HTML video
HTML element From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
HTML video is a subject of the HTML specification as the standard way of playing video via the web. Introduced in HTML5,[1] it is designed to partially replace the object element and the previous de facto standard of using the proprietary Adobe Flash plugin, though early adoption was hampered by lack of agreement as to which video coding formats and audio coding formats should be supported in web browsers. As of 2020, HTML video is the only widely supported video playback technology in modern browsers, with the Flash plugin being phased out.
History of <video> element
The <video> element started being discussed by the WHATWG in October 2006.[2] The <video> element was proposed by Opera Software in February 2007.[3] Opera also released a preview build that was showcased the same day,[4][5] and a manifesto that called for video to become a first-class citizen of the web.[6]
<video> element examples
Summarize
Perspective
The following HTML code fragment will embed a WebM video into a web page.
<video src="movie.webm" poster="movie.jpg" controls>
This is fallback content to display for user agents that do not support the video tag.
</video>
The "controls" attribute enables the browser's own user interface for controlling playback. Alternatively, playback can be controlled with JavaScript, which the web designer can use to create a custom user interface. The optional "poster" attribute specifies an image to show in the video's place before playback is started. Its purpose is to be representative of the video.
Multiple sources
Video format support varies among browsers (see below), so a web page can provide video in multiple formats. For other features, browser sniffing is used sometimes, which may be error-prone: any web developer's knowledge of browsers will inevitably be incomplete or not up-to-date. The browser in question "knows best" what formats it can use. The "video" element supports fallback through specification of multiple sources. Using any number of <source> elements, as shown below, the browser will choose automatically which file to download. Alternatively, the JavaScript canPlayType() function can be used to achieve the same. The "type" attribute specifies the MIME type and possibly a list of codecs, which helps the browser to determine whether it can decode the file without beginning to download it. The MIME type denotes the container format of the file, and the container format defines the interpretation of the codec string.[7]
<video poster="poster.jpg" controls>
<source src="av1.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="av01.0.00M.08, opus"'>
<source src="avc.mp4" type='video/mp4; codecs="avc1.4D401E, mp4a.40.2"'>
<source src="vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9.0, opus"'>
<source src="theora.ogv" type='video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"'>
<p>This is fallback content to display for user agents that do not support the video tag.</p>
</video>
Supported video and audio formats
Summarize
Perspective
The HTML specification does not specify which video and audio formats browsers should support. User agents are free to support any video formats they feel are appropriate, but content authors cannot assume that any video will be accessible by all complying user agents, since user agents have no minimal set of video and audio formats to support.
The HTML5 Working Group considered it desirable to specify at least one video format which all user agents (browsers) should support. The ideal format in this regard would:
- Have good compression, good image quality, and low decode processor use.
- Be royalty-free.
- In addition to software decoders, a hardware video decoder should exist for the format, as many embedded processors do not have the performance to decode video.
Initially, Ogg Theora was the recommended standard video format in HTML5, because it was not affected by any known patents. But on 10 December 2007, the HTML5 specification was updated,[8] replacing the reference to concrete formats:
User agents should support Theora video and Vorbis audio, as well as the Ogg container format.
with a placeholder:[9]
It would be helpful for interoperability if all browsers could support the same codecs. However, there are no known codecs that satisfy all the current players: we need a codec that is known to not require per-unit or per-distributor licensing, that is compatible with the open source development model, that is of sufficient quality as to be usable, and that is not an additional submarine patent risk for large companies. This is an ongoing issue and this section will be updated once more information is available.[10]
The result was a polarisation of HTML video between industry-standard, ISO-defined but patent-encumbered formats, and open formats. The new AV1 format by Alliance for Open Media aims to be both industry standard, royalty-free, and open, and has wide industry support.
