, 374.
Beech-drops, 313.
Befaria paniculata, 43.
Bejaria, 17, 43.
paniculata, 43.
racemosa, 43.
Bell-flower, 11.
Bel lima umbcllata, 437.
Beloperone, 323, 329.
Caliibrnica, 329.
Belvidere, 53.
Bene, 320.
Benthamia lycopsoid.es, 198.
Bert^amot Mint, 352.
Berginia, 322, 327.
virgata, 327.
Betonica ofliciti'dis, 388.
Beurreiid, 180.
Bigelovia, 76.
Bignonia, 318, 319, 456.
capreolata, 319.
Catulpa, 320.
crude/era, 319.
lineiir/K, 320.
radicans, 31!).
sempervirens, 107.
stans, 319.
BIGNONIACE^, 318.
Bilberry, 20, 23.
Billardiera, 337.
explanata, 337.
Bindweed, 214.
Bird Pepper, 231.
Bittersweet, 228.
Black Ash, 7C.
Black Henbane, 240.
Black Horehomul, 384.
Black Huckleberrv, 20.
Bladderwort, 314."
Blanfordia cordata, 53.
Blephilia, 345, 376.
ciliata, 376.
hirsiita, 376.
nepetoides, 376.
Blue Asli, 75.
Blueberry, 20, 21.
Blue-curls, 347.
Blue Hucldeb&TV, 19, 22.
Blue Tangle, 19."
Blueweed, 207.
Boliraria, 78.
Grisebachii, 79.
Bonamia aquatica, 217.
humistraia, 217.
Pickerinflii, 218.
BOHHAGE.E, 178.
BORRAGINACE/E, 177, 420.
Borrago officinalis, 180.
Boryn, 76.
acuminata, 76.
ligustrina, 76.
porulosa, 11,
Boschuiakia, 311, 313, 455.
glabra, 313.
Hookeri, 313.
strobilacea, 313, 455.
Boihrlaspermum, 432.
Bouchea, 333, 334.
I Ehrenbergii, 334.
linif(,'lia, 335.
spathulata, 335.
Bouchctia, 220, 244.
erecta, 244.
Bourreria, 177, 180, 421.
Havauensis, 181, 421.
radula, 181.
recui'va, 181.
succulenta, 181.
tomentosa, 181.
virgata, 181.
Boxberrv, 30.
Box-Thorn, 237.
Brachyglossis, 244.
JSrachyyyne, 290.
Brachystemum, 354.
lanceolatum, 354.
lliitfohuni, 354.
muticum, 355.
verticillatum, 355.
Virginicum, 354.
Bramia, 281.
Brazoria, 340, 382.
scutellarioides, 382.
truncata, 382.
Breweria, 208, 217.
aquatica. 217.
humistrata, 217, 436.
minima, 430.
ovalifolia, 217.
Pickering! i, 217.
Brooklime, 286.
Brookweed, G4.
Broom-Rape, 311.
Browalliu Tejcmitt, 244.
Bruymansia, 240.
Bruuella, 340, 382.
vulgaris, 382.
Bryanthiis, 10, 36.
Aleuticus, 37.
Breweri, 37.
empetriforinis, 37.
glandulidorus, 37.
Gmelini, 37.
Sttlleri, 35.
taxifolius, 37.
Bucbnera, 248, 289, 451.
Americana, 289.
Canadensis, 337.
elongatn, 289.
Buckbean, 128.
Buckthorn, (i8.
Buddleia, 107, 109.
acuminata, 109.
crotonoides, 109.
Humboldtiana, 10D.
l/inceoldfa, 109.
inarrubiifolia, 109.
Pringlei, 405.
racemosa, 109.
scordioides, 109.
Bugle-weed, 352, 353.
Bumelia, 67.
angtistifiilin, 08.
arbor e.a. 68.
fit rysophylloides, 68.
cunctitn, 08.
ferruginea, 68.
474
INDEX.
lanuginosa, 68.
lycioides, 68.
macrocarpa, 68.
oblonyifolia, 08.
parmfelia, 68.
paucijlora, 68.
reclinala, 08.
redinata. C8.
saliclj'oliii, 67.
spinusa, 68.
tenax, 68.
Texana, 68.
tomentosa, 68.
Burchardia Americana, 340.
Butter-and-Eggs, 251.
Butterfly-weed, 89.
Butterwort, 317.
Calauiiut, 359.
Calamintha, 343, 359.
canescens, 361 .
Caroliniana, 360.
Clino podium, 300.
cocciuea, 360.
dentata, 3GO.
glabella, 300.
yltbdla, 360.
mimuloides, 360.
Nepeta, 359.
Nuttallii, 360.
officinalis, 359.
Palmeri, 359.
Calibash-tree, 320.
Calico-bush, 38.
Callibrachoa procumbens, 243.
Callicarpa, 333, 340.
Americana, 340.
Callistachya Vii'yinica, 287.
Calliina, 16, 36.
Atlantica, 36.
vulgaris, 36.
Calottyctidn, 209.
speciusum, 209.
Calophanes, 322, 456.
angusta, 456.
detuuibens, 325.
humistrata, 324.
linearis, 324.
oblongifolia, 324.
oblongijllia, 325, 456.
ovata, 325.
Calosjjhact, 368.
Calyptrospermum, 78.
Catystegia, 214, 435.
Catesbeiana, 215, 433.
parndvxri, 215, 433.
renij'ormin. 215.
sepium, 215.
Saldtintllii, 215.
spithamcea, 215.
sulxtcnuiis, 216.
lomentosfi, 215.
villufd, 216.
Campanula, 10, 11, 395.
acuminata, 14.
alnida, 12.
Altaic/ 1, 11.
Americana, 14.
amplexicaulis, 11.
a[)arinoid(>s, 13.
ti/?<vr, 11.
Color adoense, 11.
dasytrntlttt, 11.
declinnlft, 14.
divaricata, 13.
dubia, 395.
erinoides, 13.
Jilijiora, 13.
Jlexuosa, 14.
Florklana, 13.
glomerata, 12.
keterodoxa, 395.
Iliinoensis, 14.
intermedia, 11.
Langsdorffiana, 12, 395.
lasiocarpa, 12.
linifolia, 12, 395.
limueifolia, 13.
Ludomciana, 11.
Medium, 11.
Muntevidensis, 11.
nitida, 14.
obliqua, 14.
Patlasiana, 11.
Parry i, 395.
pei-foliata, 11.
petiolata, 13.
]jlaniflora, 14, 395.
plan/flora, 395.
pilosa, 11.
pratcnsis, 12, 395.
preiiantlioide.s 13.
rapuuculoides, 12.
Reverchoni, 395.
rotundifolia, 12, 395.
J2oe*Zt, 13.
scabrella, 395.
Scheuchzeri, 12.
Scheuchzeri, 395.
Scouleri, 13.
unitiora, 12.
CAMPANULACE^I, 9, 395.
CAMPANULE^K, 9.
Campsin radicans, 319.
Campy locera, 10.
hptocarpa, 10.
Cancer-root, 312, 314.
Canchalagua, 112.
Canterbury Bells, 11.
Cantua ayyrcrjiitit, 145.
coronopijblia, 145.
tlei/uns, 145.
Floridana, 145.
clomeriflora, 136.
longiflora., 136.
parviflora, 148.
pinnatifida, 145.
punyens, 141.
thyrsuidea, 145.
Capraria, 248, 284.
birlora, 284.
dumntifulia , 279.
yratioloides, 283.
multifida. 279.
pusil'la, 278.
Capsicum, 224, 231.
baccatum, 231.
frutescens. 231.
microphyllum, 231.
Carlowrightia, 322, 327.
Arizonica, 328.
linearifolia, 327.
Cassandra, 16, 35.
ealyculata, 35.
rctcemosa, 35.
Cssnn</ra, 62
Cassioj>e, 16, 35.
hypnoides, 36
lycopodioides, 36.
Slertensiana, 36.
Stelleriana, 35.
tttraijona, 36.
Castilleia. 249, 295, 452.
acuminata, 297.
affinis, 2U6.
^ni', 295.
august IJ'olia, 298.
breviflora, 299.
candens, 296.
cinerea, 452.
coccinea, 295.
coccinea, 296.
desertorum, 296.
DoiKjlasii, 296.
flava, 299.
foliolosn, 298.
grandiflora, 298.
'hispida, 296.
indivisa, 295, 452.
Integra, 298.
lanata, 298.
latifolia, 296.
laxa, 296.
Lemmoni, 297.
linariivfolia, 296.
Lindhcimeri, 298.
linoides, 299.
miniata, 297.
minor, 295.
oblongifolia, 296.
occidtntalis, 297.
pallida, 297.
pallida, 297
parviflora, 296.
plagiotoina, 452.
purpurea, 298.
purpurta, 298.
septentriunalis, 297.
sessiliHora, 298, 452.
Sibiricn, 297.
stenantha, 295.
Tolucensis, 296.
tomentosn, 298.
viscidula, 297, 452.
Castilleiuides, 299.
Catania, 319, 456.
bignonioides, 319. 456.
mrdifuliii, 319, 456.
speciosa, 456.
si/ringcefolia, 319.
Cat-Mint, 377.
Catnip, 377.
Cayenne Pepper, 231.
Cedronella, 345, 377, 461.
breviflora, 462.
cana, (377), 462.
cordata, 377.
hastifolia, 462.
Mexicana, 377.
Mexicana, 402.
micrantha, 377.
pallida, (377), 461.
triphylla, 377.
Centaur ella <e$tivalis, 127.
autumnalis, 127.
Alvseri, 127.
paniculate, 127.
?< ;-a, 127.
Vernalis, 127.
Centaurium autumnnle, 127.
vernum, 127.
Centaurv, 112.
Centunc'ulus, 50, 64, 400.
lanceolatus, 64.
minimus, 64.
INDEX.
475
pentandrtis, 400.
Ceranthera, 344, 305.
densiflura, 305.
linearifolia, 305.
Ceropeyia pnluftris, 102.
CESTEINEJE, 225.
Cestrum, 226, 241.
diurnum, 241.
multinerviiim. 438.
Parqui, 438. '
ChcBtodiscus, 280.
Cheetoyilia, 41)9.
Chaff-seed, 305.
Chaff weed, C4.
Chaiturus Marrubiastrum. 385.
Chamcedaphne calyculata, 35.
Chamceledun procumbens, 44.
Chamcephysalis, 233.
Chamsesaracha, 225, 232, 436.
Goronopus, 232, 436.
nana, 233.
phys'doides, 437.
sovdida, 232.
Checkerberry, 30.
Cheilyctis. 375.
Chelone, 246, 258.
barbata, 2G1.
centranthifolia, 264.
Dir/ititlis, 208.
elabra, 258.
tatij'iilia, 259.
Lyoni, 259.
major , 259.
nemorosa, 259.
obliqua, 258.
Pentstemoi/, 208.
pur pur en, 259.
ruellioides, 261.
CHELONE.E, 246.
Chia, 366.
Chickweed-Wintergreen, 60.
Chilopsis, 319, 320.
linear is, 320.
saligna, 320.
Chimaphila, 17, 45.
corynibusa, 45.
maculata, 45.
Menziesii, 45.
umbellata, 45.
Chiogenes, 15, 26.
hispidula, 26.
Japonica, 26.
serpylltfolia, 26.
Cbionanthus, 73, 77.
j'raxinifolius, 73.
Virginica, 77.
Chionophila, 246, 273.
Jamesii, 273.
Cliironia anguliris, 114.
calycosa, 114.
campanulata, 115,
chloroides, 115.
cymos'i, 114.
dichotoma. 114.
dodecandra, 115.
gracilis, 115.
lanceolatci, 114.
paniculuta, 114.
pulchelln, 112.
spicata, 112.
stellnta, 115.
Cklora dodecandra, 115.
Chloropyron prtlustre, 301, 453,
Chondraphylla, 120. [454.
Chrysophyllum, 66, 67.
Cainito, 67.
Carolinense, 68.
monopyrenum, 67.
oliviforme, 67.
Chthamalia, 104.
biflora, 105.
pubiflora, 105.
Cicendia exaltata, 113.
quadrangularis, 112.
Citharexylum, 333, 340, 458.
brachyanthum, 458.
lycioides, 459.
villosum, 340.
Citronella, 351.
Cladothamnus, 17, 44.
pyrolffifolius, 44.
Clary; 372.
Clethra, 17, 44.
acuminata, 44.
alnifolia, 45.
dentata, 45.
montana. 45.
paniculatn, 45.
pubescens, 45.
scabra, 45.
foment osa, 45.
CLETHRE^E, 17.
Clinopodium, 360.
incanum, 356.
ruf/osum, 350.
vulgare, 361.
Clintimia corymbosa, 8.
eler/ans, 8.
pulchella, 9.
Clistogrammica , 220.
Cobcea, 129.
Cuchranea, 186.
Caelanthe, 120.
Ccelostylis loganioides, 108.
Texana, 108.
Coldenia, 177, 181.
canescens, 181.
Greggii, 182.
hispidissima, 182.
Nuttallii, 182.
Palmeri, 182.
Collinsia, 246, 255, 439.
barbata, 255.
bartsiasfolia, 255.
bicolor, 255.
Childii, 257.
corymbosa, 255.
grandiflora, 256.
Greenii, 256.
heteropht/lla, 255.
hirsuta, 255.
linearis, 439.
minima, 257.
Parryi, 257.
parviflora, 256.
pauciflora, 257.
Rattani, 439.
septemnervia, 255.
solitaria, 25fi.
sparsiflora, 256.
tenella, 257.
tinctoria, 255.
Torreyi, 257.
verna, 256.
violacea, 256.
Collinsonia, 342, 351.
anisata, 351.
Canadensis, 351.
decussata, 351.
ovalis, 351.
(410,
prcecox, 351.
punctata, 351.
scnbra, 351.
scabriuscula, 351.
serotina, 351.
tubeiosa, 351.
verticillata, 351.
Collomia, 129, 134, (407).
agyreffata, 410.
C'avaiiillesiana, 136,
coccinea, 408.
gilioides, 135, (408).
glulinosa, 135, 408.
gracilis, 135, (408).
grandiflora, 135, (408).
heterophylla, 135, 408.
leptalea, 136, (408).
linearis, 135, (408).
linoidts, 146.
longiflora, 136, (410).
micrantha, 135.
nudicaulis, 140.
teuella, 135, (408).
Thurberi, 136, (410).
tinctoria, 135.
Collomioides, 143-
Comarostaphylis, 29.
Comfrey, 206.
Conanthus, 153, 171.
aretioides, 171.
Conobea, 247, 279.
boi-ealls, 282.
intermedia, 279.
multitida, 279.
Conopholis, 311, 313, 455.
Americana, 313, 455.
Mexicana, 455.
ConradiaJ'uchsioi.Jes, 290.
Conradina, 343, 301.
canescens, 301.
CONVOLVULACE/E, 207,433.
CONVOLVULE.E, 208.
Convolvulus, 208, 434.
acetososfolius, 211.
aquaticus, 217.
arvensis, 216.
j-t;e!sis, 216. 436.
Bonariensis, 217.
Brasiliends, 211.
Caddoensis, 213.
Californicus, 215, 435.
Californicus, 216.
candicttns, 211.
capillaceus, 213.
Coroliiius, 213.
cilia t us, 214.
ciliolatus, 212.
commutala, 213.
commutata, 212.
condensatus, 434.
dissectus, 212, 217.
equitans. 217.
erianthus, 217.
fastigiata, 212.
j'ulcratus, 435.
Gat-ben, 435.
f/laucifuliutt. 217.
kastatus, 217.
Havanensis, 435.
hederaceus, 210.
Hermannice, 216.
hermanioides, 216.
hirs/ttua, 434.
humi&lruta, 217.
incanus, 216.
476
INDEX.
Jalapa, 211.
Jamaicemis, 435.
littoralis. 211.
lobatus, 217.
loiin'iprs, 217, 435.
luteolus. (216), 435.
macro rli izus, 211.
macrostegias, 435.
Maxlmihnni, 435.
micranthus, 213, 435, 436.
JV<Y, 210.
obtusihbus, 211.
occidental is, 215, 435.
occidenlalis, 435.
panduratus, 211.
patens, 217.
