短
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Translingual
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Han character
短 (Kangxi radical 111, 矢+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人大一口廿 (OKMRT), four-corner 81418, composition ⿰矢豆)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 824, character 33
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23978
- Dae Jaweon: page 1237, character 22
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2584, character 3
- Unihan data for U+77ED
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
短 | |
|---|---|---|
| 2nd round simp. | 𰦓 | |
| alternative forms | 𠭴 Min Nan | |
Glyph origin
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *toːnʔ): semantic 矢 + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs).
Etymology
The Proto-Min reconstructed form is *toiᴮ (Bodman, 1980). The relationship of this to the -n forms in other dialects is unclear and two theories exist:
- Old Chinese *tˤorʔ divergently developed into (1) *toj in southeastern China, and (2) *ton elsewhere (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare also:
- Proto-Min may represent the original Old Chinese form, and the forms in other Chinese varieties are due to confusion with 斷 (OC *toːnʔ, *toːns, *doːnʔ, “to cut”) (Schuessler, 2007).
STEDT sets up two roots for this: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)u(ŋ/n) (“short”), whence Burmese တောင်း (taung:, “short (as in garment)”), and *dəw (“short”), whence Burmese တို (tui, “short”), Mizo tawi (“short”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): don3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): duan2
- Northern Min (KCR): dǒ
- Eastern Min (BUC): dōi / duāng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 5toe / 3toe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): donn3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: duǎn
- Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: duǎn
- Wade–Giles: tuan3
- Yale: dwǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: doan
- Palladius: дуань (duanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tu̯än²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: duan3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: duan
- Sinological IPA (key): /tuan⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дуан (duan, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /tuæ̃⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: dyun2
- Yale: dyún
- Cantonese Pinyin: dyn2
- Guangdong Romanization: dün2
- Sinological IPA (key): /tyːn³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: on2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵘɔn⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: don3
- Sinological IPA (key): /tɵn²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tón
- Hakka Romanization System: donˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: don3
- Sinological IPA: /ton³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: duan2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuæ̃⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dǒ
- Sinological IPA (key): /to²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: dōi / duāng
- Sinological IPA (key): /tøy³³/, /tuaŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- dōi - colloquial (“short (of distance)”);
- duāng - literary (“short; deficient; shortcoming”).
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: té
- Tâi-lô: té
- Phofsit Daibuun: dea
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Tainan, Yilan): /te⁵³/
- IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /te⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /te⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung, Philippines)
- té/tér - colloquial;
- toán - literary.
Note:
- Middle Chinese: twanX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤorʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*toːnʔ/
Definitions
短
- short (of distance)
- short (of time); brief
- (literary or Wu) short (in stature)
- 蓋帝堯長，帝舜短；文王長，周公短；仲尼長，子弓短。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
- Gài Dì Yáo cháng, Dì Shùn duǎn; Wénwáng cháng, Zhōugōng duǎn; Zhòngní cháng, Zǐgōng duǎn. [Pinyin]
- Emperor Yao was tall, but Emperor Shun was short; King Wen was tall, but the Duke of Zhou was short; Confucius was tall, but Zigong was short.