Free formats
Although Theora is not affected by known non-free patents, Apple[11] has expressed concern about unknown patents that might affect it, whose owners might be waiting for a corporation with extensive financial resources to use the format before suing.[12][13] Formats like H.264 might also be subject to unknown patents in principle, but they have been deployed much more widely and so it is presumed that any patent-holders would have already made themselves known. Apple has also opposed requiring Ogg format support in the HTML standard (even as a "should" requirement) on the grounds that some devices might support other formats much more easily, and that HTML has historically not required particular formats for anything.[13]
Some web developers criticized the removal of the Ogg formats from the specification.[14] A follow-up discussion also occurred on the W3C questions and answers blog.[15]
Mozilla and Opera support only the open formats of Theora and WebM. Google stated its intention to remove support for H.264 in 2011, specifically for the HTML video tag.[16] Although it has been removed from Chromium, as of January 2021[update] it has yet to be removed from Google Chrome ten years later.[17][18]
MPEG-DASH Support via the Media Source Extensions (MSE)
The adaptive bitrate streaming standard MPEG-DASH can be used in Web browsers via the Media Source Extensions (MSE)[19] and JavaScript-based DASH players. Such players are, e.g., the open-source project dash.js[19] of the DASH Industry Forum, but there are also products such as the HTML5 Video Player of Bitmovin[20] (using HTML with JavaScript, but also a Flash-based DASH players for legacy Web browsers not supporting the MSE).
Google's purchase of On2
Google's acquisition of On2 in 2010 resulted in its acquisition of the VP8 video format. Google has provided a royalty-free license to use VP8.[21] Google also started WebM, which combines the standardized open source VP8 video codec with Vorbis audio in a Matroska based container. The opening of VP8 was welcomed by the Free Software Foundation.[22]
When Google announced in January 2011 that it would end native support of H.264 in Chrome,[23] criticism came from many quarters including Peter Bright of Ars Technica[24] and Microsoft web evangelist Tim Sneath, who compared Google's move to declaring Esperanto the official language of the United States.[25] However, Haavard Moen of Opera Software strongly criticized the Ars Technica article[26] and Google responded to the reaction by clarifying its intent to promote WebM in its products on the basis of openness.[16]
After the launch of WebM, Mozilla and Opera have called for the inclusion of VP8 in HTML.[27]
On 7 March 2013, Google Inc. and MPEG LA, LLC announced agreements covering techniques that "may be essential" to VP8, with Google receiving a license from MPEG LA and 11 patent holders, and MPEG LA ending its efforts to form a VP8 patent pool.[28][29][30][31]
In 2012, VP9 was released by Google as a successor to VP8, also open and royalty free.
At the end of 2017 the new AV1 format developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOMedia) as the evolution of VP9 has reached the feature freeze, and the bitstream freeze is expected for January 2018. Firefox nightly builds already include support for AV1.[32]
Non-free formats
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC is widely used, and has good speed, compression, hardware decoders, and video quality, but is patent-encumbered.[33] Users of H.264 need licenses either from the individual patent holders, or from the MPEG LA, a group of patent holders including Microsoft and Apple, except for some Internet broadcast video uses.[34] H.264 is usually used in the MP4 container format, together with Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) audio. AAC is also covered by patents in itself, so users of MP4 will have to license both H.264 and AAC.
In June 2009, the WHATWG concluded that no existing format was suitable as a specified requirement.[35]
Apple still only supports H.264, but Microsoft now supports VP9 and WebM, and has pledged support for AV1.
Cisco makes a licensed H.264 binary module available for free
On 30 October 2013, Cisco announced that it was making a binary H.264 module available for download. Cisco will pay the costs of patent licensing for those binary modules when downloaded by the using software while it is being installed, making H.264 free to use in that specific case.[36]
In the announcement, Cisco cited its desire of furthering the use of the WebRTC project as the reason, since WebRTC's video chat feature will benefit from having a video format supported in all browsers.[37] The H.264 module will be available on "all popular or feasibly supportable platforms, which can be loaded into any application".[38]
Cisco is also planning to publish source code for those modules under BSD license, but without paying the royalties,[36] so the code will practically be free software only in countries without H.264 software patents, which has already been true about other existing implementations.
