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er

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

See also: Appendix:Variations of "er"
Languages (54)
English
Afrikaans • Alemannic German • Bavarian • Breton • Cimbrian • Cornish • Crimean Tatar • Czech • Danish • Dutch • Faroese • Gagauz • German • Hunsrik • Icelandic • Indonesian • Italian • Jamtish • Japanese • Kembra • Latin • Latvian • Low German • Lower Sorbian • Malay • Mambae • Mandarin • Manx • Middle Dutch • Middle English • Middle High German • Mòcheno • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Dutch • Old Frisian • Old High German • Old Norse • Old Prussian • Old Saxon • Old Tupi • Palauan • Pennsylvania German • Polabian • Polish • Salar • Saterland Frisian • Scots • Swedish • Turkish • Uzbek • Welsh • West Frisian
Page categories

English

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

Interjection

er

  1. (informal) Said when hesitating in speech.
    Synonyms: ah, eh, erm, uh, um
    • 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:
      If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.
    • 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
      Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'
Translations

Verb

er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)

  1. (informal, transitive, intransitive) To utter the word er when hesitating in speech.
    Synonyms: ah, eh, um; hem and haw
    um and er
    He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.

Etymology 2

Noun

er (plural ers)

  1. The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.

Anagrams

Afrikaans

Pronunciation

Noun

er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Alemannic German

Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.

Pronoun

er m

  1. (personal) he; it

Declension

More information nominative, accusative ...
Alemannic German personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative possessive m
singular 1st person ich, imich, mimir, mier, mermin, miin
2nd
person		 familiar dudich, didir, dier, derdin, diin
polite SiIne, Ene, -neIre
3rd
person		 m erin, enimsin, siin
f si ire
n es, 's, -simsin, siin
plural 1st person mir, mer üs, öis, ois, eusüse, öise, oise, euse
2nd person ir, ier öi, euöie, eure
3rd person siine, ene, -neire
Close

Bavarian

Alternative forms

  • ea (phonetic spelling)
  • a (unstressed form)

Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër (“he”). Cognate with German er.

Pronunciation

Pronoun

er

  1. he

See also

More information nominative, accusative ...
Bavarian personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative
stressed unstressed stressed unstressed stressed unstressed
1st person singular i — mi — mia (mir) ma
2nd person singular informal du — di — dia (dir) da
formal Sie — Eahna — Eahna —
3rd person singular m er a eahm 'n eahm 'n
n es, des 's des 's
f se, de 's se 's ihr —
1st person plural mia (mir) ma uns — uns —
2nd person plural eß, ihr — enk, eich — enk, eich —
3rd person plural se 's eahna — eahna —
Close

Breton

Contraction

er

  1. Contraction of e ur (“in a(n)”).
  2. Contraction of e ar (“in the”).

Cimbrian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (“he, it”), from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he, she, it, they”). Cognate with German er.

Pronoun

er

  1. (Luserna) he, it

Inflection

More information singular, plural ...
Personal pronouns (Luserna)
singular plural
1st person i biar
2nd person du iar
3rd person er, si, 'z se
Close

References

Cornish

Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (“in front”). See Welsh er.

Pronunciation

Preposition

er

  1. for, by, on account of
Derived terms
  • erbynn (“by, against”)
  • er kov (“in memory of”)
  • mos er y bynn (“address”)

Etymology 2

From Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (“eagle”) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (“large bird”).

Pronunciation

Noun

er m (plural eryon or eres)

  1. eagle
Alternative forms

Etymology 3

From Middle Cornish er, borrowed from Middle English eir, from Anglo-Norman heir, from Latin hērēs.

Noun

er m (plural erys)

  1. heir

Etymology 4

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to arlais? not in GM”)

Noun

er m (dual dewer, plural eryow)

  1. (anatomy) temple

Etymology 5

From Proto-Celtic *sagro-. Cognate with Welsh haer.

Noun

er m

  1. challenge, defiance, stubbornness, insistence, heresy

Etymology 6

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

er

  1. Soft mutation of ger.

References

  • “er” in Cornish Dictionary / Gerlyver Kernewek, Akademi Kernewek.

Crimean Tatar

Adjective

er

  1. every

Czech

Pronunciation

Noun

er n (indeclinable)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Further reading

  • “er”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
  • “er”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

Etymology

From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ɛr/, [ɛɐ̯], [ɛɒ̯̽], but often elided in spontaneous speech.

