Mox is a modern full-featured open source secure mail server for low-maintenance self-hosted email.
For more details, see the mox website, https://www.xmox.nl.
See Quickstart below to get started.
- Quick and easy to start/maintain mail server, for your own domain(s).
- SMTP (with extensions) for receiving, submitting and delivering email.
- IMAP4 (with extensions) for giving email clients access to email.
- Webmail for reading/sending email from the browser.
- SPF/DKIM/DMARC for authenticating messages/delivery, also DMARC aggregate reports.
- Reputation tracking, learning (per user) host-, domain- and sender address-based reputation from (Non-)Junk email classification.
- Bayesian spam filtering that learns (per user) from (Non-)Junk email.
- Slowing down senders with no/low reputation or questionable email content (similar to greylisting). Rejected emails are stored in a mailbox called Rejects for a short period, helping with misclassified legitimate synchronous signup/login/transactional emails.
- Internationalized email (EIA), with unicode in email address usernames ("localparts"), and in domain names (IDNA).
- Automatic TLS with ACME, for use with Let's Encrypt and other CA's.
- DANE and MTA-STS for inbound and outbound delivery over SMTP with STARTTLS, including REQUIRETLS and with incoming/outgoing TLSRPT reporting.
- Web admin interface that helps you set up your domains, accounts and list aliases (instructions to create DNS records, configure SPF/DKIM/DMARC/TLSRPT/MTA-STS), for status information, and modifying the configuration file.
- Account autodiscovery (with SRV records, Microsoft-style, Thunderbird-style, and Apple device management profiles) for easy account setup (though client support is limited).
- Webserver with serving static files and forwarding requests (reverse proxy), so port 443 can also be used to serve websites.
- Simple HTTP/JSON API for sending transaction email and receiving delivery events and incoming messages (webapi and webhooks).
- Prometheus metrics and structured logging for operational insight.
- "mox localserve" subcommand for running mox locally for email-related testing/developing, including pedantic mode.
- Most non-server Go packages mox consists of are written to be reusable.
Mox is available under the MIT-license and was created by Mechiel Lukkien, mechiel@ueber.net. Mox includes BSD-3-claused code from the Go Authors, and the Public Suffix List by Mozilla under Mozilla Public License, v2.0.
Mox has automated tests, including for interoperability with Postfix for SMTP. Mox is manually tested with email clients: Mozilla Thunderbird, mutt, iOS Mail, macOS Mail, Android Mail, Microsoft Outlook. Mox is also manually tested to interoperate with popular cloud providers: gmail.com, outlook.com, yahoo.com, proton.me.
The code is heavily cross-referenced with the RFCs for readability/maintainability.
The easiest way to get started with serving email for your domain is to get a
(virtual) machine dedicated to serving email, name it [host].[domain] (e.g.
mail.example.com). Having a DNSSEC-verifying resolver installed, such as
unbound, is highly recommended. Run as root:
# Create mox user and homedir (or pick another name or homedir):
useradd -m -d /home/mox mox
cd /home/mox
... compile or download mox to this directory, see below ...
# Generate config files for your address/domain:
./mox quickstart you@example.com
The quickstart:
- Creates configuration files mox.conf and domains.conf.
- Adds the domain and an account for the email address to domains.conf
- Generates an admin and account password.
- Prints the DNS records you need to add, for the machine and domain.
- Prints commands to start mox, and optionally install mox as a service.
A machine that doesn't already run a webserver is highly recommended because
modern email requires HTTPS, and mox currently needs to run a webserver for
automatic TLS with ACME. You could combine mox with an existing webserver, but
it requires a lot more configuration. If you want to serve websites on the same
machine, consider using the webserver built into mox. It's pretty good! If you
want to run an existing webserver on port 443/80, see mox help quickstart.
After starting, you can access the admin web interface on internal IPs.
Download a mox binary from https://beta.gobuilds.org/github.com/mjl-/mox@latest/linux-amd64-latest/.
Symlink or rename it to "mox".
The URL above always resolves to the latest release for linux/amd64 built with the latest Go toolchain. See the links at the bottom of that page for binaries for other platforms.
You can easily (cross) compile mox yourself. You need a recent Go toolchain
installed. Run go version, it must be >= 1.23. Download the latest version
from https://go.dev/dl/ or see https://go.dev/doc/manage-install.