Also on 30 October 2013, Mozilla's Brendan Eich announced that Firefox would automatically download Cisco's H.264 module when needed by default. He also noted that the binary module is not a perfect solution, since users do not have full free software rights to "modify, recompile, and redistribute without license agreements or fees". Thus Xiph and Mozilla continue the development of Daala.[38][39]
OpenH264 only supports the baseline profile of H.264, and does not by itself address the need for an AAC decoder. Therefore, it is not considered sufficient for typical MP4 web video, which is typically in the high profile with AAC audio.[40][41][42] However, for use in WebRTC, the omission of AAC was justified in the release announcement: "the standards bodies have aligned on Opus and G.711 as the common audio codecs for WebRTC".[37] There is doubt as to whether a capped global licensing of AAC, like Cisco's for H.264, is feasible after AAC's licensing bureau removed the price cap shortly after the release of OpenH264.[43]
Browser support
Summarize
Perspective
This table shows which video formats are likely to be supported by a given user agent. Most of the browsers listed here use a multimedia framework for decoding and display of video, instead of incorporating such software components. It is not generally possible to tell the set of formats supported by a multimedia framework without querying it, because that depends on the operating system and third party codecs.[44] In these cases, video format support is an attribute of the framework, not the browser (or its layout engine), assuming the browser properly queries its multimedia framework before rejecting unknown video formats. In some cases, the support listed here is not a function of either codecs available within the operating system's underlying media framework, or of codec capabilities built into the browser, but rather could be by a browser add-on that might, for example, bypass the browser's normal HTML parsing of the <video> tag to embed a plug-in based video player.
Note that a video file normally contains both video and audio content, each encoded in its own format. The browser has to support both the video and audio formats. See HTML audio for a table of which audio formats are supported by each browser.
The video format can be specified by MIME type in HTML (see example). MIME types are used for querying multimedia frameworks for supported formats.[45]
Of these browsers, only Firefox and Opera employ libraries for built-in decoding. In practice, Internet Explorer and Safari can also guarantee certain format support, because their manufacturers also make their multimedia frameworks. At the other end of the scale, Konqueror has identical format support to Internet Explorer when run on Windows, and Safari when run on Mac, but the selected support here for Konqueror is the typical for Linux, where Konqueror has most of its users. In general, the format support of browsers is much dictated by conflicting interests of vendors, specifically that Media Foundation and QuickTime support commercial standards, whereas GStreamer and Phonon cannot legally support other than free formats by default on the free operating systems that they are intended for.[46]
| Browser | Operating System | Theora (Ogg) | H.264 (MP4) | HEVC (MP4) | VP8 (WebM) | VP9 (WebM) | AV1 (WebM) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Android browser | Android | "]}">Since 2.3[47] | "]}">Since 3.0[47] | "]}">Since 5.0[47] | "]}">Since 2.3[47] | {{cite web\n|title=Android Core media format and codec support.\n|url=http://developer.android.com/guide/appendix/media-formats.html\n|access-date=18 December 2015\n}}"]}">Since 4.4[47] | Since 10 |
| Chromium | Unix-like and Windows | {{citation |url=https://code.google.com/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=4363 |title=Issue 4363: [HTML5-Video] Enable HTML5 video/audio elements |access-date=10 September 2010}}"]}">Since r18297[48] | {{citation |url=https://groups.google.com/a/chromium.org/forum/#!topic/chromium-dev/44tOScNK9Lc |title=enable proprietary_codecs h.264 |access-date=30 April 2016}}{{citation |url=http://blog.ruofeidu.com/chromium-does-not-support-h-264/ |title=Chromium does not support H.264 |date=9 June 2015 |access-date=30 April 2016}}"]}">Via FFmpeg[49][50] | {{citation |url=https://www.chromium.org/audio-video |title=Audio/Video – The Chromium Projects |access-date=21 March 2016}}"]}">No[51] | {{citation |url=https://codereview.chromium.org/2093007 |title= Code review | contribution= Issue 2093007: Chromium side changes for enabling VP8 and WebM support |access-date=10 September 2010}}"]}">Since r47759[52] | {{cite web|url=https://src.chromium.org/viewvc/chrome?view=rev&revision=172738|title=[chrome] Revision 172738}}"]}">Since r172738[53] | Yes |
