deren
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Basque
Noun
deren
- genitive indefinite of de
Dutch
Etymology
From Middle Dutch dēren, from Old Dutch deren, from Proto-West Germanic *darjan.
Pronunciation
Verb
deren
- (transitive) to harm
Conjugation
| Conjugation of deren (weak) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | deren | |||
| past singular | deerde | |||
| past participle | gedeerd | |||
| infinitive | deren | |||
| gerund | deren n | |||
| present tense | past tense | |||
| 1st person singular | deer | deerde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (jij) | deert, deer2 | deerde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (u) | deert | deerde | ||
| 2nd person sing. (gij) | deert | deerde | ||
| 3rd person singular | deert | deerde | ||
| plural | deren | deerden | ||
| subjunctive sing.1 | dere | deerde | ||
| subjunctive plur.1 | deren | deerden | ||
| imperative sing. | deer | |||
| imperative plur.1 | deert | |||
| participles | derend | gedeerd | ||
| 1) Archaic. 2) In case of inversion. | ||||
Related terms
Galician
Verb
deren
German
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
Pronoun
deren (relative or demonstrative)
- inflection of der:
Usage notes
Among unexercised users of formal standard German, one can frequently read or hear dessen when deren would be correct (or occasionally vice versa), since either of these forms is missing in some vernaculars.
General guidelines for derer vs. deren
- Derer is used:
- 1) When following a noun
- Programme, im Rahmen derer ― Programs, in the framework of which
- 2) When referring to a subject later in the sentence
- Das Schicksal derer, die gelitten haben ― The fate of those who have suffered
- 1) When following a noun
- Deren is used:
- 1) Before a noun
- Kinder, deren Eltern getrennt leben ― Children whose parents live separately
- Programme, in deren Rahmen ― Programs, in the framework of which
- 2) When used as a partitive genitive (such usage is often replaced by von denen or davon)
- Es sind deren viele ― There are many of them
- Zwei Schwestern, deren nur eine von der anderen weiß ― Two sisters, of whom only one knows of the other
- 1) Before a noun
- Otherwise, both derer and deren are used.
- Die Verbrechen, deren / derer sie beschuldigt wurde ― The crimes of which she was accused
- Die Zeitspanne, außerhalb deren / derer ― The time span outside of which
When used in a series of nouns, deren refers back to the noun immediately proceeding it. Consider these sentences:
- Sie haben ihre Freunde und ihren Sohn eingeladen.
- They have invited their friends and their son.
vs.
- Sie haben ihre Freunde und deren Sohn eingeladen.
- They have invited their friends and their (friends') son.
The first sentence relates that the inviting family has a son; thus, they invite friends and that son. In the second sentence, the family invites their friends and a son of the invited family. Compare this behaviour with Ukrainian свій and Ukrainian possessive pronouns:
- Вони запросили своїх друзів і свого сина.
vs.
- Вони запросили своїх друзів і їхнього сина.
Declension
Further reading
- “Demonstrativpronomen: „deren“ oder „derer“?”, in Duden, 2024 August (last accessed), archived from the original on 2021-10-21
- Dr. Bopp (2018) “Zwei Wörter, aufgrund deren/derer manche ins Zweifeln geraten”, in Leo (the blog) (in German), archived from the original on 2020-08-26, retrieved August 2024
Middle Dutch
Etymology
From Old Dutch deren, from Proto-West Germanic *darjan.
Verb
dēren
- to harm, to hurt
- to hurt emotionally
- to damage
Inflection
| infinitive | base form | dēren | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| genitive | dērens | ||||||
| dative | dērene | ||||||
| indicative | subjunctive | ||||||
| present | past | present | past | ||||
| 1st person singular | dēre | — | dēre | — | |||
| 2nd person singular | dēers, dēres | — | dēers, dēres | — | |||
| 3rd person singular | dēert, dēret | — | dēre | — | |||
| 1st person plural | dēren | — | dēren | — | |||
| 2nd person plural | dēert, dēret | — | dēert, dēret | — | |||
| 3rd person plural | dēren | — | dēren | — | |||
| imperative | |||||||
| singular | dēer, dēre | ||||||
| plural | dēert, dēret | ||||||
| present | past | ||||||
| participle | dērende | — | |||||
Alternative forms
Descendants
Further reading
- “deren (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “daren”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page daren
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “deren”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Old Dutch
Etymology
From Proto-West Germanic *darjan.
Verb
deren
- to harm, to hurt
- Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible, early 12th century;
- Unson lichamen maht tu daren, the sielen solen zo genathen uaren.
- You can hurt our bodies, the souls will go to (the state of) grace.
- Rhinelandic Rhyming Bible, early 12th century;
- to damage
Inflection
| infinitive | deren | |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | past |
| 1st person singular | dero, deron | derida |
| 2nd person singular | deris, derist | deridos |
| 3rd person singular | derit | derida |
| 1st person plural | deren | deridun |
| 2nd person plural | derit | deridut |
| 3rd person plural | derent | deridun |
| subjunctive | present | past |
| 1st person singular | dere | deridi |
| 2nd person singular | deres, derest | deridis |
| 3rd person singular | dere | deridi |
| 1st person plural | deren | deridin |
| 2nd person plural | deret | deridit |
| 3rd person plural | deren | deridin |
| imperative | present | |
| singular | deri | |
| plural | derit | |
| participle | present | past |
| derendi | derit, giderit | |
Conjugation of deren (weak class 1)
Descendants
See also
Further reading
- “deren”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012
Sora
Etymology
de + -ren ("forest")
Pronunciation
Noun
deren
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