/ ninntlius, 214.
pentapetaloides, 436.
Pts-cnprce, 211.
Pickerinyii, 218.
Pringlei, 434.
pudwundus, 210.
purpureus, 210.
repens, 215.
ruderarius, 435.
sagittatus, 434.
sagittifolius, 212.
si'piuin, 215, 435.
Skerardi, 217, 435, 436.
Soldanella, 215.
speciusus, 212.
spithamunis, 215.
sf<m.s-, 215.
stoloniferus, 211.
tamnijolius, 214.
tenelius, 217.
trickosantkes, 217.
trijidtis, 212.
ValenzuelanuB, 436.
villosus, 21(1, 435.
violaceus, 214.
Corallopkyllum, 51.
Cordia. 177, 180.
Boissieri, 180.
bullata, 180.
Floridana, 421.
globosa, 180.
Grctrgii. 180, 420.
podocephala, 180.
ScbesU-na, 180.
COKDIK.K, 177.
Cordylaiithus, 240, 302, 453.
canteens, 304.
capitatus, 304.
lilifolius, 303.
Kiliiiii, 3D 1.
laxifiorus, 303.
niai iiiiniis, 304, 454.
niollis, 304.
Nevinii, 454.
( irciitiiaiiiis. 454.
Pai-ryi, 304.
pilnMis, 304.
Pringlei, 453.
rainosiis, 303.
l.'imi-., 304.
Wright ii. 303,453.
Coryanthus, 375.
Cofiini it tli < lit leu, 1 (52.
Cosmanthus, 162.
Jimbriattts, 162.
grandiflorus. 164.
parviflonif, 163.
oiscidus, 1H3.
Courtoisia, 408.
bipinnatifida, 135.
Cowberrv, 25.
Cow-Wheat, 310.
Cranberry, 20, 25.
Creeping'Snowberry, 26.
Crematomia, 181.
Crescentia cucurbitina, 456.
Cujeie, 3-20.
Cressa, 208, 219.
Cretica. 219.
Truxillensis, 219.
Crossopetalum, 116.
Cross-vine, 319.
Cryphiacanthus Barbadensis, 325.
Culver's Physic, 286.
Cunila, 343/353.
coccinea, 360.
ylnbella, 360.
'r/labrn, 360.
tiispida, 362.
Mariana, 353.
puler/ioi'les, 362.
Cuscuta, 208, 219.
acaulis, 222.
Americana, 222, 223.
applanata, 223.
arvensis, 220.
California, 220.
Calif arnica, 221.
Cep'lialanthi, 220.
chlorocarpa, 220.
compacta, 222.
Co?-?///, 221.
corymbosa, 221.
cuspidata, 222.
decora, 221.
denticnlata, 221.
. densijlora, 224.
epilinum, 223.
exaltata, 223.
J'nittcum. 222.
glomerata, 222.
Gronovii, 221.
JIassiaca, 221.
Jiispidula, 221.
fnoi corr;, 221.
intli-xa, 221.
leptantha, 223.
neuropettila, 221.
obtusiflora, 220.
odontolepis, 223.
paradoxa, 223.
pentayona, 220.
Polygonorum, 220.
pulcherrima, 221.
racemosa, 221.
?( molifiorct, 222.
rostrata, 222.
salina, 220.
Saururi, 222.
sqnamata, 222.
suitveolens, 221.
stibiiu'hisa, 221.
subinclusa, 221.
tenuirlora, 220.
umbcllata. 223.
umbrosa, 221, 222.
verrycosn, 220, 221.
milyivat/H, '2-2-2.
CUSCUTE/E,'208.
' 'yanococcus, 21.
Cycladenia, 80, 83.
humilis, 83.
tomentosa, 83, 400.
Cyclostigma, 406.
CYNAXCHE^E, 85.
Cynunchum angustifolium, 102.
Corolinense, 104.
discolor, 104.
hirtum-, 104.
obliqutim, 104.
scoparium, 102.
subtrosum, 103.
Cynoctonum petiol'ittum, 108.
scoparium, 102.
sessilifolium, 1(!8.
Cynoglossum, 178, 187, 420.
ampl cxic.aule , 188.
Californicum, 422.
ciliatmn, 188, (422).
(jlomeratum, 196.
era nde, 188, 421.
Howardi, (188), 423.
tore, (188), 421.
lineare, 187.
Morisuni, 189.
nervosum, 189. 422.
occidental, 188.
officinale, 187.
ojjicinale, 188.
penicillatum, 187.
pilosum, 190.
Virginicum, 188.
CYPHIK.-E, 2.
Cyriila paniculata, 65.
Dactyhpliylium, 137, 407.
Dactylostegium, 331.
Dajj// nidostaphylis, 27.
fendlci'iana, 27.
pumita, 28.
ptmyvns, 28.
Dasymorpha, 192.
Dasystoma, 291.
Drummondii, 291.
pa tula, 292.
pectinntu, 291.
pedictilaria, 291.
pubesce?iK, 291.
querci folia, 291.
tubulosa, 291.
Date-Plum, 69.
Datura, 225, 239.
arborea, 240.
discolor, 240.
inertnis, 240.
Jl/t<f/, 240.
meteloides, 240.
quercifoliu, 240.
Stramonium, 240.
Tatula, 240.
Thowtisii, 240.
Wrir/Jitii, 240.
Dead-Nettle, 385.
Decachtena, 19.
Dtcamerium, 19.
dinnosum, 19.
Jrondosum, 19.
resini'Sitm, 20.
Decemitim, 155.
Itii turn, 155.
Deerberry, 21.
Devil-wood. 79.
Dendrium buxifolium, 43.
Dianthera, 323', 329, 457.
Americana, 329.
crassiff)lia, 329.
ensiformis. 329.
humilis, 329.
, 329.
INDEX.
477
parviflora, 330.
parvifolia, 330.
Dianthus Carolinianus, 57.
Diapensia, 52.
cuneifulia, 52.
Lapponica, 53.
DIAPENSIACE.E, 51, 399.
DIAFENSIE^E, 52.
Dicerandra densl flora, 365.
Unearifolia, 365.
linearis, 365.
Dichondra, 207, 208.
argentea, 208.
Carolinensis, 208.
macrocalyx, 208.
repens, 208.
sericea, 208.
DlCHONDREyE, 207.
Dicliptera, 323, 331.
assurgens, 331.
brachiata, 331.
glandulosa, 331.
Halei, 330.
pseudoverticillaris, 458.
resiipinata, 331, 457.
resupinata, 331, 458.
thlaspioides, 331, 458.
Torreyi, 458.
Dicranostegia, 454.
Dictyolobus, 103.
DlGITALE^E, 248.
Digitalis purpurea, 438.
Diospyros, 69.
concolor, 69.
pubescens, 69.
Texana, 70.
Vivginiana, 69.
Dipholis, 07.
salicifolia, 67.
Diplttcus, 275, 442.
glutinosus, 275, 442.
tatifolius, 275, 442.
leptantkus, 275.
longifloms, 276.
puniceus, 275.
stellatus, 275.
Dipt er acanthus biflorus, 324.
ciliosus, 326.
Drummondi'inus, 326.
Drummondii, 326.
hispidiis, 457.
Lindheimerianus, 326.
linearis, 324, 325, 457.
micranthue, 327.
Mitchillianus, 326.
noctiflorus, 326.
nudiflorus, 325.
oblungifvlius. 324.
riparius, 324.
strepens, 327.
suffruticosus, 326.
Dittany, 353.
Dodder, 219.
Dodecatheon, 56, 57.
dentatum, 58.
eliipticum, 57.
frigidum, 58.
inter/r! folium, 57.
Jaffmyii 57.
Meadia, 57.
Dogbane, 82.
Douglasia. 56, 59, 399
arctica, 59, 400.
dentata, 399.
laevigata, 400.
montana, 60.
nivalis, 59, 399.
Vitaliana, 39U.
Downingia,2, 8.
bicornuta, 395.
corymbostt, 8.
elegaus, 8.
puichella, 9.
Dracocephalum, 345, 378.
denticulatum, 383.
parviflorum, 378.
cordatum, 377.
intermedium, 383.
lancifolium, 383.
Mexicanum, 377.
obovatum, 383.
speciosum, 383.
varieyatum, 383.
Viryinianum, 383.
Dragon-head, 378, 383.
Draperia, 153, 158.
systyla, 158.
Drejera Gregyii, 328.
juncea, 457.
jmberula, 457.
Thurberi, 328.
Wriyhtii, 328.
Duranta, 333, 340.
i/m'rt, 340.
inermis, 340.
Plumieri, 340.
spimisii; 340.
Dysmicodon, 11-
Californicum, 11.
ovatum, 11.
perfoliatum, 11.
EBENACE^, 69.
Echidiocarya, 179, 198, 420.
Arizoiiica, 199, 433.
Californica, 19J).
Californica, 432.
ursina, 432.
Ecliinoylochin, 190.
Echinospermum, 179, 188, 420.
ciliatum, 422.
deflexum, 189, 421.
deflexum, 189.
diffusum, (189), 422.
diffusum, 422.
floribundum, 189, 422.
fremontii, 422.
Greenei, 190.
hispidum, 422.
intermedium, 189.
Lappula, 189.
Lappula, 190.
leiocarpum, 194.
nervosum, 189.
patulum, 190.
pilosum, 190.
pinetorum, 421.
Redowskii, 189, 422.
scabrosum, 190.
strictum, 190.
subdecumbens, 189, 422.
Texanum, 190.
ursinum, 422.
yirginicum, 189, 421.
EcMnosphace, 366.
Echites, 80, 84.
Andrewsii, 84.
bi flora, 401.
brachysiphon, 84.
Catesoan, 84.
difformis, 85.
macrvsiphon, 83.
neriandra, 84.
paludosa, 401.
puberula, 85.
Sagrsei, 84.
subtree/a, 84.
umbellata, 84.
ECHITIDE/E, 80.
Echium, 180, 207.
Menziesii, 433.
vulgare, 207.
Eddija, hispidissima, 182.
Ehretia, 177, 181, 421.
Beurrena, 181.
ciliala, 421.
elliptica, 181, 421.
exaq)erat<i, 421.
Havnnetisis, 181.
raduln, 181.
tomentosa. 181.
EHRETIE^E, 177.
Elaphucera., 144, 410.
Lllisia, 152, 157, 413.
acuta, 340.
ambiyua, 157.
chrysanthemifolia, 158, 413-
membranacea, 157.
microcalyx, 157.
Nyctelea, 157.
ranunculacea, 157.
Torreyi, 413.
Elliottia, 17, 44.
racemosa, 44.
Elmiyera barbata, 261.
Elytraria, 322, 323.
cupressinen, 324.
fusciculata, 324.
frondosrt, 324.
ramosa, 324.
tridentata, 324.
Vahliann, 324.
virgata, 324.
Emmenantlie, J53, 170.
glaberrivna, 171.
glandulifera, 171.
Ititea, 170.
pamflora, 170.
parviflora, 171.
penduli flora, 171.
pusilla, 171.
Emorya, 107, 110.
suaveolcns, 110.
Endotricha, 117.
Enslenia, 86, 100.
albida, 100.
Epicion, 101.
Epifayus, 314.
Epi'ga?a, 15, 29.
repcns, 29.
Epiphegus, 311.
Americanus, 314.
Virgin iana. 314.
Epixiphium, 254.
Eriantliera, 259.
Erica carnea, 36.
Stelleriiina, 35.
Tetralix, 35.
vulyaris, 3i.
ERICA'CE.K, 14, 396.
EHICE/E, 16.
Erinus procumbens, 280.
Eriodictyon, 153, 175.
angustifolium, 176, 420.
crassifulium, 176, 420
478
INDEX.
glutinosum, 176.
Lobbii, 41'J.
sessilitolimn, 419.
toinentosum, 170, 419.
Eritrichiinn, 179, 190, (422).
ambiyuum, 426.
angub.tifoliuni, 194, (426).
any ust 'folium, 194, 427, 428.
aretioides, 191.
barbigerum, 194, (426).
Californicum, 191, (42:3).
Cfinesceiis, (192), 431.
Chamissonis, 191.
Chorisianuin, 191, (424).
Chorisianum, 191.
circumscissum, 193, (428).
connatifolium, 191.
Cooperi, 424.
crassisepalum, 195, (424).
jloribundum, 199.
fulvoeanescens, 197, (430).
fulvuin, 192, (431).
fulvum, 192, 432.
glomeratum, li)6.
ylomeratum, 197, 429, 430.
heliotropioides, 194, 199.
hispidum, 195. (428).
holopterum, 190, (429).
intermedium. 420.
Jamesii, 196, (429).
Kingii, 192, (4311)
leiocjirpum, 194, (425).
leiocarpum, 425, 426.
leucoplia-um, 1!I7, (430).
micranthiim, 193, (428).
micromeres, 427.
molle, 424.
multicdide, 196.
muricaluni, 424.
murk-iihitum. 194, (426, 427).
muriculatum, 1!I4.
nantiin, 19fi, (423).
nothq/'ulvum, 432.
oxyearyiiin, 193, (425).
oxyr/nnitnt, 427.
plebeium, 191.
plebeium, 191.
pterocarvum, 195, (429).
pusilhmi, 194, (428).
racemnsum, 42! I.
Scouleri, 191, (424).
setosissimuin, I'.tO, (429).
tencllum, 192, (431).
Texaniini, 195, (424).
Torreyi, 192, (431).
uliyinosum, 424.
villosum, 1!M.
virgatum, 197.
Erythrsea, 110.
Beyrichii, 113.
calycosa, 113.
Centaurium, 1 12.
cliironiiiidf*, 112, 113.
Douglasii, 113.
florilmiida, 112.
Muhlenbergii, 112.
Mnlih ii/x i'(/ii, 112.
nudicaulis, 405.
Niittallii, 113.
N<ilt<iUii, 113.
1'ii-L; rinr/ii, 112.
pulchella, 112.
rainoMssima, 112.
speciosa, 1 12.
spicata, 112.
Texensis, 112.
tricantha, 113.
tricantha, 113.
venusta, 113, 405.
Erythrantke cardinalis, 446.
Erythrorhiza rotundij'olia, 53.
Eubotrys, 34.
racemos't, 35.
Euchroma, 295.
anyustifolia, 296.
Bradburii, 290.
coccinea, 295.
yrandifluru , 298.
pallescens, 299.
jturpurea, 298.
Eucrypta, 157.
chrysanthemifolia, 413.
follosa, 158.
paniculata, 158, 413.
Euylypta, 109.
Eunaiius, 273, 444.
anyustattif, 443.
bicolor, 275, 445.
li/elovli, 274.
Bolanderi, 440.
brevipes, 440.
Ereweri, 451.
Cuulteri. 274.
Doufjlusli, 274, 443, 444.
Fremonti, 274, 275.
Kellogffii, 444.
LaynecB, 440.
mephiticus, 444.
Miihavensif. 440.
Parryi, 44(i.
pic/us, 446.
Jtnttnni. 444.
Tvlinifi, 274.
Torreyi, 446.
tricolor, 443.
Euphrasia, 249, 305.
lut (folia, 305.
Odontites, 305.
oflicinalis, 305.
EUPHKASIE.E, 249.
Euploca, 183.
convolvulacea, 183.
grandiftora, 183.
Eustacltya alba, 287.
purpurea, 287.
Eustoma, 111, 116.
exaltatum, 110.
fjracile, 110.
Russellianum, 110.
silenifoliuni, 110, 405.
Eutoca, 164, 41(i.
albi flora, 103.
aretioides, 172.
brcfn/lol<i, 167.
divancata, 168.
Douglasii. 167.
Franklinii, 100.
glnndulosa, 100.
(irandi flora, 104.
tieterophylla, 166.
loascefolia, 165.
littea, 171.
Menziesii, 166.
mnl/iflora, 166.
piirv/flora, 103.
pntutiflora, 163.
phaceiioides, 167.
pusilla, 160.
stricea, 166.
speciosa, 164.
strict/ flora, 163.
viscid a, 163.
Wrangeiiana, 168.
Evolvulus, 208, 218.
alsiuoides, 218.
argenteus, 219.
