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Some useful FFmpeg commands

Important

The order of (some) parameters/flags matters - before or after a given input or output (FFmpeg supports multiple input files and creating multiple output streams with one command).

FFmpeg intro

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official documentation

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download FFmpeg

Get FFmpeg from https://ffmpeg.org/download.html

I currently use the FFmpeg builds from https://www.gyan.dev/ffmpeg/builds/ (for Windows 7+) under the release builds section the file ffmpeg-release-full.7z or directly https://www.gyan.dev/ffmpeg/builds/ffmpeg-release-full.7z

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check configuration

see Generic options

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help/licence/version

ffmpeg -h       # CLI help
ffmpeg -L       # FFmpeg licence
ffmpeg -version # FFmpeg build version

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available/supported features

ffmpeg -buildconf    # FFmpeg build configuration
ffmpeg -formats      # files (and devices) de-/muxing support
ffmpeg -pix_fmts     # pixel formats (in/out/hardware acceleration/palette/bitstream)
ffmpeg -protocols    # protocols (in/out) like: file, https, sftp
ffmpeg -codecs       # video/audio/subtitle/data en-/decoders (also shows if lossy or lossless)
ffmpeg -filters      # video/audio (libavfilter) filters like: avgblur V->V (video in; video out)
ffmpeg -bsfs         # bitstream filters like: null, h264_metadata, hevc_metadata
ffmpeg -dispositions # how a stream is added to an output file; for example attached_pic is the file thumbnail/cover art for video files like MP4 (visible in file explorer)
ffmpeg -colors       # color names with their hex value; for example: Lime #00ff00

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restrict logging level

ffmpeg -hide_banner     # does not log version/copyright/buildconfig
ffmpeg -v level+warning # only log warnings and worse and shows level: "[warning] ..."
                        # debug > verbose > info (default) > warning > error > fatal > quiet (nothing)
                        # banner is info so -hide_banner is not needed with warning or less
ffmpeg -stats           # allways show stats (en-/decoding progress), even when log level is less than info

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CLI controls

CLI keyboard hotkeys mid-process:

key function
? show this table
+ increase verbosity (logging level)
- decrease verbosity (logging level)
q quit
c Send command to first matching filter supporting it
C Send/Queue command to all matching filters
D cycle through available debug modes
h dump packets/hex press to cycle through the 3 states
s Show QP histogram

I didn't find an official documentation for these...

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FFplay video viewing

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Watch a video (looping)

ffplay -v level+warning -stats -loop -1 INPUT.mp4

A window will show the video looping infinitly (see FFplay video controls)

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Simulate Conway's game of life

# random simulation, window size 1280*960 (4 times 320*240, which is the default size)
ffplay -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi life=mold=25:life_color=\#00ff00:death_color=\#aa0000,scale=4*iw:-1:flags=neighbor

A window will show the simulation infinitly (see FFplay video controls)

Note

seeking is not available, only pause/resume or frame-by-frame playback

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FFplay video controls

https://ffmpeg.org/ffplay-all.html#While-playing

Key Action
Q / ESC Quit
F or left mouse double-click Toggle full screen
P / SPACE Pause/Resume
S Step to next frame (and pause) frame-by-frame
← / → Seek back-/forward 10 seconds
↓ / ↑ Seek back-/forward 1 minute
PAGE DOWN / PAGE UP Seek to the previous/next chapter (or 10 minutes)
right mouse click Seek to percentage by click position (of window width)
9 / 0 or / / * De-/increase volume
M Toggle mute
A Cycle audio channel (current program)
T Cycle subtitle channel (current program)
C Cycle program
V Cycle video channel
W Cycle video filter/show modes

FFmpeg video editing

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Convert MKV to MP4

the mkv video file format is suggested when streaming or recording (via OBS) since it can be easily recovert

# Audio codec already is AAC, so it can be copied to save some time
# Also use some compression to shrink the file size a bit
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mkv -c:a copy -c:v libx264 -crf 12 OUTPUT.mp4

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Convert MP4 to M4A (audio only mp4)

only include audio and subtitles (if present)

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -c copy -map 0:a -map 0:s? OUTPUT.m4a

or only exclude video

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -c copy -map 0 -map -0:v OUTPUT.m4a

