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per

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: Appendix:Variations of "per"
Languages (35)
Translingual • English
Aragonese • Aromanian • Asturian • Breton • Catalan • Cimbrian • Cornish • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Esperanto • Finnish • German • Hungarian • Ido • Indonesian • Interlingua • Italian • Ladin • Latin • Latvian • Lithuanian • Megleno-Romanian • Middle English • Mòcheno • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Polish • Romani • Sardinian • Swedish • Volapük • Zazaki
Page categories

Translingual

Symbol

per

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-2/B language code for Persian.

English

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Latin per (“through, during”), from Proto-Indo-European *per. Doublet of par.

Preposition

per

  1. For each.
    Admission is £10 per person.
    miles per gallon
    beats per minute
    $2.50 per dozen
  2. To each, in each (used in expressing ratios of units).
    12 inches per foot
    100 centimeters per meter
  3. (medicine) By the, by means of the, via the, through the.
    Introduce the endoscope per nasum.
    The medication is to be administered per os.
  4. In accordance with, as per
    I parked my car at the curb per your request.
    Implement a program that computes the approximate grade level needed to comprehend some text, per the below.
    Note that while the walkthrough illustrates that words may be separated by more than one space, you may assume, per the specifications above, that no sentences will contain more than one space in a row.
Usage notes
  • In senses equivalent to "each", per is typically followed by a singular noun phrase with no determiner.
    Take one pill per day, not *Take one pill per a day.
  • The common exception is its use with plural noun phrases, although these are almost always limited to large round numbers such as 100, 1,000, 10,000...
    The abortion rate in the U.S. has dropped since 1980 from nearly 30 per 1,000 women of childbearing age to less than 20.
  • In medical senses, per is followed by the name of an orifice in Latin rather than English (for example, per os, per rectum, per vaginam); in the postwar era there has been a continual shift toward preferring an English equivalent, especially for patients as audience but also even for fellow professionals (as medical literature audience): by mouth or orally, rectally, vaginally. (More at Wikipedia at plain language.)
Synonyms
Derived terms
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 2

Shortening of person, coined by Marge Piercy in Woman on the Edge of Time (1979)

Pronoun

per (third-person singular, gender-neutral, nominative case, accusative per, possessive adjective pers, possessive noun pers, reflexive perself)

  1. (rare, nonstandard) They (singular). Gender-neutral neologistic third-person singular subject pronoun, coordinate with gendered pronouns he and she.
    • 1997 April 22, Anthony and Joy Hilbert, “ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):
      This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?
  2. (rare, nonstandard) Them (singular) Neologistic gender-neutral third-person singular object pronoun, suggested for use in place of him and her.
    • 1997 April 22, Anthony and Joy Hilbert, “ASB: Info PDQ please re local group rules”, in alt.sex.bondage (Usenet):
      This is the same place the Houghtons came from? The place where someone we interacted with thought of going into law as a profession, decided per couldn't because per was a bdsmer, and most of the USAmerican bdsmers per was discussing it with agreed with per?
    • 1998, Katherine Phelps, “Odysseus, She”, in Storytronics‎:
      "Kalypso!" I call out as phe disappears on the horizon. I did not know it, but I loved per.
    • 2006 November 15, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, page 160:
      Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.
Synonyms
Hyponyms
Derived terms

Adjective

per (not comparable)

  1. (rare, nonstandard) Belonging to per, their (singular). Gender-neutral third-person singular possessive adjective, coordinate with gendered his and her.
    • 2006, Richard Ekins, Dave King, The transgender phenomenon, Sage Publications, →ISBN, →LCCN, LCC HQ77.9.E55 2006, page 160:
      Whereas Christie had flirted with a lesbian identity prior to surgery, following surgery Christie found perself able to pursue per attraction to men, provided they related to per as a non-gendered person.
Synonyms
Hyponyms
Derived terms

See also

Anagrams

Aragonese

Etymology

Inherited from Old Navarro-Aragonese per, from Latin per.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈpe(ɾ)/
  • Rhymes: -e(ɾ)
  • Syllabification: per

Preposition

per

  1. through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs
  2. at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs
  3. during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs
  4. because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken
  5. by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action
  6. for each; for every
  7. a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange

Usage notes

  • In eastern dialects, when the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el sg, els pl or los pl, it is contracted with it to the forms pel sg or pels pl respectively.

Alternative forms

  • por (western dialects)

Further reading

Aragonario

Aromanian

Alternative forms

Etymology 1

From Latin pilus. Compare Romanian păr.

Noun

per m (plural peri)

  1. hair

Etymology 2

From Latin pirus. Compare Romanian păr.

Noun

per m (plural peri)

  1. pear tree

Asturian

Etymology

From Latin per.