Arizonicus, 2i8.
diffusus, 218.
discolor, 219, 436.
alabriu&culus, 218.
holosericeus, 218, 219.
la?tus, 436.
linifolius, 218.
mucronalus, 218.
Muhlenbergii, 218.
nnnimularius, 218.
Nuttulliinuf, 219.
oval'ifolius, 217.
pilosus, 219.
striceiis, 218, 436.
Sherardi, 217, 436.
Exacum inflatum, 112.
pulchellttm, T12.
(/uadrani/ulare, 112.
Eyebright, 305.
Featherfoil, 57.
Fcnzlia concinna, 138.
dianthifloTa, 138.
spcciusa, 138.
Fetterbush, 32.
Figwort, 258.
Fischeria buxi folia, 43.
Floating Heart, 128.
Flowering Moss. 52.
Forestiera. 73, 76.
aciiniiiiata, 76.
angustifolia, 77.
Jacquininna, 77.
ligustrina, 76.
liyustrina, 76, 77.
Neo-Mexicaua, 76.
phillyreioides, 77.
[jorulosa, 77.
reticulata, 77.
sphaerocarpa, 77.
Forget-me-not. 202.
Forsteronia diffbrmis, 85.
Forsythia suspensa, 72.
viridissima, 72.
Fraxinasttr, 73.
FliAXINE/E, 72.
Fraxinus, 72, 73.
acuminata, 75.
o/6n, 75.
albicans, 75.
Americana, 74.
Americana, 75.
anomala, 74.
Berlandieriana, 75.
Canadensis, 75.
Carolinensis, 75.
Caroliniana, 75.
concolor, 75.
coriacta, 74, 75.
Curtissii, 75.
cuspidata. 74.
dipetala, 73.
discolor^ 75.
epiptera, 75.
excelsior, 75.
expansa, 75.
Greggii, 74._
jiii/lnndiftdia, 75.
liiti/'olia, 76.
INDEX.
479
nigra, 75, 76.
niyresc.ens, 75.
No we- Any lice, 75.
Nuttall'd, 75.
oblunijocurpa, 75.
Orcgana, 76.
Ornus, 73.
pnllita, 75.
pnuclflnra, 75.
Pennsylvanica, 75.
pistacin? folia, 74.
pistacic&folia, 75.
platyearpa, 75.
pnbescens, 75.
puborcens, 70.
quadrangulata, 75.
sambucifolia, 76.
Sckiedeana, 74.
tomentiisi, 75.
trialfita, 75.
triptern, 75.
velittinn, 74.
viridis, 75. '
Frasera, 111, 125.
albieaulis, 126.
albomarginata, 126.
Carolinensis, 125.
C/trolinensis, 125.
nitida, 126.
paniculata, 126.
Pavvyi, 126.
speciosa, 127.
thyrsiflora, 125.
Walteri, 127.
Fringe-tree, 77.
GALACINE/E, 52.
Galapacjoa, 182.
Galax, 52, 53.
aphvlla, 53.
Galeopsis, 347, 385.
Laclanum, 385.
Tetrahit, 385.
Gambelia, 254.
speciosa, 254_.
Gardoqula betonicoides, 377.
Hookeri, 360.
Gatesia, 323, 330.
Isete-virens, 330.
Gaulthcria, 15, 29.
hispiduli, 28.
Myrsinites, 30, 397.
ovatifolia, 397.
procumbens, 30.
Shallon, 30.
Gautiera procumbens, 30.
Gayltissacia, 15, 19.
brachycera, 19.
dumosa, 19.
frondosa, 19, 396.
hirtella, 19.
resiuosa, 20.
uvsina, 20.
GELSEMIE.E, 106.
Gelsemium, 106, 107.
nitidunii 107.
sempervirens, 107.
Gentian, 116.
Gentiana, 111, 116, 405.
acula, 118.
affinis, 122.
alba, 123.
Alfutica, 119.
alffida, 120.
Amarella, 118.
amarelloides, 119.
Andrews!!, 123.
angustifolia, 124.
aquatica, 120.
arctophila, 119.
aurea, 119.
auriculata, 118.
barbata, 117.
barbellata, 117.
Bigelovii, 406.
borealis, 118.
brachypetaln, 117.
calycina, 114.
calycosa, 121.
calijcosa, 121.
Catesbcei, 122, 123.
ciliata, 117.
crinita, 117.
detonsa, 117.
dichotoma, 118.
Douglasiana, 120.
Elliottii, 122.
exaltata, 116.
fimbiiata, 117.
Jlavida, 123.
Forwoodii, 406.
Fremontii, 120.
frigida, 120.
fngida, 124.
glacialis, 118.
glauca, 120.
gracillima, 405.
heterosepala, 118.
humilis, 120.
incarnatn, 124.
intermedia, 124.
Kcenif/ii, 118.
linearis, 123.
Menziesii, 121.
microcalyx, 405.
Newberryi, 120.
nivalis, 406.
nutans, 120.
ochroleuca, 123.
ochroleuca, 123.
Oregana, 122.
Parry i, 121.
platypetala, 121.
plebeia, 118.
Pneunomanthe, 123.
porphyris, 124.
pratensis, 118.
propinqua, 119.
prostrata, 120.
pseudo-pneumonanthe, 123.
puberula, 122.
purpurea, 124.
quinqueflora, 119.
quinqucfolin, 119.
Romanzovii, 120.
rotata, 124.
Rurikinnn, 119.
Rusbyi, 406.
Saponaria, 122.
Saponaria, 123, 124.
sceptrum, 122.
serpentaria, 124.
serrata, 117.
setigera, 121.
seti flora, 119.
simplex, 117.
Stetleriana, 124.
sulcata, 124.
tenella, 117.
tennis, 118.
Unalaschkensis, 119.
ventricosa, 116.
villosa, 124.
Virr/iniana, 124.
Wis'lizeni, 119.
Wrightii, 118.
GENTIANAOEyE, 110, 405
ENTIANE^E, 110.
jentiandla crinita, 117.
jerardia, 248, 290, 482.
Afzdia, 289.
aphvlla, 295.
apliylla, 2i)3, 295.
aspera, 292.
auriculata, 292.
cuneifulia, 280.
densiflora, 292.
divaricata, 294.
J'asciculata, 293.
tilicaulis, 295.
filifolia, 293.
flifolia, 2d3, 294.
flava, 291.
fruticosa, 259.
glauca, 291.
graucliliora, 291.
hetei-ophylla, 292.
integnfolia^ 291.
intermedia, 293.
Itevigata, 291.
linifplia, 292.
linifulia, 293.
loni/ifolia, 293.
macrophylla, 290.
maritima, 2t)3.
Mettaueri, 294, 295.
, 295.
,
pnrmfolin, 294.
patula, 291.
peclinata, 291.
pedicularia, 291.
Plukenetii, 293.
purpurea, 293.
purpurea, 293, 294.
quercifolia, 291.
serrata, 291.
setacea, 294.
setncea, 294.
Skinneriana, 294.
spici flora, 293.
strictiflora, 294.
tentiifolia, 294, 452.
Wrightii, 292.
GERARDIE/E, 248.
Germander, 349.
Gilia, 129.
achillea?folia, 147.
achilletefolia, 147.
aggregate, 145, 410.
androsacea, 139.
arennria, 148.
aristella, 408.
atractylnides, 142, 409.
aurea,' 138, 407.
bella._407.
Beyrichiana, 145.
Bipelovii, H8.
Bolanderi, 138.
Braiuk-gei, 149, 412.
brevicula, 139.
Breweri, 142.
cscspitosa, 149.
Californica, 140.
campanulata, 148.
capillaris, (13(i), 403.
480
INDEX.
capitata, 147.
ciliata, 13'J.
coccinta, 408.
congesta. 144.
coronopifolia, 145. 410.
cotuht folia, 141, 408.
crebri folia, 144.
debilis, 147, 411.
demissa, 137.
densirlora, 139.
densifolia, 143.
depressa, 410.
dianthoides, 138.
dichotoma, 138.
dichutoma, 138.
divarieata, 142, 409.
divaricata, 135.
Dumiii, 411.
elongata, 143.
filicaulis, 142. 409.
filifolia, 143.
filiformis, 148.
Jilipe, 138.
floccosa, 143.
floribunda, 140.
Floridana, 145.
glomcriflora, (136), 411.
glutinosa, 408.
grandiflora, 408.
grandiflora, 139.
graeilis, 408.
gracilis, 135.
Gunnisoni, 144, 410.
guttata, 411.
Harknessii, 407.
Havardi, 411.
Haydeni, 145.
heterodoxa, 409.
heterophylla, 408.
Eookeri,"Ul.
iberidifolia, 144.
incisa, 149.
inconppicua, 148, 412.
intertcxta, 141.
Jonesii, 407.
Kennedyi, 137.
Larseni, 146, (411).
latiflova, 147, 411.
latifolia, 148.
Lemmoni, 407.
leptomeria, 148.
I .' jilnfijijntn, 139.
Irptnfps, 408.
I'Mirnrrphnla, 142, 408.
Linanthtts, 138.
Lindheimeriana, 149.
linearis, 408.
linitlora, i:!7.
longitlora, (136), 410.
, ,.
lutea, 139.
liltcscriis. 143.
Macombii. 410.
Matthew--!!, 40!t.
mirraiitha, 139.
micromeria, 148.
millefuliata, 147.
minima, 142.
minutiflora, 140.
multicaiilis, 147.
multicnulis. 411.
muitiflora, (136, 410), 410
Nevinii, 411.
nudiraiilis, 140.
Nuttallii, 140.
Orcuttii, 407.
Parryae, 137.
parvifiora, 148.
pharnaceoides, 137.
pinnatitida, 146.
polycladon, 144.
prostrata, 409.
pulchella, 145.
pumila, 144.
pungens, 140.
jjuiu/ens, 141.
pusilla, 137.
Rtittani, 407.
rigidula, 149.
Schottii, (142), 409.
Sessei, 135, 408.
setosissima, 142, 409.
sinuata, 148.
spicata, 144.
squarrosa, 141.
stenothyrsa, 146.
stricta, "147.
subnuda. 145.
tenella, 139.
tenerrima, 146.
tenuiflora, 147, 412.
tenuifolia, 411.
Tliurbcri, 410.
tinctoria, 408.
tricolor, 147.
trifida, 144.
virgata, 143.
viscidula, 142, 409.
Watsoni, 140.
Wrightii, 144, 410.
Giliandra, 146, 410.
Githopsis, 9, 10.
culycina, 10.
pulchella, 10.
specularioides, 10.
Glandular in ^ 337.
li/iinnatifidn, 337.
Carolintnsis, 337.
Glaux, 56, 63.
maritiina, 63.
GlecJ/oma hederacea, 378.
Glyciphylla Jiispidvla, 26.
Gomphocarpug, 86. 100.
cordifolius, 100.
hvpoleucus, 403.
piirpurfisccJis, 100.
tonientosiif!, 100, 403.
GoNOLOBEvE, 87.
d'linrilfihhim liirsutum, 104.
Gonolobus. 87, 103, 404.
Baldwinianup, 104, 404.
biflorus, 105.
Carolinensis, 104, 404.
Caroltnensis, 104.
cvnanchoides, 105.
jlavidulus, 404.
granulittus, 103.
hastulatus, 105.
hirsutus, 104,404.
Jiirsutus, 104.
Isevis, 103.
macropfii/lhts, 103, 104, 404.
Nuttallii, 103.
obliquus, 104, 404.
parviflorus, 106.
parvifolius, 105.
porjonanttitts, 462.
product us, 106.
prostratus, 105.
pubiflorus, 105.
reticulatus, 103.
sagittifolius, 104.
Shortii, 404.
suberosus, 103.
ttliteft.lius, 103.
unifuiius, 101.
viridiflorus. 88, 103.
GOODENIACE^E, 1.
Grammica, 219.
Gratiola, 247.
acuminata, 280, 282.
anayallldea, 283.
attcnuata, 283.
aurea, 282.
Carolinensis, 282.
dihitatn, 283.
Drummondii, 282.
cbracteata, 281.
Floridana, 281.
gracilis. 281.
incequalitf, 280.
megalocarpa; 283.
micrnntha, 283, 284.
Missowriana, 282.
Monniera. 281.
nef/ltcta, 282.
officinahs, 282.
officinntis, 282.
Peruviana, 283.
pilosa, 283.
pusilla, 281.
yuridricleittata, 282.
ramosa, 282.
repens, 280.
spheerocarpa, 282.
subulata, 283.
tttrctgonn, 283.
Virginiana, 281.
Virginian, 282.
viscosa, 282.
Grntiolarin, 281.
GEATIOLE.K, 246.
Greek Valerian, 149.
Green Ash, 75.
Gregoria, 399.
Gromwell, 203.
Ground Cherry, 233.
Ground Laurel, 29.
Gruvella piisill/t, 187.
Gualthena, 29. '
Gymnandra, 332, (458).
borealis, 332.
(/tntata, 332.
Gmelini, 332, (458).
yracilisi 332.
minor, 332.
ovntn, 332.
reniJ'oimiK, 332.
rubrn, 286.
Stelleri, 332, (458).
Gymnobytli us, 1 63.
Gymnocaulis, 312.
Gypsywort, 352.
Halenia, 111, 127.
Brentoniana, 127.
deflexa, 127-
heteranthn, 127.
Rothrockii, 127.
Halesia, 70, 71.
dipt era, 71.
parviflora, 71.
parvifora, 72.
reticulatfi, 71.
tetraptera, 71.
INDEX.
481
Haplophyton, 80, 82.
cimiciduvn, 82.
Harebell, 11.
Harpagonella, 178, 186.
Palmeri, 180.
Heal-all, 382.
Heath, 36.
Heather, 36.
Hedeoma, 344, 361.
acinoides, 362.
Arkansana, 360.
bracteolata , 359.
ciliata, 363.
ciliata, 303.
costata, 363.
dentata. 363.
Drummondii, 362.
glabra, 360.
fraveolens, 363.
irta, 362.
hispida, 362.
hvssopifolia, 363.
incana, 361.
mollts, 361.
piperita, 362.
plicata, 363.
pulcgioides, 362.
purpurea, 359.
Reverehoni, 460.
serpylloides, 365.
thymoides, 362.
Hedeomoides, 364.
Hedge Hyssop, 281.
Heliophytum, 186.
glabriusculum, 186.
gnaphaloides, 183.
Indicum, 18l>.
molle, 183.
parviflorum, 186.
sidce/vlium, 180.
Heliotrope, 183.
HELIOTKOIME.E, 177.
Heliotropium, 178, 183.
anchussefolium, 18(5.
angustifolium, 184
burxiforum, 185.
Californicum, 421.
canescens, 185.
cinereuin, 185.
confertiflorum, 184.
convolvulaceum, 183, 421.
Curassavicum, 185.
Enropseum, 185.
glabriusculum, 186.
glomeratum, 185.
'Greggii, 184.
hispidum, 185.
inundatum, 185.
Lenvenwortltii, 185.
Rmbatum, 184.
myosittoides, 185.
parviflorum, 186.
jPeruvifwum, 186.
phyllostachyum, 185.
poiyphyllum, 185.
procumbens, 185.
tenellum, 184.
Hemianthus, 284.
micranthemoides, 284.
Hemipogon^ 3.
Hemisterjia, 304.
Hemp-Nettle, 385.
Henbane, 240.
Henryct, 330.
Herpestis, 246, 280.
amplexicaulis, 280.
Bruwmei, 281.
callitrickoidts, 283.
chamasdrioides, 28'J.
cuneifoiia, 281.
micranlha, 280, 284.
Monniera, 281.
nigrescens, 280.
peduncular is, 280.
pilosa, 279.
repens, 280.
rotundifolia, 280, 451.
Hesperelrea, 73, 77.
Palmeri, 77.
Hesperochiron, 153, 172.
Californicus, 173.
latijblius, 172.
pumilus, 173.
Heterocodon, 10, 14, 396.
minimum, 396.
rariflorum, 14.
ffeterosphace, 367.
Himantostemma, 401, 404.
Pringlei, 404.
Ilippoglossum maritimum, 200.
Ifuitzin crtpitata, 412.