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Edit metadata (add chapters)

export all metadata to a file

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -f ffmetadata FFMETADATAFILE.txt

it looks something like this

;FFMETADATA1

# empty lines or lines starting with ; or # will be ignored
# whitespace will not be ignored so "title = A" would be interpreted as key "title " and value " A"

title=Video Title
artist=Artist Name

# newlines and other special characters like = ; # \ must be escaped with a \
description=Text\
Line two\
\
\
Line five\
Line with Û̕͝͡n̊̑̓̊i͚͚ͬ́c̗͕̈́̀o̵̯ͣ͊ḑ̴̱̐ḛ̯̓̒

# then adding chapters is very simple | order does not matter (no intersection ofc), so easiest is to append them to the end of file

[CHAPTER]
# fractions of a second so 1/1000 says the following START and END are in milliseconds
TIMEBASE=1/1000
# start and end might change a bit when reinserting (snaps to nearest frame when video stream is copied and not encoded)
START=0
END=10000
title=0 to 10sec of the video

[CHAPTER]
TIMEBASE=1/1000
START=10000
END=20000
title=10sec to 20sec of the video

then to reinsert the edited metadata file

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -i FFMETADATAFILE.txt -map_metadata 1 -c copy OUTPUT.mp4

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Add thumbnail

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -i IMAGE.png -map 0 -map 1 -c copy -c:v:1 png -disposition:v:1 attached_pic OUTPUT.mp4

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Add subtitles

Adding subtitles as an extra stream so they can be turned on and off.

Needs a video player that supports this feature like VLC.

# for mkv output
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -i SUB.srt -c copy OUTPUT.mkv

# for mp4 output
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -i SUB.srt -c copy -c:s mov_text OUTPUT.mp4

# ... with multiple subtitle files
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -i SUB_ENG.srt -i SUB_GER.srt -map 0:0 -map 1:0 -map 2:0 -c copy -c:s mov_text OUTPUT.mp4

# ... with language codes
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -i SUB_ENG.srt -i SUB_GER.srt -map 0:0 -map 1:0 -map 2:0 -c copy -c:s mov_text -metadata:s:s:0 language=eng -metadata:s:s:1 language=ger OUTPUT.mp4

A subtitle file (.srt) may look like this:

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,000
hello there

2
00:00:04,000 --> 00:00:08,000
general kenobi

3
00:00:10,000 --> 00:01:00,000
multi
line
subtitles

displayed like in file → new line in SRT = new line in video

Unicode can be used → tested with z̵̢͎̟͛ͥ̄͑̐͐a̡͈̳̟ͧ̑̓͆̔ͬl̗̠̭͖͓͚ͭ̐͊͊ģ͖͈̍̓ͭͩ̚͝͞ơ̢̞̫̜̞̓͗͊ͪ text and it "pushed" the subtitles of screen (big line height)

Note

Not all subtitle files are supported by FFmpeg.

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Extract frames

# dump ALL frames
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 ./_dump/frame%03d.png

# dump frames with custom frame rate (here 1fps)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -r 1 ./_dump/frame%03d.png

# dump custom number of frames
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -frames:v 3 ./_dump/frame%03d.png

# dump all frames in a timeframe (here from 0:00:02 to 0:00:05)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -ss 2 -i INPUT.mp4 -t 3 ./_dump/frame%03d.png
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -ss 2 -i INPUT.mp4 -to 5 ./_dump/frame%03d.png

Important

The directory path must exist, ie, folders must be created beforehand.

  • png is a good middle ground (lossless compression, but supports less colors)
  • jpeg is slower but has good compression (lossy compression)
  • bmp is faster but has large file size (uncompressed)

The format frame%03d.png means files will be named: frame001.png, frame002.png, ..., frame050.png, ..., frame1000.png, and so on

Tip

use -start_number 0 (before output) to start at frame000.png

-ss, -t, and -to expect a specific time format in short [-][HH:]MM:SS[.m...] or [-]S+[.m...][s|ms|us]

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Create video from frames

# uses files INPUT000.png, INPUT001.png, etc to create the mp4 video (with 24fps)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -framerate 24 -i INPUT%03d.png OUTPUT.mp4