Verb

er

  1. present of være

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")

Adverb

er

  1. there (unspecific to distance)
  2. pronominal adverb form of het: it; him, her, them
    Ik heb ermee gewerkt.
    I have worked with it/them.
    Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.
    You can see the mountains above it/them.
Usage notes
Descendants
  • Petjo: d'r

Etymology 2

From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

Adverb

er

  1. (partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)
    Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
    My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)
    Ik zie er geen meer.
    I don't see any more (of them).
Synonyms
Derived terms

See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs

See also

Anagrams

Faroese

Pronunciation

Verb

er

  1. third-person singular indicative present of vera
    Hann er skipari.
    He is a captain/skipper.
    Hon er úr Føroyum.
    She is from the Faroe Islands.
    Tað er í ordan.
    It's all right.

Gagauz

More information Cyrillic ...
Cyrillic ер
Close

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish یر (yẹr), Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish and Azerbaijani yer.

Alternative forms

Noun

er (definite accusative eri, plural erlär)

  1. the ground
    erdän bulduunu idi ― he ate what he took from the ground
    erä düşmää ― to fall to the ground
  2. soil, country, land
    Gagauz Eri ― Gagauz Land
  3. earth
  4. (astronomy, sometimes capitalized) the Earth
    Synonyms: toprak, dünnää
  5. place, location
Declension
More information singular (tekil), plural (çoğul) ...
Declension of er
singular (tekil) plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın) er erlär
definite accusative (belirtme) eri erleri
dative (yönelme) erä erlerä
locative (bulunma) erdä erlerdä
ablative (çıkma) erdän erlerdän
genitive (tamlayan) erin erlerin
Close
Derived terms

Etymology 2

Inherited from Old Anatolian Turkish ایر (eyer), from Proto-Turkic *ēder. Compare Turkish eyer.

Alternative forms

Noun

er (definite accusative eri, plural erlär)

  1. saddle
    Synonym: semer
Declension
More information singular (tekil), plural (çoğul) ...
Declension of er
singular (tekil) plural (çoğul)
nominative (yalın) er erlär
definite accusative (belirtme) eri erleri
dative (yönelme) erä erlerä
locative (bulunma) erdä erlerdä
ablative (çıkma) erdän erlerdän
genitive (tamlayan) erin erlerin
Close
Derived terms

Further reading

  • Baboglu, N. İ., Baboglu, İ. İ. (1993) “ер”, in Gagauzça-Rusça hem Rusça Gagauzça Şkola Sözlüü [Gagauz-Russian and Russian-Gagauz School Dictionary], Chișinău: Vivat, →ISBN, page 31
  • Mavrodi M. F., editor (2019), “er”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 1-4, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 31
  • Kopuşçu M. İ. , Todorova S. A. , Kiräkova T.İ., editors (2019), “er”, in Gagauzça-rusça sözlük: klaslar 5-12, Komrat: Gagauziya M.V. Maruneviç adına Bilim-Aaraştırma merkezi, →ISBN, page 62
  • Çebotar, Petri, Dron, Ion (2002) “er”, in Gagauzça-Rusça-Romınca Sözlük [Gagauz-Russian-Romanian Dictionary], Chișinău: Pontos Press, →ISBN, page 238
  • N. A Baskakov, editor (1972), “ер”, in Gagauzsko-Russko-Moldavskij Slovarʹ [Gagauz-Russian-Moldovan Dictionary], Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo Sovetskaja Enciklopedija, →ISBN, page 178

German

Etymology

From Middle High German ër, from Old High German ër, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German hër, Old High German hër, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian hä and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).

Pronunciation

  • (standard) IPA(key): /eːr/, [ʔeːɐ̯], [ʔɛɐ̯]
  • (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA(key): /ɐ/

Pronoun

er

  1. (personal) he.
    Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? ― Where is Klaus? Where is he?
    Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. ― This is my dog. His name is Waldi.
  2. (personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).
    Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. ― There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.
  3. (personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).
    Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. ― In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.
  4. (personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
    • (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
      Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.
      Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.
    • 1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2‎, page 27:
      Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.
      Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If you bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.

Declension

More information singular, plural ...
German personal pronouns
singular plural sing. and pl.
1st person 2nd person
familiar1		 3rd person 1st person 2nd person
familiar1		 3rd person 2nd person
polite/formal
m f n
nominative ich du
-e2		 er sie
-se2		 es wir ihr sie
-se2		 Sie
Ihr3
genitive meiner
mein3		 deiner
dein3		 seiner
sein3		 ihrer seiner
sein3		 unser euer ihrer Ihrer
Euer3
dative mir dir ihm ihr ihm uns euch ihnen Ihnen
Euch3
accusative mich dich ihn sie
-se2		 es uns euch sie
-se2		 Sie
Euch3
Close

1These forms are sometimes capitalized, especially in letters.    2enclitic, colloquial    3archaic

  • In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
    • for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
    • with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
  • Older forms/spellings include:
    • jm (dative; 16th century), jn (accusative; 16th century) – distinguished from im (“in the, into the”) and in (“in, into”)
    • ihme (dative)

Derived terms

Further reading

Hunsrik

Alternative forms

  • ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)

Etymology

From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. hē, her (see he).