Cervantesii, 412.'
conglomerfitci, 412.
glandulosa, 412.
spicata, 412.
squnrroffi, 141.
Holocalyx, 424.
ffolopogon, 3.
Homalocaryum, 188.
Homochilus, 3.
Hopea tinctori'i, 71.
Horehound, 384.
Horse-Balm, 351.
Horse-Mint, 375.
Horse-Sugar, 71.
Hottonia, 55.
inflata, 57.
palustrig, 57.
HOTTONIE.E, 55.
Houndstongtie, 187.
Howellia, 393, 394.
aquatilis, 394.
Huckleberry, 19, 20.
Huf/elia, 143.
densifolia, 143.
foea, 143.
virgata, 143.
Hydranthelium Eyense, 281.
Hydrolea, 154.
affinis, 176.
Caroliniana, 176.
corymbosa, 176.
leptocaidis, 176.
Ludovioinnci) 176.
ovata, 176.
ovalif'olia, 176.
panic.ulata, 176.
quad rivalvis, 176.
HYDROI,EE/E. 153.
HYDROPHYLLACE^, 152,
413.
HYDROPHYI.LE/K, 152.
Hydrophyllum, 152, 154.
appendiculatum, 155.
Canadense, 155.
capitatum, 154.
cnpitatum, 154.
lineare, 166.
macrophvllum, 154.
macrophyllwn, 154.
31
occidentale, 154.
trilobum, 155.
Virginicum, 154.
Hygrophila, 32-2, 324.
Iliinoiensis, 327.
lacustris, 324.
HYOSCYAME.E, 225.
Hyoscyamus, 225, 240.
niger, 240.
Hi/popitys, 49.
Eurvpwa, 50.
lanuyinosa, 50.
lutva, 50.
multiftora, 50.
Hypsnula, 432.
llyptis, 342, 350.
albida, 350.
Emoryi, 350.
l/mnta, 350.
Janiflora, 350.
pectinata. 35(1.
polystachya, 350.
) - adiata, 350.
spicata, 350.
spiciyera, 350.
tephrodes, 350.
Hyssop, 354.
Hyssopus, 343, 354.
anisatus, 376.
discolor, 376.
nepetoides, 376.
oflicinalis, 354.
scrophulari(ef'ol!.us, 376.
Ilysanthes, 247, 283.
grandiflora, 283.
gratioloides, 283.
refracts, 283.
riparia, 283.
saxicola, 283.
Indian Hemp, 82.
Indian Pink, 108.
Indian Pipe, 49.
Ipomoea, 208.
acetoswfolia, 211.
armnta, 434.
bnrbata, 210.
barbatisepala, 212.
Batatas, 211.
Bona-nox, 209.
capillacea, 434.
cardiophylla, 213.
carnosa,"(211), 434.
Carolina, 209, 213.
cathartica, 210.
coccine:', 209.
costellata, 214.
cuneifoiia. 434.
dissfcfa, 212.
fnstiyiatd, 210.
ffavanensis, 435.
hederacea, 210, 433.
Tiederifvlia, 209.
heteropliylhi, 210.
Jalapa, 211.
lacunosn, 213.
Lemmoni, 434.
leptophylla, 213.
leptotoma, 214.
leucantha, 209.
Lindheiineri, 210.
longitolia, 211.
macrorkiza, 211-
mnrittmn, 211.
Meckoacan, 211.
482
INDEX.
Mexicana, 210.
Michauxii, 211.
muricata, 214.
A'//, 210.
orbicularis, 211.
pandurata, 211.
Pes-capra?, 211.
Pluinmerae, 434.
purpurca, 210.
Pursliii, 211.
Quamodit, 209.
rubra, 145.
sagittata, 212.
sagittifolm, 212, 216.
sanynineu, 209.
Shumanli, 211.
sinuata, 212.
sinuata, 209.
tamnifuliti, 214.
tenuiloba, 434.
Thurberi, 212, 433.
trichocarpa, 213.
trilidn, 212.
triloba, 213.
Wrightii, 213.
fpomeria cyf/i'tr/ata, 145.
coronoptfolia., 145.
fpomopsis, 145, 410.
eler/artf, 145.
inc<m.*pi<'un, 148.
Isanthus, 342, 349.
caeruleus, 349.
Jacobinia Calif arnica, 329.
nerjlec/fi, 457.
Jacob's Ladder, 149.
Jacquemontia, 208, 214.
abutiluides, 214.
tamnifolia. 214, 434.
violacea, 214.
Jacquinia, 65, 66.
annillaris, 66.
pungens, 66.
Jamestown-Weed, 240.
,IA>-MIMC.H. 73.
Jerusalem Cherry, 228.
Jerusalem Sage. 384.
Jessamine, 107.
Justicia, 323, 329.
American", 329.
assiirr/tns, 331.
humilis, 330.
Icete-virens, 330.
pedunculi'sn. 329.
resupinntd. 331.
sexangularis, 331.
Wrightii, 329.
JUSTICIE.E, 322.
Kalmia, 16, 37.
angustifnlia, 38.
ciliata. 3!).
cuneata. 38.
ericoides, 38.
glauca. 38.
birsntn, 3!l.
latifolia, 38.
fin/lfiilin, 38.
llin cait
Kcellin capitata, 354.
Krynitxkia, (11)0. 193), 420, 423.
ambigna, 420.
angustifolia, 426.
barbigcra, 426.
Californica, 423.
Cedrosensit, 428.
Chorisiana, 424.
circumscissa, 428.
Cooped, 424.
crassisepala, 424.
cycloptera, 429.
dtnticulata, 427.
diehotoma, 428.
dumetorum, 426.
Fendleri, 424.
floribunda, 423.
fuliosa, 427.
fulvocanescens, 430.
heliotropioicles, 423.
holoptera, 429.
intermedia, 426.
Jamesii, 429.
Jonesii, 427.
leiocarpa, 425.
leiocarpa, 193, 194.
lithoearya, 423.
leucophsea, 430.
ir.aritima, 428.
micrantha, 428.
micromeres, 427.
microstachrs, 425.
Moliavensis, 427.
mollis, 424.
nniriculata, 427.
oxycarya, 425.
oxygona, 427.
Pnlmeri, 429.
Parryi, 423.
Patterson!, 424.
plebeia, 423.
pterocarva, 429.
pitsilla, 428.
racemosa, 429.
rainosa, 428.
ramosissima, 428, (429).
rastfllntn, 425.
Scoideri, 424.
sericea, 430.
setosissima, 429.
sparsiflora, 425.
Texana, 424.
Torreyana, 425.
trachycarpa, 423.
Iltahensis, 427.
virgata, 429.
Watsoni, 420.
Ktenoypermum, 187.
LABIATE, 341, 459.
Labrador Tea, 43.
Lacbnostoma, 401, 404.
Arizonicum, 404.
Balbisii, 462.
liastulaium, 105.
parviflorum, 106.
Lacnnostoma, 104.
Lagotis, 458.
glauca, (332), 458.
Lambkill. 38.
Lamium, 347, 385.
allinm, 385.
amplexicaule, 385.
hifpidulum, 462.
purpnreum, 385.
Lantana, 333. :!39.
Camara. 340.
canescens, 339.
horrida, 340.
involucrata, 339.
macropoda, 339.
vdorata, 339.
parvifvlia, 339.
Lapithca gentianaides, 115.
Lappula, 188.
Laurel, 37, 38, 42.
Laurcntia, 2, 8.
carnosula, 8.
Leadwort, 55.
Leatber-leaf, 35.
Leduin, 10. 43.
buxifolium, 43.
Canadcnse, 43.
tjlandulosum, 43.
Grcenhmr/icum, 43.
latifoliuni, 43.
palustve, 43.
ihymifolium, 43.
Leiophyllum. 17, 43.
buxifolium. 43.
proslralum, 4o.
serpyllifohum, 43.
tliymifoUnm, 43.
Lemmonia, 153, 173.
Califnrnica, 173.
Lemon Verbena, 338.
Lennoa, 51.
LENNOACE^E, 50.
Lentibularia, 314.
LENTIBULARIACE^E, 314,
455.
Leonotis, 3J7, 384.
nepetsefolia, 384.
Leoniirus, 347, 385.
( 'ardiaca, 385.
Marrubiastmm, 385.
Sibiricus, 385.
Lepidanche adpressct, 222.
compositfirum, 223.
Leptamnium Viryinianum, 314.
Leptandra, 286.
anyitstifulitt, 286.
purpurea, 287.
Viryinicd, 287.
Leptodactylon, 140.
C(espitosum, 141.
Ca/ifornicinn, 140.
Leptoglossi?, 220, 244.
Coulteri, 224.
Texana, 244.
lieptophragma proftrata, 243.
Leptosiphon, 139, 407.
androsaceus, 139.
bicolor, 139.
densiftorus, 139.
grandiflorus, 139.
luteus, 139.
parviflorus, 139.
Lcptostacliya, 334.
Leucanthea Rcemeriana, 244.
LEUCOI'HYLLE.E, 245.
Leucophyllum, 245, 250.
minus, 250.
Texanum, 250.
Leticospora multifida, 279.
Leucotlioe, 16, 33, 397.
acuminata, 34.
axillaris, 34.
Catesbai, 34, 397.
coriacea, 32.
floribimdrt, 31.
Mariana, 32.
racemosa, 35.
recurva, 35.
rhombmdalis, 33.
rpicata, 35.
spinulusa, 34.
INDEX.
483
Ligustrum vulgare, 72.
Limnanthemun, 111, 128.
lacunosum, 128.
trachyspermum, 128.
Limosella, 247, 284.
aquatica, 284.
australis, 284.
subulata, 284.
tenuifolia, 284.
Linanthus, 138, 407.
dichotomies, 138.
Linaria, 245, 250.
Canadensis, 250.
Cymbalari.a, 251.
Elatine, 251.
Floridana, 250.
genistifolia, 251.
spuria, 251.
Texana, 250.
vulgaris, 251.
Linderina attenuate, 283.
dianthera, 280.
dilatata, 283.
grandiflora, 283.
Montevidensis, 243.
monticola, 283.
pyxldaria, 283.
refmcta, 283.
saxicola, 283.
Ling, 36.
Lippia, 333, 338.
Berlandieri, 338.
citriodora, 338.
cuneifolia, 338.
geminata, 338.
graveolens, 338.
lycioides, 338.
nodiflora, 339.
pallescens, 339.
reptans, 339.
scorodonioides, 338.
Wrightii, 338.
Lisianthus exaltatus, 116.
ylaucifolms, 116.
Russe'llianus, 116.
Lithospermum, 179, 203.
angustifolium, 205.
angustifolium, 182.
arvense, 203.
Bejariense, 205.
bremflorum, 205.
Calif ornicum, 204.
canescens, 204.
canescens, 204.
Carolininnum, 206.
circumscissum, 193.
Cobrense, 433.
corymbosum, 201.
decumbens, 205.
Drummondii, 201.
glabrum, 433.
hirtum, 205.
incisum, 205.
Kamtschaticum, 201.
latifolium, 203.
linear if ulium. 205.
longiflorum, 205.
lute-seem, 203.
lycopsuides, 198.
Mandanense, 205.
marginatum, 200, 201.
maritimum, 200.
Matamorense, 203.
multiflorum, 204, 433.
officinale, 203.
pilosum, 204.
pilosum, 204.
plebeium, 191.
prostratum, 203,
ramosum, 428.
sericeum, 204.
ruderale, 204.
tenellum, 184.
Torreyi, 204.
tuberpsum, 203, 433.
Virginianum, 206.
viride, 433.
Littorella, 392.
lacustris, 392.
Lobelia, 1.
Lobelia, 2, 3, 394.
amoena, 4.
appendiculata, 5.
Berlandieri, 7.
Boykini, 6.
brevifolia, 3.
Canbyi, 6.
cardinalis, 3.
carnosulcij 8.
Cnvanillesii, 3.
Cfaytoniana, 6.
Cliffortiana, 7, 394.
colorata, 4.
crassiuscu/a, 4, 5.
Dortmanna, 5.
Feayana, 7.
feneatralis, 6.
Floridana, 394.
Gattingeri, 394.
glandulosa, 5.
glandulosa, 4.
goodenioides, 6.
grac-ills, 1 .
gruina, 6.
hortensis, 4.
Kalmii, 7.
inflata, 7.
laxiflora, 3.
leptostachys, 6.
Ludoviciana, 5.
Alichauxii, 7.
nirea, 6.
Nuttallii, 7.
pall id a, 6.
paludosa, 5, 394.
pectinata, 6.
persiccefolia, 3.
puberula, 4.
puberulrt, 4.
spicata, 6.
splendens, 3.
sypbilitica. 4.
Texensis, 3.
Xalapensis, 1.
LOBELIACE^, 1, 393.
LOBELIE.E, 2.
Lochnera, 82.
vincoides, 82.
Losselia, 129, 136, 412.
effusa, 136, (411).
glandulosa, 412.
quttata, 411.
Matfhewsli, 40D.
nepetoefolia, 412.
Schottii, 409.
tenuifolia, 13(5, (411).
LOGANIACE^E, 106, 405.
LOOANIK.E, 106.
Loiseleuria, 17, 44.
procumbens, 44.
Lomatogonium, 124.
Lonicera Marilandica, 108.
Lophanthus, 345, 376.
anisatus, 376.
nepetoides, 376.
scrophularisefolius, 376.
nrticifolius, 376.
Lophospermum, 254.
Lopseed, 334.
Lousewort, 305.
Lyciastrum, 458.
Lyciuui, 225, 237, 437.
Andersonii, 239.
Barbarum, 237.
barbinodnin, 239.
Berlandierij 239.
Berlandieri, 239.
brachyanthwm, 459.
brevipes, 239.
Carolinianum, 238, 437.
Cooperi, 238.
exsertum, 437.
Fremonti, 239, 437.
gracilipes, 239, (437).
macrodott, 238, (437).
palliduni, 238.
Palmeri, 238.
Parishii, 437.
parviflontm, 239, 437.
Pringlei, 437.
puberulum, 238.
quadrifidum,, 437.
Richii, 239, 437.
Torreyi, 239.
S'llfum, 238.
sentlcosum, 239.
stolidum, 239.
vulgare, 237.
Lycopersicum, 224, 226.
cerasiforme, 226.
esculentum, 226.
Lycopsis, 179, 207.
arvensis, 207.
Virginicn, 202.
Lycopus, 343, 352.
angustifolius, 353.
Arkansanus, 353.
Europaeus, 353.
umj)(Eus, 353.
exnltntiis, 353.
lucidus, :::.:;.
macrophyllus, 353.
obtusifulius, 353.
pumllus, 353.
rubelhis, 353.
sessilifolius, 353.
sinuatus, 353.
unijlornt, 353.
Virginicus, 353.
vulgaris, 353.
in, 32.
arborea, 33.
calyculata, 35.
cri/)r<-(f!'i>!iii, 33.
ferrugim , 33.
frotuldfii , 33.
lir/iixtrhifi. 33.
marginata, 32.
Mttrionn, 32.
maritima, 102.
, 33.
/<t, 33.
. 35.
rif/iiln, 33.
sdlicifolia, 33.
484
INDEX.
Lysimachia, 56, 62.
angufttifolia, 62, 63.
asperulaefolia, 63.
bidbifura. 63.
capitata, 63.
cilintu, 61, 62.
deripiens, 62.
Fraseri, 62.
Herbemonti, 63.
heterophylla, 62.
hirsuta, 63.
hybrid ft, 62.
liinceolata, 62.
longifplia, 62.
Loomisii, 63.
nummularia, 63.
punctala, Ii3.
quadriftora, 62.
quadrifolia, 62.
quadrifolia, 61.
racemosa, 63.
rad leans, 61.
revoluta, 62.
stricta, 63.
thyrsi flora, 63.
vul^'aris, 400.
vulyaris, 63.
Macbridea. 346, 383.
alba, 384.
pulchra, 383.
Macranthera, 248, 290.
fuchsioides, 2!)0.
Lecontei, 290.
Macromeria, 205.
viridiflora, 20C.
Macromerioides. 205.
Macrosiphonia, 80, 83.
Berlandieri, 83.
bvachysiphon, 83.