# uses every png file that starts with INPUT (at 24fps)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -framerate 24 -i INPUT*.png OUTPUT.mp4

# uses every png file (at 24fps)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -framerate 24 -i *.png OUTPUT.mp4

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crop video

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -vf crop=WIDTH:HEIGHT:POSX:POSY OUTPUT.mp4

  • WIDTH - the width of the croped window

  • HEIGHT - the height of the croped window

  • POSX - the X position of the croped window (can be omitted = auto center)

  • POSY - the Y position of the croped window (can be omitted = auto center)

  • all values are in pixels, but there is no "px" after it (or an expression that gets calculated each frame)

  • -v documentation

  • -stats documentation

  • full crop filter documentation

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compress video

lower values are better (higher bitrate), but also lead to larger file size

# for `h.264` values from 18 to 23 are very good
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -c copy -c:v libx264 -crf 20 OUTPUT.mp4

# for `h.265` values from 24 to 30 are very good
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -c copy -c:v libx265 -crf 25 OUTPUT.mp4

faster with GPU hardware acceleration / NVIDIA CUDA

# for h.265 → h264_nvenc with NVIDIA CUDA
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -hwaccel cuda -hwaccel_output_format cuda -i INPUT.mp4 -c copy -c:v h264_nvenc -fps_mode passthrough -b_ref_mode disabled -preset medium -tune hq -rc vbr -multipass disabled -qp 20 OUTPUT.mp4

# for h.265 → hevc_nvenc with NVIDIA CUDA
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -hwaccel cuda -hwaccel_output_format cuda -i INPUT.mp4 -c copy -c:v hevc_nvenc -fps_mode passthrough -b_ref_mode disabled -preset medium -tune hq -rc vbr -multipass disabled -qp 25 OUTPUT.mp4

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cut video

# start at 0:00:01 and stop at 0:00:10
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -ss 1 -i INPUT.mp4 -to 10 -c copy OUTPUT.mp4

# start at 0:00:10 and stop at 0:00:20 (0:00:10 duration)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -ss 10 -i INPUT.mp4 -t 10 -c copy OUTPUT.mp4

# caps output to be 0:00:30 max
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -t 30 -c copy OUTPUT.mp4

timing from -ss, -to, and -t shift to the nearest frame and not at the exact timestamp when stream is copied (like here)

if exact time is needed the video needs to be re-encoded (-c:v libx264 after or instead of -c copy) which obviously takes longer

when -ss is after -i it will decode and discard the video until the time is reached, when it's before -i like here it will seek into the video without decoding it first (during the seek) so it will be faster.

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loop video

# loop video infinitely but stop after 0:00:30
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -stream_loop -1 -i INPUT.mp4 -t 30 -c copy OUTPUT.mp4

# loop video to length of audio
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -stream_loop -1 -i INPUT.mp4 -i INPUT.mp3 -shortest -map 0:v -map 1:a OUTPUT.mp4

# loop audio to length of video
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -stream_loop -1 -i INPUT.mp3 -shortest -map 0:v -map 1:a OUTPUT.mp4

if exact timing is needed, it is better to re-encode the video (-c:v libx264 after or instead of -c copy)

Note

Looping once means two playthroughs.

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Reverse video and/or Audio

Warning: these filters require a lot of memory (buffer of the entire clip) so it's suggested to also use the trim filter as shown

# reverse video only (first 5sec)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -vf trim=end=5,reverse OUTPUT.mp4

# reverse audio only (first 5sec)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -af atrim=end=5,areverse OUTPUT.mp4

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Concatenate multiple videos into one

# using filter complex and the concat filter (if video formats are not the same add `:unsafe` to the `concat` filter)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT_0.mp4 -i INPUT_1.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v] [0:a] [1:v] [1:a] concat=n=2:v=1:a=1 [v1] [a1]" -map "[v1]" -map "[a1]" OUTPUT.mp4

# using a list file and demuxer
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -safe 0 -f concat -i VIDEO_LIST.txt -c copy OUTPUT.mp4

content of VIDEO_LIST.txt as follows

file 'INPUT_0.mp4'
file 'INPUT_1.mp4'

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Cut and combine multiple sections of multiple files

Cut clips and concat them (with re-encoding) as follows (video and audio are cut and combined separately).

