種
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 种
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Translingual
Han character
種 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+9, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹木竹十土 (HDHJG), four-corner 22914, composition ⿰禾重)
Derived characters
- 𭢸, 𮃲, 𡽯, 𧀑, 𥵾, 㘒
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 856, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 25174
- Dae Jaweon: page 1281, character 33
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2617, character 17
- Unihan data for U+7A2E
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 種 |
|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Small seal script |
 |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 撞 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 幢 | *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs |
| 橦 | *rdoːŋ, *doːŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 噇 | *rdoːŋ |
| 𩪘 | *rdoːŋ |
| 艟 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 憧 | *rdoːŋs, *tʰjoŋ |
| 畽 | *tʰoːnʔ, *tʰuːnʔ |
| 董 | *toːŋʔ |
| 蕫 | *toːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 箽 | *toːŋʔ |
| 懂 | *toːŋʔ |
| 湩 | *toːŋs, *tuːŋʔ, *toŋs |
| 曈 | *tʰoːŋ, *tʰoːŋʔ, *doːŋ |
| 童 | *doːŋ |
| 僮 | *doːŋ |
| 瞳 | *doːŋ |
| 罿 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 犝 | *doːŋ |
| 潼 | *doːŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 穜 | *doːŋ, *doŋ |
| 動 | *doːŋʔ |
| 慟 | *doːŋs |
| 堹 | *toŋs |
| 諥 | *toŋs |
| 蹱 | *tʰoŋ, *tʰoŋs, *tjoŋ |
| 重 | *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs |
| 緟 | *doŋ, *doŋs |
| 蝩 | *doŋ |
| 褈 | *doŋ, *tʰjoŋ |
| 鐘 | *tjoŋ, *tjoŋ |
| 鍾 | *tjoŋ |
| 籦 | *tjoŋ |
| 種 | *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs |
| 腫 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 踵 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 歱 | *tjoŋʔ |
| 喠 | *tjoŋʔ, *tʰjoŋʔ |
| 偅 | *tjoŋs |
| 衝 | *tʰjoŋ |
| 揰 | *tʰjoŋs |
| 尰 | *djoŋʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tjoŋʔ, *tjoŋs): semantic 禾 + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).
Etymology
Perhaps Sino-Tibetan: Chepang [script needed] (tuŋʔ-, “to plant”), दुङ् (duŋ, “shoot; sprout”), दुङ्सा (duŋ-, “to sprout; to grow”). Compare 腫 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “to swell”) and 踵 (OC *tjoŋʔ, “heel”).
Related to Proto-Vietic *k-coːŋʔ (“seed”) (Vietnamese giống (“seed”)), which is likely a loanword from Chinese (Wang, 1948).
Pronunciation 2 (“to sow; to plant”) is the exoactive derivation of pronunciation 1 (“seed”).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chúng
- Eastern Min (BUC): cṳ̄ng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zoeng3 / zyeng3
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5tson
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
- Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
- Wade–Giles: chung3
- Yale: jǔng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
- Palladius: чжун (čžun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җун (žun, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zung2
- Yale: júng
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzung2
- Guangdong Romanization: zung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʊŋ³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: zuung2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɵŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chúng
- Hakka Romanization System: zungˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: zung3
- Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ³¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̄ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡syŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zoeng3
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: cê̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sœŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zyeng3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡syøŋ³³²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- chéng - vernacular;
- chióng - literary.