To download the source code of the latest release, and compile it to binary "mox":
GOBIN=$PWD CGO_ENABLED=0 go install github.com/mjl-/mox@latest
Mox only compiles for and fully works on unix systems. Mox also compiles for Windows, but "mox serve" does not yet work, though "mox localserve" (for a local test instance) and most other subcommands do. Mox does not compile for Plan 9.
Although not recommended, you can also run mox with docker image
r.xmox.nl/mox, with tags like v0.0.1 and v0.0.1-go1.20.1-alpine3.17.2, see
https://r.xmox.nl/r/mox/. See
https://github.com/mjl-/mox/blob/main/docker-compose.yml to get started.
New docker images aren't (automatically) generated for new Go runtime/compile releases.
It is important to run with docker host networking, so mox can use the public IPs and has correct remote IP information for incoming connections (important for junk filtering and rate-limiting).
See develop.txt for instructions/tips for developing on mox.
Thanks to NLnet foundation, the European Commission's NGI programme, and the Netherlands Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations for financial support:
- 2024/2025, NLnet NGI0 Zero Core, https://nlnet.nl/project/Mox-Automation/
- 2024, NLnet e-Commons Fund, https://nlnet.nl/project/Mox-API/
- 2023/2024, NLnet NGI0 Entrust, https://nlnet.nl/project/Mox/
- "mox setup" command, using admin web interface for interactive setup
- Automate DNS management, for setup and maintenance, such as DANE/DKIM key rotation
- Config options for "transactional email domains", for which mox will only send messages
- Encrypted storage of files (email messages, TLS keys), also with per account keys
- Recognize common deliverability issues and help postmasters solve them
- JMAP, IMAP OBJECTID extension, IMAP JMAPACCESS extension
- Calendaring with CalDAV/iCal
- Introbox, to which first-time senders are delivered
- Add special IMAP mailbox ("Queue?") that contains queued but undelivered messages, updated with IMAP flags/keywords/tags and message headers.
- External addresses in aliases/lists.
- Autoresponder (out of office/vacation)
- Mailing list manager
- IMAP extensions for "online"/non-syncing/webmail clients (SORT (including DISPLAYFROM, DISPLAYTO), THREAD, PARTIAL, CONTEXT=SEARCH CONTEXT=SORT ESORT, FILTERS)
- IMAP ACL support, for account sharing (interacts with many extensions and code)
- Improve support for mobile clients with extensions: IMAP URLAUTH, SMTP CHUNKING and BINARYMIME, IMAP CATENATE
- Privilege separation, isolating parts of the application to more restricted sandbox (e.g. new unauthenticated connections)
- Using mox as backup MX
- Sieve for filtering (for now see Rulesets in the account config)
- ARC, with forwarded email from trusted source
- Milter support, for integration with external tools
- SMTP DSN extension
- IMAP Sieve extension, to run Sieve scripts after message changes (not only new deliveries)
- OAUTH2 support, for single sign on
- Forwarding (to an external address)
There are many smaller improvements to make as well, search for "todo" in the code.
There is currently no plan to implement the following. Though this may change in the future.
- Functioning as an SMTP relay without authentication
- POP3
- Delivery to (unix) OS system users (mbox/Maildir)
- Support for pluggable delivery mechanisms
Mox aims to make "running a mail server" easy and nearly effortless. Excellent quality (open source) mail server software exists, but getting a working setup typically requires you configure half a dozen services (SMTP, IMAP, SPF/DKIM/DMARC, spam filtering), which are often written in C (where small bugs often have large consequences). That seems to lead to people no longer running their own mail servers, instead switching to one of the few centralized email providers. Email with SMTP is a long-time decentralized messaging protocol. To keep it decentralized, people need to run their own mail server. Mox aims to make that easy.
To keep mox as a project maintainable, documentation is integrated into, and generated from the code.
A list of mox commands, and their help output, are at https://www.xmox.nl/commands/.
Mox is configured through configuration files, and each field comes with documentation. See https://www.xmox.nl/config/ for config files containing all fields and their documentation.
You can get the same information by running "mox" without arguments to list its subcommands and usage, and "mox help [subcommand]" for more details.
The example config files are printed by "mox config describe-static" and "mox config describe-dynamic".
If you're missing some documentation, please create an issue describing what is unclear or confusing, and we'll try to improve the documentation.