# 00:00 to 00:02 video and audio of INPUT_0.mp4
# 00:04 to 00:08 video and audio of INPUT_0.mp4
# 00:01 to 00:05 video and audio of INPUT_1.mp4
# 00:06 to 00:08 video and audio of INPUT_1.mp4
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT_0.mp4 -i INPUT_1.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]trim=0:2,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0v0];[0:v]atrim=0:2,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0a0];[0:v]trim=4:8,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0v1];[0:v]atrim=4:8,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0a1];[1:v]trim=1:5,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1v0];[1:v]atrim=1:5,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1a0];[1:v]trim=6:8,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1v1];[1:v]atrim=6:8,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1a1];[i0v0][i0a0][i0v1][i0a1][i1v0][i1a0][i1v1][i1a1]concat=n=4:v=1:a=1[cv][ca]" -map "[cv]" -map "[ca]" OUTPUT.mp4

# with (h.264) NVIDIA:CUDA and slow/low compression (4 to 8 MB variable bitrate and 4 QP) for the first video stream of the combined video clips
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -hwaccel cuda -hwaccel_output_format cuda -i INPUT_0.mp4 -hwaccel cuda -hwaccel_output_format cuda -i INPUT_1.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]trim=0:2,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0v0];[0:v]atrim=0:2,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0a0];[0:v]trim=4:8,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0v1];[0:v]atrim=4:8,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0a1];[1:v]trim=1:5,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1v0];[1:v]atrim=1:5,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1a0];[1:v]trim=6:8,setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1v1];[1:v]atrim=6:8,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1a1];[i0v0][i0a0][i0v1][i0a1][i1v0][i1a0][i1v1][i1a1]concat=n=4:v=1:a=1[cv][ca]" -map "[cv]" -c:v:0 h264_nvenc -preset p7 -tune hq -profile:v:0 high -level:v:0 auto -rc vbr -b:v:0 4M -minrate:v:0 500k -maxrate:v:0 8M -bufsize:v:0 8M -multipass disabled -fps_mode passthrough -b_ref_mode:v:0 disabled -rc-lookahead:v:0 32 -qp 4 -map "[ca]" OUTPUT.mp4
# the `-hwaccel cuda -hwaccel_output_format cuda` must be in front of every input video (that is in the filter and gets encoded as video stream)
Click to show formatted filtergraph 
[0:v] trim=0:2, setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0v0];
[0:v]atrim=0:2,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0a0];

[0:v] trim=4:8, setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0v1];
[0:v]atrim=4:8,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i0a1];

[1:v] trim=1:5, setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1v0];
[1:v]atrim=1:5,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1a0];

[1:v] trim=6:8, setpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1v1];
[1:v]atrim=6:8,asetpts=PTS-STARTPTS[i1a1];

[i0v0][i0a0]
[i0v1][i0a1]
[i1v0][i1a0]
[i1v1][i1a1]
concat=n=4:v=1:a=1
[cv][ca]
Click to show formatted CUDA (video output) codec arguments 
-map "[cv]"

-c:v:0 h264_nvenc
-preset p7
-tune hq
-profile:v:0 high
-level:v:0 auto

-rc vbr

-b:v:0 4M
-minrate:v:0 500k
-maxrate:v:0 8M
-bufsize:v:0 8M

-multipass disabled
-fps_mode passthrough
-b_ref_mode:v:0 disabled
-rc-lookahead:v:0 32

-qp 4

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Create/download video with m3u8 playlist

# this will whitelist urls (`-i`) for files available via file, http/s, tcp, tls, or crypto protocol (for this command, not permanent)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -protocol_whitelist file,http,https,tcp,tls,crypto -i INPUT.m3u8 -c copy OUTPUT.mp4
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -protocol_whitelist file,http,https,tcp,tls,crypto -i https://example.com/INPUT.m3u8 -c copy OUTPUT.mp4

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find silence parts in video

# finds sections min 240sec long and max -70db loud and writes them to LOG.txt
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -i INPUT.mp4 -af silencedetect=noise=-70dB:d=240 -f null - 2> LOG.txt

look for [silencedetect @ * lines in log file

[silencedetect @ 0000000000******] silence_start: 01:00:02.500
[silencedetect @ 0000000000******] silence_end: 01:10:02.500 | silence_duration: 00:09:59.989
[silencedetect @ 000000000*******] silence_start: 02:00:02.500
[silencedetect @ 000000000*******] silence_end: 02:10:02.500 | silence_duration: 00:09:59.989
[...]

