沙
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
Han character
沙 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 水火竹 (EFH), four-corner 39120, composition ⿰氵少)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 611, character 21
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17212
- Dae Jaweon: page 1005, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1562, character 9
- Unihan data for U+6C99
Chinese
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 沙 | |
|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
 |
 |
Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 水 (“water”) + 少 (“to lack; to be short of”).
Etymology 1
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s(r)aj (“earth, sand”). Compare Tibetan ས (sa, “sand”) and Burmese သဲ (sai:, “sand”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): sa1
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): sǎ
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): shà
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): са (sa, I)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): saa1
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): saa1
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): sa1
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): saa1
- Gan (Wiktionary): sa1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): sa1
- Northern Min (KCR): suói / sá
- Eastern Min (BUC): săi / să
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sua1 / sa1
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): saa1
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1so
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sa1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: shā
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sha
- Wade–Giles: sha1
- Yale: shā
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
- Palladius: ша (ša)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂä⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: sa1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: sa
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa⁵⁵/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: sǎ
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa²¹/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: shà
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): sha1
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂa³¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: са (sa, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: saa1
- Yale: sā
- Cantonese Pinyin: saa1
- Guangdong Romanization: sa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /saː⁵⁵/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: saa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa²¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: sa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: sa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sâ
- Hakka Romanization System: saˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: sa1
- Sinological IPA: /sa²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: saˋ
- Sinological IPA: /sa⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- (Changting)
- Changting Pinyin: sa1
- Sinological IPA: /sa³³/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: sa1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /sa¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: suói / sá
- Sinological IPA (key): /suɛ⁵⁴/, /sa⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
Note:
- suói - vernacular;
- sá - literary.
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: săi / să
- Sinological IPA (key): /sai⁵⁵/, /sa⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- săi - vernacular;
- să - literary.
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sua1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sua
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬua⁵³³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: sa1
- Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sa
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɬa⁵³³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- sua1 - vernacular;
- sa1 - literary.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se
- Tâi-lô: se
- Phofsit Daibuun: sef
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /se⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sa
- Tâi-lô: sa
- Phofsit Daibuun: saf
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sa⁴⁴/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /sa³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: see
- Tâi-lô: see
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /sɛ⁴⁴/
- soa, se - vernacular;
- sa/see - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sua1 / sa1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sua / sa
- Sinological IPA (key): /sua³³/, /sa³³/
- (Teochew)
- sua1 - vernacular;
- sa1 - literary.
- sua1 - vernacular;
- sa1 - literary.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: saa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa⁵³/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: sa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sa̠³³/
- (Changsha)
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: srae, sraeH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*sˤraj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sraːl/, /*sraːls/
Definitions
沙
- sand (Classifier: 粒 c mn)
- (usually used in place names) shoal
- something granular
- 豆沙 ― dòushā ― red bean paste
- mushy and rough (as sand), texture of a watermelon of good quality.
- (of a voice) hoarse; husky
- (obsolete) the number 10−8
- Short for 沙皇 (shāhuáng).
- 沙俄 ― Shā'é ― Russian Empire
- (Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 沙巴 (Shābā, “Sabah”).
- (Mainland China) Short for 沙特阿拉伯 (Shātè Ālābó, “Saudi Arabia”).
- (Hong Kong) Short for 沙田 (shātián, “Sha Tin”).
- a surname
Synonyms
- (sand):
Compounds
- 一片散沙
- 一盤散沙 / 一盘散沙 (yīpánsǎnshā)
- 三沙 (Sānshā)
- 中沙 (Zhōngshā, “Zhongsha”)
- 中沙群島 / 中沙群岛 (Zhōngshā Qúndǎo)
- 丹沙 (dānshā)
- 乾村沙 / 干村沙
- 佉沙
- 勢沙 / 势沙
- 南沙群島 / 南沙群岛 (Nánshā Qúndǎo)
- 博浪沙
- 叻沙 (lèshā)
- 吐沙拉 (Tǔshālā)
- 吾合沙魯 / 吾合沙鲁 (Wúhéshālǔ)
- 吳沙 / 吴沙 (Wúshā)
- 含沙射影 (hánshāshèyǐng)
- 含沙量
- 命染黃沙 / 命染黄沙
- 唱籌量沙 / 唱筹量沙
- 喇沙 (lǎshā)
- 固沙林 (gùshālín)
- 團沙群島 / 团沙群岛 (Tuánshā Qúndǎo)
- 塗沙 / 涂沙
- 塵沙 / 尘沙
- 奓沙
- 尖沙咀 (Jiānshāzuǐ)
- 巫沙布提俑
- 巴爾沙 / 巴尔沙
- 平沙落雁
- 弄鬼搏沙
- 恆河沙數 / 恒河沙数 (hénghéshāshù)
- 愛沙尼亞 / 爱沙尼亚 (Àishāníyà)
- 懷沙 / 怀沙
- 扒沙
- 打破沙鍋 / 打破沙锅
- 折戟沉沙 (zhéjǐchénshā)
- 披沙揀金 / 披沙拣金
- 披沙簡金 / 披沙简金
- 排沙簡金 / 排沙简金
- 掿沙
- 摶沙 / 抟沙
- 摶沙作飯 / 抟沙作饭
- 摶沙嚼蠟 / 抟沙嚼蜡
- 攔沙壩 / 拦沙坝
- 散沙 (sǎnshā)
- 既不沙
- 曾母暗沙 (Zēngmǔ Ànshā)
- 村沙
- 村沙樣勢 / 村沙样势
- 板沙 (bǎnshā)
- 杷沙
- 東沙 / 东沙 (Dōngshā)
- 東沙群島 / 东沙群岛 (Dōngshā Qúndǎo)
- 查沙
- 毘婆沙部 / 毗婆沙部
- 沙丁魚 / 沙丁鱼 (shādīngyú)
- 沙三
- 沙丘 (shāqiū)
- 沙俄 (Shā'é)
- 沙克疫苗
- 沙其馬 / 沙其马
- 沙勞越 / 沙劳越
- 沙包 (shābāo)
- 沙化 (shāhuà)
- 沙參 / 沙参 (shāshēn)
- 沙口 (Shākǒu)
- 沙啞 / 沙哑 (shāyǎ)
- 沙嗲
- 沙嘴 (shāzuǐ)
- 沙噀
- 沙土 (shātǔ)
- 沙地 (shādì)
- 沙坑
- 沙坪 (Shāpíng)
- 沙基慘案 / 沙基惨案 (Shājī Cǎn'àn)
- 沙場 / 沙场 (shāchǎng)
- 沙塵 / 沙尘 (shāchén)
- 沙壪河 / 沙塆河 (Shāwānhé)
- 沙士 (shāshì)
- 沙壺 / 沙壶
- 沙子 (shāzi)
- 沙岸
- 沙崙 / 沙仑 (Shālún)
- 沙州 (Shāzhōu)
- 沙市 (Shāshì)
- 沙彌 / 沙弥 (shāmí)
- 沙微 (sa-bui) (Min Nan)
- 沙悟淨 / 沙悟净 (Shā Wùjìng)
- 沙手
- 沙拉 (shālā)
- 沙拉油 (shālāyóu)
- 沙文主義 / 沙文主义 (shāwén zhǔyì)
- 沙暴 (shābào)
- 沙柱
- 沙梨 (shālí)
- 沙棠
- 沙棗 / 沙枣 (shāzǎo)
- 沙欖 / 沙榄 (Cantonese)
- 沙殼子 / 沙壳子
- 沙水
- 沙沙 (shāshā)
- 沙汰 (shātài)
- 沙河 (Shāhé)
- 沙河口 (Shāhékǒu)
- 沙洋 (Shāyáng)
- 沙洲 (shāzhōu)
- 沙淺兒 / 沙浅儿
- 沙湖 (Shāhú)
- 沙溪 (Shāxī)
- 沙漠 (shāmò)
- 沙漏 (shālòu)
- 沙漠之舟 (shāmò zhī zhōu)
- 沙漠氣候 / 沙漠气候
- 沙灘 / 沙滩 (shātān)
- 沙牆 / 沙墙
- 沙狐 (shāhú)
- 沙獾 (shāhuān)
- 沙琪瑪 / 沙琪玛 (shāqímǎ)
- 沙瓤兒 / 沙瓤儿 (shārángr)
- 沙田 (shātián)
- 沙發 / 沙发 (shāfā)
- 沙發床 / 沙发床 (shāfāchuáng)
- 沙皇 (shāhuáng)
- 沙盤 / 沙盘 (shāpán)
- 沙盤推演 / 沙盘推演 (shāpán tuīyǎn)
- 沙礫 / 沙砾 (shālì)
- 沙窩 / 沙窝 (Shāwō)