Preposition

per

  1. through, out (through somewhere)
    Foron pel camín
    They went through the path
  2. by means of, by way of, by, via
    Mandótelo per corréu lletrónicu
    He/She sent it to you via email
  3. for, during (a period of time)
    Tuvieron per trés díes na montaña
    They were in the mountain for three days
  4. per, each
    Son diez euros per artículu
    It costs ten euros per item

Derived terms

Breton

Etymology 1

From Middle Breton per, from Proto-Brythonic *per, a borrowing from Latin pira, plural of pirum. Cognate with Cornish per, Welsh pêr.

Noun

per f (singulative perenn)

  1. pears
Derived terms
  • gwez-per
  • per-douar
  • pereg
  • perenn
  • perenneg
  • perennek
  • perid
  • sistr per

Etymology 2

From Proto-Celtic *kʷaryos. Compare Cornish per, Welsh pair.

Noun

per m (plural perioù)

  1. cauldron
  • chaoudouron
  • kaoter
  • pothouarn

Catalan

Etymology

Inherited from Old Catalan per, from Latin per, appropriating the senses of Latin prō as well.

Pronunciation

Preposition

per

  1. through, via: used in indicating the medium through which passage occurs
  2. at, during, in: used in indicating the time at which an event occurs
  3. during, for: used in indicating the duration of time for which an event occurs
  4. because, because of: used in indicating the reason an action was undertaken
  5. (when followed by a verbal noun) used in indicating the activity one intends to do because of an action
    El meu germà anirà a Tahití per vacar a la platja.
    My brother will go to Tahiti (in order) to vacation on the beach.
  6. by: used in indicating the agent responsible for an action
  7. for each; for every
  8. a, for, per: used in indicating a rate of exchange

Usage notes

  • When the preposition per is followed by a masculine definite article, el sg or els pl, it is contracted with it to the forms pel sg or pels pl respectively. If el would be elided to the form l’ because it is before a word beginning with a vowel, the elision to per l’ takes precedence over contracting to pel.

Derived terms

Further reading

Cimbrian

Etymology 1

From Middle High German bër, from Old High German bero, from Proto-West Germanic *berō, from Proto-Germanic *berô (“bear”). Cognate with German Bär, English bear.

Noun

per m

  1. (Luserna) bear

References

Etymology 2

From Middle High German ber, from Old High German beri, from Proto-West Germanic *baʀi, from Proto-Germanic *bazją (“berry”). Cognate with German Beere, English berry.

Noun

per n (plural pern)

  1. (Luserna) berry
Derived terms

References

Cornish

Etymology

From Middle Cornish per, from Proto-Brythonic *per, a borrowing from Latin pira, plural of pirum. Cognate with Breton per, Welsh pêr.

Noun

per f (singulative peren)

  1. pears

Derived terms

  • perbren (“pear tree”)

Mutation

More information unmutated, soft ...
Mutation of per
unmutatedsoftaspiratehardmixedmixed after 'th
per ber fer unchanged unchanged unchanged
Close

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Czech

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Noun

per

  1. genitive plural of pero

Etymology 2

Verb

per

  1. second-person singular imperative of prát

Danish

Preposition

per (abbreviated pr.)

  1. For each; for every
    Motoren roterer 1000 gange per minut.
    The engine rotates 1000 times per minute.

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per.

Pronunciation

Preposition

per

  1. for each; for every; per
    De motor draait 1000 toeren per minuut.
    The engine goes 1000 revolutions per minute.
  2. by means of
    Kom je per auto of per spoor?
    Are you coming by car or by rail?

Derived terms

Anagrams

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin per.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /per/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -er
  • Hyphenation: per

Preposition

per

  1. by means of, with
    Li skribis per plumo. ― He wrote with a pen.

See also

Finnish

Etymology

From Latin per.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈper/, [ˈpe̞r]
  • Rhymes: -er
  • Hyphenation(key): per

Preposition

per [with nominative]

  1. per (for each, to each)
    Synonyms: kohden, kohti, (ablative case) -lta
    viisi euroa per metri ― five euros per metre
  2. (business, accounting) per (indicating date, due date, date of maturity, etc.)
    Laskumme 1 000 e per 15.6. ― Our invoice for Eur 1,000 due on 15 June
    Tilin saldo per 31.12. ― Account balance on 31 December

Further reading

German

Pronunciation

Preposition

per [with accusative or dative]

  1. per, via, by, in acccordance with
    per Gesetz ― according to the law

Usage notes

  • per is followed by a noun in either the accusative or dative case. No semantic distinction is made between the cases here. Examples from Duden: per ersten / erstem Januar, "as of the first of January"; per eingeschriebenen / eingeschriebenem Brief, "by registered letter".

References

  • “per” in Duden online
  • “per” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache

Hungarian

Ido

Indonesian

Interlingua

Italian

Ladin

Latin

Latvian

Lithuanian

Megleno-Romanian

Middle English

Mòcheno

Norwegian Bokmål

Norwegian Nynorsk

Polish

Romani

Sardinian

Swedish

Volapük

Zazaki

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