An implementation of neural style in TensorFlow.
This implementation is a lot simpler than a lot of the other ones out there, thanks to TensorFlow's really nice API and automatic differentiation.
TensorFlow doesn't support L-BFGS (which is what the original authors used), so we use Adam. This may require a little bit more hyperparameter tuning to get nice results.
This project uses the uv project and package manager; you can install it by following these instructions (e.g., installing it with your system package manager, like brew install uv).
You also need to download required data files.
After that, you can run this program with:
uv run neural_style.py --content <content file> --styles <style file> --output <output file>Run uv run neural_style.py --help to see a list of all options.
Use --checkpoint-output and --checkpoint-iterations to save checkpoint images.
Use --iterations to change the number of iterations (default 1000). For a 512×512 pixel content file, 1000 iterations take 90 seconds on an M3 MacBook Pro, and significantly less time with a more powerful (e.g., NVIDIA) GPU.
Running it for 500-2000 iterations seems to produce nice results. With certain
images or output sizes, you might need some hyperparameter tuning (especially
--content-weight, --style-weight, and --learning-rate).
The following example was run for 1000 iterations to produce the result (with default parameters):
These were the input images used (me sleeping at a hackathon and Starry Night):
The following example demonstrates style blending, and was run for 1000 iterations to produce the result (with style blend weight parameters 0.8 and 0.2):
The content input image was a picture of the Stata Center at MIT:
The style input images were Picasso's "Dora Maar" and Starry Night, with the Picasso image having a style blend weight of 0.8 and Starry Night having a style blend weight of 0.2:
--style-layer-weight-exp command line argument could be used to tweak how "abstract"
the style transfer should be. Lower values mean that style transfer of a finer features
will be favored over style transfer of a more coarse features, and vice versa. Default
value is 1.0 - all layers treated equally. Somewhat extreme examples of what you can achieve:
(left: 0.2 - finer features style transfer; right: 2.0 - coarser features style transfer)
--content-weight-blend specifies the coefficient of content transfer layers. Default value -
1.0, style transfer tries to preserve finer grain content details. The value should be
in range [0.0; 1.0].
(left: 1.0 - default value; right: 0.1 - more abstract picture)
--pooling allows to select which pooling layers to use (specify either max or avg).
Original VGG topology uses max pooling, but the style transfer paper suggests
replacing it with average pooling. The outputs are perceptually different, max pool in
general tends to have finer detail style transfer, but could have troubles at
lower-freqency detail level:
(left: max pooling; right: average pooling)
--preserve-colors boolean command line argument adds post-processing step, which
combines colors from the original image and luma from the stylized image (YCbCr color
space), thus producing color-preserving style transfer:
(left: original stylized image; right: color-preserving style transfer)
- Pre-trained VGG network (SHA256
abdb57167f82a2a1fbab1e1c16ad9373411883f262a1a37ee5db2e6fb0044695) - put it in the top level of this repository, or specify its location using the--networkoption.
See here for an implementation of fast (feed-forward) neural style in TensorFlow.
Try neural style client-side in your web browser without installing any software (using TensorFire).
If you use this implementation in your work, please cite the following:
@misc{athalye2015neuralstyle,
author = {Anish Athalye},
title = {Neural Style},
year = {2015},
howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/anishathalye/neural-style}},
}Copyright (c) Anish Athalye. Released under GPLv3. See LICENSE.txt for details.