Mox itself is not affected: it only treats "\r\n.\r\n" as SMTP end-of-message. But read on for caveats.
SMTP smuggling exploits differences in handling by SMTP servers of: carriage returns (CR, or "\r"), newlines (line feeds, LF, "\n") in the context of "dot stuffing". SMTP is a text-based protocol. An SMTP transaction to send a message is finalized with a "\r\n.\r\n" sequence. This sequence could occur in the message being transferred, so any verbatim "." at the start of a line in a message is "escaped" with another dot ("dot stuffing"), to not trigger the SMTP end-of-message. SMTP smuggling takes advantage of bugs in some mail servers that interpret other sequences than "\r\n.\r\n" as SMTP end-of-message. For example "\n.\n" or even "\r.\r", and perhaps even other magic character combinations.
Before v0.0.9, mox accepted SMTP transactions with bare carriage returns (without newline) for compatibility with real-world email messages, considering them meaningless and therefore innocuous.
Since v0.0.9, SMTP transactions with bare carriage returns are rejected. Sending messages with bare carriage returns to buggy mail servers can cause those mail servers to materialize non-existent messages. Now that mox rejects messages with bare carriage returns, sending a message through mox can no longer be used to trigger those bugs.
Mox can still handle bare carriage returns in email messages, e.g. those imported from mbox files or Maildirs, or from messages added over IMAP. Mox still fixes up messages with bare newlines by adding the missing carriage returns.
Before v0.0.9, an SMTP transaction for a message containing "\n.\n" would result in a non-specific error message, and "\r\n.\n" would result in the dot being dropped. Since v0.0.9, these sequences are rejected with a message mentioning SMTP smuggling.
Use the import functionality on the accounts web page to import a zip/tgz with maildirs/mbox files, or use the "mox import maildir" or "mox import mbox" subcommands. You could also use your IMAP email client, add your mox account, and copy or move messages from one account to the other.
Similarly, see the export functionality on the accounts web page and the "mox export maildir" and "mox export mbox" subcommands to export email.
Importing large mailboxes may require a lot of memory (a limitation of the current database). Splitting up mailboxes in smaller parts (e.g. 100k messages) would help.
Mox needs users and testing in real-life setups! So just give it a try, send and receive emails through it with your favourite email clients, and file an issue if you encounter a problem or would like to see a feature/functionality implemented.
Instead of switching email for your domain over to mox, you could simply configure mox for a subdomain, e.g. [you]@moxtest.[yourdomain].
If you have experience with how the email protocols are used in the wild, e.g. compatibility issues, limitations, anti-spam measures, specification violations, that would be interesting to hear about.
Pull requests for bug fixes and new code are welcome too. If the changes are large, it helps to start a discussion (create an "issue") before doing all the work. In practice, starting with a small contribution and growing from there has the highest chance of success.
By contributing (e.g. code), you agree your contributions are licensed under the MIT license (like mox), and have the rights to do so.
Join #mox on irc.oftc.net, or #mox:matrix.org (https://matrix.to/#/#mox:matrix.org), or #mox on the "Gopher slack".
For bug reports, please file an issue at https://github.com/mjl-/mox/issues/new.
Regular users (doing IMAP/SMTP with authentication) can change their password
at the account page, e.g. http://localhost/. Or you can set a password with "mox
setaccountpassword".
The admin can change the password of any account through the admin page, at
http://localhost/admin/ by default (leave username empty when logging in).
The account and admin pages are served on localhost for configs created with
the quickstart. To access these from your browser, run
ssh -L 8080:localhost:80 you@yourmachine locally and open
http://localhost:8080/[...].
The admin password can be changed with "mox setadminpassword".
Unfortunately, mox does not yet provide an option for that. Mox does spam filtering based on reputation of received messages. It will take a good amount of work to share that information with a backup MX. Without that information, spammers could use a backup MX to get their spam accepted.
Until mox has a proper solution, you can simply run a single SMTP server. The author has run a single mail server for over a decade without issues. Machines and network connectivity are stable nowadays, and email delivery will be retried for many hours during temporary errors (e.g. when rebooting a machine after updates).
Please set "CheckUpdates: true" in mox.conf. Mox will check for a new version
through a DNS TXT request for _updates.xmox.nl once per 24h. Only if a new
version is published will the changelog be fetched and delivered to the
postmaster mailbox.
