Anchorite

The anchoritic life became widespread during the early and high Middle Ages.^[9] Examples of the dwellings of anchorites and anchoresses survive, a large number of which are in England. They tended to be a simple cell (also called anchorhold) built against one of the walls of the local village church.^[10]

In Germanic-speaking areas, from at least the tenth century it was customary for the bishop to say the Office of the Dead as the anchorite entered their cell, to signify the anchorite's death to the world and rebirth to a spiritual life of solitary communion with God and the angels. Sometimes, if the anchorite was walled up inside the cell, the bishop would put his seal upon the wall to stamp it with his authority. Some anchorites, however, freely moved between their cells and the adjoining churches.^[11]

Most anchoritic anchorholds were small, perhaps at most 3.7 to 4.6 m (12 to 15 ft) square, with three windows. Viewing the altar, hearing Mass, and receiving the Eucharist were possible through one small, shuttered window in the common wall facing the sanctuary, called a "hagioscope" or "squint". Anchorites provided spiritual advice and counsel to visitors through these windows, gaining a reputation for wisdom.^[12] Another small window allowed access to those who saw to the anchorite's physical needs. A third window, often facing the street but covered with translucent cloth, allowed light into the cell.^[13]: 348

Anchorites committed to a life of uncompromising enclosure. Those who considered leaving possibly believed their souls might be damned for spiritual dereliction.^{[14]: 93 [a]} Some refused to leave their cells even when pirates or looters were pillaging their towns and consequently burned to death when the church was torched.^[15] They ate frugal meals, spending their days both in contemplative prayer and interceding on behalf of others. Their body waste was managed using a chamber pot.^{[16][better source needed]}

Some anchorholds had a few small rooms or attached gardens. Servants tended to the basic needs of anchorites, providing food and water and removing waste. Julian of Norwich, for example, is known to have had several maidservants, among them Sara and Alice. Aelred of Rievaulx wrote an anchorite rule book, c. 1161, for his recluse sister titled De Institutione Inclusarum.^[17] In it, he suggested keeping no housemates other than an older woman, to act as companion and doorkeeper, and a young maid as domestic servant.^[18]

The anchorhold was the physical location wherein the anchorite could embark on a journey toward union with God. It also provided a spiritual and geographic focus for people from the wider society seeking spiritual advice and guidance. Though set apart from the community by stone walls and specific spiritual precepts, the anchorite lay at the very centre of the community. The anchorhold has been called a communal "womb" from which would emerge an idealised sense of a community's reborn potential as Christians and as human subjects.^[7]

An idea of their daily routine can be gleaned from an anchoritic rule. The most widely known today is the early 13th-century text known as Ancrene Wisse.^[19] Another, less widely known, example is the rule known as De Institutione Inclusarum written in the 12th century, around 1160–1162, by Aelred of Rievaulx for his sister.^[20] It is estimated that the daily set devotions detailed in Ancrene Wisse would take some four hours, on top of which anchoresses would listen to services in the church and engage in their own private prayers and devotional reading.^[21]

Richard Rolle, an English hermit and mystic, wrote one of the most influential guide books regarding the life of an anchoress. His book The Form of Living was addressed to a young anchoress named Margaret Kirkby who was responsible for preserving his texts.^[22]: 29 Her connection to the town of Hampole has been commonly associated with Rolle. He is sometimes referred to as 'Richard Rolle of Hampole' despite a lack of conclusive evidence that Rolle was ever in the small village.^[23]

The earliest recorded anchorites lived in the third century AD. Saint Anthony the Anchorite (251–356), also known as "Anthony of the Desert", has a traditional reputation as Christianity's "Father of Monasticism".^[24] Hilarion (Gaza, 291 – Cyprus, 371) was known as the founder of anchoritic life in Palestine.^[25]

The anchoritic life proved popular in England, where women outnumbered men in the ranks of the anchorites, especially in the 13th century.^[21] Written evidence supports the existence of 780 anchorites on 600 sites between 1100 and 1539,^[26] when the Dissolution of the Monasteries ordered by Henry VIII brought anchoritism in England to an end.^[27] However, the lack of a consistent registration system for anchorites suggests there may have been substantially more.^[28] English anchorholds can still be seen at Chester-le-Street in County Durham and at Hartlip in Kent.^[29]

• Bede records that prior to a conference in 602 with Augustine of Canterbury, British churchmen consulted an anchorite about whether to abandon their Celtic Christian traditions for the Roman practices which Augustine was seeking to introduce.^[30]
• Toward the end of the seventh century, Guthlac of Crowland, related to the royal family of Mercia, withdrew from the monastery at Repton to an island in the Lincolnshire Fens where he lived for some 15–20 years.^[21]
• Eve of Wilton (died c.1125) was an English anchoress.^[31]
• Wulfric of Haselbury (died 1154) was enclosed as an anchorite in a cell built against the church in his village of Haselbury Plucknett in Somerset.^[32]
• Christine Carpenter, who submitted a petition in 1329^[33] and was granted permission to become the anchoress of Shere Church,^[34] also known as the Church of St. James, in the Borough of Guildford, received her food and drink through a metal grating on the outside wall. In the interior of the church, a quatrefoil through which she could receive the Eucharist and a hagioscope for her use for prayer and reflection were cut out of the wall. Although she left her cell, in 1332 she applied for—and was granted—permission to be re-enclosed.^[1]
• Katherine of Ledbury, anchorite at Ledbury, Herefordshire, in the early 14th century.
• Margaret Kirkby (possibly 1322^[35] to c. 1391–1394), an anchoress at Hampole, for whom Richard Rolle wrote his vernacular guide The Form of Living.^[21]
• In 1346, an unnamed anchorite scribe translated Latin texts into Welsh, producing what is today known as Book of the Anchorite of Llanddewibrefi.
• Walter Hilton (c. 1340/1345 – 1396) composed the first book of his Scale of Perfection for an unnamed enclosed woman.^[36]
• Julian of Norwich (died after 1416) wrote the mystic text Revelations of Divine Love, which made a permanent contribution to Christian spirituality.^[37][38] Her cell, attached to St Julian's Church, Norwich, was destroyed during the Dissolution, and the church itself was gutted by bombing in the Second World War, but afterwards rebuilt. On the site of the cell is a modern shrine to Julian.^[39]
• Patrick Begley (or Beglin) was an Irish anchorite who lived in a cell at Fore Abbey in the 17th century.^[40]
• Nazarena of Jesus was an American who felt called to become an anchorite and entered the Camaldolese Abbey of Sant'Antimo in Rome in 1945, remaining there until her death in 1990.^[41]

Other anchorites included Calogerus the Anchorite (c. 466 – 561), Cyriacus the Anchorite (448–557) and Suster Bertken (1426–1514).