盖帝尧长，帝舜短；文王长，周公短；仲尼长，子弓短。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- deficient; lacking
- weakness; shortcoming; mistake
- (Mainland China, transitive) to text; to send a text message to
Synonyms
Compounds
- 一爭長短 / 一争长短
- 一較長短 / 一较长短
- 一長一短 / 一长一短 (yīchángyīduǎn)
- 一長二短 / 一长二短
- 一長兩短 / 一长两短
- 七長八短 / 七长八短
- 三長兩短 / 三长两短 (sānchángliǎngduǎn)
- 不短
- 中短波
- 五短身材
- 亡身短命
- 人窮志短 / 人穷志短 (rénqióngzhìduǎn)
- 人窮智短 / 人穷智短
- 人貧智短 / 人贫智短
- 你長我短 / 你长我短
- 修短
- 前長後短 / 前长后短
- 匾短
- 十個指頭有長短 / 十个指头有长短
- 十指有長短 / 十指有长短
- 取長補短 / 取长补短 (qǔchángbǔduǎn)
- 吃人的嘴軟，拿人的手短 / 吃人的嘴软，拿人的手短
- 問長問短 / 问长问短 (wènchángwènduǎn)
- 喉長氣短 / 喉长气短
- 大風吹倒梧桐樹，自有旁人說短長 / 大风吹倒梧桐树，自有旁人说短长
- 家長裡短 / 家长里短
- 寸長尺短 / 寸长尺短
- 尋短見 / 寻短见 (xúnduǎnjiàn)
- 尺有所短，寸有所長 / 尺有所短，寸有所长 (chǐyǒusuǒduǎn, cùnyǒusuǒcháng)
- 尺短寸長 / 尺短寸长 (chǐduǎncùncháng)
- 庇短
- 張家長李家短 / 张家长李家短
- 心長髮短 / 心长发短
- 志大才短
- 念短頭經 / 念短头经
- 怕長怕短 / 怕长怕短
- 惡惡從短 / 恶恶从短
- 情長紙短 / 情长纸短
- 截短拳
- 截長補短 / 截长补短
- 戳短拳
- 才短氣粗 / 才短气粗
- 手長衣袖短 / 手长衣袖短
- 打短 (dǎduǎn)
- 打短兒 / 打短儿 (dǎduǎnr)
- 折長補短 / 折长补短
- 拔短梯
- 拔短籌 / 拔短筹
- 拔著短籌 / 拔著短筹
- 持人長短 / 持人长短
- 指長話短 / 指长话短
- 捨短取長 / 舍短取长
- 揭短 (jiēduǎn)
- 揚長避短 / 扬长避短 (yángchángbìduǎn)
- 撥火又長，拄門又短 / 拨火又长，拄门又短
- 數短論長 / 数短论长
- 斷長續短 / 断长续短
- 斷長補短 / 断长补短
- 旁人短長 / 旁人短长
- 春宵苦短
- 是長是短 / 是长是短
- 晝短夜長 / 昼短夜长
- 智短
- 更長夢短 / 更长梦短
- 木杓火杖兒短，強如手撥剌 / 木杓火杖儿短，强如手拨剌
- 東家長西家短 / 东家长西家短 (dōngjiā cháng xījiā duǎn)
- 棄短取長 / 弃短取长
- 極短篇 / 极短篇
- 毀短 / 毁短
- 氣短 / 气短 (qìduǎn)
- 汲深綆短 / 汲深绠短
- 沒短的 / 没短的
- 爭短論長 / 争短论长
- 爭長爭短 / 争长争短
- 爭長競短 / 争长竞短
- 爭長論短 / 争长论短
- 理短
- 當著矮人，別說短話 / 当著矮人，别说短话
- 目光短淺 / 目光短浅 (mùguāngduǎnqiǎn)
- 目短於自見 / 目短于自见
- 眼光短淺 / 眼光短浅
- 短不了
- 短亭
- 短促 (duǎncù)
- 短價 / 短价
- 短兒 / 短儿
- 短兵 (duǎnbīng)
- 短兵接戰 / 短兵接战
- 短兵相接 (duǎnbīngxiāngjiē)
- 短刀 (duǎndāo)
- 短劇 / 短剧
- 短句
- 短命 (duǎnmìng)
- 短命鬼 (duǎnmìngguǐ)
- 短嘆長吁 / 短叹长吁
- 短垣自逾
- 短壽促命 / 短寿促命
- 短小 (duǎnxiǎo)
- 短小精悍 (duǎnxiǎo jīnghàn)
- 短少 (duǎnshǎo)
- 短局
- 短局促
- 短工 (duǎngōng)
- 短平快 (duǎnpíngkuài)
- 短幸
- 短序 (duǎnxù)
- 短後 / 短后
- 短戟 (duǎnjǐ)
- 短打
- 短折
- 短接 (duǎnjiē)
- 短撥 / 短拨
- 短撅兒 / 短撅儿