The changelog, including latest update instructions, is at https://updates.xmox.nl/changelog.
You can also monitor newly added releases on this repository with the github "watch" feature, or use the github RSS feed for tags (https://github.com/mjl-/mox/tags.atom) or releases (https://github.com/mjl-/mox/releases.atom), or monitor the docker images.
Keep in mind you have a responsibility to keep the internet-connected software you run up to date and secure.
We try to make upgrades effortless and you can typically just put a new binary in place and restart. If manual actions are required, the release notes mention them. Check the release notes of all version between your current installation and the release you're upgrading to.
Before upgrading, make a backup of the config & data directory with mox backup <destdir>. This copies all files from the config directory to
<destdir>/config, and creates <destdir>/data with a consistent snapshots of
the database files, and message files from the outgoing queue and accounts.
Using the new mox binary, run mox verifydata <destdir>/data (do NOT use the
"live" data directory!) for a dry run. If this fails, an upgrade will probably
fail too.
Important: verifydata with the new mox binary can modify the database files (due to automatic schema upgrades). So make a fresh backup again before the actual upgrade. See the help output of the "backup" and "verifydata" commands for more details.
During backup, message files are hardlinked if possible, and copied otherwise.
Using a destination directory like data/tmp/backup increases the odds
hardlinking succeeds: the default mox systemd service file mounts
the data directory separately, so hardlinks to outside the data directory are
cross-device and will fail.
If an upgrade fails and you have to restore (parts) of the data directory, you
should run mox verifydata <datadir> (with the original binary) on the
restored directory before starting mox again. If problematic files are found,
for example queue or account message files that are not in the database, run
mox verifydata -fix <datadir> to move away those files. After a restore, you may
also want to run mox bumpuidvalidity <account> for each account for which
messages in a mailbox changed, to force IMAP clients to synchronize mailbox
state.
Security is high on the priority list for mox. Mox is young, so don't expect no bugs at all. Mox does have automated tests for some security aspects, e.g. for login, and uses fuzzing. Mox is written in Go, so some classes of bugs such as buffer mishandling do not typically result in privilege escalation. Of course logic bugs will still exist. If you find any security issues, please email them to mechiel@ueber.net.
Congrats and welcome to the club! Running an email server on the internet comes with some responsibilities so you should understand how it works. See https://explained-from-first-principles.com/email/ for a thorough explanation.
Mox does not need much. Nowadays most machines are larger than mox needs. You can start with a machine with 512MB RAM, any CPU will do. For storage you should account for the size of the email messages (no compression currently), an additional 15% overhead for the meta data, and add some more headroom. Expand as necessary.
It is a common misconception that it is impossible to run your own email server nowadays. The claim is that the handful big email providers will simply block your email. However, you can run your own email server just fine, and your email will be accepted, provided you are doing it right.
If your email is rejected, it is often because your IP address has a bad email sending reputation. Email servers often use IP blocklists to reject email networks with a bad email sending reputation. These blocklists often work at the level of whole network ranges. So if you try to run an email server from a hosting provider with a bad reputation (which happens if they don't monitor their network or don't act on abuse/spam reports), your IP too will have a bad reputation and other mail servers (both large and small) may reject messages coming from you. During the quickstart, mox checks if your IPs are on a few often-used blocklists. It's typically not a good idea to host an email server on the cheapest or largest cloud providers: They often don't spend the resources necessary for a good reputation, or they simply block all outgoing SMTP traffic. It's better to look for a technically-focused local provider. They too may initially block outgoing SMTP connections on new machines to prevent spam from their networks. But they will either automatically open up outgoing SMTP traffic after a cool down period (e.g. 24 hours), or after you've contacted their support.
After you get past the IP blocklist checks, email servers use many more signals to determine if your email message could be spam and should be rejected. Mox helps you set up a system that doesn't trigger most of the technical signals (e.g. with SPF/DKIM/DMARC). But there are more signals, for example: Sending to a mail server or address for the first time. Sending from a newly registered domain (especially if you're sending automated messages, and if you send more messages after previous messages were rejected), domains that existed for a few weeks to a month are treated more friendly. Sending messages with content that resembles known spam messages.
Should your email be rejected, you will typically get an error message during the SMTP transaction that explains why. In the case of big email providers the error message often has instructions on how to prove to them you are a legitimate sender.