Wrightii, 83.
Madrofia, 27.
Iffandemllea, 84.
Manzanita, 27.
Margaranthus, 225. 237, 437.
Lcmnioni, 437.
polanaceus, 237.
fereais, 237.
Mnit'a, 32.
Marjoram, 358.
Marrubium, 346, 384.
Ylil-arr, 384.
Mar.-li Ko-rinarv. 54.
Martynia, 320, 321.
althesefolia, 321.
(inn/in, 321.
arennria, 321.
fragrans, 321.
Liii*!tnnt, 321.
proboscidea, 321.
rii'l'H'fn 321.
M.itnlfi lu-ris, !l().
Mutni/iTii n'nii-i ^cns, 280.
Matrimony Tine, 2-i7.
Mniiriniilt II,:. >.:>:',.
Manrandia. 21'), 2:>4.
nn/irr/i i/ii/luni, 254.
_//(-, ;, 254.
Jii-rfniiiitii, 2")4.
Wi^li/cni, 254.
Mnyfl(.\\rr, 29.
Afeiophanes, 327.
Mi'lninpynini, 249, 310.
Americanum, 310.
lirucliiotum, 310.
latifolium, 310.
lineare, 310.
prntense, 310.
sylvaticum, 310.
Melinia, 87, 101.
angustifolia, 101.
Melissa, 343.
Caroliniana, 360.
coccinea, 360.
Nepeta, 359.
officinalis, 360.
puleyioides, 362.
Mehttis Caroliniana, 384.
ea, 280.
VIenodora, 73, 78.
heterophylla, 78.
longiflora, 79.
pubens, 79.
scabra, 78.
scoparia, 78.
spinescens, 78.
Menodoropsis, 79.
Mentha, 342. 351.
alopecuroides, 352.
aquatica, 352.
arvensis, 352.
borealis, 352.
Canadensis, 352.
citrnta, 352.
crifpa, 352.
tjentilis, 352.
piperita, 352.
rotunditolia, 352.
sativa, 352.
sylvestris, 351.
sytvesti-is, 352.
viridis, 352.
Menyanthes, 111, 128.
(Drista-galli, 128.
trachyspermn, 128.
trifoliata, 128.
Menziesia, 16, 39.
Aleutian, 37.
ccerulea, 37.
(mpetrifarmis, 35, 37.
ferrupinea, 39.
glabella, 39.
glanduliflora, 37.
globularis, 39.
Grahnmi, 37.
pilosa, 39.
Smithii, 39.
Mrrcndonia orata, 280.
Mertensia, 179, 199, 420.
alpina, 201.
nlpinn, 201.
brevistyla, 201.
corymonsa, 201.
denticiilata, 201.
Drummondii, 201.
Kamtsckaticn. 201.
lanceolata, 201.
maritima. 200.
(.blongifolia, 200.
paniculata, 201.
JliloKH. 201.
pnbi-scftis, 201.
pulmonarioides, 200.
Sibirioa, 200.
,s//>;/-/.v(, 201.
sifiiimt: i-lioide*, 201.
Virjrinioa, 200.
Messersmidin., or
Mt-wrfi-lniiiilia nlubllls, 183.
Mvtagonia, 25.
myrtifclia, 25.
oi'ata, 25.
Metastelraa, 86, 101, 403.
albiflorwm, 101.
angustifolium, 102.
Arizonicum, 403.
Bahamense, 101.
barbigcrtmi, 101.
Blodgettii, 101.
Californicum, 101.
Cubense,Wl.
filiforme, 102.
Fraseri, 101.
Palmeri, 403.
parotfiwum. 101.
Schlechtenanlii, 101.
Micranthemum, 247, 284.
emarginatitm, 284.
Nuttallii, 284.
orbiculatum, 284.
Microcala, 110, 112.
quadrangularis, 112.
Jlficrocarprea Americnnn, 280.
Microaenetes, 169, 417.
Cumingii, 169.
^f/rrtll/ili(l t 146.
Micromeria, 343, 359.
Arkansana, 360.
bm-bfitn, 359.
bracteolata, 359.
Brownei, 359.
Douglasii. 359.
glabella, 360.
purpurea, 359.
Xalapensis. 359.
Milkweed, 89, 91.
MUtitdn, 170.
] a tea, 171.
Afimulastrum, 440.
Mitmdoides, 279, 451.
Mimulus, 247. 273, 442.
acutidens, 450.
alatus. 276, 446.
alsinoides, 277, 449.
androsaceus, 451.
angustatus, 443
atropurpurens, 443.
atropur/mreiis, 443.
aurantiacus, 275.
bicolor, 2'8. 450.
Bisrelovii, 274, 444.
Bolanderi, 275, 446.
brevipes, 275, 440.
breripes, 275.
cardinalis, 276, 446.
citpreuf, 277, 448.
dentatus, (277), 447.
(A iitntiif. 447, 449.
Douglas'ii, 274, 443.
Dmi giant, 443, 444.
J:'i*enii, 449.
exijiui's, 451.
exi'lis, (279), 451.
floribundus, 277, 450.
Fremonti, 275, 445. ,
Geyeri, 447.
glabratus, (276), 277, 447.
glaucesceris, 448.
glutinosus, 275. 442.
tjuttatus, 277, 448.
//ri///;, 448.
inconspicuus, 278, 449.
inodorus, 447.
Jamesii, (276), 447.
Kelloggii, 443.
INDEX.
485
laciniatus, 277, 449.
latifolius, 274, 444.
leptaleus, 274, 445.
Lewisii, 276.
l/nearis, 275.
luteus, 277, 448.
lutetts, 4411.
lyratus, 277.
Madrensis, 447.
mephiticus, 444.
microphyllus, 277, 443, 449.
Mohavensis, 44(5.
moniliformis, 447.
moniliformis, 447.
montioides, 450.
montioides, 238, 451.
moschatus, 278, 446.
nanus, 274, 444.
nanus, -274, 443, 445.
nasutus, 449.
nudatus, 44'.i.
Palmeri, 278, 451-
Parish! i, 450.
Parryi, 275, 445.
pedunctilaris, (278), 450.
pictus, 446.
pilosus, 279, (451).
Pratteiii, 278.
primuloides, 279, 446.
propinquus, 447.
Pulsiferae, 277, 450.
puniceus, (275), 442.
Hattani, 444.
ringeus, 276, 446.
rii'ularis, 277.
JRcezli, 448.
roseus, 276.
rubelhis, 278, 451.
rubtllus, 450.
Scouleri, (277), 448.
SwV/m, 277.
isubsecundus. 445.
Suksdorfii. 450.
tcnellus, 449.
Tilinyii, 277, 448.
Torreyi, 275, 446,
tricolor, 274. 443.
rariegatus, 277.
Whitneyi. 445.
Miinusops, 67, 68.
disjecta, 69.
Sieheri, 69.
Mint, 351.
Mitreola, 107, J08.
opkiorkizoides, 108.
petiolata, 108.
sessilifolia, 108.
Mohavea. 245, 254, 439.
viscida, 254, 439.
Monarda, 345, 373.
affinlij 374.
allophylla, 374.
altissima, 374.
amplextcaulis, 374.
nristata, 375.
Bradburiana, 374.
c'dlata, 376.
ciiriodora, 375, 461.
clinopodia, 374.
coccinea, 374.
didytna, 374.
fistulosa, 374.
fistulosa, 374.
(jracilis, 356, 375.
kirsuta, 376.
involucrata, 374.
Kalmiana, 374.
Lindhtimeri, -374.
longifolia, 374.
lutea, 375.
menthcBfolia, 374.
moltis, 374.
dblongata, 374.
Osweyoensis, 374.
pectinata, 375, 461.
penicillata, 375.
punctata, 375.
purpurea, 374.
ruffosUj 374.
Russelliana, 375.
scabra, 374.
umlulata, 374.
varicvns, 374.
villosn, 374.
MONARDE.E, 344.
Monardella, 343, 356, 459.
Breweri, 357.
candicans, 358.
Caroliniana, 374.
Douglasii, 357.
hypoleuca, 356, 459.
lanceolata, 357, 459.
leucocephala, 358.
linoides, 357.
macrantha, 356, 459.
montnna, 356.
nana, (356), 459.
odoratissima. 357.
Palmeri, 357.
Pringlei, 459.
Sheltoni, 357.
tenuiflora, 459.
thymifolia, 459.
undulata, 358.
villosa, 357.
Moncchma Pilosella, 328.
Moneses. 17, 46.
yrandiflorn, 46.
fetlculata, 46.
uniflora, 46.
Money-wort, 63.
Monkey-flower, 273.
Monniera amplexicaulls, 280.
cuneifolia, 281.
rotund/folia, 281.
Monogynella, 223.
Monotropa, 18, 49.
fimbriata, 50.
Hypopitys, 50.
lanuqinosa, 50.
Moriioni, 49.
Morisoniana, 49.
uniflora, 49.
MONOTROPE.E, 18.
Monotropsis odoratn, 49.
Murella, 227.
Morning Glory, 208, 209, 210.
Motherwort, 385.
Mountain Cranbi-rry, 25.
Mountain Mint, 354.
Mud wort, 284.
Mullein, 250.
Mylanche, 314.
Myositidea, 191, 423.
Myosotis, 179, 202.
alba, 431.
albidn, 428.
ulj'i-stris, 202.
ari'tioitles, 191.
arvensis, 202.
ccespitosa, 202.
Californica, 191.
Churisiann, 191.
deftexa, 189.
faccida, 193, 194, 425.
/M/wa, 192, 431, 432.
ylomeratti, 196.
inflexa, 202.
intermedia, 202.
laxa, 202.
Itucophcea, 197.
linyuldta, 202.
maci'ospcrmn, 203.
muricata, 194.
nana, 191.
palustris, 202.
palustris, 202.
Redawskii, 189.
rupicola, 202.
scorpioidts, 202.
Scouleri, 191.
stricta, 202.
suffi-uticosa, 196.
sylvatica, 21.12.
ttntllu, 192.
verua, 202.
versicolor, 202.
versicolor, 203.
villoga, 191.
Virtjiniana, 189.
Viryinica, 189.
Myrica set/regain, 77.
Myrsine, 65.
floribunda, 65.
Flondana, 65.
Rapanea, 65.
MYRSINEACE/E, 64.
MYRSIXE.E, 65.
3/^awt, 180.
Nama, 153, 173, 418.
Berlnndieri, 174.
biflarum, 174.
Coulter!, 174.
demissum, 174.
demissum, 172.
depressum, 418.
dichotomum, 175, 419.
dichotomum, 174.
Havardi, 419.
hisfiidum, 174.
Jamaicensc, 174.
Jamaicense, 174.
Lobbii, 175, 419.
origanifolium, 419.
Parryi, 175, 419.
pusilluni, 418.
racemfisum, 1511.
Rothr.H-kii. 175, 419.
stonooarpuni, 174, 418.
sten<i|)liyl]inii, 41H.
systt/ln, 158.
undulatum, 174.
iindulntnm. 174.
NAME., 153.
Nrisdicrry, 69.
Naumberyia, 63.
Navarretia, 141, 408.
<itnifli/!iiit/< .-, 142.
/ ^/ ri'/'lii/lld, 135.
inti'rt, j-!n. 111.
liMu-orrphala, 142.
minium, 142.
pubescens, 141.
pungens, 141.
486
INDEX.
Schottii, 142, 409.
setosissima, 142.
squarrosa, 141.
Neckweed, 288.
NELSONIE.E, 322.
Nemacladus, 2, 393.
capillaris, 393.
longinorus, 3, 394.
pinnatijldus, 393.
ramosissimus, 3, 31)3.
rigidus, 394.
tenuissimus, 393.
Xi-mophila, 152, 155, 413.
atomaria, 156.
aurita, 156.
breviflora, 157.
discuidiiUf, 156.
evanescens, 157.
heterophylla, 156.
liirsuta, 156.
insignis, 155.
liniflora, 156.
maculata, 155.
Menziesii, 156, 413.
microcalyx, 157.
ntodestfi, 413.
Nuttalhi, 156.
paniculata, 155.
parvillora, 156.
parviflora, 157.
jn-diittriiliitii, 156.
phacelioides, 156.
jiilnsn, 156.
racemosa, 156.
Nepcta, 345, 377.
Cataria, 377.
Glechoma, 377.
Viryuiii-ii, 354.
XEPETE/E, 345.
Neritmtlm suberecta, 84.
Nerium Oleander, 79.
Xewberrya, 19, 50, 398.
cong'esta, 50, 398.
spicata, 398.
Xicandra, 225, 237.
physaloides, 237.
Nicotid, 241.
Nicotiana, 226, 241, 438.
attenuata, 242.
Bigelovii, 243.
caudal a, 241.
Cleveland!, 242.
glandulosa, 242.
glauca, 4:18.
ipomopsiflora, 242.
Innftj'niin, 241.
lyrnta. 242.
multiflora, 242.
multivalvis, 243.
nnnn, 24-'!.
1'alnicri, 242.
pnndurutn, 242.
/inrritlora, 243.
plnmbaginifcilia, 241.
plumbaginifoli t, 243.
(|iiadrivalvis, 24 : >.
repanda, 242.
Rcemerirtnn, 242.
rustica, 241.
Tabacuni, 241 .
trigonophvlla. 242.
rSarrensls, 241.
.V/i /< nilii ri/i'i <iii<i,iiii'n, 244.
naiiu, 243.
lin, 244.
riscosa, 244.
Nightshade, 226.
Nothaphyllon, 312.
Aottiocerates, 88.
Nothochelone, 259.
Nycterium, 231.
Obolaria, 111, 127.
Carolinian, 280.
Virymiana, 127.
Virginica, 127.
OCIMOIUE.E, 342.
Ocimuin, 342, 350.
Hasilicum, 350.
CampecJti/iniini, 350.
micranthum, 350.
Odontites rubra, 305.
fA'Hf.e, 274. 443.
Oil-plant, 320.
Olea, 72.
Americana, 78.
Europa?a, 72.
OT.EACE^E, 72.
< ILKIXE.E, 73.
Omphalodes, (180), 420, 422.
uliena, 423.
cardiopliylla, 423.
Ilowardi, 423.
I hi if olia, 180.
nana, 423.
verna, 180.
Oncorrhynchus, 300.
Onosmodium, 179, 205.
Bejariensc, 206, 433.
Carolinianum, 206.
Caroliniiinum, 2(16.
hispid urn, 206.
n?(-//c, 206.
Tlntrberi, 205.
Virginiamim, 206.
Ophiorhiza Croomii, 109.
limceolata, 108.
Mitrenlft, 108.
ovalifolia, 109.
Origanum, 343.
incanum, 354.
pun datum, 356.
vulgare, 358.
Ornus, 73.
Americana, 73.
dipelala. 73.
OROBANCHACE.E, 310, 455.
Orobancbe, 311.
Americana, 313, 455.
fo/?ora, 312.
Californicii, 312.
comosa, 312.
fasciculate/, 312.
' ' (/libra, 313.
Luduviciana, 313.
minor, 311.
jinietorum, 313.
Rossi ca, 313.
titberosa, 313.
uniforn, 312.
Virginicma, 314.
Virginica, 127.
Ornntium, 251.
Ortltaitoca, 164.
irthncarpus. 249, 299. 452.
attemiatus, 299.
Bidwelli*, 453.
bracteosus, 300.
cainpostris. 302.
castilleioides, oOO.
densiflorus, SOO.
erianthus, 301, 453.
faucibarbatus, (302). 43.
floribaudus, 301, 453.
gracilis, 302.
hispidus, 302, 453.
imbricatus, (300), 452.
lacerus, 302.
lasinrhynchus, 302.
linearilobus, 802.
linearifolius, 453.
litbospermoides, 302, 453.
liiteus, 300.
pachystachvus, 300, 452.
pallescens, 299.
pallescens, 299.
1'ari^hii, 453.
Purryi, 299.
pilosus, 299.
purpurascens, 300.
purpureo-albus, 301, 453.
pusillus, 301, 453.
strict us, 301.
temiifolhis, 300, 453.
tcniiifulius, 452.
Tolmiei, 301.
Ortkopodium, 348.
Orthostachys, 184.