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Libavfilter virtual input device (lavfi filtergraph)

Create new videos via lavfi virtual input device and a video source.

Honorable mention: ddagrab which can be used to capture (Windows) desktop screen (/-cutout).

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sierpinski (pan)

Random pan of sierpinski carpet/triangle fractal.

defaults: s=640x480, r=25 (fps), and type=carpet

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i sierpinski OUTPUT.mp4
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i sierpinski=type=triangle OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_sierpinski.mp4 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i sierpinski -t 60 lavfi_sierpinski.mp4
lavfi_sierpinski_triangle.mp4 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i sierpinski=type=triangle -t 60 lavfi_sierpinski_triangle.mp4

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mandelbrot (zoom)

Continuous zoom into the Mandelbrot set.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandelbrot_set

# Mandelbrot with the "inside" set to black (how it usually is displayed)
# default: 640*480 25fps and position:
# X = -0.743643887037158704752191506114774 (real axis)
# Y = -0.131825904205311970493132056385139 (imaginary axis, inverted to how it usually is displayed)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i mandelbrot=inner=black -t 60 OUTPUT.mp4
# limited to 60sec
# ! the frame generation gets slower the further in the zoom
lavfi_mandelbrot_black_blur.mp4

speed up and blured to decrease file size

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i mandelbrot=inner=black:s=300x300:end_pts=75,avgblur=1 -t 43 lavfi_mandelbrot_black_blur.mp4

Also, see the same zoom (position, vertically flipped so it looks the same) in my (interactive) Mandelbrot viewer:

https://maz01001.github.io/AlmondBreadErkunder/#0:7189,null,-1.3,1.99:-0.7436438870371698,-0.7436438870371482,0.13182590420530219,0.13182590420532267

Source code and documentation (controls): https://github.com/MAZ01001/AlmondBreadErkunder

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(elementary) cellular automaton

"Waterfall" of a 1D cellular automaton.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_cellular_automaton

# random seed, no custom pattern, rule 18, start with an empty screen
# fallback/defaults: s=320x508 r=24 rule=110
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i cellauto=full=0 -t 60 OUTPUT.mp4
# limited to 60sec
lavfi_cellauto_3.mp4 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i cellauto=full=0:seed=3 -t 60 lavfi_cellauto_3.mp4

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life (Cellular automaton)

2D cellular automaton.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_automaton

# Conway's Game of Life
# default: random grid 320*240 25fps rule S23/B3 (stay alive with 2/3 neighbors and born with 3 neighbors)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i life -t 60 OUTPUT.mp4
# limited to 60sec

# as above but with green color and a red afterglow of dying cells
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i life=mold=25:life_color=\#00ff00:death_color=\#aa0000 -t 60 OUTPUT.mp4
# limited to 60sec
lavfi_life_3_200x200_scaled.mp4

smaller initial size and scaled up 4x (nearest neighbor) to reduce file size

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i life=mold=25:life_color=\#00ff00:death_color=\#aa0000:seed=3:s=200x200,scale=4*iw:-1:flags=neighbor -t 124 lavfi_life_3_200x200_scaled.mp4

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mptestsrc (animated test patterns)

These patterns are equal to those from the MPlayer test filter.

default: r=25 (fps) t=all (all 10 tests repeating) m=30 (frames per test) d=-1 (infinite duration)

tests: dc_luma, dc_chroma, freq_luma, freq_chroma, amp_luma, amp_chroma, cbp, mv, ring1, and ring2.