Yes, you can configure a "Transport" in mox.conf and configure "Routes" in domains.conf to send some or all messages through the transport. A transport can be an SMTP relay or authenticated submission, or making mox make outgoing connections through a SOCKS proxy.
For an example, see https://www.xmox.nl/config/#hdr-example-transport. For details about Transports and Routes, see https://www.xmox.nl/config/#cfg-mox-conf-Transports and https://www.xmox.nl/config/#cfg-domains-conf-Routes.
Remember to add the IP addresses of the transport to the SPF records of your domains. Keep in mind some 3rd party submission servers may mishandle your messages, for example by replacing your Message-Id header and thereby invalidating your DKIM-signatures, or rejecting messages with more than one DKIM-signature.
Yes. While you can use SMTP submission to send messages you've composed yourself, and monitor a mailbox for DSNs, a more convenient option is to use the mox HTTP/JSON-based webapi and webhooks.
The mox webapi can be used to send outgoing messages that mox composes. The web api can also be used to deal with messages stored in an account, like changing message flags, retrieving messages in parsed form or individual parts of multipart messages, or moving messages to another mailbox or deleting messages altogether.
Mox webhooks can be used to receive updates about incoming and outgoing deliveries. Mox can automatically manage per account suppression lists.
See https://www.xmox.nl/features/#hdr-webapi-and-webhooks for details.
Yes. The quickstart command creates a config that uses ACME with Let's Encrypt, but you can change the config file to use existing certificate and key files.
You'll see "ACME: letsencrypt" in the "TLS" section of the "public" Listener. Remove or comment out the ACME-line, and add a "KeyCerts" section, see https://www.xmox.nl/config/#cfg-mox-conf-Listeners-x-TLS-KeyCerts
You can have multiple certificates and keys: The line with the "-" (dash) is the start of a list item. Duplicate that line up to and including the line with KeyFile for each certificate/key you have. Mox makes a TLS config that holds all specified certificates/keys, and uses it for all services for that Listener (including a webserver), choosing the correct certificate for incoming requests.
Keep in mind that for each email domain you host, you will need a certificate
for mta-sts.<domain>, autoconfig.<domain> and mail.<domain>, unless you
disable MTA-STS, autoconfig and the client-settings-domain for that domain.
Mox opens the key and certificate files during initial startup, as root (and passes file descriptors to the unprivileged process). No special permissions are needed on the key and certificate files.
No, mox only provides access to email through protocols like IMAP.
While it can be convenient for users/email clients to access email through conventions like Maildir, providing such access puts quite a burden on the server: The server has to continuously watch for changes made to the mail store by external programs, and sync its internal state. By only providing access to emails through mox, the storage/state management is simpler and easier to implement reliably.
Not providing direct file system access also allows future improvements in the storage mechanism. Such as encryption of all stored messages. Programs won't be able to access such messages directly.
Mox stores metadata about delivered messages in its per-account message index database, more than fits in a simple (filename-based) format like Maildir. The IP address of the remote SMTP server during delivery, SPF/DKIM/DMARC domains and validation status, and more...
For efficiency, mox doesn't prepend message headers generated during delivery (e.g. Authentication-Results) to the on-disk message file, but only stores it in the database. This prevents a rewrite of the entire message file. When reading a message, mox combines the prepended headers from the database with the message file.
Mox user accounts have no relation to operating system user accounts. Multiple
system users reading their email on a single machine is not very common
anymore. All data (for all accounts) stored by mox is accessible only by the
mox process. Messages are currently stored as individual files in standard
Internet Message Format (IMF), at data/accounts/<account>/msg/<dir>/<msgid>:
msgid is a consecutive unique integer id assigned by the per-account message
index database; dir groups 8k consecutive message ids into a directory,
ensuring they don't become too large. The message index database file for an
account is at data/accounts/<account>/index.db, accessed with the bstore
database library, which uses bbolt (formerly BoltDB) for storage, a
transactional key/value library/file format inspired by LMDB.
Mox includes a rate limiter for IPs/networks that cause too many authentication failures. It automatically unblocks such IPs/networks after a while. So you may not need fail2ban. If you want to use fail2ban, you could use this snippet:
[Definition]
failregex = .*failed authentication attempt.*remote=<HOST>
ignoreregex =