“世有伯乐，然后有千里马。千里马常有，而伯乐不常有。”——韩愈《马说》
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RecBole is developed based on Python and PyTorch for reproducing and developing recommendation algorithms in a unified, comprehensive and efficient framework for research purpose. Our library includes 94 recommendation algorithms, covering four major categories:
- General Recommendation
- Sequential Recommendation
- Context-aware Recommendation
- Knowledge-based Recommendation
We design a unified and flexible data file format, and provide the support for 44 benchmark recommendation datasets. A user can apply the provided script to process the original data copy, or simply download the processed datasets by our team.
Figure: RecBole Overall Architecture
In order to support the study of recent advances in recommender systems, we construct an extended recommendation library RecBole2.0 consisting of 8 packages for up-to-date topics and architectures (e.g., debiased, fairness and GNNs).
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General and extensible data structure. We design general and extensible data structures to unify the formatting and usage of various recommendation datasets.
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Comprehensive benchmark models and datasets. We implement 94 commonly used recommendation algorithms, and provide the formatted copies of 44 recommendation datasets.
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Efficient GPU-accelerated execution. We optimize the efficiency of our library with a number of improved techniques oriented to the GPU environment.
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Extensive and standard evaluation protocols. We support a series of widely adopted evaluation protocols or settings for testing and comparing recommendation algorithms.
02/23/2025: We release RecBole v1.2.1.
11/01/2023: We release RecBole v1.2.0.
11/06/2022: We release the optimal hyperparameters of the model and their tuning ranges.
10/05/2022: We release RecBole v1.1.1.
06/28/2022: We release RecBole2.0 with 8 packages consisting of 65 newly implement models.
02/25/2022: We release RecBole v1.0.1.
09/17/2021: We release RecBole v1.0.0.
03/22/2021: We release RecBole v0.2.1.
01/15/2021: We release RecBole v0.2.0.
12/10/2020: 我们发布了RecBole小白入门系列中文博客（持续更新中） 。
12/06/2020: We release RecBole v0.1.2.
11/29/2020: We constructed preliminary experiments to test the time and memory cost on three different-sized datasets and provided the test result for reference.
11/03/2020: We release the first version of RecBole v0.1.1.
To better meet the user requirements and contribute to the research community, we present a significant update of RecBole in the latest version, making it more user-friendly and easy-to-use as a comprehensive benchmark library for recommendation. We summarize these updates in "Towards a More User-Friendly and Easy-to-Use Benchmark Library for Recommender Systems" and submit the paper to SIGIR 2023. The main contribution in this update is introduced below.
Our extensions are made in three major aspects, namely the models/datasets, the framework, and the configurations. Furthermore, we provide more comprehensive documentation and well-organized FAQ for the usage of our library, which largely improves the user experience. More specifically, the highlights of this update are summarized as:
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We introduce more operations and settings to help benchmarking the recommendation domain.
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We improve the user friendliness of our library by providing more detailed documentation and well-organized frequently asked questions.
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We point out several development guidelines for the open-source library developers.
These extensions make it much easier to reproduce the benchmark results and stay up-to-date with the recent advances on recommender systems. The datailed comparison between this update and previous versions is listed below.
| Aspect | RecBole 1.0 | RecBole 2.0 | This update |
|---|---|---|---|
| Recommendation tasks | 4 categories | 3 topics and 5 packages | 4 categories |
| Models and datasets | 73 models and 28 datasets | 65 models and 8 new datasets | 94 models and 43 datasets |
| Data structure | Implemented Dataset and Dataloader | Task-oriented | Compatible data module inherited from PyTorch |
| Continuous features | Field embedding | Field embedding | Field embedding and discretization |
| GPU-accelerated execution | Single-GPU utilization | Single-GPU utilization | Multi-GPU and mixed precision training |
| Hyper-parameter tuning | Serial gradient search | Serial gradient search | Three search methods in both serial and parallel |
| Significance test | - | - | Available interface |
| Benchmark results | - | Partially public (GNN and CDR) | Benchmark configurations on 94 models |
| Friendly usage | Documentation | Documentation | Improved documentation and FAQ page |
RecBole works with the following operating systems:
- Linux
- Windows 10
- macOS X
RecBole requires Python version 3.7 or later.
RecBole requires torch version 1.7.0 or later. If you want to use RecBole with GPU, please ensure that CUDA or cudatoolkit version is 9.2 or later. This requires NVIDIA driver version >= 396.26 (for Linux) or >= 397.44 (for Windows10).
conda install -c aibox recbolepip install recbolegit clone https://github.com/RUCAIBox/RecBole.git && cd RecBole
pip install -e . --verboseWith the source code, you can use the provided script for initial usage of our library:
python run_recbole.pyThis script will run the BPR model on the ml-100k dataset.
