Cathays Park

The Development of the Civic Centre

Cathays Park has had three very distinct phases of development,^[8] the first phase was built in the Edwardian Baroque style,^[8] which consisted of the University of Wales Registry, Cardiff University main building, Cardiff Crown Court, Glamorgan County Hall, Cardiff City Hall, National Museum Cardiff which was constructed from 1912, but only opened in 1927 due to World War I.^[8] The second phase was built in a more simplified classical design of the Temple of Peace, Cathays Park 1, Cardiff Technical College, now Bute Building.^[8]

The four-storey maximum rule which was imposed by the local authority to ensure that no building in Cathays Park overshadowed the City Hall was removed.^[9] This led to the third phase of building from the 1960s, which although built in Portland stone as with the rest of the buildings in Cathays Park, was in a modernist architectural style.^[9][8] These included the seven-storey Biosciences building, in 1967, the twelve storey Tower building.^[9] Other buildings constructed included the Redwood Building for the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, Cardiff Central police station, Law Building and Cathays Park 2.^[8]

At the start of the first phase in 1897 a competition was held for a complex comprising Law Courts and a Town Hall, with Alfred Waterhouse, architect of the Natural History Museum in London, as judge. The winners were the firm of Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards,^[10] who would later go on to design the Methodist Central Hall in Westminster. These were the first two buildings of the ensemble, and have an almost uniform façade treatment. The east and west pavilions of both façades are identical in design, except for the attic storeys, which are decorated with allegorical sculptural groups. On the Crown Court these are Science and Industry, sculpted by Donald McGill, and Commerce and Industry, by Paul Raphael Montford, while on the City Hall are Music and Poetry by Paul Montford and Unity and Patriotism by Henry Poole. The courts and the town hall were followed by the main building of the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire (now Cardiff University), designed by W. D. Caröe and completed in 1905.^[11]

The third plot on the site facing City Hall lawn went empty until 1910, when the competition for a National Museum of Wales was won by the architects Arnold Dunbar Smith and Cecil Brewer. The design parts from the Edwardian Baroque of the Law Courts and City Hall and is more akin to American Beaux-Arts architecture, particularly in the entrance hall where a similarity to McKim, Mead and White's later Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has been noted. The Museum site was not bounded to the north by an avenue so there were scarcely any limits on the depth of the building; the 1910 plan was almost twice as deep as it was broad.^[12] The First World War, however, ensured that progress on the building was very slow. By 1927 part of the East range, with the lecture theatre funded by William Reardon Smith, was complete.^[13] Further extensions came only in the 1960s and 1990s; these remained faithful to the original design on the exterior (and included sculpture by Dhruva Mistry) but are of a neutral character on the inside.^[14]

The final plots in the north of the park were occupied by government offices and university departments. The foundations for a governmental office block were laid in 1914, but work ceased almost immediately due to World War I. Construction of the Crown Buildings (now Cathays Park 1) was undertaken between 1932-38, initially as a headquarters for the Welsh Board of Health. This was followed in the 1970s by Cathays Park 2, a vast administrative block for the Welsh Office. Although the architect and town planner, John B. Hilling, in his study Black Gold, White City: The History and Architecture of Cardiff Civic Centre published in 2016, acknowledged the architects' efforts to respect Cathays Park 2's surroundings, by use of a symmetrical plan laid out on a clear axis, the building's Brutalist style has been much criticised. Both Hilling and the architectural historian John Newman quote the judgement of the Architects' Journal; "a perversely appropriate symbol of closed inaccessible government" [suggesting] a bureaucracy under siege".^[15][16] Cathays Park 1 and 2 have seen 'Cathays Park' become used as a metonym, firstly for the Welsh Office,^{[17][18][19][20]} and after devolution in 1999, for the Welsh Government's civil servants and ministerial offices.^[21][22]

The last plot on the site was occupied by the University of Wales, which constructed a series of university departments, laboratories and schools on the site from the 1950s to the very early 21st century. The development has been criticised as being too dense, the university's appetite for accommodation outdoing the limitations of the site. Dewi-Prys Thomas, the first professor of architecture at the University of Wales, expressed dismay at, "the injury done to the Civic Centre, with the colossal pile of buildings thrusting up against the main University College."^[23]

Appreciation

In his Glamorgan volume of the Pevsner Buildings of Wales series, Newman described Cathays Park as "the finest civic centre in the British Isles".^[24] Later studies generally concur. Hilling considered the park "an outstanding example of an architectural ensemble which illustrates a significant stage in Welsh history".^[a][26] Professor Ian Morley, historian of the built environment, considered that Cathays was "matchless in terms of quality and meaning, [and helped] Cardiff punch well above its weight in terms of demographic stature".^[27] Revisiting the subject in his 2018 revised The Architecture of Wales: from the first to the twenty-first century, Hilling agreed, contending that Cathays validated, "as much as anything, [Cardiff]'s claim to city status and national capital".^[b][29]