| Google Chrome | Unix-like, Android, macOS, and Windows | {{citation |url=https://code.google.com/p/chromium/wiki/ChromiumBrowserVsGoogleChrome |title= Code | contribution = Google Chrome support Theora and Vorbis |date= 20 May 2010}}{{cite web |url=http://www.cnetfrance.fr/news/google-chrome-3-39503164.htm |title=Chrome 3.0 supportera la balise vidéo du HTML 5 |website=CNET France |language=fr |trans-title=Google Chrome 3.0 will support <video> tag}}\n"]}">Since 3.0[54][55] | {{efn|On 11 January 2011 the removal of support for H.264 was announced on Chromium Blog.{{cite web|last=Mike|first=Jazayeri|title=Chromium Blog: HTML Video Code Support in Chrome|url = https://blog.chromium.org/2011/01/html-video-codec-support-in-chrome.html|work=The Chromium Blog|date=11 January 2011 | access-date =22 April 2012}} {{as of|2016|11|7}} neither actual support was removed, nor the change to this plan was announced.}}"]}">Since 3.0[55][a] | Since 107 (hardware decoding; needs hardware decoder)"}},"i":0}},"{{cite web|url=https://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/Google-Chrome-Plays-HEVC-What-Does-it-Mean-155572.aspx|title=Google Chrome Plays HEVC: What Does it Mean? - Streaming Media}}{{cite web|url=https://bitmovin.com/google-adds-hevc-support-chrome/|title=Google Quietly Added HEVC Support in Chrome - Bitmovin}}"]}">Since 105 (software decoding; needs OS-level codecs) Since 107 (hardware decoding; needs hardware decoder) [57][58] |
{{cite web |url=https://blog.chromium.org/2010/05/webm-and-vp8-land-in-chromium.html |title=WebM and VP8 land in Chromium |date=19 May 2010 |first=Jim |last=Bankoski |website=Chromium Blog }}{{citation |url = http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2010/06/dev-channel-update.html |title= Chrome Releases | contribution = Dev Channel Update | date = 3 June 2010 |first= Jason |last= Kersey |access-date = 1 July 2010}}"]}">Since 6.0[59][60] | {{cite web |url=http://webscripts.softpedia.com/blog/Chrome-Adds-Support-for-the-Next-Generation-VP9-Video-Codec-and-Mozilla-s-Opus-Audio-317728.shtml |title=Chrome Adds Support for the Next-Generation VP9 Video Codec and Mozilla's Opus Audio |author=Lucian Parfeni |date=28 December 2012 |website=Softpedia }} Enabled by default in version 29.{{cite web |url=http://webscripts.softpedia.com/blog/Chrome-Now-Supports-Google-Next-Gen-VP9-Video-Codec-by-Default-361550.shtml | title=Chrome Now Supports Google's Next-Gen VP9 Video Codec by Default |author=Lucian Parfeni |date=17 June 2013 |website=Softpedia }}}}"]}">Since 29.0[b] | {{cite web |url=https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/5729898442260480 |title=AV1 Decode |website=Chrome Platform Status |access-date=4 September 2018 }}"]}">Since 70[63] |
| Internet Explorer | Windows | Via OpenCodecs | {{citation |url=http://technologizer.com/2010/03/16/ie9-platform-preview/ |title=Microsoft Previews the Revamped Internet Explorer 9 Platform |first=Harry |last=McCracken |date=16 March 2010 |publisher= Technologizer}}"]}">Since 9.0[64] | {{cite web|url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/News/Online-Video-News/Apple-Supports-H.265-But-So-Far-Only-in-FaceTime-on-an-iPhone-6-100392.aspx|title=Apple Supports H.265, But So Far Only in FaceTime on an iPhone 6 |author=Jan Ozer |date=5 November 2014}}"]}">No[65] | Via OpenCodecs | No | No |
| Windows Phone | No | {{citation |url = http://blogs.windows.com/windows_phone/b/wpdev/archive/2011/10/13/html5-video-support-in-ie9-mobile.aspx |title = HTML5 Video Support in IE9 Mobile |access-date=11 March 2014 |publisher = Microsoft |date=13 October 2011}}"]}">Since 9.0[66] | No | ||||
| Windows RT | "]}">Since 10.0[66] | ||||||
| Microsoft Edge | Unix-like, macOS and Windows
(Chromium) |