- 沙肝兒 / 沙肝儿 (shāgānr)
- 沙船
- 沙荒
- 沙茶 (shāchá)
- 沙蕩 / 沙荡 (Shādàng)
- 沙蠶 / 沙蚕 (shācán)
- 沙袋 (shādài)
- 沙裡淘金 / 沙里淘金
- 沙賓疫苗 / 沙宾疫苗
- 沙道溝 / 沙道沟 (Shādàogōu)
- 沙道觀 / 沙道观 (Shādàoguàn)
- 沙金 (shājīn)
- 沙錢 / 沙钱
- 沙鍋 / 沙锅 (shāguō)
- 沙鎮溪 / 沙镇溪 (Shāzhènxī)
- 沙門 / 沙门 (shāmén)
- 沙陀 (Shātuó)
- 沙隆
- 沙雅 (Shāyǎ)
- 沙雕 (shādiāo)
- 沙雞 / 沙鸡 (shājī)
- 沙魚 / 沙鱼 (shāyú)
- 沙鰍 / 沙鳅 (shāqiū)
- 沙鷗 / 沙鸥 (shā'ōu)
- 沙鹿 (Shālù)
- 沙龍 / 沙龙 (shālóng)
- 泥沙 (níshā)
- 泥沙俱下
- 流沙 (liúshā)
- 流沙墜簡 / 流沙坠简
- 浪淘沙
- 海金沙 (hǎijīnshā)
- 淘沙
- 滅火沙 / 灭火沙
- 漂沙
- 炊沙成飯 / 炊沙成饭
- 炊沙鏤冰 / 炊沙镂冰
- 焦沙爛石 / 焦沙烂石
- 蒸沙成飯 / 蒸沙成饭
- 爬沙
- 猿鶴沙蟲 / 猿鹤沙虫
- 猿鶴蟲沙 / 猿鹤虫沙
- 白沙 (báishā)
- 白沙學派 / 白沙学派
- 白沙洲 (Báishāzhōu)
- 白沙灣 / 白沙湾
- 白沙鄉 / 白沙乡
- 福爾摩沙 / 福尔摩沙 (Fú'ěrmóshā)
- 稗沙門 / 稗沙门
- 紅沙 / 红沙 (Hóngshā)
- 聚沙之年
- 聚沙成塔 (jùshāchéngtǎ)
- 胠沙思水
- 英吉沙 (Yīngjíshā)
- 華沙 / 华沙 (Huáshā)
- 華沙公約 / 华沙公约
- 蟲沙微類 / 虫沙微类
- 蟲沙猿鶴 / 虫沙猿鹤
- 蠶沙 / 蚕沙 (cánshā)
- 西沙群島 / 西沙群岛 (Xīshā Qúndǎo)
- 觰沙
- 豆沙 (dòushā)
- 走石揚沙 / 走石扬沙
- 鄧沙 / 邓沙
- 金夏沙 (Jīnxiàshā)
- 金沙 (jīnshā)
- 金沙江 (Jīnshājiāng)
- 金沙灘 / 金沙滩
- 鐵沙掌 / 铁沙掌
- 長沙 / 长沙 (Chángshā)
- 長沙會戰 / 长沙会战
- 防沙堤
- 防沙林
- 阿沙不魯 / 阿沙不鲁 (a-sa-puh-luh) (Min Nan)
- 韓信囊沙 / 韩信囊沙
- 風沙 / 风沙 (fēngshā)
- 飛沙 / 飞沙
- 飛沙揚礫 / 飞沙扬砾
- 飛沙走石 / 飞沙走石 (fēi shā zǒu shí)
- 飛沙走礫 / 飞沙走砾
- 飛沙陣 / 飞沙阵
- 馬沙溝 / 马沙沟
- 鳴沙 / 鸣沙
- 鳴沙山 / 鸣沙山 (Míngshāshān)
- 麻沙本
- 黃沙蓋面 / 黄沙盖面
- 龍沙 / 龙沙
Descendants
- → Proto-Tai: *zwɯəjᴬ
- Proto-Southwestern Tai: *zaːjᴬ
- Thai: ทราย (saai)
- Proto-Southwestern Tai: *zaːjᴬ
See also
| Chinese historical small numbers | ||
|---|---|---|
| Value | Character | Notes |
| 10-1 | 分 (fèn) | Still in use. SI prefix deci-. |
| 10-2 | 厘 (lí), 釐 (lí) | Still in use. SI prefix centi-. |
| 10-3 | 毫 (háo) | Still in use. SI prefix milli-. Also 毛 (máo). |
| 10-4 | 絲 / 丝 (sī) | Rarely used today. |
| 秒 (miǎo) | Obsolete, only in ancient texts. | |
| 10-5 | 忽 (hū) | Rarely used today. |
| 10-6 | 微 (wēi) | Still in use. SI prefix micro-. |
| 10-7 | 纖 / 纤 (xiān) | Obsolete. |
| 10-8 | 沙 (shā) | Obsolete. |
| 10-9 | 塵 / 尘 (chén) | Obsolete. 納 / 纳 (nà) and 奈 (nài) are used for nano-. |
| 10-10 | 埃 (āi) | Obsolete. In modern use, the character for angstrom (10-10 m). |
| 10-11 | 渺 (miǎo) | Obsolete. |
| 10-12 | 漠 (mò) | Obsolete. 皮 (pí) is used for SI prefix pico-. |
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: shà
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shà
- Wade–Giles: sha4
- Yale: shà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shah
- Palladius: ша (ša)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
沙
- (dialectal) to shake in order to gather impurities to be removed
Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: suō
- Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄛ
- Tongyong Pinyin: suo
- Wade–Giles: so1
- Yale: swō
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suo
- Palladius: со (so)
- Sinological IPA (key): /su̯ɔ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
沙
Compounds
- 沙劘
Etymology 4
| For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see 砂. (This character is the second-round simplified form of 砂). |
Notes:
|
References
- “沙”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
沙
Readings
Etymology 1
| For pronunciation and definitions of 沙 – see the following entry. | ||||||
| ||||||
| (This term, 沙, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 2
Pronunciation
Noun
- one hundred millionth (1 in 100,000,000)
Korean
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 沙 (MC srae|sraeH). Recorded as Middle Korean 사 (sa) (Yale: sa) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
Wikisource 沙 (eumhun 모래 사 (morae sa))
Compounds
References
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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References
- Nom Foundation
- Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
- Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
- Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville
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