Typically, this example takes less than one minute. We will obtain some output like:
INFO ml-100k
The number of users: 944
Average actions of users: 106.04453870625663
The number of items: 1683
Average actions of items: 59.45303210463734
The number of inters: 100000
The sparsity of the dataset: 93.70575143257098%
INFO Evaluation Settings:
Group by user_id
Ordering: {'strategy': 'shuffle'}
Splitting: {'strategy': 'by_ratio', 'ratios': [0.8, 0.1, 0.1]}
Negative Sampling: {'strategy': 'full', 'distribution': 'uniform'}
INFO BPRMF(
(user_embedding): Embedding(944, 64)
(item_embedding): Embedding(1683, 64)
(loss): BPRLoss()
)
Trainable parameters: 168128
INFO epoch 0 training [time: 0.27s, train loss: 27.7231]
INFO epoch 0 evaluating [time: 0.12s, valid_score: 0.021900]
INFO valid result:
recall@10: 0.0073 mrr@10: 0.0219 ndcg@10: 0.0093 hit@10: 0.0795 precision@10: 0.0088
...
INFO epoch 63 training [time: 0.19s, train loss: 4.7660]
INFO epoch 63 evaluating [time: 0.08s, valid_score: 0.394500]
INFO valid result:
recall@10: 0.2156 mrr@10: 0.3945 ndcg@10: 0.2332 hit@10: 0.7593 precision@10: 0.1591
INFO Finished training, best eval result in epoch 52
INFO Loading model structure and parameters from saved/***.pth
INFO best valid result:
recall@10: 0.2169 mrr@10: 0.4005 ndcg@10: 0.235 hit@10: 0.7582 precision@10: 0.1598
INFO test result:
recall@10: 0.2368 mrr@10: 0.4519 ndcg@10: 0.2768 hit@10: 0.7614 precision@10: 0.1901
If you want to change the parameters, such as learning_rate, embedding_size, just set the additional command
parameters as you need:
python run_recbole.py --learning_rate=0.0001 --embedding_size=128If you want to change the models, just run the script by setting additional command parameters:
python run_recbole.py --model=[model_name]Open RecBole/hyper.test and set several hyperparameters to auto-searching in parameter list. The following has two ways to search best hyperparameter:
- loguniform: indicates that the parameters obey the uniform distribution, randomly taking values from e^{-8} to e^{0}.
- choice: indicates that the parameter takes discrete values from the setting list.
Here is an example for hyper.test:
learning_rate loguniform -8, 0
embedding_size choice [64, 96 , 128]
train_batch_size choice [512, 1024, 2048]
mlp_hidden_size choice ['[64, 64, 64]','[128, 128]']
Set training command parameters as you need to run:
python run_hyper.py --model=[model_name] --dataset=[data_name] --config_files=xxxx.yaml --params_file=hyper.test
e.g.
python run_hyper.py --model=BPR --dataset=ml-100k --config_files=test.yaml --params_file=hyper.test
Note that --config_files=test.yaml is optional, if you don't have any customize config settings, this parameter can be empty.
This processing maybe take a long time to output best hyperparameter and result:
running parameters:
{'embedding_size': 64, 'learning_rate': 0.005947474154838498, 'mlp_hidden_size': '[64,64,64]', 'train_batch_size': 512}
0%| | 0/18 [00:00<?, ?trial/s, best loss=?]
More information about parameter tuning can be found in our docs.
We constructed preliminary experiments to test the time and memory cost on three different-sized datasets (small, medium and large). For detailed information, you can click the following links.
- General recommendation models
- Sequential recommendation models
- Context-aware recommendation models
- Knowledge-based recommendation models
NOTE: Our test results only gave the approximate time and memory cost of our implementations in the RecBole library (based on our machine server). Any feedback or suggestions about the implementations and test are welcome. We will keep improving our implementations, and update these test results.
| Releases | Date |
|---|---|
| v1.2.1 | 02/23/2025 |
| v1.2.0 | 11/01/2023 |
| v1.1.1 | 10/05/2022 |
| v1.0.0 | 09/17/2021 |
| v0.2.0 | 01/15/2021 |
| v0.1.1 | 11/03/2020 |
As a one-stop framework from data processing, model development, algorithm training to scientific evaluation, RecBole has a total of 11 related GitHub projects including
- two versions of RecBole (RecBole 1.0 and RecBole 2.0);
- 8 benchmarking packages (RecBole-MetaRec, RecBole-DA, RecBole-Debias, RecBole-FairRec, RecBole-CDR, RecBole-TRM, RecBole-GNN and RecBole-PJF);
- dataset repository (RecSysDatasets).