- Middle Chinese: tsyowngX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*k.toŋʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*tjoŋʔ/
Definitions
種
- seed; kernel; cereal
- clan; ethnic group; ethnicity; race
- (taxonomy) species; breed
- kind; sort; type
- Classifier for varieties: kind; sort; type ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
- (colloquial) guts; grit
- a surname, Zhong
Synonyms
- (kind):
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 種, 類 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 種 |
| Malaysia | 種 | |
| Singapore | 種 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 種, 隻 |
| Hong Kong | 種, 隻 | |
| Southern Min | Tainan | 種, 款 |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 種 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 種, 款 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 款 | |
| Zhongshan Min | Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) | 種, 隻 |
| Wu | Shanghai | 種, 樣 |
- (guts):
Compounds
- 下種 / 下种
- 五種 / 五种
- 五種性 / 五种性
- 人種 / 人种 (rénzhǒng)
- 何種 / 何种
- 傳種 / 传种 (chuánzhǒng)
- 優勢種 / 优势种 (yōushìzhǒng)
- 六十種曲 / 六十种曲
- 兵種 / 兵种 (bīngzhǒng)
- 劇種 / 剧种 (jùzhǒng)
- 劣種 / 劣种 (lièzhǒng)
- 動物育種 / 动物育种
- 包種茶 / 包种茶 (bāozhòngchá)
- 原種 / 原种 (yuánzhǒng)
- 原種場 / 原种场 (yuánzhǒngchǎng)
- 同種 / 同种 (tóngzhǒng)
- 各種 / 各种 (gèzhǒng)
- 名種 / 名种
- 品種 / 品种 (pǐnzhǒng)
- 品種改良 / 品种改良
- 孬種 / 孬种 (nāozhǒng)
- 孽種 / 孽种
- 孽障種子 / 孽障种子
- 小業種 / 小业种
- 工種 / 工种 (gōngzhǒng)
- 引種 / 引种
- 役種 / 役种
- 情種 / 情种 (qíngzhǒng)
- 採樹種 / 采树种
- 採種 / 采种 (cǎizhǒng)
- 播種 / 播种
- 撒種 / 撒种 (sǎzhǒng)
- 播種機 / 播种机
- 擰種 / 拧种
- 斷根絕種 / 断根绝种
- 斷種 / 断种
- 書種 / 书种
- 有種 / 有种 (yǒuzhǒng)
- 棕色種 / 棕色种
- 業種 / 业种 (yèzhǒng)
- 浸種 / 浸种 (jìnzhǒng)
- 滅種 / 灭种 (mièzhǒng)
- 火種 / 火种 (huǒzhǒng)
- 物種 / 物种 (wùzhǒng)
- 特種 / 特种 (tèzhǒng)
- 特種作戰 / 特种作战
- 特種兵 / 特种兵 (tèzhǒngbīng)
- 特種工藝 / 特种工艺 (tèzhǒng gōngyì)
- 特種文書 / 特种文书
- 特種考試 / 特种考试
- 特種部隊 / 特种部队 (tèzhǒng bùduì)
- 特種鋼 / 特种钢
- 狗雜種 / 狗杂种 (gǒuzázhǒng)
- 獨根孤種 / 独根孤种
- 異種 / 异种 (yìzhǒng)
- 白種 / 白种 (báizhǒng)
- 白變種 / 白变种
- 禍種頭 / 祸种头
- 萬種 / 万种
- 萬種風情 / 万种风情
- 稅種 / 税种 (shuìzhǒng)
- 種人 / 种人
- 種仁 / 种仁
- 種切 / 种切
- 種別 / 种别 (zhǒngbié)
- 種名 / 种名
- 種姓 / 种姓 (zhǒngxìng)
- 種子 / 种子
- 種子球員 / 种子球员
- 種子網路 / 种子网路
- 種子隊 / 种子队
- 種性 / 种性
- 種族 / 种族 (zhǒngzú)
- 種族主義 / 种族主义 (zhǒngzúzhǔyì)
- 種族偏見 / 种族偏见
- 種族平等 / 种族平等
- 種族歧視 / 种族歧视 (zhǒngzú qíshì)
- 種族迫害 / 种族迫害
- 種族隔離 / 种族隔离 (zhǒngzú gélí)
- 種源中心 / 种源中心
- 種源論 / 种源论
- 種牛 / 种牛 (zhǒngniú)
- 種畜 / 种畜
- 種皮 / 种皮
- 種種 / 种种 (zhǒngzhǒng)
- 種間雜交 / 种间杂交
- 種類 / 种类 (zhǒnglèi)
- 種麻 / 种麻
- 稻種 / 稻种 (dàozhǒng)
- 純種 / 纯种 (chúnzhǒng)
- 絕種 / 绝种 (juézhǒng)
- 繆種流傳 / 缪种流传
- 育種 / 育种 (yùzhǒng)
- 胼胚種 / 胼胚种
- 良種 / 良种 (liángzhǒng)
- 謬種 / 谬种 (miùzhǒng)
- 讀書種子 / 读书种子
- 變種 / 变种 (biànzhǒng)
- 車種 / 车种 (chēzhǒng)
- 軍種 / 军种 (jūnzhǒng)
- 選種 / 选种
- 配種 / 配种 (pèizhǒng)
- 野種 / 野种 (yězhǒng)
- 鋼種 / 钢种
- 雜種 / 杂种 (zázhǒng)
- 雜種優勢 / 杂种优势
- 鹽水選種 / 盐水选种
- 麟種 / 麟种
- 黑種 / 黑种 (hēizhǒng)
- 龍種 / 龙种
See also
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chung
- Eastern Min (BUC): cé̤ṳng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zoeng4 / zyeng4
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5tson