Alexandra Gardens

Named after Alexandra of Denmark, the queen consort of Edward VII. The gardens were first called University Gardens, and were laid out and planted in 1903.^[35] Alexandra Gardens is 5 acres (2.0 ha) garden located at the heart of the civic centre.^[35] It consists of maintained flower beds and grass, with the Welsh National War Memorial standing at its centre.^[35] Alexandra Gardens has been protected since September 2019 as a Centenary Fields, which is a Fields in Trust scheme together with the Royal British Legion, which protects green spaces containing a war memorial that honours the memory of those that lost their lives in World War I.^[38][39]

Gorsedd Gardens

The garden was originally known as Druidical Gardens, but the name Gorsedd Gardens was later adopted. The 2 acres (0.81 ha) garden has as its centrepiece a stone circle constructed in 1899,^[35] when the National Eisteddfod of Wales was held in Cardiff. The stones were originally erected elsewhere in Cathays Park for the National Eisteddfod of 1899.^[35] They were re-erected in the garden in 1905.^[35] The garden's name refers to the Gorsedd of Welsh Bards, the ceremonial order that governs the Eisteddfod. Work on the landscaped gardens began in 1904 and officially opened in July 1910 by the Lord Mayor.^[40][35] It is laid out with lawns, and tree and shrub borders and hedges.^[35] The gardens has statues of subjects including David Lloyd George and Lord Ninian Crichton-Stuart.

The Gorsedd Gardens also contain a "tree of life" planted on World AIDS Day, 1 December 1994, to commemorate "all those who have lost their lives to AIDS in Wales".^[41][42][43] The original plaque was replaced at the 2021 World AIDS Day commemoration event.^[41] The tree is the focus for yearly World AIDS Day commemorations, with people attaching red ribbons to the tree.^[41][44] The tree was also the location of Cardiff's vigil after the murder of Brianna Ghey in February 2022.^[45]

Friary Gardens

Friary Gardens is a 1 acre (0.40 ha) triangular formal garden, which was established as a Dutch garden.^[40][46] One of the strict conditions of the sale of Cathays Park by the 3rd Marquess of Bute was that the trees must be preserved and that no buildings should ever be built on the site of the gardens.^[47] Work began in the autumn of 1904 and was completed by 27 September 1905, when it was handed over to the Parks Committee, although not opened to the public until 1910.^[40][46] For many years the gardens were known as the Dutch Garden.^[46] In 1923 the Parks Committee decided to rename it Priory Gardens. However, this name was historically incorrect and in 1928 the Parks Committee renamed it as the Friary Gardens.^[46]

It contains a statue constructed in honour of the 3rd Marquess of Bute by James Pittendrigh Macgillivray and erected in 1928.^[35] A gardeners' hut in the gardens has been converted to a coffee outlet.^[48] The gardens were originally part of Greyfriars and was sometimes known as a Priory or a Friary as it was a Franciscan friary.^[49] The friary is believed to have been founded by the Grey Friars around 1280.^[49] The Greyfriars were also known as the Friars Minor and the Franciscans.^[49] Greyfriars was demolished by order of Henry VIII in approximately 1540 as part of the dissolution of the monasteries.^[49]

Queen Anne Square, Parc Mackenzie and City Hall Lawns

Queen Anne Square

Parc Mackenzie

City Hall Lawns

Queen Anne Square at the very north end of the park, is a tree-lined grass square with domestic houses which was built in the 1930s and 1950s. It was designed to be aligned with the main thoroughfare of King Edward VII Avenue, on a site that was originally planned for a Welsh Parliament House.^[50] The square is enclosed by a tree-lined no through road, by Corbett Road to the south and by Aberdare Hall to the south east.

Parc Mackenzie, which lies between the University of Wales main block and the National Museum, is the newest area of green space to be created within the park. Opened in 2023, it commemorates Millicent Mackenzie (1863–1942), the first woman professor in Wales.^[51][52] At the Alexandra Gardens end of the Parc Mackenzie plot stands a Grade II listed public convenience.^[53] Long disused and derelict, in 2024 planning permission was granted for its conversion into a cafe.^[54]

The City Hall Lawns have a low pool with a triple spout fountain which faces the City Hall.^[3] The fountains were created to mark the investiture of Prince Charles as Prince of Wales in July 1969.^[55] The lawns are used for temporary events,^[3] such as Cardiff's annual Winter Wonderland and previously as part of the Cardiff Big Weekend.^[56]