In the following table, we summarize the open source contributions of GitHub projects based on RecBole.
| Projects | Stars | Forks | Issues | Pull requests |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RecBole |  |
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| RecBole2.0 |  |
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| RecBole-DA |  |
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| RecBole-MetaRec |  |
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| RecBole-Debias |  |
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| RecBole-FairRec |  |
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| RecBole-CDR |  |
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| RecBole-GNN |  |
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| RecBole-TRM |  |
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| RecBole-PJF |  |
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| RecSysDatasets |  |
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Please let us know if you encounter a bug or have any suggestions by filing an issue.
We welcome all contributions from bug fixes to new features and extensions.
We expect all contributions discussed in the issue tracker and going through PRs.
We thank the insightful suggestions from @tszumowski, @rowedenny, @deklanw et.al.
We thank the nice contributions through PRs from @rowedenny，@deklanw et.al.
If you find RecBole useful for your research or development, please cite the following papers: RecBole[1.0], RecBole[2.0] and RecBole[1.2.1].
@inproceedings{recbole[1.0],
author = {Wayne Xin Zhao and Shanlei Mu and Yupeng Hou and Zihan Lin and Yushuo Chen and Xingyu Pan and Kaiyuan Li and Yujie Lu and Hui Wang and Changxin Tian and Yingqian Min and Zhichao Feng and Xinyan Fan and Xu Chen and Pengfei Wang and Wendi Ji and Yaliang Li and Xiaoling Wang and Ji{-}Rong Wen},
title = {RecBole: Towards a Unified, Comprehensive and Efficient Framework for Recommendation Algorithms},
booktitle = {{CIKM}},
pages = {4653--4664},
publisher = {{ACM}},
year = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{recbole[2.0],
author = {Wayne Xin Zhao and Yupeng Hou and Xingyu Pan and Chen Yang and Zeyu Zhang and Zihan Lin and Jingsen Zhang and Shuqing Bian and Jiakai Tang and Wenqi Sun and Yushuo Chen and Lanling Xu and Gaowei Zhang and Zhen Tian and Changxin Tian and Shanlei Mu and Xinyan Fan and Xu Chen and Ji{-}Rong Wen},
title = {RecBole 2.0: Towards a More Up-to-Date Recommendation Library},
booktitle = {{CIKM}},
pages = {4722--4726},
publisher = {{ACM}},
year = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{recbole[1.2.1],
author = {Lanling Xu and Zhen Tian and Gaowei Zhang and Junjie Zhang and Lei Wang and Bowen Zheng and Yifan Li and Jiakai Tang and Zeyu Zhang and Yupeng Hou and Xingyu Pan and Wayne Xin Zhao and Xu Chen and Ji{-}Rong Wen},
title = {Towards a More User-Friendly and Easy-to-Use Benchmark Library for Recommender Systems},
booktitle = {{SIGIR}},
pages = {2837--2847},
publisher = {{ACM}},
year = {2023}
}RecBole is developed by RUC, BUPT, ECNU, and maintained by RUC.
Here is the list of our lead developers in each development phase. They are the souls of RecBole and have made outstanding contributions.
| Time | Version | Lead Developers | Paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| June 2020 ~ Nov. 2020 |
v0.1.1 | Shanlei Mu (@ShanleiMu), Yupeng Hou (@hyp1231), Zihan Lin (@linzihan-backforward), Kaiyuan Li (@tsotfsk) |
|
| Nov. 2020 ~ Jul. 2022 |
v0.1.2 ~ v1.0.1 | Yushuo Chen (@chenyushuo), Xingyu Pan (@2017pxy) | |
| Jul. 2022 ~ Nov. 2023 |
v1.1.0 ~ v1.1.1 | Lanling Xu (@Sherry-XLL), Zhen Tian (@chenyuwuxin), Gaowei Zhang (@Wicknight), Lei Wang (@Paitesanshi), Junjie Zhang (@leoleojie) | |
| Nov. 2023 ~ Feb. 2025 |
v1.2.0 | Bowen Zheng (@zhengbw0324), Chen Ma (@Yilu114) | |
| Feb. 2025 ~ now |
v1.2.1 | Enze Liu (@BishopLiu), Kesha Ou (@TayTroye), Bingqian Li (@Fotiligner) |
RecBole uses MIT License. All data and code in this project can only be used for academic purposes.
This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61832017).