- 短文 (duǎnwén)
- 短斤缺兩 / 短斤缺两
- 短暫 / 短暂 (duǎnzàn)
- 短書 / 短书
- 短期 (duǎnqī)
- 短期投資 / 短期投资
- 短槍 / 短枪 (duǎnqiāng)
- 短欠
- 短款
- 短氣 / 短气
- 短波 (duǎnbō)
- 短波廣播 / 短波广播
- 短淺 / 短浅 (duǎnqiǎn)
- 短漏
- 短片 (duǎnpiàn)
- 短盤 / 短盘
- 短票
- 短視 / 短视 (duǎnshì)
- 短視近利 / 短视近利
- 短禮 / 短礼
- 短秤 (duǎnchèng)
- 短程 (duǎnchéng)
- 短笛 (duǎndí)
- 短筆 / 短笔
- 短篇 (duǎnpiān)
- 短篇小說 / 短篇小说 (duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō)
- 短簡 / 短简
- 短絀 / 短绌
- 短綆汲深 / 短绠汲深
- 短線 / 短线 (duǎnxiàn)
- 短缺 (duǎnquē)
- 短處 / 短处 (duǎnchu)
- 短行
- 短衣 (duǎnyī)
- 短袖 (duǎnxiù)
- 短裙 (duǎnqún)
- 短褐
- 短褐不全
- 短褐不完
- 短褲 / 短裤 (duǎnkù)
- 短襖 / 短袄
- 短見 / 短见 (duǎnjiàn)
- 短見薄識 / 短见薄识
- 短計 / 短计
- 短訊 / 短讯 (duǎnxùn)
- 短評 / 短评 (duǎnpíng)
- 短話 / 短话
- 短語 / 短语 (duǎnyǔ)
- 短調 / 短调
- 短趁
- 短跑 (duǎnpǎo)
- 短路 (duǎnlù)
- 短途 (duǎntú)
- 短道兒 / 短道儿
- 短遞 / 短递
- 短針 / 短针 (duǎnzhēn)
- 短長 / 短长
- 短長之說 / 短长之说
- 短音 (duǎnyīn)
- 短頭 / 短头
- 短髮 / 短发 (duǎnfà)
- 種火又長，拄門又短 / 种火又长，拄门又短
- 競短爭長 / 竞短争长
- 箸長碗短 / 箸长碗短
- 簡短 / 简短 (jiǎnduǎn)
- 精悍短小
- 紙短情長 / 纸短情长
- 絕長繼短 / 绝长继短
- 絕長續短 / 绝长续短
- 絕長補短 / 绝长补短
- 綆短汲深 / 绠短汲深
- 縮短 / 缩短 (suōduǎn)
- 缺斤短兩 / 缺斤短两 (quējīnduǎnliǎng)
- 自尋短見 / 自寻短见 (zìxúnduǎnjiàn)
- 臭短臊長 / 臭短臊长
- 舍短取長 / 舍短取长
- 舍短從長 / 舍短从长
- 舍短用長 / 舍短用长
- 舍短錄長 / 舍短录长
- 英雄氣短 / 英雄气短
- 英雄短氣 / 英雄短气
- 虧心短行 / 亏心短行
- 虧短 / 亏短
- 蜚短流長 / 蜚短流长 (fēiduǎnliúcháng)
- 行短
- 行短才喬 / 行短才乔
- 行短才高
- 補短 / 补短
- 見短 / 见短
- 見識淺短 / 见识浅短
- 計窮智短 / 计穷智短
- 訾短
- 說短論長 / 说短论长
- 說短道長 / 说短道长
- 說短長 / 说短长 (shuō duǎncháng)
- 說長短 / 说长短
- 說長說短 / 说长说短
- 說長論短 / 说长论短
- 說長道短 / 说长道短 (shuōchángdàoduǎn)
- 議長論短 / 议长论短
- 護短 / 护短 (hùduǎn)
- 貨短 / 货短
- 超短波 (chāoduǎnbō)
- 較短量長 / 较短量长
- 長亭短亭 / 长亭短亭
- 長吁短嘆 / 长吁短叹 (chángxūduǎntàn)
- 長痛不如短痛 / 长痛不如短痛 (cháng tòng bùrú duǎn tòng)
- 長短 / 长短 (chángduǎn)
- 長短不一 / 长短不一
- 長短句 / 长短句 (chángduǎnjù)
- 長處搯，短處捏 / 长处搯，短处捏
- 長話短說 / 长话短说 (chánghuàduǎnshuō)
- 長長短短 / 长长短短
- 飛流短長 / 飞流短长
- 飛短流長 / 飞短流长
- 髮短心長 / 发短心长
- 鶴長鳧短 / 鹤长凫短 (hèchángfúduǎn)
References
- “短”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2025.
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