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: zhòng
- Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jhòng
- Wade–Giles: chung4
- Yale: jùng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jonq
- Palladius: чжун (čžun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zung3
- Yale: jung
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzung3
- Guangdong Romanization: zung3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʊŋ³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: zuung1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɵŋ³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chung
- Hakka Romanization System: zung
- Hagfa Pinyim: zung4
- Sinological IPA: /t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: cé̤ṳng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡søyŋ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zoeng4
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ce̤̍ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sœŋ⁴²/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: zyeng4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡syøŋ⁴²/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
Note:
- chèng - vernacular;
- chiòng - literary.
- Middle Chinese: tsyowngH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*(mə-)toŋʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*tjoŋs/
Definitions
種
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to sow; to strew
- to grow; to plant; to cultivate
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to breed; to bring up
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to foster; to train
- to transplant; to inoculate
Synonyms
- (to cultivate):
Compounds
- 伯雍種玉
- 刀耕火種 / 刀耕火种 (dāogēnghuǒzhòng)
- 套種 / 套种
- 家種 / 家种
- 接種 / 接种
- 搶種 / 抢种
- 栽種 / 栽种 (zāizhòng)
- 火耕水種 / 火耕水种
- 火耕流種 / 火耕流种
- 種因 / 种因
- 種地 / 种地 (zhòngdì)
- 種德 / 种德 (zhòngdé)
- 種植 / 种植 (zhòngzhí)
- 種牛痘 / 种牛痘 (zhòng niúdòu)
- 種玉 / 种玉
- 種瓜得瓜 / 种瓜得瓜 (zhòngguādéguā)
- 種生 / 种生
- 種田 / 种田 (zhòngtián)
- 種痘 / 种痘 (zhòngdòu)
- 種花 / 种花 (zhònghuā)
- 種莊稼 / 种庄稼
- 種豆得豆 / 种豆得豆
- 種麥得麥 / 种麦得麦
- 耕種 / 耕种 (gēngzhòng)
- 芒種 / 芒种 (mángzhòng)
- 藍田種玉 / 蓝田种玉
- 複種 / 复种
- 輪種 / 轮种
- 隴種 / 陇种
Pronunciation 3
- Mandarin
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): toeng2 / tyeng2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: chóng
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄨㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chóng
- Wade–Giles: chʻung2
- Yale: chúng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chorng
- Palladius: чун (čun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: toeng2
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: té̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰœŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: tyeng2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰyøŋ¹³/
- (Putian)
Definitions
種
References
- “種”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “种”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 311.
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