# 60sec, all tests (each 3sec)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i mptestsrc=m=3*25:d=60 OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_mptestsrc_all_3s.mp4 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i mptestsrc=m=3*25:d=60 lavfi_mptestsrc_all_3s.mp4

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empty (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), and d=-1 (infinite duration)

# 1sec 1920*1080 60fps nothing (green)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i nullsrc=s=1920x1080:r=60:d=1 OUTPUT.mp4

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color (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), and d=-1 (infinite duration)

# 1sec solid color #ff9900
# default: 320*240 25 fps
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i color=c=\#ff9900:d=1 OUTPUT.mp4

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smptebars (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), and d=-1 (infinite duration)

# color bars pattern, based on the SMPTE Engineering Guideline EG 1-1990
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i smptebars OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_smptebars.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i smptebars -frames 1 lavfi_smptebars.png

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smptehdbars (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), and d=-1 (infinite duration)

# color bars pattern, based on the SMPTE RP 219-2002
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i smptehdbars OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_smptehdbars.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i smptehdbars -frames 1 lavfi_smptehdbars.png

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testsrc (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), d=-1 (infinite duration), and n=0 ($\displaystyle\textit{timestamp}\cdot10^n$)

n=0 shows timestamp in seconds and n=3 shows timestamp in milliseconds

# test pattern with animated gradient and timecode (seconds)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i testsrc OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_testsrc_n3.mp4 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i testsrc=n=3:d=60 lavfi_testsrc_n3.mp4

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testsrc2 (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), d=-1 (infinite duration), and alpha=255 (opacity of background, 0 to 255)

I couldn't see a difference with different alpha values, at least for mp4/webm/webp/png/gif file-formats

# animated test pattern
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i testsrc2 OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_testsrc2.mp4 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i testsrc2=d=60 lavfi_testsrc2.mp4

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rgbtestsrc (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), and d=-1 (infinite duration)

# RGB test pattern (useful for detecting RGB vs BGR issues)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i rgbtestsrc OUTPUT.mp4
# there should be red, green, and blue stripes from top to bottom
lavfi_rgbtestsrc.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i rgbtestsrc -frames 1 lavfi_rgbtestsrc.png

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yuvtestsrc (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), and d=-1 (infinite duration)

# YUV test pattern
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i yuvtestsrc OUTPUT.mp4
# Y (luminance, black/white)
# Cb (blue-difference chroma, yellow/grey/blue)
# Cr (red-difference chroma, turquoise/grey/red)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YCbCr

lavfi_yuvtestsrc.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i yuvtestsrc -frames 1 lavfi_yuvtestsrc.png

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colorspectrum (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), d=-1 (infinite duration), and type=black (black/white/all)

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i colorspectrum OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_colorspectrum_black.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i colorspectrum -frames 1 lavfi_colorspectrum_black.png
lavfi_colorspectrum_white.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i colorspectrum=type=white -frames 1 lavfi_colorspectrum_white.png
lavfi_colorspectrum_all.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i colorspectrum=type=all -frames 1 lavfi_colorspectrum_all.png

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colorchart (input)

default: s=320x240, r=25 (fps), d=-1 (infinite duration), preset=reference (reference/skintones), and patch_size=64x64 (size of each tile)

# colors checker chart (6↔ * 4↕ = 24 tiles)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i colorchart OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_colorchart_reference_32x32.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i colorchart=patch_size=32x32 -frames 1 lavfi_colorchart_reference_32x32.png
lavfi_colorchart_skintones_32x32.png 
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i colorchart=preset=skintones:patch_size=32x32 -frames 1 lavfi_colorchart_skintones_32x32.png

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allrgb (input)

default: r=25 (fps), and d=-1 (infinite duration)

Important

fixed size of 4096x4096 (use scale filter to change size)

# all rgb colors (static 4096x4096 frames)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i allrgb OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_allrgb_halfed.png

scaled down to half size (bicubic) to reduce file size

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i allrgb,scale=iw/2:-1 -frames 1 lavfi_allrgb_halfed.png

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allyuv (input)

default: r=25 (fps), and d=-1 (infinite duration)

Important

fixed size of 4096x4096 (use scale filter to change size)

# all yuv colors (static 4096x4096 frames)
ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i allyuv OUTPUT.mp4
lavfi_allyuv_halfed.png

scaled down to half size (bicubic) to reduce file size

ffmpeg -v level+warning -stats -f lavfi -i allyuv,scale=iw/2:-1 -frames 1 lavfi_allyuv_halfed.png

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example commands with FFmpeg/FFplay/FFprobe

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