係 - Wikiwand

Japanese	係
Simplified	系
Traditional	係

Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 係, Shang ...

Historical forms of the character 係
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Small seal script s05880 Transcribed ancient scripts L20298 L35898 L35899 L35900 L35901
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

More information Old Chinese ...

	Old Chinese
係	*keːɡs
系	*ɡeːɡs

Characters in the same phonetic series (系) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *keːɡs): semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs).

The simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫. In ancient times, 系, 係, and 繫 were usually interchangeable graphic variants, although in some compounds, only one form is acceptable (e.g. 世系 and 繋辭／繋辞).

Etymology 1

More information trad., simp. ...

trad.		係
simp.		系^*

Pronunciation

More information Rime, Character ...

Rime
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古詣切
Baxter	kejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/kei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛj^H/
Li Rong	/kei^H/
Wang Li	/kiei^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kiei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gai³

More information Character, Reading # ...

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xì
Middle Chinese	‹ kej^H ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁek-s/
English	tie (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	係
Reading #	1/1
No.	13426
Phonetic component	系
Rime group	賜
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	計
Old Chinese	/*keːɡs/

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xì (xi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hai⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): hai⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): he

(Hailu, HRS): he^ˇ

(Meixian, Guangdong): hê⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hē

(Teochew, Peng'im): hi⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵shi; ⁶yi

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xì
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sì
  - Wade–Giles: hsi⁴
  - Yale: syì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shih
  - Palladius: си (si)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: hai⁶
  - Yale: haih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hai⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hei⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐi̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: hai⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hai³²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: he
  - Hakka Romanization System: he
  - Hagfa Pinyim: he⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /he⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: he^ˇ
  - Sinological IPA: /he¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: hê⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /he⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hē
  - Tâi-lô: hē
  - Phofsit Daibuun: he
  - IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /he⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /he²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /he³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /he³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hi⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hĭ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hi³⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵shi; ⁶yi
  - MiniDict: shi^去; yi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²xi; ³hhi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɕi³⁴/, /ɦi²³/

Middle Chinese: kejH

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤek-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*keːɡs/

Definitions

係

to relate; to bear on
to tie; to bind
(formal or Cantonese, Hakka) to be (copula)
其母係北京人。／其母系北京人。 ― Qí mǔ xì Běijīngrén. ― His mother is a native of Beijing.

烏龍茶係茶嘅一種。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
乌龙茶系茶嘅一种。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
wu¹ lung^4-2 caa⁴ hai⁶ caa⁴ ge³ jat¹ zung². [Jyutping]
Oolong tea is a type of tea.
(Cantonese, Hakka) yes (as answer to a question)

Usage notes

(Cantonese) Not to be confused with 喺 (hai2).
(Cantonese, Hakka) 係／系 is used in vernacular contexts, while 是 is used in literary or formal contexts.

Synonyms

More information Variety, Location ...

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		惟, 為, 乃
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		是, 係
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	是
	Taiwan	是
	Malaysia	是
	Singapore	是
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	是
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	是
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	是
Central Plains Mandarin	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	是
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	是
	Wuhan	是
	Guilin	是
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	是
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	是
Cantonese	Guangzhou	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Macau	係
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	係
	Taishan	係
	Yangjiang	係
	Maoming (Xinpo)	係
	Wuchuan (Wuyang)	是
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	係
	Penang (Guangfu)	係
	Singapore (Guangfu)	係
Gan	Nanchang	是
Hakka	Meixian	係
	Xingning	係
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	係
	Huidong (Daling)	係
	Wuhua (Meilin)	係
	Zijin	係
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	係
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	係
	Changting	係
	Wuping	係
	Wuping (Pingyu)	係
	Liancheng	係
	Ninghua	係
	Yudu	係
	Ruijin	係
	Shicheng	係
	Shangyou (Shexi)	係
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	係
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	係
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	係
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	係
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	係
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	係
	Hong Kong	係
	Kuching (Hepo)	係
	Singapore (Dabu)	係
Jin	Taiyuan	是
Northern Min	Jian'ou	是
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	是
Eastern Min	Singapore (Fuqing)	是
Southern Min	Xiamen	是
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	是
	Quanzhou	是
	Zhangzhou	是
	Dongshan	是
	Taipei	是
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	是
	Kaohsiung	是
	Yilan	是
	Changhua (Lukang)	是
	Taichung	是
	Tainan	是
	Hsinchu	是
	Kinmen	是
	Penghu (Magong)	是
	Penang (Hokkien)	是
	Singapore (Hokkien)	是
	Manila (Hokkien)	是
	Datian	是
	Chaozhou	是
	Shantou	是
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	是
	Jieyang	是
	Haifeng	是
	Singapore (Teochew)	是
	Leizhou	是
	Wenchang	是
	Qionghai	是
	Singapore (Hainanese)	是
Puxian Min	Putian	是
Puxian Min	Xianyou	是, 正是
Wu	Shanghai	是
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	是
	Shanghai (Zhoupu, Pudong)	是
	Shanghai (Jiading)	是
	Shanghai (Shuangcaodun, Baoshan)	是
	Shanghai (Luodian, Baoshan)	是
	Shanghai (Chongming)	是
	Suzhou	是
	Suzhou (Wujiang)	是
	Wuxi	是
	Changshu	是
	Kunshan	是
	Taicang	是
	Qidong	是
	Haimen (Sijia)	是
	Jiaxing	是
	Jiashan	是
	Pinghu	是
	Haining (Yanguan)	是
	Tongxiang	是
	Haiyan	是
	Changzhou	是
	Liyang	是
	Changzhou (Jintan)	是
	Yixing	是
	Danyang	是
	Jingjiang	是
	Jiangyin	是
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	是
	Huzhou	是
	Changxing	是
	Anji	是
	Hangzhou	是
	Hangzhou (Yuhang)	是
	Hangzhou (Lin'an)	是
	Hangzhou (Fuyang)	是
	Hangzhou (Xiaoshan)	是
	Tonglu	是
	Tonglu (Wusheng)	是
	Shaoxing	是
	Zhuji	是
	Shengzhou	是
	Xinchang	是
	Ningbo	是
	Ningbo (Zhenhai)	是
	Ningbo (Fenghua)	是
	Yuyao	是
	Cixi	是
	Xiangshan	是
	Ninghai	是
	Zhoushan	是
	Tiantai	是
	Xianju	是
	Sanmen	是
	Wenzhou	是
	Yueqing	是
	Lishui	是
	Longquan	是
	Jinhua	是
	Yiwu	是
Xiang	Changsha	是
Xiang	Shuangfeng	是