{{cite web|last=Blog|first=Microsoft Edge|date=2020-01-15|title=Upgrading to the new Microsoft Edge|url=https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2020/01/15/upgrading-new-microsoft-edge-79-chromium/|access-date=2021-03-19|website=Microsoft Edge Blog|language=en-US}}{{cite web|title=Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc|url=https://caniuse.com/ogv|access-date=2021-03-19|website=caniuse.com}}"]}">Since v79[67][68] | {{cite web|title=Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc|url=https://caniuse.com/mpeg4|access-date=2021-03-19|website=caniuse.com}}"]}">Since v79 (only browser to support DRM PlayReady)[67][69] | "]}">No[65] | {{cite web|title=Can I use... Support tables for HTML5, CSS3, etc|url=https://caniuse.com/webm|access-date=2021-03-19|website=caniuse.com}}"]}">Since v79[67][70] | "]}">Since v79[67][70] | "]}">Since v79[67] |
| Windows 10 (Legacy EdgeHTML) | {{cite web |url=https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2017/12/05/introducing-web-media-extension-package-ogg-vorbis-theora-support/ |title=Introducing the Web Media Extension Package with OGG Vorbis and Theora support for Microsoft Edge |date=5 December 2017 |website=Microsoft Edge Dev Blog |publisher=[[Microsoft]] }}"]}">Since 17.0 (with Web Media Extensions)[71][72][73] | {{cite web|url=http://html5test.com/compare/browser/edge-12.html|title=HTML5test – How well does your browser support HTML5?}}"]}">Since 12.0[74] | {{cite web|url=https://wpdev.uservoice.com/forums/257854-microsoft-edge-developer/suggestions/10311075-hevc-support|title=HEVC Support}} No software decoding support was included because \"HEVC is very computationally complex, this will provide a more consistent experience.\"{{cite web|url=https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/insider/forum/insider_apps-insider_wmp/windows-10-hevc-playback-yes-or-no/3c1ab780-a6b2-4b77-ac0f-9faeefd4680d|title=Windows 10 HEVC playback – Yes or No?}}|name=edge_hevc}}"]}">Needs hardware decoder[c] | tag with [https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9N5TDP8VCMHS Web Media Extensions] and [https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9n4d0msmp0pt VP9 Video Extensions]){{cite web | url=http://html5test.com/compare/browser/edge-17.html |title = HTML5test - How well does your browser support HTML5?}}"}},"i":0}}]}">Since 17.0 (supports <video> tag with Web Media Extensions and VP9 Video Extensions)[72] | {{Cite web |url=https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/status/vp9videoplayback/ |title=The status of VP9 Video Playback in Microsoft Edge is Shipped - Microsoft Edge Development |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107125832/https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/platform/status/vp9videoplayback/ |url-status=dead }} Since 17.0 (supports "}},"i":0}}]}">Only enabled by default if hardware decoder present[77]Since 17.0 (supports <video> tag with Web Media Extensions and VP9 Video Extensions)[71][72][73] |
{{cite web |url=https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/121440-add-av1-codec-support-windows-10-a.html |title=Add AV1 Codec Support to Windows 10 – Tutorials |website=Ten Forums }}"]}">Since 18.0 (with AV1 Video Extension)[78] | |
| Windows 10 Mobile | No | {{cite web|url=http://html5test.com/compare/browser/edge.mobile-13.html|title=HTML5test – How well does your browser support HTML5?}}"]}">Since 13.0[79] | {{cite web | url=https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2017/01/31/introducing-webrtc-microsoft-edge/ | title=Introducing WebRTC 1.0 and interoperable real-time communications in Microsoft Edge| date=February 2017}}"}},"i":0}}]}">Since 15.0 (only via MSE)[80] | {{cite web |url=https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2016/04/18/webm-vp9-and-opus-support-in-microsoft-edge |title=WebM, VP9 and Opus Support in Microsoft Edge |work=Microsoft Edge Dev Blog |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |date=18 April 2016}}"}},"i":0}}]}">Since 14.0 (only via MSE)[81] | No | ||
| Konqueror | Unix-like and Windows | Needs OS-level codecs[d] | |||||