Oryctcs, 225, 232.
Ncvadensis, 232.
Osmanthns, 73, 78.
Americanns, 78.
fragrans, 78.
Osmolhamnus, 41.
Oswego Tea, 374.
Otqphylla, 292.
Drummondii, 292.
Michaiixii, 292.
Ourisia Calif urnica, 173.
Oxycoccus, 25.
erectus, 25.
erythrocarpus, 25.
hispidulus, 26.
mctcrocarjnif, 26.
microcarpus, 396.
palustris, 26.
vulgaris, 26.
Oxydendrum, 15, 83.
arboreum, 33.
Painted-Cup, 295.
1'almarella, 2, 8, 394.
debilis, 8, 394.
Parabryanthus, 37.
7'cri flutes, 85.
1'arishella, 393, 394.
Californica, 394.
Peetocarya, 178, 187, 420.
Chilensis, 187.
lateriflora, 187.
linearis, 187.
pusilla, 187, 421.
setosa, 187, 421.
PEDALIACE.E, 320.
Pedicularis, 249, 305, 454.
cequinoctialzs, 367.
arctica, 309.
nttuniHta, 310.
attollens, 306.
auriculata, 307.
bracteosa, 308.
(.'anadensis, 307.
('an by 5, 454.
capitata, 309.
centranthera, 309.
INDEX.
487
Chamissonis, 306.
contorta, 306.
crenulata, 307.
densiflora, 310.
data, 308.
euphrasioides, 307.
fhunmea, 309.
Furbishiiv, 454.
qladiata, 307.
'Groenlanclica, 306.
hirsuta, 309.
kirsuta, 309.
Howellii, 454.
incarnata, 306.
Labradorica, 307.
lanata, 309.
lanceolata, 307.
Langsdorflii, 308.
Lapponica, 306.
Menziesii, 305.
nasutn., 307.
Nelsoni, 309.
ornitborhyncha, 307.
pnllida, 307.
palustris. 307.
Parryi, 306.
parviflora, 307.
pedic'ellata, 307.
procera, 308.
purpurascens, 309.
racemosa, 306.
recutita, 308.
resupinata, 307.
Romtmziirii, 306.
scopulorum, 308.
semibarbata, 309.
subnudii, 307.
Sudt't.ica, 308.
surrecln, 306.
versicolor, 309.
verticillata, 305.
verticillata, 309.
Virginica, 307.
Wlitssovirina, 307.
Pennyroyal, 362.
Pentalophus longiflorus, 205.
Mandanensis, 205.
Pentastemon, 259.
Pentstemon, 246, 259, 439.
acuniiiiatus, 263.
albidus, 266.
nlbi'lus, 265.
ulpinus, 263.
ambiguus, 270.
amasnus, 271.
antirrhinoides, 260.
argutus, 271.
attenuatus, 267.
azureus, 272.
baccharifolius, 261, 440.
barbatus, 261.
barbittus, 440.
Barret t;v, 440.
Bradburii, 264.
breviflorus, 260.
brevdabris, 442.
Bridges! i, 273.
cseruleus, 264.
cresius, 441.
csespitosus, 269.
ctespitosus, 269.
canoso-barbatus, 273, 442.
carinatus, 260.
Cedrosensis, 441.
centranthifolius, 264, 440.
centranth ifolius, 262.
Kerrosensis, 273, 441.
Clevelandi, 265, 440.
Cobwa, 265.
coccineus, 262.
comarrhenus, 262.
i-onfurtus, 267.
cordifolius, 260.
coriaceus, 440.
corymbosus, 260.
crassifolius, 260.
cristatus, 206.
Cusickii, 44-_>.
cyananthus, 263.
dasyphyllus, 266.
deustus, 269.
diffusus, 271.
Diyitalis, 268.
dissectus, 271.
Douylasii, 260.
Eatoni, 262.
erianthera, 262, 266.
Fendleri, 264.
Fremonti, 262.
Fremonti, 267, 269.
frutescens, 261.
Gairdneri, 270, 440.
glaber, 262.
glaber, 268.
ylabra, 262.
glandulosus, 271.
glaudfolius, 272.
glaucophyllus, 2G8.
glaucus, 268.
Gordoni, 262.
gracilentus, 272.
gracilis, 267.
grandiflorus, 264.
Hallii, 263.
HaVbourii, 269
Havardi, 440.
heteranaer, 269.
heterodoxua, 269.
heterophyllus, 273.
heteropln/Uus, 272, 273.
humilis, 267.
Jaffrayanus, 272.
Jamesii, 265.
labrosus, 440.
Isetus, 272, 442.
la?vigatus, 268.
lanceolntus, 266, 440.
laricifolius, 270.
Lemmoni. 261.
Leivisii, 259.
linarioides, 270.
Lobbii, 260.
Lyalli, 440.
K'ingii, 272.
KiiK/ii, 262.
Kleei, 440.
Menziesii, 259, 439.
micranthus, 267.
microphyllus, 200.
miser, 440.
Murray an us, 265.
nemorosus, 259.
Newberri/i, 259.
nitidus, 264.
midiflorus, 440.
Nuttullli. 273.
ovatus, 266.
Palmeri, 265.
Parishii, 440.
Parryi, 264.
pinifolius, 440.
procerus, 267.
pruinosus, 266.
pubescens, 268.
pubescens, 268.
pumihis, 269.
pnniceus, 264.
Kattani, 440.
Richardsonii, 271.
Kcezli, 272.
rostriflurus, 273, 442.
Rothrocfeii, 260, 440.
ticouleri, 261.
secundiflorns, 263.
serrulatus, 271.
speciosus, 262.
spectabilis, 265.
stenophyllus, 266, 440.
staticifolius, 271.
strictus, 262.
tenellus, 442.
tvrttifloms, 266.
ternatos, 260, 440.
Tlturberi, 270.
Tulimei, 267.
Torreyi, 261.
tripbyllus, 271.
tubifforus, 266.
venustus, 271.
virgatus, 270.
visc'uhdus. 266.
Wardi, 263.
Watsoni, 207.
Wrigbtii, 264.
Whippleanus, 268.
Pepperbusb, 45.
Peppermint, 352.
Periploca Gr.eca, 85.
Periwinkle, 82.
Persimmon, 69.
Pervinca, 82.
Petunia, 226, 243.
parviflora, 243.
Phacelia, 153, 158, 413.
affinis, 417.
Arizonica, 414.
bicolor, 170, 418.
bipinnatifida, 161.
Bolanderi, 165.
brachyloba, 167, 417.
Brannani, 418.
brevistylis, 162.
Breweri, 15!).
Calift.micck, 159.
campanularia, 164, 416.
canrsct'ns, l.V.i.
cephalotes, 1(18.
riliata, 161, 416.
circinata, 159.
circinatiformis, 167, 417.
ciinfertu, 1'i 11 .
Coopera, 4 IS.
congesta, 160, 415.
crassifoli.-i, 170.
crasx/j'uli'i, 168.
crenulata, 160, 414.
Cumini/ii. 169.
curvijics, I US.
Davidson!, 167.
dciiiis>a, 168.
distans, 416.
divaricata, 168.
Douglasii, 167.
fimbriata, 162.
Franklinii, 166.
488
INDEX.
Fremont!. 170, 418.
floribunda, 415.
glabra, 162.
glandulosa, 160, 414.
glechomaefolia, 417.
grand! flora, 163.
grisea, 165.
gymnoclada, 170, 418,
litiftata, 159.
hettrophylla, 159.
hirsuta, 103.
hispicla, 161, 415.
hispid a, 163.
humilis, 159.
hydrophylloides, 165.
infundibuliformis, 166.
intf.'grifi>lia, 1GO. 414.
Ivesiana, 169, 417.
ixodes, 417.
Lemmoni, 417.
leucvphylLa, 159.
loasa? folia, 165.
longipes, 164, 416.
Lyoni, 416.
malvaefolia, 159, 413.
Menziesii, 160, 416.
micrantha, 169.
initrnntlxr, 158, 413.
Muhavensis, 164.
namatoides, 158.
Neo-Mexicana, 160, 414.
Orcuttiana, 417.
paeliyphvlla, 418.
Parishii, 417.
Parry i, 164, 416.
parviflora, 162.
patuliflora, ]f>3.
pedicellata, ICO, 414.
phyllomanica, 160, 415.
platyloba, 415.
l'..pci. (160), 415.
Pringlei, 413.
procera, 166, 416.
pulclieHa, 168.
I'ur.-hii, Ki2.
pusilla, 169.
fiiisilln, 1G3.
ramiiMssinia, 161, 415.
ramosissima, 161.
Kattani, 413.
rotundifolia, 169.
saxirola. 417.
srrii/c-a, 1GG.
strictiriora, 163.
tujfrutescens, 416.
tanacetifolia, 161, 416.
tanaceiifofi,,, 160, 161, 416.
visrida, Hi:;.
Whillavia. 104.
M. r u T. I.r2.
/'/mil r<if'trji.< ft rpylKfoliuSf 26.
rhnrliilis nillntrtic >, 210.
li'iffififuliii, 210.
/, > ilt riii-i a, 210.
liif/iiiln. 210.
Ml, 21d.
trifu/tn, 210.
Pheli/wn /-///,.;-,/. 312.
i /'(iniifii. ;!12.
erianthera, :!12. 313.
fflffn-lll'ltll. .'JlJ.
Ludoviciana, 313.
liitfti, 312.
tiilii-nifi, ,'H3.
Phcrotrichis, 462.
Balbisii, 462.
Schaffneri, 462.
Philibcrtia, 85, 87.
cynauchoides, 87.
ticyans, 87.
linear!?, 88.
Torreyi, 87.
undulata, 87.
viminalis, 88.
Phillyreoides, 31.
Phloyanthea, 135.
Phlumis, 347. 384.
tuberosa, 384.
Phlox, 129.
acuminata, 129.
ndsurgens, 133,
amcena, 130.
aristato, 130, 131.
bitida, 131.
bryoides, 132.
csespitosa, 132.
Canadensis, 131.
canescens, 132.
Carolina, 130.
corymbosa, 129.
cuspidata, 130.
decussata, 129.
difusn, 132.
divaricata, 131.
divftricattti 133.
Drummondii. 134.
Douglas!!, 132.
Floridnna, 130.
glal errima. 130.
glvtinosa, 131.
Hentzii, 131.
Hoodii, 132.
Hoodii, 132.
Ilixikert, 141.
humilis, 133.
involucnita, 130.
latifolia, 130.
linearifolia, 133.
longiftora, 130.
longifolia, 133.
macranlha, 134.
niaculata, 129.
muscoides, 132.
nana, 134.
nitulri, 130.
nirnlif, 131.
occidintitlis, 133.
ovata, 130.
paniculata, 129.
jicnrlulijlora, 129.
pilosa, 130.
jii/nsn, 130.
pinnata, 137.
procumbens, 130, 131.
pj'ramidalis, 129.
reflexa, 129.
rcptans, 131.
revoluta, 130.
IJk.'hardsonii, 132.
rirjtda, 132.
Rcemeriana, 134.
Sal.ini, 134.
scabra, 129.
sctaccn, 131.
Sil.irica, 133.
Sickmanni, 12!).
spcciosa, i:i:;.
speciosn, 133, 134.
Stdlaria, 131.
stolonifera, 131.
suaveolens, 130.
subulata, 131.
suffruticosa, 130.
tardiflora, 130.
triflora, 130.
tnovulata, 134.
undulatu, 129.
[F^er/, 130.
Pliolisma, 51.
areuarium, 51.
Phryma, 333, 334.
~ Carolinien sis, 336.
Leptostacliya, 334.
PHRYME.E, 333".
PJnjllodoce, 37.
empetriformis, 37.
Pallasiana, 37.
taxi folia, 37.
Pbysalis, 225, 233.
ffiquata, 234.
Alkakengi, 233, 235.
angulata, 234.
angustifolia, 236.
atriplicifolia, 234.
Brasiliensis, 234.
cardiophylla, 235.
Carpenterii, 233.
chenopodifolia, 234.
crassifolia, 235.
Elliottii, 237.
Fendleri, 4 ; iii.
divaricata, 437.
glabra, 235.
grandiflora, 233.
hederwfolia, 235.
keterophylla, 235.
Itirsuta, 235.
Jacquini, 236.
lanceolata, 236.
lanceolata, 236.
Linlciana, 234.
lobata, 233.
lonr/ifulia, 237.
maritima, 236.
minutijlnra, 437.
moll!?; 236.
jnoffis, 235, 236.
ni/ctar/inea, 235.
obscura, 234.
obscura, 235.
Palmer!, 235.
Pennsylvanica, 235, 236.237.
Peruviana, 233.
Philadelphica, 234.
Philadelphia, 234.
pruinosa, 234. 235.
puboscens, 234, 236.
jnnnila, 237.
Sabeana, 233.
tomentosa, 236.
Virginiana, 235.
viscosa, 236.
risccsa, 235.
viscido-pubescenf, 235.
TFrt^c?-/, 236.
Wrightii, 234.
Physostegia, 346, 383.
" imbricata, 383.
intermedia, 383.
parviflora, 383.
truncata, 382, 33.
. Virginiana, 383.
Pickerinaia paniculata, 65.
Picrococcus, 21.
elevatus, 21.
INDEX.
489
Floridamis, 21.
stamintMS, 21.
Picrocolla, 146.
Pieris, 32.
phillyreifolia, 32.
Pimpernel, 63.
Pine-drops, 48.
Pine-sap, 49.
Pinguicula, 314, 317.
acutijblla, 317.
alpina, 317.
australis, 318, 456.
ccerulta, 317.
c.impunulata, 318.
elatior, 318.
Floridensis, 456.
grnndiflora, 317.
lutea, 318.
macroceras, 317.
microceras, 317.
puniila, 317, 456.
villosa, 317.
vulgaris, 317.
Pipsissewa, 45.
Piptocalyx, 193, 428.
circumscissus, 193.
Piptolepis, 76.
phillyreioides, 77.
P'Monia si milts, 181.
Plantain, 389, 391.
Plagiobothrys, (191), 420, 430.
Arizonicus, 431.
canescens, (192), 431.
Cooperi, 432.
glomeratus, 432.
hispidus, 432.
Jonesii, 430.
Kingii, 430.
nothofulvus, 432.
rufescens, 431.
rufesctns, 192.
Shastensis, 431.
teiiellns, 431.
Torreyi, 431.
ursinus, 432.
PLANTAGINACEyE, 388.
Plantago, 389.
aristdtu, 391.
Asiatica, 389.
attcnuntn, 390.
Bigelovii, 392.
Blyelovii, 392.
bore/ilis, 390.
Catifornica, 392.
Caroliniana, 390, 392.
cordata, 389.
Coronopus, 392 1 .
cucullata, 390.
decipiens, 3D1.
Durvillci, 392.
tlomjalu, 392.
eriopoda, 390.
Jill form is, 391.
yliibra, 390.
gnaphalioides, 391.
'Hartwegi, 392.
heterophylla, 392.
hirtella, 392.
Hookeriana, 391.
hybrida, 392.
interruptn, 390.
juncoicles, 390, 391.
L/(f/opus, 391.
lanceolata, 391.
lanctolata, 390.
linenn folia, 392.
longifolia, 390.
Kamtschatica, 389, 390, 392.
Kentuckensis, 389*
macrocarpa, 390.
major, 389.
major, 390.
maritima, 390.
maritima, 391.
media, 392
Minima, 389.
occidental-is, 392.
oliganthos, 390.
Patagonica, 391.
pauciflora, 390. 391.
perpusilla, 392.
pur/iurascens, 392.
Purfliii, 391.
pusilla, 392.
J2<c/( <? v</so w /(' , 390.
Rugelii, 389.
sparsiflora, 390.
spinulosa, 391.
syuarrosa, 391.
Tvveedyi, 390.
Urmllti, 392.
Virginica, 392.
Vlrijinica, 390, 392.
viresMtis, 390.
\\'rii/lilinnri, 391.
Pleuricospora, 18, 50, 398.
fimbriolata, 50, 398.
PLEUHICOSPORE.E, 18.
Pleurisy-root, 89.
Plenrogyne, 111, 124.