Dialectal synonyms of 是 (“to be (+ noun)”) [map]

Compounds

人際關係 / 人际关系 (rénjìguānxì)
係數 / 系数 (xìshù)
係爭 / 系争
係爭物 / 系争物
係獲 / 系获
係累 / 系累
係臂 / 系臂
係踵 / 系踵
係蹄 / 系蹄
係頸 / 系颈
係頸闕庭 / 系颈阙庭
係風捕景 / 系风捕景
兩性關係 / 两性关系 (liǎngxìng guānxì)
公共關係 / 公共关系
利害關係 / 利害关系
初級關係 / 初级关系
勞資關係 / 劳资关系 (láozī guānxi)
因果關係 / 因果关系 (yīnguǒ guānxì)
國際關係 / 国际关系 (guójì guānxì)
外交關係 / 外交关系 (wàijiāo guānxì)
夫妻關係 / 夫妻关系
安全係數 / 安全系数 (ānquán xìshù)
干係 (gānxì)
并列關係 / 并列关系
拉關係 / 拉关系
接關係 / 接关系
擔干係 / 担干系
數字係數 / 数字系数
楊氏係數 / 杨氏系数
水面係數 / 水面系数
沒關係 / 没关系
相關係數 / 相关系数
社會關係 / 社会关系
群眾關係 / 群众关系
膨脹係數 / 膨胀系数
裙帶關係 / 裙带关系 (qúndài guānxì)
親子關係 / 亲子关系
貝他係數 / 贝他系数
連帶關係 / 连带关系
關係 / 关系
關係人 / 关系人
關係企業 / 关系企业 (guānxì qǐyè)
關係命題 / 关系命题
關係戶 / 关系户
關係詞 / 关系词
關係調 / 关系调 (guānxìdiào)
關係運算 / 关系运算
零係數 / 零系数

Descendants

→ Vietnamese: hễ

Etymology 2

More information trad., simp. ...

trad.		係
simp.		系^*

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sī / sǐ

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu, Taichung, Penang)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sī
  - Tâi-lô: sī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: si
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /si³³/
  - IPA (Penang): /si²¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /si²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǐ
  - Tâi-lô: sǐ
  - IPA (Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines): /si³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /si²²/

Definitions

係

(Hokkien) Alternative form of 是 (sī, sǐ, “to be”)
- 2011, 林宗興, “想起昔當時”, in 衝吧！夢想超人英雄, performed by 林宗興:
  
  一切浮華嚨係空虛 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  一切浮华咙系空虚 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  it-chhè hi-hoa lóng sī khang-hi [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 2015, 柯大堡 [KoDaBow], “老厝邊 [Neighborhood]”, performed by 台客電力公司 [TaiKo Electro Company]:
  
  老朋友來逗陣　係歡喜啊的事情 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  老朋友来逗阵　系欢喜啊的事情 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  lāu-pêng-iú lâi tàu-tīn, sī hoaⁿ-hí--ah ê tāi-chì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 2019, 陳以恆 [Yi Heng Chen], “過路人 [Passersby]”, in 但係我袂驚惶 [When I Find My Heart Inside You], performed by 陳以恆 [Yi Heng Chen]:
  
  注定係過路人 [Taiwanese Hokkien, trad.]
  注定系过路人 [Taiwanese Hokkien, simp.]
  chù-tēng sī kòe-lō͘-lâng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
  Destined to be passersby

係

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Definitions

Usage notes

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Definitions

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Pronunciation 1

Noun

Pronunciation 2

Suffix

Descendants

Korean

Hanja

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

References

Wikiwand - on

Kanji in this term
係
かかり Grade: 3
kun'yomi

Kanji in this term
係
かかり > がかり Grade: 3
kun'yomi