| Mozilla Firefox | Windows | {{cite web |url=https://website-archive.mozilla.org/www.mozilla.org/firefox_releasenotes/en-US/firefox/3.5/releasenotes/ |title= Mozilla Firefox 3.5 Release Notes |date=30 June 2009 |publisher=Mozilla }}"]}">Since 3.5[82] | {{citation |url= https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=799315 |title= Bug 799315 – Windows Media Foundation backend for media playback |publisher=Mozilla |access-date=21 December 2012}} Enabled by default beginning in version 21.{{citation |url=https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=837859|title= Bug 837859 – Enable WMF backend|publisher=Mozilla |access-date=5 April 2013}}}}"]}">Since 21.0[e] | {{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Web video codec guide - Media technologies on the web {{!}} MDN |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Guides/Formats/Video_codecs |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=developer.mozilla.org |language=en-US}}"]}">Since Firefox 134 with hardware support or Microsoft Extension[85] | {{cite web |url=https://website-archive.mozilla.org/www.mozilla.org/firefox_releasenotes/en-US/firefox/4.0/releasenotes/ |title= Mozilla Firefox 4.0 Release Notes |date=22 March 2011 |publisher=Mozilla }}"]}">Since 4.0[86] | {{citation |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUzODA |title=[Phoronix] Mozilla Firefox Enables VP9 Video Codec By Default |publisher=Phoronix |access-date=8 December 2013}}{{cite web|url=https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/28.0/releasenotes/|title=Firefox – Notes (28.0)}}"]}">Since 28.0[87][88] | {{cite web | url = https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/65.0/releasenotes/ | title = Firefox 65.0, See All New Features, Updates and Fixes | website = mozilla.org | publisher = [[Mozilla Foundation]] | date = 29 January 2019 }} Since 66.0 (32-bit){{cite web | url = https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/66.0/releasenotes/ | title = Firefox 66.0, See All New Features, Updates and Fixes | website = mozilla.org | publisher = [[Mozilla Foundation]] | date = 19 March 2019 }}"}},"i":0}}]}">Since 65.0 (64-bit)[89] Since 66.0 (32-bit)[90] |
| Linux | {{citation |url= https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=886181 |title= Bug 886181 – Pref on gstreamer backend |publisher=Mozilla |access-date=21 September 2013}} Also, depends on the codec on the system.{{citation |url= https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=794282 |title= Bug 794282 – Enable GStreamer in official builds |publisher=Mozilla |access-date=23 June 2013}}}} 43.0 (via [[FFmpeg]]){{citation |url= https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1207429 |title= Bug 1207429 – Enable FFMpeg by default |publisher=Mozilla |access-date=30 October 2015}}"]}">26.0 (via GStreamer)[f] 43.0 (via FFmpeg)[93] |
{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Web video codec guide - Media technologies on the web {{!}} MDN |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Guides/Formats/Video_codecs |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=developer.mozilla.org |language=en-US}}"]}">Since 137 with hardware support or FFmpeg[94] | Since 67.0[citation needed] | ||||
| Android | {{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/11/mozilla-ships-firefox-with-h-264-support-on-android/|title=Mozilla ships Firefox with H.264 support on Android|newspaper=Ars Technica |date=30 November 2012}}"]}">Since 17.0[95] | "]}">Since 137 with hardware support |
{{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Web video codec guide - Media technologies on the web {{!}} MDN |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Guides/Formats/Video_codecs |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=developer.mozilla.org |language=en-US}}"]}">Since 113.0[96] | ||||
| macOS | {{citation |url= https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1070703 |title= Bug 1070703 – Add mp4 support in 10.6 and 10.7 on Aurora |publisher=Mozilla |access-date=2 October 2014}}"]}">Since 34.0[97] | {{Cite web |date=2025-03-04 |title=Web video codec guide - Media technologies on the web {{!}} MDN |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Guides/Formats/Video_codecs |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=developer.mozilla.org |language=en-US}}"]}">Since 136 with hardware or software support[98] | "]}">Since 66.0[90] | ||||
| Opera Mobile | Android, iOS, Symbian, and Windows Mobile | Since 13.0 | Since 11.50 | {{cite web|url=http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/Editorial/Featured-Articles/The-Case-for-VP9-100833.aspx|title=The Case for VP9 – Streaming Media Magazine|first=Jan|last=Ozer|date=26 November 2014}}"]}">No[99] | Since 15.0 | Since 16.0 | "]}">since 57.0[63] |