Carinthiaca, 124.
Purshii, 124.
rotata, 124.
PLUMB AGINACE^l, 53.
PLUMBAGINE^E, 54.
Plumbago, 54, 55.
Floridann, 55.
scandens, 55.
PLUMEKIE.E, 79.
Pneumonantlu', 120.
Podostemma, 98.
Podostigma, 86, 88.
pubescens, 88.
viridis, 89.
Pogogyne, 344, 3U4.
Douglasii, 364.
multijioro, 364.
nudiuscula, 364.
parvittora, 364.
serpylloid.es, 364.
tenuiflora, 364.
ziziphoroides, 364.
POLEMONIACE.E, 120.
Polemonium, 129, 149, 412.
acutijlorum, 151.
antarcticum, 151.
cscruleum, 151, 412.
cceruleum, 151.
capitatum, 147, 150.
carneum, 151, 412.
confertum, 150.
dubium, 163.
tlavum, 412.
folinsissimiiin, 151, 412.
hinnile, 150.
lanatum, 150.
Mfj-iciiiniin, 151, 412.
niicrautluim, 151.
mosfhaium, 151.
Nycteleti, 157.
pulchellum,150.
jiule/ierrimiii/i, 151.
ie|)t;ins, 151.
Richardsonti, 150.
rubrum, 145.
viscosum, 150.
viscosum, 150.
Poliomintha, 344, 301, 460.
^labrescc'iis, 460.
incana, 361.
mollis, 361.
Pulydicliti, 243.
Poiydiclis multintlrh, 243.
quadrivalms, 243.
Polypremum, 107, 109.
Linncei, ]()!).
procumbens, 109.
Polyotus angusmfollus, 98.
keteropkyllus, 99.
lanuyinosus, 99.
longifolius, 99.
Ponrjatium Indicum, 10.
Porterella carnosula, 8.
Portuna, 31.
/loribunda, 31.
Potato, 227.
Prasium coccineum, 383.
incarnatum, 384.
purpureum, 383.
Primrose, 58.
Primula, 56, 58, 399.
ausrusti folia. 58, 399.
borealis, 58, 399.
cuneifolia, 59.
Cusickiana, 399.
Egaliksensis, 399.
farinosa, 58.
Finmarkica, 58.
Homemanniana, 58.
integrifolia, 58.
Mistassinica, 58.
nivalis, 59.
Parryi, 59.
pusilla, 58.
Kusbyi, 399.
saxij'raymfulia, 59.
Sibirica, 58.
Scotica, 58.
stricta, 58.
suffrutescens, 59.
PRIMULACE^E, 55, 399.
PRIMULExE, 55.
Priva, 333, 334.
echinata, 334.
Proboscidea, 321.
Prunella, 382.
Pseudocolloiiii'i, 143.
/'.-i n<lkriinit:.ki<i, 429.
Pseudo-Myosotis, 195,197. 429.
Pseudoi'ontium, -'>! ,
I'su-DosoLANE.ii:, 245.
Pterospora, 18, 48.
andromedea, 4'.t.
/ Vi ruftip-ax, 71.
Pterygium, 195, 428.
Ptilocalyx Greyyii, 182.
Puccoon, 204.
Pulmonana nl/i/'im, 201.
c/7(r(/ir, 201.
<l, nln-nlitu, 200.
lanceolate, 2dl.
mariihintit, 201.
wni-itinin, 200.
oblonffifolia, 200.
paniculata, 201.
490
INDEX.
parvi flora, 200.
jiilnsa, 201.
piibi.ictitf, 201.
Siitirica, 200.
Viryinica, 200.
Purshiii iiiollif, 200.
///fjiii/ii, 200.
Pycnaiitlu'inum, 343, 354.
albescens, 356.
aristatum, 354.
Arkansanum, 355.
Calif ornicum, 355.
clinopodioidcs, 355.
(lithium, 355.
hyssopifblium, 354.
incanum, 355.
incunum. 350.
lanceolatum, 354.
leptodon, 355.
linifolium, 354.
Loomisii, 350.
montaiium, 356.
Monardella, 374.
muticum, 355.
nuduni, 354.
pilosum, 355.
setosuiii, 354.
tenuifolium, 354.
Torreyi, 355.
Tullia, 355.
verlicillatum, 354.
Viri/inicum, 354, 355.
Pycnospliace, 360.
J'l/CllntllljIIIII.-l, 358.
Pyrola, 18, 40.
aphylla, 48.
asarifolia, 47.
bracteata, 48.
chlornntha, 47.
corymbosa, 45.
dentata, 48.
<-M", 48.
ellipticn, 47.
grandiflora, 48.
Grcenlandica, 48.
maculata, 45.
.!/< ir.icfii, 45.
minor, 40.
obovat'i, 48.
occidentalis, 47.
oxypetala, 47.
picta, 48.
renijbliu, 47.
/i^( <;, 40.
rotundifolia, 47.
secumla. 40.
uliginosa, 48.
<//( ll'itu, 45.
unijlurn, 45.
PYROLE.E, 17.
PYKOI.INK.-K, 17.
I'yxidnntlieru, 52.
barluilata, 52.
Pyxothamnus, 25.
Quamocli/, 209.
'' iv/< (i, 209.
A"/, /;/;,//,/, -209.
vulgar is, 20'J.
l, 251.
lll.t A'/.V, 7)/, 451.
Rn/xtrn / litn/tintnsis, 65
l.'-d A>h. 74.
Rhabdadenia, 84.
paludosa, 401.
Sagrcei, 84.
PtIIINANTIUDE.E, 248.
Khiiianthus, 24 ( J, 310.
Crista-galli, 310.
minor, 310.
Virginians, 291.
RHODODENDUE.E, 16.
Rhododendron, 10, 39, 398.
albiflorum, 40.
arborescens, 40.
bi color, 41 .
calendulaceum, 41.
calendulaceum, 40.
Californicum, 41, 398.
cwescen, 41.
Catawbiense, 42.
Chapmanii, 42.
qlaucum, 41.
hispidum, 41.
Kamtschaticum, 40.
Lapponicum, 42.
macrophyllum, 42, 398.
maxinunn, 42.
minus, 42.
nitidum, 41.
nudifiorum, 41.
occidentale, 40.
pulchellum, 41.
purpureum, 42.
punctatum, 42.
Purshii, 42.
Rhodora, 41.
Vaseyi, 398.
viscosum, 40.
Rliodothamnus Knmtschaticus, 40.
Rhcdora Canadensis, 41.
congests, 41.
72 A // c/i osp ermuni. 85.
Rhytiylossa h until is, 330.
obtusifolia, 330.
pedunculosa, 329.
viridiflorti, 330.
viridijblia, 330.
Ribgrass, 391.
I.'iliwort, 389.
Rip])le-grass, 391.
Rochelia glomerata, 190.
patens, 197, 422.
Ronianzoffia, 153, 172, 418.
Sitchensis, 172, 418.
Unalaschkensis, 172, 418.
Rose Bay, 39, 42.
Rothrockia, 401, 403.
cordifolia, 403.
Roulinia, 80, 100.
unifaria, 100.
Ruellia, 322, 325.
6/^0 rn, 324.
ci'liosa, 320, 457.
clandestine*., 325.
Drumraondiana, 320.
f/!/^c, 327.
liirsiita, 320.
li u mil in, 320.
hitmistrntd, 324.
hi/briilu, 320.
jnttic'ni'llorii, 324.
lacustris, 324.
noctiflora, 320.
tiblongifolta, 324.
Parryi, 326.
pedunculata, 325.
strcpens, 327.
streptns, 326.
tuberosa, 325.
tubijiora, 520.
RUELLIE.E, 322.
Sabbatia, 110, 113.
angularis, 114.
Boykini, 116.
brachiata, 114.
calycosa, 114.
campestris, 115.
chlovoides, 115.
concinn'i, 114.
corymbosa, 114.
cymosa, 114.
Elliottii, 115.
formosa, 115.
gentianoides, 115.
gracilis, 115.
aracilis, 114.
lanceolata, 114.
macrophylla, 114.
oligophylla, 115.
paniculata, 114.
paniculata, 115.
simplex, 110.
stellaris, 115.
Saccant/u'm, 271.
Saccularia Veatchii, 439.
Sage, 366.
S((f/ina Vii'fjinicn, 127.
Schistophrayma, 279.
Salal, 30.
Salazaria, 346, 382.
Mexicana, 382.
Salpichroa, 225, 231.
Wright ii, 231.
SALPIGLOSSIDK.E, 226.
Srtlpiglossis prostrata, 243.
Salvia, 345, 300, 400.
acuminata, 309.
aciuninn tisiuiia, 309.
albiflora, 370, 401.
amabUis, 309.
angustifolia, 369.
angusti folia , 309.
Arizonica, 370.
azurea, 36'J.
ballota-flora, 371.
A'i rnii i-Jiiia, 400.
Blodgcttii, 370.
brevylora, 461.
ca-sia, 369.
carduacca, 366.
chauui'dryoides, 371.
Chamcedrys, 371.
Chapmani, 370.
Claytoni, 370, 372.
coccinea, 368.
Columbaria>, 367.
coriifolia, 367.
etota, 369.
elongatn, 309.
Engelmanni, 366.
farinacea, 368.
fulgens, 360.
gossypina, 306.
Greggii, 368, 400.
Henryi, 307.
Hispanica, 461.
lanceolata, 369.
/aa?rt, 371.
Lemnioni, 461.
lonijifolin, 369.
lyrata, 367.
IWexicana, 369.
INDEX.
491
micro ntJio, 370.
obovatn, 367.
occidentalis, 370.
officinalis, 306.
Parry i, 371.
pentstemonoides, 368.
Pitclicri, 369.
platycheila, 371.
polystachya, 461.
porphyrantha, 367.
porphyratn, 367.
privoides, 371.
pseudo-coccinea, 368.
puMiMa, 461.
pycnnstachya, 461.
Regla, 460!
reptans, 369.
Rcemeriana, 367.
llu'i/itr/ina, 367.
Sclarea, 372.
serotina, 369.
spicata, 461.
splendens, 366.
subincisa, 3611.
tenella, 370.
Texana, 366.
trickostemoides, 3G9.
trichostyla, 369.
urticifolia, 370.
urticifolia, 37(1.
verbenacea, 372.
rirf/nta, 369.
Salvlnsimim, 366.
Texanum, 366.
Samara floribunda, 65.
Samodia ebracteata, 64.
SAMOLE/E, 56.
Samohis, 56, 64.
ebracteatus, 64.
floribundus, 64.
Inngipes, 64.
Va'lerandi, 64.
Sand Myrtle, 43.
SAl'OTACE.'E, 66.
Sappadilla, 69.
Suracha acutifoUa, 232.
Conmnpus, 232.
waren. 233.
sordida, 232.
umbellata , 437.
Sarcodes, 18, 49.
sanguinea, 49.
Sarcostemma. 87.
bilobum, 88.
Brownii, 88.
cIiiiiKtnii, 88.
crassifolium, 88.
cynanchoides, 87.
eleyans, 87.
heterophyUum,) 88.
linenre. 88.
undulata, 87.
Satureia, 343, 358.
coccinto, 360.
horteiisis, 358.
oriqanoides, 354.
rigida, 359.
Virijiniann, 354.
SATUREINE.E, 342.
Saanfraga nutans, 172.
Savory, 358.
Scaevola, 1.
Plumieri, 1.
Schaueria lineanfolia, 328.
parvi/blict, 330.
Schizonotus, 86, 100.
pui-purascens, 1(10.
SMeidenia, 184.
polyphylln, 185.
tfcliol/i-rtt O.n/rnrntt, 26.
Schwalbea, 249, 305.
Americana, 305.
Schweinitzia, 18, 49, 398.
Caruliniana, 49.
odorata. 49, 398.
Reynoldsiiv, 398.
Sclarea, 371.
Scoparia, 248, 284.
dulcis, 284.
Scrophularia, 246, 258.
Californica, 258.
coccinea, 25S.
lanceolata, 2">s.
Marilandica, 258.
nodosa, 258.
SCROPHULAKIACE/E, 244,
438
Seullcap, 378.
Scuti-llaria, 340, 378, 462.
ambigua, 3SO.
angustifolia, 381.
antirrhinoides, 381.
argutn. 379.
Boland'eri, 381.
brcvifolia, 380.
Californica, 381.
canesei'iis, 379.
cardiopliylla, 380.
C'irolinitiiia, 378, 379.
Chamcedrys, 379.
cordifolia, 378.
Drummondii, 380.
< Hijitirtt, 379.
Floridana, 380.
galericulata, 381.
grriciHs, 382.
liirsuta, 379.
hyssopifolia, 379.
incctna, 379.
inte^rifnlia, 379, 462.
intcr/ri/'ulii, 380.
lateriflora, 378.
AfississippicMi , 462.
montana, 379.
nan a, 380.
nervosa, 382.
ovalifoha, 379.
parvula, 3SO.
pilosa, 379.
polymorphn, 379.
pubescens, 379.
resinosa, 381.
resinosa, 381.
rugfisii, 378.
saxatilis, 378.
saxatilla, 379.
serrata, 379.
serrnta, 379.
sipJiocampyloides, 381.
teMcrij'tiliti, 3S2.
tuberosa, 381.
vcrsieolor, 378, 462.
villosa, 379.
Wrightii, 3,sn.
SCUTELLAKINK.K, 345.
Sea Lavender, 54.
Sea INIilkwort, 63.
Sea I'mk ; 54.
Sebestinoides, 180.
Secondatia, 85.
SELAGINACE.E, 332.
,S'i /i r/n, til.
Self-lical, 3S2.
, 457.
Sesainiiin, 320.
Iiidicuin, 3JD.
or telltale, 320.
102.
iiliirilinin, 102.
Seymeria, 248, 2S!I.
aurir/iltil<i , jii2.
bipinnatisecta, 290.
inai-ro]ihylla, 290.
pectinata, 290.
pilosa, 451.
scabra. 290.
tcnnifolia, 289.
Shall..n, 30.
Slir.'p-Lauivl, 38.
Shin-leaf, 4H.
sliiMitmn' Star, 57.
Shortia, 52, 53, 399.
galacifolia, 53, 399.
Skuttleworthia, 337.
Sideroxylon, (ill, 67.
chrysophylloidt .s, 68.
decandrum, 68.
/i/Tr, US.
lanuginosum, 68.
lyciuiih'S, 68.
mastichodendron, 67.
Jl/lllill Hill, 117
/i cliuiitnin, 68.
sericeuiit, 68.
tenax, 68.
Silkweed, 89.
Silver-bell Tree, 71.
Siphocampyliis lii'ulor, 3.
Sipfwnellrt, 140.
Siphonoglossa, 323, 328.
longiflora, 328.
Pilosella, 328.
Snowberry, 26.
SOLANACKyE, 224, 436.
Sot,ANE/E, 224.
Solatium, 224, 226.
aculeatissimmn. 230.
a la I n m, 22S.
Amerli'itnum, 228.
Bahamense, 229.
BiiUiifil, 231.
/>'< /!///( .-(. 231.
Besseri, 228.
, 329.
branccefulium, 231.
Californicum, 22.i.
Carolinense, 23i(.
citrullifolium, 231.
Cniniiili .<, 'J-!'-'.
^ 'iirniiiijiiif, 232.
connttiim, 231.
crennto-ili ntut/nn, 22S.
(/i cinvi //.<, 231.
Dilhnii, 228.
Dulcamara, 228.
Donglasii, (22S), 436.
elseagnifolium, 230.
/',;/,//, ri, 227.
Jl,in,linii, 23H.
l''li>rii/'iiiii<ii>, 227.
ltiiil< .-, 229.
ile, 228.
//i A rii ml rn in, 231.
heterodoxum, 231.
492
INDEX.
Hindsi'inum, 230.
hirsiitum, 230.
iiijlu/uiti. 231.
inujm. 227.
Jamcsii, 227.
1 1- /in mil in, -240.
Lint/In inn i-innum, 229.
Lintt ruin ii, 232.
luteolitloritm, 233.
Lycopersicuni, 226.
mammosum, 227, 230.
