您
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
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Han character
您 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 人火心 (OFP), four-corner 27339, composition ⿱你心)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: not present, would follow page 388, character 34
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10712
- Dae Jaweon: page 721, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2301, character 2
- Unihan data for U+60A8
Chinese
Glyph origin
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 你 (“you”) + 心 (“heart”). 心 (MC sim) may also phonetically signify the original -m ending (Yuan et al., 1996).
Etymology
This character was not listed in Sui/Tang rhyme books. First attested in Jin/Yuan-era literature, when it was also written as 恁 and probably pronounced as *nim at the time (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). The pronoun was used both in the singular and the plural.
The pronoun used in Jin/Yuan-era literature is generally thought to be a fusion of 你們／你们 (nǐmen, “you (plural)”) or 你每 (nǐměi, “you (plural)”) (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). Compare 怹 (tān, “he, she (polite)”) ( < 他們／他们 (tāmen, “they”)).
The honorific usage may simply be a development of the plural usage (Norman, 1988); compare English you, French vous. However, others have argued for a different etymology for the honorific pronoun. Wang (1984) and Lü (1985) argue that it is a contraction of 你老 (“you (honorific for seniors)”): /ni lau/ → /nil/ → /nin/. Alternatively, Zhang (2001) suggests that it comes from 仁 (MC nyin), an honorific used in Buddhist texts from the Han dynasty.
In Cantonese and Hakka, this character is simply read as 你; in Teochew, it is read as 汝.
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): ni1
- Eastern Min (BUC): nìng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gnin
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: nín
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄣˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nín
- Wade–Giles: nin2
- Yale: nín
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nin
- Palladius: нинь (ninʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /nin³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: nei5
- Yale: néih
- Cantonese Pinyin: nei5
- Guangdong Romanization: néi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /nei̯¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: nei4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdei²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nìng
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡiŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lín
- Tâi-lô: lín
- Phofsit Daibuun: lien
- IPA (Xiamen): /lin⁵³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: le2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lṳ́
- Sinological IPA (key): /lɯ⁵²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Wu
Definitions
您
- (polite, honorific, sometimes sarcastic) you (usually singular, may be plural)
- (archaic or dialectal) you (plural)
- (archaic) thou; you (singular)
Usage notes
Synonyms
Compounds
See also
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | — | 我 (wǒ) | 我們／我们 (wǒmen) |
| inclusive | 咱們／咱们 (zánmen) | ||
| 2nd person | male/indefinite | 你 (nǐ) | 你們／你们 (nǐmen) |
| female | 妳／你 (nǐ) | 妳們／你们 (nǐmen) | |
| deity | 祢 (nǐ) | 祢們／祢们 (nǐmen) | |
| polite | 您 (nín) | 你們／你们 (nǐmen) 您們／您们 (nínmen) | |
| 3rd person | male/indefinite | 他 (tā) | 他們／他们 (tāmen) |
| female | 她 (tā) | 她們／她们 (tāmen) | |
| deity | 祂 (tā) | 祂們／祂们 (tāmen) | |
| polite | 怹 (tān) | 他們／他们 (tāmen) 怹們／怹们 (tānmen) | |
| animal | 牠／它 (tā) | 牠們／它们 (tāmen) | |
| inanimate | 它 (tā) | 它們／它们 (tāmen) | |
Japanese
Kanji
您
- You
Readings
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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