| Opera | macOS, Windows | {{citation |url=http://my.opera.com/core/blog/2009/12/31/re-introducing-video |title=(re-)Introducing <video> | format = official blog | work = Core developers |first=Philip |last=Jägenstedt |publisher=Opera |date=31 December 2009 | access-date =6 February 2010}}"]}">Since 10.50[100] | {{cite web|url=http://blogs.opera.com/desktop/changelog-24/|title=Changelog for 24 – Opera Desktop}}"]}">Since 24.0[101] | {{citation |url=http://labs.opera.com/news/2010/05/19/ |title=Welcome, WebM <video>! |first=Håkon Wium |last=Lie |date=19 May 2010 |publisher=Opera |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321150357/http://labs.opera.com/news/2010/05/19/ |archive-date=21 March 2011 }}{{citation |url= http://dev.opera.com/articles/view/opera-supports-webm-video/ |title=Opera supports the WebM video format |date=19 May 2010 |first=Chris |last=Mills |publisher= Opera}}"]}">Since 10.60[102][103] | Yes | "]}">since 57.0[63] | |
| Linux | [https://forums.opera.com/topic/30578/ffmpeg-installation-instructions/3 FFMPEG installation instructions] on orums.opera.com}}"]}">Needs codec library[g] | ||||||
| Safari | iOS | No | {{cite web |url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Supported_media_formats |title=Media formats supported by the HTML audio and video elements |website=Mozilla Developer Network |publisher=Mozilla }}"]}">Since 3.1[105] | {{cite web|url=https://bitmovin.com/wwdc17-hevc-hls-apple-just-announced-feature-support-box/|title=WWDC17 – HEVC with HLS – Apple just announced a feature that we support out of the box |author=Martin Smole |date=6 June 2017 |website=Bitmovin }}"]}">Since 11[106] | {{cite web | url=https://webkit.org/blog/15063/webkit-features-in-safari-17-4/ | title = WebKit Features in Safari 17.4 {{pipe}} WebKit | date = 5 March 2024}} Since 12.1 (only via [[WebRTC]]){{cite web | url=https://developer.apple.com/documentation/safari_release_notes/safari_12_1_release_notes |title = Safari 12.1 Release Notes {{pipe}} Apple Developer Documentation}}"}},"i":0}}]}">Since 17.4 (fully supported)[107] Since 12.1 (only via WebRTC)[108] |
Since 14 (only via [[WebRTC]]){{cite web | url=https://webkit.org/blog/10929/release-notes-for-safari-technology-preview-110/\" | title=Release Notes for Safari Technology Preview 110 | date=16 July 2020 }}"}},"i":0}}]}">Since 17.4 (fully supported)[107] Since 14 (only via WebRTC)[109] |
{{cite web | url=https://webkit.org/blog/14445/webkit-features-in-safari-17-0/ | title = WebKit Features in Safari 17.0 | date = 18 September 2023}}"}},"i":0}},"{{efn|The [[iPhone 15 Pro]], [[iPhone 15 Pro Max]], and any [[Mac (computer)|Mac]] with an [[Apple M3]] SoC support [[AV1]] hardware decoding.}}"]}">Since 17.0 (needs hardware decoder; needs MP4 container[citation needed])[110][h] |
| macOS | Via Xiph QuickTime Components (macOS 10.11 and earlier) | {{cite web | url=https://webkit.org/blog/11648/new-webkit-features-in-safari-14-1/ | title = Safari New WebKit Features in Safari 14.1 | date =29 April 2021 }}"}},"i":0}}]}">Since 14.1[111] | "}},"i":0}}]}">Since 14.1[111] | ||||
| GNOME Web | Linux and BSD | {{citation |url=http://mail.gnome.org/archives/epiphany-list/2008-April/msg00000.html |format = announcement | title = The Future of Epiphany |first=Christian |last=Persch |work=epiphany mailing list-list |date=1 April 2008 }} The support for Ogg Theora, WebM and h.264 formats is included with base, good, and bad plugins respectively.{{citation |url=http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/plugins.html |title=Overview of available plug-ins |work=[[GStreamer]] |access-date=4 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212183741/http://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/plugins.html |archive-date=12 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}|name=epiphany}}"]}">Needs OS-level codecs[i] | |||||
Values
These indicate the level of support for the given item in each engine. By default, the most recent version of the engine is implied. However, a specific version number can be listed; when this indicates full support, it's the initial version of the engine fully supporting the item.
