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南

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

南 U+5357, 南
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5357
← 卖
[U+5356] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 単 →
[U+5358]

Translingual

More information Stroke order ...
Stroke order
9 strokes
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Han character

南 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十月廿十 (JBTJ), four-corner 40227, composition ⿱十⿵冂𢆉)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 157, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2750
  • Dae Jaweon: page 357, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 65, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5357

Chinese

More information simp. and trad., 2nd round simp. ...
simp. and trad.
 南
2nd round simp. ⿱十冂
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Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 南, Shang ...
Historical forms of the character 南
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script
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More information Old Chinese ...
Old Chinese
南 *nuːm
楠 *nuːm
腩 *nuːmʔ
湳 *nuːmʔ
揇 *nuːmʔ
萳 *nuːmʔ
罱 *ruːmʔ
喃 *rnuːm
諵 *rnuːm, *rnuːms
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Characters in the same phonetic series (南) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

This character has been explained as a pictogram (象形) of a hanging percussion instrument, originally identical to the left side of 㱿. Under this hypothesis its borrowing for the word “south” is difficult to explain.

Sagart (1988) instead proposes that it is a pictogram of the front of a house. Archaeological evidence confirms that in antiquity, at least in some regions, houses were built to face south.

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-nam (“sky, sun”) (STEDT; Schuessler (2007); Benedict (1972)); the south is traditionally associated with the sun & light, compare 陽 (OC *laŋ, “light, sun-lit south-side of a hill”).

If so, cognate with Tibetan གནམ (gnam, “sky”), ནམ (nam, “night”), Tshangla ngam (“sun, noon, day, sky”), Chepang न्‍याम् (nyam, “sun, sunlight, storm-cloud, weather”).

Alternatively, Sagart (2004) relates this word to Old Chinese *nɨm (revised to *nˤ[ə]m in 2014) "belly, front of the body", further "south" to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nam (“rib(s)”), as one term for one body-part often shifts its meaning to another body-part nearby.

If so, 南 is cognate with 妊 (OC *njɯms, “to carry inside one's belly → to be pregnant”), 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms, “to carry a burden, especially in front of the body”), also 腩 (OC *nuːmʔ, “belly (of an ox)”), Southern Pumi nõ⁵⁵, Burmese နံရိုး (nam-rui:, “side of the body, rib”), and thus is a semantic counterpart to 北 (OC *pɯːɡ, “north”), which is related to 背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs, “back of the body”).

Pronunciation

More information Variety, Location ...
Variety Location 南
Mandarin Beijing /nan³⁵/
Harbin /nan²⁴/
Tianjin /nan⁴⁵/
Jinan /nã⁴²/
Qingdao /nã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /nan⁴²/
Xi'an /nã²⁴/
Xining /nã²⁴/
Yinchuan /nan⁵³/
Lanzhou /lɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /nan⁵¹/
Wuhan /nan²¹³/
Chengdu /nan³¹/
Guiyang /nan²¹/
Kunming /nã̠³¹/
Nanjing /laŋ²⁴/
Hefei /læ̃⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /næ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /nɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /næ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /nø²³/
Suzhou /nø¹³/
Hangzhou /nẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /nø³¹/
Hui Shexian /lɛ⁴⁴/
Tunxi /lɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /lan¹³/
Xiangtan /nan¹²/
Gan Nanchang /lan⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /nam¹¹/
Taoyuan /nɑm¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /nam²¹/
Nanning /nam²¹/
Hong Kong /nam²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lam³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /naŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /naŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /nam⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /nam³¹/
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More information Rime, Character ...
Rime
Character 南
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 泥 (8)
Final (韻) 覃 (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 那含切
Baxter nom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /nʌm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /nəm/
Shao
Rongfen		 /nɒm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /nəm/
Li
Rong		 /nᴀm/
Wang
Li		 /nɒm/
Bernhard
Karlgren		 /năm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 nán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 naam4
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More information Character, Reading # ...
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 南
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 nán
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ nom ›
Old
Chinese		 /*nˁ[ə]m/
English south

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
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More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 南
Reading # 1/1
No. 9355
Phonetic
component		 南
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 南
Old
Chinese		 /*nuːm/
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Note:
  • lam5 - Chaozhou, Raoping;
  • nam5 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang;
  • nang5 - Chenghai.
  • Dialectal data

Definitions

南

  1. south; southern

Coordinate terms

compass points: 方位 (fāngwèi):  [edit]

西北 (xīběi) 北 東北 / 东北 (dōngběi)
西 (xī) Thumb 東 / 东 (dōng)
西南 (xīnán) 南 東南 / 东南 (dōngnán)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (南):
  • → Japanese: 南(なん) (nan)
  • → Okinawan: 南(なん) (nan)
  • → Korean: 남(南) (nam)
  • → Vietnamese: nam (南)

Others:

  • → Japanese: 南(ナン) (nan, “south wind (mahjong tile)”)

Compounds

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Definitions

南

  1. Only used in 南無／南无 (nāmó).

References

Japanese

Korean

Okinawan

Old Japanese

Tày

Vietnamese

Yonaguni

Zhuang

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