Rade language
Austronesian language spoken in Vietnam From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[2]
Dialects
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.
- Kpă: spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
- Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
- Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo
- Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
- Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
- Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
- Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
- Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
- Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột
Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[5]
A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[6]
Classification
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.
- Area 1
- Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
- Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
- Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
- Area 2
- Mdhur
- Bih
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.
- Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
- Kpă – Adham: 82%
- Kpă – Ktul: 82%
- Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
- Kpă – Blô: 82%
- Kpă – Êpan: 85%
- Kpă – Drao: 81%
- Kpă – Bih: 73%
Vocabulary
- Khoa sang – the most senior in age and authority
- Dega – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)[clarification needed]
- Ih – you
- Ung – husband
- Ñu – her/him
- Diñu – they
- Drei – we
- Khăp – love
- Bi êmut – hate
- idai – younger sibling
- amĭ – mom/mother
- yah – grandma/grandmother
- aê – grandma/grandfather
- Ama – father, dad daddy
- Jhat – ugly, bad
- Siam – pretty
- Siam mniê – beautiful girl
- Jăk – good
- Khăp – love
- Brei – give
- Djŏ – true
- Nao – go
- Kâo – I/me
- anăn – name
- Čar – country
- Čiăng – want/like
- Aê Diê – God
- Blŭ – speak
- Klei blŭ – language
- Bur – rice porridge
- Êmŏng – fat
- Êwang – skinny
- Jŭ – black
- Hriê/hrê – to be from
- Mơ̆ng – from
- Sa, dua, tlâo, pă, êma – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- Năm, kjuh, sa-băn, dua-păn, pluh: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
- Čar Mi/čar amêrik – America
- Čar Kŭr – Cambodia
- Anak – person
- Hriăm – learn
- Roă/ruă – sound of displeasure/pain
- Ƀuôn Ama Y'Thuôt – Buôn Ma Thuột (city)
- Čih – type/write
- Klei Mi – English
- Klei Êđê – Rade/Ede
- loo – A lot
- klei Prăng-xê – French
- mluk-crazy
Phonology
Summarize
Perspective
The spelling is shown in italics.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||
| Stop | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | č /c/ | k /k/ | /ʔ/ |
| aspirated | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | čh /cʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | j /ɟ/ | g /ɡ/ | ||
| implosive | ƀ /ɓ/ | đ /ɗ/ | dj /ʄ/ | |||
| Fricative | s /s/ | h /h/ | ||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | |||
| Rhotic | r /r/ | |||||
- The voiced implosives /ɓ, d, ʄ/ are also described as "preglottalized stops" ([ˀb, ˀd, ˀɟ].[7][a][9]
- According to Đoàn (1993):
- /ɟ/ is as an affricate [d̠͡ʝ].[7][b]
- /t, tʰ/ are dental ([t̪, t̪ʰ]).[10]
- /j/ has slight friction ([j̝]).[10]
- There is an optional schwa between the bilabial plosives /p, b, ɓ/ and /l, r, h/. Thus pra "scaffold" is pronounced [pᵊrä].[11]
- /m/ is weakened before most consonants, except before the liquids /l, r/ where there may be a schwa. Compare mčah "broken" [ᵐcäh] and mla "tusk" [mᵊlä].[12]
- When other consonants is followed by /l, r, h/, there may be a schwa or coarticulation. Compare trah "to fish" [tᵊräh], tlao "to laugh" [tläu̯~t͜läu̯], dlao "to scold" [dläu̯~d͜läu̯], dhan "branch" [dhän~dʱän], jhat "bad" [ˀɟhät̚~ˀɟʱät̚], ghang "to roast" [ɡhäŋ~ɡʱäŋ].[13]
- /w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial [β̞].
- Glottalized final consonant sounds /wʔ, jʔ, jh/ are heard only in final position.[14]
Vowels
- /aː, a/ are central (respectively [ä, ɐ̆]).[15]
Notes
- The author used the term "tiền thanh hầu hóa," which literally translates to "preglottalization." However, he also used "tiền tắc họng hóa," with the IPA glottalization symbol [ˀ] in reference to the allophonic realizations of the plain stops /b, d, ɟ/. The phonetic description of /ɓ, d, ʄ/ includes a lowering of the glottis ("hạ thấp thanh hầu") prior to a stop closure, which is consistent with implosives. The author also listed a velar implosive transcribed with the letter g with a crossbar.
References
Further reading
External links
Wikiwand - on
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.