| Value | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Yes | Fully supported |
| No | Has never been supported |
| Partial | Only some values are supported |
| Incorrect | Not implemented correctly in all cases |
| Experimental | May be incomplete or buggy |
| Nightly build | Currently in development; full support is expected |
| Depends | Only supported for the specified conditions |
| Dropped | No longer supported |
- Notes
- A later version of libffmpeg.so has to be installed.[104]
- The iPhone 15 Pro, iPhone 15 Pro Max, and any Mac with an Apple M3 SoC support AV1 hardware decoding.
Transparent video
Summarize
Perspective
Transparent video, that is video with an alpha channel, has multiple design advantages:[114]
- As it has no burnt-in background color / pattern / motif, you can change the background and/or neighboring objects in a web page any time later without the need to re-generate the video to fit into its surroundings properly, which was the far less flexible technique so far.
- You can very flexibly combine transparent videos with other elements (text, graphics, other videos or dynamically rendered content such as SVG or canvas) to achieve very dynamic layering effects.
- It opens a whole lot of possibilities also in terms of responsive web design.
Web browser support for videos with alpha channel
- Chrome supports VP8 and VP9 encoded videos with an alpha channel served in a WebM container, since version 31 in 2013-07.[115]
- Safari supports HEVC encoded videos with an alpha channel served in a MP4 container,[116] since iOS 13 (2019-09) and macOS Catalina (2019-10).
- There are some other proprietary polyfill / legacy solutions with a JavaScript based video player playing back a video which upon upload to the SaaS server got converted into a proprietary video format.
Earlier solutions
- Before the HTML5 era the only way to play back transparent video was by the help of Adobe Flash Player[117] and using the
transparent[118] flag in its embedding code.
Digital rights management (Encrypted Media Extensions)
HTML has support for digital rights management (DRM, restricting how content can be used) via the Encrypted Media Extensions (EME). The addition of DRM is controversial because it allows restricting users' freedom to use media restricted by DRM, even where fair use gives users the legal right to do so.[119] A main argument in W3C's approval of EME was that the video content would otherwise be delivered in plugins and apps, and not in the web browser.[120]
In 2013 Netflix added support for HTML video using EME, beside their old delivery method using a Silverlight plugin (also with DRM).[121]
Usage
Summarize
Perspective
In 2010, in the wake of Apple iPad launch and after Steve Jobs announced that Apple mobile devices would not support Flash, a number of high-profile sites began to serve H.264 HTML video instead of Adobe Flash for user-agents identifying as iPad.[122] HTML video was not as widespread as Flash videos, though there were rollouts of experimental HTML-based video players from DailyMotion (using Ogg Theora and Vorbis format),[123] YouTube (using the H.264 and WebM formats),[124] and Vimeo (using the H.264 format).[125]
Support for HTML video has been steadily increasing. In June 2013, Netflix added support for HTML video.[126] In January 2015, YouTube switched to using HTML video instead of Flash by default.[127] In December 2015, Facebook switched from Flash to HTML video for all video content.[128]
As of 2016, Flash is still widely installed on desktops, while generally not being supported on mobile devices such as smartphones.[129] The Flash plugin is widely assumed, including by Adobe,[129][130] to be destined to be phased out,[131][132] which will leave HTML video as the only widely supported method to play video on the World Wide Web. Chrome,[133][134] Firefox,[135] Safari,[136] and Edge,[137] have plans to make almost all flash content click to play in 2017. The only major browser which does not have announced plans to deprecate Flash is Internet Explorer.[138] Adobe announced on 25 July 2017 that they would be permanently ending development of Flash in 2020.[139]
See also
References
External links
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