White Chileans

During colonial times in the eighteenth century, an important flux of emigrants from Spain populated Chile, mostly Basques, who vitalized^{[peacock prose]} the Chilean economy and rose rapidly in the social hierarchy and became the political elite that still dominates the country.^[2]

European migration in the 19th century did not result in a remarkable change in the ethnic composition of Chile, except in the Magallanes Region and the city of Concepción in the Biobío Region.^[3]

Spain and France was the largest source of European immigration to Chile during the 17th and 18th centuries, specially from the deep southern parts of Andalusia and Extremadura, which contributed to the Chilean ethnogenesis with thousands of peasants who migrated to the fertile lands of the Chilean Central Valley alongside the Basque merchants who started to arrive in the 18th century in great numbers.

The largest contingent of people to have arrived in post-independence Chile came from Spain and from the Basque country, a region divided between northern Spain and southern France. Note that this phenomenon occurs not only in Chile, but also in every Autonomous Community of Spain,^[4] as well as in other Latin American countries – one can see that a substantial portion of their populations have one or two surnames of Basque or Navarre origin,^[5][6] Chile's various waves of non-Spanish immigrants include Italians, Irish, French, Arabs, Greeks, Germans, English, Scots, Croats, and Poles.

In 1848 an important and substantial German immigration took place, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community.^[7][8] Sponsored by the Chilean government for the colonization of the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss, Silesians, Alsatians and Austrians), strongly influenced the cultural and racial composition of the southern provinces of Chile. It is difficult to count the number of descendants of Germans in Chile, given the great amount of time since 1848. Because many areas of southern Chile were sparsely populated, the traces of German immigration there are quite noticeable.^{[weasel words]}

Scholarly estimates of the White population in Chile vary dramatically, ranging from 52%^[9] to 64%.^[10] According to a study by the University of Chile about 65% of the Chilean population is Caucasian,^[11] while the 2011 Latinobarómetro survey shows that some 60% of Chileans consider themselves White.^[12]

An estimated 1.6 million (10%) to 3.2 million (20%) Chileans have a surname (one or both) of Basque origin.^[13] The Basques liked Chile because of its great similarity to their native land: similar geography, cool climate, and the presence of fruits, seafood, and wine.^[14]

In many areas of southern Chile were sparsely populated, the traces of German immigration there are quite noticeable. An independent estimate calculates that about 500,000 Chileans could descend from German immigrants.^[15]

Other historically significant immigrant groups included Croats, whose descendants today are estimated at 380,000 persons, or 2.4% of the Chilean population.^[16][17] Some authors claim that close to 4.6% of the Chilean population must have some Croatian ancestry.^[18] Over 700,000 Chileans (4.5% of the Chilean population) may have British (English, Scottish or Welsh) and Irish forebears.^[19] Chileans of Greek descent are estimated to number between 90,000 and 120,000;^[20] most live in or near either Santiago or Antofagasta, and Chile is one of the five countries in the world most populated with descendants of Greeks.^[21] The descendants of Swiss immigrants add 90,000,^[22] and estimates suggest that about 5% of the Chilean population has some French ancestry.^[23] 600,000 Chileans descend from Italian immigrants. Other groups of Europeans exist but are found in smaller numbers, such as the descendants of Austrians^[24] and Dutchmen (estimated at about 50,000).^[25][26]

• 
  Augusto José Pinochet
• 
  Nicolás Massú Fried
• 
  Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza
• 
  Francisco Valdés Muñoz
• 
  Bernardo O'Higgins

• Chileans
• Culture of Chile
• European diaspora
• Arab diaspora
• History of colonialism
• Viceroyalty of Peru
• Colonial caste system