Pronunciation

Pronoun

er

  1. he

Inflection

More information nominative, accusative ...
Hunsrik personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative
proclitic enclitic stressed unstressed stressed unstressed
singular 1st person ich
eich		 -ich mich
meich		 meer mer
m'r
2nd person
(informal)		 du
dau/Dau		 -du, -de
-Dau, -De		 dich
deich/Deich		 deer der
d'r/D'r
3rd
person		 m er; där -er ihn en ihm em
f sie; die -se sie / ihns se eer
ehr		 re
n es; das
et, 't		 's es
et
-et, -'t		 ihm em
plural 1st person meer mer uns
uhs
2nd person deer
Ehr, Dehr		 der eich
Auch
3rd person sie; die -se sie se denne
Close

Further reading

Icelandic

Pronunciation

This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Etymology 1

From Old Norse er (“is”, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.

Verb

er

  1. first-person singular indicative present of vera
    Ég er skemmtilegur.
    I am fun (masculine)
    Hver er ég?
    Who am I?
  2. third-person singular indicative present of vera
    Veit einhver hvar pabbi minn er?
    Does anybody know where my dad is?
    Hver er hann?
    Who is he?

Etymology 2

From Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (“he”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (“he, that”).

Pronoun

er

  1. (relative) which
    Maður er sá, er Jón heitir.
    There is a man who is named John.
    Konan, er hann var að tala við.
    The woman to whom he was talking.
    Þetta er borgin, er hann kom frá.
    This is the city from which he originated.
    Bærinn, er hún ætlar til.
    The town to which she's heading.
  2. (archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun
    Það er sú bók, er menn þekkja eigi höfund hennar.
    There is a book whose author people don't know.

Conjunction

er

  1. (with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
    • Judges 2:19
      En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.
      But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.
    Þar er ég kom.
    There whence I came.
    Þá er myndin var búin.
    When the movie was finished.
Derived terms
  • þá er þegar

References

  • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “er”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive

Indonesian

Etymology

From Dutch er.

Pronunciation

Noun

èr (plural er-er)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Synonyms

  • ar (Standard Malay)

See also

Further reading

Italian

Pronunciation

Article

er m sg

  1. (Roman) Dialectal form of el, whence modern il

Usage notes

  • In modern times, the initial e- survives mostly only when the article precedes a word beginning with r- (or more rarely even when the previous word ends in a consonant), such as in er resto (“the change”) where a hypothetical **rresto (“change”) would be unacceptable because of its homophony with resto since geminated r’s don't exist in Roman; this is also reflected in the writing where the e- is omitted, as in rcane (“the dog”).

Jamtish

Verb

er

  1. present indicative of vara

Japanese

Alternative forms

Etymology

From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

Pronunciation

Suffix

er(アー) • (-ā) 

  1. (slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.

Derived terms

Japanese terms suffixed with er
アムラー
エギンガー
オウマー
クレーマー
ケモナー
コスプレイヤー
コボラー
サイキッカー
シャネラー
ツイッタラー
DTMer
転売ヤー
ドザ
2ちゃんねらー
墓マイラー
VIPPER
ポエマー
マカー
メタラー
メンヘラ
ライバー
ラブライバー
リフォーマー
モバイラー
Japanese terms suffixed with ler
キティラー
クチャラー
シノラー
ツイッタラー
マヨラー

Further reading

  • 難波功士 [Koji Nanba] (2006) “〈研究ノート〉“-er”の系譜：サブカルチュラル・アイデンティティの現在 [The History of Neology Using the Suffix ‘-er’ in Japanese: In terms of sub-cultural identities of youths]”, in 関西学院大学社会学部紀要‎, number 100, pages 181–189

Kembra

Noun

er

  1. water

Latin

Latvian

Low German

Lower Sorbian

Malay

Mambae

Mandarin

Manx

Middle Dutch

Middle English

Middle High German

Mòcheno

Norwegian Bokmål

Norwegian Nynorsk

Old Dutch

Old Frisian

Old High German

Old Norse

Old Prussian

Old Saxon

Old Tupi

Palauan

Pennsylvania German

Polabian

Polish

Salar

Saterland Frisian

Scots

Swedish

Turkish

Uzbek

Welsh

West Frisian

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