J/i liinyenri. 227.
miiiiiitinii. 228.
nigruni, 227.
nodiflorum, 228.
platyphyllum, 230.
P/ec-i, 230.
Pseudo-Capsicum, 228.
Pseudo-Lycopersicuin, 226.
pterocattlon, 228.
ptycanthum, 228.
Rn'iin riiiii/ni, '2-M.
rostratum, 231.
Sabeanum, 231.
sisymbriifolium, 230.
Texanum, 227.
Ti'.rense, 230.
Torreyi, 230.
trinoruin, 227.
triqui'tnnn, 228.
tuberosum, 227.
umlx'Hiferuni, 229.
umbMifvnim, 228.
verbascifoliuni, 229.
villosum, 228.
Viryininnum, 227.
Xanti, 22! I.
Solenandra rnrdifi-Un, 53.
Sophronantke, 282.
hifjiiilii, 283.
Sorrel-tiv... 33.
Sour-wood, 33.
Spearmint, 352.
Specularia, 0, 10.
biflora, 11.
/,/.-< ciiinii, 11.
Icptnrarpa. 10.
Lindheimeri, 11.
ora/ii, 1 1.
pcrfoliata, 11.
Speedwell, 286.
Sphacelc, 344, 365.
calycina, 365.
Spliciiiiclra, 9, 10.
I'uiit/iifiiim, 10.
Zeyianica, 10.
i.K.K. !.
lia. 11)11, 107.
gentianoides, 108.
I.iiKlhclini'ri. 108.
loganioide?, 108.
M.nilaiKlic.-i, 108.
Tcxana, 108.
S/,, UK/,//, ,::,!<-, If, .'MO.
Si|iia\v-r(M>t, 313.
Stadiys, 347, 385, 462.
a^raria, 386.
i, :;ss.
albens, 380.
annua, 386.
nrvcusis, 386.
uri-i 11 fin, 387.
aspera, 387.
Bigelpvii, 388.
Betonica, 388.
bullata, 387.
Californica, 388.
C'lianiissiuiis, 388.
ciliata, 388.
coccinea, 388.
cuccinea, 388.
cordata, 387.
Drummondii. 386.
Fl.iridana, 387.
J'ceniculum, 376.
qldbra, 387.
Gi-ahami, 386.
hispida, 387.
byssopifolia, 387.
Nuttallii, 387, 388.
palustris, 387, 402.
palustris, 387, 388.
pycnantha, 386.
pycnostachya, 386.
Jiu<h-i-i, 388.
7'i//(/rt, 388.
Rothrpckii, 380.
sylvatica, 387, 388.
wlutina, 462.
STACHYDE.E, 346.
Stachydeoma, 303.
Mud/ i/iii rph eia, 334.
Stachytarpheta, 333, 334.
Jamaicensis, 334.
Stagger-bush, 32.
Standing Cj'press, 145.
Star-flower," 60.
Statice, 54. _
Armeria, 55.
Baliusiensis, 54.
Brasiliensis, 54.
Calif ornica, 54.
Cnroliniana , 54.
Limonium, 54.
STATICE.E, 54.
Stef/nocarptis canescens, 181.
Steironema, 56, 61.
ciliatum, 61.
floridum, 62.
heterophyllum, 62.
lanceolatum, 61.
longifolium, 62.
radicans, 61.
revolutum, 62.
SteenhttiH/in rn, 200.
Stemodia, 247, 279.
durantifolia, 279.
verticillaris, 279.
Slemorliricra, 279.
Stenandrium, 322, 327.
barbatum, 327.
dulce, 327.
trine rre, 327.
Stenhammaria, 200.
maritima, 200.
f!/fiinliib!iim stuns, 319.
N//'/<. .-,:;/(((, 84.
Stick seed, 188.
Storax, 71.
Stramoninm, 239.
Strfptopodium, 348.
,^/i//<iiu/rii. pumila, 88.
X/t/tixiiin aquatica, 217.
evolvutaides, 217, 218.
hu mi strata, 217.
Pickeringii, 218.
STYRACACiE^E, 70.
STYKACE.E, 70.
Styrax, 70, 71.
Americana, 71.
Californica, 72.
ffrandiflorum, 72.
grandifolia, 72.
/cei'fi, 72.
Iceviyata, 72.
iijfficinale, 72.
platanifolia, 72.
pulverulenta, 72.
Summer Savory, 358.
Sutera multijifla, 279.
Sweet-leaf, 70.
Sweet Pepperbush, 45.
Sweet Potato, 211.
Swertia, 111, 124.
corniculata, 127.
deflexa, 127.
diffbrmis, 115, 125.
fastigiata, 125.
MicJiauxictna, 127.
obtusa, 125.
perennis, 124.
pusillu, 124.
rotata, 124.
Symphytum, 179, 206.
asperrimum, 206.
ofticinale, 206.
SYMPLOCINE.E, 70.
Symplocos, 70.
tinctoria, 70.
Svnandra, 346, 384, 462.
grandiflora, 384, 402.
Synthyris, 248, 285.
al'pina, 280.
Hougbtoniana, 286.
pinnatifida, 285.
plantaginea, 286.
reniformis, 285.
rotundifolia, 285.
rotundifolia, 285.
rtibra, 286.
Syringa, 72.
Tfibacum, 241.
Tabermemimtnna Amsonia, 81.
anyustifolia, 81.
Tecoma, 318, 319.
radicans, 319.
stans, 319.
Tessaranthium radiatum, 127.
Tetraclea, 342, 347.
Coulteri, 347.
Tetramerium, 323, 330.
hispjdum, 330.
platystegium, 331.
Teucrium, 342, 349, 459.
Canadense, 349.
Canadense, 349.
Cubense, 34!).
injhitum, 349.
lariniatum, 349.
Iceviqatum, 349.
occi'dentale, 349, 459.
Virginicum, 349.
Thelaia, 46.
(iphylla. 48.
asarifolia, 47.
bi-'tcteosn, 47.
elliptica, 47.
grandiflora, 47.
intermedia, 47.
occidentalis, 47.
spathulat'/, 48.
TlIEOPHKASTE.E, 65.
Therorhodion, 39.
INDEX.
493
Thevetia neriifolia, 79.
Thrift, 54, 55.
Thorn-Apple, 239.
Thymbi-n Cnruliniana, 384.
Thyme, 358.
Thymus, 343.
Carollnianus, 360.
Chamissonis, 359.
Doutjlasii, 359.
yrandiflorus, 360.
I'liiceolatus, 354.
Nepeta, 359.
Serpyllnm, 358.
VirrjinicuK, 354.
Tliyrs mthus, 63.
Tiiiridium, 185.
Indii:unt, 186.
Tiquilia brevij'olia, 182.
Oreymn, 182.
Tiqiiiliopsis, 182.
Toad-Flax, 250.
Tobacco, 241.
Tulmeia occidentalis, 44.
Tomato, 226.
Tonella, 246, 257.
collinsioides, 257.
floribunda, 257.
Tournefortia, 178, 182.
gaaphalodes, 183.
heliotropinides, 18G.
moll is, 183, 421.
Monclovana, 421.
vo'lubilis, 183.
Tournsole, 183.
Trachclospermum, 80, 84.
ilitWme, 85.
Trailing Arbutus, 29.
Trttrorhiza, 120.
Tricardia, 153, 172.
Watson i, 172.
Tricliosphace, 366.
Triehostema, 342, 347, 459.
Arizonicum, 348.
brcichiiitu/n, 348, 349.
dichotomum, 348.
dichotomum, 348.
laiiatum, 348, 459.
lanceolatum, 348.
laxum, 348.
lineare, 348.
micranthum, 348.
oblongum, 348.
ovatuin, 459.
Paiish ii, 459.
pilosum, 348.
Tridynin, 62.
Trientalis, 56, 60.
Americana, 61.
ai-ctica, 61.
Europsea, 61.
Europae'i, 61.
latifolia, 61.
Tripetaleia, 44.
Triphysnrin, 301.
versicnlor, 301, 453.
Trumpet-creeper, 319.
Trumpet-flower, 319.
Tufjiflora Caroline-iisis, 324.
Tullii pycnanthemoides, 355.
Turtle-head, 258.
Utricularia, 314, 455.
bitlora, 315, 455.
bipartita, 315.
bipartlta, 316.
ceratophylla, 315.
clandestina, 315.
cornuta. 317, 455.
tornuta, 456.
ribrosa, 316, 455.
Jibrosa, 316.
fomicnta, 315.
t/eminiscapa, 315.
gibba, 315.
gibbu, 455.
'Greenei, 316.
Integra, 316.
intermedia, 316.
juncea, 456.
longeciliata, 456.
longirostris, 316, 455.
macrorhtza, 315.
minor, 315, 455.
occidentalis, 455.
persunntn, 317, 456.
pumilti, 315, 316.
ptirpurca, 316, 455.
resupinata, 316.
saccata, 310.
setacea, 315, 316.
simplex, 456.
stri'ita, 315, 316.
subulata, 316.
vulgaris, 315.
Unicorn-plant, 321.
fi-inii nit/iii.-i glaucifoliuS) 116.
UrechitfS, 84.
suberecta, 84.
Usteri'i antirrhiniftorct, 254.
I'rii-Ursi, 27.
Uwarowia, 337.
VACCINE.K, 14.
Vaccinium, 15, 20, 396.
a/bitionim, 23.
album, 20, 21, 22.
amoenuin, 23.
anfjuxtij'oliu nt , 22.
arborenm, '20.
brachycerum, 19.
buxifolium, 19.
caBSpitosum, 24.
Canadense, 22.
carnofum, 25.
Chamissonis, 24.
Constaljkei, 23.
corymbosum, 22.
crassifolium, 25.
decnmeroc/irpon, 19.
dijfitsum, 20.
disocarpum, 23.
disomorphum, 22.
dumosum, 19.
elevatum, 21.
j-:ir>t.tu, 22.
elongatum, 23.
erythrocarpon, 25.
formosum, 21.
J'rondosum, 19.
j'ufcutiiin, 22, 23.
gnliformis, 22.
fflaorum, 20.
f/laucum, 19.
(j/mltli ri'nii/i s, 23.
f/riin'li llnrnni, 23.
iiirsutnm, 23.
hirtcllinn, lit.
hispidulum, 2<i.
liumifufitin, 20, 30.
humile, 22.
Kunthianum, 21.
lanceolatum, 25.
ityiistrinum, 21), 22, 33.
inacrocarpon, 26, 396.
Murianum, 23.
membranaceum, 24.
iitui'/'oitiitiini, 20.
multiflorum, 22.
Myrsinites, 21.
iiiyrtifnlium, 25.
myrtilloides, 24.
myrtilloides, 22, 24.
Myrtillus, 24.
nitidum, 21.
obtitsum, 20.
occidentals, 23.
ovalifolium, 24.
(i vat um, 25.
Oxycoccus, 25, 396.
patlidum, 23.
parviflomim, 20.
parvifolium, 24.
Pennsylvanicum, 22.
Pennsylvanicum, 22.
pubescens, 23.
I'limulosum, 22.
resinostim, 20.
salicinum, 23.
salicinum, 22.
stamineum, 21.
A /M ///, 22.
/u/;(i Htiisum, 19.
uliginosnm, 23.
iir.tiiiuin, 20.
varillans, 22.
ci iinstiiin, lit.
virgatmn, 21.
riri/ntiiin, 22.
Vitis-Idsea, 25.
Vallesia, 79, 81.
chiococcoides, 81.
dichotoma, 81.
glabra, 81.
rnrronia bullnta, 180.
globosa, 180.
VERUASCE.K, 245.
Verbascum, 245, 250.
Blattaria, 250.
Clay ton i, 250.
i liiiir/ntum, 250.
Lycnnitis, 250.
virgatuiu, 2-MI.
Verbena, 333, 335, 458.
august ifulia, 33ii.
Ari~<inic<i, 4'i8.
Aubletia, 337.
bipinnatilida, 337.
biserrata, 335.
Bonariensis, 458.
bracli-osa, 336.
ccent/i n, '''>
Cancsrrns 3-'!li.
Caruliitti, 335, :!:!<;.
Caniliiiiana, 3-iU.
f 'iirnliiiiiiii.i. 3.'!."i.
f ',i ri'/im n.*i.<, :;.;.").
ciliata, 337.
<, ;/;./;.;. 330.
hastata, :;::ii.
JiiiiKiii-i nfif. 334.
Lamb: r/i, 337.
Innceolntn, 336.
ladostachys, 336.
494
INDEX.
lii/ustrinti, 338.
Ititoralis, 458.
longiflora, 337.
Lucceana, 335.
nodi flora, 339.
OUetiQ. 337.
officinaliSj 335.
o//icinalis, 337.
paniculata, 336.
pinnatifida, 336.
polystachya, 335.
prismatica, 334.
prostrata, 330.
Rcemeriana, 337.
remota, (337), 458.
riyvns, 336.
ntr/osa, 336.
simplex, 336.
foruria, 335.
spuria, 335.
si/iiar-rosa-, 336.
stricta, 336.
atr/ijosa, 335.
urticfefolia, 335.
renosa, 338.
veronica /'<>/ in, 335.
Wrightii, 337.
xutha, 335.
VERBENACK.E, 332, 458.
VERBEXE.E, 33;!.
Veronica, 248, 2SO.
ayrc.stis, 288.
alpiua, 288.
Americana, 287.
Anagallis, 287.
Anagallis, 287.
npliylla, 287.
arvensis, 288.
Becciibui/t/n. 2S7.
Buxbaumii, 28!).
Caroliniana, 288.
(^hamaedrys, 287.
Cusickii, 288.
fruticulvsa, 287.
grandiflora, 287.
hedersefolia, 289.
intermedia, 287.
iJuponicn, 287.
Kanitchatica, 287.
Marilandica, 288, 289.
nutans, 287.
officinalis, 287.
peregrina, 288.
Piti-slni, 289.
reniformis, 289.
scutellata, 287.
serpvllifolia,. 288.
Sibirica, 287.
Stelleri, 288..
Virginica, 286.
Wormskioldii, 288.
Xalapensis, 288.
Vervain, 335.
Villarsia aquntlca. 128.
cordata, 128.
Crista-galli, 128.
lacunosa. 128.
jntmila, 173.
trachysperma, 128.
Vinca, 80, 82.
minor, 82.
rosea, 82.
Vincetoxicum, 87, 102, 403.
acanthocarpum, 104.
ytinocarpof, 103.
nigrum, 102.
palustre, 102, 403:
sciipariuin, 102, 403.
Viper's Bug-loss, 207.
FJSCMWI terrcstre, 63.
ViricivE, 333.
Viticelln, 53, 155.
Vitis-Idtsa, 24.
Voj'ria Mexicana, 405.
Wfthlenbergia Californica. 13.
Water Ash', 75.
Water Horehouncl, 352.
Waterleaf, 154.
Water Pimpernel, 64.
White Ash, 73.
White Mangrove. 340.
ll'liitltiriti, 164, 410.
fjrnndi flora, 164.
minor, 164.
Wicky, 38.
IVif/andia Californica, 176.
Wild Marjoram, 358.
Winter Cherry, 233.
Wintergreen, 30, 45, 46.
Withaiiia, 232.
Coronppus, 232.
Morisoni, 224, 233, 436.
somnifera, 224, 436.
sordida, 232.
Woundwort, 385.
Wulftnia reniformis, 284.
Xerobotrys, 27.
arg-utns, 28.
cortli/vHiix, 28.
tomentoisit.'!, 28.
venulvsus, 28.
Xylococcus, 28.
bicolor, 29.
Yellow Jessamine, 107.
Zapania, 338.
cuntifoUa, 339.
lanceolata, 339.
nodiflora, 339.
Zenubid, 31.
jlnribunrla', 31.
racemosa, 35.
speciosa, 31.
Ziziphora glabella, 360.
ADDITIONS TO INDEXES.
PART I.
I.cpachys Tagctes, 264.
I'riMianthcs virgata, 433.
Si'ii.'cio I'rigidiis, 389.
Solidago discoidca, 144.
160.
PART II.
Ipomcra commutata, 213.
Krynitzkia affinis, 425.
glomerata, 429.
Phacelia cterulea, 414.
University Press : John Wilson and Son, Cambridge.
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